Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Suzuki Cultus

2026-05-26T01:48:22Z

MarlonBernhardt: Starting New Article W/ Sources

{{short description|Supermini car}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Chevrolet Sprint|GMC Sprint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Cultus
| image = 2nd generation Suzuki Cultus.jpg
| caption = Suzuki Cultus 1.0 3-door (Japan)
| manufacturer = [[Suzuki]]
| production = 1983–2016
| class = [[Supermini]]
| platform = [[GM M platform]]
| successor = {{ubl | [[Suzuki Cultus Crescent]]/Baleno (sedan, Japan/global) | [[Suzuki Swift#RS|Suzuki Swift]] (global) | [[Suzuki Celerio#second|Suzuki Celerio]] (Pakistan) | [[Maruti Suzuki Dzire]] (sedan, India) | [[Geo Metro#second|Geo Metro/Suzuki Swift]] (Canada and United States) | [[Geo Metro#second|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada) | [[Holden Barina#3g|Holden Barina]] (Australia) | [[Suzuki Ignis#First|Subaru Justy]] (Europe)}}
| sp = us
}}

The '''Suzuki Cultus''' is a [[supermini]] car produced by the Japanese manufacturer [[Suzuki]] from 1983 to 2016. The nameplate is currently used as a rebadged [[Suzuki Celerio#second|second-generation Suzuki Celerio]] in [[Pakistan]] since 2017. It was first presented at the [[Tokyo Motor Show#1983|25th Tokyo Motor Show]], formally introduced to Japan in 1983 and ultimately sold in seven countries and marketed worldwide as the '''Suzuki Swift'''. An alliance formed in 1981 between [[General Motors]], Suzuki and [[Isuzu]] allowed GM to market the Cultus as a [[captive import]] internationally under more than a dozen nameplates including the '''[[Geo Metro]]''', '''Chevrolet Sprint''', '''Pontiac Firefly''', '''Isuzu Geminett''' and '''[[Holden Barina]]'''.<ref name="earthtimes">{{cite web |title=GM reduces Suzuki alliance by 17.4 percent to raise $2bn |publisher=Earthtimes.com |date=7 March 2006 |first=Renin |last=Paul |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/5634.html |access-date=9 June 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225205930/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/5634.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also known as the '''M-car''' within GM.

Offered across its lifespan in four body-style variations with engines from the [[Suzuki G engine]] family, the second generation Cultus still remained in production in Pakistan until late 2016. The Cultus family of vehicles has been marketed in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America.

The name ''[[wikt:cultus|cultus]]'' is [[Latin]], meaning "care" or "adoration".

__TOC__
{{clear}}

=={{anchor|First|SA}} First generation (1983)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation (SA)
| image = 1984 Suzuki Swift GL 3-door hatchback.jpg
| caption = Suzuki Swift GL three-door (pre-facelift, Australia)
| aka = {{ubl| Suzuki SA310/SA413 | [[Suzuki Swift]] | Suzuki Khyber (Pakistan) | Suzuki Forsa (Indonesia, United States, Canada, Ecuador and Chile) | Suzuki Extra (Finland) | [[Holden Barina]] | [[#Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint/Sprint Metro]] | [[#Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada) | Isuzu Geminett (Japan)}}
| production = 1983–1988 (Japan) 1985–1990 (Indonesia) 1985–1988 (New Zealand) 1985–1991 (Canada) 1989–2000 (Pakistan) 1986–2004 (Colombia)
| assembly = {{ubl| Japan: [[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]] | Colombia: [[Bogotá]] ([[GM Colmotores]] | Ecuador: [[Quito]] ([[:es:Automóviles de Ecuador|Aymesa]]) | Kenya: [[Nairobi]] | Indonesia: [[Pulo Gadung]], [[East Jakarta]] ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor|PT. Indomobil Utama]]) | Malaysia: [[Pekan District|Pekan]] ([[HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)|DRB-HICOM]]) | New Zealand: [[Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]] (GMNZ)<ref name=NZA>{{citation |ref=NZa |title=Assembly: New Zealand Car Production 1921–98 |last=Webster |first=Mark |publisher=Reed |year=2002 |page=164 |location=Birkenhead, Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=0-7900-0846-7}}</ref> | Pakistan: [[Karachi]] ([[Pak Suzuki Motors]])}}
| body_style = 3/5-door [[hatchback]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Transverse front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{ubl
| 970 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 993 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| 993 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10T]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I3
| 1,298 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]]'' 16V [[DOHC]] I4
| 1,324 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13A|G13A]]'' I4
}}
| transmission = {{ubl| 4/5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] | 3-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]}}
| wheelbase = {{ubl| 3-door: {{convert|2245|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | 5-door: {{convert|2345|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}}}
| length = {{ubl| 3-door: |*{{convert|3585|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (pre-facelift) |*{{convert|3670|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (facelift) | 5-door: |*{{cvt|3685|mm|in|1}} (pre-facelift) |*{{cvt|3770|mm|in|1}} (facelift)}}
| width = {{cvt|1530-1545|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1350|mm|in|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|620|-|750|kg|lb|0}}
| sp = us
}}

The first generation was a project begun by General Motors as the '''M-car'''. When they realized that the project was not going to be profitable enough, the entire unfinished design was sold to Suzuki in return for a five per cent stake in the company.<ref name=whp100>{{cite journal | journal = [[Wheels (magazine)|Wheels]] | ref = Wh0684 | title = Three for two | first = Mike | last = McCarthy | page = 100 | date = June 1984 | publisher = Murray Publishers | location = Sydney, Australia }}</ref> Suzuki completed the design and development work and put the car on sale from October 1983 in the Japanese market, as the Cultus. This is also why the car's design was such a natural fit in the General Motors lineup, with a clear GM corporate look.<ref name=whp100/> The model was also exported worldwide by Suzuki and assembled by a number of General Motors franchises, often undergoing [[badge engineering]]. The first-generation Swifts all share the SA model code prefix and was Suzuki's first earnest entry into a class of car with larger dimensions and engines than of the [[Kei car|kei class]] [[Suzuki Fronte]]. Three- and four-cylinder versions of the [[Suzuki G engine|G engine family]] were available, although some secondary markets installed Suzuki's one-liter four-cylinder [[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A engine]] in a model which carries the SA410 chassis code.

===Original model (1983)===
Early export models were sold simply by the model code, SA310. Not long after introduction, the car was given a variety of different names depending on the market, most commonly Swift. In Japan the car was always known as the Cultus. The SA310 initially featured [[leaf spring]] rear suspension and was originally marketed with a 1.0-liter (993 cc), three-cylinder engine ([[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10]]). The SA310 had its European premier in southern Spain in late 1983.<ref name=krant>{{cite magazine | magazine = Autovisie |date= 24 December 1983 |volume=28 |number=26 |publisher=Folio Groep B.V. |location=Hilversum, Netherlands |language=nl |title=Rijden met: Suzuki SA 310 | trans-title = Test Ride |last=Jongeneel |first=Jeroen |page=62 |ref=AVtest}}</ref> The original model was available as the base GA, the GL, and the more expensive GLX models.<ref name=AG125>{{cite magazine | ref = AG125 | magazine = De AutoGids | number = 125 | volume = 5 | page = 117 | title = Gedetailleerde Test: Suzuki SA310 GLX | trans-title = Detailed Test | first = Tony | last = Verhelle | language = nl-be | date = 5 June 1984 | publisher = Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine | location = Brussels, Belgium }}</ref> Only three-door versions were available for the first few years. Early models were sold in Finland as the Suzuki Extra.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.uusisuomi.fi/autot/208623-paivan-automainos-mainoksesta-huokuu-autojen-halvat-hinnat | title = Päivän automainos: Mainoksesta huokuu autojen halvat hinnat | trans-title = Car ad of the day: The ad shows cheap car prices | language = fi | first = Clas | last = von Bell | date = 18 November 2016 | magazine = Uusi Suomi }}</ref>

The 1.0-liter [[Turbocharger|turbo]] ([[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10T]]) and a three-speed [[automatic transmission]] were introduced in Japan on the last day of May 1984.<ref name=Catvol31>{{citation | ref = JAMA31 | title = 自動車ガイドブック | trans-title = Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1984/1985 | language = ja | volume = 31 | date = 20 October 1984 | publisher = [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] | location = Japan | page = 112 | id = 0053-840031-3400 }}</ref> The turbo raised the power to {{cvt|80|PS|hp kW|0}} ([[Horsepower#Engine power test standards|JIS]]) and it received 165/70 HR12 tyres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wald-licht.com/~oldcar/83_s_cultus_01.html|title=スズキ 1983 カルタス(AA41S/AB41S/AB51S型)|language=Japanese|website=www.wald-licht.com}}</ref> In August 1984, the {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} longer five-door body was introduced, as was the 1.3-liter (1,324 cc) four-cylinder version (SA413).<ref name=v31p1>''[[#JAMA31|Automobile Guide Book 1984/1985]]'', p. 113</ref> There was also a sporting European three-door version called Swift GS, fitted with a 1.3-liter engine ([[Suzuki G engine#G13A|G13A]]), which received two-tone bodywork and {{convert|6|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} more powerful engine than the standard 1.3-liter models ({{convert|67|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} vs {{convert|73|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} ([[Horsepower#Engine power test standards|DIN]])).<ref name=85SwiftNL>{{cite web|url=https://www.veikl.com/d/Suzuki-Swift-Brochure-1982-NL-36403/1|title=Suzuki Swift Brochure 1985 NL|language=Dutch|website=www.veikl.com}}</ref> The GS also featured flush headlights, yellow filtered front foglamps with black removable covers and white wheel trims. The interior was finished in a grey fabric with two broad red strips over the front and rear seats, also new sporty three-spoke steering wheel.<ref name=85SwiftNL/> The introduction of the 1985 model year versions also marked the introduction of the "Swift" name in the European market, as earlier models had been sold simply as the SA310.<ref name=AGp115>{{cite magazine | ref = AG140 | magazine = De AutoGids | number = 140 | volume = 6 | page = 115 | title = Nieuw in 1985 (1) | trans-title = New for 1985 (1) | editor-first = Etienne | editor-last = Visart | language = nl-be | date = 7 February 1985 | publisher = Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine | location = Brussels, Belgium }}</ref>

Two headlight variations existed within the earlier models depending on market and level. The lower equipped were fitted with a recessed [[sealed beam]] rectangular light while others came with a panel-flush forwards swept glass unit. The [[drag coefficient]] value of an early model is {{cd|0.38}}.<ref name=krant63>[[#AVtest|Jongeneel]], p. 63</ref>

Before it entered the Australian market as the Barina in 1985, the local Suzuki importer sold it as a two-seat van with the "Swift" moniker, as they did not have the necessary quota allocation to bring it in as a passenger car.<ref name=whp100/> In New Zealand, the Swift was assembled locally in Wanganui by Suzuki beginning in 1985 and developed its own niche in the market, selling about 800 cars per year.<ref name=Press89>{{cite news | url = https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19890310.2.124.1 | title = Swift an unpretentious small car | first = Peter | last = Greenslade | newspaper = [[The Press]] | location = Christchurch, New Zealand | date = 10 March 1989 | page = 29 | via = National Library of New Zealand }}</ref> The Holden Barina was also assembled in New Zealand, but by GMNZ in their Petone plant. While originally sold as the three-cylinder, three-door "Swift" in [[Indonesia]], a five-door model of the pre-facelift SA310 was briefly offered beginning in late 1985. It was replaced by another five-door model fitted with the locally built (by "Suzuki Engine Manufacturing Indonesia") four-cylinder, 970 cc [[List of Suzuki engines#F10A|F10A engine]] from the popular [[Suzuki Carry#ST100|Suzuki Carry 1.0]] and {{cvt|55|PS|hp kW|0}} ([[Horsepower#Engine power test standards|SAE]]), entered production in Indonesia in early 1986 as the "Forsa".<ref name=MMBS>{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Persaingan 1.000 cc |trans-title=1000 cc competition | page = 11 | volume = 16 | number = 1 | date = 15 July 1986 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | editor-first = Bernard | editor-last = Susanto | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> The imported three-door model was discontinued, while the more upscale Forsa also benefitted from the new flush headlamps.

<gallery widths=200 heights=145>
1984 Suzuki Cultus GL in Happy Red and White, front left.jpg|Early Suzuki Cultus with recessed lights (Japan)
1985-1986 Holden MB Barina hatchback 01.jpg|Holden Barina (MB) five-door with flush headlights (Australia)
1985 Suzuki Swift 1.3 GS .jpg|1985 Suzuki Swift 1.3 GS, original model with flush headlamps (UK)
1984 Suzuki Swift GL 3-door hatchback (rear).jpg|Rear view of early Suzuki Swift three-door (Australia)
</gallery>

===Facelift version (1986)===
The model was refreshed and upgraded in June 1986. The leaf springs of the rear end were replaced by [[coil spring]]s, the front end (forward of the steel body) was remodelled with a more forward swept grill and headlights, the dashboard was remodelled, and the windscreen was now caulked in place (rather than being held with a molded seal as in the earlier model). The 1.0- and 1.3-liter were slightly detuned while the turbo model gained [[fuel injection]] and now produces {{convert|82|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} (JIS net), while the more powerful [[DOHC|twin cam]] GTi model also arrived.<ref name=Catvol33>{{citation | ref = JAMA33 | title = 自動車ガイドブック | trans-title = Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1986–'87 | language = ja | volume = 33 | date = 20 October 1986 | publisher = [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] | location = Japan | page = 119 | id = 0053-870034-3400 }}</ref> The facelift model entered Indonesian production by early 1987 as the Forsa GL, and now featured some external trim pieces from the sporting GTi.<ref name=MM0387>{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Laporan Test: Suzuki Forsa GL '87 |trans-title=Test report | pages = 33–35 | volume = 16 | number = 17 | date = 1 March 1987 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | author = AP | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> A more luxurious GLX model was also added later.

{{gallery |width=200 |height=141
|File:1987 Suzuki Swift 1.0 GA.jpg|Base model three-door Suzuki Swift with sealed beam headlights (Europe)
|File:1987 SuzukiSwift 1.3 GL (Explored) Aug 7, 2012 -61 (7734696602).jpg|Five-door Swift GL with updated headlights and full plastic bumper (Europe)
|File:1988 Suzuki Swift 1.0 GA Automatic rear.jpg|New "ducktail" style tailgate
|File:1988 Holden Barina (ML) 5-door hatchback (2015-07-14) 01.jpg|ML series Holden Barina five-door (Australia)
|File:1988 Holden Barina (ML) 5-door hatchback (2015-07-14) 02.jpg|ML series Holden Barina five-door (Australia)
}}

====GTi====
In June 1986, Suzuki introduced the flagship GTi (AA33S) model with both styling and performance upgrades over other models. It was originally available as a manual three-door hatch only, although later a five-door version called GXi was added. The GTi was one of the first Suzuki to feature [[electronic fuel injection]] on its [[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]] high performance twin cam engine. This new engine has 1298 cc thanks to a shorter stroke (75.5 mm, down from the previous 77 mm), [[fuel injection]] and {{convert|97|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} (JIS) in the Japanese market. In foreign markets, the car produced {{convert|101|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6450 rpm and {{Convert|83|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4950 rpm, giving the GTi a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time of between 8.7 and 9.0 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 16.8 seconds at {{Convert|83|mph|0|abbr=on}} based on period road tests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1989-03-01 |title=Suzuki Swift 1.3 GTi Road Test |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/triggerscarstuff/albums/72157649594583538/ |work=Autocar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8weT2Y5jjuU |title=1989 Suzuki Swift GTi {{!}} Retro Review |language=en |access-date=2024-04-24 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The front brake system was also upgraded with larger diameter [[disc brake]]s.

Interior updates included [[velour]] highlighted door cards and seat trimming. A red theme across the dashboard displays, carpet and seat roping was standard as was a centre console. Electric adjustable mirrors were also added.

Exterior styling upgrades included a model-specific [[Molding (process)|molded]] [[Spoiler (car)|spoiler]], side skirts, and a bumper bar incorporating fog lights.<ref>Modern Motor, November 1986</ref> The rear suspension was also entirely different from lesser versions.

{{gallery |width=200 |height=141
|File:1988 Suzuki Swift GTi Twin Cam 16V (3743490027).jpg|A 1988 Suzuki Swift GTi showing model specific fog lights
|File:1988 Suzuki Swift GTi Twin Cam 16V (rear).jpg|Rear view of a 1988 Suzuki Swift GTi
}}

===International markets===
{| class="wikitable"
! Market
! Make & Model
! Year
! Body{{efn|name="Body"}}
! Notes
|-
| Australia
| [[Holden Barina]]
| 1985–1988
| 5
|
|-
| Australia
| [[Suzuki Swift]]
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| Canada
| Pontiac Firefly
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| Canada
| Chevrolet Sprint
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| Canada
| Suzuki Forsa
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| Colombia
| Chevrolet Sprint
| 1986–2004
| 5
| Manufactured at [[GM Colmotores]], [[Bogotá]], Colombia
|-
| Indonesia
| Suzuki Forsa
| 1985 1986–1990
| 3 5
| SA310 with 970cc F10A four-cylinder (SA410)
|-
| Japan
| Suzuki Cultus
| 1983–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
| Initially marketed as the '''SA-310'''
|-
| Japan
| Isuzu Geminett
| 1986–1988
| 3
|
|-
| N. America{{efn|name="Early sales"}}
| Suzuki Forsa
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| New Zealand
| [[Holden Barina]]
| 1985–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
| <ref name="NZA" />
|-
| New Zealand
| [[Suzuki Swift]]
| 1985–1994
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|-
| [[Pakistan]]
| Suzuki Khyber
| 1989–2000
| 5
| Only came in GA trim, with the G10 engine.
|-
| USA
| Chevrolet Sprint
| 1984–1988
| <nowiki>3/5</nowiki>
|
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name="Body"|3{{=}}3-door hatchback; 5{{=}}5-door hatchback}}
{{efn|name="Early sales"|Sales began in Hawaii, Guam, N. Marianas and in western U.S. states.}}
}}

Beginning in 1985, Cooper Motor Corporation (CMC) of [[Nairobi]], Kenya, also assembled the SA310.<ref name="TAM85">{{Cite book |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1985 |editor=Mastrostefano, Raffaele |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |ref=TAM85 |year=1985 |page=225 |language=it |location=Milano |isbn=88-7212-012-8}}</ref>

'''Japanese market''' designations
* 1983～1988 AA41S
* 1986～1988 A43S, AB43S, AA53S, AB53S, AA33S, AB33S, AA43V

====North America====

=====Suzuki Forsa=====
It was marketed in Ecuador, Chile, Indonesia, Canada and the U.S. from 1985 to 1988 – with Suzuki offering the supermini with either a {{convert|48|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} (SAE net) carbureted 1.0-liter (993 cc) inline-three cylinder or {{convert|70|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} (SAE net) fuel injected 1.0-liter (993 cc) inline 3 cylinder turbocharged engine. The Indonesian market Forsa has carbureted 1.0-liter (970 cc) four-cylinder engine.

An undetermined number of Forsa superminis were imported to Hawaii and Puerto Rico and some of them have found their way to the U.S. mainland. The EPA lists the 1985 Forsa model as the '''Suzuki SA310''' (the original JDM name for the Cultus, Forsa and Swift), no listing for 1986, and both the Forsa and Forsa Turbo for 1987 and 1988.

In 1984, Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa. As it turned out, the Pontiac Firefly was only sold in Canada.

{{gallery |width=200 |height=150
|File:Suzuki Forsa 2-Door.jpg|Suzuki Forsa three-door (Canada)
|File:Suzuki Forsa turbo (5455902743).jpg|Suzuki Forsa Turbo (Canada)
}}

=====Chevrolet Sprint=====
In 1985, GM began marketing in North America as the '''Chevrolet Sprint''', reusing the name from a [[GMC Sprint|previous GMC vehicle]]. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until nationwide sale was begun in 1986. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. In Canada, the car was sold as Suzuki Forsa and '''Pontiac Firefly'''. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models. GM continued to market the [[Chevrolet Chevette|Chevette]] alongside the Sprint until 1987. In the United States, the Chevrolet Sprint label was supplanted by the [[Geo Metro]] for the second-generation Cultus, but it continued to be used for a while longer in Canada.

The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines, though both were computer controlled carb systems. From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0-liter [[Straight-3|3-cylinder]] engine used a hemispherical head design. Later, fuel injection required the cylinder head for 1989 be redesigned to add the additional cooling required, reducing gas mileage.

The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint across North America. All models were initially three-door hatchbacks. Starting in 1986, a five-door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on [[manual transmission]] models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three-speed [[automatic transmission]] did not become available until 1986. All models featured [[front-wheel drive]] and 12-inch steel wheels. The Turbo Sprint received white hub caps, regardless of body color.

Turbocharged versions of the 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint in both the United States and Canada beginning with the 1987 model year. The fuel injected Turbo Sprint utilized an IHI RHB32 turbocharger. Colors were limited to white and red for the Turbo Sprint. Sales were insignificant in the United States (around 1,550 cars sold in model year 1988, less than three percent of overall Sprint sales<ref name=Wards89>{{cite book | ref = WYB89 | title = Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1989 | publisher = Ward's Communications, Inc | location = Detroit, MI |editor-last = Stark | editor-first = Harry A. | volume = 51 | date = 1989 | page = 229 | isbn = ((0910589009)) }}</ref>), but somewhat stronger in Canada.

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:1986 Chevrolet Sprint Plus 5-dr.jpg|1986 Chevrolet Sprint 5-door, showing older headlight style (US)
File:1986 Chevrolet Sprint Plus 5dr.jpg|Rear view with different tail lights style. Only applied to Chevrolet Sprint, Canadian Pontiac Firefly and Australian Holden Barina.
File:Chevrolet Sprint Turbo.jpg|Chevrolet Sprint Turbo (US)
File:1988 Pontiac Firefly, front right.jpg|Pontiac Firefly (Canada)
</gallery>

=====Chevrolet Sprint Metro=====
For the 1988 [[model year]], the naturally-aspirated [[hatchback]] was named the '''Chevrolet Sprint Metro'''. Production of the first Geo Metro models began at Suzuki's plant in [[Hamamatsu]], Japan.

====Colombia====
[[File:Chevrolet sprint segunda edicion colombia.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Sprint Gen I (Colombia)]]
The name "Chevette Sprint" was considered before simply calling the Colombian model (first generation) the "Chevrolet Sprint" — to distinguish it from the originally Opel-designed knock down kits imported from Brazil for assembly in Colombia.<ref name="carro">{{cite web |title=Historia del Chevrolet Sprint | trans-title = Chevrolet Sprint history | language = es | publisher = Carros y Clásicos | last = Nigrinis Velandia | first = Roberto | archive-date= 13 August 2009 |url=http://www.carrosyclasicos.com/a.php?a=425 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813053046/http://www.carrosyclasicos.com/a.php?a=425 }}</ref> When presented on 7 October 1986, the Sprint caused a sensation.<ref name="carro"/> Colombian Sprints were all five-door hatchbacks fitted with the 993 cc three-cylinder G10A engine and a five-speed manual transmission. The Sprint remained in production virtually unchanged until 2004, with a total production of 70,848.<ref name="carro"/> Slight modifications were made in 1987, including increasing the wheel sizes from 12" to 13" and with modernized bumpers and headlights. Another slight update took place in 1997 bringing with it monopoint fuel injection and an increase in power from {{convert|50|to|53|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="carro"/>

====Pakistan====
The first generation Cultus was sold in Pakistan as Suzuki Khyber, by [[Pak Suzuki Motors|Pak Suzuki]] assembly line, and produced between 1989 and 2000, only in GA trim level. It was equipped with a four-stroke engine based on G10A platform matted to a five-speed manual gearbox. Production was ended in 2000, replaced by second generation Cultus. [[File:Khyber paksuzuki.jpg|thumb|left|Picture of Suzuki Khyber, produced in Pakistan.]] The version that rolled out during its end of life were termed as Limited Editions, featuring unique metallic colors and new audio system by Clarion.

{{Clear}}

=={{Anchor|Second|SF|1988}} Second generation (1988)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation (SF)
| image = Suzuki Swift 1.0 GA Tropical front.jpg
| caption = Suzuki Swift GA 3-door hatchback (pre-facelift, Belgium)
| production = {{ubl| 1988–2000 (Japan) | 1989–1993 (Canada) | 1989–2007 (India) | 1990–1996 (Indonesia) | 1991–1998 & 2000–2016 (Pakistan) | 1991–2004 (Colombia) | 1992–1996 (Venezuela) | 1992–2003 (Ecuador & Hungary) | 1999–2015 (China)}}
| aka = {{ubl| Suzuki Forsa (Ecuador and Indonesia; pre-facelift) | Suzuki Esteem (Indonesia; sedan facelift) | Suzuki Eleny (Indonesia; hatchback facelift) | Suzuki Margalla (Pakistan; sedan) | [[Suzuki Swift]] (global) | [[Changan Suzuki]] Lingyang (China; sedan) | Chevrolet Sprint (Canada, Chile and Middle East) | Chevrolet Swift (Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela) | Chevrolet Forsa (Ecuador) | [[Geo Metro]] (Canada and US) | [[Holden Barina]] (Aus/NZ; hatchback) | [[Maruti Suzuki]] 1000/Esteem (India; sedan) | Pontiac Firefly (Canada and Middle East)| [[Subaru Justy]] (Europe; hatchback) }}
| assembly = {{ubl| Japan: [[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]] (Suzuki Kosai Plant) | Canada: [[Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll]], Ontario ([[CAMI Automotive]]) | China: [[Chongqing]] ([[Changan Suzuki]]) | Colombia: [[Bogotá]] ([[GM Colmotores]]) |Ecuador: [[Quito]] ([[:de:Automóviles y Máquinas del Ecuador|AYMESA]]/GM de Ecuador) | Hungary: [[Esztergom]] ([[Magyar Suzuki]]) | India: [[Gurgaon]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]]) | Indonesia: [[Bekasi]] ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]) | Pakistan: [[Karachi]] ([[Pak Suzuki Motors]]) | Venezuela: [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]] (GM Venezolana)}}
| body_style = {{ubl| 2-door [[convertible]] | 3/5-door [[hatchback]] | 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]}}
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Transverse front-engine, front-wheel-drive]] / [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|four-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{ubl
| 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10A]]'' [[SOHC]] 6V [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10B|G10BB]]'' SOHC 16V [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10T]]'' SOHC 6V I3 [[Turbocharger|turbo]]
| 1.3 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]]'' [[DOHC]] 16V I4
| 1.3 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BA|G13BA]]'' SOHC 8V I4
| 1.3 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB]]'' SOHC 16V I4
| 1.5 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G15A|G15A]]'' SOHC 16V I4
| 1.6 L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G16|G16A]]'' SOHC 16V I4
}}
| transmission = {{ubl| 4/5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] | 3/4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] |[[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] (convertible)}}
| wheelbase = {{ubl| {{convert|2265|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (3-door/convertible) | {{convert|2365|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (5-door/sedan)}}
| length = {{ubl| {{convert|3745|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (3-door/convertible) | {{convert|3845|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (5-door) | {{convert|4095|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan)}}
| width = {{ubl| {{convert|1575|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (3/5-door) | {{convert|1590|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan/convertible)}}
| height = {{ubl| {{convert|1350|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (3-door) | {{convert|1380|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (5-door/sedan) | {{convert|1340|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (convertible)}}
| weight = {{convert|680-910|kg|lbs|1|abbr=on}}
| sp = us
}}
{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = 1989 Suzuki Swift 1.3 GL (rear).jpg
| caption1 = Suzuki Swift GL 3-door hatchback (pre-facelift, Europe)
| image2 = Suzuki Forsa Amenity (rear).jpg
| caption2 = Suzuki Forsa Amenity 5-door hatchback (pre-facelift, Indonesia), with longer tail lights for markets with short rear registration plate.
| image3 = A Suzuki swift outside Blaha Lujza tér, Budapest (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = Suzuki Swift GLX sedan (pre-facelift, Europe)
}}
The second generation Cultus first appeared in Japan in September 1988, followed by its European debut as the Swift at the Brussels Auto Salon in October.<ref name=TAM90>{{Cite book |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 |editor=Mastrostefano, Raffaele |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |year=1990 |page=984 |language=it |location=Milano}}</ref> General Motors, whose Design Center assisted in its development, designated it the [[GM M platform]].<ref name="QR0189">{{cite magazine | magazine = Quattroruote | ref = QR0189 | title = Anonima "Svelta" grazie a GM | trans-title = Anonymous "Swift" thanks to GM | language = it | date = January 1989 | volume = 34 | issue = 399 | publisher = Editoriale Domus | location = Milan, Italy | editor-first = Raffaele | editor-last = Mastrostefano | page = 124 }}</ref> The chassis, engines, and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki, being mostly modified variants of the first generation Cultus. The second generation offered new styling and four-wheel independent strut suspension. A turbocharged three-cylinder version remained fairly popular in Canada, which was the only market for the version which was not even available in its homeland Japan.

It was available with a 1.0-liter three-cylinder with a power output of {{cvt|53|PS|hp kW|0}}, a 1.3-liter four-cylinder, and later a 1.6-liter four-cylinder (for the sedan only). The higher powered Cultus/Swift GTi had an improved G13B engine which featured hollow camshafts, stronger web casting on the engine block, a better flowing intake manifold (the prior generation intake manifold had its shape compromised to fit into the engine bay), and its [[Engine control unit|ECU]] now had electronic control over ignition timing. It now put out {{convert|101|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} of power. The GTi also featured all wheel disc brakes. Japanese GTi's have a much higher compression ratio (11.5:1) and accordingly more power at {{convert|115|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}, and were also offered with permanent four-wheel drive.

In June 1989, Suzuki introduced their first three-box sedan since the discontinuation of the [[Suzuki Fronte 800|Fronte 800]] in 1969. Sold as the "Cultus Esteem" in Japan, it was also available with a larger 1.6-liter engine never offered in the hatchbacks. In the Japanese market, the 1.3-liter single-cam engine was changed to a 16-valve version in July 1990, which increased power to {{convert|82|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}}. Suzuki facelifted the Cultus in July 1991 for the 1992 model year. The update involved the relocation of the rear license plate to the rear bumper from in between the tail lamps. The gap vacated by the license plate was filled in with either a black plastic panel or translucent red perspex panel integrating with the tail lamps. At the front, Suzuki revised the bumper's [[airdam]], and inside, the interior was substantially re-designed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/suzuki/swift/1992/?sub=hatchback |title=1992 Suzuki Swift Hatchback |publisher=[[Edmunds.com|Edmunds]] |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> In the Japanese market, the Cultus Esteem's carburetted 1.6-liter engine was replaced by a single-point fuel injection 1.5-liter G15A engine with {{convert|91|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}}, to fit a lower tax category.<ref name=Catvol38>{{citation | ref = JAMA38 | title = 自動車ガイドブック | trans-title = Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1991~'92 | language = ja | volume = 38 | date = 23 October 1991 | publisher = [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] | location = Japan | page = 171 | isbn = 4-915220-38-9 }}</ref> The single-cam 1.3 was also updated with fuel injection in July 1991, although its power remained {{convert|82|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Catvol38/>

All Swifts (export models) got a redesigned front and rear fascia as well as a new dashboard. The 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine received a new cylinder head assembly: the engine of the previous generation used the same block and corresponding components but featured a head with valves in a V-formation straddling a single camshaft with rocker arms on shafts, whereas now the cylinder head assumed a much slimmer profile, owing to the valves now being in a vertical, inline configuration, actuated by inverted buckets also serving as hydraulic valve lash adjusters, all underneath a single overhead camshaft.

The first European-built model was a "Suzuki Swift" manufactured in September 1992 in [[Esztergom]], Hungary. Updates in 1996 followed, and model year 2000 modifications included a version fitted with the same Suzuki four-wheel drive system that had been available in the Japanese market until February 1996 and badged as the "[[Subaru Justy]]". The last modifications were made on the European ''Gen II'' from model year 2002 but only for the Hungarian market, the 1.3-liter engine was also changed to 16-valve version and produces {{cvt|85|PS|hp kW|0}}. The production of the three-door models ended in September 2002. In the same year, in December, the four-door sedan version was also discontinued. The last variation available was a five-door version, which was offered until March 2003.

In Ecuador, the local Aymesa plant assembled some versions of this vehicle. The three-door version was called Suzuki "Forsa II", while the four-door sedan version was badged "Chevrolet Swift". In 1999, General Motors de Ecuador took over AYMESA's production of General Motors vehicles, including Suzuki-based ones.<ref name=SS03>{{cite journal | title = Katalog Samochody Świata 2003 | journal = Samochody Świata | trans-title = World Car Catalogue 2003 | editor-first = Eligiusz | editor-last = Mazur | publisher = Print Shops Prego - Polska Sp. z o.o. | location = Warsaw, Poland | page = 94 | date = 2002 | ref = SS2003 | issn = 1234-8198 }}</ref> Production of the sedan ended about 1996, while the hatchback version continued to being produced until 2003 at least and it was badged as "Chevrolet Forsa" in latter years. These were powered by the {{convert|67|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.3-liter four.<ref name=SS03/> Cultus variants were available in Colombia from 1991 until 2004, where it was called the Chevrolet Swift.<ref name="carro"/> They were assembled by GM-Colmotores in [[Bogotá]]. A stripped-down version of the 1.3-liter Swift sedan was also marketed as the "Suzuki Taxi".<ref>[[#SS2003|''Katalog Samochody Świata 2003'']], p. 47</ref>

The hatchback was sold in Indonesia as the "Forsa Amenity" from 1990 until 1992, and, after a facelift, simply as the "Eleny" from 1992 until 1994. The sedan arrived in 1991 and marketed as the "Forsa Esteem", although the "Forsa" portion was eventually dropped just like the hatchback in the facelift. Initially only a carburetted, uncatalyzed version of the 1298 cc G13BA 8-valve engine with {{convert|71|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm was available.<ref name=harga1>{{cite web | publisher = harga.web.id | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170509164105/http://harga.web.id/suzuki-amenity-spesifikasi-dan-harga.info | url = http://harga.web.id/suzuki-amenity-spesifikasi-dan-harga.info | title = Spesifikasi dan Harga Terbaru Suzuki Amenity Bekas |trans-title=Specifications and latest prices of used Suzuki Amenity | last = Panca | first = Anang | date = 26 August 2016 | archive-date = 9 May 2017 | language = id }}</ref> Power claimed later decreased to {{convert|67|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} in the facelifted version. The sedan and five-door hatchback were assembled locally with CKD kits in Indonesia, while a small number of three-door hatchbacks were imported fully built-up from Japan. From 1992 there was also a "[[Marissa Haque]] Limited Edition" of the sedan with power steering, front fog lamps, body-colored bumpers, a rear spoilers, and a number of stickers.<ref>{{citation | type = brochure | title = Forsa Esteem: Marissa Haque Limited | date = 1992 | pages = 3–4 | publisher = P.T. Indomobil Niaga International | language = id }}</ref> The Esteem sedan was also available with a {{convert|92|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} carburetted 1.6-liter G16A 16-valve engine option after the facelift, sold as the Esteem GT. The hatchbacks were discontinued in 1994, followed by the sedan in 1996.

In New Zealand, the second generation Swift and Barina diverged somewhat when it arrived in March 1989. The GM-badged car, being sold mainly on its low price to a different kind of clientele than Suzuki's, often as a second car, received a lower price and equipment levels than its Suzuki sibling. The costlier GTi model was also reserved for Suzuki.<ref name=Press89/>

In China, the Cultus was known as the Suzuki Lingyang and was built by [[Changan Suzuki|Chang'an]]. Production started in 1999 and ended in early 2015. The only engine choice was the 1.3-liter ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB]]'' engine mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. The Lingyang was facelifted in 2007, 2010 and 2012.

In Japan, the Cultus was gradually replaced by the slightly larger [[Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Cultus Crescent]] (Baleno or Esteem elsewhere) in 1995. However in May 1998, the hatchback was renamed to "Cultus M" as the Cultus Crescent dropped the "Crescent" suffix.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suzuki.co.jp/suzuki_digital_library/1_auto/cultus.html|title=Suzuki Digital Library: カルタス|language=Japanese|website=www.suzuki.co.jp}}</ref> It continued to be available as one of the cheapest non-[[kei car]] at that time. The hatchback was available until 2000, replaced by the Ignis based-[[Suzuki Ignis#First|Swift]].

The vehicle entered Pakistani market in 1989 with units imported from Japan, it was only available in sedan form as Swift Sedan and powered by a 1.0-liter engine producing {{convert|50|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}. In 1991, Pak Suzuki started local production for the domestic market and renamed to "Suzuki Margalla". It gained a bigger 1.3-liter four-cylinder engine and paired with a 5-speed manual transmission. The production continued until 1998 when it was succeeded by Suzuki Baleno sedan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carspiritpk.com/remembering-suzuki-margalla/|title=Remembering Suzuki Margalla|first = Usman | last = Ansari |date=14 June 2017|publisher=Car Spirit}}</ref> Almost two years later, the production returned in 2000 as a 5-door hatchback and marketed as Suzuki Cultus. It had a three-cylinder 1.0-liter engine from the imported 1989–1991 Swift Sedan. In 2002, factory fitted [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]]-powered option was launched along with several improvements, followed by another changes in 2005. Major facelift occurred in 2007 with new fuel injected 1.0-liter four-cylinder engine, new bumpers and seat upholstery with broader head rests. It continued to be produced until late 2016, with sales ended on 1 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carspiritpk.com/17-years-suzuki-cultus-pakistan/|title=17 Years of Suzuki Cultus in Pakistan|first = Usman | last = Ansari |date=2 February 2017|publisher=Car Spirit}}</ref>

===Names in different markets===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Nameplate
! rowspan="2" | Market
! colspan="4" | Body
|-
! {{abbr|2-dr Cv|2-door Convertible}}
! {{abbr|3-dr HB|3-door Hatchback}}
! {{abbr|4-dr Sd|4-door Sedan}}
! {{abbr|5-dr HB|5-door Hatchback}}
|-
| 1988–1994
| [[Holden Barina]]{{efn|name="Barina"}}
| Australia New Zealand
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
|1988-1999
|Suzuki Swift
|Australia
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1989–1994
| [[Geo Metro]]/Chevrolet Metro{{efn|name="NA"}}
| N. America
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1989–1994
| [[Pontiac Firefly]]
| Canada
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1989–1994
| Suzuki Swift
| N. America
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''{{efn|name="year"}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''{{efn|name="year"}}
|-
| 1989–2003
| Suzuki Cultus
| Japan
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1989–2004
| Suzuki Swift{{efn|name="Magyar"}}
| Europe
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1990–1994
| Maruti 1000
| India
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|-
| 1991–1996
| Suzuki Forsa Amenity/Eleny/Esteem
| Indonesia
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1991–2004
| Chevrolet Swift
| Colombia{{efn|name="Columbia"}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|-
| 1992–2003
| Suzuki/Chevrolet Forsa
| Ecuador
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|
|-
| 1992–1996
| Chevrolet Swift
| Ecuador
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|-
| 1994–2010
| [[Maruti Suzuki]] Esteem
| India
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|-
| 1995–2003
| [[Subaru Justy]]{{efn|name="Magyar"}}
| Europe
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|-
| 1999–2015
| [[Changan Suzuki]] Lingyang
| China
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|
|-
| 1991–1998 2000–2016
| Suzuki Margalla/Cultus{{efn|name="Paksuzuki"}}
| Pakistan
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''X'''
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name="Magyar"|Manufactured at [[Magyar Suzuki]]}}
{{efn|name="Columbia"|Imported to Colombia.}}
{{efn|name="NA"|[[Geo (automobile)|Geo]] branded models in US after 1989, in Canada after 1992.}}
{{efn|name="Barina"|MF, MH: only generations of 'Cultus-derived' Barina}}
{{efn|name="Paksuzuki"|Manufactured at [[Pak Suzuki Motors]].}}
{{efn|name="year"|Suzuki-branded 5 door was offered in 1989 model year only, Suzuki-branded sedan beginning in 1990.}}
}}

===Gallery===

==== Cultus/Swift ====
{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 134
|File:1989 Suzuki Swift GTi 3-door hatchback (2015-07-16) 01.jpg|Suzuki Swift GTi (pre-facelift, Australia)
|File:2nd generation Suzuki Cultus.jpg|Suzuki Cultus 3-door hatchback (first facelift, Japan)
|File:2nd generation Suzuki Cultus rear.jpg|Suzuki Cultus 3-door hatchback (first facelift, Japan)
|File:Suzuki Swift 1.3 GL Sedan 1994 (rear).jpg|Suzuki Swift 1.3 GL sedan (first facelift, Europe)
|File:1994 Suzuki Swift GTi 3-door hatchback (2010-09-19).jpg|Suzuki Swift GTi 3-door hatchback (facelift, Australia)
|File:Suzuki Swift GTi (13993455376) (cropped).jpg|Suzuki Swift GTi 3-door hatchback (facelift, Australia)
|File:2000 Suzuki Swift GLS 1.3 Front.jpg|Suzuki Swift GLS 3-door hatchback (second facelift, UK)
|File:Suzuki Swift GLX (rear).jpg|Suzuki Swift GLX 5-door hatchback (second facelift, Europe)
|File:2002 Suzuki Swift GLS 1.0 Front (1).jpg|Suzuki Swift GLS 3-door hatchback (third facelift, UK)
|File:1994 Suzuki Swift Convertible.jpg|Suzuki Swift cabriolet (Europe)
}}

;Lingyang
{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 141
|File:1999 Suzuki Lingyang - China (48912287251).jpg|Changan Suzuki Lingyang (pre-facelift, China)
|File:Suzuki Lingyang facelift China 2016-04-03.jpg|Changan Suzuki Lingyang (first facelift, China)
|File:SUZUKI GAZELLE SUZUKI LINGYANG (SUZUKI CULTUS SEDAN SECOND GENERATION) (2).jpg|Changan Suzuki Lingyang (first facelift, China
|File:Suzuki Lingyang (cropped).jpg|Changan Suzuki Lingyang (second facelift, China)
|File:2010 Chang'an-Suzuki Lingyang (facelift), rear 8.3.18.jpg|Changan Suzuki Lingyang (second facelift, China)
}}

;Rebadge
{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 129
|File:Subaru Justy 1.JPG|Subaru Justy 3-door hatchback (facelift, Europe)
|File:1991-1994 Holden Barina (MH) 5-door hatchback (2011-07-17) 01.jpg|Holden Barina 5-door (facelift, Australia)
|File:Chevy Swift (52952285653).jpg|Chevrolet Swift sedan (pre-facelift, Colombia)
}}

=== North America ===
====Swift====
Following limited 1985–1988 sales of the Forsa, the nameplate was changed to '''Suzuki Swift'''. The Swift was available as a three-door GTi and five-door GLX hatchback. Designed by General Motors, the design echoed that of the contemporary [[Chevrolet Cavalier]] and [[Pontiac Sunfire]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Russ |title=1995 Geo Metro LSi Sedan |publisher=The Auto Channel |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9509.html |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> A four-door sedan followed in 1990 – imported from Japan. For Swifts in North America, the 1.0-liter three-cylinder was only available in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3-door was added as were GA, GL and GS four-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]. At the same time, the GTi name was changed to GT because of an out-of-court settlement with [[Volkswagen]] of America over their similarly named GTI. The Swift nameplate moved on to separate from the Cultus, eventually being placed on the North American "third generation" model.

The Swift featured a 993 cc [[Straight-three engine|inline three-cylinder]] engine producing {{cvt|56|PS|hp kW|0}}. The [[G10 (engine)|G10]] engine weighed {{cvt|63|kg|lb|0}} and was the same as used in the Geo Metro and other North American iterations. Other engine configurations included a [[carbureted]] or [[fuel injected]] SOHC eight-valve 1.3-liter [[Suzuki G engine#G13|G13]]. Trim levels included the 1.0 GA and the 1.0 GL. The GA model included plastic [[wheelcover]]s, four-speed [[gearbox]] and cloth trim. The GL model included more equipment such as a five-speed gearbox, alloy wheels, a [[sunroof]], and air conditioning in some markets.

With the first generation, Suzuki marketed the Swift GTi with the [[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]] engine – a [[DOHC]] 16 valve, 1.3-liter, [[Straight-four engine|inline four-cylinder]] engine with an aluminum block and cylinder head, forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum high compression pistons (10:1 compression ratio). Its power output is {{convert|101|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}.

The second generation received a modest restyle and other production changes in 1992, including changes to the bumpers, tail lights and interior. GT/GTi versions were equipped with larger sway-bars, and the camshafts were now solid. Production for the North American market ended in 1994. From 1995 onward, the redesigned North American-exclusive [[Suzuki Swift]] was built at [[CAMI Automotive]], receiving all the modifications of its Pontiac and Geo/Chevrolet siblings – only ever available in the three-door body style, however.

{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 129
|File:2nd Suzuki Swift 3-door.jpg|1989–1991 model year Suzuki Swift 3-door hatchback (US)
|File:'92-'94 Suzuki Swift Hatchback.jpg|1992–1994 Suzuki Swift 3-door hatchback (Canada)
}}

====GM-badged====
The second generation Cultus was sold as the '''[[Geo Metro]]''' in the US and Canada, and as the '''Pontiac Firefly''' in Canada and the Middle East, and as the '''Chevrolet Sprint''' in Canada and Chile. Unlike the four-cylinder Swifts, General Motors-badged units usually featured the 1.0-liter G10 three-cylinder engine, with a turbocharged version and a larger 1.3-liter engine available in some Canadian market versions. In late 1989, production began at CAMI Automotive, with a mere 660 cars finished the first year.<ref name=Wards90>{{cite book | ref = WYB90 | title=Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1990 | publisher = Ward's Communications, Inc | location = Detroit, MI | editor-last1 = Stark | editor-first1 = Harry A. | editor-last2 = Bush | editor-first2 = James W. | volume = 52 | date = 1990 | page = 251 | isbn = ((0910589)) }}</ref> From here on out, all Metro models with the exception of convertibles would be produced in Canada.

'''G10''': 1.0 L3 
In the United States, a single engine was available from 1989 through 1994: a 1.0-liter [[Straight-three engine|I3]] engine. Rated at {{convert|61|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}, the engine achieved 38 city, 45 highway mpg{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. The detuned {{convert|50|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} engine in the '''XFi''', introduced in 1990, is optimized for high mileage. It combines a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear model to achieve 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards.

As per the first generation, a turbocharged variant of [[Suzuki G engine#G10|G10]] was also available in the Canadian Pontiac Firefly from 1989 to 1991. It was no longer available in the US market, however.

'''G13''': 1.3 L I4 
Canadian market Metros had the 1.3-liter engine available as an option beginning in 1993 in the three-door GSi model, and as standard equipment in the sedan (exclusive to the Canadian market at the time: American market Metros were not available in a sedan body style until 1995).

;Geo Metro
Only available as a hatchback (later also a convertible) in the United States, the Canadian market also received Japanese-built four-door sedans. Canadian sales of the Geo Metro only began in 1992, after the demise of the Asüna brand. For 1990, the Metro's second model year, Geo introduced the Metro ''LSi'' models, which included an [[automatic transmission]], [[air conditioning]] and a stereo with cassette player. Geo also introduced the frugal '''XFi''' model, featuring a lower powered economy-tuned version of the three-cylinder engine, a higher final drive gear ratio, and certain deleted interior amenities (e.g., the passenger mirror). It thereby achieved 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. XFi made up less than 10% of Metro sales.<ref name="hard">{{cite web|title=Little Big Man, First Look: 1995 Geo Metro |publisher=Hardrive.com |first=J.J. | last = Gertler |access-date=10 June 2008 |url=http://www.hardrive.com/reviews/geometro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125000723/http://www.hardrive.com/reviews/geometro.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> A little bit later, the Japanese-built [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model debuted, available in ''LSi'' trim. In 1991, GM increased convertible production and added paint options. In 1992, the Metro received a facelift with new hubcaps, exterior modification and new interior controls.

In 1993, both LSi hatchbacks and the convertible were discontinued. Automatic door locks, which deploy after the car reaches a speed of approximately 8 mph (13 km/h) were introduced this year. In 1994, five-door [[hatchback]] production ended. In 1994, Geo dropped the XFi model.<ref name="nytecono">{{cite news |title=Economy Champs Get the Cold Shoulder |work=The New York Times |first=Matthew L. |last=Wald |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE0D61439F931A25752C1A963958260 |date=12 November 1995}}</ref>

Under its ''Geo Metro'' US badging, the [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy]] (ACEEE) judged the 1.0-liter Geo Metro/Suzuki Cultus as the leading ''gasoline-fueled'' vehicle within their Greenest Vehicles list of 1998 and 1999.<ref name="aceee">{{cite web |title=The 12 Greenest Vehicles in 1999 |publisher=ecomall |url=http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/aceecar.htm |year=1999 |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news |title=Guide: It Isn't Easy Being Green |newspaper=The LA Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-18-fi-9068-story.html |first=John |last=O'Dell |date=18 February 1999 |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="CNNgreen">{{cite news |title=Guide to green cars, trucks released |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9803/19/green.car/ |date=19 March 1998 |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>

Partially because of the renewed interest in the Metro/Cultus due to rising fuel costs, the July 2009 issue of the US ''[[Car and Driver]]'' included a 1998 [[Geo Metro|Metro]]/Cultus 3-door [[hatchback]] among vehicles tested for fuel efficiency alongside two [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] models: the 2010 [[Honda Insight]] and 2010 [[Toyota Prius]] models. During a 600-mile long, mixed driving conditions, route. While notably lacking in [[modern convenience]]s and weighing considerably less, the Cultus/Metro tied in first place with the Prius for best overall [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] at {{convert|42|mpgus|L/100 km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2010-honda-insight-vs-2010-toyota-prius-1998-chevy-metro-comparison-test |title=2010 Honda Insight vs. 2010 Toyota Prius, 1998 Chevy Metro – Comparison Tests |first=John |last=Phillips |journal=Car and Driver |date=July 2009 |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010192256/http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2010-honda-insight-vs-2010-toyota-prius-1998-chevy-metro-comparison-test |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 139
|File:1991 Geo Metro LSi, very blue.jpg|1989–1991 Geo Metro 3-door hatchback (US)
|File:1991 Geo Metro LSi 5-door hatchback in White, rear left, 07-29-2023.jpg|1989–1991 Geo Metro 5-door hatchback (US)
|File:1st-Geo-Metro.jpg|1992–1994 Geo Metro 5-door (US)
|File:Geo Metro 2-Door (edited).jpg|1992–1994 Geo Metro 3-door hatchback (US)
|File:Metro Sedan 1st Gen (edited).jpg|1992–1994 Geo Metro sedan (Canada)
|File:1992 Geo Metro convertible 01.jpg|1992 Geo Metro convertible (US)
|File:Geo Metro Convertible rear top down.jpg|Geo Metro convertible (US)}}

;Chevrolet Sprint
The Sprint badge continued to be used in the Canadian market until the Geo brand was introduced in 1992. Unlike its American counterparts, the Canadian Sprint remained available with the 1.0-liter turbo engine. The Chevrolet Sprint hatchback was also sold in Chile from 1994 to 1996, but adopted the facelifted Suzuki Swift appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/656610820668108692/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728043831/https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/656610820668108692/|archive-date=28 July 2024 |title=Advertising/Publicidad: Chevrolet Récord Sprint. Chile 1994|language=Spanish}}</ref>
{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 141
|File:'89-'91 Chevrolet Sprint 5-Door.jpg|1989–1991 Chevrolet Sprint 5-door hatchback (Canada)
|File:Chevrolet Sprint Turbo - Flickr - dave 7 (1) (cropped).jpg|1989–1991 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo 3-door hatchback (Canada)
|File:Chevrolet Sprint Turbo - Flickr - dave 7 (cropped).jpg|1989–1991 Chevrolet Sprint Turbo 3-door hatchback (Canada)
|File:'90-'91 Chevrolet Sprint Convertible.JPG|1990–1991 Chevrolet Sprint convertible (Canada)
|File:Chevrolet Sprint 1.0 1995 (36860567996) (cropped).jpg|1994–1996 Chevrolet Sprint 5-door hatchback (Chile)}}

;Pontiac Firefly
Introduced for 1989, the Firefly was also available as a convertible and as a four-door sedan from 1990 until 1991. All hatchbacks were manufactured at CAMI, while convertibles and sedans were sourced from Japanese production. Just like the Chevrolet Sprint, the Firefly was also available with a 1.0-liter turbo engine option. The Firefly was not marketed for the 1992 and 1993 model years when the 1993-only "[[Asüna]]" brand introduced the larger 1992 [[Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|GT/SE]] to replace the [[Passport (automobile dealership)|Passport]] Optima and the pre-facelift Firefly.

In 1994, the Firefly returned with a facelift following the demise of the Asüna brand, available as a hatchback and a sedan. It was short-lived, being replaced by the third generation for the next year.

The Firefly was also marketed in the Middle East, but without the convertible option.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/alraya_o/status/579341472534663168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728072734/https://twitter.com/x/migrate?tok=7b2265223a222f616c726179615f6f2f7374617475732f353739333431343732353334363633313638222c2274223a313732323135313635337d7ccce68e0ccc2cf2a6fa079a2c0d4933|archive-date=28 July 2024 |title="بونتياك .. فاير فلاي".. السيارة الأكثر مبيعاً في الدوحة ..ومتوفرة كوبيه ..."#اعلانات_الراية" .... (1994/01/03)|language=Arabic}}</ref>

{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 142
|File:Tuned '94 Pontiac Firefly.jpg|1990–1991 Pontiac Firefly sedan (Canada)
|File:Pontiac Firefly ragtop.JPG|1989–1991 Pontiac Firefly convertible (Canada)
|File:'94 Pontiac Firefly Hatchback.jpg|1994 Pontiac Firefly 3-door hatchback (Canada)}}

====Safety====
US second generation models received the following [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA's]] New Car Assessment Program ratings:
* Front Impact, Driver: {{Rating|3|5}} Safety Concern: High likelihood of thigh injury
* Front Impact, Passenger: {{Rating|3|5}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217003706/http://www.safercar.gov/portal/site/safercar/menuitem.db847bd57e3dc1f885dfc38c35a67789/?vgnextoid=c95df2905bf54110VgnVCM1000002fd17898RCRD ''See NHTSA Test Results: 1994 Geo Metro'']

=== {{anchor|Maruti|Maruti 1000|Maruti Esteem}} Maruti 1000 ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Maruti 1000
| image = 1998-2002 Maruti Esteem, Chandni Chowk.jpg
| caption = 1998–2002 Maruti Esteem VXi
| manufacturer = [[Maruti Suzuki]]
| aka = Maruti Esteem
| production = 1990–2008
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
| engine = {{ubl| '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]''': | 970 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]]'' [[SOHC]] 8V [[Straight-four engine|I4]] | 1298 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BA|G13BA]]'' SOHC 8V I4 | 1298 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB]]'' SOHC 16V I4 | '''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]''': | 1527 cc ''[[PSA TU engine#TUD|TUD5]]'' SOHC 8V I4}}
| transmission = {{ubl| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] | 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2365|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4075|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|4095|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (Esteem)
| width = {{convert|1575|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1395|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|825-935|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}
| successor = [[Suzuki Dzire]]
}}
The '''Maruti 1000''', made by [[Maruti Udyog]] is a [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]-type car produced in India between October 1990 and 2000. The car is a [[Badge engineering|rebadged]] Suzuki Cultus/Swift and was introduced in October 1990 (although Maruti had been showing the car since 1989). With a large waiting list for all Maruti cars, a computerized lottery was used to decide who got a chance to buy a Maruti 1000.<ref name="looksmrt">{{cite news |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3165/is_n3_v27/ai_10421613 |title=See a Maruti 1000? Buy it, quick! |volume=27 |number=3 |date=March 1991 |pages=82–83 |issn=0043-0315 |journal=Ward's Auto World |last=Chrysler |first=Mack}}</ref> This was remarkable as the car was considered a luxury vehicle at the time, hard to conceive of from today's viewpoint – but in 1990, when it was released, its purchase price was high enough that it was out of reach for more than 99.5% of India's population.<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |title=No Place for This Project |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |number=2 |volume=25 |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |page=67 |last=Thomas |first=J. W. |date=13 January 1990}}</ref> It sold at Rs. 381,000. A period commentator even accused the 1000 of being a project "by the elite for the elite.<ref name=thomas/>

The car came with a 970 cc engine whose output was just 46 hp and proved underpowered for a car that weighed {{convert|825|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=TAM92>{{Cite book |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |year=1992 |language=it |pages=458–459 |ref=TAM92 |location=Milano}}</ref> This outdated engine was also installed by Suzuki in the Cultus/Swift range for a few other developing markets. A 1.0 GLX version, fully equipped with air conditioning, "deluxe carpets," and leather interior, was also available to those able to pay for the car in foreign exchange.<ref>{{citation | type = brochure | title = The Lady with the Mystic Smile | publisher = Maruti Udyog Limited | location = New Delhi, India | page = 4 | date = 1990 }}</ref>

====Maruti Esteem====
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Maruti Esteem (98-02), rear left.jpg
| caption1 = 1998–2002 Maruti Esteem
| image2 = Maruti Esteem being rallied.jpg
| caption2 = Maruti Esteem being rallied
}}

In November 1994, an upgraded version of this car, with a more powerful 1.3-liter engine, was released with similar looks and the new name '''Maruti Esteem'''. Initially, the car looked very similar to the Maruti 1000, except for different fabric in seats and door trims and 'ESTEEM' badging at the rear. The first model had a {{convert|65|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}} carburetted engine but this was replaced by an {{convert|85|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}} fuel injected 16-valve unit in 2000. The engine was found to have one of the highest power-to-weight ratios in the under two-liter class, and helped the Esteem reach considerable success in Indian auto racing, where it is still popular in rallying. Soon in end-1995, two trims were launched, base LX and the higher VX. The latter boasted of contemporary features like power steering, power locking and 4 door power windows. An automatic AX variant also was released in June 1996 with a torque-converter type automatic transmission. Air conditioning and remote fuel lid opener was standard in Esteem unlike the 1000. The Maruti 1000 was kept below the Esteem and remained in production until March 2000 and was eventually discontinued due to low sales.

In October 1998, the Esteem received a full facelift which included a new grille, new tail lights and new head lights much inspired by the Holden cousins. The rear also gained an extra cluster of lights as standard replacing the previous black panel.

In January 2000, when Maruti launched Esteem with MPFI system, the LX variant got equipped with front power windows and central locking. Chrome radiator grille, rear armrest and driver seat height adjuster also became a part of Esteem's equipment list. Several new colour options also were added.

In August 2002, another minor change was made when the chrome grille was replaced by a mesh grille and a rear spoiler was added in the top VXi trim. Special edition models such as Limited and Velocity also were released in 2002.

{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Maruti Esteem VXi.jpg
| image2 = Crow eludes G9 (4701889523) (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = 2004–2008 Maruti Esteem
}}

Another facelift took place in July 2004, consisting of new lights and bumpers, which were borrowed from the Chinese "[[Changan Suzuki]] Lingyang" (Antelope) version of the Swift sedan.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.just-auto.com/news/maruti-updates-the-esteem_id70514.aspx |website= just-auto.com |title= Exclusive: India: Maruti updates the Esteem |last1= Rathore |first1= Deepesh |last2= Swarup |first2= Tilak |date= 6 July 2004 |publisher= Arog Ltd. |access-date= 20 September 2013 |archive-date= 4 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160204100359/http://www.just-auto.com/news/maruti-updates-the-esteem_id70514.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref> The new version also received clear lens tail lights and new hubcaps, while new colours were introduced again.

The Esteem was also available with a 1527 cc [[Peugeot]] TUD5 [[diesel engine]] as well, at a slightly higher price. When Bharat Stage 3 emission rules were made stricter, Maruti phased out this diesel variant sometime in 2005. The models offered in the mid-2000s were:
* '''LX''' (base model/manual-steering/AC)
* '''LXi''' (power steering, front power windows)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-87938830/new-esteem-model-launched.html |title=New Esteem model launched |journal=India Business Insight |date=12 April 2002 |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>
* '''VXi''' (4 door power windows, central locking, rear demister, power antenna, rear spoiler)
* '''AX''' 3 speed ([[automatic transmission]]), equivalent to VXi
* '''D''' (diesel base model, equivalent to LX)
* '''Di''' (diesel, equivalent to LXi)

The 1.3-liter (74 mm (2.9 in) bore by 75.5 mm (3 in) stroke) 16-valve [[Single overhead cam|SOHC]] engine has a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and makes {{convert|85|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm and {{convert|105|Nm|lbft kg.m|abbr=on}} of torque at 3000 rpm, this was later increased to {{convert|110|Nm|lbft kg.m|abbr=on}}. The same engine was later used by the then upgraded Maruti Gypsy King, Maruti Versa and the Maruti Suzuki Swift. The [[Peugeot]]-sourced ''TUD5'' 1.5-liter (77 mm (3 in) bore by 82 mm (3.2 in) stroke) eight-valve engine had a compression ratio of 23.0:1 and made {{convert|57|PS|hp kW|abbr=on}} at 5000 rpm and {{convert|96|Nm|lbft kg.m|abbr=on}} of torque at 2500 rpm. The Esteem received a major facelift in 2004 and production ended in December 2008, with the car being replaced by the new [[Suzuki Dzire|Suzuki Swift DZire]].

{{clear}}

==Marketing==

===Japan===
The Suzuki Cultus developed through generation two in Japan, and was superseded by the '''Cultus Crescent''' – a larger offspring of the Cultus.

====Cultus====
The second generation was introduced in 1988 with similar dimensions and but redesigned to make better use of the cargo area and cabin space. Like its predecessor, the new Cultus was available as a 3- or 5-door hatchback, and was powered by G-series engines from 1.0 to 1.3 liters. However, this last one had adopted an SOHC [[multivalve|16-valve]] arrangement, with standard fuel injection. Power was {{convert|58|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|82|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}, respectively. For the first time, [[4WD]] was optional on the larger engine.

The Cultus GTi was now much more powerful, reaching 115 PS JIS (85 kW) with updated version of the previous GTi engine: the G13B engine that had higher compression pistons (11.5:1 compression ratio), tubular exhaust headers, a tubular intake manifold, larger camshafts and a reprogrammed [[Engine control unit|ECU]]. Some models of the Cultus GTi were also available with [[all-wheel drive]].

More well outfitted versions were the Cultus Ellesse (which included automatic air conditioning, central locking, power windows and adjustable steering wheel) and the Esteem, a [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] version. The Esteem featured a larger 1.5-liter engine, capable of reaching {{convert|91|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and it was available with optional 4WD. The equipment was the same as the Cultus Ellesse.

In 1992, Suzuki introduced a two-seat convertible, based on the hatchback body – and dropped it again shortly thereafter.
* 1988–1998 – AA34S, AA44S, AB34S, AB44S
* 1992–1993 – AK34S (Cultus Convertible)

====Cultus Crescent====
{{main|Suzuki Cultus Crescent}}

The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct but related models sold in Japan by Suzuki – with the Cultus Crescent eventually superseding the Cultus. The Cultus Crescent was introduced in the Japanese market in January 1995 sharing the same [[automobile platform|platform]] and many components from the Cultus – although with a chassis stretched by 10 cm (4 in) and featuring completely different styling.

The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a three-door hatchback and a four-door saloon. In February 1996, Suzuki introduced the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first [[station wagon]] (excluding kei cars). In May 1998, the base Cultus/Swift was renamed "Cultus M Series" in Japan, and Suzuki consequently dropped the "Crescent" name on the larger model, which was now simply called Cultus, and received new front end styling. The 1.6-liter 4WD variant was extended to the rest of the lineup, but not the 1.8-liter engine, which was only available in the other body styles other than the wagon in export markets. The Cultus remained in production in Japan until August 2002, after a year of overlapping with its replacement, the larger and entirely new [[Suzuki Aerio|Aerio]].

Production of the Cultus began in other countries and was available in developing markets such as India as the '''Maruti Suzuki Baleno''' until production ceased in 2007 to make way for the [[Suzuki SX4]]. Elsewhere internationally, the larger Cultus Crescent was marketed as the '''[[Suzuki Baleno]]''' and '''[[Suzuki Esteem|Esteem]]'''. In the Philippines, it was marketed as the '''Chevrolet Cassia'''.

<gallery widths="200" heights="109">
File:Suzuki Cultus 003 (cropped).JPG|1996–1998 Suzuki Cultus Crescent Wagon (Japan)
File:Suzuki CULTUS WAGON 1.5TS.jpg|1998–2002 Suzuki Cultus Wagon (Japan)
File:Suzuki Cultus 004 (cropped).JPG|1998–2002 Suzuki Cultus Wagon (Japan)
File:Suzuki Cultus 002 (cropped).JPG|1998–2001 Suzuki Cultus sedan (Japan)
</gallery>

===Australia===
Mark 1 – SA310 / SA413 (1984–86).

Mark 2 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1989–92).

Mark 3 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1993–99). ''Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)''

'''Mark 1''' Introduced March 1984, the SA Swift was front-wheel drive, with a solid axle and drum brakes on the rear, with front disc brakes.
* Models: GA, GL, GC, GLS and GTI.
'''Mark 2''' New rounder body shape with mechanicals similar to the SA model and the solid rear axle replaced by a trailing arm setup.
* Models: GA, GL, GTi 3-door hatchbacks; GL and GLX Sedans, with 4WD available between 1990 and 1991.
'''Mark 3''' Remodeled interior, revised front and rear bumper fascias. New rounded dashboard.
* Models: GA, (later replaced with the City Car), the Cino, GL and GLX Sedans, and the GTi

==Production==
Assembly also commenced in India ([[Maruti Suzuki]]), Hungary ([[Magyar Suzuki]]), Pakistan ([[Pak Suzuki Motors]]), Indonesia ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]), China ([[Changan Suzuki]]) and by [[General Motors]] in Canada and several South American countries. When production of the Swift began at [[Magyar Suzuki]] in 1992, Suzuki invested $230 million in capital for the new company and flew each of its Hungarian workers to Japan for training in its production methods.<ref name="answers">{{cite web |title=Company History: Suzuki Motor Corporation |publisher=Answer.com |access-date=12 June 2008 |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/suzuki-motor-corporation?cat=biz-fin/}}</ref> Production of the second generation cabriolet stopped in 1995, followed by three-door models in 2002. The four-door sedans were continued to be manufactured in China until 2015, while the five-door models of the second generation (under the nameplate Cultus) were manufactured in Pakistan until late 2016.

==Nameplate use with other vehicles==
{{main|Suzuki Celerio#second|l1=Suzuki Celerio (second generation)}}
The second-generation Celerio is currently sold in Pakistan under the "Cultus" nameplate, which was launched there on 22 April 2017.<ref name ="PakWheels">[https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/pak-suzuki-releases-new-cultus-pakistan/ Pak-Suzuki Releases The All-New Cultus In Pakistan] PakWheels.com</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="111">
File:2017 Suzuki Celerio SZ4 Automatic 1.0 Front.jpg|Suzuki Celerio, which is marketed as the Cultus in Pakistan
</gallery>

==Motorsport==
In 1992, [[Nobuhiro Tajima]] used a heavily modified twin engined Cultus in the [[Pikes Peak International Hill Climb]].

A Suzuki Swift GTi driven by Mark Brame and Henry Draper won the [[1992 Yokohama 6-Hour for Production Cars]] at the [[Winton Motor Raceway|Winton circuit]] in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], Australia on 29 November 1992.<ref name=Ellis>Paul Ellis, Big effort from little men, Australian Auto Action, 11 December 1992, page 34</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Suzuki Cultus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140623181011/http://geometro.org/ Geo/Chevy Metro – Chevy Sprint – Suzuki Swift Community]
* [https://archive.today/20020814164004/http://www.suzuki-w.co.jp/history2/cultus/culkeifu.html Suzuki History of Cultus]

{{Suzuki vehicles}}
{{Suzuki timeline 1980 to 2009}}
{{Suzuki timeline (Europe) 1980 to date}}
{{Suzuki timeline (North America) 1985 to date}}
{{General Motors platforms}}
{{Geo timeline}}
{{Pontiac timeline 1980s to 2010}}

[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Subcompact cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Suzuki vehicles|Cultus]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1983]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2016]]

C. V. Ganesan

2026-05-05T08:27:13Z

MarlonBernhardt: details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. V. Ganesan
| office1 = [[Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| image = சி.வெ.கணேசன்.jpg
| term_start1 = 20 May 2016
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Tamil Azhagan]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2004
| term_end2 = 11 May 2006
| constituency2 = [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]
| predecessor2 = [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| successor2 = [[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
| term_start3 = 27 January 1989
| term_end3 = 30 January 1991
| predecessor3 = S. Thangaraju
| successor3 = S. Puratchimani
| constituency3 = [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| term_start4 = 15 May 1996
| term_end4 = 10 March 1998
| predecessor4 = [[P. Vallalperuman]]
| successor4 = [[Dalit Ezhilmalai]]
| office = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start = 7 May 2021
| term_end = 5 May 2026
| predecessor =
| successor =
| minister = * Labour Welfare
* Skill Development
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|G. Bhavani|1984|2021|reason=d}}
| education = M.A., B.Ed.
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] [[Annamalai University]]
| birth_place = [[Kaludur]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|6|16}}
| children = 1 son 4 daughters
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
}}
'''C. V. Ganesan''' is an Indian politician from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He was elected twice ([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]) as a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tittakudi (state assembly constituency)|Tittakudi]]. Since May 2021, he is serving as Tamil Nadu's Minister for Labour Welfare and Skill Development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/tamil-nadu/tittagudi-sc-election-result-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-lead-trail-c-v-ganesan-vs-d-periyasamy-4628040/|title=Tittagudi (SC) Election Result: Ganesan CV of DMK Wins by 51.94%, Defeats D. Periyasamy of BJP|website=India com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/ganesan-c-v-tittakudi-(sc)-candidate-s22a151c002/|title=Ganesan C. V|date=7 May 2021|via=News 18}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ganesan was born to P. Venkattan on 16 June 1959 in [[Kaludur]] (a village now in [[Cuddalore district]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3681.htm |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
Ganesan obtained his undergraduate degree from Muthurangam Government Arts College ([[Vellore]]). He also got a [[Bachelor of Laws]] (BL) degree from Government Law College, Tiruchirapalli, and a [[Diploma]] in [[Cooperative]] management (D.Coop) from Swamiyappa Co-operative Institute, Vellore.<ref name=":0" />

In May 1984, he got [[Master of Arts]] degree from the [[University of Madras]]. In December 1986, he got his [[Bachelor of Education]] (B.Ed) from [[Annamalai University]] ([[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore district]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesan, C.V.(DMK):Constituency- TITTAKUDI (SC)(CUDDALORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=738 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Politics ==

=== Party posts ===
He has been associated with the DMK since around 1984, and was an active Member of the party's Youth Wing.<ref name=":0" />

=== Elections contested ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || rowspan="2" | [[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || rowspan="2" | Won ||50.08 || D. Periyasamy|| [[BJP]] || 37.18
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] ||40.67 || P. Ayyasamy|| [[ADMK]] || 39.29
|}

=== Ministership (2021-) ===
On 6 September 2021, Ganesan tabled the [[right to sit]] amendment to the Tamil Nadu Shops and Establishments Act, 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title='Right to sit': Tamil Nadu tables Bill mandating establishments to provide seating for employees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-tables-bill-mandating-establishments-to-provide-seating-for-employees/article36317057.ece |accessdate=2021-11-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:தமிழ்நாடு முதலமைச்சரிடம் வாழ்த்து பெற்ற அமைச்சர்.jpg|thumb]]

== Personal life ==
Ganesan married G. Bavani on 10 June 1984. The couple had one son and four daughters. Bavani died on 9 December 2021.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=C.V.Ganesan |user=cvganesan1 |number=1601048723815305219 |date=9 December 2022 |title=என்னாகப் போகிறதென்று தெரியவில்லை. உன்னைப் பிரிந்த இந்த இதயத்தை எப்படி கடைத்தேற்றுவது என்று புரியவில்லை. ஆறுதல் தேடிய வண்ணம் உன் நினைவுகளால் நனைகிறேன் நீ வர மாட்டாய் என தெரிந்தும் !!! https://t.co/rdSbaBinE4 |trans-title=I don't know what I'm going to become. I don't know how to handle this broken heart. Looking for comfort, I am soaked in your memories, knowing that you will not come!!! |language=ta |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=C.V.Ganesan |user=cvganesan1 |number=1601211776997404672 |date=9 December 2022 |title=இன்று எனது துணைவியார் தெய்வத்திரு: க.பவானி அவர்களின் முதலாம் ஆண்டு நினைவு நாளில் எனது குடும்பத்தினர்கள் மற்றும் கழக நிர்வாகிகளுடன் அஞ்சலி செலுத்தினேன். https://t.co/cwfOfJoKU8 |trans-title=Today I paid tribute to my wife Deivathiru: K. Bhavani on her first death anniversary with my family and club administrators. |language=ta |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesan, C. V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Vasant Vihar

2026-05-02T15:06:11Z

MarlonBernhardt: started new article v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vasant Vihar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Sub-division
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Area in [[Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5574|N|77.159|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[ New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = DL-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Delhi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Punjabi, and English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R K Puram]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Vasant Vihar''' is a diplomatic and residential sub-division of the [[New Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], India. It is located near the diplomatic area of [[Chanakyapuri]], and houses over 50 [[diplomatic mission]]s of foreign countries,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.embassyworld.com/embassy/India/India4.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610080548/http://www.embassyworld.com/embassy/India/India4.html|url-status=dead|title=Embassies of Other Nations to India Without Websites (M Thru Z)|archivedate=10 June 2008|website=www.embassyworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTONAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Giri's Information Services|pages=246–248}}</ref> including the High Commission of [[South Africa]], and embassy of [[Argentina]].

==History==
In 1959, the Central Government Servants Cooperative House Building Society (CGSCHBS) was formed and land was allocated by the Government of India on 99 years lease basis. This region was carved out of the Villages of Basant Gaon which was acquired by the government during the 1960s. The acquired area, Vasant Vihar and its smaller sister area Shantiniketan, were developed as per a master plan by the Central Public Works Department of the Government of India. The land was plotted in sizes mainly ranging between 400 to 2000 sq. yards and were alloted to the members of the cooperative (CGSCHBS). Thereafter, bungalows were built and both Vasant Vihar and Shantiniketan developed into posh residential colonies.

==Locality==
The four main streets in Vasant Vihar are Munirka Marg, Vasant Marg, Poorvi Marg and Paschimi Marg, literally Eastern and Western Street. These form a rough triangle that encloses much of the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood is primarily residential and, when first planned, consisted of six blocks named A to F, with each block having its local market. Vasant Vihar has several parks in every block. The demographic of Vasant Vihar is primarily composed of wealthy business families, senior government officials, and high-net-worth individuals, contributing to its status as one of Delhi’s most exclusive neighbourhoods.

==Education==
Vasant Vihar also has schools such as [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]],<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dream Turns Seventy Five: The Modern School, 1920-1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2y2gvqv2xsEC&pg=PA142|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-499-9|pages=142–}}</ref> [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram|Delhi Public School]] (Junior Branch), [[The Shri Ram School]] (Junior Wing), [[Tagore International School]], [[Guru Harkrishan Public School]], [[Holy Child Auxilium School]] (Senior branch), [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya]], [[Suraj Bhan DAV Public School]], and Sarvodaya School.

==Economy==
The corporate office of [[Hero MotoCorp]], formerly Hero Honda, is at Basant Lok in Vasant Vihar. In 1996, Vasant Vihar witnessed the opening of India's first McDonald's restaurant. It was also the first McDonald's restaurant in the world not to serve beef and pork-based products.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mcdonaldsindia.net/key-milestones.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102954/http://www.mcdonaldsindia.net/key-milestones.aspx | archive-date=2018-07-21 | title=Key Milestones}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2011/10/29/city-hangout-basant-lok-market-south-delhi/ | title=The Longtime Blog of the World's First Self-Proclaimed Hyperlocal Homer | date=29 October 2011 | publisher=The Delhi Walla | access-date=30 September 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]

{{delhi-geo-stub}}

Heidi Saadiya

2026-04-26T22:30:42Z

MarlonBernhardt: Creating first post w/ refs

{{Short description|First transgender journalist from Kerala, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Heidi Saadiya
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_place = [[Chavakkad]], [[Guruvayoor]], India
| education = [[Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram#Institute of Journalism|Institute of Journalism]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Journalist
| credits = [[Kairali TV]]
| title =
}}

'''Heidi Saadiya''' is a journalist, [[transgender rights activist]] and a [[YouTuber]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Aug 9, 2022|title=2016ലാണ് ഞാന്‍ സര്‍ജറി ചെയ്തതെന്ന് ഹെയ്ദി സാദിയ! അന്നത്തേക്കാളും അഡ്വാന്‍സായിട്ടുള്ള സൗകര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഇന്നുണ്ട്! എല്ലാം തുറന്നുപറഞ്ഞതിന് നിങ്ങളോട് ബഹുമാനം തോന്നുന്നുവെന്ന കമന്റ്! വീഡിയോ വൈറല്‍|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/heidi-saadiya-shared-a-new-video-about-transition-journey-of-transwomen/articleshow/93456336.cms|work= Samayam News|language=ml|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> She is known for being [[Kerala]]'s first transgender national television newsreader on [[Kairali TV]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India |date=3 September 2019|title=Kerala gets its first transperson broadcast journalist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala-gets-its-first-transperson-broadcast-journalist-758803.html |work= [[Deccan Herald]]|location= |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref name = IndianExpress>{{cite news|author=MS Vidyanandan |date=26 July 2019|title=Heidi Saadiya is born to win |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jul/26/heidi-saadiya-is-born-to-win-1849063.html|work= [[New Indian Express]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Vishnu Varma|date=September 3, 2019|title=Meet Heidi Saadiya, Kerala's first transwoman TV journalist|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meet-heidi-saadiya-keralas-first-transwoman-tv-journalist-5963010/|work= [[New Indian Express]]|location=Tiruvananthapuram|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Saadiya is the first [[trans woman]] journalism student in the state.<ref>{{cite news |author=TNN|date=Jul 26, 2018|title=They welcomed her with open arms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/they-welcomed-her-with-open-arms/articleshow/65155572.cms|work= [[Times of India]]|location=Tiruvananthapuram|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saadiya was born into an orthodox [[Muslims|Muslim]] family at [[Chavakkad]] in [[Thrissur district]] of Kerala and she grew up in [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram]].<ref name = IndianExpress/> At the age of ten, she realised that her sexual identity. She told [[The News Minute]] that "''I had a condition called [[gynecomastia]]"''. She was disowned by her family who rejected her gender identity, at the age of 18. She left her home, and has not been in contact with her family since then.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Shiba Kurian|date=September 2, 2019|title=Trans woman journalist Heidi Saadiya makes debut as TV news reporter in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/node/108257|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123170218/https://www.thenewsminute.com/node/108257|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saadiya started her career as a trainee journalist on Kairali TV in August 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> On 2 September 2019 her first live broadcast was about the Chandrayaan-2 moon lander.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Heidi Saadiya, Kerala's first transwoman journalist|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/meet-heidi-saadiya-keralas-first-transwoman-journalist-133888.html|work= [[Femina (India)|Femina]]|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Saadiya began a romantic relationship with Atharv and he proposed marriage.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |author=Unnikrishnan S|date=23 August 2019 |title=Wedding bells ring for Kerala transgender pair|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/23/wedding-bells-ring-for-kerala-transgender-pair-2022904.html|work= [[New Indian Express]]|location=Tiruvananthapuram|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> On 26 January 2020, Saadiya married Atharv at TDM Hall in [[Ernakulam]] on the 71st [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]]. The wedding was jointly organised by Sri Sathya Sai Orphanage Trust and Ernakulam NSS Karayogam.<ref>{{cite news |author=ANI|date=26 January 2020|title=Kerala Transgender Journalist Marries In Ernakulum On Republic Day|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-transgender-journalist-heidi-saadia-marries-in-ernakulum-on-republic-day-2170042|work= [[New Indian Express]]|location=Ernakulum|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

In July 2022, Saadiya declared that the couple had divorced through her official YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aswini P|date=Jul 27, 2022|title=അതെ ഞങ്ങള്‍ കുറച്ച് കാലങ്ങളായി വേര്‍പിരിഞ്ഞാണ് താമസിയ്ക്കുന്നത്, പക്ഷെ വിവാഹ മോചിതരായിട്ടില്ല എന്ന് ഹെയ്ദി സാദിയ, വേര്‍പിരിയാനുണ്ടായ കാരണം എന്താണെന്ന് ചോദിച്ചപ്പോള്‍ ഹെയ്ദിയുടെ മറുപടി?|language =ml|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/heidi-saadiya-about-her-separation-from-atharv/articleshow/93155330.cms|work= Samayam News|location=Ernakulum|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saadiya, Heidi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Transgender Muslims]]
[[Category:Transgender journalists]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ journalists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Muslim women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian transgender writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]

Looty

2026-04-25T19:57:14Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{short description|2001 film by Sakthi Paramesh}}
{{For|Queen Victoria's Pekingese dog|Looty (dog)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Looty
| image = Looty VCD Cover.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswar]]
| story = Prithvi Rajkumar
| producer = V. A. Durai
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|[[Mumtaj]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Evergreen Movie International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|01|14}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Looty''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswar]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] in triple roles, [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Mumtaj]]. The film, produced by V. A. Durai, was released on 14 January 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lootti ( 2001 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=lootti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130423002203/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=lootti |archive-date=23 April 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Rasappa ([[Sathyaraj]]) and Vellaiappa ([[Vadivelu]]) were mechanics and good friends. They grew older so they were determined to get married as soon as possible. Vellaiappa was in love with Sona ([[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]). Geetha ([[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]) left her home after her step-mother's pressures. Geetha was accidentally kidnapped by Rasappa who thought that she was Sona and Rasappa fell in love subsequently with Geetha. Vellaiappa married his lover Sona while Rasappa married Geetha.

After a few years, Rasappa became a rich businessman but the couple didn't have children, whereas his friend Vellaiappa and Sona had two children. The doctor revealed that Geetha was unable to become a mother. Then suddenly one day, Rasappa found an abandoned baby in his car. After much hesitation, the couple adopted the baby. However, Geeta began to suspect Rasappa for being Jeeva's real father.

After finishing his study overseas, Jeeva is back and he shocks everybody when he arrives, Jeeva and Rasappa are looking alike, sending Geetha into a fit of fury, all her suspicions confirmed, despite Rasappa's bewilderment and protests of innocence, while Jeeva begins to flirt with Gayatri ([[Mumtaj]]) and they both end in love. Finally, the real culprit is revealed as Rasappa's father English Kuppan, a chieftain and a lecherous old man in the village who was almost on his deathbed and couldn't keep his hands off a nurse assigned to him. The result being a little stepbrother for Rasappa. And the man who put the baby in the couple's car was Kuzhanthavelu, the family doctor, who was in the know of things. But his good intentions had backfired. But then it's all well that ends well.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Rasappa, Jeeva and English Kuppan (triple roles)
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Geetha, Rasappa's wife
*[[Mumtaj]] as Gayathri, Jeeva's love interest
*[[Vadivelu]] as Vellaiappa, Rasappa's friend
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as 'Thiruttu VCD' Thiyagarajan, Geetha's stepbrother
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Sona, Vellaiappa's wife
*[[Visu]] as Dr. Kuzhanthavelu
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Subramanian, an advocate
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Thiyagarajan's henchman
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Jeeva's friend
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2000 |title=Looty |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/looty/SpXw,MYJ-5U_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826113403/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/looty/SpXw,MYJ-5U_ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=18 January 2013 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Once More Ketka" was inspired by "[[Preminchukundam Raa#Soundtrack|Pellikala Vachesindhe]]", which itself was inspired by "[[Yé ké yé ké]]".

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Mannaa Mannaa" || [[Swarnalatha]] || Kavi Markandeyar || 5:24
|-
| "Missu Missu Pappa" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], Krishnaraj || rowspan=5|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:26
|-
| "Once More Ketka" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:56
|-
| "Sillunu Kaaththu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:34
|-
| "Velu Vadivelu Enn" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 5:47
|-
| "Madurakara Viveku" || [[Vadivelu]], [[Sabesh Murali|Sabesh]] || 4:30
|-
|}

== Reception ==
''The Hindu'' wrote "despite a hackneyed script and clichéd plot twists, the film is entertaining because it maintains a light tone throughout. At no point does it become over-dramatic and that, one must add, is a saving grace!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=19 January 2001 |title=Film Review:Looty |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514170756/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=18 January 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "the film turns out to be a damp squib, with a meandering screenplay, inept handling, time factor that goes hay wire, and comedy that tries out your patience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Looty |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov93.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021226144421/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov93.asp |archive-date=26 December 2002 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "After giving a comic label to the film, they try to tell a serious story that too without any logic at all. The final scenes are confusing and confounding. The audiences are driven to a tight corner, not knowing whether to laugh or weep".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Looti |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/looti.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624165254/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/looti.shtml |archive-date=24 June 2001 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ulhasnagar taluka

2026-04-25T18:15:20Z

MarlonBernhardt: started basic info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Administrative division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Ulhasnagar taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Thane district]] of Maharashtra in [[Konkan division]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|access-date=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archive-date=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ThaneDistrictCollectorate-20150816">{{cite web|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|title=Circle Saja Revenue Village List - Tahsil Office|publisher=Thane District Collectorate|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092256/http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Thane district==
Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 1.2 crore.<ref name="DNA-20140801">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-gets-its-36th-district-palghar-craved-out-of-india-s-most-populous-thane-district-2007051|title=Maharashtra gets its 36th district - Palghar; carved out of India's most populous Thane district|date=2014-08-01|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]]. The talukas [[Thane taluka|Thane]], [[Bhiwandi taluka|Bhiwandi]], [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]], [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Ambarnath taluka|Ambernath]], [[Murbad taluka|Murbad]] and [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]] were retained in Thane district.<ref name="DNA-20140801" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ulhasnagar taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|7.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|6.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.50}}
}}

Ulhasnagar taluka has a population of 506,098 according to the 2011 census. Ulhasnagar had a literacy rate of 87.49% and a sex ratio of 881 females per 1000 males. 51,267 (10.13%) are under 7 years of age. The entire population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.13% and 1.30% of the population, respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Ulhasnagar taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 32.28 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value2 = 31.92 |color2 = limegreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 20.57 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 2.96 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 1.71 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value6 = 1.54 |color6 = skyblue
|label7 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value7 = 1.54 |color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value8 = 1.23 |color8 = orchid
|label9 = Others |value9 = 6.25 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 32.28% of the population in the taluk spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 31.92% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], 20.57% [[Hindi]], 2.96% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.71% [[Urdu]], 1.54% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 1.54% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 1.23% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thane district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Thane district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ulhasnagar]]

Manav Debbarma

2026-04-25T03:59:36Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started the data added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manav Debbarma
| image = Manav Debbarma.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|1|3|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPSAT), Agartala, Tripura
| education = D. Pharma (Diploma in Pharmacy)
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/golaghati-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-in-tripura-today|title=Golaghati Election Result 2023 Live Updates: TIPRA Wins This Tripura Seat|first=Ali|last=Afsar|date=2 March 2023|website=TheQuint}}</ref>
| term_start = 2023
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| profession = [[Political activist]]
| preceded = [[Birendra Kishore Debbarma]]
}}
'''Manav Debbarma''' (born 3 January 1981) is a Tipra Indian politician who is a legislator of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Golaghati Assembly constituency]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golaghati Election Result 2023 LIVE: Golaghati MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/golaghati-assembly-elections-tr-17/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manav Debbarma was born on 10 January 1982 in Takarjala, Tripura. He belongs to a [[Tripuri people|Tiprasa]] family from Sepahijala District.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

He graduated from the Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPSAT), Agartala with Diploma of Pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manab Debbarma(Tipra Motha Party):Constituency- GOLAGHATI (ST)(SEPAHIJALA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7017 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Debbarma was elected the president of [[Twipra Students' Federation]], serving from 1995 to 1996.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Political career ==
Debbarma joined TIPRA Motha after it was formed in 2019. He contested the 2023 Tripura Assembly Election from [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]], defeating Himani Debbarma of the Bharatiya Janata Party with a margin of 9198 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afsar |first=Ali |date=2023-03-02 |title=Golaghati Election Result 2023 Live Updates: TIPRA Wins This Tripura Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/golaghati-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-in-tripura-today |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Manav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Sterling & Wilson

2026-04-24T20:07:00Z

MarlonBernhardt: started initial article added tags

{{Short description|Indian engineering, procurement, and construction company}}
{{Paid contributions|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sterling & Wilson
| logo = Sterling_&_Wilson_logo.png
| type = Private
| industry = Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC)
| founded = 1927
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Khurshed Daruvala (Chairman, SWREL)
| services = Renewable energy, Data centres, MEP services, Diesel generators
| website = [https://www.sterlingandwilson.com www.sterlingandwilson.com]
}}

'''Sterling & Wilson''' is an Indian multinational [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] (EPC) company headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/7176605Z:IN |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> It operates across multiple sectors including [[renewable energy]], [[data center]]s, diesel power generation, and [[mechanical, electrical, and plumbing]] (MEP) services. The company has delivered projects in over 30 countries, with execution teams located across Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=Sterling and Wilson wins INR 1,080 crore transmission infra projects |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2023/04/18/sterling-and-wilson-wins-inr-1080-crore-transmission-infra-projects/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

Sterling & Wilson began in 1927 as an electrical contracting firm through a partnership between Wilson Electric Works and the [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Satish |date=2017-12-05 |title=How unconditional warmth has endured Daruvala and Mistry families in engineering venture together |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-unconditional-warmth-has-endured-daruvala-and-mistry-families-in-engineering-venture-together/articleshow/61921202.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Over time, the company diversified into MEP contracting, diesel-based power, solar EPC, and turnkey infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling and Wilson Pvt. Ltd. {{!}} Devex |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/sterling-and-wilson-pvt-ltd-64563? |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.devex.com}}</ref>

In 2019, the renewable energy business was demerged and listed independently. Each business operates independently, with its own leadership and operational structure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling & Wilson Renewable Energy Ltd Share/Stock Price Live Today {{!}} The Hindu BusinessLine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/stocks/sterling-wilson-renewable-energy-ltd/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Companies ==

Sterling & Wilson currently operates through four core companies:

=== Sterling & Wilson Renewable Energy Limited (SWREL) ===
SWREL focuses on utility-scale solar EPC projects, hybrid renewable systems, and battery energy storage (BESS). It is publicly listed on Indian stock exchanges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1723317D%3AIN? |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> In 2024 and 2025, Sterling & Wilson Renewable Energy secured several solar engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contracts across domestic and international markets. These included domestic EPC projects such as a 250 MWp solar project in Gujarat and a 65 MWp project in Maharashtra, a 240 MW solar EPC project in South Africa valued at about ₹1,300 crore, and a balance-of-system order worth around ₹1,381 crore from Adani Green Energy for solar projects at the Khavda Renewable Energy Park in Gujarat. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title=Sterling and Wilson Renewable Energy gets 2 new orders worth Rs 512 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/sterling-and-wilson-renewable-energy-gets-2-new-orders-worth-rs-512-cr/articleshow/113627850.cms |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Sterling and Wilson Renewable Energy secures ₹1,313-cr solar EPC project in South Africa |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/sterling-and-wilson-renewable-energy-secures-1313-cr-solar-epc-project-in-south-africa/125605281 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-01 |title=SWREL bags Rs 1,400 crore order from Adani Green Energy in Gujarat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/swrel-bags-rs-1400-crore-order-from-adani-green-energy-in-gujarat/articleshow/125687044.cms |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STEN.NS - {{!}} Stock Price & Latest News |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/STEN.NS/? |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Sterling Green Power Solutions (SGPS) ===
SGPS manufactures and maintains [[diesel generator]] sets for industrial, commercial, and institutional clients. It also offers services such as installation, commissioning, and annual maintenance contracts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Kalpana |date=2023-01-11 |title=Sterling & Wilson Group co plans foray into EV gear, hydrogen gensets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/sterling-wilson-group-co-plans-foray-into-ev-gear-hydrogen-gensets/articleshow/96892590.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Sterling Green Power Solutions - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/2860621Z:IN |website=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>

=== Sterling & Wilson Data Center (SWDC) ===
SWDC builds high-capacity data centers. The company delivers integrated infrastructure covering electrical systems, cooling, fire detection, and monitoring systems for clients in telecom, BFSI, IT, and public sector domains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Sterling & Wilson sees 25% growth every year in data centre biz order book |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-sterling-amp-wilson-sees-25-growth-every-year-in-data-centre-biz-order-book-3047727/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Sterling and Wilson signs MoU with DataVolt to construct state-of-the-art data centers - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/sterling-and-wilson-signs-mou-with-datavolt-to-construct-state-of-the-art-data-centers-17784751.htm |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Sterling & Wilson hives off data centre business, raises Rs 1,000 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/sterling-wilson-hives-off-data-centre-business-raises-rs-1000-crore/articleshow/114427034.cms? |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Kalpana |date=2024-03-20 |title=Shapoorji arm to raise Rs 700 cr through data centre stake sale |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/shapoorji-arm-to-raise-700cr-through-data-centre-stake-sale/articleshow/108627326.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Sterling & Wilson Private Limited (SWPL) ===
SWPL manages the group’s MEP and turnkey infrastructure projects. It has worked on hospitals, airports, commercial towers, hospitality projects, and complex industrial systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=avendus |url=https://www.avendus.com/india/transaction/advisor-to-sterling-wilson-in-selling-a-minority-stake-to-goldman-sachs? |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.avendus.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.sterlingandwilson.com/ www.sterlingandwilson.com]
* [https://sterlingandwilsonre.com www.sterlingandwilsonre.com]
* [http://www.sterlingandwilsondc.com/ www.sterlingandwilsondc.com/]
* [https://www.sterlinggreen.com/ www.sterlinggreen.com/]

[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Renewable energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1927]]

Litipara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:54Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started initial info w/ refs...

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Litipara
|type= SLA
|state = Jharkhand
|established = 2000
|abolished =
|electors = 1,99,843
|mla = [[Hemlal Murmu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 4
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Litipara constituency map.svg
}}
'''Litipara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

Litipara Assembly constituency is part of [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

==Overview==
Litipara Assembly constituency covers: Litipara, Amrapara and Hiranpur Police Stations in Pakaur district; and Gopikandar Police Station in Dumka district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation/>

Litipara Assembly constituency is part of [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||rowspan=2|Ramcharan Kisku || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||B. Murmu ||{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Som Murmu ||{{Full party name with color|Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=3|[[Simon Marandi]] ||{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan=3|Sushila Hansdak
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||Sushila Hansdak || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Simon Marandi]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Dr. Anil Murmu<ref name=result>{{cite web|url = http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/litipara.html |title = Barhait Election Results 2014 Jharkhand|publisher = Elections.in |accessdate = 26 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Jharkhand|2017^]] || [[Simon Marandi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2598-bye-election-result-2017-jharkhand-04-litipara-ac/ |title = Bye Election Result 2017: Jharkhand 04-Litipara (AC) |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2013-11-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Dinesh William Marandi]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Hemlal Murmu]]
|-
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemlal Murmu]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=88,469 |percentage=53.97% |change={{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babudhan Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61,720 |percentage=37.65% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,470 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raska Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,728 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mark Baskey |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=1,589 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivcharan Malto |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,585 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johan Kisku |party=Navyug Pragatisheel Morcha |votes=1,397 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,327 |percentage=2.03% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,749 |percentage=16.32% |change= {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,63,925 |percentage=75.25% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,17,847 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh William Marandi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=66,675 |percentage=46.24% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daniel Kisku |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,772 |percentage=36.60% |change={{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raska Hembram |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=7,195 |percentage=4.99% |change={{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Dehri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,244 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivcharan Malto |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,604 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mark Baskey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,691 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Malto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,595 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=3,228 |percentage=2.24% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,903 |percentage=9.64% |change= {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,199 |percentage=72.16% |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,99,843 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 elections in India#Jharkhand|2017 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Litipara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Marandi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=65,551 |percentage=47.28% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemlal Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,651 |percentage=37.98% |change={{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kistu Soren |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=9,208 |percentage=6.64% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotish Baski |party=Independent politician |votes=2,190 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jantu Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=2,033 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivcharan Malto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,893 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shrilal Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=1,652 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,646 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,900 |percentage=9.30% |change= {{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,643 |percentage=72.90% |change= {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,188 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Anil Murmu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=67,194 |percentage=45.93% |change={{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Simon Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,111 |percentage=28.78% |change={{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivcharan Malto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,434 |percentage=8.50% |change={{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daniel Kisku |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=8,771 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Dehari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,491 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wakil Besra |party=Independent politician |votes=2,976 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gupin Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,426 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,460 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,083 |percentage=17.14% |change= {{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,306 |percentage=75.96% |change= {{increase}}14.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,609 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Simon Marandi]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=29,875 |percentage=31.45% |change={{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Anil Murmu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,478 |percentage=25.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Hansda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,842 |percentage=19.84% |change={{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daniel Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=4,463 |percentage=4.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Murmu |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,911 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jantu Soren |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,593 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Marandi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,505 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,397 |percentage=5.68% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,990 |percentage=61.85% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,589 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushila Hansdak |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=29,661 |percentage=32.28% |change={{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Simon Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,464 |percentage=24.45% |change={{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Anil Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=22,116 |percentage=24.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Malto |party=Independent politician |votes=4,136 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivcharan Malto |party=Independent politician |votes=3,637 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jantu Soren |party=Jharkhand Disom Party |votes=2,496 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stefan Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,280 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,197 |percentage=7.83% |change= {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,878 |percentage=60.15% |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,751 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Litipara<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushila Hansdak |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=35,391 |percentage=46.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephan Soren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,881 |percentage=32.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhutar Kisku |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,361 |percentage=16.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhano Rewati Tudu |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,814 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Kishku |party=Communist Party of India |votes=792 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Helena Murmu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=575 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,510 |percentage=13.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,814 |percentage=55.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,141 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Littipara block]]
*[[Amrapara block]]
*[[Hiranpur block]]
*[[Gopikandar]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Pakur district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Abdul Muqtadir Choudhury

2026-04-18T19:37:46Z

MarlonBernhardt: adding new stub w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Muqtadir Choudhury
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1978
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = [[Sudarsan Das]]
| successor1 = [[Pranab Kumar Nath]]
| constituency1 = [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2001
| predecessor = [[Pranab Kumar Nath]]
| successor = [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]
| constituency = [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Abdul Muqtadir Choudhury''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]] in the 1972<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3995-assam-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1972-78.html
|title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1972-78
|website=Assam Legislative Assembly|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]] in the 1978, 1983, 1985 and [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci1978">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) 1978 | publisher=Election Commission of india | accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1983-85.html|title=Assam legislative assembly|last=Assam assembly 1985|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4003-assam-1991/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Abdul Muqtadir}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Pandavapura Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:36Z

MarlonBernhardt: added initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pandavapura
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}
'''Pandavapura Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. Y. Neelegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || B. Chamaiah || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. Y. Neelegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. A. Channegowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || D. Halagegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. Rajagopal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | K. Kempegowda
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || D. Halagegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || K. Kempegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[C. S. Puttaraju]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Puttaraju]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,165 |percentage = 36.61% |change = {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 42,649 |percentage = 35.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi. L. D |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,392 |percentage = 16.90% |change = {{decrease}}21.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. H. N |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,774 |percentage = 3.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parvathi. H |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,199 |percentage = 3.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa. L. D |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,273 |percentage = 2.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sundahalli Somashekahara |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,516 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}5.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,743 |percentage = 74.67% |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,699 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,661 |percentage = 38.30% |change = {{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Puttaramaih |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 33,803 |percentage = 31.07% |change = {{decrease}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Puttaraju]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,192 |percentage = 24.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Jayadeva |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,130 |percentage = 6.55% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,858 |percentage = 7.22% |change = {{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,928 |percentage = 77.42% |change = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,786}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,104 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,448 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |swing = {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 43,323 |percentage = 40.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,739 |percentage = 28.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,720 |percentage = 18.53% |change = {{decrease}}14.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Nagabhushan |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,567 |percentage = 4.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nanjegowda |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Venkataramanegowda @ Thammanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,371 |percentage = 2.23% |change = {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Praksh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,057 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 817 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,584 |percentage = 11.82% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,331 |percentage = 79.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,419}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,895 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,814 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,520 |percentage = 32.92% |change = {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Puttannaiah]] |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 27,121 |percentage = 29.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Annegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,176 |percentage = 19.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 16,164 |percentage = 17.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,399 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,247 |percentage = 80.39% |change = {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,696}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,551 |percentage = 5.65% |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,780 |percentage = 36.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,300 |percentage = 36.12% |change = {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Annegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,339 |percentage = 25.59% |change = {{decrease}}19.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 594 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 480 |percentage = 0.64% |change = {{decrease}}9.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,777 |percentage = 77.89% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,583}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,194 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,573 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,030 |percentage = 45.55% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,371 |percentage = 35.10% |change = {{increase}}16.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Narasimhegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,514 |percentage = 16.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jaleelkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Javaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 669 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,659 |percentage = 10.45% |change = {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,104 |percentage = 73.81% |change = {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,733}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,371 |percentage = 2.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,199 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rajagopal |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,341 |percentage = 45.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. B. Marigowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,885 |percentage = 29.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,323 |percentage = 18.70% |change = {{decrease}}52.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Boregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,647 |percentage = 4.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mayigowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 710 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 632 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,456 |percentage = 15.62% |change = {{decrease}}26.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,040 |percentage = 75.92% |change = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,538}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 2.42% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}25.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,900 |percentage = 70.89% |change = {{increase}}29.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 15,156 |percentage = 29.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,744 |percentage = 41.77% |change = {{increase}}31.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,252 |percentage = 75.17% |change = {{increase}}9.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,056}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,846 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. A. Channegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,460 |percentage = 52.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,599 |percentage = 41.83% |change = {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Challakondiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,234 |percentage = 5.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,861 |percentage = 10.35% |change = {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,619 |percentage = 65.82% |change = {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,293}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,709 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Y. Neelegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,089 |percentage = 45.32% |change = {{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. A. Channegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,084 |percentage = 35.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Halagegowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,914 |percentage = 19.02% |change = {{decrease}}24.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,005 |percentage = 9.67% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,427 |percentage = 60.86% |change = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,087}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,928 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chamaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,677 |percentage = 43.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Damayanthiyamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,837 |percentage = 30.63% |change = {{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddathimmegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,339 |percentage = 25.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,840 |percentage = 13.31% |change = {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,853 |percentage = 60.38% |change = {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,853}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,789 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandavapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Y. Neelegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,116 |percentage = 34.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chamaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 5,407 |percentage = 26.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. A. Channegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,264 |percentage = 20.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Lingegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,623 |percentage = 17.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,709 |percentage = 8.37% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,410 |percentage = 53.87% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,410}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,885 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.828261|77.033901|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Mohammed Aslam

2026-04-14T00:05:19Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started new pg added tags...

{{About|the playback singer|other people|Mohammad Aslam (disambiguation){{!}}Mohammad Aslam}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=July 2014|blp=yes}}{{BLP sources|date=July 2014}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mohammed Aslam
| image = 
| caption = [[File:Mohammed_Aslam.jpg]]
| image_size =
| birth_name = Mohammed Aslam
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bengaluru
| origin = India
| occupation = Playback Singer, stage performer, Music Director, Lyricist
| years_active = 1994–present
}}

[[File:Mohammed_Aslam.jpg | thumb | right | Mohammed Aslam]]
'''Mohammed Aslam''' is an Indian [[playback singer]]. He is most known for his stage performance called "Aslam Nite" dedicated to [[Mohammed Rafi]] songs. He has performed across India and Persian Gulf countries, and is also a playback singer in the Tamil and Bollywood film industries.

==Discography==

===Songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Composer !! Song
|-
| 1994 || [[Nattamai]] || [[Sirpy]] || "Naan Uravukaaran"
|-
| 1996 || [[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkake]] || [[S. A. Rajkumar|S A Rajkumar]] || "Oh Pyari"
|-
| 1997 || [[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]] || Shiva || "Yen Pennendru" (Duet) with [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayasri]]
|-
| 1998 || [[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsham]] || [[S. A. Rajkumar|S A Rajkumar]] ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Naaga]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || "Anakapalli Centerlo ki Dhool"
|-
| 2006 || Aadatha Aattamellam || [[A. R. Raihanah|A R Reihana]] || "Thalattu padamal"
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Rang De Basanti (soundtrack)|Rang De Basanti]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Paathshala" "Khalbali" "Paathshala (Be a Rebel)"
|-
| 2006 || [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal|Sillunu oru Kaadhal]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Maaricham"
|-
| 2006 || Sillunu oru Kaadhal (Telugu) || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Gaandharvam"
|-
| 2006 || [[Varalaru]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Ilamai"
|-
| 2006 || [[Varalaru]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Ilamai Remix"
|-
| 2007 || Guru (Gurukanth- Telugu)|| [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Ee Haayilo"
|-
| 2007 || [[Azhagiya Thamizh Magan|Azhakiya Tamizh Magan]] ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || "Ponmagal Vandaal"
|-
| 2007 || [[Pallakki]] ||[[Gurukiran]] || "O Priya"
|-
| 2008 || [[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]] ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || "Kodaana Kodi"
|-
| 2008 || [[Aegan]] ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || "Hey Salaa"
|-
| 2008 || [[Jodhaa Akbar|Jodha Akbar]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Azeem-O-Shaan Shahenshah"
|-
| 2008 || [[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na|Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]] ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || "Pappu Can't Dance"
|-
| 2009 || [[Vaamanan]] ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || "Lucky Star"
|-
| 2009 || [[Muthirai]] ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || "July Madhathil"
|-
| 2026 || [[Gandhi Talks]] ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || "Milirum Oliye"
|}


==External links==
* {{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/breath-of-fresh-air/article3230280.ece | title= Breath of fresh air | first=S. R. Ashok | last=Kumar | date=11 August 2006 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=22 August 2020 }}
* http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-raptures-over-rafi/article111355.ece
* http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-film-news/sachin-the-singer-turns-music-composer-with-aanandam

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aslam, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]

Ashok Debbarma

2026-04-04T03:30:29Z

MarlonBernhardt: adding the data and citations.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Debbarma
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|09 March 2003]]
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor = [[Niranjan Debbarma]]
| successor = [[Kesab Debbarma]]
| constituency = [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
| parents =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
}}

'''Ashok Debbarma''' is a politician from [[Tripura]]. He is currently involved with [[Indian National Congress]] party. He won the election in 2003 in the [[Golaghati Assembly constituency]] and became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/2003/golaghati/|title=Golaghati Assembly Election 2003|website=Latestly|access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/tripura/168/25|title=2003 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes|access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/golaghati-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=List of all MLA from Golaghati Assembly Constituency Seat (Tripura)|website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/golaghati-constituency-tripura-assembly-election-2003-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/|title=Golaghati Constituency, Tripura Assembly Election 2003 Results, MLA, Voters, Political Parties Data|website=Entrance India|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Tripura-INC-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]

Hari Singh

2026-03-25T12:26:45Z

MarlonBernhardt: quick corrected references to improve readability and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir from 1925 to 1952}}
{{other uses|}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = [[Sir]] Hari Singh Bahadur 
| image = Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg
| caption = Singh in 1944
| succession = [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| reign = 23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]]
| coronation = 29 March 1926<ref>[https://www.alamy.com/coronation-of-sir-hari-singh-as-the-maharajah-of-kashmir-29-march-1926-image359836764.html Coronation of Sir Hari Singh as the Maharajah of Kashmir . 29 March 1926]</ref>
| successor = ''Monarchy abolished''
| regent = [[Karan Singh]] (1949–1952)
| issue = [[Karan Singh]]
| spouses = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Sri Lal Kunverba Sahiba|1913|1915|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Princess Dhan Dei of Chamba|1915|1920|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji|1923|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Princess Tara Devi Katoch|1928|1950|end=separated}}
}}
| house = [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]]
| father = Amar Singh
| mother = Bhotiali Chib
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1895|9|}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=y|1961|4|26 |1895|9|}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India {{small|(present-day Mumbai)}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}
| signature =
}}

'''[[Sir]] Hari Singh Bahadur''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO}} (September 1895 – 26 April 1961) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] of the [[Dogra dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2022-09-22 |title=Maharaja Hari Singh: A modern, progressive ruler |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/maharaja-hari-singh-a-modern-progressive-ruler/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hari Singh was the son of Amar Singh and Bhotiali Chib. In 1923, following his uncle's death, Singh became the new Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, Singh wanted Jammu and Kashmir to remain as an independent kingdom. He acceded to the [[Dominion of India]] to get the support of Indian troops against an invasion by tribal armed men and the [[Pakistan Army]] into his state. Singh remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished by the Indian government. After spending his final days in [[Bombay]], he died on 26 April 1961.

Singh was a controversial ruler. He faced an [[1931 Kashmir agitation|agitation in Kashmir]] in 1931 and successful rebellions [[1947 Poonch rebellion|in Poonch]] and [[Operation Datta Khel|Gilgit-Baltistan]] in 1947. He was complicit in the [[1947 Jammu massacres]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir Narratives: Myths vs Facts of J&K|first=Ajay|last=Raina|year=2021|publisher=Sabre and Quill|isbn=978-9390372478}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Amar Mahal Museum, Jammu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amar Mahal Palace]], birthplace of Hari Singh]]

Hari Singh was born in the [[Dogra Rajput]] royal family in September 1895 at the [[Amar Mahal]], Palace, Jammu. He was the only surviving son of Raja Amar Singh,<ref>General Sir Raja Amar Singh Jamwal : 14 January 1865 – 26 March 1909</ref> the brother of Maharaja [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]], then the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Since the Maharaja had no issue, Hari Singh was [[heir presumptive]] to the throne of Jammu and Kashmir.

In 1903, Hari Singh served as a [[page of honour]] to [[Lord Curzon]] at the grand [[Delhi Durbar]]. At the age of 13, he was sent to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]]. A year later, in 1909, his father died and the British took a keen interest in his education, appointing Major H. K. Barr as his guardian. After Mayo College, Hari Singh went to the British-run [[Imperial Cadet Corps]] at [[Dehradun]] for military training.<ref name="Wakhlu 2004">{{cite book | last=Wakhlu | first=S.N. | title=Hari Singh: The Maharaja, the Man, the Times : a Biography of Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1895-1961 | publisher=National Publishing House | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-214-0231-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DU5uAAAAMAAJ | page=32}}</ref>

He was appointed the commander-in-chief of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|State Forces]] in 1915 by Maharaja Pratap Singh.<ref name="snedden">{{cite book |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref> In the 1918 New Year's Honours list, he was appointed a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE). {{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=28}}

===Beyond Borders: A Year in Europe===
Hari Singh made history by boarding the [[RMS Empress of India (1890)|SS Loyalty]], {{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=29}} owned by [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.]], which departed from [[Bombay]] on 5 April 1919—the first international voyage by an Indian-flagged merchant ship to the [[United Kingdom]]. This milestone is commemorated annually in [[India]] as [[Indian maritime history#National Maritime Day|National Maritime Day]] since 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Maritime Day 2025|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/national-maritime-day-2025-62-years-of-indias-sea-power-and-progress-2704410-2025-04-05|publisher=India Today |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> Hari Singh disembarked at [[Marseille]] and took a train to Paris, where he stayed for a few days before arriving in the U.K. on 29 May 1919. He was first received by [[King George V]] at [[Sandringham House]], a monarch he had initially met during the [[Delhi Durbar]] Coronation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BLACKMAIL CASE|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40496770|publisher=Trove|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> initially he stayed at the [[Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park Hotel in Knightsbridge]]. In August, at the [[Dublin Horse Show]], he spent £950,000 purchasing racehorses and ponies, hired well trained staff from [[County Kildare]] to tend to them—all of which were later sent to Kashmir. In September, he took up residence at [[Douglas Castle]] in [[Lanarkshire]], [[Scotland]], where he hosted refined hunting gatherings and tested his newly acquired automobiles for speed and endurance. Among the three high-powered cars he had earlier procured in London was a 60 kW all-electric [[Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost]], a symbol of both innovation and prestige before eventually settling at [[Crown London Aspinalls|27 Curzon Street in Mayfair]] for the winter.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=30-31}}
On 12 December 1919, Hari Singh was received by the then [[Prince of Wales]] (later [[King Edward VIII]]) at [[St James's Palace]] during his study tour, which focused on understanding the functioning of government, particularly in the areas of transport, industry, education and sanitation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chancers|url= https://www.amazon.com/Chancers-Scandal-Blackmail-Enigma-Code-ebook/dp/B07WK3SZT8/|first=Barbara|last=Jeffery|year=2019|publisher=Amberley|isbn=9781445689784}}</ref> {{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=30}}He later returned to India from [[Marseille]] on 28 March 1920, eventually reaching [[Kashmir]] in May 1920.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=38}}

[[File:Le prince de Galles à Jammu, le prince et le maharajah de Jammu (Pratap Singh, en compagnie, à droite, du) capitaine sir Hari Singh - btv1b530769320.jpg|thumb|center|Walking in front (L to R) Maharaja [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] , [[Edward VIII]] and Hari Singh at [[Jammu]]]]

In March 1922, the [[Prince of Wales]] undertook a reciprocal visit to [[Kashmir]], arriving by train in Jammu on the 2nd. He was received at the [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway station]] by Maharaja Pratap Singh and Raja Hari Singh, and was then escorted to the Maharaja's cantonment camp at Satwari, as Jammu city was in the grip of a plague outbreak. After traveling through the region, he concluded his journey through the princely state and reached [[Peshawar]] by the 6th of March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Politics of Pageantry: Royal Tours and Imperial Pomp on the Periphery of EmpireFootnote|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/|publisher=|access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2 March 1922. Maharaja Pratap Singh waiting for Prince of Whales at Jammu Railway Station|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/2-march-1922-maharaja-pratap-singh-waiting-for-prince-of-whales-at-jammu-railway-station/|publisher=Dispatch|access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:An Indian Durbar in 1926.webm|thumb|A film of the coronation of Maharaja Hari Singh at [[Mubarak Mandi Palace|Mubark Mandi palace]] in Jammu in 1926. In this film by [[Eastman Kodak]] it states, he is "wearing jewels valued at twenty million dollars" (approximately ${{Inflation|US|20000000|1926|r=-5|fmt=c}} in today's value).{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}|left]]

Following the death of his uncle [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] on 23 September 1925, Hari Singh served as the second Prime Minister (1925–1926) of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Hari Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir in February 1926 under British intervention, who overruled Pratap Singh's choice of an adopted son, [[Jagatdev Singh|Raja Jagat Dev Singh]] of [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Birth of a Tragedy: Kashmir, 1947|first=Alastair|last=Lamb|date=1994 |pages=58|publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=0907129072}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pratap Singh's British Rule|date=3 March 2014 |url=https://kashmirlife.net/partap-singhs-british-rule-56245/|publisher=Kasmirlife|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

Hari Singh's coronation from 22 to 28 February 1926 was divided into two separate ceremonies - the first few days for the religious ceremonies and official programme in the latter part was set aside for hosting the European attendees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronation of Maharaja Hari Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/coronation-of-hari-singh/|publisher=dailyexcelsior|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

After becoming the ruler, Hari Singh conducted free elections and formed the Praja Sabha [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] to rule with laws implemented under [[Ranbir Penal Code]] (R.P.C) which Praja Sabha decreed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmir's Last Maharaja|url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmirs-last-maharaja-1413/amp/|first=Masood|last=Hussain|date=2 May 2011|access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref> In April 1932, as per recommendations of the Glancy Commission, the Praja Sabha was established, made up of 75 members – 12 government officials, 16 state councillors, 14 nominated, and 33 elected (21 Muslims, 10 Hindus and 2 Sikhs). By September 1934 the elected members started making laws under the Praja Sabha which made Jammu and Kashmir a forerunner state for other Princely Indian States.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=18}}{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|loc=Ch. 5, Sec. v (Constructing Kashmiriyat)}} On 7 September 1939 Maharaja Hari Singh and his law and Revenue Minister, Justice Sir Lal Gopal Mukherjee, a former judge of the Allahabad high court (1926–1934) who had served the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1935 to 1940, produced a written constitution for Jammu and Kashmir which was the "pioneer" in the annals of Asia's constitutional history; despite the fact that it was anything but a people-friendly "Magna Carta" for the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Singh's 1939 constitution in J&K marked a first in South Asia
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/050919/hari-singhs-1939-constitution-in-jk-marked-a-first-in-south-asia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905011125/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/050919/hari-singhs-1939-constitution-in-jk-marked-a-first-in-south-asia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2019|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
He made primary education compulsory in the state, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage, and opened places of worship to low [[Caste system in India|caste]] subjects.<ref>{{Cite book|title = IS God DEAD?????|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nQniAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|publisher=Partridge Publishing|date = 1 February 2014|isbn = 978-1-48281-823-9 |first=Ragubhir Lal |last=Anand |page=26}}</ref>

[[File:Maharajah de Jammu et Kashmir (à g.), maharajah de Bikaner (CN) - btv1b53236964f.jpg|thumb|center|(L to R) Maharaja Hari Singh and Maharaja [[Ganga Singh]] ([[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]) representing [[Chamber of Princes|Princes]] from India in First Round Table Conference in November 1930]]
In 1930, Hari Singh attended the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|First Round Table Conference]] in London. He suggested that the Indian [[Princely state]]s should join an "All India Federation" and pleaded for equal status for Indians in the British Commonwealth of Nations.<ref name=table/> While replying to the inaugural address by [[King-Emperor George V]], Hari Singh said: {{blockquote|I must express our deep gratitude to His Most Gracious Majesty for the cordial welcome tendered to us and I pray that providence may grant us the vision and the will to realize the hopes expressed in the inspiring words uttered this morning by our beloved Emperor. This is the first occasion on which the Princes of India meet in person at a Conference Table along with the representatives of British India and His Majesty's Government to discuss the political future of India. ... I feel deeply gratified at the progress which has been made with the scheme of an All-India Federation as worked out in the Report of the Federal Structure Sub-Committee. But ever since the idea of a Federation was taken up in this Conference, some surprise has been expressed in various quarters in India and in England at the willingness of the Princes to join an All-India Federation. It is said that Princes have forced the pace and that in any case they should have opposed a Federation with British India. I have never disguised from my friends, my warm support of the idea of an All-India Federation.<ref name=table>{{Cite news|title=Remember Maharaja Hari Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remember-maharaja-hari-singh/|publisher=Daily Excellsior|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref>}}

===Partition and accession===
[[File:The last Maharaja of Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Hari Singh in 1943]]

In 1947, after India gained independence from British rule, Jammu and Kashmir had the option of joining one of the new dominions, India and Pakistan, or remaining independent. Hari Singh opted to remain independent for the immediate future since the dominions were beset with [[Partition of India|partition violence]] and he needed time to weigh the options in the context of his Muslim-majority population. He signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and urged India to do the same, but India did not comply.<ref name=Malhotra>{{citation |last=Malhotra |first=Brig (Retd)V P |title=Security and Defence Related Treaties of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Af2pCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |year=2010 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-16-6 |page=7 |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209183444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Af2pCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 October 1947, he faced an [[1947 Poonch rebellion|armed uprising in Poonch]] instigated by the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] party, followed by Pakistan-backed [[Pashtun tribal invasion of Kashmir|Pashtun tribal invasion]] at Muzaffarabad on 22 October 1947.<ref>{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Ganguly |title=Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=541 |date=September 1995 |pages=167–178 |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.1177/0002716295541001012 |jstor=1048283 |s2cid=144787951 |ref={{sfnref|Ganguly, Wars without End|1995}}}}</ref>

After attack Hari Singh appealed to India for help following the invasion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html|title=Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten|website=www.jammu-kashmir.com|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref> India's British [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], [[Lord Mountbatten]], advised the Maharaja to accede to India before India could send its troops. The Maharaja signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on 26 October 1947, joining the princely state to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy|last=Ramachandra.|first=Guha|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0060958589|oclc=474262656}}</ref><ref>Justice A. S. Anand, ''The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir'' (5th edition, 2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C&pg=PA67 page 67]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf Kashmir, Research Paper 04/28 by Paul Bowers, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728194805/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf |date=28 July 2004 }}, page 46, 30 March 2004</ref> India sent troops to repel the invaders, which soon evolved into the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]].

Pressure from Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] eventually compelled Singh to appoint his son and heir, [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]], as Prince Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, although he remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952 when the monarchy was abolished by Nehru's government. He was also forced to appoint the popular Kashmiri leader [[Sheikh Abdullah]] as the prime minister of Kashmir. He had a contentious relationship with both Nehru and Abdullah.<ref name="Ramachandra. 92">{{Cite book|title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy|last=Ramachandra.|first=Guha|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0060958589|pages=92|oclc=474262656}}</ref> Karan Singh was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('Head of State') in 1952 and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of the State]] in 1964.<ref name="Ramachandra. 92"/>

==During World War II==

[[File:British War Cabinet including Churchill and Hari Singh the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|center|
During [[WWII]] Maharaja Hari Singh (standing fourth from left) alongside [[Feroz Khan Noon]] represented India in British [[War Cabinet]]]]
[[File:Hari Singh Maharaja of Jammu Kashmir in Dover during World War II.jpg|thumb|center|Maharaja Hari Singh visiting coastal artillery guns at Dover]]
[[File:THE MAHARAJAH OF KASHMIR VISITS W.A.A.F. BALLOON SITE.jpg|thumb|center|Maharaja Hari Singh visiting balloon launcher at London]]
[[File:MAHARAJA OF KASHMIR VISITS A.A. GUN SITE.jpg|thumb|center|Maharaja Hari Singh scrutinising telescope of anti-aircraft guns]]
[[File:THE MAHARAJAH OF KASHMIR INSPECTING FIGHTER JET AT AN AIR DEFENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN STATION.jpg|thumb|center|Maharaja Hari Singh inspecting [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mk IX UTI]]

In 1944, Maharaja Hari Singh had the honour of meeting [[Winston Churchill]] in England, for three months he attended several official meetings and inspected wartime efforts. His return journey in June took him through [[Iran]] aboard his [[Avro Anson]], where units of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|J&K State Forces]] were stationed, he was warmly welcomed in Srinagar by representatives of both major political parties — the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]] and the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]; [[Sheikh Abdullah]] garlanded him and presented the [[Naya Kashmir|New Kashmir]] draft. That same year, the National Conference adopted the manifesto with mass public support, while [[Jinnah]]'s attempt to sway Abdullah toward the two-nation theory failed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharaja Hari Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/maharaja-hari-singh/|publisher=Daily Excellsior|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

==Final years and death==
[[File:Caricature of Hari Singh.png|thumb|Caricature of Hari Singh by [[Emery Kelen]]]]
After signing the instrument of accession with India, Hari Singh was banished from Jammu and Kashmir. He departed from Jammu on April 28, 1949, for New Delhi and never came back again, there on June 9, 1949, he signed a proclamation appointing his 18-year-old son, Yuvraj Karan Singh, as the Regent of Jammu and Kashmir. On June 20, 1949, his son arrived in Jammu as Regent, while the Maharaja left for Bombay the same day and settled there for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Untold story of Jammu-Kashmir|first=Kuldeep Chand|last=Agnihotri|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2013|pages=270–271|isbn=9789350484531}}</ref>

Maharaja Hari Singh's letter to President [[Rajendra Prasad]] dated 16–17 August 1952 from exile in [[Poona]], poured out his anguish, a passionate defence of his legacy, an indictment of broken promises, and a plea for justice amidst political betrayal.<ref name="Spoke">{{Cite web|title=Thus Spoke Maharaja Hari Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/thus-spoke-maharaja-hari-singh/|publisher=Daily Excelsior |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

He died on 26 April 1961, after fourteen years of banishment. As per his will, Hari Singh's ashes were flown to Jammu in a chartered plane, scattered across Jammu and Kashmir, and immersed in the Tawi River at Jammu, with funds he had personally allocated for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dynasty-clash-in-kashmir-hari-singhs-grandson-ajatshatru-challenges-abdullahs/articleshow/18963571.cms |title=Dynasty clash in Kashmir: Hari Singh's grandson Ajatshatru challenges Abdullahs|work=The Economic Times |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |last1=Hussain |first1=Masood }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Banished from his own land |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/banished-from-his-own-land-818375 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Spoke"/>

After abdicating, Singh moved to Bombay with a $100,000 annual allowance and raised polo ponies. He famously kept one apartment under constant construction, fearing a prophecy that he'd die once it was finished.<ref name="India: The Shivering Maharajah">{{Cite web|title=India: The Shivering Maharajah|url=https://time.com/archive/6809973/india-the-shivering-maharajah/|publisher=Time|access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

==Legacy and memorials==
===Tributes and memorials===
[[File:Statue of Maharaja Hari Singh at Jammu.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maharaja Hari Singh at Hari Singh Park, Jammu]]
*On 13 April 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] inaugurated [[Amar Mahal Palace|Amar Mahal Museum and Library]] in Jammu exhibiting 120 kg 'Dogra Gold Throne' on which Hari Singh once reigned. The French designed cheâteau constructed in 1890 was donated by Dr Karan Singh to Hari-Tara Charitable Trust on 15 January 1970, displays permanent painting galleries and encompasses 25,000 books of antique value.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jammu.com/jammu/about/local_sites.htm|title=Jammu:Amar Mahal Palace|access-date=2010-04-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410055734/http://www.jammu.com/jammu/about/local_sites.htm| archive-date= 10 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|title=Amar Mahal Museum and Library|access-date=2010-04-01|publisher=Karansingh.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223211645/http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|archive-date=23 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first1=Kishor |last1=Gandhi|last2=Singh |first2=Karan (Sadr-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir)|title= The Transition to a global society|page=251|access-date=2010-04-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ1mAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hari-Tara+Charitable+Trust|publisher= Allied Publishers|year=1991|isbn=81-7023-320-8}}</ref>
*In 1983 Hari Singh's jewellery, which includes crowns, ceremonial swords, necklaces, bracelets, rings, bangles, robes, daggers, watches, and even toys stored in trunks to be turned into a museum, was revealed by Srinagar's Treasury office.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A Kashmir treasure is the subject of a big controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19831115-major-controversy-ensues-on-ownership-of-Kashmir-treasure-771208-2013-07-12|publisher=India Today|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
*In November 1995, the Maharaja Hari Singh Memorial Cup was founded by [[Vikramaditya Singh (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]], Chairman of the Royal Kashmir Polo Foundation which hosted the event till 2018. It was sanctioned by the [[Indian Polo Association]] as a 10–14 goal tournament and was held primarily during Delhi's Fall and Spring polo seasons, at [[New Delhi]], [[Jaipur]] and with occasional events in Jammu and Kashmir. Top teams included [[Jindal Steel & Power|Jindal Panther]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=JINDAL PANTHER LIFTED THE MAHARAJA HARI SINGH MEMORIAL CUP 2018|url=https://www.worldpolonews.com/2018/jindal-panther-lifted-the-maharaja-hari-singh-memorial-cup-2018/|publisher=wpn|access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Mundota Fort and Palace|Mundota Fort]], [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara Warriors]] and Royal Kashmir Polo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top teams for Hari Singh Polo Cup|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031122/ncr3.htm|publisher=Tribune India|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>
* On 24 January 2000, Captain Dewan Singh and [[Padma Shri]] [[Punam Suri]] President [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee]] unveiled a bust of Hari Singh at Maharaja Hari Singh Agricultural Collegiate School MHAC, formerly Hari Singh's polo and horse racing ground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAHARAJA HARISINGH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, A UNIT OF DAV COLLEGE TRUST|url=https://mhacnagbani.com/699FC945-6F07-453E-A5CA-6C86F3536200/CMS/Page/About-School}}</ref>
* In 2007, Chief Minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] inaugurated the 'Hari Singh Janana Park' for women. It is landscaped by the Gardens and Floriculture Department at New Secretariat.
* On 1 April 2012, the occasion of Ram Navami, Union Minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] and MP [[Karan Singh]] unveiled a statue of Hari Singh near the Tawi bridge in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharaja's Statue unveiled.|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120402/jmtrib.htm|work=The Tribune|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
* Sh [[Kavinder Gupta]] Mayor of Jammu Municipal Corporation erected a statue of Maharaja Hari Singh in standing posture near Bagh-e-Bahu Police Station adjoining junction crossings linking Gujjar Nagar Tawi Bridge, [[Jammu University]], Bagh-e-Bahu, Narwal<ref>{{Cite news|title=City's statues in a sorry state|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/citys-statues-in-a-sorry-state/|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date= 27 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Man behind the idea cold-shouldered|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120402/jmtrib.htm#2|work=The Tribune|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
* On 16 May 2018, Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]] along with Deputy Chief Minister [[Nirmal Kumar Singh|Dr Nirmal Singh]] inaugurated 'Maharaja Hari Singh Park' wherein statue of Maharaja Hari Singh in sitting posture is the main attraction of this park.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JDA sold Maharaja Hari Singh Park!|url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-jammu-development-authority-sold-maharaja-hari-singh-park-18705820.html|publisher=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mehbooba inaugurates Hari Singh park in Jammu|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mehbooba-inaugurates-hari-singh-park-in-jammu-118031601191_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
* On 23 September 2019, the Amar Kshatriya Rajput Sabha (AKRS) installed a life-sized statue of Hari Singh on his 119th birthday at [[Samba]] district, near Veer Bhoomi Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharaja Hari Singh's statue unveiled on his 119th Birthday anniversary|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=112539|publisher=Early Times|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
* On 23 September 2020, an audio-video song album in [[Dogri language|Dogri]] was released highlighting social reforms introduced by Hari Singh from 1930 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Album on Maharaja Hari Singh released|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/album-on-hari-singh-released-145790|publisher=Tribune|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>
* On 23 September 2021, Sh [[Ravinder Raina]] BJP Jammu President unveiled a statue of Hari Singh at Dr. [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] Bhawan, Sec. 3 Extn, Trikuta Nagar, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, the party headquarters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Naseer |last=Ganai |date=4 February 2022 |title=Why Statues Of Dogra Kings Are Political Fodder For Kashmiri Politicians |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-why-statues-of-dogra-kings-are-political-fodder-for-kashmiri-politicians/305393 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>
* 23 September 2022 is declared as public holiday on the birth anniversary of Maharaja Hari Singh under Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 (Central Act 26 of 1881) across Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|title=J&K Govt announces public holiday as tribute to Maharaja Hari Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jk-govt-announces-public-holiday-as-tribute-to-maharaja-hari-singh|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
''Public Utilities bearing his name''
*'''Hari Singh School''', Kanji House Jammu since 1933, located next to [[Mubarak Mandi Palace]] is Govt. Education Department's co-educational [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|J&K Board]] affiliated school from 9th to 12th class.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HSS|url=https://www.schools.org.in/jammu/01131903410/hss-hari-singh.html}}</ref>
*'''Sri Maharaja Hari Singh [[SMHS Hospital]] '''or Headwin Hospital Gole Market, Karan Nagar area of Srinagar since 1945, inaugurated by [[Viceroy of India]] [[Lord Wavell]], then subcontinent's biggest hospital, built by Hari Singh at the cost of Rupees Thirty five lakhs, now is a Government owned general hospital and medical college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMHS Hospital|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/smhs-hospital-a-haven-of-healing-and-hope/250385}}</ref>
*'''Maharaja Hari Singh Agricultural Collegiate (MHAC) School''' Nagbani, P O Domana Jammu since 1967, a [[C.B.S.E]] affiliated residential as well as day boarding school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAHARAJA HARISINGH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, A UNIT OF DAV COLLEGE TRUST|url=https://mhacnagbani.com}}</ref>
*'''Maharaja Hari Singh DAV Sr. Sec. School''' Akhnoor City since 1982 is a [[C.B.S.E]] affiliated school from nursery to 12th class.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHS DAV Akhnoor|url=http://mhsdavakhnoor.org/29659E35-CA77-43D0-857F-7773B17ADEEE/CMS/Page/About-School}}</ref>
*'''Maharaja Hari Singh DAV Sr. Sec. Public School''' Poonch Kanuyian since 1982 is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|J&K Board]] affiliated school from nursery to 12th class.<ref>{{Cite web|title =MHS DAV Poonch|url=http://mhsdavkpoonch.com}}</ref>
*'''Maharaja Hari Singh DAV Sr. Sec. Public School''' R. S Pura since 1982 is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|J&K Board]] affiliated school from nursery to 12th class.<ref>{{Cite web|title =MHS DAV R. S Pura|url=http://davrspura.org/BCA7C9F5-07F6-4405-BF01-4466D3BE6152/CMS/Page/About-School}}</ref>
*'''Government Hari Singh Higher Secondary School''' Prem Nagar via Residency Road Jammu, is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|J&K Board]] affiliated school from 1st to 12th standards and since 2018 an additional school for specially-abled children provisioned in new building with residential facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Singh HSS to be converted into school for special children|url=http://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=53402|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
*'''Government Hari Singh Higher Secondary School''' Anand Nagar Rd. (Camp) Bohri Jammu, is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|J&K Board]] affiliated school from 1st to 12th standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Government Hari Singh Higher Secondary School|date=17 August 2024 |url=https://risingkashmir.com/govt-hs-hss-bohri-celebrates-independence-day-with-patriotic-fervour}}</ref>
''Commercial places bearing his name''
*'''Hari Singh High Street''' Srinagar, is named for him. It contains 105 gold adornment shops and numerous luxury item boutiques.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewellery Showrooms Hari Singh High Street|url=https://www.justdial.com/Srinagar/Jewellery-Showrooms-in-Hari-Singh-High-Street/nct-10282098}}</ref>
*'''Hari Niwas Palace''' Jammu on the shores of [[River Tawi]], his Jammu guest house, is now run as a heritage hotel with views of the [[Trikuta Hills]] and [[Vaishno Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Hari Niwas|url=http://hariniwaspalace.in/}}</ref>
*'''Hari Market''' Jammu is located on the outskirts of [[Raghunath Temple]] [[Jammu]] and is connected by multi-tier parking. The market primarily sells dried fruits and souvenirs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hari Market in Jammu|url=https://www.jammuonline.in/guide/hari-market-in-jammu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Hari Singh in 1920]]

===Mr A.'s Blackmail case===

Maharaja Hari Singh, aged 24, on his maiden visit to Europe in 1919, unfamiliar with Western settings, fell victim to a "love trap" during his visit to Europe, where he was lured into a compromising situation by not so attractive woman named Maudie Robinson. The encounter was used for blackmail to avoid citation in a divorce case, reportedly with the silent support of British officials, leading to a demand for a large sum of money. A discreet settlement was ensured so that the incident never reaches court or subjects. A similar case involved Maharaja [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of Baroda, who also faced scandal during a European trip, highlighting how Indian royals were vulnerable to such schemes abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Indian Maharajas in Love Traps|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/The-Indian-Maharajas-in-Love-Traps|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

On 27 December 1919, Hari Singh handed over two cheques, B204561 and B204562 {{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=18}} totalling £300,000 (roughly £{{Inflation|UK-GDP|300000|1920|r=-5|fmt=c}} today) to his Irish [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC), Captain Charles William Augustus Arthur, who, in conspiracy with English criminals—Monty Newton, a notorious card sharp, and William Cooper Hobbs, a corrupt solicitor's clerk and the so-called "Mr Big" of London's underworld—betrayed and defrauded him. {{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=8-9}}

As the real criminal conspiracy was orchestrated by others, Maudie Robinson's real husband demanded money taken under his name under threat of scandal. The case, Charles Ernest Robinson v [[Midland Bank]], was heard in the King's Bench Division of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] on 19 November 1924, presided over by [[Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling|Lord Justice Darling]]. Robinson's lawyers, son of [[Lord Halsbury]] and John Paul Valetta, alleged that they had received only £21,000 from an out of court settlements, claiming they had been unfairly deprived of the remainder by the bank. During the eight days of proceedings, efforts were made by the [[India Office]] to keep a certain individual's identity confidential by referring to him as "Mr. A." In court, [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Lord John Simon]]—representing the Midland Bank—vigorously defended the institution. Eventually, the truth emerged in court with the inputs from [[Scotland Yard]] detective Percy J. Smith.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=42-43}}<ref name="snedden"/> The court ruled in favor of the Bank, despite the jury exonerating Mr. Charles Earnest Robinson and Mrs. Maudie Robinson of conspiracy, stating that no one—innocent or not—can claim proceeds from a theft. So, Robinson lost the case even though he was found innocent of the conspiracy.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=82}}

The courtroom proceedings drew massive public interest, with people queuing from early morning and the courtroom packed to the extent that witnesses struggled to reach the stand. Major newspapers like ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' dedicated full pages daily to the case, highlighting its sensational nature. Media magnates like [[Lord Beaverbrook]] and Sir [[Edward Hulton]] were reportedly stunned by how publicly the dramatic events unfolded. During the trial, Sir Hari was often described as an eastern potentate, and suspicion extended to all Asian royalty, who were seen as opposing secrecy.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=44,86}}

The name of Mr. A's ADC was revealed after his arrest on 2 December, awaiting trials in [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]], imprisoned at [[La Santé prison]] (France), but Mr. A's identity remained a secret despite wide speculation in Paris. On 3 December 1924, the India Office finally permitted the disclosure of his name. It was first announced on the London radio station [[2LO]], which interrupted its music programme for the news.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=86}}{{sfn|Katoch|2025|pp=97}}{{sfn|Katoch|2025|pp=301-304}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=From The Banks Of Beas|url=https://www.sabreandquill.com/products/from-the-banks-of-the-beas/|first=Ghanshyam Singh|last=Katoch|publisher=Sabre & Quill|year=2025|isbn=9788119509287}}</ref> India Office in Britain decided to close the files for a hundred years rather than the usual thirty years as the case involved espionage.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=jacket}}
[[The Daily News (UK)|''Daily News'']], [[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|''Petit Journal'']],{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=83}} ''[[News of the World]]'', [[Sunday People|''The People'']] investigated developments, verified backgrounds, and tracked case proceedings.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=86}}
On 4 December 1924, ''[[Daily Express]]'' (UK), ''[[Daily Chronicle]]'' (UK) and [[Daily Herald (United Kingdom)|''Daily Herald'']] (UK); ''[[The Cairns Post]]'' (Australia) and [[The Northern Star|''Northern Star'']] (Australia) on 5 December 1924, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] on 15 December 1924, ''[[Kingston Gleaner]]'' (Jamaica) on 16 December 1924, all published reports revealing the official identification of Maharaja Hari Singh as the central figure in the sensational blackmail case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNMASKED HEIR OF THE THRONE OF KASHMIR PRINCE WHO PREFERS EUROPE|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/93467054|publisher=Trove|access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BLACKMAIL CASE|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40496770|publisher=Trove|access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Law: Badger Game|url=https://time.com/archive/6658441/law-badger-game/|publisher=Time|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

On 19 December 1924, Hari Singh was in Kashmir, recovering from a serious leg injury caused by a tobogganing accident. Around the same time, he fell into deep depression due to the "Mr A Case" and was reluctant to travel to London to give evidence. On Christmas Day 1924, [[Lord Reading]] noted Hari Singh's remorse and that his uncle, the Maharaja of Kashmir, had refused his resignation and granted him two to three months' leave to recover his mental balance.{{sfn|Jeffery|2019|pp=87}}

''Time'' magazine revisited the scandal on May 5, 1961, after Maharaja Hari Singh's death, portraying it as an enduring stain on his legacy. The article suggested that his naivety, combined with betrayal and disloyalty from those he trusted most, shaped his suspicious nature. Over time, this lack of trust in both India and Pakistan may have played a role in laying the groundwork for the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir.<ref name="India: The Shivering Maharajah"/>

===Personal wealth===
He was one of [[Rolls-Royce]]'s most valued clients, eventually acquiring at least 26 of the marque's cars over the years, which included [[Rolls-Royce Phantom I]] 17EX <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rolls Royce|url=https://magazine.derivaz-ives.com/the-rolls-royce-phantom-i-17ex-a-car-with-a-fabulous-destiny/|publisher=Derivaz & Ives|access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

Despite having a $10 million annual income, a silver-plated [[Avro Anson]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Kashmir Knight|first=Lt Gen Ghanshyam Singh|last=Katoch|url=https://www.amazon.in/KASHMIR-KNIGHT-Years-Princely-State/dp/B0F4JWQMG4/|publisher=Sabre & Quill|pp=162–163|isbn=9789348152374}}</ref> 18C VT plane in which he travelled during [[World War II]], and a Versace styled palace in Srinagar—now a luxurious hotel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalit|url=https://www.thelalit.com/the-lalit-srinagar/|access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref>—Sir Hari lived in opulence.<ref name="India: The Shivering Maharajah"/>

===Marriages===
[[File:The Maharaja and Maharani of Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Hari Singh with his fourth wife, Maharani Tara Devi, 1950]]

Singh married four times as he faced disturbances in his private life. Two of his wives died childless and a third Rajasthani bride was sent back with honour, to her parents' house as the couple could not establish an emotional connection.<ref>K.C. Agnihotri. 2016. Jammu Kashmir ke jannayak Mahraja Hari Singh</ref> Also, Hari Singh faced political and domestic conspiracies at this time and thought it appropriate to send back the third wife to safety. With his last wife, [[Tara Devi of Jammu and Kashmir|Tara Devi Sahiba]] of [[Kangra District|Kangra]], he had a son, [[Karan Singh]].{{sfn|Mufti, Kashmir in Sickness and in Health|2013|p=157}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Name !! Date of marriage !! Fate of marriage !! Issue and fate
|-
| 1 ||Rani Sri Lal Kunverba Sahiba
|7 May 1913
| Ended with her death ||Died during pregnancy in 1915. No issue.
|-
| 2 ||Rani Sahiba Chamba
|8 November 1915
| Ended with her death||Died 31 January 1920. No issue.
|-
| 3 ||[[Maharani]] Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji Sahiba
|30 April 1923
| Ended || Died young. No issue.
|-
| 4 ||[[Maharani]] Tara Devi Sahiba of Kangra
| 1928 || Separated ||Separated in 1950. Died in 1967. Mother of [[Karan Singh]]
|-
|}

==Titles and honours==
===Title and style===
[[File:Titles of Maharaja Hari singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh.jpg|thumb|Titles of Maharaja Hari Singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh on the first page of his Civil List of 1945]]

As Maharaja, Hari Singh's full style was:

<div style="padding: 1px; text-align:left; margin:left; border:1px solid #7BA05B; color:#000000; width:55%;">{{blockquote|Lieutenant-General His Highness Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shri Hari Singhji Bahadur Indar Mahindar, Sipar-i-Saltanat-i-Inglishia, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, LLD}}</div>

===Honours===
* 1903: [[File:Med.DelhiDurbar1903.png|50px]] Delhi Durbar Medal
* 1911: [[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] Delhi Durbar Medal
* 1922: Prince of Wales Visit Medal
* 1929: [[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) (KCIE in 1918)
* 1930: [[File:Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]
* 1933: [[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|50px]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)
* 1935: [[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
* 1937: [[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] [[King George VI Coronation Medal]]
* 1938: [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand Officer of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]
* 1945: [[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] [[1939–1945 Star]]
* 1945: [[File:Africa Star BAR.svg|50px]] [[Africa Star]]
* 1945: [[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|50px]] [[War Medal 1939–1945]]
* 1945: [[File:India Service Medal BAR.svg|50px]] [[India Service Medal]]
* 1946: [[File:UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) (KCVO in 1922)
* 1948: [[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|50px]] [[Indian Independence Medal]]

===Honorary degrees===
* 1938: Hon. [[LL.D]] from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Mufti |first=Gulzar |title=Kashmir in Sickness and in Health |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoAcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |year=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-0998-5 |ref={{sfnref|Mufti, Kashmir in Sickness and in Health|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mridu |last=Rai | author-link = Mridu Rai | title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=978-1860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612114256/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of 1 May 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh (Son of Maharajah Hari Singh) from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA'']; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
* {{cite web|url=http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm |title=Salutations to Guruji Golwalkar – IV|author=V Sundaram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204190403/http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm|archive-date=4 December 2008}} The role of Shri Guruji Golwalkar (Sarsanghchalak of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] – RSS)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140911151945/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/01/13/nehru-abdullah-betrayed-raja-hari-singh-37857.html Nehru, Abdullah betrayed Maharaja Hari Singh]
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/banished-from-his-own-land-818375 Banished from his own land]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Dogra dynasty]]||September 1895||26 April 1961}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1925–1952}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Republic of India]] [[Karan Singh]] as titular Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hari}}
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]

Shashi Soni

2026-03-15T04:33:31Z

MarlonBernhardt: started initial entry v1

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{AI-generated|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashi Soni
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|04|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lahore, British India
| occupation = Entrepreneur, philanthropist
| known_for = Founder of IZMO Ltd., Deep Group
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Shashi Soni''' (born 4 April 1941) is an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist. She is the founder and chairperson of IZMO Ltd., a publicly listed technology company that provides automotive e-retailing and digital marketing solutions. She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2024 for her contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="padma2024">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024119.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=This Woman Started Her Business With Rs 10,000, Now Owns Rs 4000 Crore Company – She is Shashi Soni |url=https://www.india.com/business/this-woman-started-her-business-with-rs-10000-now-owns-rs-4000-crore-company-she-is-shashi-soni-her-business-is-izmo-success-story-7514325/ |publisher=India.com |date=11 February 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shashi Soni was born on 4 April 1941 in Lahore, British India (now Pakistan).<ref name="padma2024" /> She began her entrepreneurial career in 1971 by founding Deep Transport with a seed capital of ₹10,000.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 1975, Soni established Deep Mandir, the first air-conditioned cinema in Mulund, Mumbai. In 1981, she founded Deep Oxygen Pvt. Ltd., which became the first industrial gas manufacturing unit in Mysore.<ref name="india-com">{{Cite web |title=This Woman Started Her Business With Rs 10,000, Now Owns Rs 4000 Crore Company |url=https://www.india.com/business/meet-woman-shashi-soni-padma-shri-awardee-and-housewife-started-business-with-rs-10000-now-owns-company-worth-rs-4000-crore-izmo-limited-oxygen-pvt-ltd-gas-deep-transport-shashi-soni-net-worth-7382167/ |publisher=India.com |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> She was later elected as the only woman member of the Managing Committee of the All India Industrial Gas Manufacturers Association and served on the Director General of Technical Development panel of the Government of India.<ref name="izmo-bio">{{Cite web |title=Mrs. Shashi Soni - Biography |url=http://assetsin.izmocars.com/userfiles/103890/Mrs%20Shashi%20Soni_Biography%2030%204%2016%20_2_D.pdf |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Success Story: IZMO Ltd. की चेयरपर्सन Shashi Soni – नेट वर्थ, सैलरी और टोटल एसेट्स और Padma Award |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-izmo-ltd-chairperson-shashi-soni-net-worth-salary-and-total-asset-get-padam-award-8019569.html |publisher=News18 (Hindi) |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Success Story of Shashi Soni: हाउसवाइफ से बनीं 4000 करोड़ की कंपनी की मालकिन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/success-story-of-shashi-soni-housewife-who-started-business-with-rs-10000-built-rs-4000-crore-company/articleshow/110882936.cms |publisher=Navbharat Times |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Shashi Soni : నవతరానికి స్ఫూర్తిమంత్రం |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/navya/the-story-of-eminent-industrialist-1202620.html |publisher=Andhra Jyothy |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

In 1996, Soni founded IZMO Ltd. (formerly Logix Microsystems Ltd.), which is listed on the NSE and BSE. The company provides digital retailing platforms for the automotive sector and operates in North America, Europe, and Asia. It has served over 1,800 clients globally.<ref name="etnow">{{Cite web |title=This Lady's Entrepreneur Mind Turned ₹10K into Global Biz Empire |date=31 December 2024 |url=https://www.etnownews.com/success-stories/this-ladys-entrepreneur-mind-turned-rs-10k-into-global-biz-empire-with-her-hard-work-she-is-article-116819449 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="simplywall">{{Cite web |title=IZMO Limited's NSE:IZMO Market Cap Up ₹10B Last Week |date=11 December 2024 |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/in/software/nse-izmo/izmo-shares/news/izmo-limiteds-nseizmo-market-cap-up-10b-last-week-benefiting |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=স্যUCCESS Story: Padma‑Shri প্রাপ্ত Shashi Soni – 4,150 কোটি টাকার ব্যাবসার মালিক |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/business/success-story-shashi-soni-padma-shri-awardee-owner-of-4150-crore-business-1098737 |publisher=ABP Live (Bengali) |date=10 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

During the COVID-19 pandemic, she spearheaded the establishment of Hughes Precision Manufacturing Pvt. Ltd., an ammunition facility in Verna, Goa. The project was completed within 18 months under the Government of India's "Make in India" initiative and became the only private-sector ammunition exporter in the country, serving 14 nations.<ref name="toi-goa">{{Cite news |title=Padma Shri conferred on chairperson of Verna-based arms manufacturing plant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/padma-shri-conferred-on-chairperson-of-verna-based-arms-manufacturing-plant/articleshow/107210354.cms |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="gnttv">{{Cite web |title=IZMO Limited Success Story – Rs 10,000 to Rs 4000 Crore |url=https://www.gnttv.com/business/story/izmo-limited-success-story-shashi-soni-started-his-first-business-with-rs-10000-1026015-2024-06-11 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Soni founded Deep Janseva Samiti in 1996, a charitable trust focused on livelihood generation, women's education, slum rehabilitation, and welfare for the disabled. She also initiated the “Smart Shiksha” program for youth education in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |title=Meet Shashi Soni, Padma Shri Awardee for Her Contribution to Trade and Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/business/meet-shashi-soni-one-of-the-padma-shri-awardees-for-her-contribution-to-trade-and-industry-8756177.html |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="dnabiz">{{Cite news |title=Meet Shashi Soni who built Rs 4000 crore company from scratch, won Padma Shri |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-shashi-soni-who-started-business-with-rs-10000-built-company-worth-rs-4000-crore-won-padma-shri-3076023 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* Woman of the year award (1990) - for her contribution to the Indian industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Srishty |title=Meet woman, who started business with Rs 10000, built company worth Rs 4000 crore, won Padma Shri, she is... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-shashi-soni-who-started-business-with-rs-10000-built-company-worth-rs-4000-crore-won-padma-shri-3076023 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* Mahila Gaurav Puraskar (1990) – in recognition of her early entrepreneurial achievements.<ref name="izmo-bio" />
* Padma Shri (2024) – awarded by the Government of India for distinguished service in trade and industry.<ref name="padma2024" />

== Legacy ==
Soni's business ventures have contributed significantly to India's growth in defence exports, industrial manufacturing, and technology services. She is among the few women industrialists in India to have led multiple sectors including defence, IT, and industrial gases.<ref name="andhrajyothy">{{Cite web |title=The Story of Eminent Industrialist Shashi Soni |date=28 January 2024 |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/navya/the-story-of-eminent-industrialist-1202620.html |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="tv9">{{Cite web |title=Who is Padma Shri Shashi Soni? Founder of ₹4000 Crore IZMO Ltd. |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/business/who-is-padamshree-izmo-limited-founder-shashi-soni-awarded-with-this-award-2385041.html |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.shashisoni.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.izmo.com/ IZMO Ltd.]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Shashi}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Padikkadavan (1985 film)

2026-03-03T05:21:45Z

MarlonBernhardt: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Padikkadavan
| image = Padikathavan 1985.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| story = [[Kader Khan]]
| producer = [[N. Veeraswamy]] [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
| cinematography = V. Ranga
| editing = R. Vittal S. B. Mohan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| released = {{film date|1985|11|11|df=y}}
| studio = Sri Eswari Productions
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}5.5 crore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghu |first=Sunita |date=4 May 2014 |title=Setting the Cash Registers Ringing. The Top Ten Grossers So Far |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/may/04/setting-the-cash-registers-ringing.-the-top-ten-grossers-so-far-607866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603033543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/may/04/Setting-the-Cash-Registers-Ringing.-The-Top-Ten-Grossers-So-Far-607866.html |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Padikkadavan''''' ({{translation|Uneducated Man}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]. It is directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]. The film was produced by [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actor [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] along with his father [[N. Veeraswamy]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=111 |orig-date=2012}}</ref>

The story is about a man who strives hard to make his younger brother study. The two brothers are the step-brothers of Rajasekhar. The younger brother of Rajendran after distressing from him finally joins with him. All three of them finally join after certain conviction regarding a death. It was released on 11 November 1985 and became a major commercial success at the box office and 250 days at theatres and reestablished [[Rajinikanth]] as box office king also established more fanbase in rural areas .<ref>{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=15 June 2022 |title=படிக்காதவன்: சென்ட்டிமென்ட் - ஆக்ஷன் காம்போவில் கலக்கிய ரஜினி; டாக்ஸிக்கும் உயிர்கொடுத்த இயக்குநர்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/revisiting-the-classic-movie-padikkadavan-starring-rajinikanth-sivaji-ganesan-and-ambika |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327060927/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/revisiting-the-classic-movie-padikkadavan-starring-rajinikanth-sivaji-ganesan-and-ambika |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rajasekhar is the loving elder stepbrother of Rajendran aka Raja and Ramachandran aka Ramu. After his marriage, his wife Radha ousts Raja and Ramu from home while he is away. After some struggle, the two young brothers are adopted by Rahim, a Muslim. Raja, the older of the two, toils and becomes a taxi driver to educate his brother. As a taxi driver, he does what is right, such as stopping drug dealers. There, he meets Mary, a girl who smuggles drugs and alcohol while pretending to be pregnant. After sometime, she has a change of heart, and she and Raja fall in love.

Ramu, whom Raja believes to be an innocent person, strays and gets mixed up with some wrong-doers. He marries a girl named Manju, who is from a wealthy family, and later severs his ties with Raja when Raja discovers that he lied about passing an examination (when actually, he failed in the examination) and confronts him. Meanwhile, Manju's maternal uncle Chakravarthy is a smuggler who sells drugs using his older brother Vedhachalam's lorries. Chakravarthy later kills Vedhachalam, and frames Raja for the crime. Rajasekhar, the presiding judge for the case, realises that Raja & Ramu are his long-lost brothers. He then proceeds to have a heart attack & adjourns the court. He then researches all night, returns as a defence lawyer to save Raja and successfully proves that Chakravarthy is the one who murdered his own brother. A fight ensues between Chakravarthy and Raja, where Raja defeats Chakravarthy. In the end, Radha apologises for her old attitude with Raja and Ramu.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Rajendran
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Chakravarthy
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Mary
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Manju
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]] as Ramachandran
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Radha, Rajasekhar's wife
* [[Nagesh]] as Rahim
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Vedhachalam
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Ramanathan
* [[Janagaraj]] as Kabali Alais K.Bali
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Advocate
* Indira as Faritha
* [[Gundu Kalyanam]] as Vathalagundu Vasu
* [[Rangammal]]
* [[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/child-actor-in-my-dear-kuttichathan-passes-away-1.9397354|title='My Dear Kuttichathan' child artist Surya Kiran dies|date=11 March 2024 |publisher=Mathrubhumi|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312095858/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/child-actor-in-my-dear-kuttichathan-passes-away-1.9397354|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padikathavan (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000311 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203111326/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000311 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padikkathavan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/padikkathavan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904072828/https://mossymart.com/product/padikkathavan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Oorai Therinchikitten" is set to the raga [[Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=150 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Jodi Kili" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=3|[[Vairamuthu]] || 05:00
|-
| "Oorai Therinchikitten" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 04:07
|-
| "Oru Koottu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 03:45
|-
| "Rajavukku Raja" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:32
|-
| "Solli Adipenadi" || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:29
|}

== Reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Rajinikanth for his fight scenes, Ganesan for controlled acting, Ilaiyaraaja's music as melodious with praise directed towards the song "Oorai Therinjukitten" for its tune, lyrics and picturisation but felt Ambika was there only for glamour. The duo concluded the review saying due to the presence of Rajinikanth, the film looks brighter and also added the film which is backed up by great music, strong story will satisfy all audiences and the film will easily succeed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=8 December 1985 |title=படிக்காதவன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-12-08/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240320054955/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-12-08/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-03-20 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that although is a simple masala story, director Rajasekhar should be applauded for giving a quality entertainment film with Ganesan quietly and Rajinikanth aggressively, though the critic felt the final dialogue was artificial.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1985 |title=படிக்காதவன் - விகடன் விமர்சனம் |url=http://rajinifans.com/review/padikathavan.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127042332/http://rajinifans.com/review/padikathavan.php |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |via=Rajinifans.com}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film's director Rajasekhar's direction for infusing life and idealism into the film despite being a commercial film while also appreciating the acting of cast, music and production values but found fights to be the only drawback.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-14 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What Cinema Express critics thought of superstar's films over the ages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250815111351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0316369}}
{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maanagara Kaaval

2026-03-03T04:52:24Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started new stub from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanagara Kaaval
| image = Maanagara Kaaval.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. Thiyagarajan
| writer = M. Thiyagarajan [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]] (dialogues)
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramaniam
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Suman Ranganathan|Suma]]
| cinematography = Shiva
| editing = G. Jayachandran
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|6|28|ref1={{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=327}}}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maanagara Kaaval''''' ({{Translation|City Police}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political thriller|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by M. Thiyagarajan. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Suman Ranganathan|Suma]]. It is the 150th film of [[AVM Productions]]. The film was released on 28 June 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 1991 |title=Maanagara Kaval |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910628&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ashok Metha, a senior politician, is enraged when a junior Roopavathi is made the Prime Minister of India. Though he pretends to accept his party's decision, he secretly plots to eliminate her. Meanwhile, a high-profile officer is killed in Delhi by a professional killer, Robin and Vidya witnesses the murder.

Vidya arrives in Chennai for a dance event and falls in love with Subash, an honest IPS officer who is mourning the loss of his beloved sister. He manages to impress Roopavathi by arresting Vannai Varathan, an MP from her party, for creating social unrest. She gives him a green signal, and Varathan is arrested. Varathan swears revenge. As the story progresses, Subash begins to develop feelings for Vidya.

Robin, who arrives in Chennai, tries to murder Vidya. But Subash catches him, and under the orders of his superior, IG Jayaprakash, he accompanies Robin to Delhi so as to hand him over to the Delhi police. Vidya also joins them. Robin manages to escape with the help of his gang, who pretend to be the concerned police officers, and Subash is suspended. However, Subash swears to find the culprits and stays in Vidya's house in Delhi. He is confronted by Gowtham IPS who was supposed to have taken Robin from the airport and accuses him of aiding an anarchist. Subash, on the contrary, believes Gowtham to be a mole.

After spotting and chasing Robin, Subash, much to his horror, comes across his dead sister Seetha. She reveals the circumstances that forced her to land there and also says that Gowtham is her husband. Parallel to these incidents, it is shown that Robin was hired by Metha to assassinate Roopavathi. The person whom the latter murdered in the beginning of the movie was Roopavathi, Chief Security Officer. Metha is indirectly helped by Vannai Varathan, who is out of the prison.

Subash discovers that the Inspector General of the Delhi police is the actual mole. However, before he can extract more information, the IG is killed. With the help of Gowtham, Subash manages to inform Roopavathi about Metha's treachery. Still, she is unable to take action against him due to his support and clean image in the party. Robin and his associates kidnaps and imprisons Gowtham, Subash and Seetha. After a prolonged struggle, Subash frees himself and kills Robin and Metha while an attempt was made on the life of Roopavathi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Subhash [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Vidhya
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as [[inspector-general of police|IG]] Jayaprakash
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] Roopavathi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Gowtham [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Seetha
* [[Anandaraj]] as Robin
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as Ashok Metha
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Subhash & Seetha Mother
* [[Senthil]] as Alagappan
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thiyagu]] as [[member of parliament|MP]] Vannai Varathan
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Seenu
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Sivasankar
* Ganga as Suresh
* Baby Vichitra as Seetha's daughter
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Fighter
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Fighter
* Murali Kumar as [[Police Inspector]]
}}

== Production ==
''Maanagara Kaaval'' was partially filmed at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam airport]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=17 October 2017 |title=Hari shoots at Palam airport |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/171017/hari-shoots-at-palam-airport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026091802/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/171017/hari-shoots-at-palam-airport.html |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> It was the 150th film produced by AVM.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=21 July 1991 |title=ஏ.வி.எம்: 1–150 |trans-title=AVM: 1–150 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1991-07-21/kalki1991-07-21.pdf |access-date=13 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8–12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film became Thyagarajan's final film as director before his death in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=M Thyagarajan, the director of Vijaykant's 1991 blockbuster Maanagara Kaaval, found dead opposite AVM Studio |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/08/m-thyagarajan-the-director-of-vijaykants-1991-blockbuster-maanagara-kaaval-found-dead-opposite-av-28295.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531090124/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/08/m-thyagarajan-the-director-of-vijaykants-1991-blockbuster-maanagara-kaaval-found-dead-opposite-av-28295.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Managara Kaval (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/managara-kaval-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/885812556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022042109/https://music.apple.com/us/album/managara-kaval-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/885812556 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanagara Kaaval Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Chandrabose |url=https://mossymart.com/product/maanagara-kaaval-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022044349/https://mossymart.com/product/maanagara-kaaval-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose-2/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kaalai Neram" ||[[K. J. Yesudas]] || 04:21
|-
| "Thodi Raagam Paadava" ||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|| 04:57
|-
| "Thiruvarur Thanga Thear" ||[[S. P. Sailaja]]|| 03:59
|-
| "Vandikkaran Sontha Ooru" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 05:03
|-
| "Thalai Vari Poochudum" ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:36
|}

== Reception ==
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Even a film that sheet anchors itself on thrilling action, [..] in credibility by neat characterisation [..] but ''Maanagara Kaaval'' doesnt waste time on these".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=5 July 1991 |title=Maanagar Kaaval |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910705&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film primarily for the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=4 August 1991 |title=மாநகர காவல் |url=https://ibb.co/gJcyVqD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025175521/https://ibb.co/gJcyVqD |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=51 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s political action films]]
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nath Valley School

2026-02-24T07:50:06Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started basic article first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Nath Valley School
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address = Paithan Road, P.B. No 567, Cantt.
| city = Aurangabad
| district = Aurangabad
| state = Maharashtra
| postal_code = 431002
| country = India
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1992
| founder =
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal = [[Dr Swarup Dutta]]
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-Ed]]
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Urban
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.nathvalleyschool.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nath Valley School''' is a co-educational [[high school]] near Paithan Road in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], India. It is primarily a day school also has limited boarding facility for boys and girls in their campus.

The school runs classes from Standard 1 to Standard 12, that is from primary till higher secondary.

==Affiliation==
The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] since 1994.

==Campus==
The campus of the school is spread on around 22 [[acre]]s of land, which has apart from school building, canteen, playground for football, volleyball, cricket also has separate hostels for boys and girls and residence quarters for teachers.

==Awards==

The school has been the top ranking school for many years with their students giving best academic results consistently.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aurangabad schools shine in CBSE exam, principals congratulate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Aurangabad-schools-shine-in-CBSE-exam-principals-congratulate-students/articleshow/52483369.cms |accessdate=25 June 2020 |agency=Times of India |date=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aurangabad students shine in CBSE class XII exam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/city-students-shine-in-cbse-class-xii-exam/articleshow/58884410.cms |accessdate=25 June 2020 |agency=Times of India|date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CBSE Class 12 results: Toppers score above 95% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/CBSE-Class-12-results-Toppers-score-above-95/articleshow/47423840.cms |accessdate=25 June 2020 |agency=Times of India |date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Ranjit Kumar Dass]] now Academic Director of the School was awarded [[National Award for Teachers (India)|National Teacher's Award]], when he served as the Principal of the School in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dass bags national teacher's award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Dass-bags-national-teachers-award/articleshow/40445661.cms |accessdate=25 June 2020 |agency=Times of India |date=20 August 2014 |ref=d}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]

AK Abdul Momen

2026-02-23T23:49:41Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Short description|Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. Abdul Momen
| native_name = {{nobold|এ. কে. আব্দুল মোমেন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Abul Kalam Abdul Momen 2023.jpg
| caption = Abdul Momen in 2023
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 30 January 2019
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]]
| successor = [[Khandaker Abdul Muktadir]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start1 = 7 January 2019
| term_end1 = 10 January 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali]]
| successor1 = [[Hasan Mahmud (politician)|Hasan Mahmud]]
| office2 = [[Permanent Representative to the United Nations|Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations]]
| term_start2 = 26 August 2009
| term_end2 = 30 October 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Ismat Jahan]]
| successor2 = [[Masud Momen]]
| office3 = [[UNICEF|President of UNICEF]]
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2010
| predecessor3 = [[Oumar Daou]]
| successor3 = [[Sanja Štiglic]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|08|23}}
| birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| nationality = [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Dhaka]]|[[Northeastern University]]}}
| relatives = [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith|AM Abdul Muhith]] (brother) [[Shahla Khatun]] (sister) [[Minister Abdul Hamid|Abdul Hamid]] (granduncle)
| mother = [[Syeda Shahar Banu]]
| father = [[Abu Ahmad Abdul Hafiz]]
| party = [[Awami League]]
| constituency = [[Sylhet-1]]
| office = [[Jatiya Sangsad|Member of Parliament]]
}}
'''Abul Kalam Abdul Momen''' (born 23 August 1947), known as '''AK Abdul Momen''', is a Bangladeshi economist, diplomat, and politician who served as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|minister of foreign affairs]] from January 2019 to January 2024. He served as [[Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the United Nations|permanent representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations]] from August 2009 until October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Masud Momen new Bangladesh's UN envoy |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/masud-momen-new-bangladesh%E2%80%99s-un-envoy-166696 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=3 November 2015 |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> He was elected a member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]] from the [[Sylhet-1]] constituency at the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018 general elections]].<ref name="Prothomalo">{{Cite news |url=https://election.prothomalo.com/candidates/3974 |script-title=bn:এ কে আবদুল মোমেন |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> Following his election, he was appointed the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|minister of foreign affairs]] by the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/new-cabinet-members-of-bangladesh-government-formed-monday-1683733 |title=47-member new cabinet announced |date=2019-01-06 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref>

==Background and education==
Abdul Momen was born on 23 August 1947, to a [[Bengali Muslim]] political family in [[Sylhet]]. His father was [[Abu Ahmad Abdul Hafiz]], a lawyer, who was one of the founders of the Sylhet branch of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and took part in the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sylhetsadar.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/5a02709b-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |script-title=bn:সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি |language=bn |access-date=31 December 2018 |work=Sylhet Sadar Upazila |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030203/http://sylhetsadar.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/5a02709b-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC}}</ref> His mother, [[Syeda Shahar Banu]], was one of the leading women of the [[Bengali language movement]]. He was one of fourteen children. His elder brother was [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith|AM Abdul Muhith]], a former [[Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)|minister of finance]], and his sister is [[Shahla Khatun]], a physician and [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh.<ref name=prothomalo>{{cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1066685/'জীবনটা-নিয়ে-আমি-সন্তুষ্ট' |script-title=bn:জীবনটা নিয়ে আমি সন্তুষ্ট |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

Abdul Momen passed the matriculation exam from [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]]. He attended the [[University of Dhaka]] and earned a BA in economics in 1969, and an MA in development economics in 1971.<ref name="diplomat">{{cite magazine |title=His Excellency Abulkalam Abdul Momen |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2633:his-excellency-abulkalam-abdul-momen&catid=196:profiles&Itemid=229 |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Außenminister Alexander Schallenberg beim Antalya Diplomacy Forum, 11-13.03.2022. 06.jpg|thumb|left|Abdul Momen with [[Alexander Schallenberg]] at the [[Antalya Diplomacy Forum]] in 2022]]
Abdul Momen became a civil servant, serving as private secretary to the [[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives|minister of rural development, local government and cooperatives]] from 1973 to 1974; private secretary to the minister of trade and commerce, and mineral resources and petroleum from 1974 to 1975; section officer, South Asia, East Asia and Middle East, [[Ministry of Commerce (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Commerce]] from 1975 to 1976; and director, Office of the President's Advisor on Trade and Commerce from 1976 to 1978. Meanwhile, he completed an LLB in law and jurisprudence from Central College, Dhaka, in 1976.<ref name="diplomat" />

Abdul Momen continued his education in the United States, receiving a MPA from [[Harvard Kennedy School]] and a PhD in economics from [[Northeastern University]], Boston, Massachusetts, in 1988.<ref name="diplomat" /> He taught economics and business administration at [[Merrimack College]], [[Salem State College]], Northeastern University, the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.int/bangladesh/fr/staff/dr-ak-abdul-momen |title=Dr. A.K. Abdul Momen |website=Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to the United Nations |access-date=2016-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915085249/https://www.un.int/bangladesh/fr/staff/dr-ak-abdul-momen |archive-date=2016-09-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[American International University-Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIUB OFFICIALS PAID A COURTESY VISIT TO THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS |url=https://www.aiub.edu/aiub-officials-paid-a-courtesy-visit-to-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs|access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.aiub.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418190906/https://www.aiub.edu/aiub-officials-paid-a-courtesy-visit-to-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs |archive-date=18 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1998, Abdul Momen became an economic adviser at the [[The Saudi Industrial Development Fund (SIDF)|Saudi Industrial Development Fund]] (SIDF). He left Saudi Arabia in the wake of the 2003 [[Riyadh compound bombings]], and returned to Massachusetts. There he taught in the Department of Economics and Business Administration at [[Framingham State College]] until appointed Bangladesh's permanent representative to the United Nations in New York in August 2009.<ref name="diplomat" />

Abdul Momen served as president of the [[UNICEF]] executive board at the international level in 2010.<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/Executive_Board-Officers-2014-ENGLISH-10Jan2014.pdf Officers of the UNICEF Executive Board 1946–2014], [[UNICEF]]</ref><ref>[http://www.unicef.org/about/history/index_55642.html Executive Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007173214/https://www.unicef.org/about/history/index_55642.html |date=2020-10-07 }}, [[UNICEF]]</ref> He was vice president and acting president of the [[Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly|67th]] [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref name="undp" /> He was the president of the United Nations High-Level Committee on South-South Cooperation in 2014.<ref name="undp">{{cite web |url=http://ssc.undp.org/content/ssc/services/policy/governing_bodies/the_hlc_bureau/abulkalam_abdul_momen.html |title=H.E. Abulkalam Abdul Momen |publisher=United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927201121/http://ssc.undp.org/content/ssc/services/policy/governing_bodies/the_hlc_bureau/abulkalam_abdul_momen.html |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

Abdul Momen's elder brother, Bangladesh's Minister of Finance [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]], hoped that Abdul Momen would succeed him as a member of the parliament representing the [[Sylhet-1]] constituency in the 2018 general election, which he eventually won.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muhith wants brother Momen to contest for his Sylhet constituency |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/muhith-wants-brother-momen-to-contest-for-his-sylhet-constituency |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=5 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Prothomalo" />

Yahoo news<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/bangladesh-under-no-obligation-accept-150754083.html |title=Bangladesh under no obligation to accept Rohingya refugees stranded at sea, minister says |work=Yahoo News}}</ref> reported that Abdul Momen said in February 2020 that Bangladesh had "no obligation" to provide shelter to [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] refugees who were stranded in the Andaman Sea on a ship. He asked the UNHCR to take the responsibility.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Bangladesh under 'no obligation' to accept stranded Rohingya refugees - minister |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bangladesh-rohingya-un-idAFKBN2AR08S |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-27 |title=Bangladesh under 'no obligation' to accept stranded Rohingya refugees |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-rohingya-refugees-stranded-india-b1808441.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-rohingya-refugees-stranded-india-b1808441.html |archive-date=2021-02-27 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-10 |work=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last=Smith |first=James F. |title=Framingham State professor headed to UN |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/07/28/bangladesh_names_framingham_state_professor_momen_ambassador_to_un/?page=full |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=28 July 2009}}
* {{cite news |title=Dhaka's permanent UN envoy slates staff recall, calls for a rethink on service rules |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/01/02/dhakas-permanent-un-envoy-slates-staff-recall-calls-for-a-rethink-on-service-rules |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=2 January 2015}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{Chairmen and Presidents of UNICEF}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Momen, Abulkalam}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Northeastern University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty]]
[[Category:Framingham State University faculty]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Bangladesh to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Chairmen and presidents of UNICEF]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the American International University-Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet]]
[[Category:Sylhet Government Pilot High School alumni]]

Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda

2026-02-21T08:09:58Z

MarlonBernhardt: brief enhance page for consistency also and corrected details per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Don Bosco Higher Secondary School
| native_name =
| image = Don Bosco clicked by Hari Bhagirath 20130710.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Excelsior
| motto_translation =
| address =
| town = [[Irinjalakuda]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| postal_code = 680121
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.343|76.225|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|1962}}
| founder = 
| closed =
| school_board = State Syllabus
| oversight =
| principal = Shino Kalapurackal SDB (https://hss.donboscoijk.edu.in/)
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| years =
| type = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]] [[Private school]]
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language = English
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website = {{URL|www.donboscoijk.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Don Bosco Higher Secondary School''' is a [[Private school|private]], [[English-medium education|English-medium]], co-educational school in [[Irinjalakuda]], Kerala, India. It was established in March 1962.

It began as an English-medium and a [[Malayalam]]-medium school and the Government sanctioned it as an unaided but recognised school on 6 May 1962. The Malayalam-medium section was discontinued later. A boarding section started on 2 January 1963 was later closed later. In 1987 an indoor stadium was built to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the Institution.
<ref>{{cite web |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF DON BOSCO SCHOOL, IRINJALAKUDA |url=https://donboscoijk.edu.in |accessdate=20 June 2022}}</ref> It is affiliated to the Council of Indian School Certificate Examination (CISCE), New Delhi.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], actor and politician
* [[Tovino Thomas]], actor<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prakash|first1=Asha|title=Tovino was school leader once, check out his old pic!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-was-school-leader-once-check-out-his-old-pic/articleshow/59177369.cms|accessdate=29 April 2018|work=The Times of India|date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Save the Tigers

2026-02-15T09:04:01Z

MarlonBernhardt: started a entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian comedy drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Save the Tigers.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator = [[Mahi V Raghav]] [[Pradeep Advaitham]]
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = {{plain list|
*Pradeep Advaitham
*[[Vijay Namoju]]
*[[Anand Karthik]]
}}
| director = Teja Kakumanu, Arun Kothaplly<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teja-kakumanu-to-debut-as-director-with-disney-hotstar-telugu-series-save-the-tigers/article66750766.ece | title=Teja Kakumanu to debut as director with Disney+ Hotstar Telugu comedy web series 'Save the Tigers' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 April 2023 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=25 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825184425/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teja-kakumanu-to-debut-as-director-with-disney-hotstar-telugu-series-save-the-tigers/article66750766.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
*[[Abhinav Gomatam]]
* [[Chaitanya Krishna|Krishna Chaitanya]]
*Deviyani Sharma
*Pavani Gangireddy
*Jordar Sujatha
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 13
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rohith Pisapati
| producer = {{plain list|
*[[Mahi V Raghav]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mahi-v-raghav-thanks-the-audience-for-the-superb-response-to-save-the-tigers.html | title=Mahi V Raghav thanks the audience for the superb response to Save the Tigers | website=[[123telugu]] | date=7 May 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=7 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082825/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mahi-v-raghav-thanks-the-audience-for-the-superb-response-to-save-the-tigers.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Chinna Vasudeva Reddy
}}
| cinematography = S. V. Vishweshwar
| editor = Shravan Katikaneni
| music = Ajay Arasada
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Three Autumn Leaves
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|27}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Save the Tigers''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] thriller television series created by Pradeep Advaitham and [[Mahi V Raghav]] and directed by Teja Kakumanu and Arun Kothapally. The series produced by [[Mahi V Raghav]] and Chinna Vasudeva Reddy under Three Autumn Leaves.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/13/the-trailer-of-save-the-tigers-is-here-42270.html | title=The trailer of Save the Tigers is here | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=13 April 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=13 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413092325/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/13/the-trailer-of-save-the-tigers-is-here-42270.html | url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], [[Abhinav Gomatam]], [[Chaitanya Krishna|Krishna Chaitanya]],Deviyani Sharma, Pavani Gangireddy and Jordar Sujatha in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2023-april/169222/save-the-tigers-is-a-clean-family-comedy-say-makers-of-hotstar-web-series | title=Save the Tigers is a clean family comedy, say makers of Hotstar's web series |website=ragalahari.com| date=11 April 2023 }}</ref> It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 27 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/238970/save-the-tigers-streaming-now-on-disney-hotstar | title=Save the Tigers: Streaming Now on Disney+ HotStar | website=gulte.com | date=28 April 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=5 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505041923/https://www.gulte.com/movienews/238970/save-the-tigers-streaming-now-on-disney-hotstar | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

Ghanta Ravi (Priyadarshi Pulikonda) is a dairy farm proprietor, Vikram (Krishna Chaitanya) is a creative ad writer, while Rahul (Abhinav Gomatam) nurtures aspirations of becoming a writer. Through a series of serendipitous encounters, these individuals forge a bond, giving rise to an unforeseen and unique friendship. They share a common frustration with their wives' behaviors. The trio faces legal trouble when caught in a [[drunk driving]] case. Simultaneously, the police discover a prominent actress has been kidnapped. The series explores whether the trio has any connection to her disappearance. The reasons behind their alcohol consumption are revealed, examining if it is linked to their marital issues. The trio refers to themselves as "Tigers", and the series explores the significance of this choice in the larger narrative.

==Cast==
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:280px;" | Character !! style="width:175px;" rowspan="2"| Portrayed by
|-
! style="width:80px;" | Season 1 (2023)
! style="width:80px;" | Season 2 (2024)
|-
| Ghanta Ravi
| [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Rahul
| [[Abhinav Gomatam]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main|Main}}
|-
| Vikram
| [[Chaitanya Krishna|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Hymavathi
| Jordar Sujatha
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main|Main}}

|-
| Madhuri
| Pavani Gangireddy
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Rekha
| Deviyani Sharma
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
|}

===Main===
*[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Ghanta Ravi: He runs a dairy business. He is proud of his line of work even though his immediate family including his wife and elder daughter isn't
*[[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Rahul: He quit his job to become a freelance writer. He is shown to be always struggling to find work
*[[Chaitanya Krishna|Krishna Chaitanya]] as Vikram: A corporate guy who faces constant heat from his boss in the first season
*Jordar Sujatha as Hymavathi: She is Ghanta Ravi's wife and a beautician by profession
*Pavani Gangireddy as Madhuri: She Rahul's wife and a doctor by profession
*Deviyani Sharma as Rekha: She is Vikram wife and a lawyer by profession

===Recurring===
*[[Gangavva]] as Poshavva, Ghanta Ravi's mother. She lives with her family, consisting of her son, daughter-in-law and two grandchildren, in their family [[Pen (enclosure)|buffalo pen]] (Season 1-)
*Jabardasth Rohini as Lakshmi: She is the house help of Rahul and Madhuri. She has a witty sense of humour and often looks down on her boss, Rahul for not having a full-time job (Season 1-)
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Ram Mohan: Vikram's boss (Season 1)
*Sunaina Badam as Rajini Devi, Vikram's co-worker. Like Vikram, she too is put through a great deal of stress by Ram Mohan who makes her do his son's homework (Season 1)
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Inspector Jagan (Season 1-)
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Spandana a psychiatrist. She counsels and eventually becomes close with Hymavathi, Madhuri and Rekha (Season 1-)
*[[Venu Yeldandi]] as Raghava, a news anchor. He harbours a minor vendetta against Rahul and thereby on all the three tigers because Rahul prank called him in the first season. It is revealed in the second season that he is the husband of Spandana (Season 1-)
*Jayasri Rachakonda as Arundhati, Vikram's mother-in-law (Season 1-)
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Kumar, the president of the gated community in which Rahul and Madhuri live. He also doesn't have a high opinion of Rahul (Season 1-)
*[[Seerat Kapoor]] as actresses Hamsalekha (Season 2)
*[[Darshana Banik]] as Harika. She has an unrequited crush on Vikram (Season 2)
*[[Kireeti Damaraju]] as actor Vrushen Babu. He is Hamsalekha's fiance at the beginning of the second season (Season 2)
*[[RK Mama]] as Pittala Srisailam, the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Jubilee Hills (Season 2)
*Aarthi Ganeshkar as Laboni, Rahul's neighbour. She has frequent brushes with Rahul because of the latter's protest to her puppy soiling the lobby and barking frequently (Season 2)
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Rahul's father-in-law (Season 2)
*Muralidhar Goud as Ghanta Ravi's father-in-law. Also, Poshavva's younger sibling (Season 2)
*Ambati Srinivas as real estate salesperson 1 (Season 2)
*Mukku Avinash as real estate salesperson 2 (Season 2)

== Episodes ==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #3C5792
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|27}}
| color2 = #2AAA8A
| link2 = #Season 2 (2024)
| episodes2 = 7
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|3|15}}
}}

===Season 1 (2023)===
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Mother's day
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary = Three frustrated husbands are in the police station for a drunk-and-drive case and start telling their life stories to the CI. They tell him how they met at a school day event for their kids and became friends.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Tiger Meet
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary = The ACP informs the CI that the famous actress Hamsalekha is missing. The frustrated husbands continue to share their woes with the CI, about their life and marital problems that led them to meet at a bar for drinks.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2= 3
| Title = Tigers on TV
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary = Rahul is jealous of his wife's relationship with her colleague. The wives of the three frustrated husbands meet at a beauty salon by coincidence and they see a video of their husbands creating a ruckus in a bar on TV.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2= 4
| Title = Dikky Dikky
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2= 5
| Title = No Pain No Gain
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy =Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary = Ghanta Ravi sees a guy getting too close to his daughter and warns him. Rahul attempts to work out but ends up with an injury. At the Hospital, he finds out Madhuri's colleague who he hates is actually engaged and Rahul is relieved.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2= 6
| Title =Rise of the Tigers
| DirectedBy = Teja Kakumanu
| WrittenBy =Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|27}}
| ShortSummary = The underwear AD made by Vikram becomes a controversy and he loses his job. Rekha files a case against the AD. The CI asks them to leave but then realizes they are connected to the missing actress and arrests them.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2024)===
{{Episode table |background=#2AAA8A |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Where is Hamsalekha?
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothapally
| WrittenBy =Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = CI Bhikshapathi interrogates the protagonists. Confessions follow, straining relationships. Madhuri seeks space from Rahul, and Vikram's job news triggers Rekha's exit. Hymavati persuades Ganta Ravi to a gated community reluctantly.
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = 7 Year Itch
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothapally
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = Rekha, Hymavati, and Madhuri consult Spandana on marriage woes. She warns of the "7 Years Itch." Vikram launches a startup, impressing Harika. Ganta Ravi introduces Rahul to Hamsalekha's script opportunity. Ravi gets a corporator ticket.
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Hail Women Power
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothaplly
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = Hamsalekha asks Ganta Ravi to find a scriptwriter. Rahul faces criticism for chasing a dog. Ganta Ravi explores a gated community. Dimple runs for school captain. Wives are shocked by Spandana's views and behaviour at her anniversary.
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = 10000 BC
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothapally
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = In the Stone Age, a comical exploration of evolving relationships. Rahul complains about Laboni at a community meeting. Ganta Ravi gives money to MLA PA. Vikram and Harika's ad pitch is rejected, but an impromptu idea gets approved.
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Pets and Owners
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothaplly
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = Rahul's calf stunt sparks uproar. Ganta Ravi uses Hymavati's money for gated community. Madhuri disheartened by Rahul's behavior. Dimple fights Sahasra. Vikram-Harika bond over struggles. Dimple's school call panics Ganta Ravi-Hymavathi
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Family Celebration
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothapally
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = Ganta Ravi hosts event celebrating Dimple. Hamsalekha bonds with his family. Spandana, Vijaykanth reconcile. MLA's remarks upset Hamsalekha. Rekha takes a break for Aditi. Ganta Ravi consoles Dimple, offering lifelong support.
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Fall of the Tigers
| DirectedBy = Arun Kothapally
| WrittenBy = Pradeep Advaitham [[Vijay Namoju]] [[Karthik Anand]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|15}}
| ShortSummary = Vikram's party sparks Harika's emotions. Ganta Ravi-Hymavathi fights about money. Rahul rejects changes in the script. Vikram values Rekha. Misunderstanding ruins Vikram's marriage. Ganta Ravi was touched by Dimple. Rahul moves to Kolkata
| LineColor = 2AAA8A
}}
}}

==Reception==

A critic from [[123telugu]] gave the series 3.25/5 stars and stated "Save The Tigers is an uproarious series that guarantees laughter from start to finish. Priyadarshi, Abhinav Gomatam, and Krishna Chaitanya steal the show with their impeccable performances, infusing the series with an abundance of humor. While the storyline is uncomplicated and a few imperfections exist, the overall experience is perfect for a family weekend watch. Rest assured, this series offers a unique and entertaining experience without any compromise on originality."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-save-the-tigers-telugu-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html | title=OTT Review: Save the Tigers – Telugu series on Disney Plus Hotstar | website=[[123telugu]] | date=27 April 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=3 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603205540/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-save-the-tigers-telugu-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the series 3/5 stars and stated "In this Telugu comedy series, skillful direction by Teja Kakumanu and a well-cast ensemble bring to life the daily frustrations of three couples, providing a humorous commentary on modern life dynamics. Despite the entertaining and insightful content, the series concludes with a suspenseful 'to be continued' note in its final episode."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/save-the-tigers/season-1/seasonreview/99805964.cms | title=Save the Tigers Season 1 Review : A fun-filled Telugu comedy series that works | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=2 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/save-the-tigers/season-1/seasonreview/99805964.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of [[OTTplay]] gave the series 3.5/5 stars and stated that "Save The Tigers is a riotous comedy caper that nails the sweet spot between humor and relatable scenarios. Clocking in at a concise half-hour per episode, it's the perfect dose of clean, family-friendly entertainment. Sure, there are a few moments that veer into the over-the-top territory, but that only adds to the charm. This series wraps up as a fantastic way to kick back and enjoy some quality time with your family. Trust me, it's worth a watch."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/save-the-tigers-on-hotstar-the-priyadarshi-abhinav-gomatam-krishna-chaitanya-series-is-a-hilarious-fun-ride/5391118bbe888 | title=Review: Save the Tigers Telugu Web Series on Hotstar: Hilarious and Witty | website=[[OTTplay]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=28 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828112858/https://www.ottplay.com/review/save-the-tigers-on-hotstar-the-priyadarshi-abhinav-gomatam-krishna-chaitanya-series-is-a-hilarious-fun-ride/5391118bbe888 | url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' stated that "Raghava and Pradeep bring lots of funny moments to the story of three couples dealing with issues like who's in charge and not trusting each other. Teja Kakumanu's funny acting adds to the fun, and the movie looks really good thanks to its great production."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/save-the-tigers-telugu-web-series-review/0203/123076449 | title=Save the Tigers Review: రివ్యూ: సేవ్‌ ది టైగర్స్‌ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Save the Tigers Review | website=[[Eenadu]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=26 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226044108/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/save-the-tigers-telugu-web-series-review/0203/123076449 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the series 3.5/5 stars and stated that "Save The Tigers initially hinted at a breezy and light-hearted experience, but it surprisingly leaves the audience with a sense of weariness and heaviness. There's a wishful longing for the writers to have delved more profoundly into the dependable premise and the fairly decent set of characters."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/apr/27/save-the-tigers-web-seriesa-campy-tried-and-tested-comedy-with-patchy-writing-42766.html | title=Save the Tigers Web Series: A campy, tried-and-tested comedy with patchy writing | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=27 April 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=5 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505083511/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/apr/27/save-the-tigers-web-seriesa-campy-tried-and-tested-comedy-with-patchy-writing-42766.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/save-the-tigers/1260136968 Save the Tigers]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|27412343}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Kelane (village)

2026-02-14T00:52:49Z

MarlonBernhardt: Creating new place initial version

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kelane
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = 
| population_total = 701
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| area_total_km2 = 796
| website = 
}}
'''Kelane''' is a small village in Khed, in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] State in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.omms.nic.in/ASPNet/citizens/DG/05DVC/CensusStatus.aspx?state=MH&district=25&block=4&reportLevel=3 |title=PMGSY-Census Data Updation Status |publisher=Online.omms.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Rajan Batra

2026-02-10T02:48:19Z

MarlonBernhardt: added the data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
|caption = Rajan Batra
|birth_name = Rajan Batra
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab]]
| occupation = [[Film Producer]], [[Distributor]], Exhibitor
| years active = 2009–Onwards
| organisation = Daddy Mohan Records, Batrashowbiz & Jivi records
| awards = Best Film Award of PIFFA (Punjabi International Film Festival Awards Toronto Canada) for Movie [[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]
}}

'''Rajan Batra''' is a film producer<ref>[http://ballewood.in/celebrities/interviews/rajan-batra-1236 Rajan Batra From Batra ShowBiz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718172811/http://ballewood.in/celebrities/interviews/rajan-batra-1236 |date=2014-07-18 }}</ref> and distributor, predominantly working in Punjabi films. He began his career as a film producer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Film Industry Needs Good Stories More Than Stars, Says Top Producer Rajan Batra {{!}} Link Newspaper|url=http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=39462|access-date=2020-11-02|website=thelinkpaper.ca|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Titoo MBA' was shot in 45 days, say producers Mayank Patel & Rajan Batra|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/titoo-mba-was-shot-in-45-days-say-producers-mayank-patel-rajan-batra/articleshow/45368509.cms|access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajan started his business as a lawyer in 2003.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} He moved on to various other businesses like share broking distribution of films along with pursuing his dream of making films. He established his business and entered into film production in 2009 and produced his first Punjabi film Mel karde Rabba film in collaboration with [[Tips Industries]].{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} He also went on to produce ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'', a first Punjabi blockbuster (2010), ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]'' (2012), ''[[Pure Punjabi]]'' (2012), ''[[Pinky Moge Wali]]'' (2013), ''Viyah 70 km'' (2013), ''Mere Yaar Kaminey'' (2014), under banner of Batra Showbiz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=2 film producers evading arrest|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/2-film-producers-evading-arrest-26854|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

==Batra Showbiz==

Rajan batra formed a production and distribution company named Batra Showbiz, which associated with Kapil Batra Production, Topaz Films and now Beatrix Entertainment to form the following distribution and production companies..few Hindi movies were released by his distribution company.

* ''Virudh''
* ''Heroine''
* ''[[Carry on Jatta]]''
* ''[[Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi]]''
* ''[[Power Cut]]''
* ''Saadi Gali Aaya Karo''
* ''Punjab bolda''
*. The best seller
*. Chudail story
*. Khel toh ab shuru hoga
*. Love key funday
*. Coffee with D
*. Yeh toh to much ho gaya
*. Bramaad nayak SAI baba
*. Ram Rattan
*. pinki Mogewali 2
*. Ringa Ringa Roses

==Filmography==
* ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' (Producer)<ref>{{cite web|title=TIPS INDUSTRIES LIMITED|url=http://www.tips.in/films/Mel-Karade-Rabba|website=tips.in|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]] '' (Producer)<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajan Batra from Batra Showbiz interview|url=http://ballewood.in/celebrities/interviews/rajan-batra-1236|website=ballewood.in|access-date=23 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718172811/http://ballewood.in/celebrities/interviews/rajan-batra-1236|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]'' (Producer)<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaar Anmulle Trailer|url=http://www.top10bollywood.com/2011/08/yaar-anmulle-trailer.html|website=top10bollywood.com|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Pure Punjabi]]'' (Producer)<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajan Batra Cine Punjab|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2012/12/rajan-batra.html|website=cinepunjab.com|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Pinky Moge Wali]]'' (Producer)
* ''Viyah 70 km'' (Producer)
* ''Mere Yaar Kaminey ''(Producer)
*. Yaar Anmulle 2 (producer)
*. Kache Dhagey (producer)
*. Titoo MBA. (Producer)
*. Jugni yaaran di (producer)
*. Jagga jagrava joga (producer)
*. Yaar Anmulle returns (producer)
*. Mavaan Thandian Chavan (producer) punjabi serial for zee punjabi
*. Kutte fail (producer)
*. Tedda Medha sada veda (zee punjabi)

==Awards==
* Best Film Award of PIFFA (Punjabi International Film Festival Awards Toronto Canada) for [[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]
* Best Music Award For [[Yaar Annmulle]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batra, Rajan}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]

Manjima Kuriakose

2026-02-08T03:40:40Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started the pg nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Manjima Kuriakose''' (born 29 October 1976) is a [[400 metres]] runner from Wayanad, [[Kerala]].<ref>{{World Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympians From Kerala|url=https://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/olympyans|access-date=2021-07-26|website=www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> She was named as a part of the Indian [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400 m women relay team at the 2000 Sydney Olympics]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Rosa Kutty to Anju Bobby George: The Kerala college that nurtured five Olympians|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rosakutty-anju-bobby-george-kerala-college-nurtured-five-olympians-152805|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Apart from that, she was also named to the Indian team.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2002|title=Asiad medallists honoured in Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asiad-medallists-honoured-in-kerala/articleshow/26681640.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Her fellow athlete Aloysious has alleged that Manjima was a victim of discriminations in terms of opportunities where athletes from North India were giving priorities and that Manjima was sidelined for the (women's) 400 metres at the Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=rediff.com sports: Top Kerala athletes complain of bias|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/oct/28ker.htm|access-date=2021-07-26|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Manjima later became the Deputy Commandant in the [[Central Reserve Police Force]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuriakose, Manjima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic women sprinters]]

Mukul Kulkarni

2026-02-02T10:28:51Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started new entry w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Mukul_Kulkarni_in_concert_-_Goa,_Jan_2014.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1980}}
| origin = Kolhapur, India
| genre = Hindustani Classical Music
| occupation = Vocalist
| website = {{URL|www.mukulkulkarni.com}}
| caption = Mukul Kulkarni in concert - Goa 2014
| name = Mukul Kulkarni
}}

'''Mukul Kulkarni''' is an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist. He is disciple of [[Arun Kashalkar]] ([[Agra gharana|Agra]]-[[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]] gharana) and Sharad Sathe (Gwalior gharana).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.sharadsathe.com/|title = Sharad Sathe|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://meetkalakar.com/Artist/615-Mukul-Kulkarni|title = Meetkalakar|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sharad-sathe-and-his-authentic-gwalior-gayaki/article22826000.ece|title=For Sharad Sathe, purity is the watchword|last=Ray|first=Kunal|date=22 February 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He is a 'Top grade' artist of [[All India Radio]]. Mukul Kulkarni performs around India and abroad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.saazmusic.org/master-musicians/shri-mukul-kulkarni|title = SAAZ Music - Mukul Kulkarni|access-date = 18 August 2024}}</ref>

== Training ==
Mukul started learning classical vocal at the age of 10 years under N. G. Paramane.<ref name=":4" /> Mukul was awarded a scholarship from Center for Cultural Resources and Training, New Delhi. Then, during Mukul's engineering studies, he studied under Sukhada Kane, disciple of Limaye and Kane.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url = http://mukulkulkarni.com|title = Mukul Kulkarni|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref>

After his engineering studies, Mukul started learning from [[Vikas Kashalkar]], who guided him through his MA in Music. Mukul completed his master's degree in Music from Lalit Kala Kendra (University of Pune) with a first class, receiving a gold medal for his achievement.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Mukul is training under Pt. Arun Kashalkar, disciple of [[Gajananrao Joshi]] and [[Babanrao Haldankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.gajananbuwajoshi.com/arun_kashalkar|title = Gajananbuwa Joshi.com - Arun Kashalkar|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Mukul also trained under Sharad Sathe, disciple of Sharadchandra Arolkar and [[D.V. Paluskar]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Khayal vocalist Sharad Sathe was an unmatched maestro of the Gwalior gharana |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/khayal-vocalist-sharad-sathe-was-an-unmatched-maestro-of-the-gwalior-gharana/articleshow/68930684.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

== Vocalist career ==
[[File:Mukul Kulkarni in concert, Kolhapur, Feb 2013.jpg|thumb|Mukul Kulkarni in concert, Kolhapur, February 2013.]]
Mukul Kulkarni is a vocalist of Gwalior-Agra Gharana. Mukul sings [[khyal]], [[tappa]], tap-khyal and has a large repertoire of old [[bandish]]es from the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior Gharana]]. He is a 'Top grade' artist at [[All India Radio]]. <ref name=":4" /> He also was awarded the Pandit Gangadharbua Pimpalkhare Puraskar award, 12 June 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/-/articleshow/8754778.cms|title=Award to Mukul Kulkarni|work=Maharashtra Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mukulkulkarni.com/awards|title=Mukul Kulkarni Awards}}</ref>

Mukul Kulkarni has performed at various places all over India, including Pune,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/playing-it-by-ear/articleshow/57966166.cms|title=Playing it by Ear|work=Pune Mirror}}</ref> Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/the-power-of-exposure/articleshow/57264958.cms|title=The Power of Exposure|work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> Goa, Ahmedabad, Benares, Kolhapur, Bokaro, Bangalore, Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarambh - The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/aarambh-08 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Raza Foundation}}</ref> and Kochi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url = http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/in-brief/article_112607|title = Afternoon|date = 17 June 2014|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hindustani-music-appreciation/article2781695.ece|title = The Hindu|date = 7 January 2012|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref> He has also toured the UK, performing many concerts as well as teaching, including concerts in Leicester, London, Hertfordshire, and Milton Keynes.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.saazmusic.org|title = SAAZ Music Events|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref>
== Teaching career ==
Mukul Kulkarni is a teacher of Hindustani classical singing, and teaches students who come to him in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url = http://www.gurushishya.com/batisht.php?City=Pune&St=Maharashtra|title = Gurushishya - The Indian Music Teachers database|access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref> He teaches students online worldwide and is also a teacher for 'SAAZ Music', a non-profit organisation in the UK. Through 'SAAZ Music', he teaches a large number of students during his tour of the UK, as well as teaching students from the UK online.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Mukul}}
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]
[[Category:Agra gharana]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Most Eligible Bachelor (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T06:22:15Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started the details w/ sources...

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Most Eligible Bachelor
| cover = Most-Eligible-Bachelor-Telugu-2020-20211011224715-500x500.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover for ''Most Eligible Bachelor''
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| released = 12 October 2021
| recorded = 2020–2021
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Sunsa Digital Work Station, [[Kochi]] & [[Hyderabad]]
*Audio Garage Studio, [[Mumbai]]
*Studio One, [[Hyderabad]]
*[[Shadab Rayeen|New Edge Studios]], [[Mumbai]]
}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=25}}
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| prev_title = [[Tuck Jagadish]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Anubhavinchu Raja]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|eohgSnx4zpo|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Most Eligible Bachelor
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Manasa Manasa
| single1date = 1 March 2020
| single2 = Guche Gulabi
| single2date = 13 February 2021
| single3 = Ye Zindagi
| single3date= 5 April 2021
| single4= Leharaayi
| single4date= 15 September 2021
| single5 = Chitti Adugu
| single5date= 11 October 2021
}}
}}

'''''Most Eligible Bachelor''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Gopi Sundar]], to the 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] [[Most Eligible Bachelor|of the same name]], directed by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]], starring [[Akhil Akkineni]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]. The film was produced by [[Bunny Vas]] and [[Vasu Varma]] on [[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]. The film marked Gopi Sundar's second collaboration with Bhaskar after ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' (2016).

The film featured five tracks with lyrics written by Surendra Krishna, [[Ananta Sriram]], [[Sri Mani]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], and [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The album was released by [[Aditya Music]] on 12 October 2021, on eve of Hegde's birthday.

The tracks "Manasa Manasa", "Guche Gulabi", "Ye Zindagi" and "Leharaayi" served as the lead singles and are romantic songs. The music received positive reception from critics and audience. Sundar received Best Music Director– Telugu nomination at [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] and [[67th Filmfare Awards South]].

== Background ==
The Malayalam music composer [[Gopi Sundar]] was hired to compose songs and score for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/most-eligible-bachelors-new-poster-shows-pooja-hegde-teasing-akhil-akkineni-2742483.html|title=Most Eligible Bachelor's New Poster Shows Pooja Hegde Teasing Akhil Akkineni|date=29 July 2020|website=News18|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402071901/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/most-eligible-bachelors-new-poster-shows-pooja-hegde-teasing-akhil-akkineni-2742483.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was earlier collaborated with Bhaskar for the 2016 Tamil film ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhils-4th-film-with-bommarillu-bhaskar-launched/articleshow/69478015.cms|title=Akhil's 4th film with Bommarillu Bhaskar launched - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826203650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhils-4th-film-with-bommarillu-bhaskar-launched/articleshow/69478015.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, Surendra Krishna, [[Ananta Sriram]], [[Sri Mani]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], and [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] were signed to write the lyrics for the songs. The music rights were bagged by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pooja-hegde-and-akhil-akkineni-most-eligible-bachelor-gets-a-release-date-7173133/|title=Pooja Hegde, Akhil Akkineni's Most Eligible Bachelor gets a release date|date=3 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203145747/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pooja-hegde-and-akhil-akkineni-most-eligible-bachelor-gets-a-release-date-7173133/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-teaser-pooja-hegde-akhil-akkineni-film-most-eligible-bachelor-released-136125|title=Watch: Teaser for Pooja Hegde-Akhil Akkineni film 'Most Eligible Bachelor' released|first=Digital|last=Native|date=25 October 2020|website=The News Minute |access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402092332/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-teaser-pooja-hegde-akhil-akkineni-film-most-eligible-bachelor-released-136125|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sundar revealed that the film's producer, Bunny Vas served as his musical assistant for the film. He said that Vas sits with him and guide him the right path what kind of feel he wants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8uOwT2XvAU|title=Gopi Sundar Speech at Most Eligible Bachelor Pre Release Event | Akhil Akkineni, Pooja Hegde|date=8 October 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8uOwT2XvAU|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sundar composed 30-40 tunes for the film's soundtrack and finally selected the songs for film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOpMbwhxqwM|title=Gopi Sundar Speech @ Most Eligible Bachelor Success Celebrations | Akhil Akkineni, Pooja Hegde|date=19 October 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142410/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOpMbwhxqwM|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The first single, titled "Manasa Manasa" was sung by [[Sid Sriram]] and written by Surendra Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/tollywood/2020/03/02/soothing-manasa-manasa-lyrical-from-akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out|title=Soothing: Manasa Manasa Lyrical From Akhil Akkineni's Most Eligible Bachelor Is Out!|date=2 March 2020|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142409/https://www.sakshipost.com/tollywood/2020/03/02/soothing-manasa-manasa-lyrical-from-akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out|url-status=live}}</ref> Sriram was selected by Sundar after former performing "Inkem Inkem Inkem Kaavaale" in ''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/manasa-manasa-lyrical-song-from-akhil-akkineni-pooja-hegde-most-eligible-bachelor/articleshow/74438047.cms|title='మోస్ట్ ఎలిజిబుల్ బ్యాచ్‌ల‌ర్' ఫ‌స్ట్ సాంగ్.. సిద్ శ్రీరామ్ మరో అందమైన మెలోడి|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142409/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/manasa-manasa-lyrical-song-from-akhil-akkineni-pooja-hegde-most-eligible-bachelor/articleshow/74438047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Akkineni said that this one [song] makes me smile and radiates positivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lyrical-video-of-manasa-manasa-song-is-out-from-most-eligible-bachelor-movie-609023|title=Lyrical Video Of Manasa Manasa Song Is Out From Most Eligible Bachelor Movie|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=2 March 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142410/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lyrical-video-of-manasa-manasa-song-is-out-from-most-eligible-bachelor-movie-609023|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second single titled "Guche Gulabi" was sung by [[Armaan Malik]]. The song was written by [[Ananta Sriram]] and [[Sri Mani]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/guche-gulabi-from-akhil-akkineni-and-pooja-hegdes-most-eligible-bachelor-released/articleshow/80897286.cms|title=Guche Gulabi from Akhil Akkineni and Pooja Hegde's Most Eligible Bachelor released|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402192931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/guche-gulabi-from-akhil-akkineni-and-pooja-hegdes-most-eligible-bachelor-released/articleshow/80897286.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song marks the fourth collaboration of Armaan with Akkineni after ''Hello'' (2017), "Yemainado" and "Koppamga Koppamga" both in ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' (2010) and the third collaboration with Hegde after "Anaganaganaga" in ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018) and "[[Butta Bomma]]" in ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/Feb/18/butta-bomma-put-regional-music-on-theglobal-map-armaan-malik-2265469.html|title='Butta Bomma' put regional music on the global map: Armaan Malik|first=Manju Latha|last=Kalanidhi|date=18 February 2021|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/Feb/18/butta-bomma-put-regional-music-on-theglobal-map-armaan-malik-2265469.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

For film's third single "Ye Zindagi" makers selected debutant singer Haniya Nafisa. This is for the first time in [[Telugu Film Industry]] a singer is taken and introducing from [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/adityamusic/status/1378298927330385923 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142439/https://twitter.com/adityamusic/status/1378298927330385923 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was also sung by [[Gopi Sundar]] himself and was written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/most-eligible-bachelor-first-single-from-akkineni-akhil-pooja-hegde-starrer-is-out/articleshow/81925602.cms|title=Most Eligible Bachelor: First single from Akkineni Akhil, Pooja Hegde starrer is out|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402192931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/most-eligible-bachelor-first-single-from-akkineni-akhil-pooja-hegde-starrer-is-out/articleshow/81925602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single "Leharaayi" was sung by Sid Sriram and written by Sri Mani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/leharaayi-lyrical-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-276275.html|title=Leharaayi : యూత్ లూప్ మోడ్‌లో పెట్టేసుకుంటున్నారు..|date=15 September 2021|website=10TV Telugu|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142439/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/leharaayi-lyrical-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-276275.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The fifth song "Chitti Adugu" is written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and sung by Zia Ul Haq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/most-eligible-bachelor-song-chitti-adugu/videoshow/90519575.cms|title=Most Eligible Bachelor | Song - Chitti Adugu | Telugu Video Songs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402143941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/most-eligible-bachelor-song-chitti-adugu/videoshow/90519575.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The film's first single was announced on 1 March 2020 on social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/get-ready-to-groove-to-first-single-from-most-eligible-bachelor-608831|title=Get Ready To Groove To First Single From Most Eligible Bachelor|first=Ravali| last=Hymavati|date=1 March 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142749/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/get-ready-to-groove-to-first-single-from-most-eligible-bachelor-608831|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 March 2020, the film's first single titled "Manasa Manasa" was unveiled.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-02|title=Manasa Manasa Song From Akhil Akkineni-Pooja Hegde Starrer Most Eligible Bachelor Released|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/manasa-manasa-song-from-akhil-akkineni-pooja-hegde-starrer-most-eligible-bachelor-released-2522159.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019044053/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/manasa-manasa-song-from-akhil-akkineni-pooja-hegde-starrer-most-eligible-bachelor-released-2522159.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 March, makers announced to create versions of song and get a chance to meet Akhil Akkineni and Pooja Hegde on sets of the film.<ref>https://twitter.com/GA2Official/status/1237359445450977284</ref>

The second single's title "Guche Gulabi" was announced on 9 February 2021, with a promo video featuring Akkineni holding a [[rose]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-guche-gulabi-lyrical-video-to-be-out-soon-949702.html|title=Akhil Akkineni's 'Most Eligible Bachelor': 'Guche Gulabi' lyrical video to be out soon|first=DH Web|last=Desk|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-guche-gulabi-lyrical-video-to-be-out-soon-949702.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2021/guche-gulabi-lyrical-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-be-out-on-february-13-at-this-time-309706.html|title=Guche Gulabi Lyrical Song From Most Eligible Bachelor To Be Out On February 13 At THIS Time|date=10 February 2021|website=[[Filmibeat]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2021/guche-gulabi-lyrical-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-be-out-on-february-13-at-this-time-309706.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the song's teaser was released on 11 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2021-february/162076/guche-gulabi-teaser-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out|title='Guche Gulabi' teaser from 'Most Eligible Bachelor' is out!|date=11 February 2021|website=www.ragalahari.com|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403135208/https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2021-february/162076/guche-gulabi-teaser-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out|url-status=live}}</ref> A glimpse of the second single, featuring Armaan Malik's voiceover, was released in all social media platforms on 12 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ur9Ohepkw|title=Guche Gulabi Lyrical Video On 13th Feb @ 11:10 AM | Akhil Akkineni | Pooja Hegde | Armaan Malik|date=12 February 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142749/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ur9Ohepkw|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 February 2021, the second song "Guche Gulabi" was released coinciding [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guche Gulabi from Akhil Akkineni's Most Eligible Bachelor released; Pooja Hegde calls it a mesmerising melody|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/guche-gulabi-akhil-akkineni-s-most-eligible-bachelor-released-pooja-hegde-calls-it-mesmerising-melody-613269|access-date=2021-02-26|website=PINKVILLA|date=13 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213125216/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/guche-gulabi-akhil-akkineni-s-most-eligible-bachelor-released-pooja-hegde-calls-it-mesmerising-melody-613269|url-status=live}}</ref> The song's success celebration was held at [[Hyderabad]] on 15 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9W6IyFxjYM|title=Guche Gulabi Song Success Celebrations | Akhil, Pooja Hegde | Gopi Sundar | Bunny Vas|date=15 February 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9W6IyFxjYM|url-status=live}}</ref>

The third single's title as "Ye Zindagi" was announced on 2 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/ye-zindagi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-drop-on-this-date-124439 | title=Ye Zindagi from Most Eligible Bachelor to drop on this date | date=2 April 2021 | access-date=3 April 2024 | archive-date=3 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403135855/https://www.telugubulletin.com/ye-zindagi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-drop-on-this-date-124439 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 April, makers announced that the song was sung by debutant singer Nafisa Haniya.<ref>https://twitter.com/GA2Official/status/1378298231927439361</ref> On 5 April 2021, third song "Ye Zindagi" was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ye-zindagi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-an-instant-hit.html|title=Ye Zindagi from Most Eligible Bachelor is an instant hit | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=5 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ye-zindagi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-an-instant-hit.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/pooja-hegdes-ye-zindagi-receives-unprecedented-love-on-social-media/articleshow/81950543.cms|title=Pooja Hegde's 'Ye Zindagi' receives unprecedented love on social media!|website=www.femina.in|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/pooja-hegdes-ye-zindagi-receives-unprecedented-love-on-social-media/articleshow/81950543.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fourth single was announced on 11 September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leharaayi-from-akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-to-release-on-september-15/d01ba9bf55660|title=Leharaayi from Akhil Akkineni's Most Eligible Bachelor to release on September 15|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402072515/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leharaayi-from-akhil-akkinenis-most-eligible-bachelor-to-release-on-september-15/d01ba9bf55660|url-status=live}}</ref> The song's promo was released on 13 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-akhil-akkineni-s-leharaayi-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-be-out-on-sep-15-1852404-2021-09-13|title=Pooja Hegde, Akhil Akkineni's Leharaayi song from Most Eligible Bachelor to be out on Sep 15|website=India Today|date=13 September 2021 |access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142749/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-akhil-akkineni-s-leharaayi-song-from-most-eligible-bachelor-to-be-out-on-sep-15-1852404-2021-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/most-eligible-bachelor-the-promo-of-leharaayi-song-is-out-706248|title=Most Eligible Bachelor: The Promo Of 'Leharaayi' Song Is Out|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=13 September 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142751/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/most-eligible-bachelor-the-promo-of-leharaayi-song-is-out-706248|url-status=live}}</ref> A promo featuring Gopi Sundar was unveiled on 14 September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duKsVSFbUEo|title=Gopi Sundar About #Leharaayi Song | Akhil Akkineni, Pooja Hegde | Bhaskar | #MostEligibleBachelor|date=14 September 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duKsVSFbUEo|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 September 2021, the fourth song "Leharaayi", written by Sri Mani and sung by [[Sid Sriram]] was released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/watch-new-single-leharaayi-from-akhil-akkineni-and-pooja-hegdes-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out/articleshow/86224781.cms|title=Watch: New single 'Leharaayi' from Akhil Akkineni and Pooja Hegde's 'Most Eligible Bachelor' is out|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 September 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402192932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/watch-new-single-leharaayi-from-akhil-akkineni-and-pooja-hegdes-most-eligible-bachelor-is-out/articleshow/86224781.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/most-eligible-bachelor-song-leharaayi-out-pooja-akhil-s-chemistry-is-unmissable-1853015-2021-09-15|title=Most Eligible Bachelor song Leharaayi out. Pooja, Akhil's chemistry is unmissable|website=India Today|date=15 September 2021 |access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/most-eligible-bachelor-song-leharaayi-out-pooja-akhil-s-chemistry-is-unmissable-1853015-2021-09-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leharaayi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-a-hummable-upbeat-melody/f8901cc807465|title=Leharaayi from Most Eligible Bachelor is a hummable, upbeat melody|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leharaayi-from-most-eligible-bachelor-is-a-hummable-upbeat-melody/f8901cc807465|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October 2021, four days before the film's release, the fifth single "Chitti Adugu" was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/chitti-aduga-from-meb-akhils-tale-of-realization-116438|title=Chitti Aduga From MEB: Akhil's Tale Of Realization|first=Venkat|last=Arikatla|date=11 October 2021|website=greatandhra.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142750/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/chitti-aduga-from-meb-akhils-tale-of-realization-116438|url-status=live}}</ref> The album was released on 12 October 2021, on eve of Hegde's birthday.

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Most Eligible Bachelor (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Manasa Manasa
| length1 = 4:13
| lyrics1 = Surendra Krishna
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = Guche Gulabi
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length2 = 4:42
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]], [[Sri Mani]]
| title3 = Ye Zindagi
| extra3 = Haniya Nafisa
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Leharaayi
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra4 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Chitti Adugu
| extra5 = Zia Ul Haq
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| length5 = 4:15
| total_length = 21:25
}}

'''Original Non-film Track List'''
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| length7 =
| extra1 = Nutana Mohan
| extra_column = Singer
| all_music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| title1 = Leharaayi
| length1 = 1:51
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
}}

== Reception ==
The film's music received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/most-eligible-bachelor-songs-review-telugu-movie-22956|title=Most Eligible Bachelor Music review songs lyrics|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142901/https://www.indiaglitz.com/most-eligible-bachelor-songs-review-telugu-movie-22956|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the soundtrack, ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote "The music is good too. A couple of songs that became a big hit were placed nicely. The background score helped the film elevate the emotion well too."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/most-eligible-bachelor-movie-review-rating-78511|title=Most Eligible Bachelor Movie Review & Rating|date=15 October 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020051702/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/most-eligible-bachelor-movie-review-rating-78511|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Gopi Sundar’s music is the main highlight. ‘Leharaayi’, and ‘Guche Gulabi’ stand out."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/most-eligible-bachelor-review-breezy-yet-patchy-review-telugu-vkse1Fdiihjcg.html|title=Most Eligible Bachelor review: Breezy, yet patchy!|website=[[Sify]] |date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018052126/https://www.sify.com/movies/most-eligible-bachelor-review-breezy-yet-patchy-review-telugu-vkse1Fdiihjcg.html |archive-date=18 October 2021 }}</ref> ''[[123 Telugu]]'' wrote "The songs are yet another added advantage to the film and have also been shot quite well."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/most-eligible-bachelor-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Most Eligible Bachelor Telugu Movie Review|date=16 October 2021|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142901/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/most-eligible-bachelor-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' wrote "Two melodies used in the first half (Leharayi & Guche Gulabi) are beautiful."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mosteligiblebachelor.html|title=Most Eligible Bachelor jeevi review - Telugu cinema review - Akhil Akkineni, Pooja Hegde|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043259/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mosteligiblebachelor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' commented "this is composer Gopi Sunder's best album in recent times."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/most-eligible-bachelor-movie-review-an-upbeat-enjoyable-romantic-comedy-that-sheds-new-light-on-modernday-relationships/f7e64003c9276|title=Most Eligible Bachelor movie review: An upbeat, enjoyable romantic comedy that sheds new light on modern-day relationships|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142901/https://www.ottplay.com/review/most-eligible-bachelor-movie-review-an-upbeat-enjoyable-romantic-comedy-that-sheds-new-light-on-modernday-relationships/f7e64003c9276|url-status=live}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Gopi Sundar has delivered good music for the film."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/most-eligible-bachelor-review-progressive-take-arranged-marriage-few-misses-156557|title=Most Eligible Bachelor review: A progressive take on arranged marriage with a few misses|first=Balakrishna|last=Ganeshan|date=16 October 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142901/https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/most-eligible-bachelor-review-progressive-take-arranged-marriage-few-misses-156557|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The fourth single "Ye Zindagi"'s title was later used as a song name in ''[[Rowdy Boys]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-launches-ye-zindagi-song-rowdy-boys-watch-video-7719091/|title=Prabhas launches Ye Zindagi song, wishes Rowdy Boys team the best: 'Don't get stressed'|date=12 January 2022|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402142922/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-launches-ye-zindagi-song-rowdy-boys-watch-video-7719091/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Album credits ==

=== Original soundtrack ===
Credits adapted from [[Aditya Music]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eohgSnx4zpo|title=#MostEligibleBachelor Full Songs JukeBox | Akhil, Pooja Hegde | Gopi Sundar | Bommarillu Bhaskar|date=12 October 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501225906/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eohgSnx4zpo&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Songwriter(s) ====
* [[Gopi Sundar]] (Composer, Arranger)

==== Performer(s) ====
* [[Music Composer|Composition]], [[Music Production|production]], [[musical arrangements]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] – [[Gopi Sundar]]
* [[Lyrics]] – Surendra Krishna, [[Ananta Sriram]], [[Sri Mani]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
* [[Singers]] – [[Sid Sriram]], [[Armaan Malik]], Haniya Nafisa, [[Gopi Sundar]], Zia Ul Haq.

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10 September 2022]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director– Telugu]]
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/siima-nominations-here-is-the-complete-list-of-nominations-for-2019-and-2020-704128 | title=SIIMA Nominations: Here is the Complete List of Nominations for 2019 and 2020 | date=30 August 2021 | access-date=2 April 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213244/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/siima-nominations-here-is-the-complete-list-of-nominations-for-2019-and-2020-704128 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Sri Mani]] ("Leharaayi")
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins | title=SIIMA 2022: Full list of nominees announced, voting begins | date=20 August 2022 | access-date=2 April 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202104248/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[67th Filmfare Awards South|9 October 2022]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011918/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Sid Sriram]] ("Manasa Manasa")
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards South 2022 Telugu Nominations | Filmfare|website=Filmfare |access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210054818/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11725680/soundtrack ''Most Eligible Bachelor'' (soundtrack)] at [[IMDb]]
{{Gopi Sundar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Gopi Sundar soundtracks]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

Uttama (Chola dynasty)

2026-01-17T11:11:49Z

MarlonBernhardt: minor added details and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Chola emperor from 973 to 985}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Uttama
| title = Parakesari Varman
| image = Chola coin with legend "Uttama".png
| alt = Coin from the period of Uttama.
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 973–985
| predecessor = [[Parantaka II]]
| successor = [[Rajaraja I]]
| spouse = Sorabbaiyar Tribhuvana Mahadevi, Kaduvettigal Nandippottairaiyar Siddhavadavan Suttiyar
| spouse-type = Empress
| issue = *Madhuranthaga Gandaradithan
| house =
| father = [[Gandaraditya]]
| mother = [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]]
| birth_name = Madurantaka
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[ Ariyalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 985
| death_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession2 = Co-Regent of the [[Chola Empire]]
| reign2 = 971–980
| cor-type2 = Emperor
| coronation2 = [[Parantaka II]]
| predecessor2 = [[Aditya II]]
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Uttama''', also known as '''Madhurantaka,''' was a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] Emperor who ruled from 971 to 985 in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. According to Tiruvalangadu plates of [[Rajendra Chola]], Madhurantaka Uttama's reign is placed after Aditya II. The latter may have been a co-regent of [[Sundara Chola|Parantaka II]] and seems to have died before he could formally ascend the throne.<ref name="raosahib" /> Uttama was the cousin of Parantaka II and was the son of [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]] and [[Gandaraditya]].<ref name=bhakti>{{cite book|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|page=97|isbn=978-0195128130}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientindiacoll00skri|title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1911|page=103}}</ref>

== Controversial ascension ==

The circumstances in which Uttama ascended the Chola throne is surrounded by controversy and mystery. At the time of Gandaraditya's death, Uttama must have been a very young child. Due to his young age, his rights to the Chola throne were probably set aside and Gandaraditya's younger brother [[Arinjaya]] was crowned king.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Chola Temples: Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram|url=https://archive.org/details/greatcholatemple00siva|author=C. Sivaramamurti|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatcholatemple00siva/page/11 11]|isbn=9788187780441}}</ref>

Arinjaya ruled for a very short time – possibly for less than a year and on his death, his son Parantaka II ([[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]]) succeeded him.<ref>{{cite book|title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu|isbn=9788185692203|author=K. M. Venkataramaiah|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|year= 1996 |page=359}}</ref> By this time, Uttama was old enough to claim the crown. Sundara Chola had two sons – [[Aditha Karikalan]] (who beheaded [[Vira Pandyan I]] in battle) and [[Rajaraja Chola I|Arulmozhi Varman]].

During the reign of Parantaka Chola II, his son Aditha Karikalan was appointed co-regent and heir apparent to the Chola throne, despite Uttama having a stronger claim. Aditha Karikalan was assassinated in 971 under mysterious circumstances.<ref name=udaiyargudi1>{{cite book|title=Annals of Oriental Research, Volume 25|publisher=University of Madras|year=1975|page=600}}</ref><ref name=udaiyargudi2>{{cite book|title=Early Indian land grants and state economy|author=Om Prakash|publisher=Excellence Publishers|year= 1988 |page=175}}</ref>

The [[Tamil Copper-plate inscriptions|Tiruvalangadu plates]] of [[Rajendra Chola I]] reveal that following Aditha Karikalan’s death, questions arose regarding succession. Although the people favoured Arulmozhi Varman, he chose to step aside in favour of his paternal uncle, Uttama.<ref name=raosahib>{{cite book|title=South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil Country|author=Rao Sahib H. Krishna Sastri|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey On India, Janpath, New Delhi|year=1987|pages=413–426|url=https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf}}</ref>

== Role in Aditya II’s Assassination ==

An inscription from the reign of Rajaraja I reveals that the properties of certain individuals were confiscated after they were convicted of treason. The inscription also indicates that these individuals were involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Aditya II. Dated to the second regnal year of [[Rajaraja Chola]], the Udaiyargudi inscription records that the government seized the lands of several people and their relatives, including Soman, Ravidasan (alias Panchavan Brahmadhirajan), Parameswaran (alias Irumudichola Brahmadhirajan), and Malaiyanur Revadasa Kramavittan, along with the property of Kramavittan’s son and mother. This action was taken in response to their role in the murder of ''Karikala chola who took the head of the Pandya''. Notably, Ravidasan and Parameswaran held government positions.<ref name=southindiahistory>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Volume 18|author=South Indian History Congress|year=1999|page=157}}</ref><ref name=udaiyargudi1/><ref name=udaiyargudi2/>

Despite Aditya II’s assassination in 971, no action appears to have been taken by Uttama Chola during his reign to bring the perpetrators to justice. In his authoritative work ''The Cholas'', historian K.A.N. Sastry submitted that circumstantial evidence—based on an inscription at the Udayarkudi temple—implicates Uttama in the conspiracy.

However, subsequent research has challenged Sastry’s interpretation, suggesting he may have misread the inscriptions. It seems reasonable to conclude that if any credible evidence had existed against Uttama, Rajaraja’s son, Rajendra Chola, would not have adopted the coronation title of Madhurantaka II.

All indications point to Uttama being a devout and upright ruler. An ardent devotee of Shiva, inscriptions from Konnerirajapuram (also known as Thirunallam) and Kanchipuram reflect his piety. Under the guidance of his mother, Uttama played a significant role in codifying temple patterns, epigraphy, art, sculpture, and administrative record-keeping.

== Chola army and campaigns ==
Not much is known about the military conquests of Uttama, but by his time most of Thondaimandalam had been recovered from the Rashtrakuta.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|author=Upinder Singh|publisher=Pearson Education India|year= 2008|isbn=9788131716779|page=559}}</ref> His dominions included [[Kanchi]] and [[Tiruvannamalai]] to the north.<ref>{{cite book|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule|author=Raju Kalidos|publisher=Vijay Publications|year=1976|page=128}}</ref> Many of his inscriptions are found in around [[Chengalpattu]] and North [[Arcot]] districts. The Chola army seems to have been in continued battles with the Pandyas and their ally the Sinhalas in Eelam or Sri Lanka. Several Chola coins of Uttama have been found in the Pandya country and in Eelam as proof of Uttama's activities there. We have a [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] of him, now at the Government Museum Chennai. It bears the symbol of a seated tiger with two fish beside it and bears the line ''This is the matchless edict of the King who taught justice to all the Kings in his realm''. But the genealogical section of the plates was lost. However, we do have the appendix portion at the end.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes|year=1993|page=134}}</ref>

There are indications he upgraded the army, not just in troop levels but also in quality and organization. It is known through inscriptions that, at least from Uttama's time, warriors were provided with waistcoats of armour.

An important general during his reign was [[Paluvettaraiyar]] Maravan Kandanar, who also served under Sundara Chola. His son Kumaran Maravan also served Uttama.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|author=K. K. Kusuman|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1990 |page=300|isbn=9788170992141}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Uttama was the son of [[Gandaraditya]] Chola and Sembiyan Mahadevi, who was the daughter of a [[Mazhavaraayas|Malavarayar]] chieftain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Orient Longman|year= 1971 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/early-chola-temple-parantaka-i-rajaraja-i-ad907-985|page=210}}</ref> Uttama had several queens, some of whose names are known. His chief queen was Orattanan (Urattayana) Sorabbaiyar Tribhuvana-Mahadeviyar. Other queens included Kaduvettigal Nandippottairaiyar, likely a Pallava princess, and Siddhavadavan Suttiyar, who was related to Vikramasola-Miladudaiyar, a prominent feudal king ruling over Miladu (part of present-day South Arcot District).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District|author=T. V. Mahalingam|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|year=1992|page=364}}</ref>

Uttama was named Gandan Madhurantakan, also known as Uttama, by his father after his paternal uncles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Orient Longman|year= 1971|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/early-chola-temple-parantaka-i-rajaraja-i-ad907-985|page=158}}</ref> Unlike some other Chola kings, Uttama took after his mother and was known for his piety. His devout nature and support allowed Sembiyan Mahadevi to continue her temple restoration work.<ref>{{cite book|title=Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift|author1=K. V. Raman|author2=K. R. Srinivasan|publisher=New Era Publications|year=1983|page=364}}</ref> Uttama is remembered for his compassion, even towards his enemies.

As with most ancient Indian kings, Uttama was religiously tolerant. Although a Saivite (worshipper of [[Shiva|Siva]]), he also donated to temples dedicated to [[Vishnu]], especially to the Ullagaladar temple. He also granted large degrees of autonomy to his districts. He brought in the best talent from other kingdoms. Kachipeedu (modern Kanchipuram) is also mentioned as one of his prominent cities. He is known to have contributed money, cattle, sheep to temples in modern Kumbakonam, Thirunallam (modern Konnerirajapuram), Thiruvallarai, Thirupatturai, Thirunedugalam, Thiruvisalur, Thirunaraiyur, Thiruvalangadu, Thirukkodika, etc.

Uttama's mother pioneered the process of kalpani—converting brick, mortar, and wooden structures into granite, and there is inscriptional evidence to show that he actively funded his mother in this work. She made a conscious effort to copy the older inscriptions before she re-built the temple, for example in a temple in Aavatuturai which was sung by the ''Moovar'', that is the Saivite saints, [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandhar]] there is an older inscription from the time before the temple was rebuilt. At other places like the Choleeswara temple at Kurralam which was sung by [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]], there is an inscription that says it was built by Sembiyan Mahadevi<ref name=bhakti/> She survived this king and lived on for another 16 years into the reign of Rajaraja I.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References|author=V. Rangacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|year=1985|page=1357}}</ref>

Two sculptures of Uttama (Madhuranthaka Devar) and his mother can be found in the Southern wall of the inner ''Prakara'' of the Konnerirajapuram (aka Thirunallam) temple near Kumbakonam. The inscription under the sculpture identifying Sembiyan Mahadevi identifies her, and the Archaeological Survey of India interprets the bearded man behind her as Gandaraditya Chola.

== Death and succession ==
Uttama died in 985. Although he had at least one son (Madhurantaka Gandaraditya), the line of succession passed back to [[Parantaka Chola II|Parantaka II's]] family. [[Rajaraja Chola I]] succeeded as the Chola Emperor. Madhurantaka served as an official in Rajaraja's court.

== Inscriptions ==

The following is an inscription of Uttama from the Umamaheswaraswami temple in [[Konerirajapuram]],

{{Cquote|quote=<div style="text-align: center;">''A record of the Chola king Madhurantakadeva alias Uttama Chola.''
''Records that the temple of Tirunallamudaiyar was built of stone by Madevadigalar alias Sembiyan Madeviyar queen of Gandaradittadeva and mother of the king<ref>{{cite book|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References|author=V. Rangacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|year=1985|page=1387}}</ref>''
</div>}}

Yet another inscription of him from the Masilamanisvara temple in Tirumullaivayil,

{{Cquote|quote=<div style="text-align: center;">''Dated in the reign of the Chola king Parakesarivarman alias Uttama Chola deva;''
''records in his fourteenth year, gift of land by Sembiyan Madeviyar, queen of Gandaraditta Perumal and daughter of Malavarayar. The lands were purchased from the villagers in Ambattur in Ambattur-nadu, a district of Pular kottam <ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/topographical-list-inscriptions-madras-presidency-vol-i|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume I, with Notes and References|author=V. Rangacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|year=1985|page=423}}</ref>''
</div>}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Sundara Chola]]|after=[[Rajaraja Chola I]] |years=970–985 CE}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:980s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindus]]

Surguja district

2026-01-17T10:43:12Z

MarlonBernhardt: general updated intro per sources and improved wording after review

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Surguja district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = 0010622 Ramgarh hills Puta Sitabhenga and Jogimara Caves Chattisgarh 012.jpg
|photo2a = MAINPAT,AMBIKAPUR CG.jpg
|photo2b = 0010622 Bhadwaha Satmahala Chattisgarh 108.jpg}}
| image_caption = [[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves]], [[Mainpat]] Hill Station, Satmahala ancient Mandir
| image_map = Surguja in Chhattisgarh (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Ambikapur, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 5,732
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 840352
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 61.16
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 991
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = CG-15
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 497xxx (Surguja)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Surguja/ Surguja]</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://surguja.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Sundaribai (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489842438).jpg|thumb|270px|Adivasi decorative clay figures of Surguja district at the [[Quai Branly Museum]], Paris]]
'''Surguja district''' is a district of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The district is one of the oldest districts of Chhattisgarh. The headquarters of the district is [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur.]]

The district lies in its eponymous Surguja dialectal region (where [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]] is spoken) and is to the east of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyachal]]-[[Baghelkhand]] region of peninsular India.

The district spread over a vast [[mountainous]] area inhabited by many different people groups such as the [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Oraon people|Oraon]], [[Panika]], [[Korwa people|Korwa]], [[Bhuiya]], [[Kharwar]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Chero]], [[Rajwar people|Rajwar]], [[Nagesia]], [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kanwar]] and [[Santal]].

==History==
{{see also|Surguja State}}
According to legend, [[Rama|Lord Rama]] had visited Surguja during his 14 years of exile into the forests. There are many places in connection to epic of [[Ramayana]], which are named after Lord Rama, Laxmana and Goddess Sita such as Ramgarh, Sita-Bhengra and Laxmangarh.<ref name =surguja/>

Prior to the arrival of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], the area was ruled by the [[Nanda Dynasty|Nandas]]. In the third century BC the region was divided into tiny kingdoms. In 1613, a Rajput king belonging to the Rakshal clan attacked from Palamu in what is now Jharkhand, and took control of the area. In 1753, the Marathas invaded Surguja and forced the king to become a vassal. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the British gained control of the three princely states of Surguja, Koriya and Changbhakar. In 1820, Amar Singh was crowned as Maharaja. During the [[British Raj]] period, [[Surguja State]] was a [[princely state]].<ref name =surguja/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/s/surguja.html| title =Surguja (Princely State)| access-date =2010-08-03| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100928121417/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/s/surguja.html| archive-date =2010-09-28}}</ref>

In 1951, Surguja became part of the new state of Madhya Pradesh. In 2000, it was one of the districts in the new state of Chhattisgarh.

==Geography==
It lies between 23°37'25" to 24°6'17" north latitude and 81°34'40" to 84°4'40" east longitude. {{convert|244.62|km}} long east to west and {{convert|67.37|km}} broad north to south, this land has as area of about {{convert|5732|km2}}.<ref name =surguja>{{cite web| url = http://surguja.nic.in | title = Surguja| publisher =Surguja district administration |access-date = 2010-08-03 }}</ref>

The high-lands of Surguja district have peculiar 'pat formations' – highlands with small tablelands. The Mainpat, the Jarang pat, the Jonka pat, the Jamira pat and the Lahsunpat are the major parts of the district. The average height of area is above {{convert|600|m}}. Some of the peaks are Mailan {{convert|1226|m}}, Jam {{convert|1166|m}}, Parta Gharsa {{convert|1159|m}}, Kanda Dara {{convert|1149|m}}, Chutai {{convert|1131|m}}, and Karo {{convert|1105|m}}. There are a number of other peaks. North–west Surguja is hilly in nature, and moving westwards, three distinct steps may be marked out: the first from Shrinagar on the east to the low-lands of [[Balangir district|Patna]] and [[Kharsawan]], the second from thence to the uplands around Sonhat and the third beyond Sonhat to above a height of {{convert|1033|m}}. Central Surguja is a low basin through which the Rihand and its tributaries flow.<ref name =surguja/>

The soil of the Surguja District can be broadly classified into four major types: red and yellow soils, [[Alluvium|alluvial soils]], [[laterite]] soils, and medium blue soils.

Red and yellow soils are derived from the parent rocks of the [[Gondwana]] System including [[sedimentary rock]]s. They are formed in-situ from the [[erosion]] of such rocks caused by rain. This soil is found particularly in east [[Sitapur]], south Ambikapur, central Surajpur and Pratappur blocks. The red color is due to wide diffusion of iron while [[Hydrate|hydration]] of [[Iron(III) oxide|ferric oxide]] results in a yellow color in the soil. This soil is of lighter texture and has a [[Porosity|porous]] and [[Friability|friable]] structure. [[Solubility|Soluble]] salt is found in small quantities. [[Lime (material)|Lime]], [[kankar]] and free kankar are totally absent. These soils are poor in [[potash]], [[nitrogen]], [[humus]] and [[carbonate]] and differ greatly in consistency, color, depth and fertility. On the uplands they are thin and gravelly, sandy, porous and light coloured alluvium, generally transported from elsewhere, are found along river banks in alternate layers of sand and silt in East Ramanujganj, North Ambikapur, and Surajpur, along the river banks of the [[Rihand]], [[Kanhar River|Kanhar]], and the [[Hasdeo River|Hasdeo]] rivers and their major tributaries. The colour of the soil is not uniform but varies from yellow to grey. [[Laterite]] soils are well developed on the summits of the plateau regions of Samri and Sitapur tehsil including Shankargargh, [[Kusmi]], Sitapur, Batoli and Mainpat blocks of Mainpat, Jamirapat, Lahsunpat and Jonkpat.

There are three river basins in Suguja district – those of the [[Hasdeo River]], the [[Rihand River]] and the [[Kanhar River]].<ref name =surguja/>

In winters temperature dips to below {{convert|5|C}} and in summers it rises above {{convert|46|C}}.

== Administration ==
Surguja district is divided into 7 tehsils:

* [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]]
* Lakhanpur
* Udaipur
* Dhourpur (Sub tehsil Lundra and Raghunathpur)
* [[Batauli]]
* [[Sitapur, Chhattisgarh|Sitapur]]
* [[Mainpat]]

== Transport ==
The District Headquarters of Sarguja is Ambikapur City. It is also the administrative headquarter of Sarguja Division. Ambikapur is connected with Rail, Road and Air transport.

=== Rail ===
[[Ambikapur railway station|Ambikapur Railway Station]] is connected to the [[Anuppur]] railway junction, a bordering town in [[Madhya Pradesh]], by a broad gauge railway. Trains reach [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]] from [[Delhi]], [[Katni]], [[Satna]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Durg]], [[Bhopal]] and the state capital [[Raipur]]. More destinations, can be reached from [[Anuppur]] railway junction.

=== Road ===
Ambikapur is well connected by road to other major cities of Chhattisgarh such as Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Bhilai, Korba and Raigarh. Daily bus services also runs for Varanasi, prayagraj, Renukoot in U.P (170 km), Raipur (345 km) and Garhwa in Jharkhand, Aurangabad in Bihar. Bus services from Anuppur to Ambikapur operate via Manendragarh and Surajpur.

=== Air ===
Ambikapur Airport, now [[Maa Mahamaya Airport]], is located at Darima, 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Ambikapur. The airport up-gradation work was finished in May 2023 at a cost of Rs. 48 crore from category 2C to 3C, to enable operations of 70-72 seater aircraft under UDAN Scheme. Making this the fourth public serving airport in Chhattisgarh after Raipur, Jagdalpur and Bilaspur. The airport is not functional at the moment.

== Agriculture ==
About 90% of the working population depends on agriculture, in which 50.36% of working population are of cultivated and about 12.77% of the region are agriculture labourers.

Agriculture is directly connected with land and water resources. In Surguja the percentage concentration of cultivated land is maximum in central zone of the district stretching east to west direction. North and south of this one the percentage of concentration decreases, because of several factors, out of them here are two major factors.

The uplands and high lands are mostly covered with rocky wastelands, infertile soil, woods and scrubs, sloppy and forested area.

Unavailability of water for irrigation over most of area, improper drainage difficulty in digging wells due to rocky basement, undeveloped means of communication, transportation have restricted the extension of cultivated land.

On the other hand, the central surguja is relatively level and has fertile soils, some water is available for irrigation in various ways, and a means of communication is developed.

Double cropped area is generally associated with water supply, natural or artificial and the pressure of population. Wherever the physical condition permits and the pressure more over the land, two crops are raised in a year from the same field. As result, a particular pattern of use of land resources emerges, which helps in the delineation of planning regions on the basis of present available resources and the limit of their utilisation. Of course there is no uniformity in the distribution of double cropped area, but the study of its distribution will be of use in the need as well as the resources. Thus most of the concentration is to be found in two patches:
* Ramanujnagar block
* Ambikapur & Central North-East of Lundra, Rajpur, Shankargarh, Wadragnagar and Pratappur blocks

Almost the whole of the central plain has medium to relatively high value, with few exception due to local condition. In this part during summer most of the area remains uncultivated. Only in Ambiakpur block here is some concentration of double cropped area due to irrigation facilities. The per capita land is declining due to the increasing in rural population which can be fed by increasing the per acre output through bringing more and more cultivated land under double cropped system, by extending irrigation facilities, using better fertilizers and better culture.

The assessment of physical condition for different crops helps in arranging them so as to derive the optimum return of it, which may be done through the study of their distribution along with the average production. The production of land provided to different crops depends upon physically suitability of soil and availability of water etc. Not only this the local needs is also important in this connection. Roughly 41.67% out of the total geographical area is under cultivation.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Surguja district has a population of 2,359,886,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Surguja|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/22/2202_PART_A_DCHB_SURGUJA.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Latvia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Latvia 2,204,708 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =New Mexico - 2,059,179 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 192nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|150|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.74%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Surguja has a [[sex ratio]] of 976 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 61.16%.<ref name="districtcensus" />

The divided Surguja district has a population of 840,352, of which 136,702 (16.27%) live in urban areas. The divided district has a sex ratio of 980 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.77% and 57.40% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Surguja district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Chhattisgarh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|7.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.06}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.60}}
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Surguja district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]] |value1 = 65.07 |color1 = moccasin
|label2 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value2 = 13.20 |color2 = mediumseagreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 11.83 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 2.71 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value5 = 2.39 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value6 = 0.91 |color6 = peachpuff
|label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value7 = 0.90 |color7 = saddlebrown
|label8 = Others |value8 = 2.99 |color8 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 65.07% of the population in the district spoke [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]], 13.2% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 11.83% [[Hindi]], 2.71% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 2.39% [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 0.91% [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and 0.90% [[Odia language|Odia]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
* Surguja University, Ambikapur
* Govt. Medical college, Ambikapur
* Govt. Nursing college, Ambikapur
* Govt. Engineering college, Ambikapur
* Govt. Polytechnic College, Ring road Ambikapur
* Govt. ITI college, M.G. road Ambikapur
* Rajiv Gandhi P.G. college, M.G.road Ambikapur( Govt.)
* Rajmohini devi girls P.G. college, Gaurav path Ambikapur (Govt.)
* Rajmohini devi agricultural science and research institute, Ajirma Ambikapur (Govt.)
* Govt.Multipurpose higher secondary school, Gudri chowk Ambikapur
* Central Govt.Sainik school, Mendrakala Ambikapur,

== Minerals ==
Mineral belts of Surguja:
*Upper catchments of river or Sitapur-Samri belt: This belt is associated with eastern and south eastern part of the district. It abounds in bauxite and some amount of coal.
* Central-north Surguja (Wadrafnagar-Pa-–Pratappur-Surajpur-Ambikapur) belt: The reserve of coal, pyritic minerals, sulphur, mica berylluiim, byerites, copper, and galena are reported. Bishrampur, Bhatgaon, Tatapani, Ramkola, Lakhanpur and Basen are the main coal fields. Some fire-clay, mica, coal, galena, and silmenite are also reported in [[Wadrafnagar]] near the Uttar Pradesh border.

In Surguja bauxite deposits have been found in tertiary rocks. Due to decay and weathering of aluminium rich rocks, felspar usually kaolinised under tropical monsoon conditions, the weathering goes a step further and results in a residue rich in hydroxides of aluminium together with oxides of iron, manganese and titanium with sufficient contraction of aluminium hydroxides, economic deposits of bauxite originates. This process of 'bauxitisation' as it is called thrives well on a topographically elevated well drained plateaus of low relief. The recoverable reserves of bauxite in Surguja is 57.54 million tonnes, which is around 57% of total state reserve.

Out of 57.74 million tonnes, 42.21 million tonnes are under proved category, 13.56 million tonnes under probable category and remaining 1.76 million tonnes under are possible category. About 51 million tonnes of the total reserves are of metallurgical grade and the grade particular of 6 million tonnes are not known.

The economical deposits are located at entire pat (local name given to plateau or pleatux) region of eastern and south eastern Surguja including Mainpat, Samari and Jamirapat.

* Mainpat: bauxite is of good and thickness varies from 4–5 meters.
* Jamirapat and Samripat

Bauxite deposits of these areas are metallurgical grade I. These two major reserves are centred in Samri tehsil and adjacent plateaus – Jamripat, Jaranpat, Lahsunpat, Jonkapat and other small hill rocks.

Most of the coal in the Gondwana is found in Barakar series. Coal as a solid stratified rock composed mainly of hydrocarbon and capable of being used as a fuel to supply heat or light or both. The coal fields of Surguja belongs to Gondwana coal fields. The coal of this area is of good quality stream and gas coals. The coal fields of Surguja can be classified as:

*Middle Gondwana Coal Fields: Tatapani-Ramkola, Jhilmili and Sonhat
*Talchir Coal Fields: Bisrampur, Bansar, Lakhanpur, Panchbhaini and Damha-munda
*Mahanadi Valley: Hasdo-Rampur

== Politics ==
Surguja district is part of [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja (ST) Lok Sabha constituency]]. The assembly segments in Surguja district are: Lundra, Ambikapur and Sitapur. Lundra and Sitapur are reserved for Scheduled Tribes.

The current MLAs from Lundra, Ambikapur and Sitapur are Dr. [[Pritam Ram]], [[T. S. Singh Deo]] and Amarjeet Bhagat respectively, all from the Indian National Congress. The MP for Surguja is [[chintamani maharaj]] from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

==Geographical indication==
[[Jeeraphool rice]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 14 March 2019 and is valid until 14 February 2028.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Jeeraphool rice |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/611 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

Jaivik Krishi Utpadak Sahkari Samiti Maryadit from Batauli, proposed the GI registration of Jeeraphool rice. After filing the application in February 2018, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2019 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Jeeraphool" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Chhattisgarh before [[Dubraj rice|Nagri Dubraj rice]] and the 6th type of goods from Chhattisgarh to earn the GI tag respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's Nagri Dubraj rice variety gets geographical indication tag |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-s-nagri-dubraj-rice-variety-gets-geographical-indication-tag-123033101208_1.html |access-date=14 December 2024 |agency=Business-Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GI-tagged rice to get HS codes, will boost exports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gi-tagged-rice-to-get-hs-codes-will-boost-exports/articleshow/107678963.cms |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2024}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
*[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Surajpur district]]
*[[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]

==References==
* Surguja ka ek Adhyaan, by Samar Bahadur Singhdeo, 1957 Varanasi.
* Dr. Sanjay Alung-Chhattisgarh ki Riyaste/Princely states aur Jamindariyaa (Vaibhav Prakashan, Raipur1, {{ISBN|81-89244-96-5}})
* Dr. Sanjay Alung-Chhattisgarh ki Janjaatiyaa/Tribes aur Jatiyaa/Castes (Mansi publication, Delhi6, {{ISBN|978-81-89559-32-8}})
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category | Surguja district}}
* [https://surguja.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Surguja district
|North = [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur district]]
|East = [[Jashpur district]]
|South = [[Raigarh district]]
|Southwest = [[Korba district]]
|West = [[Surajpur district]]
}}

{{Surguja district}}
{{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}

{{coord|23|07|N|83|12|E|source:itwiki_type:adm3rd|display=title}}

[[Category:Surguja district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]

Srivijayapuram tehsil

2025-12-05T01:03:01Z

MarlonBernhardt: started new pg initial version

{{Short description|Region of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9|frame-lat=11.3993|frame-long=92.7916|id=Q7230507}}
'''Sri Vijaya Puram tehsil''', previously known as '''Port Blair'''<ref name="x412">{{cite web | title=Port Blair gets renamed as ‘Sri Vijaya Puram’ to shed colonial legacy | website=Times of India Travel | date=13 September 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/port-blair-gets-renamed-as-sri-vijaya-puram-to-shed-colonial-legacy/articleshow/113328016.cms | access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref> is one of 5 local administrative divisions of the [[Districts of India|Indian district]] of [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name=dist>{{cite web |url=https://southandaman.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=South Andaman District-Tehsils |access-date= 10 October 2021}}</ref>

It is a division known locally as a ''[[tehsil]]'', roughly equivalent to a [[county]] in its range of administrative powers. Located in the [[Indian Ocean]] [[Andaman Islands]], the tehsil of Sri Vijaya Puram is the largest tehsil in terms of both area and number of inhabitants, accounting for half of the district's overall population. Its headquarters is the township also called [[Port Blair]], the district's major [[urbanization|urban]] centre and capital of the Union Territory.

Port Blair tehsil's population according to 2011 [[Census of India]] figures was {{formatnum:165754}}.<ref name=dist/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|11.623|92.728|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Port Blair Tehsil}}

[[Category:Tehsils of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Varnu

2025-11-25T07:46:37Z

MarlonBernhardt: started some data initial version

{{for|city in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan|Bannu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}

'''Varnu''' is a village in [[Rapar]] Taluka in [[Kutch district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. The village is on the west bank of [[Little Rann of Kutch]].

==Demographics==
The village has population of about 600 people. Main communities residing here are [[Charan|Gadhvis]], Rajgor, [[Rabari]], and [[Koli people|Koli]].<ref name="India Today 1994">{{cite web | title=For over two centuries, village in Gujarat grieves over death of a Rajput chieftain : OFFTRACK | website=India Today | date=30 September 1994 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19940930-for-over-two-centuries-village-in-gujarat-grieves-over-death-of-a-rajput-chieftain-809721-1994-09-29 | access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
[[File:Varnu temple in Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|A shrine near Varnu temple in Rann of Kutch]]

===Varaneshwardada temple===
Venudada or Varaneshwardada temple is small temple with shrine and three porches with some carvings in the large courtyard situated near the village. The temple is associated with legends and is venerated by people of nearby villages. The original temple, said to have been built by [[Mularaja]] of [[Anhilwad Patan]] (942 -997), was repaired in 1862. Inside of the shrine are three red smeared stones, representing Venu and his brother and sister.<ref name="gbp">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|page=253}}</ref>

;Legend
Venu is a folk hero of Kutch who belonged to [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] Rajput clan.<ref name="gbp"/> He was the younger brother of the Thakur of Muli, a former princely state in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. He fought with plunderers from nearby [[Sindh]], either the Moghuls or some local Jats, while saving the cows of the [[Charan|Charanas]]. He died in Varnu while fighting with plunderers. The family priest, Rajgor, came here to perform his last rites and later settled in the village. The village was named Venu after him which later corrupted into Varnu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=Randhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Kutch, Triumph of the Spirit |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0306-2 |language=en |quote=One story says that he was a Parmar Rajput of royal lineage who got into a spat with either the Moghuls or some local Jats whilst trying to save cows belonging to Charans of that area .}}</ref><ref name="India Today 1994"/><ref name="The Megalithic Portal 2007">{{cite web | title=Warnu Dada Temple | website=The Megalithic Portal | date=28 October 2007 | url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=26764 | accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>

The village still mourns the death of Venu for over 250 years and does not celebrate any festivals or marriages in his honour. It is believed that sleeping in the temple of Venu results in death.<ref name="India Today 1994"/>

===James MacMurdo's tomb===
Captain [[James MacMurdo]], the first political agent of [[British East India Company]] to [[Cutch State]] died on 28 April 1820 and was buried near the temple. The people of village believe that he slept in the Venudada temple which resulted in his death though his tomb is marked that he died of [[Cholera]].<ref name="gbp"/><ref name="India Today 1994"/><ref name="The Megalithic Portal 2007"/><ref name="Megalithic Portal Gallery 2007">{{cite web | title=Warnu Dada Temple | website=Megalithic Portal Gallery | date=28 October 2007 | url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=a312&file=index&do=showpic&pid=61843 | accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* This article incorporates [[Public Domain]] text from {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|pages=253}}

{{Coord|23.474013|N|71.037962|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]

Queer Azaadi Mumbai

2025-11-05T11:10:20Z

MarlonBernhardt: Added Some Pg W/ Infobox

{{short description|Annual LGBT event in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2012}}

'''Queer Azaadi Mumbai Pride March''' ("Azaadi" meaning "freedom" in Hindi and Urdu), also called Queer Azaadi March and Mumbai pride march, is an annual [[LGBT|LGBTQIA]] [[pride parade]] that is held in the city of [[Mumbai]], capital of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra, India]]. It usually begins from [[Gowalia Tank]] (popularly known as August Kranti Maidan) ending at [[Girgaum Chowpatty]]. It, along with the Pride Week, is organized by Queer Azaadi Mumbai (abbreviated as QAM), a collective of organizations and individuals working for the rights of LGBTQIA community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mumbaipride.in/?page_id=526|title=Organizations {{!}} Mumbai Pride {{!}} Queer Azaadi Mumbai|website=mumbaipride.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427171457/http://mumbaipride.in/?page_id=526|url-status=dead}}</ref> The participants of the march include people from the LGBTQIH community as well their "straight allies", from [[India]] and outside. In addition to being a celebration of queer pride, the pride march and related events are a platform to ask for equal rights.

== Objectives ==
The following are the demands and objectives of the Queer Azadi March:

* Equal rights for the LGBT community and an end to discrimination against members of the community.
* Constitutional protection against discrimination on the basis of gender and sexuality.
* Legal recognition for all members of the LGBTIQ community, and equal rights for those who do not fit the male-female classification.
* Sensitisation of society towards the rights and aspirations of the community, to put an end to practices like forced marriages. Specific sensitisation for the medical community regarding the treatment of community members.
* Elimination of violence, hate, homophobia and transphobia within families, educational institutions, workplaces and public places.

== History ==
Pride marches have been held annually in Mumbai since 2005, however, it got its official name Queer Azaadi March in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-the-masks-come-off-at-gay-pride-rally-1500728|title=The masks come off at gay pride rally {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-01-30|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2008 ===
The first Queer Azaadi March was held on 16 August, a day after the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] of India, with about 500 people participating in it. It was flagged off by Indian actress [[Celina Jaitly]].<ref name="Pride, no prejudice">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2008/aug/170808-gay-march.htm|title=Pride, no prejudice|website=archive.mid-day.com|access-date=2017-06-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The theme of this march was freedom from [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC).<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rainbow-streaks-through-mumbai-2057196|title=Rainbow streaks through Mumbai {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-02-01|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> During the march, [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]], known as "India's first gay prince" gave a speech and demanded an apology from the British for including Section 377 in IPC.<ref name="Pride, no prejudice" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai_Gays_march_against_Sec_377/rssarticleshow/3372438.cms|title=LGBT activists protest against Section 377 - Mumbai - City - The Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref>

=== 2009 ===
The Pride parade was held on 16 August, with [[Celina Jaitly]] flagging off the march for the second year in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rallying-to-change-mindsets-dispel-phobia/articleshow/4900047.cms|title=Rallying to change mindsets, dispel phobia - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref> With over 500 people turning up, gay activists claimed it to be one of the biggest pride marches in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/170809-Yoga-guru-Baba-Ramdev-homophobic-Queer-Azaadi-Delhi-High-Court.htm|title=Baba Ramdev walks among Homosexuals|website=archive.mid-day.com|access-date=2017-06-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
The fourth Queer Azaadi March was held on 29 January with the Queer Azaadi Mumbai Pride Week (from 22–29 January) preceding it. It was inaugurated by [[Anand Grover]], founder of Lawyers’ Collective, who has also represented [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|Naz Foundation]] since 2001. Another person to inaugurate was [[Vivek Patil]], chief-executive of [[Humsafar Trust]], the oldest LGBTQ organization in India. The Pride Week, held for the first time in the Mumbai march, included festivities, like QAM Mela and drag shows, play readings, shopping, panel discussions and films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-when-we-started-the-gay-pride-march-there-was-fear-oppression-1498789|title='When we started the gay pride march, there was fear, oppression' {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-01-25|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> There were also live music and dance concerts at the Carter Road open auditorium and the SNDT University at Juhu. This pride became famous for it Pride Week and because people came in large numbers, with only a few wearing masks and being open about their identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-pride-march-to-be-spread-over-a-week-1496387|title=Mumbai's pride march to be spread over a week {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-01-19|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
The fifth pride march was also held on 28 January. This year witnessed [[Asia]]’s first flash mob at the Pride Week celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/mumbai-witnesses-asia-first-gay-flash-mob/#gs.qW_a8n4|title=Mumbai witnesses Asia's first gay flash mob - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=24 January 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref> More than 2000 queer individuals took part in the event that was a display of gay pride.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/gay-pride-city-lgbts-march-for-rights/story-u25qT2NBI1QrLaRkhkil7J.html|title=Gay pride: city LGBTs march for rights|date=2012-01-29|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en}}</ref> As a part of the march, Queer Azadi Mumbai also organised queer games which was held on 15 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://queerazaadi.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/639/|title=Queer Games 2012|last=gaymanpartner|date=2012-01-09|website=Queer Azaadi Mumbai|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

In the run up to the Mumbai Queer Azaadi March 2012, the organizers held a live performance by the Hijra community and band "Agnee", at Carter Road Amphitheatre, on 5 Jan and a photo, Cartoon, Caricature Contest against prejudice. Pictures were displayed at [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Chembur on 21 and 22 January.

=== 2013 ===
The pride march was held on 2 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/mumbai-pride-week-kick-starts-with-kite-flying-and-queer-games/#gs.JWdHkAU|title=Mumbai Pride Week Kick Starts With Kite Flying and Queer Games - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=14 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref> The events leading up to the pride march included a kite festival, Queer Games, literary events and concerts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/mumbai-pride-week-kick-starts-with-kite-flying-and-queer-games/#gs.UigAwxM|title=Mumbai Pride Week Kick Starts With Kite Flying and Queer Games - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=14 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
This year the pride parade was held on 1 February and became the first parade to happen after the Supreme Court [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|judgement]] of upholding Section 377 of IPC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/current-affairs/glimpses-from-mumbai-pride-2014/#gs.5FP=aUU|title=Glimpses From Mumbai Pride 2014 - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=February 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
This parade was held on 31 January with more than 6000 people participating in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/mumbai-walks-with-pride-with-over-6000-supporters/#gs.FixRTTM|title=Mumbai walks with pride with over 6000 supporters - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=February 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref> There were also many parents there in support of their children and the LGBTQIH community. Vikram Doctor, a gay rights activist, claimed that while earlier there was an occasional presence of mothers, sisters or aunts of the a gay person, this time there were fathers and brothers too. The theme of this march was fakr (meaning pride). People could be seen dressed colorfully, with head gears, carrying balloons and flags of rainbow colors. There were also slogans, chanting and banners and posters opposing the Section 377 of IPC.<ref name="dnaindia.com" />

=== 2016 ===
The pride march was held on 6 February. It started from August Kranti Maidan continuing to Opera House, and then Kennedy Bridge, before looping back to the maidan. There were speeches from equal rights activists like [[Harish Iyer]] and Chitra Palekaras well as [[Manoj Bajpayee]], the lead actor of [[Bollywood]] movie ‘[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]’. The crew of the movie and Mahendra Singh Gohil were part of the more than 7000 participants. The screenwriter of ‘Aligarh’, [[Apurva Asrani]], even came out as gay for the first time during the walk. In the parade, people came dressed as drag queens, in [[Thawb|jalabiyyahs]], political figures from history and many other costumes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/A-cause-that-unites-everyone-7000-take-part-in-annual-gay-Pride-March/articleshow/50884149.cms|title=A cause that unites everyone: 7,000 take part in annual gay Pride March | newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 February 2016|first=Mithila|last=Phadke|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-over-7000-people-march-as-mumbai-s-annual-lgbt-pride-parade-generates-excitement-curiosity-2174925|title=Over 7,000 people march as Mumbai's annual LGBT pride parade generates huge response {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-02-07|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
The ninth edition of the pride parade, held on 28 January, was the largest march of India yet with around 14000 people showing up.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-largest-lgbt-pride-march-held-in-mumbai-4499015/|title=India's largest LGBT Pride March held in Mumbai|date=2017-01-30|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The Pride Week was also extended to a month long celebration, with new initiatives of community building and focusing on minorities within the LGBTQIH community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Walk-with-pride/article17105208.ece|title=Walk with pride|last=Cornelious|first=Deborah|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-18|language=en}}</ref> It was also Mumbai's first accessible pride walk. There were provisions like ramp to access the stage, sign language interpreters, and pick and drop services for people needing wheelchairs, as well as other volunteers to assist people with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/glimpses-mumbais-first-ever-accessible-queer-pride/|title=Glimpses of Mumbai's first ever Accessible Queer Pride - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=2 February 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref>

'''<big>2018</big>'''

The tenth edition of the Mumbai Pride Parade was held on 3 February 2018, with the theme #377QuitIndia. The theme, chosen by organisers Queer Azadi Mumbai, was a reference to [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the Indian Penal Code.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/mumbai-pride-2018-your-comprehensive-guide-to-the-queer-azadi-month-and-parade-4291243.html|title=Mumbai Pride 2018: Your comprehensive guide to the Queer Azadi Month and Parade - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=7 January 2018 |access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> This section criminalises "carnal intercourse against the order of nature", often used as an instrument to prosecute homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-to-review-section-377-homosexuality-gay-lesbians-all-your-questions-answered-5016319/|title=Supreme Court to review Section 377: Here's what you need to know|date=2018-01-08|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The March began from August Kranti Maidan (where the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India]] Movement was launched from) and ended at Girgaum Chowpatty beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/mumbai-pride-march-of-rainbow-cheeks-and-colourful-hearts-lgbt-community-walks-the-talk-1161475-2018-02-04|title=Mumbai Pride March: Of rainbow cheeks and colourful hearts, LGBT community walks the talk|last=Singh|first=Deepali|date=4 February 2018|website=India today}}</ref> The Mumbai Pride organisers provided for sign language interpreters and mobi-cabs to enhance access to the disabled. This tenth edition of the Pride coincided with the 75th anniversary of the [[Quit India Movement]] and the organisers linked the event to the [[Quit India Movement]] to amplify the call for freedom from oppressive legislation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/queer-azaadi-mumbai-pride-month-begins-on-january-5-2018-to-host-events-around-theme-section-377-quit-india/pride-calendar-2018/articleshow/62368336.cms|title=Queer Azaadi Mumbai Pride month begins on January 5, 2018, to host events around theme 'Section 377 Quit India'|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> This was commemorated with the release of 'stamps' by organisers as each event logo. Indian corporate Godrej will be supporting the effort and organising some events. In addition to parties, a number of events were organised as part of a Pride month leading up to the Pride Parade:

* Sporting events for LBT (Lesbian-Bisexual-Transgender) women;
* 'Queer and Political', an event to analyse the political stance of the individuals within the [[LGBT]] community;
* Networking, talks and discussions, such as Karim Ladak speaking about his experience with LGBTIQ movements across the world;
* Theatre, such as 'Ek Madhav Baug', a play by [[Chetan Datar]] on the process of coming out;
* The 'Mr. Gay World India Finale' <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-month-long-pride-week-from-jan-5-2571314|title=Month-long Pride Week from Jan 5|date=2017-12-29|work=dna|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

With around 10,000 individuals, the event continued to show strong growth in the number of participants. Moreover, participants are increasingly comfortable revealing their identities, and fewer resorting to the use of masks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/802247/mumbais-queer-azaadi-pride-march-was-a-battle-cry-for-freedom|title=Mumbai's Queer Azaadi Pride March Was A Battle Cry For Freedom|last=Homegrown|website=homegrown.co.in|language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
The police denied permission for the 2020 pride parade over concerns that it may be linked to the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/mumbai-pride-anti-caa-police-permission|title=Police Revokes Permission for Mumbai Pride Parade as Anti-CAA Slogans Could Be Raised|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/mumbai-police-denies-permission-for-queer-azadi-2020-at-august-kranti-maidaan-1641240-2020-01-29|title=Mumbai Police denies permission for Queer Azadi 2020 at August Kranti Maidaan|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31|agency=Ist}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
Mumbai Queer Pride March was held on 3 February with about 1000 people participating in it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Queer Pride March 2024 |url=https://www.mumbaiqueerpride.org/pride-walk-2024 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.mumbaiqueerpride.org}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mumbaipride.in/ Queer Azaadi Mumbai Collective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531013703/http://mumbaipride.in/ |date=31 May 2022 }}
* [https://queerazaadi.wordpress.com/ Queer Azaadi Mumbai Weblog]

[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2008]]

Olive Christian Malvery

2025-10-26T15:10:55Z

MarlonBernhardt: added initial details basic info!

{{short description|Anglo-Indian journalist, editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Olive Christian Malvery
| image = Olive Christian Malvery - 01.jpg
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1871}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1914|1871}}
| other_names = Mrs Archibald Mackirdy
| education = [[The Royal College of Music]]
| occupation = Writer, journalist
| years_active = 1904–1914
| era = [[Edwardian]]
| employer = [[Pearson's Magazine]]
| spouse = Archibald Mackirdy
}}

'''Olive Christian Malvery''' was an [[Anglo-Indian]] journalist, best known for her investigations into the working conditions of women and children in London.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Secret Commissions: An Anthology of Victorian Investigative Journalism|last1 = Donovan|first1 = Stephen|last2 = Rubery|first2 = Matthew|publisher = Broadview Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1770483538|location = |pages = }}</ref>

==Early life==

Malvery was born in [[Lahore]], in the [[Punjab]], in 1871<ref>Rebecca Odell, a museum curator, gives a date of 1 October 1871, and says: {{Quote|Establishing a date of birth has been complicated by Malvery reporting herself as younger on a number of official documents. This has led to her incorrect date of 1877 being given in a number of places, and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography stating 'No record of her birth has been located.' Her date of birth is given in her Baptism record from India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947, available through Ancestry.com. }} {{cite web |last1=Odell |first1=Rebecca |title=Olive C Malvery {{!}} Timeline |url=https://olivemalvery.wixsite.com/home/timeline |website=Olive Christian Malvery - pioneering undercover journalist |language=en}}</ref><ref>Ancestry.com. India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: India, Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013.</ref> from parents of European and Indian ancestry. Following her parents' separation, she and her brother were raised as [[Anglican]] in India by her maternal grandparents. Both siblings were well-educated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920 |last = Ross|first = Ellen|publisher = University of California Press|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0520249059|location = |pages = }}</ref>

She moved to London in 1900 to train as a professional singer at [[The Royal College of Music]].<ref name=":1"/> To support herself during this time she gave [[elocution]] lessons, wrote fiction for periodicals and gave drawing-room performances about Indian legends.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/>

==Career==

In 1904, she was commissioned to write a seven-part series of articles for ''[[Pearson's Magazine]],'' in which she "targeted her middle-class readers with stark undercover exposés of life in the slums of London's East End".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hackney Society |title=Women from Hackney's History |publisher=The Hackney Society and Hackney History (Friends of Hackney Archives) |year=2021 |isbn=9781800492103 |location=London |pages=98-99}}</ref> For this she explored women's work in various trades by disguising herself as a street singer, street [[peddler]], factory girl, shop girl, [[costermonger]], waitress, and barmaid. The series 'The Heart of All Things' appeared in the magazine between November 1904 and May 1905, before being published together in her first book, ''The Soul Market''.<ref name=":2"/> The success of this book led to Malvery being in great demand as a public speaker.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = The Moving Pageant: A Literary Sourcebook on London Street Life, 1700–1914|last = Allen|first = Rick|publisher = Routledge |year = 2006|isbn = 1134742746|location = |pages = }}</ref>

Malvery donated some of the royalties from her books to Christian charities and to build two shelters for homeless women in London.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Malvery describes the success of ''The Soul Market'' as "the first book that roused the public to shame and sympathy". This would appear to have affected charitable giving, as she later went on to say, "To-day there are a great many {{sic|Mission}} which have been founded by people who were stirred by that book".<ref name=":2"/>

Her work extended to campaigns for the regulation of the sex trade in British prostitutes sent overseas. She did not call for the abolition of the trade for fear of the negative impact on the women who would still be forced to work. Her article on the topic, ''The White Slave Trade Market'', was published in 1912.<ref name=":0" />

Malvery also lectured for the [[temperance movement]] in Europe and North America.<ref name=":2"/> As part of her work within this movement, she supported youth clubs – namely the 'Girls' Guild' and the 'Lads' Club' – at [[Hoxton Hall]], a community centre in East London which was at the time home to the Blue Ribbon Gospel Temperance Mission.<ref name=":0" /> Her goal was to create leisure spaces for the working-class population which were not centred around alcohol consumption, as an alternative to public houses.<ref name=":0" /> Her social connections allowed her to organise fundraising events which allowed Hoxton Hall to extend its reach to social, medical, educational, and domestic care for local young people.<ref name=":0" />

==Works==

* The Alien Question (1905)
* The Soul Market. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co, 1907
* Baby Toilers. London: Hutchinson, 1907
* Thirteen Nights. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1908.
* The Speculator. London: T. Werner Laurie, 1908.
* Year and a Day. London: Hutchinson, 1912.
* Mackirdy, Olive C. M, and W N. Willis. The White Slave Market. London: S. Paul & Co, 1912.
* Mackirdy's Weekly (1914)

==Personal life==

When Malvery married Archibald Mackirdy, a Scottish-born U.S. diplomat, she invited over a thousand London sex workers, flower sellers, and costermongers to her wedding reception, many of whom she had met through her undercover work.<ref name=":0" /> Her bridesmaids were East End child flower sellers from [[Hoxton]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0" /> Malvery appeared in a number of London society columns in her wedding attire, a white Indian sari and veil.<ref name=":0" />

Malvery and her husband had three children before he died in 1911.<ref name=":1"/>

She died aged 37 in 1914, having been ill with cancer. The cause of death was apparently from an accidental overdose of sedatives.<ref name=":1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eastendwomensmuseum.org/olive-christian-malvery-journalist/ East End Women's Museum. Olive Christian Malvery: journalist, 'lecturer, reciter, and social worker'.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828184352/http://eastendwomensmuseum.org/olive-christian-malvery-journalist/ |date=28 August 2016 }}
*[https://www.olivemalvery.com/ Olive Christian Malvery: Creating a biography of Edwardian Britain's pioneering undercover journalist.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malvery, Olive Christian}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Undercover journalists]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian temperance activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Lahore]]

Kuch Toh Log Kahenge

2025-10-16T14:16:12Z

MarlonBernhardt: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Indian television series (2011–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{for|the 1972 Kishore Kumar song|Amar Prem}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| genre =[[Television drama|Drama]]
| image = Kuch Toh Log Kahenge 2.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = approx. 40 [[minute]]
| creator = [[Director Kut's Productions]]
| writer = [[Kamlesh Pandey]], [[Dilip Jha]] & [[Archita Vishwas]]
| director = [[Mandar Devasthali]], [[Sachin Gokhale]], [[Sharad Pandey]] & [[Rishi Mandial]]
| creative_director = [[Ritesh Modi]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme = "[[Saiyan Naino Ki Bhasha Samjhe Na]]" by [[Sukanya Purkayastha]]
| cinematography = Satish Shetty
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television India]] and [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|10|3|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2013|3|28|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Kuch Toh Log Kahenge going off air? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/why-is-kuch-toh-log-kahenge-going-off-air-197410/ |work=Bollywood Life |date=6 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kuch Toh Log Kahenge to go off-air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-toh-log-kahenge-to-go-off-air/articleshow/18793494.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2013}}</ref>
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 346
| theme_music_composer = [[Dony Hazarika]]
}}

'''''Kuch Toh Log kahenge''''' ({{Translation| ''People Will Say Something After All''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] romantic comedy family drama television series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What makes Kuch Toh Log Kahenge popular |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-on-the-sets-of-kuch-toh-log-kahenge/20111221.htm |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 3 October 2011 and ended on 28 March 2013. The series revolves around a team of doctors working at Dr. Kotnis General Hospital in [[Lucknow]]. The show was an official adaptation of the Pakistani television drama ''[[Dhoop Kinare]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kuch-toh-log-set-to-recreate-dhoop-kinare-magic-on-tv/135189|title='Kuch Toh Log..' set to recreate 'Dhoop Kinare' magic on TV|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2011-09-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-27 |title=Kuch Toh Log Kahenge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kuch-toh-log-kahenge/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Kuch Toh Log Kahenge'' is a love story that centers around the lives of doctors working at Dr. Kotnis General Hospital in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="story">{{cite web |author=Sony Entertainment Television India |author-link=Sony Entertainment Television India |title=Story of ''Kuch Toh Log Kahenge'' |url=http://setindia.com/about_show.php?sid=81 |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> The two main characters, Dr. Ashutosh Mathur and Dr. Malika Trehan, are former college friends and colleagues at the hospital. Dr. Ashutosh is portrayed as a serious and somewhat aloof individual due to past experiences that have left a mark on him emotionally. He is not inclined towards frivolity or enjoyment and maintains a strict demeanor in both his personal and professional life.

Dr. Malika, on the other hand, secretly carries feelings for Dr. Ashutosh, which she subtly hints at by mentioning she has been waiting for him for over a decade. Despite her affections, Dr. Ashutosh shows no interest in pursuing a romantic relationship with her, largely due to the age gap between them.

The story takes a turn with the introduction of Dr. Nidhi Verma, a young and vibrant intern at the hospital. Dr. Nidhi's lively and cheerful nature contrasts with Dr. Ashutosh's serious demeanor. As time goes on, they develop a unique camaraderie, and Dr. Ashutosh finds himself drawn to her, despite the significant age difference between them. However, Dr. Malika perceives this growing connection and becomes envious, leading her to make attempts to create obstacles between them.

Dr. Malika's efforts lead to Nidhi's dismissal from the hospital, a decision influenced by her fear of the blossoming relationship between Ashutosh and Nidhi. Amidst misunderstandings and challenges, the two main characters eventually confess their love for each other. The narrative further unfolds as they navigate societal norms and family dynamics to unite against the odds.

Parallel to the central romance, various subplots add depth to the storyline. Dr. Rangnath, an administrator at the hospital, navigates his feelings for Anji, Nidhi's childhood friend. Another subplot revolves around the intricate relationships between family members and acquaintances, as well as their emotional journeys.

Throughout the series, the characters face emotional dilemmas, personal growth, and external pressures, which contribute to the overall complexity of the narrative. Themes such as love, sacrifice, societal expectations, and personal aspirations are interwoven into the plot, creating a multi-dimensional portrayal of human experiences.

The story also touches on topics like family conflict, professional challenges, and the impact of past decisions on present circumstances. As the characters grapple with their emotions and relationships, they evolve individually and collectively.

The show portrays the evolution of Ashutosh and Nidhi's love story from its inception, through trials and tribulations, to eventual triumph. The narrative highlights the significance of love, understanding, and perseverance in the face of adversity.

As the series progresses, various characters' lives intertwine, bringing about resolutions to their respective conflicts. The show weaves together numerous narrative threads, ultimately culminating in a satisfying conclusion.

''Kuch Toh Log Kahenge'' presents a tale of romance and human relationships that engages viewers with its emotional depth and relatable characters. Through its exploration of love, sacrifice, and personal growth, the series resonates with audiences and offers a reflection of the complexities of real-life relationships.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Kritika Kamra]] as Dr. Nidhi Yograj Verma / Dr. Nidhi Ashutosh Mathur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Kuch Toh Log Kahenge's Dr Nidhi Varma |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-kritika-kamra/20111003.htm |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] (Last Episode 110) / [[Sharad Kelkar]] (Entry Episode 115 in Timing 19:05) as Dr. Ashutosh Mathur<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hegde |first=Rajul |title='I am not stepping into Mohnish Behl's shoes' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/im-not-stepping-into-mohnish-behls-shoes/20120309.htm |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Ishita Sharma]] as Anjali Rangnath Acharya (née Solanki) (aka Anji): Fashion Designer
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Dr. Rangnath Acharya, Anji's husband
* [[Alok Nath]] as Dr. Ashish Mathur: Ashutosh's father, father in law of Colonel. Yograj "Trilok" Verma, Nidhi's grand father
* [[Karan Wahi]] as Rohan Solanki: Nidhi's Well Wisher
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Dr. Mallika Trehan, Ashutosh's friend, Aditya's sister, Suhasini's sister-in-law
* [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]] as Mr. Daksh Bharadwaj: Mr. Bharadwaj's son
* [[Anju Mahendru]] as Dr. Aradhana Bharadwaj: Mr. Bharadwaj's wife
* Aradhana Uppal as Divya Bharadwaj: Mr. Bharadwaj's daughter
* Riyanka Chanda as Lubna
* Puneet Tejwani as Aditya Trehan: Brother of Mallika
* [[Nitesh Pandey]] as Armaan: DR. Ashutosh's friend (Entry in Episode 45)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Colonel. Yograj "Trilok" Verma: Nidhi's father
* Nandita Puri as Shyama Solanki: Anjali's mother
* Sanatan Modi as Kapil Solanki: Anjali's father
* Kavita Vaid as Saroj Raani Verma: Nidhi's Dadi bua
* [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Dheeraj Dhoopar as Amar in ''Kuch Toh Log Kahenge''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Dheeraj-to-fall-in-love-with-Dr-Nidhi/articleshow/15820506.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111093450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/tv/33423774_1_love-story-nidhi-karan-wahi|url-status=live|archive-date=11 January 2014|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2012}}</ref> as Amar Tiwari
* [[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Suhasini Trehan: Mallika's Sister-in-law
* [[Manasi Parekh]] as Mandira
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Sanjeevani Garg: Lawer of Dr. Ashutosh's House
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Nurse D'souza
* Tanya Abrol as Phoolan
* Vinay Jain as Sandeep Bagchi
* [[Yash Gera]] as Bajrang Tiwari
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Dr. Ahana
* [[Sheena Bajaj]] as Dr. Aditi Rai
* Abhay Bhargava as Dr. Dubey
* Kaushal Kapoor as Dr. Rangnath's father
* Sachin Parikh aa Jagan Mehta
* Laal Singh Maan as Arnav: Patient Mrs. Harnam's husband

==Episode list==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Run time of episodes is approximately 40 minutes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode no. !! Episode Name
|-
| 1 || ''Meet Ashutosh & Nidhi''
|-
| 2 || ''Ashutosh & Nidhi's First Meeting''
|-
| 3 || ''Nidhi Face's Trouble At Work''
|-
| 4 || ''Nidhi's Day at The Children Ward''
|-
| 5 || ''Anjali meets Dr. Rangnath''
|-
| 6 || ''Nidhi Makes A Big Mistake''
|-
| 7 || ''Shahenshah Is Out Of Danger''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=81 ''Kuch Toh Log Kahenge'' official information Website]
*{{IMDb title|2429834|Kuch Toh Log Kahenge|(TV series)}}

{{SET Shows}}
{{Director's Kut Productions}}

[[Category:2010s Pakistani television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series related to plastic surgery]]
[[Category:Non-Pakistani television series based on Pakistani television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

2022–23 Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20

2025-09-14T13:39:30Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Short description|Domestic cricket competition}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name = 2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20
|fromdate = 8
|todate = 16 November 2022
|administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
|tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]] and final
|host = {{flag|India}}
|champions = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|count = 1
|runner up = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
|participants = 6
|matches = 16
|most runs = [[Nuzhat Parween]] (271)
|most wickets = [[Rashi Kanojiya]] (10) [[Anjali Sarvani]] (10)
|website = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 bcci.tv]
|previous_year =
|previous_tournament =
|next_year = 2023–24
|next_tournament = 2023–24 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20
}}
The '''2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20''' was the inaugural edition of the Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20, a domestic [[Women's Twenty20|women's T20 competition]] in [[Cricket in India|India]].<ref name=START1>{{cite web |access-date= 8 August 2022 |title=BCCI announces India’s domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> The tournament took place from 8 to 16 November 2022, with six zonal teams taking part. It was the first women's inter zonal competition to take place since the [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]].<ref name="home">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=BCCI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian women’s domestic cricket schedule: Women's IPL in March 2023, other tournaments to finish by February 21 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ipl-women-in-march-2023-t20-challenger-in-november-indian-womens-cricket-domestic-calendar/article65856726.ece |access-date=7 November 2022|website=Sportstar}}</ref><ref name="squads">{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces squad for senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Tournament: 4 from Bengal |url=https://sportzpoint.com/cricket/bcci-announces-squad-for-senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-tournament-4-from-bengal/ |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=7 November 2022|website=Sportzpoint}}</ref> The tournament was won by [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]], who beat [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]] by 9 wickets in the final.

==Competition format==
Six teams competed in the tournament, representing regions of India. Each team played each other once in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top two teams in the group progressed to the final. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format. All matches were played at the [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name="home"/>

The group worked on a points system with positions within the group being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==Group stage==
===Points table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +2.472
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.370
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.421
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.630
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| +0.257
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –5.250
|}
:Source: BCCI<ref name="bccitable">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20/Points Table |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=BCCI}}</ref>

===Fixtures===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| team2 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| score1 = 131/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 66 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 132/7 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sneha Deepthi]] 54 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 4/21 (4 overs)
| result = South Zone won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/1 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| score1 = 97/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 37 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Devika Vaidya]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 100/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = Tarannum Pathan 40[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = Priyanka Priyadarshini 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/2 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score1 = 149/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 57 (49)
| wickets1 = Debasmita Dutta 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 51 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 23 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Rashi Kanojiya]] 1/2 (2 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 98 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/3 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| score1 = 106/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 47[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = Anisha Ansari 1/13 (3 overs)
| score2 = 107/2 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 53[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = DK Ashwani 1/15 (2 overs)
| result = North Zone won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/4 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| score1 = 146/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 33 (32)
| wickets1 = Sajeevan Sajana 1/21 (3 overs)
| score2 = 116 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = Sajeevan Sajana 60 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/12 (4 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 30 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/5 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score1 = 125/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 59[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets1 = Limatola Ao 1/13 (2 overs)
| score2 = 50/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = Mai Mekh 14 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Devika Vaidya]] 4/6 (4 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 75 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/6 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = North East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| score1 = 144/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Humaira Kazi]] 54 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Priya Punia]] 36 (36)
| wickets2 = Shradda Pokharkar 2/27 (3 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/7 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Lakhmi Nethra 46 (38)
| wickets1 = Ajima Sangma 4/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 35 (14.1 overs)
| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 9 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 4/7 (4 overs)
| result = South Zone won by 130 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/8 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| score1 = 144/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Ashwani Kumari 65 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 1/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 146/3 (16.4 overs)
| runs2 = Jasia Akhtar 56 (32)
| wickets2 = Devyani Prasad 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/9 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score1 = 169/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sushma Verma]] 87 (57)
| wickets1 = Limatola Ao 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 54/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = Gangadevi Waikhom 24 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 5/9 (4 overs)
| result = North Zone won by 115 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/10 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = North East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| score1 = 126/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sneha Deepthi]] 43 (26)
| wickets1 = Saiqa Ishaque 2/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 99 (18 overs)
| runs2 = Jhumki Debnath 24 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 3/12 (3 overs)
| result = South Zone won by 27 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/11 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| score1 = 154/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 60 (52)
| wickets1 = Shraddha Pokharkar 1/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 105/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 24 (20)
| wickets2 = Tanuja Kanwer 4/25 (4 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/12 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| score1 = 136/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 57 (59)
| wickets1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| score2 = 93/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sushma Verma]] 46 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 43 runs
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/13 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| score1 = 123/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Ellutla Padmaja 24[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets1 = Devika Vaidya 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 64 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/14 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Akshay Marathe
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score1 = 148/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 58 (51)
| wickets1 = Debasmita Dutta 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 37/8 (16 overs)
| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 10 (23)
| wickets2 = Devyani Prasad 3/7 (3 overs)
| result = East Zone won by 86 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/15 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = North East Zone innings reduced to 16 overs due to rain; revised target was 124.
| notes =
}}
----

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 November 2022
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| score1 = 67 (18 overs)
| runs1 = Shivali Shinde 17 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 3/11 (3 overs)
| score2 = 70/1 (13.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 32[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = Shraddha Pokharkar 1/11 (4 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/16 Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Nuzhat Parween]]
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|6
|6
|'''271'''
|54.20
|60
|0
|3
|-
|[[Yastika Bhatia]]
|[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
|6
|6
|'''212'''
|42.40
|64
|0
|2
|-
|Jasia Akhtar
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|6
|6
|'''202'''
|33.37
|56
|0
|1
|-
|[[Sushma Verma]]
|[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
|5
|5
|'''186'''
|46.50
|87
|0
|1
|-
|[[Madhuri Mehta]]
|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
|5
|4
|'''152'''
|50.67
|58
|0
|1
|-
|}
Source: BCCI<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20/Stats |publisher=BCCI |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=150| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Rashi Kanojiya]]
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|21.0
|'''10'''
|9.50
|0
|-
|[[Anjali Sarvani]]
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|24.0
|'''10'''
|10.80
|0
|-
|[[Harleen Deol]]
|[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
|16.0
|'''9'''
|8.77
|0
|-
|Devika Vaidya
|[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
|22.4
|'''9'''
|12.22
|0
|-
|[[Amanjot Kaur]]
|[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
|12.0
|'''8'''
|8.37
|1
|}
Source: BCCI<ref name="stats"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20}}
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]

G. V. L. Narasimha Rao

2025-09-13T21:48:48Z

MarlonBernhardt: updated article per standard format and added references

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 03 April 2018
| predecessor = [[Pramod Tiwari]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ballikurava]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]], businessman, [[psephologist]]
| father = G.Venkateswara Rao
| mother = G. Chowdeswari
| residence = Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070
| spouse = Mydhili Rao
| education = B.Sc.(Agriculture), P.G. Diploma in Rural Management (PGDRM)
| alma_mater = Agricultural College, [[Bapatla]], Andhra Pradesh; [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]], [[Anand, Gujarat]]
| term_end = 02 April 2024
| successor = [[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
}}

'''Guntupalli Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao''' is an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/who-is-gvl-narasimha-rao-1505018-2019-04-18|title =Who is GVL Narasimha Rao? BJP MP at whom shoe was hurled|publisher = [[India Today]] |date =April 18, 2019}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], representing the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Early life ==
GVL Narasimha Rao's ancestral village is [[Ballikurava]] in [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] where his father served as [[Panchayat Sarpanch]] for three decades.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/who-is-gvl-narasimha-rao-1505018-2019-04-18 Who is GVL Narasimha Rao? BJP MP at whom shoe was hurled], India Today Web Desk, 18 April 2019.</ref> Rao hails from [[Narasaraopet]], headquarter town of [[Palnadu district]], where he studied up to Intermediate. He later did his Agricultural BSc degree in [[Bapatla]] Agricultural College and his MBA (PGDRM) from [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]], in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="GVL - Man with a nose for political trends">{{cite news |last1=The Pynr |first1= |title=GVL - Man with a nose for political trends |url=https://pynr.in/article/dil-se-gvl-man-with-a-nose-for-political-trends |accessdate=27 February 2022 |date=2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227065916/https://pynr.in/article/dil-se-gvl-man-with-a-nose-for-political-trends |archivedate=27 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rao served as national spokesperson of the central committee of BJP, chaired by former National President [[Amit Shah]] and frequently appears on national television networks representing the BJP led by National President [[J. P. Nadda]] on important topics.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Office Bearers|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/organisation/office-bearers|website=bjp.org|accessdate=29 September 2015|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930131702/http://www.bjp.org/en/organisation/office-bearers|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rao is a senior leader of the BJP in Andhra Pradesh and a member of the party’s Core Committee in Andhra Pradesh deciding party's political and policy position on various issues.

Rao is a Member of various important parliamentary committees; the Standing Committee on Finance, the Committee of Privileges, Consultative Committee of External Affairs and is a Member of the Spices Board, Tobacco Board and Chairman of the Chilli Task Force Committee of the Spices Board, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

Rao was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in March 2018.<ref>{{citation |title=RS polls: BJP trumps opposition, makes it nine out of ten seats in UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-polls-bjp-trumps-opposition-makes-it-nine-out-of-ten-in-up/articleshow/63434789.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, G. V. L. Narasimha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kamisetty Venugopala Rao Naidu

2025-08-19T09:54:54Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Kamisetty Venugopalarao Naidu Statue at Yanam Beach, Yanam.jpg|thumb|250px|Mayor of Yanam.]]

'''Kamisetty Venugopala Rao Naidu''' (also spelled as '''Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidu''') was Mayor and MLA of [[Yanam Municipality|Yanaon]] during [[French India|French rule]] in first half of 20th century.

==Offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= Post created| title=Membre du [[Conseil Municipal de Yanaon]]| after=defunct ([[Coup d'État de Yanaon]])| years=?–1954}}
{{succession box | before=[[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]]| title=[[Maire de Yanaon]]| after= [[Madimchetty Satianandam]] | years=1931–1940}}
{{succession box | before=[[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]]| title=President de Conseil Local de Yanaon| after= ?| years=14 November 1931–?}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
* ''Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde'' by Pierre-Constant Sicé.
* ''La Gazette de I'Etat de Pondichéry'' (Gazette of Pondicherry).

==See also==
*[[Yanam, French India]]
*[[Yanam Municipality]]
*[[Dadala Rafael Ramanayya]]
*[[Colonial History of Yanam]]
*[[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]]
*[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidou, Kamichetty Venougopala Rao}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from French India|Naidou, Kamichetty Venugopala Rao]]
[[Category:French people of Telugu descent|Naidou, Kamichetty Venugopala Rao]]
[[Category:French Hindus|Naidou, Kamichetty Venugopala Rao]]
[[Category:Mayors of Yanam]]
[[fr:Samatam Krouschnaya]]

Barharwa

2025-08-08T03:01:56Z

MarlonBernhardt: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barharwa
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Barharwa
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Bandana Festival.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bandana festival in the outskirts of Barharwa
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.857778|N|87.777167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Barharwa Nagar Panchayat
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Shyamal Das
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairman
| leader_name2 = Lokesh Kushwaha
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12617
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Barharwa (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = 5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 816101
| registration_plate = JH 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
| website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barharwa''' is a town with a [[Nagar panchayat]] in the [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|49|40|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|50|40|N|87|46|17|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= Barharwa (CT) |shape-color39=black| label-size39=13|label-color39=black 
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Barharwa is a [[nagar panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ | title = Municipalities| publisher = Sahibganj district authorities | access-date = 27 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=jagaran>{{cite web | url = https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-14687906.html | title = नौ गांवों को मिलाकर बनी बरहरवा नगर पंचायत (Nine villages added to form Barharwa Nagar Panchayat) | publisher = Dainik Jagaran, 13 September 2016 | access-date = 28 November 2020}}</ref>

Barharwa is located at {{coord|24.857778|N|87.777167|E|display=inline}}.

Barharwa has an area of {{convert|4.06|km2}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Barharwa had a total population of 12,617, of which 6,550 (52%) were males and 6,067 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,694. The total number of literate persons in Barharwa was 8,570 (78.46% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

A newspaper report says that 9 villages have been added for the formation of Barharwa nagar panchayat in 2016 and the population rose to 24,133. This rise would obviously get reflected in the 2021 census.<ref name=jagaran/>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Sahibganj'', Barharwa covered an area of 4.06 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 14 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 1,189 domestic electric connections, 105 road light points. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 2 stadiums, 2 cinema theatres, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library,1 reading room. Three important commodities it produced were bidi, papad, aachar. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Sahibganj, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 896-902| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 23 November 2020}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Barharwa police station serves [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| title = District Police Profile - Sahibganj| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 27 November 2020| archive-date = 24 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041957/https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/police/ | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2020}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Barharwa CD block is at Barharwa town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Sahibganj on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Barharwa Junction railway station]] is on the [[Sahibganj loop]]. The [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] originates from Barharwa.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web| url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title = Indian Railway History timeline|first=R. P.|last=Saxena| access-date = 2011-11-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date = 29 February 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Education==
B.S.K. College, affiliated with [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]], was established at Barharwa.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://skmu.ac.in/constituent-colleges | title = Our Constituent Colleges | publisher = Sido Kanhu Murmu University | access-date = 27 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sahibganj district]]

Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations

2025-06-14T14:20:45Z

MarlonBernhardt: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Church of the East in India]]{{DEFAULTSORT:Malankara-Persia relations}}

Rajendra Kumar Rai (Indian politician)

2025-06-11T14:55:43Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Rajendra Kumar Rai''' (born 6 April 1957) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]. Rai was a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Gunderdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunderdehi constituency]] in [[Balod district]] from 2013 to 2018.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/19/cant-call-a-donkey-a-horse-congress-suspends-mla-rk-rai-for/|publisher=huffingtonpost.in|title='Can't Call A Donkey A Horse': Congress Suspends MLA RK Rai For Derogatory Comment About Rahul Gandhi|accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref name="myneta">{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=917|publisher=myneta.info|title=Rajendra Kumar Rai(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GUNDERDEHI(BALOD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/congress-mla-suspended-for-remarks-against-rahul-gandhi-cant-call-a-donkey-a-horse-3090286/|publisher=The Indian Express|title=Congress MLA suspended; remarks against Rahul Gandhi, says 'I can't call a donkey a horse' | The Indian Express |date=19 October 2016|accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref>

On 2 March 2017, the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly passed a censure motion against Rai for "unparliamentary" behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-assembly-passes-censure-motion-against-three-mlas/|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly passes censure motion against three MLAs|date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Rajendra Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Balod district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Janta Congress Chhattisgarh politicians]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kauni, Sri Muktsar Sahib

2025-06-08T14:04:10Z

MarlonBernhardt: Creating new details first draft

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaoni
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.400|N|74.663|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Giddarbaha]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[152031|PIN]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01633
| registration_plate = PB-30, PB-60
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bathinda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1000/861 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Kaoni''' is a village in the [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Its located 18km to east of Muktsar and 28km to North of [[Giddarbaha|Gidderbaha]] town.

Kaoni comes under the [[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha Legislative Assembly (MLA)]]. Its [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|(Member of Parliament)]] constituency is [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]

Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate

2025-05-21T10:07:26Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Short description|Slavery of Turkic peoples in the Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[slaves]] throughout the Islamic world, particularly in the '''[[Delhi Sultanate]]''', were valued members of society. Their value, for their patrons, was their military capabilities, their loyalty and discipline. Their ability to capitalize on opportunity for social mobility, while maintaining their own unique cultural identity created an interesting tension in their social narrative. Their slave origins created a discrepancy in their nobility. This discrepancy was often alluded to in commentary by the Persian Chroniclers of the time.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Origins==
The need to secure the Sultanate regime from Mongol marauders led to the delineation of a frontier that needed to be defended.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77.</ref> To guard the Punjab marches, there was increasingly more and more slaves that were being bought. Their allegiance was not along ethnic lines, and their dedicated patronage allowed them to incorporate themselves into the military hierarchy as trusted officers and commanders. The Sultanate bought Turks in order to develop a strong cavalry arm and in particular to amass a corps of mounted archers.<ref>Peter. Jackson, "Turkish Slaves on Islam’s Indian Frontier," in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 63–82</ref> This was a proprietary way to build their military capacity, by taking advantage of a unique skillset. [[Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] were both frontier military commanders. When they tried to capitalize on their achievements, and take over the Delhi Sultanate they were not given support because of their un-noble origins.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77</ref> When looking at the high level of military success, advancement and capacity that the Turkic slaves added, it is disproportionate to popular sentiment regarding their Turkic origins.

==''Turkicness''==
The Delhi Sultanate was shaped in many ways by the Turkic soldiers. To a significant extent the early Delhi Sultans, themselves of Turkic origin, deliberately sought to import exclusive signs of "Turkicness".<ref>Sunil Kumar, "Service, Status, and Military Purposes in the Delhi Sultanate: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006)86</ref> The Persian Chroniclers had to learn the Turkic language, and the Turkic language spread throughout the Sultanate. It is undeniable that the Turks strongly resisted cultural influences whether [[Hindu]] or [[Buddhist]], and retained their unique identity which actually centered around a Persian culture and [[Islam]].<ref>Peter. Jackson, "Turkish Slaves on Islam’s Indian Frontier," in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006)65</ref> Turks, being brought into a foreign land, having no particular ethnic allegiance still maintained a cultural identity. In addition to holding high rank in the military, certain Turks, that were particularly dedicated to their patron also enjoyed holding ceremonial positions in court.<ref>Turkish Slaves 64</ref> The sultans even honored non-Turks with Turkic titles.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 83–114.</ref>

==Social status==

As one Sufi saint noted "they were slaves, not learned in the secretarial or Islamic sciences, they were rude, bellicose and vain and their military calling undoubtedly led to unjust killing of innocent people".<ref>Sunil Kumar, "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 89</ref> One can see when viewing how the institution of Turkic slaves in the Delhi sultanate created a problem. Their excellence was preceded by slave origins. These origins were often not spoken of, where possible, in order to create a more refined image. The quality of being a Turk per se, was not a problem it was their slave origin that created a challenge.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 61</ref> It was ironic that these marginalized groups happened to be the political elites and Sultans of Delhi in itself creates a telling commentary on the incomplete state of evidence and the dire need to rewrite the narrative of the sultanate.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77.</ref>

==Life in the Sultanate==

There existed a [[racial segregation|racial divide]] among the [[Persian people|Persians]] and the [[Arabs]], this was displayed in social riots. [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|The free counterparts to the slave]]s were distinct members of society, and were not able to predicate the term to which the Sultanate and the slaves would maintain its power. Authority was derived mostly from their patronage, and while they were deployed as military slaves it did not hinder their ability to seize political power. Their privileged job opportunities were not invulnerable to critique because of their slave origin. This shows that while status within the Sultanate can be seen through post - their origins were inescapable social paradigms. This is a subtle continuity of the hierarchical class structure based on birth from the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]]{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}. They were termed 'new Muslims' within the Sultanate.

==Reputation==
Turkic slavery was very distinct from the conventional idea of a slave-master relationship. While it was based on subservience, the high ranking positions and yielded power that resulted from their careers created an aura of power, rather than weakness and submission. Their reputation did not hinge on social status but on their relationship and their career. They had a mixed reputation for greed and turbulence as well as for martial accomplishments and perseverance in Islam.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77.</ref> They had subordinates of their own, and they had a level of autonomy that created a dismay from onlookers who were aware of their Slavic origins. Within the Sultanate, which was composed of Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims, Turks, Afghans and many other groups - the reputation of the Turks was of high stature - regarding them as elites in the community.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Impact==
The infusion of immigrants from the Afghan Punjab frontier into the Delhi Sultanate helped shape its future. Social and cultural history of Muslim society, and the reproduction of authority within the Delhi Sultanate can be attributed to these slaves. Their ambition was often degraded by their social status, through the scope of the existing ideals of the Persian Chroniclers and the institutionalized caste system of the Hindus. The outsiders, the deployed slaves, and their purpose can be said to be more than just military assets. They created for themselves their own circles of elites. They did this while maintaining their identity. Their language spread throughout the sultanate. Their story, often eluded by the narratives of the time, is one of dedication and discipline. Skills and expertise in battle acted as a catalyst to gain favor, reverence, that lead to high ranking positions which placed them as an authority in a heterogeneous society. The deliberate tension within the Delhi Sultanate due to their Turkic origins, only further displays their importance in society. The role of the Sultans, as former slaves, and their attempt to spread Turkicness, by electing Turkic titles to non-Turks, and by incorporating the Turkic slave into high governing ranks in the court - shapes the landscape both socially and politically. These 'new Muslims' helped shape the identity of the Delhi Sultanate and help instill Islamic culture into this Indian kingdom.

==Studies==

In the broader context of learning about South Asian history, one can find an inconclusive range of facts surrounding the portrayal of day-to-day life. Often, certain aspects of society or identity are left out because either they are thought to be insignificant or not part of the greater narrative. As one can see in the example of the Turkic slaves, the court chroniclers chose to elude aspects of their history. So, as the authors that have been referenced in this article have done, one must piece together the puzzle. To do this, the authors thought outside the box and looked beyond court scribes, into memoirs, personal letters, and documents indirectly linked to the topic. Turkic slaves provide a narrative of capitalizing on opportunity, building authority, and creating a reputation so large that its true origins had to be hidden, for they may tarnish views on their accomplishments. It is also questioned if the deployment into the frontiers and employment into the Delhi Sultanate a way for the 'Turkic' culture to flourish or it was a way to ensure the authority of Islam could flourish, through the installation of military men into the capital.

==See also==
*[[History of slavery in the Muslim world]]
*[[Ziauddin Barani]]
*[[Bukhara slave trade]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of slavery]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]

Mazum reservoir

2025-04-27T07:40:31Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{one source|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Mazum Dam
| name_official = Mazam Dam
| image = Mazum reservoir 2013-04-12 00-08.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = dam
| coordinates = {{coord|23.487701|73.3515453|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| country =
| location =
| purpose = Flood Control, Irrigation
| status =
| construction_began = 1979
| opening = 1984<ref name="wris">{{cite web |title=Mazam Dam |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Mazam_Dam_D02660 |publisher=India-WRIS |accessdate=27 December 2018}}</ref>
| demolished =
| cost =
| builder =
| owner =
| operator =
| dam_type = Earthen
| dam_crosses = Mazum River
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = 2402 m<ref name="wris"/>
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name = Mazam Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = 1916 TMC<ref name="wris"/>
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| lower_dam_type =
| lower_dam_crosses =
| lower_dam_height_foundation =
| lower_dam_height_thalweg =
| lower_dam_length =
| lower_dam_elevation_crest =
| lower_dam_width_crest =
| lower_dam_width_base =
| lower_dam_volume =
| lower_spillway_count =
| lower_spillway_type =
| lower_spillway_capacity =
| lower_res_name =
| lower_res_capacity_total =
| lower_res_capacity_active =
| lower_res_capacity_inactive =
| lower_res_catchment =
| lower_res_surface =
| lower_res_max_length =
| lower_res_max_width =
| lower_res_max_depth =
| lower_res_elevation =
| lower_res_tidal_range =
| plant_name =
| plant_coordinates = 
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_pumpgenerators =
| plant_pumps =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_capacity_factor =
| plant_efficiency =
| plant_storage_hours =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_annual_gen_year =
| website =
| extra =
}}

The '''Mazum Dam''' (alternatively '''Mazam''') is built on the small river Mazum in the [[Aravalli District]] about 9 km from [[Modasa]], [[Gujarat]], India. The dam supplies water, allowing farmers to harvest their crops, and is also used when nearby towns are running out of water.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Aravalli district]]
[[Category:Masonry dams]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1984]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Pole Vault

2025-04-09T19:55:37Z

MarlonBernhardt: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Pole vault]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from miscapitalisation}}
}}

Tirsingri Sodha

2025-04-07T07:13:28Z

MarlonBernhardt: started first post w/ refs

{{refimprove |date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirsingri Sodha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|04|02|N|72|26|26|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governing_body =
[[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2048
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi Language|Hindi]]|[[Marwari language|Marwari]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tirsingri Sodha''' is a village located in [[Pachpadra]] Tehsil of [[Balotra district]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with total 334 families residing. The Tirsingri Sodha village has population of 2048 of which 1077 are males while 971 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirsingri Sodha Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87423-tirsingri-sodha-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-30 |title=तिरसिंगड़ी सोढ़ा का मालप तालाब पानी से भरपूर, 35 गांवों की बुझेगी प्यास |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/news/the-malap-pond-of-tirsingadi-sodha-is-filled-with-water-35-villages-will-quench-thirst-127461634.html |work=Denik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Antapur Venkoba Rao

2025-03-12T01:16:13Z

MarlonBernhardt: adding a bio basic info.

{{Short description|Indian psychiatrist (1927-2005)}}
{{Distinguish|Venkoba Rao}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = M.D. Ph.D. D.Sc. FAMS FASc
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|8|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kavuttalam, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|9|25|1927|8|20|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Madras Medical College]]
* [[NIMHANS]]
* [[Madras University]]
}}
| notable_works = Psychiatry of Old Age in India
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* {{Awards|[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr. B. C. Roy National Award]]|1981}}
* {{Awards|Sir Shri Ram Oration Award|1983}}
* {{Awards|Sandoz Oration Award|1984}}
}}
| organizations = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Psychiatric Society]]
* Indian Association of Social Psychiatrists (Founder)
}}
| other_names = A. Venkoba Rao
| occupation = [[Psychiatrist]], [[Educator]], [[Researcher]]
}}

'''Antapur Venkoba Rao''' (20 August 1927 – 25 September 2005), also known as '''A. Venkoba Rao''', was an Indian [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]]. His career spanned several decades, during which he made contributions to psychiatric research, education, and clinical practice in India.

== Early life ==
Venkoba Rao was born on 20 August 1927 in Kavuttalam, Andhra Pradesh, to A. Raghavendra Rao and Lakshmi Devi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67HaAAAAMAAJ |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2006 |pages=233–239 |language=en}}</ref> The eldest of eight siblings, he completed his schooling at Municipal High School, [[Ballari|Bellary]], and later graduated with first-class distinction in natural sciences from Ceded District College, [[Anantapur]].<ref name=":0" /> He pursued his [[MBBS]] at [[Madras Medical College]], where he trained under [[pediatrician]] S.T. Achar.<ref name=":0" /> He earned an [[M.D.]] in General Medicine and a D.P.M. in Psychiatry from [[NIMHANS|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore]], and later obtained a [[Ph.D.]] and [[D.Sc.]] from Madras University.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rao began his psychiatric career at the [[Kilpauk Medical College|Madras Mental Hospital, Kilpauk]] in 1954.<ref name=":0" /> He later worked as an assistant professor of psychiatry at [[Stanley Medical College]] and [[Madras Medical College]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1962, he became the Professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry at [[Madurai Medical College]], a role he held until 1985.<ref name=":0" /> After retirement, he served as [[Emeritus]] Professor of Psychiatry at the same institution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Headley |first=Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MPLEAAAQBAJ |title=Suicide in Asia and the Near East |date=July 28, 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-33028-3 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref> In 1984, he founded the Indian Association of Social Psychiatrists and served as the president of the association between 1984 and 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About IASP {{!}} Indian Association for Social Psychiatry |url=https://iasp.org.in/about-iasp/ |access-date=January 18, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> From 1985 to 1992, he was the Officer-in-Charge of the [[ICMR]] Centre for Advanced Research on Health and Behaviour at [[Government Rajaji Hospital|Rajaji Government Hospital, Madurai]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1986, he served as a visiting scientist at the [[National Institute of Mental Health|National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda]], USA.<ref name=":0" /> He also presided over the Association of Gerontology (1991 –1992).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Bearers |url=https://www.agindia.org.in/?id=ofc |website=ASSOCIATION OF GERONTOLOGY (INDIA)}}</ref>

Rao also held key editorial roles, serving as Editor-in-Chief of the ''[[Indian Journal of Psychiatry]]'' (1968–1976)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=The Forum |url=https://myiapa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/TheForum-December2005.pdf |access-date=2025-01-19 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616171033/https://myiapa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/TheForum-December2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and contributing to several other journals, including ''[[Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|Social Psychiatry]]'' and ''Transcultural Psychiatric Review.''<ref name=":0" /> He authored over 400 research papers and books, including ''Psychiatry of Old Age in India,'' which focused on geriatric mental health.<ref name=":0" /> Venkoba Rao served as a WHO Consultant in 1980 and participated in the National Committee to Study Addiction in India.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==

=== National Awards ===

* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr. B. C. Roy National Award]] (1981) – Awarded by the [[Medical Council of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Medical Council of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FT5rAAAAMAAJ |title=Dr. B. C. Roy Anniversary Souvenir |date=1982 |pages=262 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sir Shri Ram Oration Award (1983) – Awarded by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name=":0" />

=== International Awards ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* Sandoz Oration Award (1984) – From the [[University of Edinburgh]].
* International Research Award – From the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (RIM Pacific).

=== [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] Awards ===

* Dr. P. N. Raju Oration Award (1975) – For research on "Suicidal Behaviour and Depression".<ref name=":0" />
* Dr. M. N. Sen Oration Award – For work on "Depressive Illness".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Research |first=Indian Council of Medical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrTWAAAAIAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Director-general |date=1983 |publisher=The Council |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref>
* M. K. Seshadri Prize and Gold Medal (1987).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLK2AAAAIAAJ |title=Book University Journal |date=1987 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

=== [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] Awards ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* Dr. J. C. Marfatia Award (1972, 1973, 1979) – For the best papers presented at annual conferences.
* Sandoz Award (1972) – For the best paper published that year.
* Dr. D. L. N. Murthy Rao Award (1980).

=== Other Recognitions ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* Dr. B. Ramamurthi Gold Medal and Oration Award (1984) – From the Indian Medical Association, Trichy.
* May and Baker Oration Award (1990) – From the Geriatric Society of India.
* Dr. N. N. De Oration Award (1991) - From the Indian Association for Social Psychiatry.
* Academy of Medical Practitioners' Award (1989–1990).

== Fellowships ==

=== Prestigious Fellowships ===

* Fellow, [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], [[Royal College of Psychiatrists|London]] (1972).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX0MAQAAIAAJ |title=Neurology, India |date=1972 |publisher=Neurological Society of India. |language=en}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (1975).<ref name=":0" />
* Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1984).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1984020 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Archive Detail |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/deceased_detail.php?id=N89-1042 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=insajournal.in}}</ref>

=== International Affiliations ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* Fellow, [[American Psychiatric Association]].
* Fellow, Canadian Association of Psychiatrists.
* Corresponding Member, [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists]] (1975).
* Fellow, Association of Psychiatrists, Africa (1972).

== Death ==
Venkoba Rao died on 25 September 2005 after a brief illness.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Antapur Venkoba}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]

Cherupaithangal

2024-12-29T02:37:39Z

MarlonBernhardt: info

{{Short description|Malayalam book}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Title page of Cherupaithangal.jpg|thumb|Title page of ''Cherupaithangal'' the first Malayalam book ever to be printed in Kerala]]
'''Cherupaithangal''' ([[Malayalam]]: '''ചെറുപൈതങ്ങൾ'''. Full title: '''ചെറുപൈതങ്ങൾക്ക ഉപകാരാർത്ഥം ഇംക്ലീശിൽനിന്ന പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തിയ കഥകൾ''') is the first [[Malayalam]] book ever to be printed in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Correspondent |title=When Kerala got its first printing press 200-years ago |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2021/10/17/when-kerala-got-its-first-printing-press-200-years-ago.html |website=www.onmanorama.com |publisher=OnManorama |access-date=13 July 2024}} (Published on 17 October 2021.)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Babu Cherian |title=Book Publishing in Malayalam: The Beginnings |url=https://cmscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MRP-Report-BABU-CHERIAN.pdf |website=cmscollege.ac.in/ |publisher=CMS College, Kottayam |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Bailey |url=http://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/benjamin-bailey |website=keralamediaacademy.org |publisher=Kerala media Academy |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> It is not the Malayalam book ever to be printed. The first Malayalam book ever to be printed is ''Samkṣepavedārththham'' authored by [[Clemente Peani]] and printed in Rome in 1772.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=samkshepa+vedartham&pg=PA345|title= A Dictionary of Indian Literature | isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |accessdate = 13 July 2014 | last1=Mukherjee | first1=Sujit | date=1998 |publisher= Orient Blackswan }}</ref> ''Cherupaithangal'' is a collection of seven stories for children translated from [[English language|English]] by the British [[missionary]] [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]] and printed in C. M. S. Press, [[Kottayam]] in 1824. It is also the first book in Malayalam that could be categorized as [[children's literature]]. The existence of this book was long forgotten and, in modern times, it was brought to public awareness by [[George Irumbayam]], an Indian literary critic and literature researcher, in June 2024.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srijith E. |title=മലയാളപാഠാവലികളുടെ ആദ്യകാലചരിത്രം |journal=Mathrubhumi Weekly |date=14–20 July 2024 |volume=102 |issue=17 |pages=74–85}}</ref> The digital version of the book was made publicly available by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] on 8 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jisha Surya |title=Now, read the first Malayalam book printed in country on Net |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/now-read-the-first-malayalam-book-printed-in-country-on-net/articleshow/32951426.cms |access-date=13 July 2024 |agency=TNN |work=The Times of India |date=30 March 2014}}</ref>

==The seven stories==

The following are rough English translations of the titles of the seven stories in the book.

# The story of a four year old girl named Marjari from England (എംഗലാന്തിൽമാൎജ്ജരിഎന്നപെരായിനാല വയസ്സചെന്ന ഒരു പെൺപൈതലിന്റെ കഥാ)
# The story of a knowledgeable child (ജ്ഞാനിപൈതലിന്റെ കഥാ)
# The story of lamps (ആട്ടിൻകുട്ടികളുടെ കഥാ)
# The story of fortitude in adversity (വിപദി ധൈൎയ്യം ഒരു കഥാ)
# The story of George and his wheel (ജൊൎജ്ജിന്റെയുംഅവന്റെചക്രത്തിന്റെയും കഥാ)
# History of King Edward VI (എഡ്വാൎഡ എന്ന പെർഉളവായരാജാക്കന്മാരിൽ ആറാമവന്റെ ചരിതം)
# The meaning of mental strength (മനസ്സുറപ്പിന്റെ സംഗതി)
# The story of Theophilus and Savio (തെയൊഫിലുസിന്റെയും സൊവ്യായുടെയും കഥാ)

==Full text==

The full text of the book is available for free download in [[Internet Archive]] at the link [https://archive.org/details/Cherupaithangal/mode/2up?view=theater ''Cherupaithangal''].

==See also==

* [[Samkshepa Vedartham]] (the first Malayalam book ever to be printed)

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam language}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]

Tara Singh Kamil

2024-12-13T16:14:24Z

MarlonBernhardt: started first bio nd citations

{{Short description|Punjabi poet}}
'''Tara Singh Kamil''' (15 August 1929 - 1993) was a Punjabi poet. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1989 for his poetry collection ''Kahikashan.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Tara Singh was born in village Hookran, [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]] (now [[Punjab, India]]).{{cn|date=May 2024}} He lived in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |date=26 November 2017 |title=New vistas of Punjabi prose |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/new-vistas-of-punjabi-prose-502349}}</ref>

He was a carpenter by profession and frequently performed at kavi darbars (poetry recitals).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: Volume 2: 1839-2004 (2nd edn)}}</ref>

== Literary style ==
Tara Singh's Sahitya Akademi Award winning collection ''Kahikashan'' has two primary themes; love and the situation of Punjab. His love poetry is not romantic poetry but "of a different hue".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punni |first=Amrik Singh |date=1989 |title=Punjabi Scene: Love Poetry, Marxism and Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331317 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=32 |issue=6 (134) |pages=161–168 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

Mozammil Haque

2024-09-06T01:06:33Z

MarlonBernhardt: Started basic stub nd citations

{{Short description|Martyr of Medium Movement (Assam)}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2024}}
{{Context|date=May 2022}}
'''Swahid Mozammil Haque''' was the first [[martyr]] of [[:as:মাধ্যম আন্দোলন (অসম)|Medium movement]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/darrang/first-martyr-of-bhasa-andulan-muzammil-haque-darrang-swahid-muzammil-haque-latest-news/assam20200109203906510|title=ETV Bharat|website=www.etvbharat.com|date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> He received martyrdom at the age of 12 in 1972, during a movement led by [[All Assam Students' Union|All Assam Students’ Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/death-of-social-worker-sirajul-haque-mourned-in-mangaldai/|title=Death of social worker Sirajul Haque mourned in Mangaldai|date=2015-04-10|website=The Sentinel|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=608991412000|title=JIBESWAR BORTHAKUL Vs. STATE OF ASSAM|website=www.the-laws.com|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawyerservices.in/Jibeswar-Borthakur-Versus-State-Of-Assam-1998-06-15|title=Jibeswar Borthakur v State Of Assam on 15 June 1998 - Judgement - LawyerServices|website=www.lawyerservices.in|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>

[[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] has instituted an award in his honour, which is awarded every year in the field of language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/axom-xahitya-xabha-announces-language-martyrs-award/|title=Axom Xahitya Xabha announces language martyr's award|last=|first=|date=26 April 2019|website=The Sentinel|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct2119/state055|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>

All Assam Goriya Yuva Parishad is also awarding a prize in his honour and in 2019 it was awarded to Nitumoni Saikia, editor-in-chief of a reputed news channel in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/m-haque-memorial-award-to-nitumoni-saikia/|title=M. Haque memorial award to Nitumoni Saikia|date=2019-10-06|website=Pratidin Time|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref>

[[Cotton University]] has a hostel named in his honour<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cotton-students-plea-for-subsidised-power/cid/1414475|title=Cotton students plea for subsidised power|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> and there is government primary school in his name at Assam which was established in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/nagaon/18100101702/swahid-muzammil-hoque-muktab-l.html|title=SWAHID MUZAMMIL HOQUE MUKTAB L - Khaira Mari, District Nagaon (Assam)|website=schools.org.in|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/swahid-muzammil-hoque-muktab-l-qnz5vw|title=Swahid Muzammil Hoque Muktab L School, Nagaon - Address, Reviews, Fees and Admissions 2019|website=iCBSE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/sonitpur/18110205102/swahid-muzammil-haque-lps.html|title=SWAHID MUZAMMIL HAQUE LPS - No.2 Rangagorah, District Sonitpur (Assam)|website=schools.org.in|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dark Age of the Assamese language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Muzammil}}
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]

Kalikapur, India

2024-07-23T03:51:57Z

MarlonBernhardt:

{{Other uses|Kalikapur (disambiguation){{!}}Kalikapur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalikapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.62|N|86.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 158
| population_total = 3786
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =JH
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalikapur''' is a [[census town]] in [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
Kalikapur is located at {{coord|22.62|N|86.28|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Kalikapur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kalikapur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 158 metres (518 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kalikapur had a population of 3,786. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kalikapur has an average literacy rate of 90%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 93%, and female literacy is 87%. In Kalikapur, 6% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Behadar

2023-06-11T22:57:01Z

MarlonBernhardt: adding first entry needs work.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Behadar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Behadar Kala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Behadar block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Behadar (#937) in Behadar CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27.024|80.412|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.996
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4458
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Behadar''', also '''Behadar Kala''', is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Hardoi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=417–34 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0924_PART_A_DCHB_HARDOI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> There is a market at Behadar Kalan Hashimpore on Wednesdays and Sundays, with no particular specialisation.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (36 - Hardoi District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=167, cxlii-cxliii of section "Sandila Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/987/1/22855_1961_HAR.pdf |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> The village has 3 primary schools and 0 healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/> As of 2011, the population of Behadar is 4,458, in 1,194 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Villages ==
Behadar CD block has the following 90 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Wehsar]] || 848.2 || 5,244
|-
| [[Gauri Seyad Talib]] || 255.6 || 1,696
|-
| [[Sindhwal Malihabad]] || 312.8 || 2,620
|-
| [[Gauri Dayampur]] || 267.1 || 2,052
|-
| [[Phatenpur Pathrauly Pachhim]] || 89.7 || 924
|-
| [[Sukhan Khera]] || 265.1 || 1,271
|-
| [[Phatehpur Pathrauly Purab]] || 290 || 1,150
|-
| [[Auramau]] || 162.7 || 1,664
|-
| [[Hasnapur, Behadar|Hasnapur]] || 148.7 || 1,945
|-
| [[Rasulpur Grant]] || 422.9 || 2,493
|-
| [[Phakar Patti]] || 112.4 || 973
|-
| [[Asahi Ajampur]] || 342.2 || 2,764
|-
| [[Santokha]] || 119.7 || 1,110
|-
| [[Gogawan Jot]] || 103.3 || 1,247
|-
| [[Bhatouly]] || 517.4 || 4,245
|-
| [[Nandauly]] || 134 || 666
|-
| [[Sarsand]] || 382.2 || 3,608
|-
| [[Kutubpur]] || 165.2 || 1,091
|-
| [[Dhudhera]] || 478.2 || 3,813
|-
| [[Gondwa Bhup]] || 128.8 || 1,609
|-
| [[Bakue]] || 109.3 || 946
|-
| [[Gauri Bidur]] || 94.4 || 972
|-
| [[Damghara]] || 95.6 || 504
|-
| [[Pilkhini]] || 334.8 || 2,705
|-
| [[Khrika]] || 552.1 || 2,197
|-
| [[Allipur Tandwa]] || 441.1 || 3,362
|-
| [[Reaso]] || 1,047.8 || 4,332
|-
| [[Hewaly]] || 138.7 || 1,058
|-
| [[Hiya, Hardoi|Hiya]] || 534.2 || 3,846
|-
| [[Allawalpur]] || 267.8 || 1,973
|-
| [[Jarha, Hardoi|Jarha]] || 447.1 || 3,887
|-
| [[Bagha Danda]] || 236 || 825
|-
| [[Enayatpur]] || 254.3 || 1,107
|-
| [[Kherwa, Behadar|Kherwa]] || 359.1 || 1,962
|-
| [[Samodha]] || 606 || 4,174
|-
| [[Usarha]] || 809.7 || 2,333
|-
| [[Mahsona]] || 280.3 || 2,305
|-
| [[Behadar Khurd]] || 814.8 || 5,523
|-
| '''Behadar Kala''' (block headquarters) || 599.6 || 4,458
|-
| [[Kasimpur]] || 536.5 || 4,320
|-
| [[Rampur Bhatauly]] || 363.5 || 1,838
|-
| [[Akohara Newada]] || 228.6 || 1,329
|-
| [[Ritawey]] || 259.8 || 1,916
|-
| [[Sarehri]] || 433 || 3,676
|-
| [[Shahpur, Behadar|Shahpur]] || 170 || 1,361
|-
| [[Diwary]] || 332.5 || 2,762
|-
| [[Dularpur, Behadar|Dularpur]] || 139.4 || 1,120
|-
| [[Aant]] || 139.7 || 501
|-
| [[Chandu, Hardoi|Chandu]] || 220.4 || 1,135
|-
| [[Chamrha]] || 62.3 || 430
|-
| [[Bhiti]] || 190.1 || 1,130
|-
| [[Birauly]] || 328.3 || 2,243
|-
| [[Atuka]] || 90.9 || 1,061
|-
| [[Kanjaura]] || 121 || 945
|-
| [[Mahmoodpur Lalta]] || 159.7 || 1,123
|-
| [[Rasulpur Barhman]] || 379.6 || 1,869
|-
| [[Balnapur]] || 144.2 || 452
|-
| [[Bahlolpur]] || 596.3 || 2,930
|-
| [[Sidhikpur]] || 80.1 || 649
|-
| [[Sirauly]] || 231.7 || 1,430
|-
| [[Dhanna Rampur]] || 72.2 || 589
|-
| [[Atiya, Hardoi|Atiya]] || 225.9 || 2,092
|-
| [[Bhaghar]] || 95.4 || 172
|-
| [[Turnadew]] || 108.2 || 562
|-
| [[Nariyary]] || 79.4 || 776
|-
| [[Turna Rudra]] || 139.4 || 1,483
|-
| [[Bindaura]] || 146.6 || 954
|-
| [[Jahidpur, Hardoi|Jahidpur]] || 302.2 || 2,374
|-
| [[Akbarpur Talhu]] || 220.8 || 1,747
|-
| [[Baragaon, Behadar|Baragaon]] || 759.2 || 5,234
|-
| [[Kundry, Hardoi|Kundry]] || 284.4 || 1,445
|-
| [[Husenpur, Hardoi|Husenpur]] || 131.8 || 1,084
|-
| [[Paliya, Hardoi|Paliya]] || 76 || 514
|-
| [[Chanda Baija]] || 518 || 3,269
|-
| [[Jasu]] || 189 || 1,248
|-
| [[Pigrawan]] || 137.4 || 936
|-
| [[Kudauni]] || 153.6 || 1,322
|-
| [[Dewnathpur]] || 164.9 || 1,206
|-
| [[Madar, Behadar|Madar]] || 351.3 || 3,385
|-
| [[Karlawan]] || 280.7 || 1,877
|-
| [[Kahchari]] || 431.2 || 2,705
|-
| [[Hardei Salempur]] || 79.6 || 459
|-
| [[Aladadpur Newada]] || 255 || 1,761
|-
| [[Gadiyana]] || 95.3 || 421
|-
| [[Dakhwa]] || 131.6 || 761
|-
| [[Kajipur]] || 175.9 || 1,126
|-
| [[Ghuspahan]] || 454.5 || 1,728
|-
| [[Kakenduwa]] || 129.9 || 810
|-
| [[Sarwen]] || 626.9 || 3,424
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hardoi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hardoi district]]

{{Hardoi-geo-stub}}