Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital

2026-05-08T11:36:15Z

MarkObd354: adding bio - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital
| image = Tamlukmedicalcollegemaingate.png
| image_size = 300px
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Public]] [[Medical]] [[College]] & [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2022}}
| principal = Dr. Sarmila Mallik
| undergrad = 100 per year
| address = Hospital More
| city = [[Tamluk]], [[Purba Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.28699|87.91942|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Urban
| colors =
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = {{hlist| [[National Medical Commission|NMC]] | [[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]}}
| academic_affiliation = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| website = http://tgmch.ac.in/
}}
'''Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital''' ('''TGMCH'''), established in 2022, is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government medical college and hospital.<ref name=t/><ref>{{cite web |title=No. HF/O/IVIERT/705/HFW-240 13 (15) 13 12021 |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |website=www.wbhealth.gov.in |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020800/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal government plans six new medical colleges |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-government-plans-six-new-medical-colleges-1502976546.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=The Statesman |publisher=www.thestatesman.com |date=26 June 2021}}</ref> This college is located at [[Tamluk|Tamluk city]] in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] district, [[West Bengal]]. This college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) and associated degrees.<ref>{{cite news |title=ছয় জেলায় হচ্ছে নতুন ছয় হাসপাতাল, স্বাস্থ্য পরিকাঠামোর আরও উন্নতিতে তৎপর নবান্ন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/for-now-the-state-government-has-started-preparations-to-build-six-medical-colleges-and-hospitals-in-six-districts/cid/1289150 |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=Anandabazar |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=26 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> This college also offers the Nursing and para-medical courses. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Purba Medinipur district.

==Courses==
Tamralipto Medical College and Hospital undertakes education and training of 100 students in [[MBBS]] course.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal proposes 6 new medical colleges with 100 MBBS seats each |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/west-bengal/west-bengal-proposes-6-new-medical-colleges-with-100-mbbs-seats-each-79157 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=medicaldialogues.in |date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/6-new-medical-colleges-announced-in-west-bengal-in-coordination-with-central-govt/792207 | title=6 new Medical colleges announced in West Bengal in coordination with Central Govt | Education News }}</ref>

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name=t>{{cite news |last1=Konar |first1=Debashis |title=National body nod to 5 new medical colleges in West Bengal, admission likely to start this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/national-body-nod-to-5-new-medical-colleges-in-west-bengal-admission-likely-to-start-this-year/articleshow/93358333.cms |access-date=8 August 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Ramayapatnam Lighthouse

2026-05-07T00:30:49Z

MarkObd354:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}
'''Ramayapatnam Lighthouse''' is a [[lighthouse]] in [[Ramayapatnam]], [[Ulavapadu mandal]], [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, on the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/about-vishakhapatnam/ramayapatnam-lighthouse|title=Ramayapatnam Lighthouse|website=Directorate of Lighthouses and Lightships}}</ref> It comes under the control of central Government (Director General of Lighthouses and Lightships) under the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], maintained by The Directorate of Lighthouses and Lightships, [[Visakhapatnam]].

Ramayapatnam lighthouse is connected by 20 km road to [[Kavali railway station]] on the Chennai-Howrah trunk route. It is the first lighthouse provided at Ramayapatnam: a church built in 1870 at Ramayapatnam previously served as a landmark for the benefit of ships cruising off the Ramayapatnam coast. The lighthouse tower was built in 1982.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|15.04967|80.04793|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Lighthouses in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Lighthouse-stub}}

St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences

2026-05-04T09:34:38Z

MarkObd354: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[St. John's Medical College]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chhatarpur, Jharkhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:06Z

MarkObd354: Starting Stub

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{coord|24.37|N|84.19|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Jharkhand]]}}|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhatarpur
| type = SLA
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| map_image = Chhatarpur constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 78
| district = [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]]
| established = 2000
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Radha Krishna Kishore.jpg
| mla = [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = {{formatnum:}}
}}
'''Chhatarpur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

It is located in [[Palamu district]] and is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Lesliganj cum Chhatarpur constituency''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-67: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|Kumbha Narayan Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jorawar Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Laxman Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Manoj Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Sudha Choudhary
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Pushpa Devi]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
'''Source:''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chattarpur-jharkhand-assembly-constituency|title=Chattarpur Assembly Constituency Election Result|work = Result University|access-date= 22 October 2024}}</ref>

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=71,857 |percentage=36.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushpa Devi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=71,121 |percentage=36.15% |change={{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=20,963 |percentage=10.65% |change={{decrease}}12.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,159 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,649 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamta Bhuiyan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,594 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanchala Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,058 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,026 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=736 |percentage=0.37% |change= {{decrease}}16.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,96,745 |percentage=61.52% |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,19,783 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushpa Devi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,127 |percentage=39.39% |change={{increase}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=37,335 |percentage=22.93% |change={{decrease}}3.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=16,018 |percentage=9.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmendra Prakash Badal |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=15,522 |percentage=9.53% |change={{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudha Chaudhry]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,794 |percentage=5.40% |change={{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Kumar Paswan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,899 |percentage=3.62% |change={{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashikant Kumar |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,923 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,754 |percentage=1.69% |change={{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,792 |percentage=16.46% |change= {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,802 |percentage=61.69% |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,916 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,805 |percentage=30.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=37,943 |percentage=26.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhat Kumar |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=17,974 |percentage=12.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Janam Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=17,438 |percentage=12.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudha Chaudhry]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=10,096 |percentage=7.05% |change={{decrease}}21.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Renu Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,768 |percentage=1.93% |change={{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murari Bhuiya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,493 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,903 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,862 |percentage=4.09% |change= {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,166 |percentage=59.63% |change= {{increase}}18.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,40,087 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudha Chaudhry]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=25,854 |percentage=28.23% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=16,108 |percentage=17.59% |change={{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,575 |percentage=17.01% |change={{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Ram |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=8,093 |percentage=8.84% |change={{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rampati Ranjan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,712 |percentage=8.42% |change={{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar |party=Navjawan Sangharsh Morcha |votes=3,246 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Mochi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,065 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,746 |percentage=10.64% |change= {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,585 |percentage=40.94% |change= {{decrease}}21.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,682 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=39,667 |percentage=31.33% |change={{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushpa Devi]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=23,234 |percentage=18.35% |change={{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sudha Chaudhry]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,399 |percentage=8.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shatrughan Kumar Shatru |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,080 |percentage=5.60% |change={{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,790 |percentage=3.57% |change={{decrease}}16.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Ram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=3,138 |percentage=1.93% |change={{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshman Ram |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,091 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,433 |percentage=12.98% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,613 |percentage=62.45% |change= {{increase}}17.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,742 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatarpur<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=20,864 |percentage=30.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Paswan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=14,699 |percentage=21.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Radha Krishna Kishore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,038 |percentage=20.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shatrughan Kumar Shatru |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,171 |percentage=7.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Ram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,855 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Ran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,746 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Paswan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,676 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,165 |percentage=9.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,475 |percentage=46.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,709 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Palamu district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Palamu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:20Z

MarkObd354: made new data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hazaribagh {{Small|JH-14}}
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Hazaribagh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Manish Jaiswal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Barhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhi]] [[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]] [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]] [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]] [[Hazaribagh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
}}

'''Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Ramgarh district]] and part of [[Hazaribagh district]]

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archive-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|21
|[[Barhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|22
|[[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]]
|[[Roshan Lal Choudhary]]
|-
|23
|[[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
|[[Mamta Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|24
|[[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hazaribagh district|Ramgarh]]
|[[Nirmal Mahto]]
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
|25
|[[Hazaribagh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Pradip Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Ram Narayan Singh]]<ref>[https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/winningcandidates/0/1/16 All CNSPJP Winner Candidates in Lok Sabha Election 1952] India Votes</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Lalita Rajya Lakshmi
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Basant Narain Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|1968^
|[[Mohan Singh Oberoi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Damodar Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Basant Narain Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Damodar Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Yadunath Pandey]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[M. L. Vishwakarma]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayant Sinha]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Manish Jaiswal]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hazaribagh]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hazaribagh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hazaribagh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2714.htm |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Manish Jaiswal]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=6,54,613
|percentage=51.76
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=3,77,927
|percentage=29.88
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanjay Kumar Mehta]]
|party=Independent
|votes=1,57,977
|percentage=12.49
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India
|candidate=Aniruddh Kumar
|votes=10,468
|percentage=0.83
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Moinudin Ahmad
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=7,438
|percentage=0.59
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=7,200
|percentage=0.57
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=2,76,686
|percentage=21.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=12,65,455
|percentage=65.14
|change=|reg. electors={{formatnum: }}}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
 <section begin="General Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Hazaribagh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jayant Sinha]]
|votes = 7,28,798
|percentage = 67.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Prasad Sahu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,49,250
|percentage= 23.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 32,109
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Moinuddin Ahmad
|votes = 15,660
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Ramavtar Mahto
|votes = 14,829
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 7,539
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,79,548
|percentage = 44.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,81,382
|percentage = 64.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2019" />

===2014===
 <section begin="General Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Hazaribagh]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jayant Sinha]]
|votes =4,06,931
|percentage = 42.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saurabh Narain Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =2,47,803
|percentage= 25.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Loknath Mahto
|party =All Jharkhand Students Union
|votes = 1,56,186
|percentage = 16.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate=Arun Kumar Mishra
|votes=30,408
|percentage=3.14
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,59,128
|percentage = 16.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,67,348
|percentage =63.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2014" />

===2009===
 <section begin="General Election 2009"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Hazaribagh]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
|votes =2,19,810
|percentage = 31.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saurabh Narain Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =1,79,646
|percentage= 26.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Chandra Prakash Choudhary
|party =All Jharkhand Students Union
|votes = 86,880
|percentage = 12.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate=Shivlal Mahto
|votes=53,902
|percentage=7.80
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 53,785
|percentage = 7.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate=Braj Kishore Jaiswal
|votes=43,745
|percentage=6.33
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =40,164
|percentage = 5.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,90,943
|percentage =53.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2009" />

==See also==
* [[Hazaribagh district]]
* [[Ramgarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/hazaribagh/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Hazaribagh lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{coord|23.99|85.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Hazaribagh district]]
[[Category:Ramgarh district]]

Thakurdwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:21Z

MarkObd354: adding a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thakurdwara
| map_image = 26-Thakurdwara.svg
| mla = [[Nawab Jan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:372490}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 26
}}

'''Thakurdwara''' is one of the 403 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017/>

It is part of [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Thakurdwara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/thakurdwara.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Shiv Sarup Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kishan Singh
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Ram Pal Singh]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Ahmad Ullah Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Ram Pal Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Mukeemur Rehman
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Ram Pal Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Sakhawat Hussain
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)|Indian National Congress (J)]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Mohmadullah Khan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=4|[[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh|Kunwar Sarvesh Singh]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Vijay Kumar Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh|Kunwar Sarvesh Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2014^
| rowspan=3|[[Nawab Jan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurdwara<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nawab Jaan
|votes = {{formatnum:134391}}
|percentage = 48.76
|change = +6.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:114707}}
|percentage = 41.62
|change = +4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mujahid Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:22163}}
|percentage = 8.04
|change = -7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1061}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19684}}
|percentage = 7.14
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:275608}}
|percentage = 73.99
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurdwara<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Nawab Jan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:107865}}
|percentage = 42.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajpal Singh Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94456}}
|percentage = 36.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:39821}}
|percentage = 15.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ejaj Ahmed
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:9444}}
|percentage = 3.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1040}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13409}}
|percentage = 5.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:256420}}
|percentage = 73.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|votes =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 elections in India|Bye Election, 2014]]: [[Thakurdwara]]
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nawab Jan
|votes = 111,097
|percentage = 47.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajpal Chauhan
|votes = 84,074
|percentage = 36.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohd. Ullah Khan
|votes = 17,377
|percentage = 7.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Ram Singh Chauhan Guru Ji
|votes = 13,256
|percentage = 5.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohd.Aslam Urf Pasha
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Rais Ahmad
|votes = 475
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Roopchand Singh
|votes = 709
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahipal Singh
|votes = 2,449
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udees Kumar
|votes = 219
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mo.Jakir
|votes = 531
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anurag Kumar
|votes = 241
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,115
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,023
|percentage = 11.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 232,308
|percentage = 70.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurdwara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar]]
|votes = 84,530
|percentage = 38.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Urf Vijay Yadav
|votes = 46,556
|percentage = 21.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nawab Jan
|votes = 46,519
|percentage = 21.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haji Mohd. Ilyas
|votes = 26,367
|percentage = 11.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Manmohan Singh Saini
|votes = 5,633
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurdwara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Urf Vijay Yadav
|votes = 62,394
|percentage = 37.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar]]
|votes = 53,284
|percentage = 31.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohd. Ullah Khan
|votes = 39,067
|percentage = 23.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Javed Ali Khan
|votes = 4,994
|percentage = 2.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurdwara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar]]
|votes = 87,318
|percentage = 45.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
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|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohd. Ullah Khan
|votes = 84,063
|percentage = 44.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
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|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hazi Bhure Hussain Ansari
|votes = 8,169
|percentage = 4.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
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|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Urf Vijay Yadav
|votes = 6,281
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
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|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Moradabad district]]
* [[Sahaspur]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|29.19|78.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Samant Goel

2026-04-12T00:14:06Z

MarkObd354: adding a entry

{{short description|23rd Secretary of Research & Analysis Wing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samant Goel
| order = [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| predecessor = [[Anil Dhasmana]]
| successor = [[Ravi Sinha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|05|13}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| profession =
| term_start = 29 June 2019
| term_end = 30 June 2023
| Political party =
}}
'''Samant Kumar Goel''' is a former [[spymaster]] and a retired 1984 batch [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service officer]] (IPS) from [[Punjab]] cadre who served as the [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=IPS officer Ravi Sinha appointed new R&AW chief, to succeed Samant Goel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ips-officer-ravi-sinha-appointed-new-research-and-analysis-wing-chief-r-aw-raw-101687161691177.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as secretary on 26 June 2019, succeeding [[Anil Dhasmana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-strategist-samant-goel-is-new-raw-chief-kashmir-expert-arvind-kumar-ib-director-1556415-2019-06-26|title=Balakot strategist Samant Goel is new R&AW chief, Kashmir expert Arvind Kumar IB director|date=26 June 2019|work=India Today|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230219140710/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FWAsaKDUsAEjIjM?format=png&name=large Notification dated 24th June 2022], Appointments Committee of the Cabinet</ref>

== Biography ==
Goel, who belongs to the Punjab cadre, was involved in the planning of the [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot air strike]] and played an important role in checking [[Punjab insurgency|militancy in Punjab]]. He is a recipient of the [[President's Police Medal|Police Medals for Gallantry and Meritorious Service]], and joined the R&AW in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kumar-to-head-ib-samant-goel-is-raw-chief/article28144135.ece |title=Balakot air strike planner named by government as R&AW chief|access-date=6 March 2021|work=The Hindu|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

Goel has also served as Chief of Station, Europe Desk and as Chief of Station in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html|title=Trial of 'R&AW Agent' in German Court Casts Spotlight on India's Secret War Against Khalistan Terror in Europe|date=19 May 2020|work=News18|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anil Dhasmana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[R&AW#List of R&AW Secretaries|Secretary, R&AW]]
|years=29 June 2019 – present}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ravi Sinha]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Samant}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian spies]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Research & Analysis Wing]]

Deepak Kapur

2026-04-11T23:31:03Z

MarkObd354: Starting New Stub

{{Infobox scientist
| birth_date = {{birth date |1950|08|24}}
| birth_place = Amritsar, Punjab, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|04|11|1950|8|24}}
| death_place = [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], U.S.
| fields = [[Automated reasoning]], [[term rewriting]], [[unification (computer science)|unification]], [[symbolic computation]], [[formal methods]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| thesis_title = Towards a Theory of Abstract Data Types.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Towards a Theory for Abstract Data Types. Deepak Kapur Ph.D. thesis. |date=June 1980 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA085877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928212156/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA085877 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |accessdate=28 September 2021|last1=Kapur |first1=Deepak }}</ref>
| thesis_year = 1980
| doctoral_advisor = [[Barbara Liskov]]<ref>{{MathGenealogy |id=41415}}</ref>
| awards = [[Herbrand Award]] (2009)
| website = https://www.cs.unm.edu/~kapur/
| spouse = Roli Varma
}}

'''Deepak Kapur''' (August 24, 1950 - April 11, 2026) was a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the [[University of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty Profiles: Deepak Kapur|url=https://www.cs.unm.edu/directory/faculty-profiles/deepak-kapur.html |website=CS UNM |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kapur was born in a lower-middle-class family based in [[Amritsar]], where his father, Nawal Kishore Kapur, was a cloth broker; his mother, Bimla Vati, was a housewife.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Education ==
Kapur's early education was at the Government Primary School, Katra Khazana, Amritsar, until 3rd grade. He was then shifted to the Vidya Bhushan Primary School, Amritsar. After 5th grade, he had to change school again to Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) Higher Secondary School until 11th grade.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} He was selected in the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT) entrance examination in 1966. He got his undergraduate degree (B.Tech) in Electric Engineering from IIT, Kanpur, in 1971 and M. Tech. degree in Computer Science in May 1973 also from IIT, Kanpur.

== Academic career ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
After graduating from MIT in March 1980, Kapur joined as a research staff at GE Corporate Research and Development (GECRD), Schenectady, NY, where he worked until Dec. 1987. While being at GECRD, he was an adjunct professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), where he taught a course on automated reasoning based on term rewriting. At RPI he also co-supervised Ph.D. dissertations of Abdelilah Kandri-Rody and Hantao Zhang.

Kapur was hired in 1988 as a tenured full professor at the University at Albany, State University of New York. In 1998, Kapur got the distinguished research award.

Kapur became the Chair of the Computer Science department at the University of New Mexico (UNM) in December 1998, a position he held until June 2006. In 2007, Kapur was made a Distinguished Professor at UNM. In May, 2010, Kapur was awarded ''Senior Faculty Research Excellence Award'' by the School of Engineering of the UNM.

Kapur has held visiting appointments at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Max Planck Institute for Informatics]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], Institute of Software (Beijing), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS), Institute IMDEA Software, Madrid, among other institutions.

Kapur has served as a Consultant to GE Corporate Research and Development, Sandia National Labs, IBM Research at Watson and Fujitsu Labs.

Kapur was the Editor-in-Chief of the [[Journal of Automated Reasoning]] from 1993-2007. He has served on the editorial board of many journals including [[Journal of Automated Reasoning]], [[Journal of Symbolic Computation]], Journal of Logic and Algebra Programming, Journal of Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing. Kapur also served on the board of Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics.

Kapur was a Board Member of the United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology as well as United Nation University - Computing and Society. He was also a board member of the Computer Science Research Institute of the Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos Computer Science Institute (LACSI).

Kapur received the [[Herbrand Award]] in 2009:<ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2009 |title=Herbrand Award: for Distinguished Contributions to Automated Reasoning |url=http://www.cadeinc.org/Herbrand-Award |website=Conference on Automated Deduction |access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|in recognition of his seminal contributions to several areas of automated deduction including inductive theorem proving, geometry theorem proving, term rewriting, unification theory, integration and combination of decision procedures, lemma and loop invariant generation, as well as his work in computer algebra, which helped to bridge the gap between the two areas.}}

== Research ==
Kapur has published over 150 papers on Programming Languages, Formal Methods including Software and Hardware Verification, Automated Theorem Proving, Term Rewriting, Inductive Theorem Proving, Unification Theory, Complexity of Automated Reasoning Algorithms, Geometry Theorem Proving, Groebner basis, parametric (Comprehensive) Groebner Basis, Multivariate Dixon Resultants, among other topics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepak Kapur Publications |url=https://dblp.org/pid/k/DeepakKapur.html |access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref>

Kapur developed the software tool Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL), the world’s first theorem prover based on term rewriting and the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure and its generalization.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Deepak |last2=Sivakumar |first2=G. |last3=Zhang |first3=Hantao |title=8th International Conference on Automated Deduction |chapter=RRL: A rewrite rule laboratory |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=1986 |volume=230 |pages=691–692 |doi=10.1007/3-540-16780-3_140|isbn=978-3-540-16780-8 }}</ref> The theorem prover mechanized equational, first-order, and inductive reasoning. At GECRD, Kapur designed and led the development of GeoMeter, a system for geometric and algebraic reasoning based on Groebner basis and parametric Groebner basis for applications to geometry theorem proving and computer vision.
At the University at Albany, State University of New York, Kapur with Musser led the development of a hypertext based system, Tecton, for hierarchical proof management.,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tecton Project |url=http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~musser/Tecton/ |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> on top of RRL.
These systems have been used in applications of hardware verification, specification analysis, geometric modeling, and computer vision.

== Selected publications ==
{{excessive examples|section|date=November 2021}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Donald|first1=B.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIZQAAAAMAAJ|title=Symbolic and Numerical Computation for Artificial Intelligence|last2=Kapur|first2=D.|last3=Mundy|first3=J.L.|date=1992|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-220535-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=D.|last2=Mundy|first2=J.L.|title=Geometric Reasoning {{!}} The MIT Press|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/geometric-reasoning|access-date=2021-06-06|website=mitpress.mit.edu|publisher=MIT Press| language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=R.|last2=Kapur |first2=D.|title=Decoding femininity in computer science in India |journal=Communications of the ACM |date=23 April 2015 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1145/2663339|s2cid=18503653}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=R.|last2=Kapur |first2=D.|title=Comparative Analysis of Brain Drain, Brain Circulation and Brain Retain: A Case Study of Indian Institutes of Technology |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |date=August 2013 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=315–330 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2013.810376|s2cid=41370320}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Kapur|first1=D.|last2=Zhang|first2=H.|date=1995-01-01|title=An overview of Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL)|journal=Computers & Mathematics with Applications|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=91–114|doi=10.1016/0898-1221(94)00218-A|issn=0898-1221|doi-access=}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D. |last2=Nie |first2=X. |last3=Musser |first3=D.R. |title=An overview of the Tecton proof system |journal=Theoretical Computer Science |date=October 1994 |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=307–339 |doi=10.1016/0304-3975(94)90192-9|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kapur | first1=D. | last2=Musser | first2=D.R. | date=1987-02-01 | title=Proof by consistency|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/sciencekke/article/abs/pii/0004370287900178|journal=Artificial Intelligence|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=125–157|doi=10.1016/0004-3702(87)90017-8|issn=0004-3702|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|last2=Giesl |first2=J.|last3=Subramaniam |first3=M.|title=Induction and Decision Procedures |journal=Rev.R. Acad. Cien. Serie A. Mat.|date=2004 |citeseerx=10.1.1.70.2434}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=H.|last2=Kapur|first2=D.|last3=Krishnamoorthy|first3=M.S.|title=9th International Conference on Automated Deduction |chapter=A mechanizable induction principle for equational specifications |date=1988-05-23|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/BFb0012831|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=310|language=en|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|pages=162–181|doi=10.1007/BFb0012831|isbn=3-540-19343-X}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Deepak |last2=Narendran |first2=Paliath |title=An equational approach to theorem proving in first-order predicate calculus |journal=Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 2 |date=18 August 1985 |pages=1146–1153 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1623611.1623710 |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.|isbn=978-0-934613-02-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kandri-Rody|first1=A.|last2=Kapur |first2=D. |last3=Winkler |first3=F. |title=Proceedings of the ACM-SIGSAM 1989 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation - ISSAC '89 |chapter=Knuth-Bendix procedure and Buchberger algorithm: A synthesis |date=1989 |pages=55–67 |doi=10.1145/74540.74548|isbn=0897913256|s2cid=17914831}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kandri-Rody |first1=Ä.|last2=Kapur |first2=D.|title=Computing a Grobner basis of a polynomial ideal over a Euclidean domain |journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation |date=1 August 1988 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–57 |doi=10.1016/S0747-7171(88)80020-8 |issn=0747-7171|doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Kapur|first1=D.|date=1986-12-01|title=Using Gröbner bases to reason about geometry problems|journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=399–408|doi=10.1016/S0747-7171(86)80007-4|issn=0747-7171|doi-access=}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D. |last2=Mundy |first2=J. |title=Wu's method and its application to perspective viewing |journal=Artificial Intelligence |date=1 December 1988 |volume=37 |issue=1–3 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.1016/0004-3702(88)90048-3 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0004370288900483 |language=en |issn=0004-3702|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Van Hentenryck|first1=P.|last2=McAllester|first2=D.|last3=Kapur|first3=D.|date=1997-04-01|title=Solving Polynomial Systems Using a Branch and Prune Approach|url=https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/S0036142995281504|journal=SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis|volume=34|issue=2|pages=797–827|doi=10.1137/S0036142995281504|issn=0036-1429|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kapur |first1=D.|title= Principles and Practices of Constraint Programming | chapter=An Approach for Solving Systems of Parametric Polynomial Equations in |date=1993 |citeseerx=10.1.1.39.9091}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|title=Comprehensive Gröbner basis theory for a parametric polynomial ideal and the associated completion algorithm |journal=Journal of Systems Science and Complexity |date=February 2017 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=196–233 |doi=10.1007/s11424-017-6337-8|s2cid=33584098}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Michel |first1=J.D. |last2=Nandhakumar |first2=N.|last3=Saxena|first3=T.|last4=Kapur |first4=D. |title=Geometric, Algebraic, and Thermophysical Techniques for Object Recognition in IR Imagery |journal=Computer Vision and Image Understanding |date=1 October 1998 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=84–97 |doi=10.1006/cviu.1997.0669 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107731429790669X |language=en |issn=1077-3142|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=D. | last2 = Madlener | first2=K.|title=Computers and Mathematics |chapter=A Completion Procedure for Computing a Canonical Basis for a k-Subalgebra |date=1989|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9647-5_1|language=en|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-9647-5_1|isbn=978-0-387-97019-6}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=D.|last2=Saxena|first2=T.|last3=Yang|first3=L.|title=Proceedings of the international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation - ISSAC '94 |chapter=Algebraic and geometric reasoning using Dixon resultants |date=1994-08-01|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=99–107|doi=10.1145/190347.190372|isbn=978-0-89791-638-7|s2cid=6398360|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chtcherba |first1=A. |last2=Kapur |first2=D. |title=Constructing Sylvester-type resultant matrices using the Dixon formulation |journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation |date=1 July 2004 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=777–814 |doi=10.1016/j.jsc.2003.11.003 |language=en |issn=0747-7171|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chtcherba |first1=A.D. |last2=Kapur |first2=D.|title=Exact resultants for corner-cut unmixed multivariate polynomial systems using the Dixon formulation |journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation |date=September 2003 |volume=36 |issue=3–4 |pages=289–315 |doi=10.1016/S0747-7171(03)00084-1|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|last2=Subramaniam |first2=M.|title=Using an induction prover for verifying arithmetic circuits |journal=International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer |date=September 2000 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=32–65 |doi=10.1007/PL00010808|s2cid=10544549}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Falke |first1=S.|last2=Kapur |first2=D.|title=Logic, Rewriting, and Concurrency |chapter=When is a Formula a Loop Invariant? |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|date=2015 |volume=9200 |pages=264–286 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23165-5_13|isbn=978-3-319-23164-8}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Rodriguez-Carbonell|first1=E.|last2=Kapur|first2=D.|date=2007-04-01|title=Generating all polynomial invariants in simple loops|journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=443–476|doi=10.1016/j.jsc.2007.01.002|issn=0747-7171|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Kapur|first=D.|date=2006|editor-last=Baader|editor-first=Franz|editor2-last=Baumgartner|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Nieuwenhuis|editor3-first=Robert|editor4-last=Voronkov|editor4-first=Andrei|title=Automatically Generating Loop Invariants Using Quantifier Elimination|url=http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2006/511|journal=Deduction and Applications|series=Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings|volume=5431 |pages=1–17 |location=Dagstuhl, Germany|publisher=Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany|doi=10.4230/DagSemProc.05431.3 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|title=Programming Logics |chapter=Elimination Techniques for Program Analysis |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|date=2013 |volume=7797 |pages=194–215 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-37651-1_8|isbn=978-3-642-37650-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|last2=Majumdar |first2=R.|last3=Zarba |first3=C.G. |title=Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Foundations of software engineering |chapter=Interpolation for data structures |date=2006 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1145/1181775.1181789|isbn=1595934685|s2cid=158878}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ghilardi |first1=S. |last2=Gianola |first2=A. |last3=Kapur |first3=D. |title=Computing Uniform Interpolants for EUF via (conditional) DAG-based Compact Representations |journal=Italian Conference on Computational Logic |pages=67–81 |date=2020 |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/360732877}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Kapur|first1=D.|last2=Narendran|first2=P.|date=1992-10-01|title=Complexity of unification problems with associative-commutative operators|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00245463|journal=Journal of Automated Reasoning|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=261–288|doi=10.1007/BF00245463|s2cid=26828762|issn=1573-0670|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Benanav|first1=D.|last2=Kapur|first2=D.|last3=Narendran|first3=P.|date=1987-02-04|title=Complexity of matching problems|journal=Journal of Symbolic Computation|language=en|volume=3|issue=1–2|pages=203–216|doi=10.1016/S0747-7171(87)80027-5|issn=0747-7171|doi-access=}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D.|last2=Musser |first2=D.|last3=Narendran |first3=P.|last4=Stillman |first4=J.|title=Semi-unification|journal=Journal of Theoretical Computer Science |date=1991 |volume=81|issue=2|pages=169–187|doi=10.1016/0304-3975(91)90189-9|citeseerx=10.1.1.90.1272}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Deepak}}
[[Category:University of New Mexico faculty]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Majhawan Assembly constituency

2026-04-10T19:43:33Z

MarkObd354: new.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majhawan
| map_image = 397-Majhawan.svg
| mla = [[Suchismita Maurya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,97,877
| constituency_no = 397
| preceded_by = [[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
}}'''Majhawan Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the town of Majhawan in the [[Mirzapur district]] (25 km from [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]) of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Majhawan is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 397 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Majhawan Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/majhawan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bechan Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Nihore Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Rudra Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shivdas Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Lokpati Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Rudra Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhagwat Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Ram Chandra Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramesh Chand Bind]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Suchismita Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
|{{Full party name with color|NISHAD Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[Suchismita Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

^ denotes by-election

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Majhawan<ref name="election2024">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S24397.htm|title=Majhawan By elections 2024|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suchismita Maurya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,737
|percentage = 38.55
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jyoti Bind
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 72,815
|percentage = 36.11
|change = {{increase}}7.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deepak Tiwari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 34,927
|percentage = 17.32
|change = {{decrease}}4.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shambhu Nath
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = 3,529
|percentage = 1.75
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Lakhan
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,654
|percentage = 1.32
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,035
|percentage = 1.01
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,922
|percentage = 2.44
|change = {{decrease}}11.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,01,649
|percentage = 50.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = NISHAD Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhawan<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |accessdate=4 March 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103235}}
|percentage = 42.07
|change = {{increase}}40.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rohit Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:69648}}
|percentage = 28.38
|change = {{increase}}9.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pusplata Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:52990}}
|percentage = 21.59
|change = {{decrease}}6.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shiv Shanker Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3399}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Prakash Chand Tripathi<ref name="AAP 150 list">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shashwat |title=AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 {{!}} Check complete list |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/aap-releases-150-candidates-for-uttar-pradesh-polls-2022-check-full-list-2022-01-16-754742 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=indiatvnews.com |date=16 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:2361}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2746}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{increase}}0.43
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33587}}
|percentage = 13.69
|change = {{decrease}}3.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245391}}
|percentage = 61.68
|change = {{decrease}}2.07
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = NISHAD Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate '''[[Suchismita Maurya]]''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate ''Ramesh Chand Bind'' by a margin of 41,159 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/majhawan.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |accessdate=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210184448/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/|archive-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Majhawa<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suchismita Maurya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107839}}
|percentage = 44.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chand Bind]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66680}}
|percentage = 27.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rohit Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:44212}}
|percentage = 18.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Tulsidas
|votes = {{formatnum:4867}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanhaiya Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:3667}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1655}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41159}}
|percentage = 17.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:240169}}
|percentage = 63.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.31|80.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mirzapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chidambaram

2026-04-04T16:36:04Z

MarkObd354: Starting A Post

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chidambaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Thillai
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Chidambaram Temple.jpg
| image_alt = Chidambaram Nataraja Temple
| image_caption = Thillai Nataraja Temple
| nickname = Temple City
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.407000|N|79.691200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chola Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Selective Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Chidambaram Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31
| population_total = 115913
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Chidambaran
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-tamilnadu.php|title=Tamil Nadu (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308193757/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-tamilnadu.php|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 608001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-4144
| registration_plate = '''TN-91'''
| website = http://Cuddalore.tn.nic.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Chidambaram''' is a major town and [[municipality]] in [[Cuddalore district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], on the banks of the [[Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar River]] where it meets the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the Chidambaram [[Tehsil|taluk]]. The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Pallavas]] until ninth century, [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Later Cholas]], [[Pandya dynasty#Second Pandya Empire (13th and 14th centuries)|Later Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayakas]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Marathas]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. The town is known for the [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Nataraja Temple]] and [[Thillai Kali Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Kali Temple]], and the annual [[Temple car|chariot]] festival held in the months of December–January (In the Tamil month of Marghazhi known as "Margazhi Urchavam") and June to July (In the Tamil month of Aani known as "Aani Thirumanjanam"). One of the Divya Desams [[Govindaraja Perumal Temple|Divya Sri Govindaraja Perumal Temple (Thiruchitrakoodam)]] is a part of Thillai Nataraja Temple complex. [[Tiruvetkalam Pasupatheswarar Temple|Thiruvetkalam Shiva Temple, Vadakiruppu]], [[Sivapuri Uchinathar Temple|Thirunelvayil Shiva Temple, Sivapuri]] and [[Tirukkazhippalai Palvannanathar Temple]] are the other three ancient Shiva temples in the region.

Chidambaram covers an area of {{convert|25.5|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and had a population of 1,15,913 as of 2011. It is administered by a [[Local administration in Tamil Nadu#Urban Local Bodies|Selective grade municipality]]. Tertiary sector involving tourism is the major occupation. Roadways are the major means of transportation with a total of {{convert|64.12|km|mi|abbr=on}} of district roads including one national highway passing through the town. As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambaram. [[Annamalai University]], established in 1929 in Chidambaram, is one of the oldest and most prominent universities in the state.

==Etymology and legend==
Chidambaram is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity.<ref>[[#Reddy|Reddy, 2013]], p. 10</ref> The traditional name of the temple complex, Chidambaram Thillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-29 |title=Chidambaram - Sannidhi The Presence |url=https://sannidhi.net/chidambaram/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> The mangrove forests of Thillai trees (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]'') were abundant in the town once. The temple and the town were once in the midst of Thillai trees. The Thillai trees of the nearby [[Pichavaram]] wetlands, the second largest mangrove forest in the world, extends to the temple area. The shrine is venerated as ''Thillai ambalam'' literally meaning the open stage of Thillai.<ref>{{cite book|first=T. A. Gopinatha|last1= Rao|first2= Kalyan Kumar |last2=Dasgupta|year=1971|title= Elements of Hindu iconography, Volume 1, Part 1| page=43}}</ref> The name of the town of this shrine, chit ambara means 'ether of consciousness' or 'atmosphere of wisdom' in the
[[Sanskrit]] Language.<ref>https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=chidambaram#:~:text=Chidambaram%20Family%20History-,Chidambaram%20Name%20Meaning,as%20lord%20of%20the%20dance {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> This composite word comes from its association with Nataraja (Shiva), the cosmic dancer and the cultural atmosphere for arts.<ref>https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=chidambaram#:~:text=Chidambaram%20Family%20History-,Chidambaram%20Name%20Meaning,as%20lord%20of%20the%20dance. {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

According to Hindu legend, in the Thillai forests resided a group of sages who believed in the supremacy of magic — that the gods could be controlled by rituals and ''mantras''. [[Shiva]], hearing this, assumed the form of [[Bhikshatana]], a simple mendicant seeking alms, and went walking in Thillai. He was followed by his consort, [[Vishnu]] as [[Mohini]]. The sages and their wives were enchanted by the beauty of the pair. On seeing their womenfolk enchanted, the angry sages performed a ritual to create serpents (''[[nāga]]''). Shiva lifted the serpents and donned them as ornaments on his matted locks, neck and waist. Further enraged, the sages invoked a fierce tiger, whose skin was used by Shiva as a shawl around his waist. Then followed a fierce elephant, which was ripped to death and devoured by Shiva (an episode depicted in the [[Gajasurasamhara]]). The sages gathered all their spiritual strength and invoked the powerful demon Muyalakan — a symbol of complete arrogance and ignorance.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Shiva smiled gently, stepped on the demon's back to immobilise him, and performed the ''Ánanda Thandavam'' (the dance of eternal bliss), thus disclosing his true form. The sages surrendered, realizing that rituals cannot control the gods.<ref name="Anand">[[#Anand|Anand 2004]], p. 149</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sacred Tank and Pagoda at Chillambaran, India, c 1870.jpg|thumb|200px|left|An image of the temple and the tank in 1870]]
There is reference to the temple or the town in [[Sangam literature]] of the first to fifth centuries and the earliest mention is found in [[Tamil literature]].<ref name="Kulke" /> The temple and the deity were immortalized in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry in the works of ''[[Thevaram]]'' by three poet-saints belonging to the seventh century - [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]], [[Thirunavukkarasar]] and [[Sundaramoorthy Nayanar]].<ref name="Jones">[[#Jones|Jones 2007]], p. 107</ref> Thirugnana Sambanthar has composed two songs in praise of the temple, Thirunavukkarasar aka Appar eight songs in praise of Nataraja and Sundarar one song in praise of Nataraja. Sundarar commences his ''Thiruthondar Thogai'' (the sacred list of Lord Shiva's 63 devotees) paying his respects to the priests of the Thillai temple - "To the devotees of the priests at Thillai, I am a devotee". The works of the first three saints, the ''Thirumurai'' were stored in palm leaf manuscripts in the temple and were recovered by the Chola King [[Rajaraja Chola]]<ref name="Soundara Rajan" /> under the guidance of Nambiandarnambi. [[Manikkavasagar]], the tenth century ''saivite'' poet has written two works, the first called ''[[Tiruvasakam|Thiruvasakam]]'' (The sacred utterances) which largely has been sung in Chidambaram and the ''Thiruchitrambalakkovaiyar'' (aka ''Thirukovaiyar''), which has been sung entirely in the temple. Manikkavasagar is said to have attained spiritual bliss at Chidambaram. The Chidambaram Mahatmiyam composed during the 12th century provides the subsequent evolution and Sanskritization of cults.<ref name="Kulke">[[#Kulke|Kulke 2004]], p. 145</ref>

There are several inscriptions available in the temple and referring to the Chidambaram temple in neighbouring areas. Most inscriptions available pertain to the periods of Cholas - [[Rajaraja Chola]] I (985-1014 CE), [[Rajendra Chola]] I (1012-1044 CE), [[Kulothunga Chola I|Kulothunga Chola]] I (1070-1120 CE), [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118-1135 CE), [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] (1163 -1178 CE), [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (1178-1218 CE) and [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1216-1256 CE). Pandya inscriptions date from Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerapandiyan, [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Jataavarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Sundarapaandiyan]] (1251-1268 CE) and Maaravarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerakeralanaagiya Kulashekara Pandiyan (1268-1308 CE). Pallava inscriptions are available for king Avani Aala Pirandhaan Ko-perum-Singha (1216-1242 CE). Vijayanagara Kings mentioned in inscriptions are Veeraprathapa Kiruttina Theva Mahaaraayar (1509-1529 CE), Veeraprathaapa Venkata Deva Mahaaraayar, Sri Ranga Theva Mahaaraayar, Atchyutha Deva Mahaaraayar (1529-1542 CE) and Veera Bhooopathiraayar. One of the inscriptions from the descendant of Cheramaan Perumal Nayanar, Ramavarma Maharaja has been found.<ref name="Sastri"/>

In the north of India, the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Muslim armies began raiding central India for plunder by the late 13th century. After subduing and extracting huge wealth along with promised annual tributes from the Marathas [[Yadavas of Devagiri]] in 1308, the Telugu [[Kakatiya Dynasty|Kakatiyas of Warangal]] in 1310 and the Kannada [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra]] in 1311, Sultan Ala ud Din Khalji's infamous eunuch Muslim general, [[Malik Kafur]], and his [[Delhi Sultanate]] forces in 1311 went deeper into the Deccan peninsula for loot and to establish annual tributes to be paid by the [[Hindu king]]s.<ref>[[#CITEREFMichell1995|Michell 1995]], pp. 9-10, Quote: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil lands succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur and later Muslim invasions; forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, the Delhi Sultanate established the province of Ma'bar in 1323 with the capital at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the Delhi empire."</ref><ref name="Melton2014p884">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA884 |year= 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3|page=884}}</ref><ref name="Bayly1989p109">{{cite book|author=Susan Bayly|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|pages=109–110}}</ref> The records left by the court historians of the Delhi Sultanate state that Malik Kafur raided Chidambaram, [[Madurai]], [[Srirangam]], [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Rameswaram]] and other sacred temple towns, destroyed the temples which were sources of gold and jewels. He brought back enormous loot from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom to [[Delhi]] in 1311.<ref name="Ernst2004p109">{{cite book|author=Carl W. Ernst| title=Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bNAAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566869-8|page=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sarojini Chaturvedi|title=A short history of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcwAQAAIAAJ| year=2006|publisher= Saṁskṛiti|isbn=978-81-87374-37-4|page=209}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2015chid">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155| year=2015|publisher= Penguin Books|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|pages=155–156}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
[[File:Pichavarm Mangrove Eastern Great Egret.jpg|200px|left|A set of Mangroove forests that are common in Chidambaram and Pichavaram|thumb]]
Chidambaram is located at {{coord|11.39|N|79.69|E|}}. The town is located in Cuddalore district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, {{cvt|215|km}} from [[Chennai]]. Chidambaram is located close to the shores of [[Bay of Bengal]]. The topography is almost plain with forests around the town, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are alluvial and red that are conducive for crops like [[paddy field|paddy]], pulses and [[chili pepper]]s. The temperature ranges from a maximum of {{convert|32.7|°C|°F}} to a minimum of {{convert|24|°C|°F}}. Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Chidambaram receives an average of {{convert|10| mm|in|abbr=on}} annually, which is lesser than the state average of {{convert|1008| mm|in|abbr=on}}. The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. The average number of rainy days ranges from 35 to 40 every year.<ref name="gen">{{cite web| url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/abcity_city.htm| title=About the town| publisher=Chidambaram Municipality| access-date=2013-07-07| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201021456/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/abcity_city.htm| archive-date=1 December 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="urbaninfra5">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], p. 5</ref>
{{Weather box/concise C
| location=Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">"CLIMATE: CHIDAMBARAM, Tamil Nadu",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/52335/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703040242/https://en.climate-data.org/location/52335/ |date=3 July 2017 }}.</ref>
| 28.4|29.8|32.0|33.9|36.4|37.0|35.6|34.8|34.2|31.8|29.4|28.0
| 21.1|21.7|23.4|25.8|27.0|26.8|26.2|25.4|25.2|24.3|23.0|21.7
| 34|12|15|23|47|37|68|133|113|230|337|199
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|89.73}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|8.22}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.18}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.43}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.39}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}

[[File:Chidambaram houses.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A house in Chidambaram]]
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Chidambaram had a population of 62,153 with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 5,869 were under the age of six, constituting 2,990 males and 2,879 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 6.81% and .09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 83.24%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 15,166 households. There were a total of 22,194 workers, comprising 241 cultivators, 180 main agricultural labourers, 489 in household industries, 16,110 other workers, 5,174 marginal workers, 83 marginal cultivators, 213 marginal agricultural labourers, 401 marginal workers in household industries and 4,477 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Chidambaram|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=691705|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145158/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=691705|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2001, the town covered an area of {{convert|480|ha|sqkm}}. Out of the total area, 88 per cent of the land constituting {{convert|432|ha|sqkm}} is marked developed and the remaining area is used for agriculture and remains under water. [[Residential area]]s make up 55 per cent ({{convert|265.75|ha|sqkm}}) of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 5 per cent ({{convert|23.62|ha|sqkm}}) and 1 per cent ({{convert|3.63|ha|sqkm}}) respectively.<ref name="urbaninfra12">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], p. 12</ref> As of 2008, there 31 notified slums having 3,954 houses in Chidambaram and a total of 17,102 people constituting 30 per cent of the total population lived in them. The municipality maintains the water supply and garbage collection of all these slums.<ref name="urbaninfra26">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], p. 26</ref> As of 2001, nearly 5,000 people constituting 10 per cent of the population were [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Below poverty line|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/pdf/bpl_cdm.pdf|publisher=Chidambaram Municipality|year=2011|access-date=2013-08-08}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
As per the religious census of 2011, Chidambaram had 89.73% [[Hindus]], 8.22% [[Muslims]], 1.18% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.01% [[Buddhists]], 0.43% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.39% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chidambaram temple==
[[File:Chidambaram Nataraja temple fresco.jpg|200x200px|thumb|left|A fresco of Nataraja on the walls of the temple depicting the dance posture of the presiding deity]]
[[File:Nataraja Temple gopuram artwork in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Nataraja Temple gopuram artwork in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu]]
{{main|Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram}}

The temple complex is spread over an area of {{convert|40|acre|m2}} in the heart of the city. The main complex is dedicated to Shiva [[Nataraja]] and the complex contains shrines to deities such as Shivakami Amman, [[Ganesh]], [[Murugan]] and [[Vishnu]] in the form Govindaraja Perumal. The temple's earliest structures were designed and erected by ancient craftsmen called Perunthakkan. The golden tiled roof for the ''Chitrambalam'' (the vimanam) was laid by the Chola King [[Parantaka I]] (907-950 CE)<ref name="Soundara Rajan">[[#Soundara|Soundara Rajan 2001]], pp. 263-264</ref> following which he was given the title "Thillaiyambalathhukku porkoorai veiyntha thevan", meaning the one who constructed the golden roof. Kings [[Rajaraja Chola]] I (reign 985-1014 CE) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1120 CE) made significant donations to the temple. Gold and riches to the temple were donated by Rajaraja Chola's daughter [[Kundavai]] II while Chola king [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118-1135 CE) made donations for the conduct of the daily rituals. Donations of gold and jewels have been made by various kings, rulers and patrons to the temple from 9th to 16th century<ref name="Soundara Rajan" /> —including the Maharaja of [[Pudukottai]], Sethupathy (the emerald jewel still adorns the deity). Naralokaviran, the General of the king [[Kulothunga Chola I]] was responsible for building a shrine for child saint Thirugnana Sambanthar and installed a metal image inside it. He constructed a hall for the recitation of ''Thevaram'' hymns and engraved the hymns in copper plates.<ref>[[#Dehejia|Dehejia 1990]], p. 101</ref>

==Economy==
Tourism forms the economic base of Chidambaram. There are household industries like weaving is present within town limits, otherwise, there are no major industries in the town. As of 2001, the worker population constituted 18,249 people amounting to 31.6 per cent of the total population. Out of the total workforce, 16,059 constituting 88 per cent people were employed in the tertiary sector, 1,277 people constituting 7 per cent were involved in the secondary sector and 912 people constituting 5 per cent were involved in primary sector activities. The primary sector consists of local and regional marketing, with [[Rice#Harvesting.2C drying and milling|paddy]] being the primary traded product, followed by [[cereal]]s, [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], [[Legume|pulses]], [[sugarcane]] and gingelly. The secondary sector activities consist of household activities and cane furniture manufacturing. The tertiary sector activities are the tourism-related activities centred on the Thillai Natarajar temple. The town has a floating population of around 100,000 every year being mainly religious tourists. Annamalai University, located in the outskirts of the town is also another major industrial driver. The town is a centre for trading for the surrounding villages, housing provisional stores, food grain stores, vegetable shops, hotels, markets and fertilizer shops.<ref name="urbaninfra1012">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], pp. 10-12</ref>

==Education==
[[File:The Administrative Building, Annamalai University 01.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Annamalai University, established in 1929, is one of the oldest universities in the state]]
As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambram. There were nine other private schools within the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_edu.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175616/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_edu.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chidambaram is home to the [[Annamalai University]]. Annamalai University is a public university located in Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. [[Government Cuddalore Medical College]], Rajah Muthiah Dental College, Muthiah Polytechnic College, Government Arts College, Ragavendra Arts and science college, C.S. Jain College of Pharmacy and Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Institute of Maritime and Science Engineering College(pkimsec) are some of the prominent colleges in the town.

==Utilities==
Electricity supply to Chidambaram is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |publisher=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Water supply is provided by the Chidambaram Municipality from the two mini power pumps, borewells and Deep borwell located in various parts of the town. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_watersupply.htm|publisher=Chidambaram Municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175643/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_watersupply.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 31 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Chidambaram every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Chidambaram municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|publisher=Chidambaram Municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175620/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintained a total of {{convert|23.372|km|mi|abbr=on}} of storm water drains in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm water drains of Chidambaram|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175645/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of 2011, there was one government hospital namely Kamaraj Government Hospital, one municipal maternity home and 17 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chidambaram hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_hospitals.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175608/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_hospitals.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 1,856 street lamps: 339 sodium lamps, 1,500 tube lights and 17 high mast beam lamps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chidambaram street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_streetlight.htm|publisher=Chidambaram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175704/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_streetlight.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="urbaninfra24">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], p. 24</ref> The municipality operates four markets, namely the Daily Market West Car street, Gnanaprakasam market, North Main road fish market and Omakulam fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chidambaram markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_markets.htm|publisher=Chidambaram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907175646/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/sal_markets.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Natraja temple car.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|[[Ratha]] festival during 2011]]
[[File:சிதம்பரம் நாட்டியாஞ்சலி விழா.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Natyanjali Festival in the temple]]
The festivals in Chidambaram are centred on the festivals of the temple. The Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai festival celebrated in December–January indicates the first puja, the fourteenth day after the new moon ([[Chaturdashi]]) of the month of Masi (February–March) indicates the second pooja, the Chittirai Thiruvonam (in April–May), indicates the third pooja or uchikalam, the Uthiram of Aani (June–July) also called the Aani Thirumanjanam indicates the evening or the fourth puja, the chaturdasi of Aavani (August–September) indicates the fifth puja and the chaturdasi of the month of Puratasi (October–November) indicates the sixth pooja or Arthajama. Of these, the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December–January) and the Aani Thirumanjanam (in June–July) are the most important festivals. During these festivals, the festive deity is brought outside the sanctum sanctorum in a procession that includes a temple car procession followed by a long anointing ceremony.<ref name="Let's Go, Inc">[[#let|Let's Go, Inc 2004]], p. 597</ref> Several hundreds of thousands of people flock the temple to see the anointing ceremony and the ritualistic dance of Shiva when he is taken back to the sanctum sanctorum. Shiva, in his incarnation of Nataraja, is believed to have been born on full moon day in the constellation of ''Ardra'', the sixth lunar mansion. Lord Shiva is bathed only 6 times a year, and on the previous night of ''Ardra'', the bath rituals are performed on a grand scale. Pots full of milk, pomegranate juices, coconut water, ghee, oil, sandal paste, curds, holy ashes, and other liquids and solids, considered as a sacred offering to the deity are used for the sacred ablution.<ref name="Sastri">[[#Sastri|Sastri 2003]], pp. 2-9</ref>

Natyanjali is a prominent festival celebrated during February every year when [[bharatanatyam]] dancers from all over the country converge to present dance offering to Nataraja.<ref name="Let's Go, Inc" />

==Notable people==
*[[Appayya Dikshitar]] (1520-1593), [[Hindus|Hindu]] Priest
*[[Venki Ramakrishnan]] (b. 1952), [[structural biologist]] and [[Nobel Prize]] winner, born in Chidambaram.

==Municipal administration and politics==
Chidambaram is administered by a selective-grade municipality formed as third-grade municipality in 1873, upgraded to a second-grade in 1949, first-grade in 1974 and a selection-grade in 1998. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|11.16|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and also the [[taluk]] headquarters. The Chidambaram municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/abus_municip.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020212743/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/abus_municip.htm|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/who_councilors.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020214324/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/who_councilors.htm|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|url=http://www.epw.in/epw-archive.html|page=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|access-date=2012-12-29|year=1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125153219/http://www.epw.in/epw-archive.html|archive-date=25 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chidambaram comes under the [[Chidambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Chidambaram assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
|title=List of Assembly Constituencies
|year=2010
|access-date=2012-12-28
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm
|archive-date=14 June 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> From the 1977 elections, [[ADMK|All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won the assembly seat four times (in 1980, 1984, 2006 and 2016 elections), three times by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK, 1977, 1989 and 2001 elections) and once each by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M), 2011 election), [[Indian National Congress]] (INC, 1991 elections) and [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC, 1996).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp68.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212241/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp68.htm|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The current MLA of the constituency is K. A. Pandiyan (AIADMK).<ref name="MLA of Chidambaram">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm|title=MLA of Chidambaram|year=2011|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-12-29|df=dmy}}</ref>

Law and order in the town is maintained by the Chidambaram sub division of the Cuddalore district of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There is one police station in the town located in West Car street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chidambaram Police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_police.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907174708/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/chidambaram/srv_police.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karur subdivision police |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29578 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Police |access-date=2013-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011141826/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29578 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Transport==
The Chidambaram municipality maintains {{convert|64.12|km|mi|abbr=on}} of road. The town has {{convert|8.44|km|mi|abbr=on}} concrete roads and {{convert|48.69|km|mi|abbr=on}} bituminous road. A total of {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} by the National Highways Department. It is located at a distance of {{convert|223|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Chennai, {{convert|335|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Madurai, {{convert|375|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Rameswaram]], {{convert|340|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Bengaluru]]. The national highway NH- 32 (the [[Chennai]]- [[Villupuram]]-[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]-[[Cuddalore]]-Chidambaram-[[Nagapattinam]]- [[Thoothukudi]] Highway) passes through Chidambaram and [[NH 81|NH81]] connects Chidambaram with Coimbatore through [[Kattumannarkoil]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Karur]]. The Cuddalore road, Pitchavaram Road, Sirkazhi Road, Kattumanarkoil road and Old Bhuvanagiri road are the five main district roads connecting Chidambaram to other cities of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="urbaninfra23">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], p. 23</ref>

Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in the heart of the town and has 46 bus bays.<ref name="urbaninfra24"/> The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates daily services connecting various cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Madurai]], [[Palani]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Kallakkurichi]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Velankanni]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Trichy]], [[Perambalur]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Sivaganga]]i, [[Paramakudi]], [[Sayalgudi|Sayalkudi]], [[Mudukulathur|Mudukulathoor]], [[Panruti]], [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Erode]], [[Mettur]], [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Tirupathur]] and [[Neyveli]]<ref name="transport">{{cite web|title=Chidambaram bus routes|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Chidambaram/ser_Bus%20routes.htm|publisher=Chidambaram municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite web|title=S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327113121/http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]] operates long-distance buses connecting the town to important cities like [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], Madurai, Tirunelveli, Nagercoil. Three wheelers, called [[Auto rickshaw|autos]], are also a common public transport system.<ref name="urbaninfra23"/>

[[Chidambaram railway station]] is located in the rail line from [[Mayiladuthurai]] to [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram]]. There are daily express trains to [[Chennai]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Tirupathi Devastanam|Tirupathi]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Manamadurai]]. There are passenger trains to [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Villupuram]], [[Nagore]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="transport"/>

Pondicherry Airport(PNY) is the nearest airport located around 66 kilometres north of Chidambaram.

==See also==
*[[Govindaraja Perumal Temple|Divya Sri Govindaraja Perumal Temple (Thiruchitrakoodam)]]
*[[Thillai Kali Temple, Chidambaram]]
*[[Tiruvetkalam Pasupatheswarar Temple|Thiruvetkalam Shiva Temple, Vadakiruppu]]
*[[Sivapuri Uchinathar Temple|Thirunelvayil Shiva Temple, Sivapuri]]
*[[Tirukkazhippalai Palvannanathar Temple]]
*[[Pichavaram]]
*[[Chidambaranatha Soorappa Chozhanar]]
*[[Parangipettai|Port Novo]]
*[[Veeramudayanatham]]

==Notes==

=== Footnotes ===
* {{Note|a}} The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

===Citations===
{{reflist
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== References ==
{{refbegin|20em}}
*{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Swami P. |author2=Swami Parmeshwaranand |title=Encyclopedia of the Śaivism |year=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-427-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC/page/n155 149] |quote=ananda tandava. |ref=Anand |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719230327/https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Jagir Singh |author2=Ravinder Kaur |title=Tourism Management |year=2007|publisher=S.B. Nangia |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-313-0047-3|ref=Bajwa}}
*{{cite book |last=Dehejia |first=Vidya |title=Art of the imperial Cholas |year=1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=USA |isbn=0-231-07188-4|ref=Dehejia}}
*{{cite book |last=Kamalabaskaran |first=Iswari |title=The light of Arunachaleswarar |year=1994 |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd. |ref=Kamala}}
*{{cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination |year=2005|publisher=iUniverse |location=NE |isbn= 978-0-595-35075-9|ref=Knapp}}
*{{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxon |isbn=0-415-32920-5|ref=Kulke}}
*{{Cite book |last=Let's Go, Inc |title=Let's go: India & Nepal, 2004 |year=2004 |publisher=Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-32006-X |ref=let |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/letsgoindianepal00lets }}.
*{{cite book |last=M.K.V. |first=Narayan |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism |year=2007 |publisher=Fultus Corporation |location=California |isbn=978-1-59682-117-0|ref=M.K.V}}
*{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|page=31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|year=2013|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4|ref=Reddy}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Natesa |author2=S. M. Natesa Sastri |title=Hindu feasts, fasts and ceremonies |year=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0402-4|ref=Sastri}}
*{{cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism By Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|ref=Soundara}}
*{{cite book |last=Spear |first=Heidi |title=The Everything Guide to Chakra Healing: Use Your Body's Subtle Energies to promote Health, Healing and Happiness |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4405-2649-7|ref=Spear}}
* {{cite report |url=http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Chidambaram.pdf |title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |last=Urban Infrastructure report |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |year=2008 |access-date=2012-12-29 |ref=urban |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610202449/http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Chidambaram.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/ "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" see Places --> Chidambaram]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chidambaram|volume=6|page=132|short=1}}

{{Cuddalore district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]

Code on Social Security, 2020

2026-03-26T22:43:53Z

MarkObd354:

{{short description|Act of Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Code on Social Security, 2020
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to social security with the goal to extend social security to all employees and workers either in the organised or unorganised or any other sectors
| considered_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/16823/1/aA2020-36.pdf Act No. 36 of 2020]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted = 22 September 2020
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_enacted2 = 23 September 2020
| date_assented = 28 September 2020
| date_signed =
| signed_by = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| date_commenced = {{ubl|3 May 2021|21 November 2025}}Various sections came into force on different dates
| date_effective =
| bill =
| bill_citation = [https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Code%20On%20Social%20Security%2C%202020.pdf Bill No. 121 of 2020]
| bill_date = 19 September 2020
| 1st_reading = 22 September 2020
| 2nd_reading = 23 September 2020
| 3rd_reading =
| introduced_by = [[Santosh Gangwar]] {{small|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State (IC) Labour and Employment]]}}
| committee_report = Report of Second [[National Commission on Labour]]
| repeals = {{olist|Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923|Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948|Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952|Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959|[[Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017|Maternity Benefit Act, 1961]]|Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972|Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981|Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996|[[Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008]]}}
| amends =
| white_paper =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Code on Social Security, 2020''' is a [[Code of law|code]] in India to amend and consolidate the laws relating to [[social security]] with the goal to extend social security to all employees and workers either in the [[White-collar worker|organised]] or [[Blue-collar worker|unorganised]] or any other sectors.

The Social Security Code, 2020 brings [[unorganised sector]], [[gig workers]] and platform workers under the ambit of social security schemes, including [[life insurance]] and disability insurance, health and maternity benefits, [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation|provident insurance, pension]] and skill upgradation, etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-codes-on-occupational-safety-social-security-and-industrial-relations-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article32649886.ece |title=Parliament proceedings | Codes on occupational safety, social security and industrial relations introduced in Lok Sabha |date=19 September 2020 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The act amalgamates nine central labour enactments relating to social security.

==Background==

The bill was introduced by the Labour Minister [[Santosh Gangwar]]. The bill was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] 22 September 2020 and the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 23 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/lok-sabha-passes-three-labour-code-bills-what-do-they-mean-for-indias-employers-and-workers/656759|title=Lok Sabha passes three labour code bills: What do they mean for India's employers and workers?|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref> The bill was formulated according to the Report and Recommendations of the Second [[National Commission on Labour]].

It consolidated The Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923, The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, The Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, The Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959, [[Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017|The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961]], The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981, The Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996, [[Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/code-social-security-2020|title=The Code On Social Security, 2020|date=19 September 2020|website=PRSIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govts-new-versions-of-labour-codes-key-proposals-and-concerns-6603354/|title=Explained: In labour codes, what changes for workers and hirers?|date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

The bill received the presidential assent on 28 September 2020, and section 142 of the Act has come into force on 3 May 2021.<ref name=":2">[https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/226829.pdf Gazette of India notification]</ref> As per notification dated 3 May 2023 issued by [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], [[Government of India]] several sections of the code pertaining to Employees Pension Scheme and Employees Provident Fund Scheme came into force<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of specific provisions of the Code on Social Security, 2020 for higher pension option under the Employees' Pension Scheme |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/technical/alerts-hub/2023/05/implementation-of-specific-provisions-of-the-code-on-social-security-2020 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.ey.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Security Code Provisions pertaining to Pension on Higher Wages Notified |url=https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/social-security-code-provisions-pertaining-to-pension-on-higher-wages-notified/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=azb |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Code on Wages, 2019]]
* [[Industrial Relations Code, 2020]]
* [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Social security in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2020]]

Securities and Exchange Board of India

2026-03-26T00:45:45Z

MarkObd354: updated page

{{Short description|Regulatory body for securities and commodity market in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Securities and Exchange Board of India
| type = Agency
| seal = Emblem of India (navy blue).svg
| seal_size = 40px
| seal_caption = Emblem of The Government of India
| seal_alt =
| logo = Securities Exchange Board of India.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo of SEBI
| logo_alt =
| image = SEBI_Bhavan.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_caption = SEBI Bhavan, Mumbai
| image_alt =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1988|04|12}} ({{small|Established}}) {{Start date and age|1992|01|30}} ({{small|Acquired Statutory Status}})<ref name="About SEI" />
| preceding =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| agency_type = [[Regulatory agency]]
| jurisdiction =
| status =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees = 980 (2022)<ref name="sebi.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/department/human-resources-department-37/employee-profile-in-sebi.html|title = SEBI | Employee Profile in SEBI}}</ref>
| budget =
| chief1_name = [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]
| chief1_position = [[Chairperson]]
| term1_end =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| keydocument1 = Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992<ref>{{cite act |index=15 |date=1992 |legislature=Parliament of India |title=Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 |page= |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1890/1/AA1992__15secu.pdf |language=en}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|sebi.gov.in}}
| agency_id =
| map_caption =
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite report |author=SEBI |date=28 June 2023 |title=Annual Report, 2022-23 |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/reports-and-statistics/publications/aug-2023/annual-report-2022-23_74990.html |page= |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Financial risk types}}
The '''Securities and Exchange Board of India''' ('''SEBI''') is the [[Regulatory agency|regulatory body]] for [[securities]] and [[commodity market]] in [[India]] under the [[administrative domain]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] within the [[Government of India]]. It was established on 12 April 1988 as an executive body and was given [[Statutory body|statutory]] powers on 30 January 1992 through the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|SEBI Act, 1992]].<ref name="About SEI">{{cite web|title=About SEBI|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/stpages/about_sebi.jsp|publisher=SEBI|access-date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003235606/http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/stpages/about_sebi.jsp|archive-date=3 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Security and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.pdf |website=www.sebi.gov.in |publisher=SEBI |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
The SEBI was first established in 1988 as a non-statutory body for regulating the [[securities market]]. Before it came into existence, the Controller of Capital Issues was the market's regulatory authority, and derived power from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.<ref>{{cite act |index=29 |date=1947 |legislature=Parliament of India |title=The Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947 |page= |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/History/capitalissue.pdf |language=en}}</ref> The SEBI became an autonomous body on 30 January 1992 and was accorded [[Statutory body|statutory]] powers with the passing of the SEBI Act, 1992 by the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-sebi |title=What is SEBI? |date= |website=business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> It has its headquarters at the [[Central business district|business district]] of [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]] and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Regional Offices in [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], and [[Ahmedabad]], respectively. Up until June 2023, it also had 17 local offices spread all over India to promote investor education; however, 16 of them were closed as part of a restructuring exercise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/meetingfiles/jun-2023/1687845757007_1.pdf |title=Expanding Investor Reach through Investors' Service Centres (ISCs) in association with Stock Exchanges and disengaging SEBI Local Offices in a phased manner |date=28 June 2023 |website=sebi.gov.in |publisher=SEBI |access-date=6 January 2024 |quote=The objective of this memorandum is to (i) update the Board on the setting up and operationalising of Investors' Service Centres (ISCs) by the two leading Stock Exchanges, viz., NSE and BSE out of their own resources/Investor Service Fund (ISF), in 50 different cities and towns of India with SEBI’s active association and participation in such ISCs and (ii) seek approval for phasing out 16 out of 17 Local Offices of SEBI in those cities. Four Regional Offices and one Local Office would continue to operate.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Reena |date=6 January 2024 |title=SEBI to close down 16 smaller offices |url=https://m.economictimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-to-close-down-16-smaller-offices/articleshow/101321934.cms |work=Economic Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

The SEBI is managed by its 9-member board of members, which consist of the following people:
* The chairman, who is nominated by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]].
* Two members from the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Finance Ministry]].
* One member from the [[Reserve Bank of India]].
* The remaining five members are nominated by the Union Government of India, and out of them at least three should be whole-time members.

After the amendment of 1999, collective investment schemes were brought under the SEBI except [[Nidhi company|nidhis]], chit funds and cooperatives.

== Organisation structure ==
[[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]] took charge as [[Chairman]] on 1 March 2025, replacing [[Madhabi Puri Buch]], whose term ended on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After private sector experiment, finance secretary Tuhin Kanta Pandey named Sebi chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/after-private-sector-experiment-finance-secretary-tuhin-kanta-pandey-named-sebi-chief/articleshow/118611693.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Current board members===
The board currently comprises:<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Organization Structure |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/orgchart.html |website=sebi.gov.in |location= |publisher= |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/boardmember/BoardMemberAction.do?doBoardMember=yes |title=Board Members |website=sebi.gov.in |access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/boardmember/BoardMemberAction.do?doBoardMember=yes |title=Board Members |format=PDF |website=sebi.gov.in |access-date=2012-02-28}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation
|-
| [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]|| Chairperson
|-
| Amarjeet Singh || Whole time member
|-
|Kamlesh Chandra Varshney
|Whole time member
|-
|Sandip Pradhan
|Whole time member
|-
|K.V. Ramana Murthy
|Whole time member
|}

===List of Chairpersons===
The list of SEBI's chairpersons is:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/boardmember/BoardMemberAction.do?doFormerMember=yes|title=Former Chairmen of SEBI |publisher=SEBI|access-date=19 February 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! From
! To
|-
|Dr. S. A. Dave
|12 April 1988
|23 August 1990
|-
|G. V. Ramakrishna
|24 August 1990
|17 January 1994
|-
|S. S. Nadkarni
|17 January 1994
|31 January 1995
|-
|[[D. R. Mehta]]
|21 February 1995
|20 February 2002
|-
|G. N. Bajpai
|20 February 2002
|18 February 2005
|-
|[[M. Damodaran]]
|18 February 2005
|18 February 2008
|-
|[[C. B. Bhave]]
|18 February 2008
|18 February 2011
|-
|[[U. K. Sinha]]
|18 February 2011
|10 February 2017
|-
|Ajay Tyagi
|10 February 2017
|28 February 2022
|-
|[[Madhabi Puri Buch]]
|1 March 2022
|28 February 2025
|-
|[[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]
|1 March 2025
|Incumbent
|}

==National Apex Bodies==

*[[National Institute of Securities Markets]]

== Functions and responsibilities ==
The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected there with or incidental there to".

SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market:
* issuers of securities
* investors
* market intermediaries

SEBI has three powers rolled into one body: [[quasi-legislative]], [[quasi-judicial]] and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeal process to create accountability. There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal and is currently headed by Justice [[Tarun Agarwala]], former Chief Justice of the [[Meghalaya High Court]].<ref>[https://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/justice-tarun-agarwala-appointed-securities-appellate-tribunal-presiding-officer-118121201035_1.html Justice Tarun Agarwala appointed Securities Appellate Tribunal presiding officer – Business Standard].
''Business Standard''. (2018-12-12). Retrieved 2019-03-24.</ref> A second appeal lies directly to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. SEBI has taken a very proactive role in streamlining disclosure requirements to international standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barandbench.com/content/212/cyril-shroff-managing-partner-mumbai-national-capital-market-head-amarchand|publisher=barandbench.com/|title=Cyril Shroff Managing Partner Mumbai & National Capital Market head Amarchand|date=14 June 2010 }}</ref> In October 2025, SEBI issued a consultation paper proposing new incentives for retail investors in corporate bonds such as higher coupon rates or issue-price discounts for certain investor categories and recommended raising the threshold for High-Value Debt Listed Entities to ease compliance for issuers.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

[[File:Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI).jpg|thumb|Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)]]

=== Powers ===
For the discharge of its functions efficiently, SEBI has been vested with the following powers:
* to approve by−laws of Securities exchanges.
* to require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws.
* inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised Securities exchanges.
* inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries.
* compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges.
* registration of Brokers and sub-brokers.
* eliminate malpractices in security market.

'''SEBI committees'''

* Technical Advisory Committee
* Committee for review of structure of infrastructure institutions
* Advisory Committee for the SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund
* Takeover Regulations Advisory Committee
* Primary Market Advisory Committee (PMAC)
* Secondary Market Advisory Committee (SMAC)
* Mutual Fund Advisory Committee
* Corporate Bonds & Securitisation Advisory Committee

There are two '''types''' of brokers:
*Discount brokers
*Merchant brokers

== Major achievements ==

SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systematic reforms aggressively and successively. It is credited for quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless by introducing the T+5 rolling cycle in July 2001, the T+3 in April 2002, and the [[T+2]] in April 2003. The rolling cycle of T+2 means that [[Settlement (finance)|settlement]] is done in 2 days after [[trade date]].<ref name="Discussion Paper Implementation of T+2 rolling settlement">{{cite web|title=Discussion Paper Implementation of T+2 rolling settlement|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/commreport/t2.pdf|publisher=SEBI|access-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sebi gets rolling on T+2 settlement schedule">{{cite news|title=Sebi gets rolling on T+2 settlement schedule|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-04/news/27546293_1_settlement-cycle-institutional-trades-t-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617070247/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-04/news/27546293_1_settlement-cycle-institutional-trades-t-5|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2013|access-date=25 October 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 January 2003}}</ref> SEBI has also been active in setting up the regulations as required under law. It did away with physical certificates that were prone to postal delays, theft and forgery, apart from making the settlement process slow and cumbersome, by passing the Depositories Act, 1996.<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Industry/xer1j7wBRbQH1UTOBVrRaL/Sebis-25year-journey.html Sebi's 25-year journey]. Livemint (2013-05-21). Retrieved 2013-07-29.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1955/1/A1996_22.pdf |title=The Depositories Act, 1996 |website=indiacode.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Indiaforensic |date=2014-07-22 |title=Satyam Investigation Report by SEBI |url=https://indiaforensic.com/satyam-investigation-report-by-sebi/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Indiaforensic |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2011, it increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters.<ref name="SEBI makes it mandatory for companies to disclose promoters' shares">{{cite news|title=SEBI makes it mandatory for companies to disclose promoters' shares|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-06/news/30250534_1_promoters-pledge-disclosures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026143205/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-06/news/30250534_1_promoters-pledge-disclosures|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2011|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=6 October 2011}}</ref> In light of the global meltdown, it liberalized the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory structures. In one such move, SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to {{INRConvert|200000}} from {{INRConvert|100000}} at present.<ref name="sebi">{{cite web|title=Sebi doubles retail limit, tightens IPO norms|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/sebi-tightens-ipo-norms.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref>

On the occasion of World Investor Week 2022, SEBI Executive Director Shri G. P. Garg launched a book on Financial Literacy. This book is a joint effort between Metropolitan Stock Exchange of India Limited and CASI New York.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaitimes.online/book-launch-on-financial-literacy-pnn-digital/ | title=Book Launch on Financial Literacy – PNN Digital | date=17 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://livemumbai.in/index.php/2022/10/17/book-launch-on-financial-literacy/ | title=Book Launch on Financial Literacy – Live Mumbai }}</ref>

== Criticism and controversies ==

[[Supreme Court of India]] heard a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) filed by [[India Rejuvenation Initiative]] that had challenged the procedure for key appointments adopted by [[Govt of India]]. The petition alleged that, "The constitution of the search-cum-selection committee for recommending the name of chairman and every whole-time members of SEBI for appointment has been altered, which directly impacted its balance and could compromise the role of the SEBI as a watchdog."<ref name="Is Sebi's Autonomy Under Threat?">{{cite news | url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/30372 | title=Is Sebi's Autonomy Under Threat? | date=15 November 2011 | access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="PIL alleges nexus in Sebi appointments">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/PIL-alleges-nexus-in-Sebi-appointments/articleshow/10612161.cms | title=PIL alleges nexus in Sebi appointments | date=5 November 2011 | access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> On 21 November 2011, the court allowed petitioners to withdraw the petition and file a fresh petition pointing out constitutional issues regarding appointments of regulators and their independence. The [[Chief Justice of India]] refused the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance ministry's]] request to dismiss the [[Public Interest Litigation|PIL]] and said that the court was well aware of what was going on in SEBI.<ref name="Is Sebi's Autonomy Under Threat?" /><ref name="SC allows eminent citizens to withdraw petition against SEBI chief's appointment">{{cite news | url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/8/21576.html | title=SC allows eminent citizens to withdraw petition against SEBI chief's appointment | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Hearing a similar petition filed by Bengaluru-based advocate Anil Kumar Agarwal, a two judge Supreme Court bench of Justice [[Surinder Singh Nijjar]] and Justice [[HL Gokhale]] issued a notice to the Govt of India, SEBI chief [[UK Sinha]] and Omita Paul, Secretary to the President of India.<ref name="Notice to Centre on quo warranto against SEBI chief">{{cite news|title=Notice to Centre on quo warranto against SEBI chief|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-appointment-under-sc-scrutiny/article3938457.ece|access-date=26 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="SC seeks Centre's reply on PIL on Sebi chairman's appointment">{{cite news|title=SC seeks Centre's reply on PIL on Sebi chairman's appointment|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/281208/sc-seeks-centres-reply-pil.html|access-date=26 September 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

Further, it came into light that [[Kandathil Mathew Abraham|Dr. K. M. Abraham]](the then whole time member of SEBI Board) had written to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] about malaise in SEBI. He said, "The regulatory institution is under duress and under severe attack from powerful corporate interests operating concertedly to undermine SEBI". He specifically said that Finance Minister's office, and especially his advisor Omita Paul, were trying to influence many cases before SEBI, including those relating to Sahara Group, Reliance, Bank of Rajasthan and MCX.<ref name="KM Abraham's letter to PM">{{cite web | url=https://www.scribd.com/firstpost/d/70646038-K-M-Abraham-s-Letter-to-PM | title=KM Abraham's letter to PM | publisher=Prime Minister's Office | date=20 October 2011 | access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Pranab-Chidu feud may be revived over Sebi chief PIL">{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/pranab-chidu-feud-may-be-revived-over-sebi-chief-pil-129459.html | title=Pranab-Chidu feud may be revived over Sebi chief PIL | date=12 November 2011 | access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Upcoming IPO 2024 in India This Week - Track IPO {{!}} GMP {{!}} Status {{!}} Reviews |url=https://trackipo.in/upcoming-ipo/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Regulatory failure, inaction, and incompetence===
Several major financial scams have shaken the Indian market, like the [[Satyam scam]], [[IL&FS]] crisis, [[Punjab National Bank Scam]], and [[NSE co-location scam]] Critics argue that SEBI failed to properly monitor these companies or take timely action when irregularities were noticed.<ref>Singh, V.K. (2021). Corporate Governance Failures as a Cause of Increasing Corporate Frauds in India—An Analysis. In: Kaur, H. (eds) Facets of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in India. Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application. Springer, Singapore. {{doi|10.1007/978-981-33-4076-3_2}}</ref><ref name="sebi_toi">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/myview/has-sebi-completely-failed-in-regulating-the-capital-market-in-india/?source=app&frmapp=yes | title=Has SEBI completely failed in regulating the capital market in India? | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Gupta | first1=Rajeev }}</ref> There have been instances where market intermediaries engaged in fraudulent activities, which resulted in significant losses for investors.<ref name="sebi_toi"/><ref>Sabarinathan, G. (2010). SEBI’s Regulation of the Indian Securities Market: A Critical Review of the Major Developments. Vikalpa, 35(4), 13-26. {{doi|10.1177/0256090920100402}}</ref> SEBI’s monitoring of these intermediaries has been called into question. SEBI has been criticized for its inability to effectively regulate and prevent insider trading, despite having regulations in place. There have been numerous cases where [[insider trading]] went undetected for long periods.<ref name="sebi_toi"/> Some believe SEBI hasn't done enough to prevent companies from issuing IPOs ([[Initial Public Offerings]]) at inflated prices, which hurts regular investors.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipos-thrive-despite-election-season-companies-plan-to-raise-over-rs-10000-crore-in-may/articleshow/109781118.cms | title=IPOs thrive despite election season: Companies plan to raise over Rs 10,000 crore in May | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipo-count-rises-in-2023-but-amount-lags/articleshow/106255946.cms | title=IPO count rises in 2023, but amount lags | newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 December 2023 }}</ref>

[[Market manipulation]] is an ongoing concern in the Indian stock market, particularly with small-cap and mid-cap stocks, which are more susceptible due to lower trading volumes, less liquidity, and limited market analyst coverage. [[Pump and dump]] schemes are a prevalent form of manipulation, where false or misleading statements are used to inflate a stock’s price before the manipulators sell off their shares at a profit, leading to significant losses for unsuspecting investors.<ref>Uppal, Jamshed Y., and Inayat U. Mangla. “Market Volatility, Manipulation, and Regulatory Response: A Comparative Study of Bombay and Karachi Stock Markets.” The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 45, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1071–83. {{JSTOR|41260669}}. Accessed 30 May 2024.</ref><ref>Goel, A., Tripathi, V. and Agarwal, M. (2021), "Market microstructure: a comparative study of Bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange", Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 414-442. {{doi|10.1108/JAMR-06-2020-0109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chakrapani-Chaturvedula/publication/311446941_The_Effectiveness_of_Trade_for_Trade_Segment_as_a_Surveillance_Effort_to_Prevent_Price_Manipulation_Evidence_from_India/links/58f7a2094585158d8a6c176e/The-Effectiveness-of-Trade-for-Trade-Segment-as-a-Surveillance-Effort-to-Prevent-Price-Manipulation-Evidence-from-India.pdf | title=The Effectiveness of Trade for Trade Segment as a Surveillance Effort to Prevent Price Manipulation: Evidence from India | website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has been criticized for not being able to prevent such manipulations effectively. Reasons include limited resources, reliance on stock exchanges for market data, a lack of a comprehensive legal framework with stringent penalties, slow response times, and a lack of coordination with other regulatory bodies.<ref>Bose, Suchismita, Securities Market Regulations: Lessons from US and Indian Experience (2005). The ICRA Bulletin, Money & Finance, Vol. 2, No. 20-21, Jan-Jun 2005, Available at {{SSRN|1140107}}</ref><ref>Agarwalla, Sobhesh Kumar and Jacob, Joshy and Varma, Jayanth Rama, High Frequency Manipulation at Futures Expiry: The Case of Cash Settled Indian Single Stock Futures (February 10, 2014). Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India Working Paper No. 2014-02-01, Available at {{SSRN|2395159}} or {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.2395159}}</ref>

=== Hindenburg allegations ===
In August 2024, [[Hindenburg Research]], a [[Short (finance)|short-selling]] activist firm, accused SEBI Chief [[Madhabi Puri Buch]] and her husband of having a stake in offshore entities which invested money into India. They alleged that these same funds, managed by [[IIFL Wealth]], were used by [[Vinod Adani]] to [[Adani Group#Stock manipulation and accounting fraud allegations|artificially inflate shares]] of companies owned by the [[Adani Group]].<ref name="hind">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Whistleblower Documents Reveal SEBI’s Chairperson Had Stake In Obscure Offshore Entities Used In Adani Money Siphoning Scandal |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/sebi-chairperson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810163305/https://hindenburgresearch.com/sebi-chairperson/ |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Hindenburg Research]] |language=en-US}}</ref> This put Buch into the spotlight, since SEBI had previously faced difficulties in finding out the [[Beneficial ownership|beneficial owners]] of similar [[Offshore company|off-shore funds]] that had invested in Adani companies.<ref name="Andy_M_Bloomberg">{{cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Andy |date=12 August 2024 |title=Hindenburg Steps Up for Adani Round Two. With SEBI |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-08-12/hindenburg-s-latest-adani-report-is-great-political-fodder?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTcyMzQyNDgzMCwiZXhwIjoxNzI0MDI5NjMwLCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJTSTJZU0JUMEFGQjUwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiI3MEFDQzU0Q0Y5NjE0OENEOTFBOTlFMjBGNkQ4N0ZDRiJ9.6PP221PwPlyuMTzFMecvdQbjSttz9zYeu3OQ9n4gkgo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202253/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-08-12/hindenburg-s-latest-adani-report-is-great-political-fodder?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTcyMzQyNDgzMCwiZXhwIjoxNzI0MDI5NjMwLCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJTSTJZU0JUMEFGQjUwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiI3MEFDQzU0Q0Y5NjE0OENEOTFBOTlFMjBGNkQ4N0ZDRiJ9.6PP221PwPlyuMTzFMecvdQbjSttz9zYeu3OQ9n4gkgo |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=12 August 2024 |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=SC rejects plea to review its January verdict upholding SEBI probe into Adani-Hindenburg case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-rejects-plea-to-review-its-january-verdict-upholding-sebi-probe-into-adani-hindenburg-case/article68407295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202254/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-rejects-plea-to-review-its-january-verdict-upholding-sebi-probe-into-adani-hindenburg-case/article68407295.ece |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=12 August 2024 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, Chief Justice of India |date=2024-01-03 |title=Judgement in Vishal Tiwari vs Union of India & Ors. |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/5354/5354_2023_1_1501_49132_Judgement_03-Jan-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417190328/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/5354/5354_2023_1_1501_49132_Judgement_03-Jan-2024.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=[[Supreme Court of India]] |publisher=}}</ref> Adani Group calls the claims "malicious, mischievous".<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-10 |title=SEBI chief Madhabi Buch, husband deny Hindenburg charge as ‘baseless’; Adani Group says allegations ‘malicious, mischievous’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-husband-deny-hindenburg-allegations-as-baseless/article68510890.ece |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> India's [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], asked Buch to resign.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=’If investors lose their…’: Rahul Gandhi targets SEBI’s Madhabi Puri Buch, PM Modi and Adani over Hindenburg allegations |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/why-hasn-t-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-resigned-asks-rahul-gandhi-amid-hindenburg-adani-case-gautam-adani-modi-11723386070233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811153550/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/why-hasn-t-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-resigned-asks-rahul-gandhi-amid-hindenburg-adani-case-gautam-adani-modi-11723386070233.html |archive-date=2024-08-11 |accessdate=2024-08-11 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Rahul Gandhi warns of stock market risk after new Hindenburg report on SEBI chief: ‘Umpire is compromised’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-warns-of-stock-market-risk-after-new-hindenburg-report-umpire-is-compromised-101723387115466.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-warns-of-stock-market-risk-after-new-hindenburg-report-umpire-is-compromised-101723387115466.html |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=11 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindustan Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Commentators say that while Hindenburg Research did not have compelling evidence of malfeasance, Puri Buch didn't do enough to avoid entirely foreseeable conflict of interest allegations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shouldn't SEBI Officials Be Subject to the Same Standards of Probity and Compliance It Demands from Market Participants? |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/exclusive-shouldnt-sebi-officials-be-subject-to-the-same-standards-of-probity-and-compliance-it-demands-from-market-participants/74896.html |website=Moneylife |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

== Regional Securities exchanges ==
SEBI in its circular dated 30 May 2012 gave exit – guidelines for Securities exchanges. This was mainly due to illiquid nature of trade on many of 20+ regional Securities exchanges. It had asked many of these exchanges to either meet the required criteria or take a graceful exit. SEBI's new norms for Securities exchanges mandates that it should have minimum net-worth of {{INR}} 1 billion and an annual trading of {{INR}} 10 billion. The Indian Securities market regulator SEBI had given the recognized Securities exchanges two years to comply or exit the business.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/foV0xOfxkv4GSJjQ5z1PUL/15-regional-Securities-exchanges-to-shut-operations-as-Sebi-deadl.html|title=15 regional Securities exchanges to shut operations as Sebi deadline approaches|last=Rukhaiyar|first=Ashish|date=2014-05-20|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>

SEBI is cracking down on virtual stock gaming apps popular among retail investors for creating virtual portfolios and competing on real-time stock prices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/sebi-is-banning-apps-that-offer-these-virtual-trading-services/articleshow/110476097.cms|title=SEBI is banning apps that offer these virtual trading services|date=29 May 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In May, 2024 Sebi started to allow Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) established in GIFT City to accept unlimited investments from Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs). After this initiative, NRIs could own100% of a global fund set up at GIFT city which is a special economic zone in Gujrat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: How Sebi just made it easier for NRIs to invest in Indian market |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/explained-how-sebi-just-made-it-easier-for-nris-to-invest-in-indian-market-124050100114_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502172119/https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/explained-how-sebi-just-made-it-easier-for-nris-to-invest-in-indian-market-124050100114_1.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Process of de-recognition and exit ===
Following is an excerpt from the circular:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipocentral.in/sebi-regulations-on-stock-market-exchange/|title=SEBI Regulations On Stock Market Exchange|date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

# Exchanges may seek exit through voluntary surrender of recognition.
# Securities where the annual trading turnover on its own platform is less than {{INR}} 10 billion can apply to SEBI for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, at any time before the expiry of two years from the date of issuance of this Circular.
# If the Securities exchange is not able to achieve the prescribed turnover of {{INR}} 10 billion on continuous basis or does not apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit before the expiry of two years from the date of this Circular, SEBI shall proceed with compulsory de-recognition and exit of such Securities exchanges, in terms of the conditions as may be specified by SEBI.
# Securities Exchanges which are already de-recognised as on date, shall make an application for exit within two months from the date of this circular. Upon failure to do so, the de-recognised exchange shall be subject to compulsory exit process.

== Departments ==
SEBI regulates Indian financial market through its 20 departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fundsbase.com/sebi-departments/|title=SEBI Departments|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| SEBI Departments
|-
|
* Commodity Derivatives Market Regulation Department (CDMRD)
* Corporation Finance Department (CFD)
* Department of Economic and Policy Analysis (DEPA)
* Department of Debt and Hybrid Securities (DDHS)
* Enforcement Department – 1 (EFD1)
* Enforcement Department – 2 (EFD2)
* Enquiries and Adjudication Department (EAD)
* General Services Department (GSD)
* Human Resources Department (HRD)
* Information Technology Department (ITD)
* Integrated Surveillance Department (ISD)
* Investigations Department (IVD)
* Investment Management Department (IMD)
* Legal Affairs Department (LAD)
* Market Intermediaries Regulation and Supervision Department (MIRSD)
* Market Regulation Department (MRD)
* Office of International Affairs (OIA)
* Office of Investor Assistance and Education (OIAE)
* Office of the chairman (OCH)
* Regional offices (ROs)
|}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[2008 financial crisis]]
* [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]
* [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]]
* [[Financial Conduct Authority]]
* [[Federal Financial Supervisory Authority]]
* [[1992 Indian stock market scam]]
* [[Ketan Parekh]]
* [[Accounting scandals]]
* [[Dot-com bubble]]
* [[Financial regulation]]
* [[Financial risk management]]
* [[Forward Markets Commission]]
* [[Insider trading]]
* [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]
* [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]]
* [[List of financial supervisory authorities by country]]
* [[List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
* [[Market manipulation]]
* [[Regulation D (SEC)]]
* [[Risk management]]
* [[Satyam scandal]]
* [[Securities commission]]
* [[Securities exchange]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Securities and Exchange Board of India}}
* [https://www.sebi.gov.in/ Securities and Exchange Board of India]
* [https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/HomeAction.do?doListing=yes&sid=1&ssid=7&smid=0 SEBI Latest Circulars]
* [https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/HomeAction.do?doListing=yes&sid=4&ssid=80&smid=101 SEBI Annual Reports]

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Securities and Exchange Board of India| ]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities of India|India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chatla

2026-03-21T12:09:54Z

MarkObd354: Starting New Data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
{{advert|date=November 2016}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chatla
| native_name = {{langx|bn|চাতলা হাওর}}
| settlement_type = [[Wetlands of Assam|Wetland]]
| image_skyline =Chatla wetland.jpg
| image_caption =Chatla on July
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|42|40|N|92|44|30|E|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Silchar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| geocode = {{small|{{coord|24|42|40|N|92|44|30|E|display=inline}}}}
| iso_code = IN-AS-CA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali (Bangla)]]
| website = {{URL|chatlavisit.wordpress.com}}
}}
'''Chatla'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chatlacacharwetland.elisting.in/|title=Chatla cachar - wetland চাতলা {{!}} Tours/Sightseeing {{!}} India {{!}} eListing.in|newspaper=eListing.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref> '''Wetland:''' ({{langx|bn|চাতলা হাওর}}) is a seasonal [[wetland]] in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]].

'''Chatla (Chatla Wetland)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwejournal.org/vol7no2/insect-diversity-and-water-quality-parameters-of-two-ponds-of-chatla-wetland-barak-valley-assam/|title=Current World Environment|last=|first=|date=|website=Current World Environment|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> is one of the lakes in southern Assam in [[India]]. It is situated in the [[Cachar district]], and it is a wetland in [[Assam]] state. The specialty of Chatla is that during winter season is becomes fully farm land where Rice cultivation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rout|first=Jayashree|last2=Borah|first2=Dharitri|date=2010-09-08|title=Algal Diversity in Chatla Wetland in Cachar District (Southern Assam)|url=http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ojs/index.php/AUJSAT/article/view/241|journal=Assam University Journal of Science and Technology|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=46–55|issn=0975-2773|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108141816/http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ojs/index.php/AUJSAT/article/view/241|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> is done and after winter from March onward this piece land gets filled up with water and become a lake.Moreover, this (Chatla haor) is the main indigenous tea garden labor during British rule.

Chatla Wetland is located in the District Cachar of the state Assam. The residents of Chatla are mainly of Bengali, Chatla haor’ is a seasonal wetland where people are engaged in agriculture during dry period (October–March) while the wetland act as a fishery during wet period (April- September). Chatla is located near the second largest town of Assam, Silchar. The main language spoken here is Sylheti by the Bengali population. Rice is the staple food and fish is also available.

==Geography of Chatla==
The climate of Chatla<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Chatla/@24.711938,92.7438364,520m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x374e37e726f0b9ad:0xde948c28a31f28f7!8m2!3d24.711938!4d92.7460251|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref> is tropical in nature. The summer is usually hot and humid with heavy rainfall at times. The winter season starts from the month of November and continues till February. The heavy rainfall at Chatla raises flood at times. Chatlar had also seen Four major floods in the year 1986, 1991, 2004 and 2007.

==Transport==
Chatla is {{convert|15|km}} away from Silchar.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wetlands of Assam]]
[[Category:Tourism in Assam|Silchar]]
[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Jagraon

2026-03-19T19:57:17Z

MarkObd354: minor edit

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagraon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Nanaksar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gurudwara Nanaksar, a gurdwara built as a memorial for the saint, [[Nand Singh (saint)|Nand Singh]]
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.78|N|75.48|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = MLA (Member Legislative Assembly)
| leader_name = [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 234
| population_total = 65,240
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142026
| area_code = +91 1624
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PB 25
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jagraon''' is a city and a [[municipal council]], a rural police district and a sub-division of the [[Ludhiana district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Jagraon is more than three centuries old.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://puda.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/masterplan-jagraon1.pdf |title=Jagraon Master Plan: 2008-2031 |publisher=Punjab Urban Development Authority}}</ref> Jagraon is at almost the geographical center of the state, {{convert|16|km|abbr=out}} from the [[Satluj River]].<ref name=":1" /> It is {{convert|37|km|abbr=on}} from its district headquarters [[Ludhiana]], {{convert|29|km|abbr=on}} from [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], {{convert|31|km|abbr=on}} from Nakodar and 54 miles from [[Barnala]].

== Etymology ==
Jagraon's original name was ''Jagar aon'', meaning "a place of great flooding", as the region historically experienced flooding.<ref name=":1" /> The suffix ''-graon'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''grama'', meaning "village".<ref name=":1" />

==History==
Guru Hargobind visited the Jagraon region of Malwa in western Ludhiana and a Gurdwara called 'Guru Sar' was constructed in the village of Kaunke, located 7 km southwest of the city of Jagraon itself, to commemorate his visit to the locality between the years 1631–1632.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7380-204-1 |edition=3rd |location=Patiala |pages=426}}</ref> Jagraon was established by Rai Kamaluddin of Raikot in 1688.<ref name=":1" /> In 1790, Rai Ahmad of Jagraon was arrested by the Maratha general [[Rane Khan|Ranee Khan]] after the ''Diwan'' of [[Patiala State]], Nanu Mal, failed to pay a promised payment for protection.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G. S. |title=Sikh Religion and Women |publisher=Guru Nanak Charitable Trust |year=2006 |isbn=9781902122007 |edition=1st |pages=127–128 |chapter=9.2: Bibi Rajinder Kaur}}</ref> However, Rai Ahmad managed to escape at Panipat via scheming.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G. S. |title=Sikh Religion and Women |publisher=Guru Nanak Charitable Trust |year=2006 |isbn=9781902122007 |edition=1st |pages=127–128 |chapter=9.2: Bibi Rajinder Kaur}}</ref>[[File:Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Bus Stand, Jagraon.jpg|thumb|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] Statue, Bus Stand, Jagraon]]
Jagraon is the home of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], a well-known figure in the Indian Independence movement, who greatly influenced [[Bhagat Singh]]. His house is now a municipal library. The chiefs of Jagraon, according to Major Charles Francis Massy's ''Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab'', were [[Chandravanshi]] [[Rajput]]s, the last being Rai Inayat Khan, the custodian of Guru Sahib's Ganga Sagar at the time of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Rai Aziz Ullah Khan ex-MP (MNA) in [[Pakistan]] is the grandson of Rai Inayat Khan.<ref name="Book1">"Major Charles Francis Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab, 1890, 1909 and 1940.Ludhiana Dist. Gazetteer 1888-89, 1904 and 1935(Administration and Statistical). Mahan Kosh by Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha p1037, p311. Encyclopaedia Of Sikhism by Prof Harbans Singh vol 11 p416. The Sikh Ref Book by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer p 464, 196."</ref> Soldier [[Ishar Singh (havildar)|Havildar Ishar Singh]], who fought the [[Battle of Saragarhi|Battle of Saragarhi in]] 1897, was also a native of Jagraon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edtimes.in/who-was-havildar-ishar-singh-the-man-who-led-20-sikh-soldiers-against-10000-afghans/|title=Who Was Havildar Ishar Singh, The Man Who Led 20 Sikh Soldiers Against 10,000 Afghans?|last=Sharma|first=Chirali|date=2019-02-05|website=ED Times {{!}} The Youth Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
Jagraon is most famous for [[Roshni mela|Roshni Mela]] which is held at the mazar of Peer Baba Mohkumdeen. This event sees the attendance of thousands of people from all over [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120227/ldh1.htm|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==Geography and connectivity==
Jagraon is located at {{Coord|30.78|N|75.48|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Jagraon.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Jagraon]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|234|m|abbr=out}}.
==Demographics==
According to the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Indian census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jagraon had a population of 60,106. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Jagraon had an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 65%. In Jagraon, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Jagraon city and their [[sex ratio|gender ratio]], as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Jagraon city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Jagraon (M Cl)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male!!Gender ratio
|-
|Sikh||34,828||16,670||18,158||918
|-
|Hindu||28,501||13,314||15,187||876
|-
|Muslim||870||364||506||719
|-
|Jain||529||258||271||952
|-
|Christian||237||118||119||991
|-
|Buddhist||14||5||9||555
|-
|Other religions||74||36||38||947
|-
|Not stated||187||88||99||888
|-
|Total||65,240||30,853||34,387||889
|}

==See also==
* [[Akhara, Punjab|Akhara]]
* [[Chakar, Punjab|Chakar]]
* Ghalab
* [[Ludhiana]]
* [[Mullanpur Dakha]]
* [[Sujapur village]]
* S. Govt. College of Science Education and Research

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jagraoncity.com Official site for Jagraon city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203060526/http://www.jagraoncity.com/ |date=3 December 2012 }}

{{Ludhiana district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]

List of zoos in India

2026-03-14T10:38:45Z

MarkObd354: adjusted formatting and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
This is a '''list of [[zoo]]s in India'''. For a list of aquaria, see [[List of aquaria in India]].

Zoos are primarily dry facilities where animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. Such facilities include zoos, [[safari park]]s, [[animal theme park]]s, [[aviary|aviaries]], [[butterfly zoo]]s, and [[herpetarium|reptile centres]], as well as [[wildlife sanctuary|wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[nature reserve]]s where visitors are allowed.

The oldest zoo in India is [[Marble Palace Zoo]], Kolkata. The zoo and park was opened in 1854.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoos in India -- from 1800 to now |url=https://sphozanhi.tripod.com/zoosind.htm |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=sphozanhi.tripod.com}}</ref>

The [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] (CZA) is the Governing Authority of all Zoos in [[India]],<ref name="cza_main"/> and is an associate member of the [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (WAZA).<ref name="waza_associations"/>

==Zoos in India==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! Name
! City
! State
!Smart Zoo?
!Notability
|-
|1
| [[Alipore Zoological Gardens]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
|No
|
|-
|2
| [[Amirthi Zoological Park]]
| [[Vellore]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|No
|
|-
|3
| [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] (Vandalur Zoo)
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|No
|First zoo in India
|-
|4
| [[Guwahati Zoo|Assam State Zoo-cum-Botanical Garden]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| [[Assam]]
|No
|
|-
|5
| [[Bannerghatta Biological Park]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|No
|
|-
|6
| [[Birsa Deer Park]] (Birsa Mrig Vihar)
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
|No
| <ref name="kuchbhi"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jharkhandtourism.ozg.in/2010/01/birsa-mrig-vihar-birsa-deer-park-ranchi.html |title=Birsa Mrig Vihar (Birsa Deer Park) |access-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911202209/http://jharkhandtourism.ozg.in/2010/01/birsa-mrig-vihar-birsa-deer-park-ranchi.html |archive-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060807/asp/ranchi/story_6579065.asp Ready for newer greens]</ref>
|-
|7
| [[Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]
| [[Goa]]
|No
| <ref>[[Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
|-
|8
| [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli|Black Buck Breeding Centre (Pipli Mini Zoo)]]
| [[Pipli]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|9
| [[Chhatbir Zoo|Mahendra Chaudhary Zoological Park]]
| [[Zirakpur]]
| [[Punjab]]
|No
|
|-
|10
| [[Chennai Snake Park Trust]]
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|No
|
|-
|11
| [[Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani|Chinkara Breeding Centre]]
| near [[Bahal, India|Bahal]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|12
| [[Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra|Crocodile Breeding Centre]], Bhaur Saidan
| [[Kurukshetra]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|13
| Crocodile Breeding Centre
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
|No
|
|-
|14
| [[Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Kerala]]
|No
| In honour of [[Steve Irwin]]
|-
|15
| [[Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Prani Udyan]] (Gorakhpur Zoological Gardens)
| [[Gorakhpur]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|16
| [[Gorewada Zoo]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|'''Yes'''
|
|-
|17
| [[Gopalpur Zoo]]
| [[Gopalpur, Himachal Pradesh|Gopalpur]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|18
| [[Gulab Bagh and Zoo]]
| [[Udaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
|No
|
|-
|19
| [[Deer Park (Odisha)|Deer Park]] (Mini Zoo)
| [[Sambalpur]]
| [[Odisha]]
|No
|
|-
|20
| [[Deer Park, Hisar|Hisar Deer Park]]
| [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|21
| [[Indira Gandhi Park]]
| [[Rourkela]]
| [[Odisha]]
|No
|2nd largest in Odisha
|-
|22
| [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|No
|3rd largest in India
|-
|23
| [[Indore Zoo]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|'''Yes'''
|
|-
|24
| [[Jaipur Zoo]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
|No
|
|-
|25
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Biological Park]]
| [[Bokaro Steel City]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
|No
|
|-
|26
| [[Jijamata Udyaan]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|No
|
|-
|27
| [[Kakatiya Zoological Park]]
| [[Warangal]]
| [[Telangana]]
|No
|
|-
|28
| [[Kamala Nehru Zoological Park, Kankaria|Kamala Nehru Zoological Park]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|No
|
|-
|29
| [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli|Kurukshetra Zoo]]
| [[Kurukshetra]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|30
| [[Lucknow Zoo]]
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|31
| [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]]
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|No
|
|-
|32
| [[Maitri Bagh]]
| [[Bhilainagar|Bhilai Nagar]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|No
|Largest zoo in Chhattisgarh & made by India-Soviet Union Friendship
|-
|33
| Manda Zoo
| [[Jammu City]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|No
|
|-
|34
| [[Marble Palace Zoo]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
|No
|
|-
|35
| [[Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens]] (Mysuru Zoo)
| [[Mysuru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|'''Yes'''
|
|-
|36
| [[Maharajbagh Zoo]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|No
|
|-
|37
| [[Nagaland Zoological Park]]
| [[Chümoukedima]]
| [[Nagaland]]
|No
|
|-
|38
| [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|No
|(2nd largest in India
|-
|39
| [[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|No
|
|-
|40
| [[Nehru Zoological Park]]
|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|No
|
|-
|41
| [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]]
|[[Darjeeling]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|No
|
|-
|42
| [[Parassinikkadavu Snake Park]]
| [[Parassinikkadavu Snake Park|Parassinikkadavu]]
|Kerala
|No
|
|-
|43
|[[Peacock & Chinkara Breeding Centre, Jhabua|Peacock & Chinkara Breeding Centre]]
|[[Rewari]]
| [[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|44
|Pilikula Biological Park
| [[Mangaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|No
|
|-
|45
| [[Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala]]
|[[Panchkula]]
|[[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|46
| [[Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni|Pheasant Breeding Centre]]
|[[Morni]]
|[[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|47
| [[G. B. Pant High Altitude Zoo]]
| [[Nainital]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|No
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in/intro.htm |title=Pt. G.B. Pant High Altitude Zoo |access-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025640/http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in/intro.htm |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|48
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park]]
| [[Pune]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|No
|
|-
|49
|[[Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park]]
| [[Ranchi]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|No
|(est. 1987)<ref name="kuchbhi"/><ref>[http://wikimapia.org/3423881/RANCHI-ZOO Ranchi Zoo]</ref>
|-
|50
| [[Rohtak Zoo]]
| [[Rohtak]]
|[[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|51
|[[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]]
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|No
|(one of the oldest Indian zoos. Est: 1863)
|-
|52
| [[Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan, Patna|Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar]]
|No
|Famous for Rhinoceros conservation
|-
|53
|[[Sarthana Zoo]]
| [[Surat]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|No
|
|-
|54
|[[Pradhyuman Zoological Park]]
| [[Rajkot]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|No
|
|-
|55
|[[Sarnath Deer Park]]
| [[Varanasi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|56
| [[Sayaji Baug Zoo]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|No
|
|-
|57
|[[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|Sipahijola
| [[Tripura]]
|No
|
|-
|58
|[[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]]
|[[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|No
| Largest in India
|-
|59
| [[Tata Steel Zoological Park]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|No
|
|-
|60
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Kerala]]
|No
| Built by [[Maharaja of Travancore]]
|-
|61
| [[Thrissur Zoo]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Kerala]]
|No
|
|-
|62
| [[Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore|Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre]]
|[[Pinjore]]
|[[Haryana]]
|No
|
|-
|63
| [[Etawah Safari Park]]
|[[Etawah]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|64
|[[Nandan Van Zoo]]
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|No
|Asia's largest man-made Jungle Safari
|-
|65
|[[Kanpur Zoological Park]]
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|66
|Kanan Pendari Zoological Garden
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|No
|
|-
|67
|Sidhharth Garden and Zoo
|[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|No
|
|-
|68
|Gwalior Zoo
|[[Gwalior]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|No
|
|-
|69
|[[Malsi Deer Park]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|No
|
|-
|71
| [[Jambu zoo]]
| [[Jammu]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|No
|
|-
|70
|[[White Tiger Safari & Zoo Mukundpur|White Tiger Safari & Zoo]]
|[[Satna]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|No
|World's 1st White Tiger Safari<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/worlds-first-white-tiger-safari-to-come-up-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/45230058.cms?from=mdr|title=World's first White Tiger Safari to come up in Madhya Pradesh|website= www.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date= 3 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Under construction ==

* [[Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conservation & Research Centre]] in [[Kerala]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]
* [[List of zoos]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="cza_main">
{{ZooOrg|cza|main|accessdate=3 July 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="waza_associations">
{{ZooOrg|waza|associations|accessdate=5 February 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="kuchbhi">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|title=List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now
|work=kuchbhi.com
|publisher=Kuchbhi
|accessdate=4 July 2011
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|archivedate=21 October 2011
}}</ref>

}}

==References==
*{{Cite web
|url = http://www.zoos-worldwide.de
|title = Zoos Worldwide: Aquariums, Animal Sanctuaries, and Wildlife Parks
|work = zoos-worldwide.de
|publisher = Zoos Worldwide
|accessdate = 2 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115732/http://www.zoos-worldwide.de/
|archivedate = 19 July 2011
}}

*{{Cite web
|url=http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|title=List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now
|work=kuchbhi.com
|publisher=Kuchbhi
|accessdate=4 July 2011
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|archivedate=21 October 2011
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zoos in India}}
{{Wikivoyage|Indian Zoos and Botanical Gardens}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091128084509/http://www.cza.nic.in/index.html Official website of: "Central Zoo Authority of India" (CZA), Government of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101202210056/http://www.zoocheck.com/Reportpdfs/Indianreport1.pdf THE INDIAN ZOO INQUIRY] A Review of Conditions in the Zoos of India, Compassionate Crusaders Trust & Zoocheck Canada, 2004 (Revised 2006)

{{Zoos of India}}

{{Asia topic|List of zoos in|title=Lists of zoos in Asia}}

[[Category:Zoos in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Zoos]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India|Zoos]]
[[Category:Lists of zoos by country|India]]

Carnatic Sultanate

2026-03-14T07:35:05Z

MarkObd354: refine article to improve readability

{{short description|State in southern India from 1692 to 1855}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = State of Carnatic
| native_name = {{transliteration|fa|Salṭanat-i-Karnātak}} ([[Persian language|Persian]]) {{transliteration|ta|Aṟkāḍu Navāp}} ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]) {{transliteration|ur|Saltanat-e-Karnāṭak}} ([[Urdu]])
| image_map = IGI1908India1765a.jpg
| image_map_caption = Carnatic (southeast coast), on the Bay of Bengal
| image_flag = Flag of Nawab.svg
| image_coat = Images 2 -removebg-preview (1).png
| era = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule in India]] [[Maratha Empire]] [[Company rule in India]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_name3 =
| title_leader = [[Nawab]]
| year_leader1 = 1692–1703 (first)
| leader1 = [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]]
| year_leader2 = 1710–1732 (first independent)
| leader2 = [[Saadatullah Khan I]]
| year_leader3 = 1824–1855 (last)
| leader3 = [[Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan]]
| year_start = 1692
| year_end = 1855
| event1 = [[Siege of Arcot]]
| date_event1 = 23 September – 14 November 1751
| event2 = [[Carnatic Treaty]]
| date_event2 = 26 July 1801
| event_pre = Progenitor of family appointed governor
| date_pre = 1692
| p1 = Madurai Nayak
| p2 = Maratha Confederacy
| p3 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = Company Raj
| flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| capital = [[Gingee]] (1692–1710), [[Arcot]] (1710–1768), [[Chepauk]] (1768–1855)
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Urdu]]
| religion = [[Islam]] (state religion)
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| conventional_long_name = Carnatic State
| status_text = *[[Subah]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1692–1710) 
*Independent state (1710–1801)
*[[Princely State]] under the paramountcy of the [[British East India Company]] (1801–1855)
| status = [[Dependent territory|Dependency]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] (1692–1710) De jure [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] Independent (1710–1801) [[Princely State]] under the paramountcy of the [[British East India Company]] (1801–1855)
}}
[[File:Thomas Hickey (1741-1824) - Prince Azim-ud-Daula (1775–1819), Nawab of the Carnatic and His Son Azam Jah (1800–1874) - 1180953 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|Nawab of Carnatic ''Azim-ud-Daula'' on the left, signed the [[Carnatic Treaty]] ceding tax rights to the [[British Empire|British]].]]

The '''Carnatic Sultanate'''{{efn|name=Carnatic|[[Persian language|Persian]]: {{transliteration|fa|Salṭanat-i-Karnātak}}; [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{transliteration|ta|Aṟkāḍu Navāp}}; [[Urdu]]: {{transliteration|ur|Saltanat-e-Karnāṭak}}}}, also known as '''Carnatic State''' or '''Arcot State''', was a kingdom in [[South India|southern India]] between about 1690 and 1855, ruled by a Muslim [[nawab]] under the legal purview of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], until their demise.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ|title=The History of India|editor=Kenneth Pletcher|date=2010-04-01|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615302017|pages=219|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAEyAmYRNNQC|title=Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|date=1984-01-01|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9780836412628|pages=104|language=en}}</ref> They initially had their capital at [[Arcot]] in the present-day Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Their rule is an important period in the history of the Carnatic and [[Coromandel Coast]] regions, in which the [[Mughal Empire]] gave way to the rising influence of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha India]], and later the emergence of the [[British Raj|British India]].

== Borders ==
The old province, known as the Carnatic, in which [[Madras]] (Chennai) was situated, extended from the [[Krishna River]] to the [[Kaveri River]], and was bounded on the West by [[Mysore kingdom]] and [[Dindigul]], (which formed part of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]]). The Northern portion was known as the '[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]', the Southern the '[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]' with the [[Maratha]] fortresses of [[Gingee]] and [[Ranjankudi Fort|Ranjankudi]]. Carnatic thus was the name commonly given to the region of Southern India that stretches from the [[East Godavari]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the north to the [[Maratha]] fort of Ranjangudi in the south (including the [[Kaveri River]] delta), and [[Coromandal Coast]] in the east to [[Western Ghats]] in the west.

==History==
With the decline of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1646, the Hindu [[Nayaka dynasties|nayaks]], established in Madurai, Tanjore and Kanchi, made themselves independent. However, they quickly became tributaries to the kings of Golconda and Bijapur, who divided the Carnatic between them. [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] in 1692 appointed [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] as the first [[subahdar]] of the Carnatic with his seat at Arcot as a reward for his victory over the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] led by [[Rajaram I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html |title=Mughal Empire 1526–1707 by Sanderson Beck |publisher=San.beck.org |access-date=2012-03-04}}</ref>

With the decline of the Mughal empire, the Carnatic [[subah]] became independent as the Carnatic Sultanate, which controlled a vast territory south of the [[Krishna River]]. The Nawab [[Saadatullah Khan I]] moved his court from [[Gingee]] to [[Arcot]]. His successor [[Dost Ali Khan]] conquered and annexed [[Madurai]] in 1736.

In 1740, the Maratha forces descended on Arcot. They attacked the Nawab, [[Dost Ali Khan]], in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry, the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Chanda Sahib and his son were arrested and sent to [[Nagpur]].

[[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]] became the ruler in 1749, however he was not officially crowned until 1752, and he was only recognised as an independent ruler by the Emperor of Delhi in 1765.

The growing influences of the English and the French and their colonial wars had a huge impact on the Carnatic. Wallajah supported the English against the French and [[Hyder Ali]], placing him heavily in debt. As a result, he had to surrender much of his territory to the [[East India Company]]. [[Paul Benfield]], an English businessman, made major loans to the Nawab for the purpose of enabling him, who, with the aid of the English, had invaded and conquered the [[Maratha]] state of Tanjore, to satisfy some claims of the Dutch at [[Tranquebar]] on territories of the [[Rajah of Tanjore]].<ref>"Benfield, Paul" . ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]''. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</ref>

The thirteenth Nawab, [[Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan]], died, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the [[doctrine of lapse]]. Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot (Amir-e-Arcot) in 1867 by [[Queen Victoria]], and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity.

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
! S.No.
! Name
! Reign began
! Reign ended
! Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="6" |Subedar of the Carnatic
|-
! 1
| [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]]
| 1692
| 1703
|Son of [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]], a renowned nobleman in the court of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]
|-
! 2
| [[Daud Khan Panni]]
| 1703
| 1710
|Before he was made Nawab, the Emperor [[Aurangazeb]] appointed him as a leading commander of the [[Mughal Army]].
|-
! 3
| [[Saadatullah Khan I|Sa'adatullah Khan I]]
| 1710
| 1732
|He was the last Mughal governor who was appointed as Nawab of [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. Belonging to a [[Nawayath|Navaiyit family]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&dq=Navaiyit+family,+to+which+the+nawabs+of+Arcot+belonged&pg=PA218 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |language=en}}</ref> he had no children and so he adopted his brother [[Ghulam Ali Khan]]'s son [[Dost Ali Khan]] as his own and nominated him as successor.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="6" |Nawab of the Carnatic
|-
! 4
| [[Saadatullah Khan I|Sa'adatullah Khan I]]
| 1710
| 1732
|He was the last Mughal governor who was appointed as Nawab of [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. Having no children, he adopted his brother [[Ghulam Ali Khan]]'s son [[Dost Ali Khan]] as his own and nominated him as successor.
|-
! 5
| [[Dost Ali Khan]]
| 1732
| 1740
|Nephew of [[Saadatullah Khan I|Sa'adatullah Khan I]]
|-
! 6
| [[Safdar Ali Khan]]
| 1740
| 1742
|Son of [[Dost Ali Khan]]
|-
! 7
| [[Nawab Muruza Ali Khan]]
| November 1742
| December 1742
| Cousin and Brother-in-Law of [[Safdar Ali Khan]]
|-
! 8
| [[Saadatullah Khan II|Sa'adatullah Khan II]]
| 1742
| 1744
|Son of [[Safdar Ali Khan]]. He was murdered in July 1744 at [[Arcot]]. So, with him, the ''first dynasty'' of the Nawabs of Arcot came to an end.
|-
! 9
| [[Anwaruddin Khan]]
| 1744
| 3 August 1749
|He was the 1st [[Nawab of Arcot]] of the ''second dynasty''. He was of [[Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh|Qannauji Sheikh]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1FAQAAIAAJ&q=kanauji |title= Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Muzaffarnagar |page=42 |publisher= Government of Uttar Pradesh |date=1988 }}</ref>
|-
! 10
| [[Chanda Shahib]]
| 1749
| 1752
| Son-in-law of the [[Dost Ali Khan]],<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=151, 154–158}}</ref> under whom he worked as a [[Dewan]]. Supported the French in [[Carnatic Wars]].
|-
! 11
| [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali Khan Wala-Jah]]
| 3 August 1749
| 16 October 1795
|Son of [[Anwaruddin Khan]]. Supported the British in [[Carnatic Wars]]. Moved the capital from Arcot to [[Chepauk Palace|Chepauk]]
|-
! 12
| [[Umdat ul-Umara]]
| 1795
| 1801
|Son of [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali Khan Wala-Jah]]
|-
! 13
|[[Azim-ud-Daula]]
|1801
|1819
|Signed the [[Carnatic Treaty]], ceding tax rights to the [[British Empire|British]]; Nephew of [[Umdat ul-Umara]]
|-
! 14
| [[Azam Jah of the Carnatic|Azam Jah]]
| 1819
| 1825
| Son of [[Azim-ud-Daula]]
|-
! 15
| [[Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan]]
| 1825
| 1855
|Son of [[Azam Jah of the Carnatic|Azam Jah]]. He died in 1855 at the age of 31. He did not leave behind any male heir.
|}

===Prince of Arcot===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: LightSteelBlue;" colspan="7" |Lineage
|+Prince of Arcot
|-
! Amir
! Reign
!Notes
|-
| [[Azim Jah]] || 1867–1874
|younger son of [[Azim-ud-Daula]]
The [[Chepauk Palace]], the official residence of the princes of the Carnatic had been taken over by the British in 1859.

He constructed a new residence, the [[Amir Mahal]], in [[Royapettah]].
|-
| Sir [[Zahir-ud-Daula]] Bahadur || 1874–1879
|Son of [[Azim Jah]]
|-
| [[Intizam-ul-Mulk]] Muazzal ud-Daula Bahadur || 1879–1889
|younger son of [[Azim Jah]]
|-
| Sir [[Muhammad Munawar Khan]] Bahadur || 1889–1903
|nephew of [[Intizam-ul-Mulk]]
|-
| Sir [[Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan]] Bahadur || 1903–1952
|Son of [[Muhammad Munawar Khan]]
|-
| [[Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan]] Bahadur || 1952–1969
|younger son of [[Muhammad Munawar Khan]]
|-
| [[Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader]] || 1969–1993
|Son of [[Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan]]
|-
| [[Muhammed Abdul Ali]] || 1993–
|Son of [[Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader]]

|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|In the year 1702, [[Nawab Daud Khan]], the [[Mughal Empire]]'s local [[Subedar]] of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], besieged and blockaded [[Fort St. George]] for more than three months,<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=yQgt5SYepi8C |page=11 }} |title=A miscellany of mutinies and massacres in India |author=Terence R. Blackburn }}</ref> the governor of the fort, [[Thomas Pitt]], was instructed by the [[British East India Company]] to vie for peace
Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|Death of the [[Nawab]] [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] in a battle against the [[French people|French]] in 1749, by [[Paul Philippoteaux]]
WAR ELEPHANTS CHARGE THE GATES OF THE FORT AT ARCOT..gif|The [[Siege of Arcot]] was a major battle fought between [[Robert Clive]] and the combined forces of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s Nawab of the Carnatic, [[Chanda Sahib]], assisted by a small number of troops from the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]
Wallajah2.jpg|[[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]], (1717–1795)
Umdat ul-Umara.jpg|[[Umdat ul-Umara]] the Nawab of the Carnatic was a covert ally of [[Tipu Sultan]]
Azim Jah.jpg|[[Azim Jah]], eleventh and penultimate Nawab of the Carnatic, 1867 to 1874.
Azim-ud-Daula, Nawab of the Carnatic and His Son Azam Jah.jpg|Azim-ud-Daula, Nawab of the Carnatic and his son Azam Jah.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy|India|History
}}
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Nawab of Banganapalle]]
* [[Nawab of Masulipatam]]
* [[Nawab of Savanur]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/arcot.html Indian Princely States – Arcot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020608231445/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/arcot.html |date=8 June 2002 }} on uq.net.au
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040218012719/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100120200.htm The House of Arcot] (archived)
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}{{Mughal Empire}}
{{coord|24.18|88.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Nawabs of the Carnatic| ]]
[[Category:Islam in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1855]]

Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One

2026-03-14T07:12:45Z

MarkObd354: made a data

{{Infobox television
| image = Kuttram_Purindhavan_Official_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| genre = Crime thriller
| creator =
| writer = Selvamani Muniyappan
| director = Selvamani Muniyappan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pasupathy]]
* [[Vidharth]]
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
}}
| music = S. N. Prasad
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Avinaash Hariharan
* Arabbhi Athreya
* Senthil Veerasamy
}}
| cinematography = Farook J. Basha
| editor = Kathiresh Alagesan
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
}}

'''''Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One''''' is an Indian Tamil-language crime thriller web series directed by Selvamani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuttram Purindhavan Trailer: Pasupathy carries many secrets and guilt in this intense crime thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Oct/01/kuttram-purindhavan-trailer-pasupathy-carries-many-secrets-and-guilt-in-this-intense-crime-thriller|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-10-01|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by Avinaash Hariharan, Arabbhi Athreya, Senthil Veerasamy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One OTT Release Date: When and Which Platform The Thriller Web Series Stream|url=https://showbizbuff.com/kuttram-purindhavan-the-guilty-one/|website=Showbiz Buff|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-US|first=Showbizbuff|last=Team}}</ref> under banner Aquabulls and Happy Unicorn and is premiered on the streaming platform [[SonyLIV]] on 5 December 2025.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=A Tale of Guilt, Secrets and Consequences|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/a-tale-of-guilt-secrets-and-consequences-1907126|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=2025-09-30|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> The series stars [[Pasupathy]], [[Vidharth]], and [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Kuttram Purindhavan’ trailer: A desperate father gets involved with the case of a missing girl|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087163/kuttram-purindhavan-trailer-a-desperate-father-gets-involved-with-the-case-of-a-missing-girl|website=Scroll.in|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=Scroll|last=Staff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sony LIV Kuttram Purindhavan release: When you can watch Pasupathy’s new thriller that blurs guilt and innocence|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/sony-liv-kuttram-purindhavan-release-when-you-can-watch-pasupathys-new-thriller-that-blurs-guilt-and-innocence/articleshow/125487352.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuttram Purindhavan Trailer|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/trailer/kuttram-purindhavan-trailer-1090495512|website=Sony LIV|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The story follows Bhaskar ([[Pasupathy]]), a former government pharmacist whose attempt to help goes wrong when a child goes missing, plunging him into a complex case fraught with guilt, secrets, and moral ambiguity. Gowtham ([[Vidharth]]) is the investigating officer, while Esther ([[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]) is the frantic mother of the missing child.<ref name="DC">{{cite web |title=A tale of guilt, secrets and consequences |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/a-tale-of-guilt-secrets-and-consequences-1907126 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 October 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/kuttram-purindhavan-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-pasupathys-crime-thriller-aa-ws-l-9725367.html|title=Kuttram Purindhavan OTT: When And Where To Watch Pasupathy's Crime Thriller}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Pasupathy]] as Bhaskar<ref name="NK">{{cite web |title=Trailer of Tamil web series Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One released |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/trailer-tamil-web-series-kuttram-purindhavan-guilty-one-released-981 |publisher=New Kerala |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[Vidharth]] as Gowtham
* [[Lizzie Antony]] as Anandhi Bhaskar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pasupathy's Kuttram Purindhavan series to debut on OTT on this date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Nov/21/pasupathys-kuttram-purindhavan-series-to-debut-on-ott-on-this-date|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] as Esther
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Inspector
* Rajapandi as [[Constable]]
* Ajit Koshy as "Pastor" Samuel
* Jayakumar as DSP
* C.Thavamani as flashback inspector

== Production ==
The project was officially announced by SonyLIV along with the first-look poster and cast details.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Kuttram Purindhavan On OTT: Where To Watch Pasupathy's Thrilling Web Series Online|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/kuttram-purindhavan-on-ott-where-to-watch-pasupathys-thrilling-web-series-online-article-152920623|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=2025-09-30|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The first trailer was released in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailer of Tamil web series 'Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One' released|url=https://www.indiatribune.com/public/index.php/trailer-of-tamil-web-series-kuttram-purindhavan-the-guilty-one-released|website=India Tribune - Chicago -|date=2025-09-30|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|last=indiatribune}}</ref>

==Episode==
The first season of ''Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One'' consists of seven episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/kuttram-purindhavan-the-guilty-one-1790006730 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode No. !! Title !! Synopsis !! Director
!Duration
|-
| 1 || In search of the Lost || On the night of village temple celebration, a man is found dead outside his home and his daughter, Mercy, vanishes without a trace. Her grieving mother, Esther, is desperate to find her child. Baskaran, a government pharmacist, is desperately waiting for his retirement money - the only hope to save his grandson Rahul, who needs urgent surgery. Gautham, the powerless cop, but a reason draws him close to the case. || Selvamani Muniyappan
| 38 mins
|-
|2
|What Happened last night?
|Mercy faces an unthinkable ordeal and is brought to Baskaran for urgent help. He tried his best, but his efforts fail. Trapped by his desperate situation, Baskaran hides the truth. When he reveals it to his wife, she is shaken and unwilling, but with no other choice, she follows his decision. Together, they bury the truth for their own gain - Cops are tracking the suspect behind Mercy's disappearance.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|34 mins
|-
|3
|Living with the lie
|Baskaran and his wife struggle to keep their secret buried, forced into lie after lie as every step risks exposure. Esther's search grows frantic, her dread of the worst pressing harder each day. Meanwhile, Gautham closes in, his suspicion fixed on Baskaran, and he is on the edge of finding the truth.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|42 mins
|-
|4
|Through the Darkness
|Baskaran's desperation reaches its peak as his grandson's surgery becomes a matter of life and death. Driven by fear and love, he goes to unimaginable lengths, sinking deeper into darkness. Meanwhile, Gautham collects damning evidence, steadily piecing together Baskaran's hidden crimes.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|38 mins
|-
|5
|The Guilty Ones
|Baskaran is consumed by guilt, haunted by the sins he committed against Esther and Mercy. Tormented, he even contemplates turning himself in. Esther struggles with her own guilt, blaming herself for her daughter's disappearance. When Baskaran meets Gautham, he finds a kindred spirit - Gautham's past guilt mirrors his own. Together, they reluctantly unite in a tense pursuit to uncover the real criminal.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|37 mins
|-
|6
|Breaking the Silence
|The most unexpected secrets come to light, revealing hidden details of the night of the crime that no one knew. The true story of Mercy is finally uncovered, exposing shocking truths. Everything builds toward an imminent face-off between the real killer and Baskaran and Gautham.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|33 mins
|-
|7
|The Closure
|The hunt for the killer begins amid the chaos of the temple festival. The final battle is set. Baskaran confronts the killer alone in a tense face-off, while Gautham races against time to catch him. The killer is caught, and both the killer and Baskaran are arrested. Esther is heartbroken when she learns the truth about Baskaran. In the end, the three are left to face the weight of their guilt in their own ways. The full truth comes to light.
|Selvamani Muniyappan
|39 mins
|}

== Release ==
The series will premiere on 5 December 2025 on SonyLIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kuttram-purindhavan-streaming-where-to-find-pasupathys-exciting-web-series-online/ar-AA1NB0PQ|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name="PV">{{cite web |title=Kuttram Purindhavan OTT release date: When and where to watch Pasupathy-starrer upcoming crime thriller |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kuttram-purindhavan-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-pasupathy-starrer-upcoming-crime-thriller-1398638 |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=22 November 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> It will be available in Tamil and dubbed versions Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi as per its official listing.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Reception ==

* Nandini Ramnath of [[scroll.in]] reviewed the series and wrote "A twisty and twisted saga of crime and punishment"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-12-05 |title=‘Kuttram Purindhavan’ review: A twisty and twisted saga of crime and punishment |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088774/kuttram-purindhavan-review-a-twisty-and-twisted-saga-of-crime-and-punishment |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Sanjay Ponnappa of [[India Today]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and reviewed the series as "A slow crime thriller series with a gripping climax"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-12-05 |title=Kuttram Purindhavan review: A slow crime thriller series with a gripping climax |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/kuttram-purindhavan-whodunnit-series-review-pasupathy-performance-twists-2831293-2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Narayani M of [[Cinema Express]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and reviewed the series as "<bdi>Pasupathy and Lakshmi Priyaa carry a gripping, pensive and poignant mystery</bdi><bdi>"</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-12-05 |title=Kuttram Purindhavan Series Review: Pasupathy and Lakshmi Priyaa carry a gripping, pensive and poignant mystery |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Dec/05/kuttram-purindhavan-series-review-pasupathy-and-lakshmi-priyaa-carry-a-gripping-pensive-and-poignant-mystery |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Siby Jeyya of indiaherald.com gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and reviewed as "A Gripping Crime Drama Held Together By Pasupathy’s Towering Simplicity".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuttram Purindhavan: The Guilty One Review - A Gripping Crime Drama Held Together By Pasupathy’s Towering Simplicity |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994865958/Kuttram-Purindhavan-The-Guilty-One-Review-A-Gripping-Crime-Drama-Held-Together-By-Pasupathys-Towering-Simplicity |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38568136}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Tibetan cuisine

2026-03-06T06:13:14Z

MarkObd354: added page based on references and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Culinary traditions of Tibet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Tibetan breakfast.jpg|thumb|A simple Tibetan breakfast]]
[[File:Making mo-mos pastry.jpg|thumb|A Tibetan woman making [[Momo (dumpling)|momos]] at a gathering in the U.S.]]
[[File:Pelkhor Chode Gyantse.jpg|thumb|Shipment of [[barley]] grain, a food staple. It is roasted and ground into powder to make a flour]]
[[Image:TibetanBowls,Spoons.jpg|thumb|right|Tibetan bowls and spoons, [[Field Museum]]]]
[[File:Tibetan cheeses - Zhongdian Market (4150211480).jpg|right|thumb|Examples of [[Tibetan cheese]] at the Zhongdian Market]]

'''Tibetan cuisine''' includes the culinary traditions and practices of the [[Tibetan people]] in the [[Tibet region]]. The cuisine reflects the Tibetan landscape of mountains and plateaus and includes influences from neighbors (including India and Nepal where many Tibetans abide). It is known for its use of noodles, [[Goat meat|goat]], [[Domestic yak|yak]], [[Lamb and mutton|mutton]], [[dumpling]]s, [[Tibetan cheese|cheese]] (often from yak or goat milk), butter, yogurt (also from animals adapted to the Tibetan climate), and soups. [[Vegetarianism]] has been debated by religious practitioners since the 11th century but is not prevalent due to the difficulty of growing vegetables, and cultural traditions promoting consumption of meat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/ht24wj61f|title=Food of Sinful Demons: A History of Vegetarianism in Tibet|last=Geoffrey|first=Barstow|date=2013|website=UVA Library {{!}} Virgo|language=en|access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>

Crops must be able to grow at high altitudes, although a few areas are at low enough altitude to grow crops such as rice, oranges, bananas and lemons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/tibetfactsandfigures/2008-04/25/content_15016277.htm|title=Administrative Division|work=Tibet Facts & Figures 2007|publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]|date=24 April 2008|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> The most important crop is [[barley]]. Flour milled from roasted barley, called ''[[tsampa]]'', is the [[staple food]] of Tibet, as well as ''[[sha phaley]]'' (meat and cabbage in bread).<ref>''Tibetan Marches''. [[André Migot]]. Translated from the French by [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]], p. 103. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York.</ref> ''[[Balep]]'' is Tibetan bread eaten for breakfast and lunch. Various other types of balep bread and fried pies are consumed. ''[[Thukpa]]'' is a dinner staple consisting of vegetables, meat, and noodles of various shapes in broth. Tibetan cuisine is traditionally served with silverware, in contrast to other [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] cuisines, which are eaten by hand. [[Mustard seed]]s are cultivated and feature heavily in its cuisine.

Outside of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], Tibetan cuisine is consumed in the Indian states of [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Sikkim]], [[Himachal Pradesh|northern]] regions of [[Nepal]] such as [[Mustang District|Mustang]] and by [[Tibetan diaspora]] communities.

In larger Tibetan towns and cities, many restaurants now serve [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan-style Han Chinese food]]. Western imports and fusion dishes, such as fried yak and chips, are also popular. Nevertheless, many small restaurants serving traditional Tibetan dishes persist in both cities and the countryside.

==Food culture==
===Cookware===
[[Tibetans]] use pots, pans, cans, steamer pots and boxes made from various materials. Tibetan women carry large wooden containers, which can hold up to 25 liters, to fetch water once a day. Returning to the house, they pour the water into built-in copper cans that hold more than 100 liters. Cooking pots made from iron or brass are used on the stove. Traditionally, pans were used rarely, but are becoming increasingly popular. Wooden boxes are used to store [[tsampa]], butter and cheese. Tibetans use elaborately woven baskets with matching lids to store dried fruits, rice and sugar. When travelling, they use the baskets to store dried meat and cheese. In Southern Tibet, mortars are indispensable for crushing chilis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendrong |first1=Tsering |title=Tibetisch kochen - Gerichte und ihre Geschichte |year=2006 |publisher=Die Werkstatt GmbH |isbn=978-3-89533-520-4 |page=16 }}</ref>

===Dinnerware===
Tibetan dinnerware is traditionally made from wood, but sometimes lacquered clay is used. According to local tradition, this handicraft was passed down for generations. Those who could afford to do so purchased high-quality porcelain bowls from elsewhere. In more modern times, other types of porcelain from China or elsewhere are used. Spoons are indispensable for most dishes. Poor people and children wore them around their necks to allow constant and easy access. Knives are sometimes used to eat fruits. Tibetans also use small soup bowls, while the rich used bowls of gold and silver.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Himalayan Fermented Foods: Microbiology, Nutrition, and Ethnic Values|url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanferment00tama|url-access=limited|author=Tamang, Jyoti Prakash|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanferment00tama/page/n29 9]|isbn=9781420093247}}</ref>

==Tea==
{{main|Tibetan tea}}

Teacups are sometimes carried in the abdominal fold of the [[Chuba]], a traditional costume. Wooden teacups made from dzabija wood are considered especially fine. They have a smooth surface, an impressive grain pattern and are made with a balanced form, which relates to the composition of the raw wood. They are comfortable to hold. The cups are costly and most cannot afford them. Lavish teacups often have a layer of silver inside, which is intended to make them easier to clean. The nobility and high lamas used stands and tops that were intricately ornamented with mythological motifs. The tops are used to preserve the scent of the tea. The most precious cups shipped from other provinces are made from white [[jade]]. They have no handles. The best teacups are made from metal or silver, which are used only for guests and on festival days. The silversmiths from [[Derge]] are known for their exquisite tea sets. Teapots are typically made from wood or clay, while the better ones are made from lavishly ornamented metals such as copper or brass.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendrong |first1=Tsering |title=Tibetisch kochen - Gerichte und ihre Geschichte |year=2006 |publisher=Die Werkstatt GmbH |isbn=978-3-89533-520-4 |page=19 }}</ref>

The [[Dongmo]] is a tea-mixing cylinder used for making Tibetan [[butter tea]]. It usually has a volume of around 4 litres and is made from wood ornamented with brass. A whisk is placed in a hole on the top of the Dongmo and, with 15-20 vertical movements, the butter tea emulsifies.<ref name=MendrongP20>{{cite book |last1=Mendrong |first1=Tsering |title=Tibetisch kochen - Gerichte und ihre Geschichte |year=2006 |publisher=Die Werkstatt GmbH |isbn=978-3-89533-520-4 |page=20 }}</ref>

===Monastic kitchens===
Tibetan monks are self-sufficient.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6YwDwAAQBAJ&q=Tibetan+monks+self-sufficient+not+commonly+known&pg=PA57|title=The Sound of Two Hands Clapping: The Education of a Tibetan Buddhist Monk|last=Dreyfus|first=Georges B. J.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0520232600|page=57}}</ref> They cook for themselves and raise money by praying for farmers and nomads or by performing rituals for the well-being of families. In monastery kitchens, large pots are used to make soups. During breaks in religious studies, the monks are served tea and soup. Novice monks walk through the rows and pour tea from richly decorated teapots.<ref name=MendrongP20/>

==Etiquette==
Friendliness, hospitality, generosity and selflessness, derived from the principles of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], are the basis of local etiquette. Behaviour which is egocentric or egoistic is regarded as inappropriate, and helping/supporting others is idealized. Combined with their belief in [[Karma]] - that everything that happens in life has a source in actions committed in the past - they easily process a loss, sickness or great misfortune as they believe this relieves them from the effects of past actions.

Guests witness this attitude. Upon arriving, a guest receives a [[Khata]] - a white silk scarf - that symbolizes joy for the visit and reverence for the guest. After entering, a guest's comfort and well-being is cared for in every way, including cooking. The guest may be offered tea, but instead of accepting immediately, the guest is culturally expected to politely decline - the guest too has to be exemplary. Without hesitating, the host (customarily the woman of the house) immediately serves the tea. The host pours and hands over the cup with both hands as a sign of respect. In the common protocol, the guest only takes a small sip before putting the cup down. The host will fill up the cup and ask the guest to drink again. This is repeated two more times before the guest empties the cup slowly. If the guest leaves the cup filled without drinking, this is regarded as a signal of contentment. Without asking, the cup will be taken away and the guest will often be offered [[Chhaang|Chang]] (barley beer). At the table, expectations are that individuals sit cross-legged, and it is considered impolite to stretch one's legs. In addition, one should never pass over body parts of another.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} Pastries may be served with tea. Offered a meal, the guest may politely refuse at first. Upon subsequent offering, the host may find out what the guest wants.

The goal of every host is to create a relaxed atmosphere and to give joy and pleasure.<ref name="Mendrong2006">{{cite book |last1=Mendrong |first1=Tsering |title=Tibetisch kochen - Gerichte und ihre Geschichte |year=2006 |publisher=Die Werkstatt GmbH |isbn=978-3-89533-520-4 |page=22 }}</ref>

==Dishes==
{{Main|List of Tibetan dishes}}
[[File:Tibetan snack Syabhaley in Nepal.jpg|thumb|200px|Tibetan snack [[Sha Phaley]] in [[Nepal]]]]
[[Image:TibetanKitchenItems.jpg|thumb|right|Tibetan kitchen items including a small [[butter churn]] with shoulder strap, suitable for [[nomad]]ic life, cooking pot, bowls, and spoons]]

Other Tibetan foods include:
* [[Sha Phaley]] - bread stuffed with seasoned beef and cabbage, which is then fashioned into semi-circular or circular shapes and which, according to regional variations, is either deep fried or pan fried like [[pot sticker]]s.
* [[Balep korkun]] - a central Tibetan [[flatbread]] cooked on a skillet rather than in an oven.
* [[Tingmo (food)]] - a type of steamed bun, a heavier version of the Han Chinese [[baozi]].
* [[Thenthuk]] - a type of cold-weather [[soup]] made with noodles and various vegetables.
* [[Shab Ta]] - Stir-fried meat tossed with celery, carrots and fresh green chili.
* [[Gyurma]] (Juema) - a [[blood sausage]] with yak or sheep's blood and roasted barley flour or rice as filler
* [[Sokham Bexe]] - fried dough, with butter and minced meat. It is said to be a favourite of the [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Panchen Lama]].
* [[Dtowa Katsa]] - stewed [[tripe]], with [[curry]], [[fennel]], [[monosodium glutamate]] and [[salt]].<ref name="LiJiang2003">{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Tao|last2=Jiang|first2=Hongying|title=Tibetan customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5L0TQjLGgUC&pg=PA36|year=2003|publisher=五洲传播出版社|isbn=978-7-5085-0254-0|page=35}}</ref>
* [[Lunggoi Katsa]] - [[stew]]ed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], [[monosodium glutamate]] and salt.<ref name="LiJiang2003"/>
* [[Tu (cake)|Thue (cake)]] - a cheese cake pastry made with [[yak butter]], [[brown sugar]] and water.<ref name="LiJiang2003"/>
* [[Masan (pastry)|Masan]] - a pastry, made with [[tsampa]], dry cubic or curd cheese, [[yak butter]], [[brown sugar]] and water.<ref name="LiJiang2003"/>
* [[Xogoi Momo|Shogo Momo]] - a type of [[Momo (dumpling)|momo]] using [[mashed potato]] with dough, shaped into balls, with a [[Ground meat|minced meat]] filling, served with [[bread crumbs]].<ref name="LiJiang2003"/>
* [[Samkham Papleg]] - fried dough with [[yak butter]] or [[rapeseed oil]].<ref name=LiJiang36>{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Tao|last2=Jiang|first2=Hongying|title=Tibetan customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5L0TQjLGgUC&pg=PA36|year=2003|publisher=五洲传播出版社|isbn=978-7-5085-0254-0|page=36}}</ref>

===Breads and fried dough foods===
* [[Papza Mogu]] - [[dough]] balls with [[Melting|melted]] [[butter]], [[brown sugar]], and dry [[Quark (dairy product)|curd cheese]]. They have a sweet and sour taste and are red in color.<ref name=LiJiang36/>

===Soups===
* [[De-Thuk]] - a type of gruel that includes yak or sheep stock along with rice, different types of Tibetan cheeses. Similar to Cantonese rice congee
* [[Tsam-thuk]] - a type of gruel that uses yak or sheep stock and roasted barley flour as well as a variety of Tibetan cheeses.
* [[Thukpa bhatuk]] - a common Tibetan noodle soup made with little {{Transliteration|bo|italic=no|bhasta}} noodles.

===Sweet foods===
* [[Day-see]] - a Tibetan sweet dish with rice cooked in unsalted butter and mixed with raisins, droma (gourd shaped root found), dates and nuts. This dish is usually served only on Losar (Tibetan New Year).
* [[Khapsey]] - Tibetan cookies or biscuits that are deep fried and made during celebrations such as the Tibetan New Year or weddings. Khapseys are fashioned into many different intricate shapes and textures. Some are sprinkled with powdered sugar while other shapes such as the donkey ear-shaped khapseys are used for decoration.<ref name="Blog">{{cite web|last=Norbu|first=Jamyang|title=Dipping a Donkey-Ear in Butter Tea|url=http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2010/01/30/dipping-a-donkey-ear-in-butter-tea/|work=Shadow Tibet|date=30 January 2010 |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

===Desserts===
* [[Thue (food)|Thue]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yowangdu.com/tibetan-food/thue.html|title=Thue: An Original Tibetan Treat|date=18 February 2017 }}</ref>

===Holiday dishes===
* [[Guthuk]] - is traditionally eaten before [[Losar]]
* [[Khapse]] - pastries for Losar called ''nyapsha''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yowangdu.com/tibetan-food/khapse.html|title=Khapse Recipe: How to Make Tibetan Losar Pastries|date=2012-12-23|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref>
* [[Changkol (food)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yowangdu.com/tibetan-food/losar-changkol.html|title = Changkol Recipe: To Start Losar Morning off Right| date=30 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Cheeses, yogurt and butter==
[[File:Tibetancheese1868.JPG|thumb|A type of [[Tibetan cheese]]]]

[[Tibetan cheese]]s, [[yogurt]] and [[butter]] are staples. Varieties include soft [[cheese curd]]s resembling [[cottage cheese]] made from [[buttermilk]] called [[chura loenpa]] (or ser).<ref name=Dorfe>Food in Tibetan Life
By Rinjing Dorfe, pp. 93, 96</ref> Hard cheese is called [[chura kampo]]. Extra hard cheese, made from solidified [[yogurt]], is called [[chhurpi]], and is also found in [[Sikkim]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name="MozzarellaOfTheEast">{{cite web
| last = Allen
| first = Bryan
| author2 = Allen, Silvia
| title = Mozzarella of the East (Cheese-making and Bai culture)
| publisher = SIL International
| url = http://www.ethnorema.it/pdf/numero%201/BRYAN%20ALLEN%20and%20SILVIA%20ALLEN.pdf
| access-date = 2010-02-04
| archive-date = 2 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171202045840/http://www.ethnorema.it/pdf/numero%201/BRYAN%20ALLEN%20and%20SILVIA%20ALLEN.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Another type of cheese called [[Shosha (cheese)|shosha]] or [[Shosha (cheese)|churul]], with a flavor said to resemble [[Limburger]], is also eaten. It is made from [[cream]] and the [[Malai|skin of milk]].<ref name=Dorfe />

==Beverages==
Most Tibetans drink many cups of yak [[butter tea]] daily{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}. Jasmine [[tea]] is also sometimes available.{{blockquote|[[Tea brick|Brick tea]] is made by methods only distantly related to those employed in China or Sri Lanka (Ceylon). When the water boils, a great handful of the stuff is crumbled into it and allowed to stew for between five and ten minutes, until the whole infusion is so opaque that it looks almost black. At this stage a pinch of salt is added; the Tibetans always put salt, never sugar, in their tea. I have been told that they sometimes add a little [[Sodium bicarbonate|soda]], in order to give the beverage a pinkish tinge, but I never saw this done in [[Xikang|Sikang]]. They very seldom, on the other hand, drink tea without butter in it. If you are at home, you empty the saucepan into a big wooden churn, straining the tea through a colander made of reed or horsehair. Then you drop a large lump of butter into it, and, after being vigorously stirred, this brew is transferred to a huge copper teapot and put on a brazier to keep it hot. When you are traveling, you do not normally take a churn with you, so everyone fills his wooden bowl with tea, scoops a piece of butter out of a basket, puts it in the bowl, stirs the mixture gently with his finger, and, finally, drinks the tea.<ref>''Tibetan Marches''. André Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, pp. 102-3. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York.</ref>}}

Butter tea is the national beverage. Although butter tea is the most popular tea, black tea is also fairly popular. [[Jasmine]] grows in Eastern Tibet. Most likely, Tibetans took absorbed jasmine tea from the Han Chinese cultural sphere. Spice tea is very popular among exiles who live in India and Nepal. It is almost unknown in Tibet. Most likely, it was adopted from Indian culture. Dara is the Tibetan word for [[buttermilk]]. It refers to the yogurt drink. It is also used for Indian [[Lassi]].

===Alcoholic beverages===
Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism prohibited the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Beer mostly from barley, but rice, wheat, maize, oats and millet are also used in brewing. Chang is consumed through a thin bamboo straw.

Alcoholic beverages include:
* [[Beer in Tibet|Beer]]
* [[Chhaang|Chang]], a beer usually made from barley
* [[Pinjopo]], a rice wine
* [[Ara (drink)|Ara]], distilled or fermented grain alcohol
* [[Tongba]], a [[millet]] based alcoholic beverage

==Ingredients==
Barley has been a [[staple food]] since the fifth century AD.<ref name=Fernandez2001>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez |first=Felipe Armesto |year=2001 |title=Civilizations: Culture, Ambition and the Transformation of Nature| page = 265|publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn = 0-7432-1650-4 }}</ref> It is made into a flour product called ''[[tsampa]]'' which is still a staple.<ref name=By2006>{{Cite book |last2=Sautman |first2=Barry |last1=Dreyer | first1=June Teufel |year = 2006| title = Contemporary Tibet : politics, development, and society in a disputed region| page = 262| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ou4f4q8gGcIC&q=tsampa,&pg=PA262| isbn = 0-7656-1354-9 |publisher=Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York }}</ref> The flour is roasted and mixed with butter and [[butter tea]] to form a stiff dough that is eaten in small balls.

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* "Brick Tea and Tsampa" in ''Tibetan Marches'', pp. 99–104. André Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, p. 101. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York.
* Bruno J. Richtsfeld: Tee und Teekultur in Tibet. In: Markus Mergenthaler (Hg.): TeeWege. Historie/Kultur/Genuss. Dettelbach 2013, S. 28–77, {{ISBN|9783897544376}}
* Tsering Mendrong: Tibetisch kochen - Gerichte und ihre Geschichte. Die Werkstatt GmbH 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89533-520-4}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Cuisine of Tibet}}

{{Tibet related articles}}
{{Cuisine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tibetan cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Regional cuisines of China]]
[[Category:Tibetan culture]]

Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu

2026-03-03T21:40:52Z

MarkObd354: made page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu
| image = Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Vishwanathan
| screenplay = Sunil Impress P. S. Kumar
| story = Sunil Impress
| producer = Johny Sagariga
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Jyothirmayi]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| music = [[Stephen Devassy]]
| studio = Dickle Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|11|27}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu''''' ({{Translation|Hariharan Pillai is happy}}) is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language [[comedy film]] directed by Vishwanathan, starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Jyothirmayi]]. This was Vishwanathan's directorial debut, and the first film for [[Stephen Devassy]] as composer.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2022}}
Hariharan Pillai runs a construction company with his uncle Velappan. He constructs a house for the rich money lender Dhanapaalan, who does not compensate him after completing the house. Sathyapalan's daughter Kavya initially dislikes Hariharan Pillai. However, she eventually falls in love with him. Hari also has to take care of his sister Latha who is in love with Nikhil. How Hariharan Pillai sorts out all of this issues and gets Kavya form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mohanlal]] as Hariharan Pillai
*[[Jyothirmayi]] as Kavya
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Satyapalan
*[[Vijayaraghavan]] as Dileep
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Velappan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Mason Vasu alias Anjilithekkethil Vasudevan Namboothiri
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Sundaran
* [[Jagadish]] as Sub-Inspector Vinod Kumar
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Padmavathi Amma, Hariharan's mother
* [[Ambili Devi]] as Latha, Hariharan's sister
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Hariharan's friend
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Ramani
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Rozario
* Nikhil as Sethu
* Saju Kuttanadu as Abu
* T.S Raju
* Priyanka as Mythili
* Deepika Mohan as Rozario's wife
* [[Machan Varghese]]
* [[Uma Nair]] as Kavya's friend
}}

== Production ==
The bike with unusual wheels that was featured in ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' (2003) was featured in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Asher |first=Pratima |date=5 April 2004 |title=The mechanics of his mind |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-mechanics-of-his-mind/article28206038.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031741/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-mechanics-of-his-mind/article28206038.ece |archive-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by debutante [[Stephen Devassy]], who took a sabbatical after working on this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=18 June 2015 |title=Stephen Devassy: An orchestra by himself |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/musician-stephen-devassy-talks-about-his-project-70/article7329580.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/musician-stephen-devassy-talks-about-his-project-70/article7329580.ece |archive-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hariharanpilla Happiyanu |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5iSzkdURgjE4QO5lTGebvb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120034237/https://open.spotify.com/album/5iSzkdURgjE4QO5lTGebvb |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> Newcomer [[Rajeev Alunkal]] wrote all the lyrics.<ref name="songs">{{Cite web |last=Pramad |first=Manu |date=1 September 2015 |title=നാലുവരി കൊണ്ട് പാട്ട് ഹിറ്റാകില്ല |trans-title=The song will not be a hit with four lines |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/interview-with-rajeev-alunkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093429/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/interview-with-rajeev-alunkal.html |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=ആദ്യ സിനിമയിലേക്ക് ക്ഷണം ഒരു ഓണക്കാലത്ത്... ഓര്‍മകള്‍ പങ്കുവെച്ച് ഗാനരചയിതാവ് രാജീവ് ആലുങ്കല്‍ |trans-title=Invitation to first movie during Onam... Lyricist Rajeev Alunkal shares his memories |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/spirituality/specials/onam-2021/lyricist-rajeev-alunkal-onam-memory-1.5921214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820054440/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/spirituality/specials/onam-2021/lyricist-rajeev-alunkal-onam-memory-1.5921214 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> Alunkal recalled in a 2015 interview that it was risky for a newcomer to pen all the lyrics and how the producer of the film, Johnny Sagarika, took that risk.<ref name="songs" />

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thingal Nilaavil
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Munthirvaave
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Ambaadippoove Nillu Nillu
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Thallu Thallu
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length4 = 3:40
| title5 = Pularikal Chirakaniyum
| extra5 = Jimmy Kalabhavan
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Mundhiri Vaave
| extra6 = [[Unni Menon]]
| length6 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released shortly after Mohanlal's box office success ''[[Balettan]]'' (2003) and Jyothirmayi's ''[[Anyar (film)|Anyar]]'' (2003).<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |author1=Abhijath|author2= Ram |date=27 November 2003 |title=Short-lived happiness |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/short-lived-happiness/article28457664.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204213403/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/short-lived-happiness/article28457664.ece |archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2003 |title=New Diva |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/new-diva/article28648134.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116025856/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/new-diva/article28648134.ece |archive-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> The film released in November 2003 coinciding with Ramadan.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Abhijath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The film begins well, while in the second half, it loses tempo".<ref name="The Hindu" /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "There is not even one redeeming factor in this technically slipshod enterprise. At the end contrary to the title, you leave the theatre whining and totally unhappy!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13316661&ctid=5&cid=2428|title=Review: Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121140756/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13316661&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-date=21 January 2005|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> To prevent piracy, the film was released in 50 centres.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Sagarika dropped his shelved project ''Chakram'' with Mohanlal and [[Dileep]] after the film's failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2004 |title=Johnny dumps Mohanlal for good? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/johnny-dumps-mohanlal-for-good-news-malayalam-kkfvNPjcjgesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031731/https://www.sify.com/movies/johnny-dumps-mohanlal-for-good-news-malayalam-kkfvNPjcjgesi.html |archive-date=16 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Mohanlal went on to play a similar role in ''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route]]'' (2004), which was almost removed from theatres due to the box office failure of this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2004 |title=Mohanlal- End of the road? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal--end-of-the-road-news-malayalam-kkfvNMgiiiesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116025853/https://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal--end-of-the-road-news-malayalam-kkfvNMgiiiesi.html |archive-date=16 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Vamanapuram Bus Route |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vamanapuram-bus-route-review-malayalam-pclvzdafahddj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031733/https://www.sify.com/movies/vamanapuram-bus-route-review-malayalam-pclvzdafahddj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Superstars no longer shine!|date=13 December 2003 |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13334644 |url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120222752/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13334644 |archive-date=20 January 2008|access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0382733}}

[[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Anaganaga (film)

2026-03-03T09:10:06Z

MarkObd354: Adding stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Sunny Sanjay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anaganaga film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Sunny Sanjay
| writer = Sunny Sanjay
| based_on = [[Ekda Kaay Zala]] by [[Saleel Kulkarni]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Rakesh Reddy Gadam
* Rudradev Madireddy
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sumanth]]
* Kajal Choudhary
* Viharsh
}}
| cinematography = Pavan Kumar Pappula
| editing = Venkatesh Chunduru
| music = Chandu Ravi
| studio = Krishi Entertainments
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|5|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Anaganaga''''' ({{Translation|Once upon a time}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family drama]] film written and directed by Sunny Sanjay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-03 |title=Anaganaga to premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/03/anaganaga-to-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Sumanth]], Kajal Choudhary, and Viharsh in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Sumanth discusses 'Anaganaga', his 26-year career, and the joy of working with kids |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sumanth-interview-for-the-telugu-film-anaganaga-which-will-stream-on-etv-win/article69566434.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512143454/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sumanth-interview-for-the-telugu-film-anaganaga-which-will-stream-on-etv-win/article69566434.ece |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is loosely adapted from the 2022 Marathi film ''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]''.

The film was released directly on the [[ETV Win]] on 15 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-03 |title=Anaganaga to premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/03/anaganaga-to-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

''Anaganaga'' follows Vyas, a school teacher who strongly believes in the power of storytelling as a teaching method. His unconventional style clashes with the traditional, rank-focused approach of the corporate school where he works. His wife, Bhagi, is the school principal.

When their son Ram and some other students perform poorly in exams, Vyas is blamed and fired. Although humiliated, he is determined to prove that education is more than just grades. He starts his own school for struggling students, focusing on understanding and creativity.

Vyas faces financial struggles, social skepticism, and even resistance from Bhagi, who initially supports conventional education for their son. Through his innovative teaching, Vyas gradually helps his students thrive. The film explores the deep bond between Vyas and Ram, as well as Vyas’s unwavering faith in his teaching philosophy despite many challenges.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sumanth]] as Vyas Kumar
* Kajal Choudhary as Bhagyalakshmi "Bhagi"
* Viharsh as Ram
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Raja Reddy
* [[Anu Hasan]] as Rani Amma
* Rakesh Rachakonda as Batta Ravi
* [[B. V. S. Ravi]] as Narasimha Pathruni, [[Department of Human Resources Development (Andhra Pradesh)|Andhra Pradesh Education Minister]]
* Kaumudi Nemani as Doctor
* [[Shiva Kandukuri]] as Adult Ram ([[cameo appearance]])
}}
* Akhil Bhaneswar as Nanakutten Pillai (Malayali Science Teacher)

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Rahman
| all_music = Chandu Ravi
| title1 = Chudu Chudu
| length1 = 3:42
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title2 = Chikkuru Chikku
| length2 = 4:10
| extra2 = Sai Veda Vagdevi, Pradhanya, Manoghna, Tanishka
}}

== Release ==
''Anaganaga'' was released directly on [[ETV Win]] on 15 May 2025. It was originally scheduled for release on 8 May 2025 but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-05 |title='Anaganaga' arriving on OTT soon: When and where to watch heartwarming Telugu drama |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anaganaga-arriving-on-ott-soon-when-and-where-to-watch-heartwarming-telugu-drama/articleshow/120886429.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Praising Sumanth's performance, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' and stated, "''Anaganaga'' may follow a familiar arc, but it makes its point with grace. It celebrates storytelling not just as a teaching tool but as a way of healing, connecting, and remembering what really matters".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-05-15 |title=‘Anaganaga’ movie review: Sumanth leads a soulful tale of education and relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anaganaga-movie-review-sumanths-film-directed-by-sunny-sanjay-is-a-soulful-tale/article69578471.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516032423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anaganaga-movie-review-sumanths-film-directed-by-sunny-sanjay-is-a-soulful-tale/article69578471.ece |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and opined that "''Anaganaga'' also gives a solid message about how parents are forcing their kids into studies and are stopping them from being creative".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaganaga Review: Sumanth stands out in this thought-provoking family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/anaganaga-review-sumanth-stands-out-in-this-thought-provoking-family-drama/212160b90b468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515054006/https://www.ottplay.com/review/anaganaga-review-sumanth-stands-out-in-this-thought-provoking-family-drama/212160b90b468 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' too gave the same rating and opined, "Sunny Sanjay deserves credit for penning such an insightful story, tastefully garnished with emotion". [[Asianet News Network|''Asianet News Telugu'']] also gave a positive review with particular praise for Sumanth's performance and direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aithagoni.raju@asianetnews.in |title=`అనగనగా` ఓటీటీ మూవీ రివ్యూ, సుమంత్‌ కి హిట్‌ పడిందా? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/sumanth-anaganaga-movie-ott-review-in-telugu-arj-swag5k#image1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515092119/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/sumanth-anaganaga-movie-ott-review-in-telugu-arj-swag5k#image1 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=33254177|title=Anaganaga}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about education]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Films about students]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Deeg

2026-02-23T14:27:38Z

MarkObd354:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deeg
| other_name =
| image_map =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Palace of Deeg.jpg
| image_caption = [[Deeg Palace]] or Jal Mahal Deeg in Deeg, Rajasthan
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.47|N|77.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deeg district|Deeg]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Maharaja Badan Singh]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Deeg Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 174
| population_total = 44,999
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Braj Bhasa]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 321203
| registration_plate = RJ05
| website = https://deeg.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| native_name =
| image_map1 = Deeg fort.jpg
| map_caption1 = Deeg Fort in Deeg, Rajasthan
| population_urban = 44999
| population_rural = 181711
}}
'''Deeg''' is a historical city in the [[Deeg district]] of the Indian state of eastern [[Rajasthan]]. It is renowned for its architectural heritage, including palaces, forts, gardens, and fountains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=The keepers of Deeg, a lake-palace off the beaten track |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-interior/the-keepers-of-deeg-a-lakepalace-off-the-beaten-track/article9768233.ece |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Historically, Deeg became the first capital of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Jats]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. It played a significant role in the region's political and cultural development due to its proximity to [[Agra]]. Later, [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]] ordered the construction of multiple buildings and landmarks in Deeg, as well as the renovation of the [[Deeg Palace]], the only [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]]-style palace in [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Aijaz |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cultural_Heritage_of_Mewat/ntFjEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=deeg+was+capital+of+jats&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover |title=Cultural Heritage of Mewat |date=2020-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-86682-72-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Deeg in films==
Some scenes of [[Noor Jehan (film)|Noorjehan]] (1967) and [[Mughal-e-Azam]] were shot in the [[Deeg Palace]]. The same is true for Siddhartha (1972), an [[Indian American|Indo-American]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[mystery film]] based on the 1922 [[Siddhartha (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Hermann Hesse]]. Siddhartha also has some scenes in [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]'s [[Keoladeo National Park]].

==Geography==

'''Deeg Palace''' is a palace in Deeg, 32 km from [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|city of Bharatpur]] in the Deeg District in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was built in 1772 as a luxurious summer resort for the [[Jats|Jat]] rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. The palace was in active use until the early 1970s.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite web|last=PODDER|first=TANUSHREE|title=Summer symphony|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800200800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320232002/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800200800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-03-18|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> '''Deeg Palace''' is the only [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]]-style palace in [[North India]].

Deeg is located at {{Coord|27.47|N|77.33|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Dig.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Deeg]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|174|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==History==
After acquiring the throne, Jat ruler [[Badan Singh|Maharaja Badan Singh]] chose Deeg as the place for his stronghold and capital. Hence, he initiated the construction of the Deeg Palace here. Being the capital of the Jat rulers and located at a distance of just about 32 km from [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], his palace served as a summer mansion for the royal family. He became the founder of the Jat House in Bharatpur and under his reign, Deeg gained immense prosperity and urbanisation. In fact, Maharaja Suraj Mal, son of Badan Singh, is often considered a role model for modern [[Jats]]. Owing to its great location, architectural beauty and grandeur, the palace caught the attention of many contemporary empires and states. Deeg was almost constantly under the threat of a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion. Hence, in order to protect the Deeg Palace, Maharaja Suraj Mal ordered the construction of a fortress around the palace.

During 1804, both the [[Battle of Deeg]] and the [[Siege of Deeg]] brought the British [[East India Company]] into conflict with Bharatpur's Jat rulers and their Maratha allies for control of the area.

== Architecture ==
The palace complex together with its water gardens was a summer retreat for the Jat [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. The layout comprises several palaces called ''Bhawans'', interwoven within a series of [[Charbagh|charbaghs]] and water gardens. The major ''Bhawans'' are Gopal Bhawan, Divan I Khas or the Kishan Bhawan, Wrestling Palace or Nand Bhawan, Keshav Bhawan, Hardev Bhawan, Suraj Bhawan and the symmetrically arranged twin pavilions of Sawan & Bhadon.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chugh | first = Bharat | last2 = Chugh | first2 = Shalini | year = 2014 | title = Deeg Palace: Its Romance & Wonder | publisher = Niyogi Books, India | isbn = 9789383098538 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Deeg had a population of 44,999. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Deeg has an average literacy rate of 75.61%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 85.73% and, female literacy is 64.23%. In Deeg, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Attractions and festivals ==
* [[Deeg Palace]] with its 900 fountains, which operate twice a year during Braj Holi festival in February/ March and the ''[[Avamasaya]]'' festival in September. There is a Jawahar exhibition fair, named after [[Jawahar Singh|Maharaja Jawahar Singh]], held every year around September. The Deeg Palace museum is closed on Fridays.
* [https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/deeg-festival Deeg Festival] is celebrated in the Deeg to celebrate Deeg sathapna Diwas memory. Several activities are celebrated, including shobhayatra, sports activities, dress competition, deepdan, colour fountain, cultural evening, mehndi rangoli.
* Deeg Fort is known for its security and force. The Deeg Fort was designed as a square and stands on a slightly elevated ground. Its walls are composed of rubble and mud and are strengthened with twelve imposing towers, the most impressive features of the Deeg Fort. The largest tower is known as Lakha-Burj (literal translation: ''100,000 towers'') and is located in the northwest corner. These towers were fixed with cannons to attack advancing enemies. The entire Deeg Fort is surrounded by a shallow wide moat, to which access is possible through a bridge on the northern side linked with the only gate. A partially ruined palace or [[Haveli]] is the principal building of Deeg Fort. Some parts of the palace have been re-constructed in the 20th century to appear like the original palace. The palace has a court covered by compartments. The use of red sandstones and pointed arch of the palace is remarkable. The other significant structures of the fort include certain underground chambers, the tomb of Muhammad Shafi, a Mughal [[Mir bakhshi]].

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Deeg district}}
{{Bharatpur district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Deeg district]]

Athiyuthu

2026-02-21T20:55:06Z

MarkObd354: Adding new entry.

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Athiyuthu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|25|40|N|78|54|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| ruler =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Ramanathapuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
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| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 623513
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04567
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ramanathapuram
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Ramanathapuram
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Tiruvadanai
| website = {{URL|www.athiyuthu.webs.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Athiyuthu''' is a village located 17 km(10 Miles) from the center of [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.driveiin.com/chennai/listing/pincode-athiyuthu-623539-athiyuthu-ramanathapuram-tamilnadu-india-pincodes-tamilnadu-pincodes-ramanathapuram-pincodes-623539-4d62a57567409.html|title=Pincode - Athiyuthu|publisher=www.driveiin.com|access-date=30 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604132520/http://www.driveiin.com/chennai/listing/pincode-athiyuthu-623539-athiyuthu-ramanathapuram-tamilnadu-india-pincodes-tamilnadu-pincodes-ramanathapuram-pincodes-623539-4d62a57567409.html|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has some similar places nearby, such as [[Chittarkottai]], [[Panaikulam]], [[Pudhuvalasai]] [[Alagankulam]] and [[Aatrangarai]].

== Panchayat ==
Athiyuthu is a village panchayat for three villages namely Athiyuthu, Kovilkarai and Iraniyanvalasai which has 9 wards.

== Demography==
Muslims are the majority community in this village, and are served by the Athiyuthu Jamiya Masjid mosque. There is also an Islamic pilgrimage center Pattani Shahib [[Dargah]]. This region is notable because [[Dalits]] began converting en-masse to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=Tamil Nadu witnesses mass conversion of Harijans to Islam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19810731-tamil-nadu-witnesses-mass-conversion-of-harijans-to-islam-773097-2013-11-15 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Two major areas for Muslims namely Athiyuthu Palaya Theru Jamaliya Muslim valibar sangam (JMVS) and Ramzan nagar vahidhiya Muslim valibar sangam (VMVS) which are controlled by Athiyuthu Muslim Jamath and Ramzan Nagar Muslim Jamath respectively.

For Hindus, Idayar Theru, Colony and many more areas. A temple named Bagavathy Amman Temple is also in the area, as are temples like Vinayagar temple, Muneeswarar temple, and Visalatchi temple.

== Education ==
Many educational Institutions like Syed Ammal Matriculation School, Syed Ammal Hr. Sec. School, Naziya Matriculation School, Mohamedia Hr. Sec.School, Bukhariya Matriculation School, Velumanickam Matriculation school, MG Public Matriculation School, Bahurdeen Hr.Sec. School, Krishna International school, Shifan Global Academy are some of the schools here and Syed Ammal Arts and Science college, Syed Hameedha Arts and Science College, Thasim Beevi Abdul Kadher College for Women, Syed Ammal Engineering College, [[Mohamed Sathak Engineering College]], Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic College are the colleges here.

== Economy ==
This village is an Agricultural-based village. Half of the land areas in this village are agricultural lands. Once upon a time,{{When|date=August 2021}} the people had cultivated many varieties of crops but now only Paddy due to the climatic changes and many people had sold their lands. Most of the people had been moved to Malaysia, Singapore and so on. In Malaysia, our people have owned many hotels and restaurants.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Bus routes ==
There are state buses connecting to Ramanathapuram running every hour. Private buses connect the city with Chennai and Rameshwaram, visiting Athiyuthu.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ramanathapuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanathapuram district]]

Sujibala

2026-02-21T05:14:36Z

MarkObd354: adding new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujibala
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2003-2016
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|Pranesh|2016}}
}}
'''Sujibala''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil films alongside a few Kannada and Malayalam films.

== Career ==
Sujibala played the secondary lead opposite [[Manikandan (actor)|Manikandan]] in ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' (2005) and made her lead debut with the Kannada film ''[[Mr. Bakra]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/all-about-teenage-love/article28582750.ece|title=All about teenage love|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|date=13 May 2005|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119015019/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/all-about-teenage-love/article28582750.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bakra.asp|title=Jaggesh returns to acting|work=Viggy|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031140604/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bakra.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> She notably played a minor role as the sister of [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]'s character in ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005).<ref name="F">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/actress-sujibala-marries-ooty-man/articlecontent-pf49579-042059.html|title='சர்ச்சை' நடிகை சுஜிபாலா திடீர் திருமணம்... கத்தார் ஹோட்டல் ஊழியரை மணந்தார்! | Actress Sujibala marries Ooty man|language=ta|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|date=6 September 2016 }}</ref> She starred in lead roles in several low-key Tamil films such as ''[[Vanjagan]]'' (2006) and ''[[Don Chera]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2006/vanjagan-august-release-020806.html|title=Vanjagan release on August 4|date=2 August 2006|access-date=3 May 2018|publisher=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|archive-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010711/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2006/vanjagan-august-release-020806.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://koodal.com/tamil/movies/reviews/225/donsera|title=DONSERA Review|work=Koodal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202184532/http://koodal.com/tamil/movies/reviews/225/donsera|archive-date=2 February 2010|access-date=5 September 2019|language=Tamil|publisher=koodal.com}}</ref> She made her Malayalam debut with ''[[Gopalapuranam]]'' (2008) and a critic noted that "Sujibala couldn't have chosen a worse debut vehicle in Malayalam".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4092/malayalam/gopalapuranam/1538/review.htm | title=Gopalapuranam Review | Gopalapuranam Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen | date=15 March 2008 | access-date=25 November 2023 | archive-date=25 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125080942/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4092/malayalam/gopalapuranam/1538/review.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding her performance in ''[[Iyakkam]]'' (2008), a critic wrote that she was lost in the contrived screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Game-called-murder-Iyakkam/article15398510.ece|title=Game called murder -- Iyakkam|date=2 May 2008|access-date=3 March 2019|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125080934/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Game-called-murder-Iyakkam/article15398510.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She played a [[dhobi]] worker in ''Ayyavazhi'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/sujibala-ayyavazhi-170507.html|title=Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi|date=17 May 2007|first=Settu|last=Shankar|work=[[Oneindia]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163812/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/sujibala-ayyavazhi-170507.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> She also was a semi-finalist on the second season of the game show ''[[Maanada Mayilada]]'' (2008) with Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/chennais-radio-cityzens-catch-with-maanaada-mayilaada-semi-finalists|title=Chennai's Radio Cityzens catch up with 'Maanaada Mayilaada' semi finalists|website=www.radioandmusic.com|date=29 September 2008|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125083108/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/chennais-radio-cityzens-catch-with-maanaada-mayilaada-semi-finalists|url-status=live}}</ref> Sujibala played supporting roles in ''[[Goripalayam]]'' (2010), ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' (2011), and ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (2012) as the wife of [[Karunas]]' character.<ref name="F"/><ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110175220/https://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/13668.html|title=Kazhugu review. Kazhugu Tamil movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz.com - IndiaGlitz.com|date=10 January 2017|website=Indiaglitz|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/13668.html|archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
While working on the film ''Unmai'' (2012), the director P. Ravikumar proposed to her and threatened to kill himself if she declined. They got engaged and Sujibala was hesitant to marry him, so she attempted suicide by consuming sleeping pills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/director-reveals-intimate-pics-of-actress-sujibala/photostory/42988742.cms|title=Director reveals intimate pics of actress Sujibala|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 August 2018 |access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2023-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125075216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/director-reveals-intimate-pics-of-actress-sujibala/photostory/42988742.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sujibala-files-death-threat-complaint-against-director/articleshow/33238050.cms|title=Sujibala files death threat complaint against director|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125075217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sujibala-files-death-threat-complaint-against-director/articleshow/33238050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-04/suji-bala-goripaalayam-27-08-12.html|title=Actress Attempts Suicide - Suji Bala - Goripaalayam - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2023-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014849/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-04/suji-bala-goripaalayam-27-08-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, she married Pranesh, a man from [[Ooty]] working in a restaurant in Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-kanniyakumari/news/1600677|title=நடிகை சுஜிபாலா திருமணம்|date=6 September 2016|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125075129/https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=1600677|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2016/09/05132354/1036856/Actress-Sujibala-married-in-today.vpf|title=நடிகை சுஜிபாலா திடீர் திருமணம்: ஊட்டியை சேர்ந்தவரை மணந்தார்|language=ta|date=5 September 2016|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125075155/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2016/09/05132354/1036856/Actress-Sujibala-married-in-today.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year!! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
| ''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]'' || Abi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]'' || Student ||
|-
| ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2005 || ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Bakra]]'' || || Kannada film; credited as Rohini
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Kandaswamy's youngest daughter ||
|-
|''[[Sakha Sakhi]]'' || || Kannada film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Don Chera]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Vanjagan]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Gopalapuranam]]'' || Nandini Nair || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Iyakkam]]'' || Malar ||
|-
| ''Ayyavazhi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2009 || ''Iru Nadhigal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ilampuyal]]'' || Mozhi ||
|-
|''[[Vaigai (film)|Vaigai]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010 || ''[[Goripalayam]]'' || Rani ||
|-
|''[[Pa. Ra. Palanisamy]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Thittakudi (film)|Thittakudi]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
|''Meshtru'' || || Kannada film
|-
| rowspan="5"|2011 || ''[[Minsaram]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' || Raasathi ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || || Malayalam film
|-
| ''Konjam Veyil Konjam Mazhai'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Kalavaram]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Vilaasam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Anjukku Onnu'' || || Special appearance
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2007-2008 ||''[[Maanada Mayilada]]'' (Seasons 1 & 2) || Contestant || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat]]'' || || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aan Paavam (TV series)|Aan Paavam]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4943074}}

[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shivani

2026-02-13T03:58:41Z

MarkObd354: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Gaura Pant
| image = Gaura Pant 'Shivani' (1923 –2003) .jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| pseudonym = Shivani
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], Gujarat, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|03|21|1923|10|17}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = Novelist
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Gaura Pant''' (17 October 1923<ref>[http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20Files%20147/A%20Conservative%20Rebel%202-5.pdf A Memoir, Ira Pande]</ref> – 21 March 2003), better known as '''Shivani''', was a [[Hindi]] writer of the 20th century and a pioneer in writing Indian women-centric fiction. She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for her contribution to [[Hindi literature]] in 1982.<ref name=padma/>

She garnered a following in the pre-television era of 1960s and 1970s, and her literary works such as ''Krishnakali'', were serialised in Hindi magazines like ''[[Dharmayug]]'' and ''Saptahik Hindustan''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040323000748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/05/04/stories/2003050400070100.htm Shivani The Hindu, 4 May 2003]</ref> During the career, she wrote over 30 novels, prominently 'Bhairvi', 'Krishnakali', 'Chaudhan Phere', 'Atithi', 'Kalindi' and 'Akash'.<ref name=tri/> Through her writings, she also made the culture of [[Kumauni People|Kumaon]] known to the Hindi speakers in India. Her novel ''Kariye Chima'' was made into a film, while her other novels including ''Surangma'', ''Rativilaap'', ''Mera Beta'', and ''Teesra Beta'' have been turned into television serials.<ref>[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/s/shivani.htm Shivani Profile] ''www.abhivyakti-hindi.org.''</ref>

== Early life ==
Gaura Pant 'Shivani' was born on 17 October 1923, the [[Vijaya Dasami]] day in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], where her father, Ashwini Kumar Pande was a teacher with the princely state of Rajkot. He was a [[Kumauni People|Kumaoni]] [[Brahmin]]. Her mother was a Sanskrit scholar, and the first student of [[Lucknow]] Mahila Vidyalaya. Later her father became the Diwan with the Nawab of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] and the member of Viceroy's Bar Council,<ref>[http://www.readers-cafe.net/uttaranchal/2006/07/24/shivani-gaura-pant/ Shivani Gaura Pant – Biography] Biography at readers-café.</ref> thereafter the family moved to the princely state of [[Orchha]], where her father held an important position. Thus Shivani's childhood had influences from these varied places, and an insight into women of privilege, which reflected in much of her work. At Lucknow, she became the first student of the local Mahila Vidyalaya Lucknow ([[Lucknow University]]).<ref name="Kumaon">[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47034 The stories of Kumaon..]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 22 March 2003.</ref>

In 1935, Shivani's first story was published in the Hindi Children's magazine ''Natkhat'', at age twelve.<ref>[http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm First story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204061624/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm |date=4 December 2021 }} Biography at kalpana.it.</ref> That was also when the three siblings were sent to the study at [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Shantiniketan]]. Shivani remained at Shantiniketan for another 9 years and left as a graduate in 1943. Her serious writings started during the years spent at Shantiniketan. It was this period that she took to writing whole-heartedly and had the most profound influence in her writing sensibilities,<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jul232005/editpage183162005722.asp Shivani] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317054704/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jul232005/editpage183162005722.asp |date=17 March 2008 }} [[Deccan Herald]], 23 July 2005.</ref> a period she recounts vividly in her book, ''Amader Shantiniketan''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm |title=Calcutta years, kalpana |access-date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204061624/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/shivani.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Family ==
Shivani was married to Shuk Deo Pant, a teacher who worked in the Education Department of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which led to the family travelling to various places including [[Allahabad]] and Priory Lodge in [[Nainital]], before settling in [[Lucknow]], where she stayed till her last days.<ref name="Kumaon" /> She had four children, seven grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

Her husband died at an early age, leaving her to take care of the four children. She had three daughters, Veena Joshi, [[Mrinal Pande]] and Ira Pande, and a son [[Muktesh Pant]]<ref>[http://desicritics.org/2006/03/24/000633.php Shivani Gaura Pant: A Tribute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527163104/http://desicritics.org/2006/03/24/000633.php|date=27 May 2006}}</ref>

==Literary career==
In 1951, her short story, ''Main Murga Hun'' ('I am a Chicken') was published in ''Dharmayug'' under the pen name Shivani. She published her first novel ''Lal Haveli'' in the sixties, and over the next ten years she produced several major works which were serialised in ''Dharmayug''. Shivani received the [[Padma Shri]] for her contribution to Hindi literature in 1982.<ref name="padma">[https://archive.today/20121209185644/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cDVPXDmW4h8J:www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf+Shivani+Gaura+Pant&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=50 Shivani Guara Pant] Official [[Padma Shri]] List.</ref>

She was a prolific writer; her bibliography consists of over 40 novels, many short stories and hundreds of articles and essays. Her most famous works include ''Chaudah Phere'', ''Krishnakali'', ''Lal Haveli'', ''Smashan Champa'', ''Bharavi'', ''Rati Vilap'', ''Vishkanya'', ''Apradhini''. She also published travelogues such as ''Yatriki'', based on her London travels, and ''Chareivati'', based on her travels to Russia.<ref>[http://www.readers-cafe.net/uttaranchal/?p=8 Gaura Pant Shivani, List of works]</ref>

Towards the end of her life, Shivani took to autobiographical writings, first sighted in her book, ''Shivani ki Sresth Kahaniyan'', followed by her two-part memoir, ''Smriti Kalash'' and ''Sone De'', whose title she borrowed from the epitaph of 18th-century Urdu poet [[Nazeer Akbarabadi]]:<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030311132921/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=615 Lokvani interviews Shivani, 2002]}}</ref>

Shivani continued to write till her last days, and died on 21 March 2003 in New Delhi, after a prolonged illness.<ref name=tri>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030322/nation.htm#6 Gaura Pant Shivani dead] The Tribune, 22 March 2003.</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Upon her death, the [[Press Information Bureau]] said that "the Hindi [[literature]] world has lost a popular and eminent novelist and the void is difficult to fill".<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmar2003/21032003/r2103200310.html Obituary, 2003] pib.nic.in.</ref>

In 2005, her daughter, Hindi writer Ira Pande, published a memoir based on Shivani's life, titled ''Diddi'' My Mother's Voice. ''Diddi'' in Kumaoni means elder sister, and that's how her children used to address her, as she really was a friend to them.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060620235226/http://kamlabhattshow.com/content/1080/secondary.html Ira Pande remembers] kamlabhattshow.com.</ref> In 2021, [[IIT Kanpur]] established the Shivani Centre for the nurture and re-integration of Hindi and other Indian languages.<ref>[https://iitk.ac.in/shivani-centre/in-memory-of.php SHIVANI CENTRE FOR NURTURE AND REINTEGRATION OF HINDI AND OTHER INDIAN LANGUAGES] IIT Kanpur Official website.</ref><ref>[https://curriculum-magazine.com/iit-kanpur-sets-up-shivani-centre-for-the-nurture-and-re-integration-of-hindi-and-other-indian-languages/ IIT Kanpur sets up Shivani Centre for the Nurture and Re-Integration of Hindi and Other Indian Languages] Curriculum magazine, August 23, 2021.</ref> In 2023, making her birth centenary, a literary festival was organised at IIT Kanpur.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/birth-centenary-festival-of-shivani-celebrated/articleshow/104512781.cms Birth centenary festival of ‘Shivani’ celebrated] The Times of India, Oct 18, 2023 .</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Chareiveti'' — A narrative of travel in Russia and her encounters with literary figures
* ''Atithi'' (1991) — A novel whose central character, Jaya, after a failed marriage meets Shekhar who proposes to her
* ''Pootonvali'' (1998) — A collection of two novelettes and three short stories
* ''Jharokha'' (1991)
* ''Chal Khusaro Ghar Aapne'' (1998)
* ''Vatayan'' (1999)
* ''Ek Thi Ramrati'' (1998)
* ''Mera Bhai''/''Patheya'' (1997) — A novella and her recollections of events and personages
* ''Yatrik'' (1999) — Her experiences in England where she travelled for the marriage of her son
* ''Jaalak'' (1999) — 48 short memoirs
* ''Amader Shantiniketan'' (1999) — Reminiscences of [[Shantiniketan]]
* ''Manik'' — Novellette and other stories (Joker and Tarpan)
* ''Shmashan Champa'' (1997)
* ''Surangma'' — A novel about a political figure and his personal life shadowed by sordid relationships
* ''Mayapuri'' — A novel about relationships
* ''Kainja'' — A novel and 7 short stories
* ''Bhairvee'' — A novel
* ''Gainda'' — A novel and two long stories
* ''Krishnaveni'' — A novelette and two short stories
* ''Swayam Sidha'' — A novel and 6 short stories
* ''Kariya Cheema'' — 7 short stories
* ''Up Preti'' — 2 short novels, a story and 13 nonfictional articles
* ''Chir Swayamvara'' — 10 short stories and 5 sketches
* ''Vishkanya'' — A novelette and 5 short stories
* ''Krishnakali'' — A novel
* ''Kastoori Mrig'' — A short novel and several articles
* ''Aparadhini'' — A novel
* ''Rathya'' — A novel
* ''Chaudah Phere'' — A novel
* ''Rati Vilap'' — 3 novelettes and 3 short stories
* ''Shivani ki Sresth Kahaniyan'' —13 short stories
* ''Smriti Kalash'' — 10 essays
* ''Sunhu Taat Yeh Akath Kahani'' — Autobiographical narratives
* ''Hey Dattatreya'' — Folk culture and literature of [[Kumauni people|Kumaon]]
* ''Manimala Ki Hansi'' — Short stories, essays, memoirs and sketches
* ''Shivani ki Mashhoor Kahaniyan'' — 12 short stories<ref>[http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Shivani Books of Shivani] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020130205/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Shivani |date=20 October 2007 }} www.indiaclub.com.</ref>

===English translations===
* ''Trust and other stories''. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1985.
* ''Krishnakali and other stories''. Trans. by Masooma Ali. Calcutta: Rupa & Co., 1995. {{ISBN|81-7167-306-6}}.

==See also==
*[[Kumauni People]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Diddi, My Mother's Voice. Ira Pande, ''January 2005, Penguin.'' {{ISBN|0-14-303346-8}}.

== External links ==
* [http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20Files%20147/A%20Conservative%20Rebel%202-5.pdf A Conservative Rebel: Memories of an Unusual Mother, a Memoir, by ''Ira Pande'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310023947/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2007/03/04/stories/2007030400150300.htm A conversation with ''Ira Pande'' on her mother Shivani]

; Works online
* [https://poshampa.org/laati/ ''Laati'', a story by Shivani]
* [http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/kahaniyan/2000/lalhaveli/lalhaveli1.htm ''Lal Haveli'', a story by Shivani]
* [http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/kahaniyan/2004/phg/pitihuigot1.htm ''Piti Hui Got'', a story by Shivani]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Literature of Kumaon]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]

Oath

2026-02-08T02:23:33Z

MarkObd354: expanded content

{{short description|Personal affirmation of a statement}}{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Sworn In|the band|Sworn In (band)}}
[[File:Sec of State Kissinger.png|thumb|[[Henry Kissinger]] places his hand on a [[Hebrew Bible]] as he takes the [[oath of office]] as [[Secretary of State (United States)|Secretary of State]], 1973.]]

Traditionally, an '''oath''' (from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''{{lang|ang|[[:wikt:aþ|āþ]]}}'', also a '''plight''') is a [[utterance|statement]] of [[fact]] or a [[promise]] taken by a [[Sacred|sacrality]] as a sign of [[Truth|verity]]. A common legal substitute for those who object to making sacred oaths is to give an [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] instead. Nowadays, even when there is no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths. "To [[:wikt:swear|swear]]" is a [[verb]] used to describe the taking of an oath; to make a solemn [[vow]].

==Etymology==
The word comes from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''{{lang|ang|[[:wikt:aþ|āþ]]}}'': "judicial swearing, solemn appeal to deity in witness of truth or a promise"; from [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aiþaz|*aiþaz]]''; from [[Proto-Indo-European]] ''*oi-to-'': "an oath". Common to Celtic and Germanic, possibly a loan-word from one to the other.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/oath#etymonline_v_2402|title=oath (n.) |date=17 March 2019|website= Etym. online}}</ref>

==Historical development as a legal concept==
[[File:Le Serment du Jeu de paume.jpg|thumb|"[[Tennis Court Oath]]" by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220px
| image1 = Juramento da Regência Trina.jpg
| caption1 = The oath of the provisional [[Triumvirate|triumviral]] regents of the [[Empire of Brazil]] in the [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro|Imperial Chapel]] in 1831, during an era known as the [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|Regency period]]
| image2 = Juramento Isabel.jpg
| caption2 = [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel, Princess Imperial]] takes oath as regent of the Empire of Brazil before the [[Federal Senate (Brazil)#History|Imperial Senate]], {{Circa|1870}}.
}}

=== Jewish tradition ===
The concept of oaths is deeply rooted within [[Judaism]]. It is found in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 8:21, when God swears that he will "never again curse the ground because of man and never again smite every living thing". This repetition of the term ''never again'' is explained by [[Rashi]], the pre-eminent biblical commentator, as serving as an oath, citing the [[Talmud]] Shavous 36a for this ruling.<ref>Metsudah Chumash and Rashi, KTAV Publishing House, 1991. page 88</ref>

The first personage in the biblical tradition to take an oath is held to be [[Eliezer]], the chief servant of [[Abraham]], when the latter requested of the former that he not take a wife for his son [[Isaac]] from the daughters of Canaan, but rather from among Abraham's own family.

The foundational text for oath making is in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 30:2: "When a man voweth a vow unto the Lord, or sweareth an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word; he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth." According to the Rabbis, a [[neder]] (usually translated as "vow") refers to the object, a ''shâmar'' (usually translated as "oath") to the person. The passage distinguishes between a ''neder'' and a ''shvua'', an important distinction between the two in [[Halakha]]: a ''neder'' changes the status of some external thing, while a ''shvua'' initiates an internal change in the one who swears the oath.

=== Roman tradition ===
In the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] tradition, oaths were sworn upon ''[[Iuppiter Lapis]]'' or the Jupiter Stone located in the [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus|Temple of Jupiter]], [[Capitoline Hill]]. ''Iuppiter Lapis'' was held in the Roman tradition to be an [[Oath Stone]], an aspect of Jupiter in his role as divine law-maker responsible for order and used principally for the investiture of the oathtaking of office.

According to Cyril Bailey, in "The Religion of Ancient Rome" (1907):

{{Quote| text=We have, for instance, the sacred stone (''[[Silex#Archaic and foreign uses|silex]]'') which was preserved in the temple of Iuppiter on the Capitol, and was brought out to play a prominent part in the ceremony of treaty-making. The [[fetial]], who on that occasion represented the Roman people, at the solemn moment of the oath-taking, struck the sacrificial pig with the ''silex'', saying as he did so, "Do thou, [[Jupiter (mythology)|Diespiter]], strike the Roman people as I strike this pig here to-day, and strike them the more, as thou art greater and stronger." Here no doubt the underlying notion is not merely symbolical, but in origin the stone is itself the god, an idea which later religion expressed in the cult-title specially used in this connection, ''Iuppiter Lapis''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Cyril |date=1907 |title=The Religion of Ancient Rome |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm#CHAPTER_II |location=London |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. |page=7 |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>}}

The punisher of broken oaths was the [[Hell|infernal]] deity [[Orcus]].

=== Hindu tradition ===
[[File:Bheeshma oath by RRV.jpg|thumb|right|Devarata taking his ''bhishama pratigya'']]

In [[Hindu epics]], like the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], oaths, called ''pratigya'', are taken seriously. It is mentioned that people would give up their lives, but not break a vow. Due to this, King [[Dasharatha]] took an oath for his Queen [[Kaikeyi]] (on her maid, [[Manthara]]'s insistence) and thus had to exile his favorite son, Lord [[Rama]] along with his wife Devi [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]] for fourteen years in the forest.

In the Mahabharata, [[Bhishma|Devrata]] took an oath of [[celibacy]] so that [[Satyavati]]'s father would marry her to Devrata's father, King [[Shantanu]]. He also took an oath to not rule the [[Kuru Kingdom|kingdom]] and remain loyal to the king, who would be a descendant of Satyavati. Thus, Devavrata got the name ''Bhishma'', which means someone who has taken a terrible oath. Many others also took oaths that they fulfilled.

=== Greek tradition ===
[[Walter Burkert]] has shown that since [[Lycurgus of Athens]] (d. 324 BCE), who held that "it is the oath which holds democracy together", religion, morality and political organization had been linked by the oath, and the oath and its prerequisite altar had become the basis of both civil and criminal, as well as international law.<ref>Burkert, ''Greek Religion'', trans. Raffan, Harvard University Press (1985), 250ff.</ref>

In traditional Greek folk songs, such as The Dead Brother's Song, the significance of the oath is highlighted. The power of an oath is such that it transcends death, as the deceased brother arises from the grave to fulfill his oath to his mother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Πολίτης|first=Λίνος|title=Ιστορία της Νεοελληνικής Λογοτεχνίας|publisher=Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης|year=2002|location=Αθήνα}}</ref>

===Christian tradition===
Various Christian denominations have objected to the taking of oaths, most notably the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] groups, like [[Mennonite]]s, [[Amish]], [[Hutterite]]s and [[Schwarzenau Brethren]]. This is principally based on Matthew 5:34–37,<ref> {{Bibleverse||Matthew|5:34–37}}</ref> the [[Antithesis of the Law]]. Here, Christ is reported as having said: "I say to you: '[[Swear not at all]]{{'"}}. [[James the Just]] stated in 5:12<ref>{{Bibleverse|James|5:12}}</ref> "Above all, my brothers, do not swear—not by heaven or by earth or by anything else. Let your 'Yes' be yes, and your 'No', no, or you will be condemned." Beyond this scriptural authority, Quakers place importance on being truthful at all times, so the testimony opposing oaths springs from a view that "taking legal oaths implies a double standard of truthfulness"<ref>''Faith and Practice'', Baltimore Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (1988) p. 19.</ref> suggesting that truthfulness in legal contexts is somehow more important than truthfulness in non-legal contexts and that truthfulness in those other contexts is therefore somehow less important.

Not all [[Christianity|Christians]] interpret this reading as forbidding all types of oaths, however. Opposition to oath-taking among some groups of Christian caused many problems for these groups throughout their history. [[Quaker]]s were frequently imprisoned because of their refusal to swear [[loyalty oath]]s. Testifying in court was also difficult; [[George Fox]], Quakers' founder, famously challenged a judge who had asked him to swear, saying that he would do so once the judge could point to any [[Bible]] passage where Jesus or his apostles took oaths — the judge could not, but this did not allow Fox to escape punishment. Legal reforms from the 18th century onwards mean that everyone in the [[United Kingdom]] now has the right to make a solemn [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] instead of an oath. The [[United States]] has permitted affirmations since it was founded; it is explicitly mentioned in the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. Only President [[Franklin Pierce]] has chosen to affirm rather than swear at his inauguration.

As late as 1880, [[Charles Bradlaugh]] was denied a seat as an MP in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] because of his professed [[atheism]] as he was judged unable to swear the [[Oath of Allegiance (UK)|Oath of Allegiance]] in spite of his proposal to swear the oath as a "matter of form".{{cn|date=March 2023}}

=== Islamic tradition ===
Islam takes the fulfillment of oaths extremely seriously, as directed by the Qur'an:

{{quote|God does not hold you responsible for the mere utterance of oaths; He holds you responsible for your actual intentions. If you violate an oath, you shall atone by feeding ten poor people from the same food you offer to your own family, or clothing them, or by freeing a slave. If you cannot afford this, then you shall fast three days. This is the atonement for violating the oaths that you swore to keep. You shall fulfill your oaths. God thus explains His revelations to you, that you may be appreciative.|Quran [[Al-Ma'ida|Chapter 5]]: [[Āyah|Verse]] 89}}

=== Germanic tradition ===
{{Further|Symbel|Feudalism}}

[[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] [[warrior culture]] was significantly based on oaths of fealty.

A prose passage inserted in the eddic poem ''[[Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar]]'' relates: Hedin was coming home alone from the forest one [[Yule]]-eve, and found a [[troll]]-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. She asked Hedin for his company. "Nay," said he. She said, "Thou shalt pay for this at the ''bragarfull''." That evening the great vows were taken; the [[Sonargöltr|sacred boar]] was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the ''bragarfull''. Hedin vowed that he would have Sváva, Eylimi's daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi; then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother.

Such Norse traditions are directly parallel to the "bird oaths" of late medieval France, such as the [[voeux du faisan]] (oath on the pheasant) or the (fictional) [[voeux du paon]] (oath on the peacock).<ref>Huizinga, ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages]]'' (ch. 3); Michel Margue, "Vogelgelübde" am Hof des Fürsten. Ritterliches Integrationsritual zwischen Traditions- und Gegenwartsbezug (14. – 15. Jahrhundert)</ref>

=== Modern law ===
{{redirect|Under oath|the American rock band|Underoath}}

[[File:Officer Natalie Corona swearing-in.jpg|thumb|upright|A new police officer in the US being sworn in, 2018]]

In the modern law, oaths are made by a witness to a court of law before giving testimony and usually by a newly appointed government officer to the people of a state before taking office. However, in both of those cases, an [[Affirmation (law)|affirmation]] can usually be replaced with a written statement, only if the author swears the statement is true. This statement is called an ''[[affidavit]]''. This is in contrast to a [[statutory declaration]], where no sworn oath or affirmation is involved. The oath given to support an affidavit is frequently administered by a [[notary]], who will certify the giving of the oath by affixing her or his seal to the document. Willfully delivering a false oath (or affirmation) is the crime of [[perjury]].

There are some places where there is a confusion between the "oath" and other statements or promises. For example, the current [[Olympic Oath]] is really a [[Promise|pledge]], not properly an oath, since there is only a promise but there is no appeal to a sacred witness. Oaths may also be confused with [[vow]]s, but vows are really just a particular kind of an oath.

== Hand gestures ==
[[File:Anjala.vaakuna.svg|thumb|"Hand on oath" used as a [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]] on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Anjala]], Finland]]

Instead of, or in addition to, holding one's hand upon an object of ceremonial importance, it can be customary for a person swearing an oath to hold a raised hand in a specific gesture. Most often the right hand is raised. This custom has been explained with reference to medieval practices of branding palms.

===Schwurhand===
{{main|Schwurhand}}

===Serbian custom===
{{main|Three-finger salute (Serbian)}}

===International customs===
The [[Scout Sign]] can be made while giving the [[Scout Promise]]. In ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' the movement's founder, [[Robert Baden-Powell]], instructed: "While taking this oath the scout will stand, holding his right hand raised level with his shoulder, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the digitus minimus (little finger) and the other three fingers upright, pointing upwards."<ref name="SfB">{{cite book|last=Robert Baden-Powell|title=Scouting for Boys|publisher=Horace Cox|year=1908|edition=Part I|location=Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, London E.C.|page=40|author-link=Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|title-link=Scouting for Boys}}</ref>

== Types of oaths ==
[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|thumb|right|Shortly after US president John F. Kennedy was shot, Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as the new president on board Air Force One.]]
* [[Hippocratic Oath]], an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine honestly.
** [[Veterinarian's Oath]], an oath taken by [[veterinarian]]s as practitioners of [[veterinary medicine]] in a manner similar to the Hippocratic Oath.
* [[Oath of allegiance]], an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to monarch or country.
* [[Oath of citizenship]], an oath taken by immigrants that officially naturalizes immigrants into citizens.
* [[Oath of office]], an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office.
**[[Juror's oath]], an oath taken by jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial
* [[Pauper's oath]], a sworn statement or oath by a person that he or she is completely without any money or property.
* [[Military oath]], delivered on enlistment into the military service of the state military.
* [[Decisory oath]], an oath that conclusively resolves a factual dispute

==Notable oaths in history and fiction==
* The oath of [[Bhishma]] in Hindu culture.
* [[Hittite military oath]], a Hittite text on two cuneiform tablets.
* [[Ironclad Oath]], promoted by Radical Republicans and opposed by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.
* [[Lwów Oath]], by Polish king John II Casimir.
* [[Oath Against Modernism]], required of clergy and others in the Catholic Church from 1910 until 1967.
* [[Oaths in Freemasonry]].
* [[Oath More Judaico]] or Jewish Oath, rooted in antisemitism and accompanied by certain ceremonies.
* [[Oaths of Strasbourg]], a military pact made in 842.
* [[Hitler Oath]], sworn by German soldiers of the [[Wehrmacht]] and the German civil service, pledging allegiance to [[Adolf Hitler]] personally.
* [[Omertà]], a Southern Italian code of silence and code of honor and conduct.
* [[Scout Oath]] or Scout Promise.
* [[Tennis Court Oath]], taken on 20 June 1789 by members of the French Third Estate.
* [[Oath of Fëanor]], in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien.
* [[Oath of the Peach Garden]], a fictional event in the 14th century Chinese historical novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' by Luo Guanzhong.
* The [[Baljuna Covenant]], an oath sworn by [[Genghis Khan]] and a small group of companions

==See also==
{{Portal|Law}}
* ''[[ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina]]'', a court case in a state of the United States about taking oaths by different scriptures. The results have reversed several times.
* [[Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau]] has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and ''[[A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services]]'' covers oaths as well as many other topics. (In review as of 12/2/2006 but the [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf 2nd Edition] is available.)
* [[Confirmation]]
* [[Ephebic Oath]]
* [[Performativity]]
* [[So help me God]]
* [[Statutory declaration]]
* [[Sworn declaration]]
* [[Vow]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Bailey, Cyril (1907). [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm ''The Religion of Ancient Rome'']. London, UK: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. (Source: [[Project Gutenberg]]. Accessed: March 16, 2011)

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Oaths}}
{{Wiktionary|oath}}
{{Commons category|Oaths}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613085537/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/browse_art_ques_eng.php?cid=353 Oaths in the Qur'an]
* [http://www.ndcourts.com/court/rules/ndroc/rule6.10.htm Courtroom oaths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911075208/http://www.ndcourts.com/court/rules/ndroc/rule6.10.htm |date=2007-09-11 }} from the [[North Dakota]] Supreme Court website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
* [http://www.archives2005.ghazali.net/html/faith_leaders_support.html North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304015638/http://www.archives2005.ghazali.net/html/faith_leaders_support.html |date=2007-03-04 }}
* [http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2006_11_26-2006_12_02.shtml#1164997373 Comments about ''John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office'']
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003wtk7 The Oath], BBC Radio 4 discussion with [[Alan Sommerstein]], [[Paul Cartledge]] and [[Mary Beard]] (''In Our Time'', Jan. 5, 2006)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oaths| ]]
[[Category:Legal history]]
[[Category:Legal terminology]]

List of restaurant chains in India

2026-02-05T17:06:16Z

MarkObd354: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
The following is a '''list of notable restaurant chains in India''', including [[fast food]] and [[casual dining]] restaurant chains.

== Fast food ==
===Indian===
* {{annotated link|Adyar Anandha Bhavan}} Restaurants, Snacks and Sweets
* {{annotated link|Barista Lavazza}}
* {{annotated link|Bikanervala}}
* {{annotated link|Burgs (fast-food chain)|Burgs}}
* {{annotated link|Café Coffee Day}}
* {{annotated link|California Burrito (India)}}
* {{annotated link|Chai Point}}
* [[Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant]] – Indian restaurant chain
* {{annotated link|Darshini (restaurant)|Darshini}}
* {{annotated link|Dosa plaza}}
* {{annotated link|Drunken Monkey (smoothie bar chain)|Drunken Monkey}}
* {{annotated link|Faasos}}
* {{annotated link|Flurys}}
* {{annotated link|Goli Vada Pav}}
* {{annotated link|Haldiram's}}
* {{annotated link|Indian Coffee House}}
* {{annotated link|Jumbo King}}
* {{annotated link|K.C. Das Grandsons}}
* {{annotated link|Karachi Bakery}}
* {{annotated link|Kwality Wall's}}
* {{annotated link|Mavalli Tiffin Room}}
* {{annotated link|Monginis}}
* {{annotated link|Nirula's}}
* {{annotated link|Natural Ice Cream}}
* {{annotated link|Parsa's}}
* {{annotated link|Pizza Corner (restaurant)|Pizza Corner}}
* {{annotated link|Rebel Foods}}
* {{annotated link|Ratna Cafe}}
* {{annotated link|Saravana Bhavan}}
* {{annotated link|Smokin' Joe's}}
* {{annotated link|Wow! Momo}}

===International===
* {{annotated link|The Chocolate Room (cafe)}}
* {{annotated link|Au Bon Pain}}
* {{annotated link|Auntie Anne's}}
* {{annotated link|Baskin-Robbins}}
* {{annotated link|Burger King}}
* {{annotated link|Carl's Jr.}}
* {{annotated link|Cinnabon}}
* {{annotated link|Costa Coffee}}
* {{annotated link|Ichibanya}}
* {{annotated link|IHOP}}
* {{annotated link|Jubilant FoodWorks|Domino's Pizza}}
* {{annotated link|Jubilant FoodWorks|Dunkin' Donuts}}
* {{annotated link|Johnny Rockets}}
* {{annotated link|KFC#India|KFC}}
* {{annotated link|Krispy Kreme}}
* {{annotated link|McDonald's}}
* {{annotated link|Papa John's}}
* {{annotated link|Pita Pit}}
* {{annotated link|Pizza Hut}}
* {{annotated link|PizzaExpress}}
* {{annotated link|Popeyes}}
* {{annotated link|Quiznos}}
* {{annotated link|Sal's Pizza}}
* {{annotated link|Sbarro}}
* {{annotated link|Tata Starbucks|Starbucks Coffee}}
* {{annotated link|Subway (restaurant)|Subway}}
* {{annotated link|Taco Bell}}
* {{annotated link|Tim Hortons}}
* {{annotated link|Wendy's}}
* {{annotated link|Wetzel's Pretzels}}

== Casual dining==

=== Indian ===
* {{annotated link|6 Ballygunge Place}}
* {{annotated link|Aminia}}
* {{annotated link|Anjappar Chettinad Restaurant}}
* {{annotated link|Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant}}
* {{annotated link|Karim's}}
* [[Speciality Restaurants Limited|Mainland China]] – Chinese restaurant chain
* {{annotated link|Speciality Restaurants Limited|Mainland China Asia Kitchen}}
* {{annotated link|Moshe's}}
* {{annotated link|Moti Mahal Delux}}
* {{annotated link|Speciality Restaurants Limited|Oh! Calcutta}}
* {{annotated link|Subbayya Gari Hotel|Subbayya Gari Hotel}}

=== International ===
* {{annotated link|California Pizza Kitchen}}
* {{annotated link|Chili's}}
* {{annotated link|Hard Rock Cafe}}
* {{annotated link|Nando's}}
* {{annotated link|Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)|Ruby Tuesday}}
* {{annotated link|TGI Fridays}}
* {{annotated link|Yauatcha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Lists of restaurants}}
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of restaurants by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of India by industry|Restaurant]]
[[Category:India tourism-related lists|Restaurant chains]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]

Tej Pratap Singh Yadav

2026-02-04T11:47:22Z

MarkObd354:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Tej Pratap Yadav}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|11|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Saifai]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[Lucknow]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 13 September 2014
| term_end2 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| successor2 = Mulayam Singh Yadav
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Raj Lakshmi Yadav|2015}}
| parents =
| relations = See: {{section link|Political families of Uttar Pradesh#The Yadav Family|nopage=y}} {{section link|Political families of Bihar#Lalu Yadav family|nopage=y}}
| father =
| mother =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
| net_worth =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Amity University, Noida]]|[[Leeds University]]}}
| website =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| constituency = [[Karhal Assembly constituency|Karhal]]
| predecessor = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
}}

'''Tej Pratap Singh Yadav''' (born 21 November 1987) is an Indian politician and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]] representing the [[Karhal Assembly constituency|Karhal]] and former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the Indian [[Lok Sabha]], where he represented the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], from 2014 to 2019 as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].

==Early life and education==
Tej Pratap Singh Yadav was born on 21 November 1987 in [[Saifai]] village of [[Etawah district]] to Ranvir Singh Yadav and Mridula Yadav.

He studied at the Colonel Brown Cambridge School, [[Dehradun]], and the [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]], [[Noida]]. He graduated with an MBA from the [[Leeds University Business School]].

===Family===
{{See also|Political families of Uttar Pradesh}}

His grandfather Ratan Singh Yadav, was the elder brother of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].<ref name="nie"/>

[[Hariom Yadav]], the former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Sirsaganj and Shikohabad is his maternal granduncle.

==Career==
He successfully contested a by-election to replace his granduncle, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]].<ref name="nie">{{cite news |work=The New Indian Express |title=Fifth of family joins SP chief in Lok Sabha |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/fifth-of-family-joins-sp-chief-in-lok-sabha/ |first=Mohd Faisal |last=Fareed |date=17 September 2014 |accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref> He successfully contested a by-election to replace his uncle, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], as the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the [[Karhal Assembly constituency|Karhal]].

He is part of management committee of two colleges named [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College]] and [[Chaudhary Charan Singh College of Law]], both colleges established by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! From !! To !! Positions !! Party
|-
| 1. || 2014 || 2019 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] in [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Mainpuri]] (by-election) || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| 2. || 2024 || || [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Karhal Assembly constituency|Karhal]] (by-election)
|| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|}

==Personal life==
In 2015, Tej Pratap married Raj Lakshmi Yadav, the youngest daughter of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/54757239.cms |title=Akhilesh Yadav can become PM: Tej Pratap Singh Yadav |date=9 October 2016 |accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref> The couple had a child in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |work=Mid-Day |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav's grandson Tej Pratap Singh blessed with baby boy |date=8 September 2016 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mulayam-singh-yadav-tej-pratap-singh-tej-pratap-singh-baby/1759716 |accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Tej Pratap Singh}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Saifai]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Yadav family (Uttar Pradesh)]]
[[Category:People from Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Banoo Main Teri Dulhann

2026-02-04T03:37:14Z

MarkObd354: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Banoo main teri dulhan.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator = Shakuntalam Telefilms
| writer =
| director = {{ubl|Neelima Bajpayi|Ismail Umar Khan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divyanka's killer dose|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-divyanka-s-killer-dose-1120251|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>|Inder Das}}
| starring = [[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann#Cast|See below]]

| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Banoo Main Teri Dulhann" by [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
| endtheme =
| composer = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| country = India
| language =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 700
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shyamashis Bhattacharya Neelima Bajpaie
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Shakuntalam Telefilms Ltd
| network = [[ZEE TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2006|08|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|05|28|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Banoo Main Teri Dulhann''''' ({{Translation|''I will become your Bride''}}) is a [[Hindi]] [[drama]] television series that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 14 August 2006 to 28 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinderella Ki Shaadi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cinderella-ki-shaadi-1046091|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dulhann: A fairy tale turned sour!|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/dulhann-a-fairy-tale-turned-sour/story-aY3OBHKga6O9GLehixjIXP.html|website=Hindustan Times}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The series deals with the trials and tribulations of an uneducated small-town woman, Vidya, after she marries Sagar, a rich educated businessman who is mentally ill and childlike after a car accident.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best of Television, 2007|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/26slide11.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

===Season 1===

Vidya is a kind-hearted and simple girl from [[Benaras]] ([[Varanasi]]). Similar to [[Cinderella]], she is made to do all the work in her household and is tortured by her uncle, aunt, and cousin. They also do not allow her to get an education, leaving her illiterate.

A businessman from [[Delhi]], Rajendra Pratap Singh, sees and likes Vidya and decides that she will be his daughter-in-law. On the day of her marriage, Vidya discovers that her new husband is mentally unstable with the mind of a child, due to a terrible car accident six months ago. Because of negative outer interferences snd misunderstandings, the two get off to a rocky start trying to adjust to each other.

Sindoora, Sagar's evil stepsister, wants the family property and had caused the deadly car accident to kill him but was unsuccessful. She harasses Vidya along with her younger sisters, Mahua and Chandra, and attempts to expel her from the house. Sindoora brings Sagar’s ex-girlfriend, Surili, who claims to have Sagar’s child. She’s eventually exposed and tries to expose Sindoora too, but no one believes her. Sindoora's kind ex-husband Aniket and young son Bharat support Vidya. Despite Sindoora's efforts, Vidya endears herself to the family, including Sagar.

After learning that a doctor from [[Singapore]] can cure Sagar, the couple travels there. Sagar's operation is successful but he does not remember anything after his car accident; thus, he does not recall his marriage nor Vidya. Sindoora tries to take advantage of this and turns him against his wife but the couple eventually reconcile and remarry. Sindoora tries to kill Sagar again but Aniket protects him, becoming paralyzed in the process. Gayatri, Sagar's aunt, knows about Sindoora and helps Vidya, encouraging her to learn to read and write. Sindoora sends Aniket to jail by blaming him for Sagar's accident, then attempts to murder Gayatri. She does not die but becomes comatose.

Sagar realizes the truth about his stepsister and he and Vidya work to get evidence to incriminate her. This culminates in Sindoora chasing down and shooting the couple dead at a cliff. Sagar and Vidya die together, but not before they are able to hide their evidence, with Sagar declaring that the story is not over. Meanwhile, Bharat learns that his mother killed Sagar and Vidya and flees the house.

===Season 2===

====21 years later====
Sagar and Vidya are reborn as Amar and Divya on the night of their death, with their economical statuses swapped from their previous lives; Amar grows up poor while Divya grows up wealthy. Amar is actually born as the son of Mahua and her husband Kartik. Kartik overhears the priest's future prediction about Sindoora and switches Amar with a boy named Samrat to keep him safe. Divya grows up as a modern girl from [[London]] while Amar becomes a spunky tour guide, living in [[Benaras]]. Divya becomes engaged to Samrat and travels with him to [[Delhi]], where the Singh family, especially Sindoora, becomes shell-shocked upon seeing her physical similarity to Vidya.

Amar and Divya meet in Benaras, where their previous incarnations had also met for the first time. Divya has strange flashbacks of her previous life but does not understand them. The couple falls in love and when Amar comes to Delhi, Kartik learns that he is his son as does Sindoora. Amar and Divya get married and individually remember their past lives at different times. They also reunite with a now-adult Bharat, who discovers that they are Sagar and Vidya's reincarnations. The three work together to take down Sindoora once and for all, and the show ends with their victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/banoo-main-teri-dulhann/|title=Banoo Main Teri Dulhann – Zee TV – Watch Banoo Main Teri Dulhann TV Serial Online for Free – Ozee|website=ZeeTV |access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508090841/http://www.zeetv.com/shows/banoo-main-teri-dulhann/|archive-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://divyaa.sunphoto.ro/|title=divyaa|website=SunPhoto|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014035055/https://divyaa.sunphoto.ro/|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as
** Vidya Sagar Pratap Singh: Kaushalya's daughter; Sagar's wife
** Divya Amar Shukla: Amar's wife
* [[Sharad Malhotra]] as
** Sagar Pratap Singh AKA Chhota Thakur: Vidya's husband; son of Rajendra Pratap Singh and Uma Pratap Singh (season 1)
** Amar Rajeev Shukla: Rajeev and Mahua's son; Divya's husband (season 2).
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Sindoora Pratap Singh: Rajendra's eldest evil daughter, Bharat's estranged mother, Aniket's ex-wife and the murderer of Sagar and Vidya. She hates Vidya, Divya, Sagar and Amar (episodes 7–557, 622–700)

===Recurring===
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Rajendra Pratap Singh: Sagar, Sindoora, Mahua and Chandra's father. (episodes 1–13)
* Surinder Kaur as Uma Pratap Singh: Sagar's mother; Rajendra Pratap Singh's 2nd wife; Sindoora, Mahua and Chandra's step-mother (Choti-Ma). (episodes 1–700)
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Gayatri: Sagar's aunt. (episodes 266–354)
* Rajesh Balwani as Aniket: Sindoora's ex-husband and Bharat's father. (episodes 28—419, 515—700)
* Shyam Sharma as young Bharat Singh: Aniket and Sindoora's son. (episode 28-393)
* Raj Lathia as Sameer (episodes 100–343)
* [[Mohit Malik]] as adult Bharat Singh aka Mr. B.S. (episodes 515–700)
* [[Shamin Mannan]] as Aditi: Bharat's wife and Karan's ex-wife. (episodes 516–700)
* [[Himanshi Choudhry]] / [[Ritu Vashist]] Vashisht as Mahua Singh: Rajiv's wife and Amar's mother. (episodes 7-494_495–578)
* [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Radha: Vidya's friend from Benares. (episodes 1–12)
* Harsh Vashisht as Rajeev Shukla: Mahua's husband. (episodes 278–514, 527,529, 553,571 & 575)
* [[Faisal Raza Khan]] as Kartik: Mahua's ex-husband.
* Vishal Watwani as Samrat: the false son of Rajeev and Mahua; biological son of Amar's parents; Viren and Divya's good friend ; Divya's ex-fiancé. (episodes 396—507)
* [[Addite Shirwaikar]] / Shweta Dadhich as Chandra: Rajendra's daughter. She eventually vanishes along with her sister Mahua. (episodes 7-393 & 396–673)
* Puneet Vashisht as Harsh: Chandra's ex-husband, in jail now. (episodes 1—377)
* [[Kamini Kaushal]] as Dadi Maa: Harsh's grandmother.
* [[Suhita Thatte]] as Kaushalya: Vidya's mother (episodes 1–206), she does not know that her daughter Vidya and son-in-law Sagar were killed by Sindoora
* [[Renuka Bondre]] as Hema Chachi: Shalu's mother. She later vanishes with husband Harish. (episode 562).
* [[Snehal Sahai]] as Shalu: Chinu's wife. Hema's daughter, Kamna's mother and Vidya's cousin. (episodes 393,453, 517 & 537)
* [[Manish Naggdev]] as Cheenu: Shalu's husband, Kamna's father and Sagar's cousin. (episodes 393,453 & 537)
* Amrin Chakkiwala as Kamna: daughter of Chinu and Shalu. (episodes 403—508)
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Tushar: Sagar's childhood friend. (episodes 128—206)
* [[Neeta Shetty]] as Dr. Shivani
* [[Soni Singh]] as Surili: Sagar's ex-girlfriend.
* Atul Srivastava as DJ: Sagar and Vidya's helper
* [[Abhileen Pandey]] as Chintu: Amar's younger cousin. He is really Samrat's brother.
* [[Anokhi Shrivastav]] as Bindiya: Amar's childhood friend and former fiancée.
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]] as Viren: Divya and Samrat's old friend; Divya's fake husband. (episodes 509 to 520)
* [[Sachin Shroff]] as Dr. Shashank. (episodes 677— 696)
* [[Anisha Kapur]] as Gauri: a village girl who thinks Amar is her fiancée Shivam. (episodes 563 to 655)
* [[Omar Vani]] as Shivam: Gauri's fiancée in which Amar accidentally runs over him and dies. (episodes 562,563,566 & 593)
* Sonali Verma as Karuna: Bharat's Chhoti Maa. She loved and cared for Bharat after he ran away from home because Sindoora killed Vidya and Sagar.

===Special guests===
*From [[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]:
**[[Rajshree Thakur]] as Saloni Singh
**[[Sharad Kelkar]] as Nahar Singh
*From [[Maayka]]:
**[[Neha Bamb]] as Mahi Sareen
**[[Vivan Bhatena]] as Shabd Sareen
*From [[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]:
**[[Kshitee Jog]] as Saraswati Garodia
**[[Romit Raj]] as Yuvraj Garodia
*From [[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]
**[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Bhai Raja
**Monalika Bhonsle as Neelima Thakur
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Amrita from Naaginn. (special appearance in episodes 581 and 582)

==Production==
Producer Neelima Bajpai wanted to name the series as Dulhan but as the copyright was with [[Yash Raj Films]] with the same title of a film, Bajpai named the series as Banoo Main Teri Dulhann.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 rules for a hit TV show|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/10neel.htm|url-status=live|website=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203094014/http://m.rediff.com:80/movies/2008/mar/10neel.htm |archive-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref>

In November 2008, the shootings and telecast of this series and films were stalled on 8 November 2008 due to dispute by the technician workers of [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees|FWICE]] (Federation of Western India Cine Employees).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cine technicians go on strike|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cine-technicians-go-on-strike/368228/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> During the strike, the channels blacked out new episodes broadcast and repeat telecasts were shown from 10 November 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Strike off, TV shooting to resume|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strike-off-tv-shooting-to-resume/387871/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=No more repeat of TV soaps as TV industry strike ends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/no-more-repeat-of-tv-soaps-as-tv-industry-strike-ends-33649-2008-11-19|website=India Today|date=19 November 2008 }}</ref> On 19 November 2008, the strike was called off after settling the disputes, and the production resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more repeat telecast of TV soaps as strike ends|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lFsrye8ynEtEnU4oD9NEdL/No-more-repeat-telecast-of-TV-soaps-as-strike-ends.html|website=Live Mint}}</ref> The new episodes started to telecast from 1 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New look return|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-look-return/cid/515296|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The series was supposed to go off air on 22 May 2009 but got an extension for four episodes and it ended on 28 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulhann gets an extension on Zee TV|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/dulhann-gets-an-extension-on-zee-tv/story-yyGmPHTeiPc2IO5RTWXJHN.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Broadcasts ==
{{Advert|date=November 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Country
! Channel
! Language
|-
| Afghanistan
| [[Ariana TV]]
| Dari
|-
| Indonesia
| ANTV (Zee Bioskop
| Indonesian)
|-
| France
| [[Zee Magic]]
| French
|-
| United Arab Emirates
| [[Zee Aflam]]
| Arabic
|-
| South Africa
| [[Zee World]]
| English
|-
| Vietnam
| [[Đài Phát thanh - Truyền hình Cần Thơ]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|-
| Cambodia
| SEATV
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
|-
| Romania
| National TV
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 5 Plus
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/banoo-main-teri-dulhann/0-6-107 Banoo Main Teri Dulhann official site]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Television shows about reincarnation]]

Pondicherry International Film Festival

2026-01-26T09:23:09Z

MarkObd354: Created new details nd citations

{{Short description|Independent film festival in India}}
{{advert|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

The '''Pondicherry International Film Festival''' (PIFF) is a film festival for international [[independent film]]s. It was started in 2017 by the streaming platform Pickurflick and the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Tourism agency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2018 |title=Pondicherry International Film Festival announced |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pondicherry-international-film-festival-announced-118071600454_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI News |date=18 July 2018 |title=Get ready for Pondicherry International Film Festival |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/get-ready-for-pondicherry-international-film-festival201807181303230003/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesundayheadlines.in/international-film-festival-to-be-held-in-puducherry/ |title=International Film festival to be held in Puducherry {{!}} The Sunday Headlines |website=thesundayheadlines.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235220/http://thesundayheadlines.in/international-film-festival-to-be-held-in-puducherry/ |archive-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>

== History ==
The inaugural event received more than 550 films from 50 countries. 170 films were selected. Screenings were held at [[Bangalore]] & [[Delhi]] from March to May 2017 with awards given across 12 categories. Pondicherry International Film Festival is an IMDb-qualifying event and has been rated amongst the top [[unconventional]] [[film festival]]s in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=PIFF 2018: Documentary on Satyajit Ray's Feluda, A Thousand Kisses among films to watch on Day 5 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/piff-2018-documentary-on-satyajit-rays-feluda-and-girl-fact-a-short-on-sex-trade-in-congo-among-must-watch-on-day-5-5279761.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

PIFF-2018 took place from 26 to 30 September 2018 at [[Alliance Francaise]] [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and other venues. It would showcase 100 films from over 25 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pondicherry-international-film-festival-announced-84856|title=Pondicherry International Film Festival announced|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> It will include [[panel discussion]]s, [[Forum (legal)|open forums]], and [[master class]]es. Besides [[film screening]]s, the five-day film festival will also conduct art, culture exhibition, food festival and music concerts to celebrate art, entertainment and travel in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], which was a French colony. The focus would be on [[Cinema of France|French cinema]], art, and culture; independent [[Tamil cinema]]; and independent regional cinema. The festival is organised by Pickurflick,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Trending Entertainment, Movie, TV and Music News {{!}} Entertainment Lately | url=http://pickurflick.com | access-date=2025-04-02 | website=pickurflick.com}}</ref> a global distribution platform for indie filmmakers. It is supported by the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Tourism Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2018/jul/18/pondicherry-international-film-festival-to-showcase-more-than-100-films-starts-september-26-1845136.html|title = Pondicherry International Film Festival to showcase more than 100 films; starts September 26}}</ref> Actor [[Adil Hussain]] is the brand ambassador. France is the partner country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Pondicherry International Film Festival 2019 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/PondicherryInternationalFilmFestival |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref>

2022 saw a return to physical screenings, expanding its scope to Southeast Asia and Africa, and introducing a competition category for women filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-08-04 |title=Pondy International documentary, short film fest from August 4 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Aug/04/pondy-international-documentary-short-film-fest-from-august-4-2601693.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Festival committee ==

* Abhishek Sinha - Founder & CEO

== Award categories ==

* Best Short Film
* 1st Runner Up (Short Film)
* Best Feature Film
* Best Director (Feature)
* Best Cinematography (Feature)
* Best Screenplay (Feature)
* Best Editing (Feature)
* Best Documentary
* 1st Runner Up (Documentary)
* Best Animation Short
* 1st Runner Up (Animation)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://pickurflick.com/piff/ PIFF website]

[[Category:Film festivals in India]]
[[Category:Pondicherry (city)]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2017]]

Habrocestum togansangmai

2026-01-19T02:46:22Z

MarkObd354: made a post

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Habrocestum togansangmai.jpg
| taxon = Habrocestum togansangmai
| authority = [[Kadam and Tripathi|Kadam]] & Tripathi, 2023
}}

'''''Habrocestum togansangmai''''' is a [[jumping spider]] species in the genus ''[[Habrocestum]]'' that found in [[Meghalaya]] Northeast [[India]]. It was first described in 2023.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kadam|first1=G.|last2=Tripathi |first2=R.|year=2023|title=Three new jumping spiders from northeastern India (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini: Habrocestum)|publisher=Peckhamia 295.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=World Spider Catalog|year=2023|title=''Habrocestum togansangmai'' Kadam and Tripathi, 2023|website=World Spider Catalog|publisher=Natural History Museum|place=Bern|url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/61407/Habrocestum_togansangmai|accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2638886}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2023]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 5

2026-01-16T03:38:17Z

MarkObd354: Adding new info.

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 5
| image = [[File:Logo_of_Bigg_Boss_Tamil_5.png|225px]]
| image_size =
| bgcolor = #FF4DB8
| caption = Bigg Boss Tamil 5 logo
| num_episodes = 106
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Kamal Haasan]] (Weeks 1 - 7 & 9 - 15) [[Ramya Krishnan]] (Week 8)
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 20
| winner = [[Raju Jeyamohan]]
| runner_up = [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|3|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|01|16|df=yes}}
| episode_list =
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Season 6]]
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 5''''' is the fifth season of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Indian reality series of ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil|Bigg Boss]]''. The show premiered on 3 October 2021 on [[Star Vijay]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] with [[Kamal Haasan]] as the host for the fifth time. [[Nippon Paint]] was the main sponsor for the fifth season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 5 teaser is out; Ramya as the host|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-5-teaser-is-out-kamal-haasan-returns-as-the-host/articleshow/85800271.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref> [[Ramya Krishnan]] as appeared as a guest host for a week.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramya Krishnan to replace Kamal Haasan as guest host on Bigg Boss Tamil 5; a look at the actress' TV journey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ramya-krishnan-to-replace-kamal-haasan-as-guest-host-on-bigg-boss-tamil-5-a-look-at-the-actress-tv-journey/photostory/87930472.cms|access-date=2022-01-10|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The grand finale took place on 16 January 2022. [[Raju Jeyamohan]] emerged as the winner, while [[Priyanka Deshpande]] emerged as the runner up of the season.

Niroop Nandakumar, Thamarai Selvi, [[Abhinay Vaddi]] and [[Suruthi Periyasamy]] returned as contestants in ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1|Bigg Boss Ultimate]]''.

==Production==

===Eye logo===
This season, the logo is pink eye with a [[pupil]] that represents blue eyes with small stars, surrounded by a gold outline of the eye.

=== Bigg Boss house===
Changes to other parts of the house were also visible compared to the last season. Instead of last season's aesthetic theme background with contrast sparkling colors, this season's theme mainly keeps up natural colors and followed the theme of "Nature".

=== Teaser ===
On 4 September 2021, incorporating a paradigm shift in a Tamil wedding scene and co-relating it with the ''Bigg Boss'' house.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 5's latest teaser is out; host Kamal Haasan says, "Expect the unexpected"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-5s-latest-teaser-is-out-host-kamal-haasan-says-expect-the-unexpected/articleshow/85898828.cms|access-date=2021-09-04|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Two more promotional teasers were released in September 2021, featuring different commentaries from [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 5: Kamal Haasan highlights the lack of liberty to gossip in the house; watch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-5-kamal-haasan-highlights-the-lack-of-liberty-to-gossip-in-the-house-watch/articleshow/86295482.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Audience===
On set for the weekend episodes after the ease of [[COVID-19]] restrictions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big-News: Audience Can Now Participate In Bigg Boss Tamil Season 5, Here's How?!|url=https://www.insydfeed.com/big-news-audience-can-now-participate-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-5-heres-how/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=www.insydfeed.com|date=25 September 2021|language=en}}</ref>

== Housemate status ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
!scope="col" style ="background:#FF4DB8;"style="background:#FF4DB8 ;color:black" |Sr.
!scope="col" style ="background:#FF4DB8;"style="background:#FF4DB8 ;color:black" |Housemates
!scope="col" style ="background:#FF4DB8;"style="background:#FF4DB8 ;color:black" |{{nowrap|Day entered}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#FF4DB8;"style="background:#FF4DB8 ;color:black" |{{nowrap|Day exited}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#FF4DB8;"style="background:#FF4DB8 ;color:black" |{{nowrap|Status}}
|-
|1
| Raju
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Priyanka
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
| Pavni
| Day 1
| Day 105
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Amir
|Day 51
|Day 105
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Niroop
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center" |{{nowrap|4th Runner-up}}
|-
|6
| Thamarai
| Day 1
| Day 98
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
| Ciby
| Day 1
| Day 95
|{{Quit|Walked ₹12L}}
|-
|8
| Sanjeev
| Day 53
| Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
| Varun
| Day 1
| Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
| Akshara
| Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
| Abhinay
| Day 1
| Day 77
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
| Imman
| Day 1
| Day 70
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|13
| rowspan="2"|Abishek
| Day 1
| Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 48
| Day 63
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Iykki
| Day 1
| Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
| Isaivani
| Day 1
| Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
| Mathumitha
| Day 1
| Day 42
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
| Suruthi
| Day 1
| Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|18
| Chinnaponnu
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|19
|Nadia
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|20
| Namitha
| Day 1
| Day 6
|{{quit|Walked}}
|}

==Housemates==
The list of housemates in the order of entering the house:

===Original contestants===
* [[Isaivani]], a [[Gaana]] and [[folk art]]ist
* [[Raju Jeyamohan]], an actor known for his role in ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]'' and the television series [[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|''Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar Season 2'']].
* Mathumitha Raghunathan, a fashion designer, and model from [[Germany]].
* Abishek Raaja, a narrator, [[YouTuber]] and actor.
* Namitha Marimuthu, a model and actress, is also the first [[transgender]] contestant to enter [[Bigg Boss Tamil]].
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]], an anchor, known for her presence in [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] and her comedy humor.
* [[Abhinay Vaddi]], the grandson of [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], an actor, appeared in the films ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' (2014) and ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016).
* [[Pavani Reddy|Pavni Reddy]], an actress, known for acting in soap operas such as [[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi (TV series)|Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]], [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]], and [[Rasaathi]].
* [[Chinnaponnu]], a folk singer, who is known for singing many folk songs.
* Nadia Chang, a model, and TikToker who hails from [[Malaysia]].
* [[Imman Annachi]], a stand-up comedian, host of famous kid's show and actor known for his appearance in films such as ''[[Goli Soda]]'' (2014) and ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' (2014).
* [[Suruthi Periyasamy]], a [[runway model]] and actress.
* Akshara Reddy, a model known for winning the beauty pageant Miss globe 2019 and her appearance in the show ''[[Villa To Village]]'' (2018).
* Iykki Berry, a [[rapper]] and singer, and is also a physician and cosmetic surgeon.
* Thamarai Selvi, a commoner contestant and a housewife.
* [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]], an actor known for his roles in films like ''[[Vanjagar Ulagam]]'' (2018) and [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021).
* Niroop Nandakumar, an actor, and model known for many beauty pageants.
*[[Varun (actor)|Varun]], an actor known for acting in the movie ''[[Thalaivaa]]''.

===Wildcard contestants===
* Amir, a choreographer known for working in many television shows and movies.
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]], a television and film actor known for acting in the television series such as [[Kanmani (TV series)|''Kanmani'']] and ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'', and in the film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).

==Nominations faced==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Number
! scope="col" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Total
! scope="col" |Final position
|-
|1
| style="text-align:left"| '''Pavni'''
|12
| 2nd runner up
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left" | '''Priyanka'''
|10
|1st runner up
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left" | '''Akshara'''
|10
| Evicted in 10th position
|-

|4
|style="text-align:left" |'''Niroop'''
|9
|4th runner up
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left" |'''Ciby'''
|9
|walked in 7th position
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left" |'''Abhinay'''
|9
|Evicted in 11th position
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left" |'''Thamarai'''
|8
|Evicted in 6th position
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left" |'''Raju'''
|8
|Winner
|-
|}

== Twists ==

The show routinely features tasks as part of the gameplay, following are few of the tasks:

===Power Medal Task===
In the third week (Day 16), housemates were given a task to steal 5 medals all representing the five basic elements in the world. The 5 housemates who manage to steal the medals win a super power to save themselves from eviction in the future and topple captaincy. However, the power can only be used once and is only available until week 10.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!
! colspan="1" scope="col" |Elements
! scope="col" |Original holder of medal
! scope="col" |Stole by
! scope="col" |Current medal holder
! scope="col" |Status of medal
!Power Week
!Validity of medal
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background:gold" | '''The 5 Power Medals'''
| style="background:orange" |'''Fire'''
|'''Isaivani'''
|None
|'''Isaivani'''
|style="background:#f66" |'''Used'''
|style="background:#CF9FFF" |'''Week 4'''
|style="background:brown;color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Permanently Destroyed'''}}
|-
| style="background:#D7Fd44" |'''Land'''
|'''Priyanka'''
|colspan="2" |'''Niroop'''
|style="background:#f66" |'''Used'''
|style="background:#CF9FFF" |'''Week 5'''
|style="background:brown;color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Permanently Destroyed'''}}
|-
| style="background:pink" |'''Sky'''
| '''Pavni'''
| None
| '''Pavni'''
|style="background:#f66" |'''Used'''
|style="background:#CF9FFF" |'''Week 6'''
|style="background:brown;color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Permanently Destroyed'''}}
|-
| style="background:#CF9FFF" |'''Air'''
|'''Thamarai'''
|colspan="2" |'''Suruthi'''
|style="background:#7FFFD4" |'''Unused'''
|style="background:#ccc"|'''N/A'''
|style="background:brown;color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Permanently Destroyed'''}}
|-
| style="background:deepskyblue" |'''Water'''
|'''Varun'''
|None
|'''Varun'''
|style="background:#f66" |'''Used'''
|style="background:#CF9FFF" |'''Week 7'''
|style="background:brown;color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Permanently Destroyed'''}}
|-
|}

Notes:
# '''Mathumitha''' captured the '''Land Power Medal''' initially, transferring it to the later '''Original Holder''' of the Medal, '''Priyanka'''. As Priyanka stored it behind the House's refrigerator, her friend '''Niroop''' caught hold of the Medal afterwards.
# '''Ciby''' took the '''Air Power Medal''' at first, in front of Thamarai and Varun and later gave it to '''Thamarai''' to save herself from the nominations. However, the Medal was later stolen by '''Suruthi''' but it was destroyed before its power week as Suruthi was '''eliminated''' before the '''Power of Medals''' started.
# '''Pavni, Suruthi''' and '''Abhinay''' joined hands to take a Medal and later, Pavni caught hold of the '''Sky Power Medal'''.
# '''Isaivani''' attained the '''Fire Power Medal''' with the help of her friends, '''Iykki and Ciby'''.
# '''Raju, Akshara, Varun''' and '''Imman''' planned to take a Medal and later, Varun grabbed the '''Water Power Medal''' in the '''Garden Area'''.

==Weekly summary==
{{Cleanup|date=January 2022|reason=Multiple color combinations fail [[WP:COLOR]] - the second week is obvious, needs to be corrected or removed. [[MOS:BOLD]] issues abound as well.}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="9"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 1
|Entrances
|Abhinay, Abishek, Akshara, Ciby, Chinnaponnu, Imman, Iykki, Isaivani, Mathumitha, Nadia, Namitha, Niroop, Pavni, Priyanka, Raju, Suruthi, Thamarai, and Varun entered the House on Day 1.
|-
| Days
|Day 1–7
|-
|Twist
| rowspan="3" |None
|-
|Nominations
|-
|Captaincy Task
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Oru Kathai Sollatuma: Housemates of the Bigg Boss House shared their past life, their sorrows, strengths, and how they achieved their dreams, with the other housemates. The other housemates have to paste a heart, like, or a dislike sticker if the housemate's story was relatable, inspirational, or non-inspirational.
|-
|Punishments
| rowspan="2" |None
|-
|House Captain
|-
|Exits
|Namitha Marimuthu Walked out of the house due to medical issues on Day 6.
|-
! rowspan="13"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 2
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 8–14
|-
|Twist
| During the Week 2 nomination process, any housemate who received at least one vote from inmates was nominated for the Week 2 eviction process.
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Abishek, Akshara, Chinnaponnu, Ciby, Imman, Isaivani, Iykki, Nadia, Niroop, Mathumitha, Priyanka, Raju, Suruthi, and Varun were nominated for the Week 2 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|All the contestants will have a balloon in their backs, whenever the alarm bell goes of they need to get the balloon popper and pop one of the other housemate's balloons in order for them to be out, the final person with the balloon wins captaincy.
|-
| Captaincy Task winner
| Thamarai Selvi
|-
| Captaincy Task defeat
| The other housemates
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Oru Kathai Sollatuma: (continuation) The remaining 10 housemates who are yet to convey their stories to the other housemates are given the chance to share their life stories with the other housemates from Day 8 to Day 12. '
|-
|Vijayadashami special drama task
|All the contestants are dressed up as certain characters and need to put on a drama play to celebrate the festival Vijayadashami.
|-
|Punishments
| None
|-
| House Captain
|Thamarai Selvi was the Week 2 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Isaivani, Priyanka, Raju, Akshara, Imman, Ciby, Iykki, Niroop, Abhinay, Suruthi, Varun, Mathumitha, Chinnaponnu, and Abishek were saved from Week 2 Elimination Process on Day 13 & 14.
|-
|Exits
|Nadia Chang was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 14 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! rowspan="12"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 3
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 15–21
|-
|Twist
| Isaivani, Niroop, Pavni, Thamarai, and Varun manage to steal a medal and were awarded major powers in the game.
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Abishek, Akshara, Chinnaponnu, Isaivani, Iykki, Pavni, Priyanka, and Thamarai were nominated for the Week 3 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|Enna Feeling'u: The four best performers of the week Ciby, Isaivani, Raju, Imman, and Pavni were told to stand on a platform and try to avoid reacting to the co-contestants putting on skits and jokes in front of them. The housemate who stood the longest without showing or changing his/her reaction wins the task. As Ciby stood the longest, he won the Captaincy Task and became the House Captain of Week 3.
|-
| Captaincy Task winner
| Ciby
|-
| Captaincy Task defeat
| Imman, Pavni, Raju and Isaivani
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
| Pancha Thandhiram: There are 5 medals in the outdoors, the person who takes the medal in a secretive way will be saved from the elimination list. Isavani steals the Fire coin, Niroop steals the Land coin, Pavni steals the Sky coin, Thamarai steals the Air coin and Varun steals the Water coin.
|-
|Punishments
|Niroop, Priyanka, and Suruthi was in jail by Ciby the house captain for this week.
|-
| House Captain
|Ciby Bhuvana Chandran was the Week 3 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Priyanka, Pavni, Akshara, Isaivani, Abhinay, Thamarai, Iykki, and Chinnaponnu were saved from Week 3 Elimination Process on Day 20 & 21.
|-
|Exits
| Abishek Raaja was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 21 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! rowspan="12"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 4
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 22–28
|-
|Twist
| The fire medal was the powerful medal of Week 4, and the owner of the medal Isaivani had full control of the kitchen and dining area.
|-
|Nominations
| Abhinay, Akshara, Chinnaponnu, Imman, Isaivani, Pavni, Priyanka, Suruthi, and Varun were nominated for the Week 4 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|All housemates sit at the dining table and need to point at a housemate but say another housemate's name. The last housemate remaining wins captaincy.
|-
| Winner
| Mathumitha
|-
| Defeat
| The other housemates
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Graamam vs Nagaram (Village vs City): The contestants have been split into two teams representing village and city, where Akshara and Niroop are the team captains, respectively. As Isaivani is the holder of the Fire Coin she is the adjudicator for the task.
|-
|Punishments
|After being chosen as the worst performer and Abhinay, Mathumitha, Pavni, and Varun must sit outside and keep the fire on until morning without sleeping.
|-
| House Captain
|Mathumitha Raghunathan was the Week 4 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Priyanka, Pavni, Akshara, Imman, Isaivani, Suruthi, Abhinay, and Varun were saved from Week 4 Elimination Process on Day 27 & 28.
|-
|Exits
| Chinnaponnu Kumar was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 28 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! rowspan="12"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 5
|Entrances
|None
|-
| Days
|Day 29–35
|-
|Twist
|Air medal was permanently destroyed The earth medal was the powerful medal of Week 5, and the owner of the medal Niroop had full control over the bedroom area.
|-
|Nominations
| Abhinay, Akshara, Ciby, Isaivani, Iykki, Mathumitha, Niroop, Pavni, and Suruthi were nominated for the Week 5 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
| Best performer from previous week luxury budget task, Ciby, and Raju play cup mukkiyam bigile task. The task is to play soccer using a gym ball and score more goals. Ciby won the task with 3-0 goals. Varun used a coin for himself to change the captain.
|-
| Winner
| Ciby. Varun swapped the captaincy using WATER power medal
|-
| Defeat
| Raju
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Cinema Cinema: Each housemate was given different characters from famous iconic Kollywood movies and was asked to stage perform those characters and also live like that.
|-
|Punishments
|None
|-
| House Captain
| Varun Kamal was the Week 5 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Akshara, Ciby, Pavni, Iykki, Niroop, Abhinay, Isaivani, and Mathumitha were saved from Week 5 Elimination Process on Day 34 & 35.
|-
|Exits
|Suruthi Periyasamy was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 35 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! rowspan="13"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 6
|Entrances
|None
|-
| Days
|Day 36–42
|-
|Twist
|The sky medal was the powerful medal of Week 6, and the owner of the medal Pavni had full control over the living room area.
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Akshara, Ciby, Imman, Mathumitha, Pavni, and Raju were nominated for the Week 6 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|Neeum bommai Naanum bommai theriyum unmai: All the housemates were asked to run to a tent by picking a doll which had names of housemates. The last to go into will not be exempted but the name of the housemate in the doll will be exempted from captaincy.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Abhinay
Isaivani swapped the captaincy using FIRE power medal
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: Akshara, Mathumitha, Niroop Pavni, Priyanka and Varun
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Neeyum Bommai Naanum Bommai Theriyum Unmai: For the task, there was a circus tent built in the garden area. Dolls will send to them through the storeroom. They wanna get ready soon and place the dolls nearby the Bathroom Area. 12 takes buzzer will ring inside the hose. Whenever buzzer rings they wanna take someone's doll and enter into the tent. They are not allowed to take their own doll. Whom entering last in the tent holding Doll's owner will be out of the task. Like this, they wanna repeat this who stay longer will be the winner. They wanna nominate two-person who didn't perform well and who backstabbed them.
|-
|Punishments
|Housemates selected two persons whom they thought to be not real. Raju, and Imman were punished.
|-
| House Captain
|Isaivani was the Week 6 House Captain and hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Raju, Akshara, Imman, Pavni, Ciby, and Abhinay were saved from Week 6 Elimination Process on Day 41 & 42.
|-
|Exits
|Mathumitha Raghunathan was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 42 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! rowspan="13"style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 7
|Entrances
|Abishek Raaja re–entered the House as a wildcard contestant on Day 47.
|-
| Days
|Day 43–49
|-
|Twist
|The water medal was the powerful medal of Week 7, and the owner of the medal Varun had full control over the bathroom and garden room area
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Akshara, Ciby, Imman, Isaivani, Iykki, Niroop, Pavni, and Thamarai were nominated for the Week 7 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|All the housemates had to self–vote for their preferred captain within the four nominees (Ciby, Iykki, Niroop, and Priyanka). Gaining the most votes, Priyanka was elected the Captain of Week 7.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Priyanka
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: Ciby, Iykki, and Niroop
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Ulladhai Ullapadi Kaatum Kannadi: Housemates had to pair in two's and mirror each other's actions throughout the week. Later on, the housemates came together on the platform and conveyed their opinion on their partners on the stage. They further earned badges if they performed the task well. 
Pairs: Akshara and Ciby, Abhinav and Niroop, Imman and Isaivani, Pavni and Raju, Priyanka and Thamarai, Iyikki and Varun.
|-
|Punishments
|None
|-
|House Captain
|Priyanka Deshpande was the Week 7 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Akshara, Ciby, Imman, Pavni, Iykki, Niroop, and Abhinay were saved from Week 7 Elimination Process on Day 48 & 49.
|-
|Exits
|Isaivani was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 49 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 8
|Entrances
|Amir, and Sanjeev Venkat entered the House as wildcard contestants respectively on Day 51 and 53.
|-
| Days
|Day 50–56
|-
|Twist
|None
|-
|Nominations
|Imman, Iykki, Niroop, Priyanka, Pavni, and Thamarai were nominated for the Week 8 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|The 6 housemates selected to compete for the captaincy (Abhinay, Akshara Imman, Varun, Raju, and Thamarai) had to stuff as much cotton into the boxes they were provided with. They had to weigh their boxes on the weighing scale and the housemate with the heaviest box would be selected as the Captain. With the heaviest box, Abhinay was elected the Captain of Week 8.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Abhinay
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: Abhinay, Akshara, Imman, Raju, Thamarai and Varun
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal: The Bigg Boss house was recreated as a school and the housemates assumed the role of characters working in a typical school. 
Headmaster: Ciby 
Tamil Lecturer: Raju 
Personal Development Teacher: Abishek 
Physical Education Teacher: Amir 
Leader of Physical Education Class: Akshara 
Students: Abhinay, Akshara, Imman, Iykki, Niroop, Pavni, Priyanka, Thamarai, and Varun

The other housemates assumed the role of classmates in the house. They had to obey the rules of the teachers and if they failed to do so, they will be punished by the headmaster.
|-
|Punishments
|Amir and Niroop were sent to jail
|-
|House Captain
|Abhinay Vaddi was the Week 8 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Priyanka, Imman, Pavni, Thamarai, and Niroop were saved from Week 8 Elimination Process on Day 55 & 56.
|-
|Exits
|Iykki Berry was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 56 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 9
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 57–63
|-
|Twist
| None
|-
|Nominations
| Abhinay, Abishek, Akshara, Ciby, Imman, Pavni, Priyanka, Raju, Thamarai, and Varun were nominated for the Week 9 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|The three contestants selected for Captaincy Task (Imman, Abishek, Ciby) had to build a tower with the help of cubes given by Bigg boss and protect it from the other housemates attack Imman won that task but Niroop exchanged the captaincy for him with the power of the coin
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Imman
Niroop swapped the captaincy using EARTH power medal
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: Abishek, Ciby, Imman
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Bigg Boss Breaking News Task Everyone ads complaining 24 hours show but only telecasting for 1 hour. It's an opportunity to explain to the audience what actually happened in these 50 days and explain their side to them. Task name Bigg Boss Breaking News. Housemates wanna divide into two teams. Both teams wanna telecast different news. The team names are the Blue and Red TV teams. Both teams have two reporters and two News Readers. When they are collecting the news they wanna make sure it's against the opposite team. They can bring the person for an interview in their channel. The reporter will collect the news and newsreaders will read it. Sanjeev will be a judge and announce the result in the evening. They divide the team as Red and Blue. 
Team Blue: Akshara, Amir, Imman, Pavni, Raju, Thamarai 
Team Red: Abhinay, Abishek, Ciby, Niroop, Priyanka, and Varun 
Judge: Sanjeev
|-
|Punishments
| Niroop, and Pavni were sent to jail.
|-
|House Captain
|Niroop Nandakumar was the Week 9 House Captain and was hence, exempted from nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Raju, Priyanka, Pavni, Ciby, Thamarai, Imman, Akshara, and Varun were saved from Week 9 Elimination Process on Day 62 & 63.
|-
|Exits
|Abishek Raaja was re-evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 63 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 10
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 64–70
|-
|Twist
|Niroop was given then chance to swap his nomination and replace his nomination with another housemate who isn't nominated, Niroop choose Sanjeev and they both were given a tie-breaker task and the one who loses the task will be nominated for eviction.
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Akshara, Amir, Ciby, Imman, Niroop, and Thamarai were nominated for the Week 10 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
| All the contestants all selected to the captaincy task suthi suthi vanthinga had to run in a circle with music when the music stops they will sit in a chair at last who had the chair they will be the captain of the week Amir won the task but Pavni exchanged the captaincy with the help of the power of medal so Pavni is the captain of week 10
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Amir
Pavni swapped the captaincy using SKY power medal
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: The other housemates
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
| Bigg Boss Maanadu Housemates divide into Three political parties. They can complain inside the house and say to people what will they do for their house after that, they win the election. 
Team A: Abhinay, Amir, Pavni, and Priyanka 
Team B: Ciby, Niroop, Raju, and Thamarai 
Team C: Akshara, Imman Sanjeev, and Varun 
|-
|Punishments
| None
|-
|House Captain
|Pavni Reddy was the Week 10 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
|Ciby, Akshara, Thamarai, Abhinay, Amir, and Niroop were saved from Week 10 Elimination Process on Day 69 & 70.
|-
|Exits
|Imman Annachi was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 70 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 11
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 71–77
|-
|Twist
| All the housemates were automatically nominated in Week 10 for immunity-based challenges that were conducted as part of the Week 10 Luxury Budget Task.
|-
|Nominations
|Abhinay, Akshara, Amir, Ciby, Niroop, Pavni, Priyanka, Raju, Sanjeev, Thamarai and Varun were automatically nominated for the Week 11 Eviction Process.
Abhinay, Akshara, Pavni, Priyanka, Raju and Varun were nominated for the Week 11 Eviction Process, after all the immunity task.
|-
|Captaincy Task
| None
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|1st Immunity Task: Housemates have to arrange themselves in order from #1 to #12, Ciby stood in the #1 position and was exempted from the Week 10 nomination process. This week's task is to save the nominated contestant from nomination.

2nd Immunity Task: Housemates have to survive in a bus kept in a garden area overcoming all the hurdles. Housemates have to get down Voluteerly Or vote out when Bus horn is blown at each time. Later Niroop was stayed long on the bus and was exempted from the Week 10 nomination process.

3rd Immunity Task: Housemates have to stand in an ice cube tub and has to peel a potato kept in hot water and have to count for 5 minutes in mind while peeling off the potato. Whom finish counting in 5 minutes can stop their work and press the bell. Whom is nearly close to the 5 minutes counting will go to the next level and the higher one will be out of the game. Later Varun finishes it in 8.20 min. He came as last so he is out of the game.

4th Immunity Task: In the garden area equal balloons are given to the nominated contestant. They have to protect their ballons and also to decrease other participants' balloons also at the same time. Whom has fewer ballons will be out of the game rest all can go to the next level. Later Sanjeev balloons are broken first so he is out of the game.

5th Immunity Task: There are rings kept on a pedestal. When the buzzer plays they wanna throw that ring in the stand. Who has fewer rings will be out of the game. Later Priyanka is out of the game.

6th Immunity Task: Bigg Boss will show some pictures to the Housemates and have to notice and answer the question. Later Pavni is out of the game with the least scores.

7th Immunity Task: Nominated housemates photo printed dice kept in the garden area. When buzzer plays they wanna roll it whose picture coming in front will be out of the game. Later Akshara is out of the game.

8th Immunity Task: In the first stage they wanna finish drinking one bottle of water which is kept on the pedestal. In the second stage, they wanna crawl under the next. In the third stage, they wanna solve the puzzle. In the last stage, they wanna jump inside the sack and drink the raw egg without spitting it out and pressing the bell to finish it. Later Raju is out of the game.

9th Immunity Task: There is cow dung filled in the tub and kept in the Activity area. They wanna collect the coins from the Cow dung. Whom collect fewer coins will be out of the game. Later Amir is out of the game.

10th Immunity Task: It's a card game whose getting x mark will be out of the game. Later Abhinay is out of the game and Thamarai win the immunity task and was exempted from the Week 10 nomination process.

11th Immunity Task: Last chance for contestants to save themselves from nomination task, 8 nominated housemates have to divide into two teams. Amir and Pavni, Raju and Sanjeev, Akshara and Varun, Abhinay and Priyanka are the pairs. In the activity area, there is two booths were kept there. Bigg Boss asks both of them to enter the booth and keeps the headset in their ears. Bigg Boss says to them that they can save themselves or their partner in it. If both show the same picture then they are saved. Priyanka chooses herself, Abhinay chooses himself, Amir chooses himself, Pavni chooses Amir, Akshara chooses Varun, Varun chooses Akshara, Raju chooses Sanjeev and Sanjeev choose himself. Later Amir and Sanjeev were saved and were exempted from the Week 10 nomination process.
|-
|Punishments
|rowspan="2" |None
|-
|House Captain
|-
|Safe contestants
|Raju, Priyanka, Pavni, Akshara, and Varun were saved from Week 11 Elimination Process on Day 76 & 77.
|-
|Exits
| Abhinay Vaddi was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 77 after receiving the fewest votes
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 12
| Guests Entrances
| Akshara Reddy: Mother and Brother, Ciby Bhuvana Chandran: Father and Wife, Niroop Nandakumar: Father and Friend Raju Jeyamohan Mother and Wife, Pavni Reddy: Mother, Sister and Niece, Varun Kamal: Mother and Brother, Priyanka Deshpande: Mother and Brother, Thamarai Selvi: Son and Husband, Sanjeev Venkat: Wife, Son and Daughter, Amir: Family.
|-
| Days
|Day 78–84
|-
|Twist
| None
|-
|Nominations
|Akshara, Ciby, Niroop, Pavni, Priyanka, and Varun were nominated for the Week 12 Eviction Process.
|-
|Captaincy Task
|Vitratheenga eppothume: All Housemates had to hold a long rope given by biggboss and has to hold without leaving the rope. Housemates leaving the rope will be disqualified from the captaincy task of this week.Later Thamarai won the task by holding the rope for 16 hours and becoming a captain of this week
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |Captaincy Task Results
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| Winner: Thamarai Selvi
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|Defeat: The other housemates
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
| Oru Kathai Sollatuma: Wildcards of the Bigg Boss House shared their past life, their sorrows, strengths, and how they achieved their dreams, with the other housemates. The other housemates have to paste a heart, like, or a dislike sticker if the housemate's story was relatable, inspirational, or non-inspirational.
Freeze or Release Task: Bigg boss will take full control over the task. He will instruct the housemates by using words like freeze, release, rewind, fast forward, sleep mode, and loop.
|-
|Punishments
| None
|-
|House Captain
|Thamarai Selvi was the Week 12 House Captain and was hence, exempted from the nomination process.
|-
|Safe contestants
| Priyanka, Pavni, Ciby, and Niroop were saved from Elimination Process on Day 83 & 84.
|-
|Exits
| Varun Kamal and Akshara Reddy were evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 84 after receiving the fewest votes
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 13
|Entrances
| None
|-
| Days
|Day 85–91
|-
|Twist
|Ticket to Finale announcement made. Just one housemate can make it to the Finale Week without facing a public vote for 2 weeks
|-
|Nominations
| Amir, Ciby, Niroop, Priyanka, Pavni, Sanjeev, Thamarai, and Raju were automatically nominated for the Week 13 Eviction Process.
Ciby, Niroop, Priyanka, Pavni, Sanjeev, Thamarai, and Rajuwere nominated for the Week 13 Eviction Process, after all the Ticket to Finale task.
|-
|Captaincy Task
| None
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
|Ticket to Finale tasks Contestants should compete in various challenges to earn the most points. The contestant who has the most points at the end of the week will automatically be saved until the Finale Week escaping public vote.

Ticket to finale Task 1: They wanna give one black rose to a person who doesn't deserve to go to finals. Later Housemates decides to give the black rose to Niroop, and he is out of Ticket to Finale.

Ticket to finale Task 2: They will give 10 eggs and a nest to the contestants equally. They wanna protect their egg as well as they wanna break others' eggs. Whom has less egg in their nest will be eliminated from this game. Later Pavni and Thamarai out of Ticket to Finale.

Ticket to finale Task 3: Housemates cut out kept in the garden. Bigg Boss will say some questions to them. They wanna an answer to it while throwing the given egg to the cutout. Whose cut out has more colors will be evicted from this race. Later Priyanka and Raju out of Ticket to Finale.

Ticket to finale Task 4: Housemates can also play in this task along with contestants. It's a Yes or No game. Housemates can able to raise their questions to the contestants. If contestants have the same answer as housemates they can take the first step forward. Who has fewer points will be out of the game. Later Sanjeev out of Ticket to Finale.

Ticket to finale Task 5: Two frames were kept for Amir and Cibi in the garden area. Two sacks of sand were tied in the rope with a borderline. They wanna stand on the wooden stage and hold the sack rope. The important rule is they might stand in one leg they shouldn't chance their legs. If that sack goes out of the borderline that person will be evicted. Later Ciby out of Ticket to Finale and Amir won Ticket to Finale.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FBF373;"|Ticket To Finale Winner : Amir
|-
|Punishments
| rowspan="2" |None
|-
|House Captain
|-
|Safe contestants
|Raju, Priyanka, Pavni, Niroop, Thamarai, and Ciby were saved from Week 13 Elimination Process on Day 90 & 91.
|-
|Exits
|Sanjeev Venkat was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 91 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 14
|Guests Entrances
| Sarathkumar Ramanathan entered the House to challenge the contestants with a box of cash prize on Day 93.
|-
| Days
|Days 92–98
|-
|Twist
| A housemate has the chance to take the money amount which starts off at 3 lakhs and increases to 12 lakhs.
|-
|Nominations
| Ciby, Niroop, Priyanka, Pavni, Thamarai, and Raju were automatically nominated for the Week 14 Eviction Process.
Niroop, Priyanka, Pavni, Thamarai, and Raju were nominated for the Week 14 Eviction Process, after the Cash Prize Eviction.
|-
|Captaincy Task
| None
|-
|Luxury Budget Task
| Bigg Boss reintroduces the Sacrifice-Dare task which originally started in Bigg Boss Season 1 and 2. Housemates will be given a dare and or a sacrifice which they must complete which will ensure their entrance to their Finale Week. 
1st Sacrifice: Onions, salt, and sugar for the whole week. This may help them gain a special offer and luxury budget. 
2nd Sacrifice: Housemates should give their favorite two sets of dresses to Orphanage. 
1st Dare: All nominated housemates have to take a bath with water that was mixed with cow dung.
|-
|Punishments
| None
|-
|House Captain
| None
|-
! rowspan="2" |Safe contestants
|Niroop was saved from the Week 14 Elimination Process on Day 97 after winning the Ticket To Finale.
|-
|Raju, Priyanka and Pavni were saved from the Week 14 Elimination Process on Days 97 & 98 and became the finalists of Bigg Boss 5 Tamil.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FBF373;"|Ticket To Finale Winners : Niroop, Raju, Priyanka, Pavni
|-
| style="background:#f66;" rowspan="2" |Exits
|Ciby Bhuvana Chandran walked out after taking 12 lakh worth of money from the BB suitcase on Day 95.
|-
|Thamarai Selvi was evicted from the Bigg Boss House on Day 98 after receiving the fewest votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
!rowspan="8" style="background:#FF4DB8;"| Week 15 Finale Week
| Days
|Days 98–105
|-
|rowspan="2"|Entrance ''(Housemates Reunion)''
|Nadia Chang, Suruthi Periyasamy, Ciby Bhuvana Chandran and Abhinay Vaddi entered the House as guests on Day 101.
|-
|Thamarai Selvi, Varun Kamal and Akshara Reddy entered the House as guests on Day 102
|-
| rowspan="4" |Happenings
| [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal Celebration]] on Day 103:
* Housemates celebrated the Pongal with wishing the audience by themselves.
* Bigg boss had arranged a task where housemates joined and played them with winning Pongal gifs.
|-
|Bigg Boss asked Housemates to share their journey, as all housemates came in front and talked about it on Day 103.
|-
|All housemates gave 10 poses to the photo at ''garden area'' and then they enjoyed with dancing for songs which was played at the moment. Except Finalists, remained housemates who came as ''guests'', left bb house after collecting gifts on Day 103.
|-
|At ''garden area'', each finalist was shown their bb journey by a video separately only towards them on Day 104.
|-
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|Finalists ||
During the final week the public vote for who they want to win Bigg Boss. The finalists for the title were as following: 
* Amir
* Niroop Nandhakumar
* Pavni Reddy
* Priyanka Deshpande
* Raju Jeyamohan
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:gold; text-align:center"|Grand Finale Day 105
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FF69B4"|4th Runner Up
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FF69B4"|Niroop Nandhakumar
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DDA0DD"|3rd Runner Up
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#DDA0DD"| Amir
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4;"|2nd Runner Up
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4;"|Pavni Reddy
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#D1E8EF";|1st Runner Up
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#D1E8EF";| Priyanka Deshpande
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#73FB76";|Winner
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#73FB76";| Raju Jeyamohan
|-
|}

==BB Prison==
Each week, housemates who did perform satisfactorily in the Luxury Budget Task, are sent to the ''Bigg Boss'' underground prison. The prison is devoid of any facilities except a bed and a water bucket.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
|-
! Week
! colspan="3" |In Prison
! Day(s)
|-
|1
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
|2
|-
|3
|style="background:cyan;" |Niroop
|style="background:pink;" |Priyanka
|style="background:pink;" |Suruthi
|Day 17
|-
|4
| colspan="4" rowspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
|5
|-
|6
|-
|7
|-
|8
|colspan="2" style="background:cyan;"|Amir
|style="background:cyan;" |Niroop
|Day 54
|-
|9
|colspan="2" style="background:cyan;"|Niroop
|style="background:pink;" | Pavni
|Day 61
|-
|10
| colspan="4" rowspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
|11
|-
| 12
|-
| 13
|-
| 14
|-
| 15
|-
|}

{{Color box|cyan|border=silver}} Male housemates
{{Color box|pink|border=silver}} Female housemates

== Guest appearance ==
=== Through virtual contact===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;text-align:center;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Guest(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Purpose of visit
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 3
! rowspan="1" | 19
! [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
! To promote their film ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]''
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 6
! rowspan="1" | 37
! [[Pavani Reddy|Pavni reddy's]] Family and Friends
! Pavni's birthday celebration
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 11
! rowspan="1" | 77
! [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[T. G. Thyagarajan]], [[Aswin Raam]] & [[Napoleon (actor)|Napolion]]
! To promote their film [[Anbarivu]]
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 12
! rowspan="1" | 81
! [[Varun Kamal]]'s Family, Friends, Iykki Berry, [[Imman Annachi]], Mathumitha Raghunathan, [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Dr. Ishari K. Ganesh]]
! Varun's birthday celebration
|-
!Week 12
!84
![[Ishari K. Ganesh|Dr. Ishari K. Ganesh]] along with [[Varun Kamal]]
!To Promote Their film [[Joshua Imai Pol Kaakha]]
|-
!Week 14
!98
!Family to stay; [[Imman Annachi]], Abishek Raaja, Akshara Reddy, [[Varun Kamal]], [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]] and Suruthi Periyasamy
!To stay their permentently
|-
|}

=== Physical appearances===

* Through glass house – T
* Direct entry – D * (Who entered directly to the BB house was quarantined before entering)

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;text-align:center;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Guest(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | T or D
! width="30%" style="background:#FF4DB8" | Purpose of visit
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 5
! rowspan="1" | 33
! Madurai Muthu, [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], Sridhar Sena, Manasi, super singer crew and Bala
!T
! [[Diwali | Diwali celebration]]
|-
! rowspan="10" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" | 79
! Akshara Reddy's Mother and Brother
! rowspan="10" |D
! rowspan="10" |As a part of the luxury budget task
|-
! [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]]'s Father and Wife
|-
! rowspan="2" | 80
! Niroop Nandakumar's Father and Friend, [[Yashika Aannand]]
|-
! [[Raju Jeyamohan]]'s Mother and Wife
|-
! rowspan="3" | 81
! [[Pavani Reddy|Pavni Reddy]]'s Mother, Sister and Niece
|-
! [[Varun Kamal]]'s Mother and Brother
|-
! [[Priyanka Deshpande]]'s Mother and Brother
|-
! rowspan="2" | 82
! Thamarai Selvi's Husband and Son
|-
! [[Sanjeev Venkat]]'s Wife, Son and Daughter
|-
!83
!Amir's Family
|-
! rowspan="1" | Week 14
! rowspan="1" | 93
! [[Sarathkumar]]
! rowspan="2" |T
! To challenge the contestants with a box of cash prize
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |Week 15
!Day 102
!Cast of TV shows; [[Senthoora Poove (TV series)|Senthoora Poove]] and [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]
!To carry out special tasks
|-
! style="text-align:center" | Day 101–104
!Nadia Chang, Suruthi Periyasamy, [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]] and [[Abhinay Vaddi]]
! rowspan="3" |D
! rowspan="2" | To spend the last few days with the rest of the contestants and celebrate [[Pongal (festival)]].
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Day 102–104
! Thamarai Selvi, [[Varun Kamal]] and Akshara Reddy
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Day 105
! [[Kamal Haasan]]
|'''To escort finalists [[Raju Jeyamohan]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and light off the bb house.'''
|}

==Nomination table==




<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
!rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
!colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
!colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
!colspan="4" style="width: 10%;"| {{nowrap|Week 15}}
|-
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 71
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 72
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 85
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 85
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 92
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 93
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 96
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 102
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 103
!style="width:5%" colspan="1"| Day 104
!colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700" | Day 105
|-style="background:#C2DFFF;"|
!Nominees for Captaincy
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|All Housemates
|Ciby Imman Isaivani Pavni Raju
|All Housemates
|Ciby Raju
|Abhinay Akshara Mathumitha Niroop Pavni Priyanka Varun
|Ciby Iykki Niroop Priyanka
|Abhinay Akshara Imman Raju Thamarai Varun
| Abishek Ciby Imman
|All Housemates
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|All Housemates
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-style="background:#cfc;"|
!rowspan="2" | House Captain
|rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|rowspan="2" |'''Thamarai'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Ciby'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Mathumitha'''
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |'''Ciby'''
|style="background:#58FAAC;" |'''Abhinay'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Priyanka'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Abhinay'''
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |'''Imman'''
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |'''Amir'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|rowspan="2" |'''Thamarai'''
| colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|'''Varun'''
|'''Isaivani'''
|'''Niroop'''
|'''Pavni'''
|-
!Captain's Nomination
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Chinnaponnu Mathumitha
|Priyanka Abishek
|Isaivani Iykki
|Thamarai Akshara
|Akshara Mathumitha Imman
|Iykki Imman Akshara
|Imman Thamarai
|Ciby Varun Imman
|Raju Thamarai Akshara
|colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Niroop Pavni Priyanka
| colspan="9" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|-
! colspan="24" style="background:#000;" |
|-
!{{nowrap|Power Medal}} {{nowrap|of the week}}
|colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:orange;" | ''Fire Medal''
| style="background:#D7Fd44;" | ''Earth Medal''
|style="background:pink;"| ''Sky Medal''
|style="background:deepskyblue;" | ''Water Medal''
| colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
|-
!{{nowrap|Owner of}} {{nowrap|Power Medal}}
|colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
| style="background:gold;" | ''Isaivani''
| style="background:gold;" | ''Niroop''
|style="background:gold;" | ''Pavni''
|style="background:gold;" | ''Varun''
| colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
|-
!{{nowrap|Power Medal}} {{nowrap|Destroyed}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
| style="background:#CF9FFF;" |''Air Medal''
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
|style="background:orange;" |''Fire Medal''
| colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''
|-
! colspan="24" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
!None
!colspan="3" | Evict
! Save
! colspan="6" | Evict
!Task
! colspan="2" |Evict
!Task
!Evict
!Cash Prize Eviction
! Evict
! colspan="5" | ''WIN''
|-
!Raju
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Abhinay Priyanka
|Chinnaponnu Pavni
|Pavni Abhinay
|Imman Niroop
|Niroop Priyanka Thamarai
|Pavni Abhinay Iykki
|Priyanka Iykki
|Pavni Abhinay Varun
|Abhinay Niroop Akshara
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #8 (Nominated)''}}
|Niroop Pavni Ciby
|style="background:#959FFD;" |Niroop Pavni
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #3 (Nominated)''}}
|style="background:#959FFD;" |Pavni (to evict) Ciby (to evict) Priyanka (to save) Niroop (to evict) Amir (to evict) Thamarai (to save)
|style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Cash Prize Eviction''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:gold;" |''Finalist (Nominated)''
|colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;"|'''''Winner''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Priyanka
|Akshara Iykki
|Chinnaponnu Suruthi
|Suruthi Chinnaponnu
|Mathumitha Isaivani
|Iykki Imman Raju
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Imman Akshara
|Imman Raju Akshara
|Akshara Thamarai Niroop
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #5 (Nominated)''}}
|Ciby Varun Sanjeev
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Sanjeev Niroop
| style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #3 (Nominated)''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Thamarai Niroop
| style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Cash Prize Eviction''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 102)}}
| style="background:gold;" |''Finalist''
(Nominated)
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;"|'''''{{nowrap|1st runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Pavni
|Niroop Ciby
|Akshara Abishek
|Niroop Akshara
|Suruthi Abhinay
|Thamarai Iykki Raju
|Iykki Thamarai Akshara
|Raju Thamarai
|Raju Akshara Thamarai
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #6 (Nominated)''}}
|Akshara Varun Ciby
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Niroop Thamarai
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #2 (Nominated)''}}
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Raju Ciby
|style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected''
''Cash Prize Eviction''
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:gold;" |''Finalist''
(Nominated)
|colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Amir
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Thamarai Akshara Abishek
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Imman Akshara Thamarai
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task 9th (Nominated)''}}
| Niroop Akshara Priyanka
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Sanjeev Pavni
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Won Ticket to Finale''
''(Finalist)''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Raju Thamarai
| style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected''
''Cash Prize Eviction''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:gold;" |''Finalist''
(Nominated)
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''''{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Niroop
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Abhinay Varun
|Akshara Thamarai
|Akshara Chinnaponnu
|Imman Priyanka
|Abhinay Raju Akshara
|Varun Ciby Akshara
|Thamarai Varun
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Sanjeev Ciby Amir
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Won Immunity Task #2 (Saved)''
| Varun Ciby Priyanka
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Ciby Raju
| style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #1 (Nominated)''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Ciby Thamarai
| style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected''
''Cash Prize Eviction''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:gold;" |''Finalist''
(Nominated)
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''''{{nowrap|4th runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Thamarai
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Pavni Abhinay
|Imman Ciby
|Raju Iykki
|Abhinay Pavni Imman
|Pavni Isaivani Ciby
|Priyanka Pavni
|Priyanka Pavni Ciby
|Priyanka Abhinay Imman
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:#FBF373;" |''Won Immunity Task #10 (Saved)''
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Pavni Niroop
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #2 (Nominated)''}}
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Priyanka Niroop
|style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected''
''Cash Prize Eviction''
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|colspan="5" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
!Ciby
|Imman Isaivani
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House'' ''Captain''
|Isaivani Suruthi
|style="background:#58FAAC;" |Mathumitha Imman
|Varun Akshara Abhinay
|Iykki Akshara Niroop
|Niroop Iykki
|Thamarai Akshara Abishek
|Niroop Varun Imman
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:#FBF373;" |''Won Immunity Task #1 (Saved)''
|Akshara Pavni Niroop
|style="background:#959FFD;"| Niroop Amir
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #5 (Nominated)''}}
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Niroop Raju
|style="background:lightgreen;" |''Accepted Cash Prize Eviction''
(₹12,00,000)
| colspan="6" style="background:#FF6347" |{{nowrap|''Evicted with ₹12L'' (Day 95)}}
|-
!Sanjeev
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
|style="background:#FBF373;" |Pavni Priyanka Raju
|Niroop Abhinay Imman
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #4 (Nominated)''}}
|Ciby Priyanka Pavni
|style="background:#959FFD;"| Priyanka Amir
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Ticket to finale Task #4 (Nominated)''}}
| colspan="8" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
!Varun
|rowspan="13" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Isaivani Chinnaponnu
|Niroop Abishek
|Chinnaponnu Abhinay
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Pavni Abhinay Ciby
|Niroop Pavni Isaivani
|Niroop Priyanka
|Abhinay Pavni Ciby
|Amir Niroop Abhinay
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #3 (Nominated)''}}
|Priyanka Niroop Amir
| colspan="10" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
!Akshara
|Isaivani Suruthi
|Abishek Pavni
|Pavni Priyanka
|Thamarai Iykki
|Ciby Imman Pavni
|Ciby Imman Niroop
|Priyanka Niroop
|Ciby Priyanka Abishek
|Priyanka Amir Ciby
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #7 (Nominated)''}}
|Priyanka Pavni Amir
| colspan="10" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
!Abhinay
|Isaivani Raju
|Isaivani Thamarai
|Chinnaponnu Thamarai
|Priyanka Raju
|style="background:#58FAAC;" |Imman Ciby Raju
|Imman Niroop Iykki
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Imman Raju Varun
|Raju Amir Imman
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white |''Lost Immunity Task #10 (Nominated)''}}
| colspan="11" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Imman
|Abhinay Ciby
|Isaivani Pavni
|Chinnaponnu Isaivani
|Raju Niroop
|Priyanka Akshara Mathumitha
|Abhinay Pavni Thamarai
|Priyanka Pavni
|style="background:#58FAAC;" |Abishek Priyanka Pavni
|Abhinay Amir Ciby
| colspan="13" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
!Abishek
|Nadia Akshara
|Akshara Chinnaponnu
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|style="background:#FBF373;" |Imman Thamarai
|Varun Imman Akshara
| colspan="14" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Iykki
|Abishek Niroop
|Priyanka Abishek
|Pavni Suruthi
|Thamarai Imman
|Pavni Mathumitha Ciby
|Pavni Isaivani Ciby
|Ciby Pavni
| colspan="15" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
!Isaivani
|Chinnaponnu Imman
|Abhinay Priyanka
|Akshara Imman
|Thamarai Suruthi
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Thamarai Iykki Imman
| colspan="16" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
!Mathumitha
|Isaivani Niroop
|Thamarai Iykki
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Priyanka Pavni
|Akshara Varun Raju
| colspan="17" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
!Suruthi
|Akshara Niroop
|Imman Iykki
|Akshara Varun
|Thamarai Isaivani
| colspan="18" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
!Chinnaponnu
|Isaivani Imman
|Abishek Pavni
|Priyanka Varun
| colspan="19" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
!Nadia
|Niroop Imman
| colspan="21" style="background:#FF8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
!Namitha
| colspan="22" style="background:#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 6)
|-
| colspan="26" style="background:#000;" |
|-
|-style="background:#B2FFFF"|
!Against Public Vote
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Abhinay Abishek Akshara Chinnaponnu Ciby Imman Iykki Isaivani Mathumitha Nadia Niroop Priyanka Raju Suruthi Varun
|Abhinay Abishek Akshara Chinnaponnu Iykki Isaivani Pavni Priyanka Thamarai
|Abhinay Akshara Chinnaponnu Imman Isaivani Pavni Priyanka Suruthi Varun
|Abhinay Akshara Ciby Isaivani Iykki Mathumitha Niroop Pavni Suruthi
|Abhinay Akshara Ciby Imman Mathumitha Pavni Raju
|Abhinay Akshara Ciby Imman Isaivani Iykki Niroop Pavni Thamarai
|Imman Iykki Niroop Pavni Priyanka Thamarai
|Abhinay Abishek Akshara Ciby Imman Pavni Priyanka Raju Thamarai Varun
|Abhinay Akshara Amir Ciby Imman Niroop Thamarai
|colspan="2" |Abhinay Akshara <s>Amir</s> <s>Ciby</s> <s>Niroop</s> Pavni Priyanka Raju <s>Sanjeev</s> <s>Thamarai</s> Varun
|Akshara Ciby Niroop Pavni Priyanka Varun
|colspan="2" |<s>Amir</s> Ciby Niroop Pavni Priyanka Raju Sanjeev Thamarai
|colspan="2" |Ciby Niroop Pavni Priyanka Raju Thamarai
|<s>Niroop</s> Pavni Priyanka Raju Thamarai
|colspan="4" |'''Amir Niroop Pavni Priyanka Raju'''
|-
|- style="background:#DAFF99" |
! Re-entered
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|'''Abishek'''
| colspan="18" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|- style="background:#fcf" |
!Walked
|'''Namitha'''
| colspan="19" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-style="background:#fad1d0;" |
!BB prison permanently closed
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|Niroop Priyanka Suruthi
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|Amir Niroop
|Niroop Pavni
| colspan="17" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
|-style="background:#fad1d0;" |
!Punishment
|colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|Abhinay Mathumitha Pavni Varun
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|Raju Imman
| colspan="17" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Evicted
|style="background:#E5E5E5" rowspan=2|''No Eviction''
|style="background:#FF8072" rowspan=2 |'''Nadia'''
|style="background:#FF8072" rowspan=2|'''Abishek'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Chinnaponnu'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Suruthi'''
|rowspan=2 style="background:#FF8072"| '''Mathumitha'''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Isaivani'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Iykki'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Abishek'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Imman'''
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Abhinay'''
|colspan="2" style="background:#FF8072"|'''Akshara'''
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072"|'''Sanjeev'''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FF6347" rowspan=2|'''Ciby'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Thamarai'''
|style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" | '''Niroop'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''Amir'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |'''Pavni'''
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#FF8072"|'''Varun '''
|colspan="3" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |'''Priyanka'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |'''Raju'''
|}
</blockquote>

==Notes==
:{{color box|#959FFD|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
:{{color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates the housemate was immuned from nominations.
:{{Color box|#C2DFFF|border=silver}} indicates the nominees for the House Captaincy.
:{{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} indicates the House Captain.
:{{Color box|#58FAAC|border=silver}} indicates the Former House Captain. (House Captain would have been stripped of the captaincy i.e., evicted/ejected/walked out after being nominated as the Captain)
: {{Color box|#edfa58|border=silver}} indicates the Trending Player.
: {{color box|beige|border=silver}} indicates a new wildcard contestant.
: {{color box|#B2FFFF|border=silver}} indicates the contestant is nominated.
:{{Color box|#DAFF99|border=silver}} indicates that the contestant has re-entered the house.
:{{Color box|#fcf|border=silver}} indicates that the contestant walked out of the Bigg Boss house on their own.
: {{color box|#FFE08B|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.
: {{color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#FF6347|border=silver}} indicates the housemate evicted themselve after accepting a cash prize eviction .
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner.
: {{color box|#ADD8E6|border=silver}} indicates the first runner-up.
: {{color box|#7FFFD4|border=silver}} indicates the second runner-up.
: {{color box|#DDA0DD|border=silver}} indicates the third runner-up.
: {{color box|#FF69B4|border=silver}} indicates the fourth runner-up.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb episodes|7084920}}

{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 5]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

India ... Who Lit the Fuse?

2026-01-07T21:34:45Z

MarkObd354: made a post

{{Short description|Qatari TV documentary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Documentary]]
| director =
| producer = [[Jamie Doran]]
| writer =
| presenter =
| starring =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = [[Qatar]]
| language = English
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| location = India
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Clover Films]]
| budget =
| network = [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
}}

'''''India … Who Lit the Fuse?''''' is a documentary produced by Clover Films for [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s Point Blank investigation series.

== Background ==
The documentary investigates the activities of Hindu nationalist groups like the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), which is closely associated with India's ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). It portrays the alleged challenges faced by India's Muslim minority in light of hate speeches and attacks by [[Hindutva]] leaders.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/india-court-bars-airing-of-al-jazeera-documentary | title=India court bars airing of al Jazeera documentary }}</ref>

However, an Indian court has issued an order preventing [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] from broadcasting this documentary. The [[Allahabad High Court]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state has prohibited [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] from airing the documentary, citing concerns that it could have negative consequences.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/16/indian-court-halts-airing-of-documentary-on-muslim-minority | title=Indian court halts airing of documentary on Muslim minority | newspaper=The Guardian | date=16 June 2023 | last1=Dhillon | first1=Amrit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/law/allahabad-high-court-al-jazeera-documentary-muslims-evil-consequences | title=Allahabad HC 'Restrains' al Jazeera from Airing Docu on India's Muslims for Fear of 'Evil Consequences' }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_w5ZJbg_xc استقصائي الجزيرة - المسافة صفر - الهند.. من أشعل الفتيل؟] – Full documentary in Arabic on the official YouTube channel of Al Jazeera Arabic

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Al Jazeera]]
[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]

{{documentary-tv-prog-stub}}

1973 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:20:40Z

MarkObd354:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1973 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|1973 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team1association = {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang City]]
| team2association = {{flagicon|DPRK|size=30px}}
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 27 September 1973
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = T. N. Lao (Delhi)
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1972
| next = [[1974 IFA Shield final|1974]]
}}

The '''1973 IFA Shield final''' was the 77th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang City]] of [[North Korea|DPR Korea]] on 27 September 1973 at the [[East Bengal Ground]] in Kolkata.

East Bengal won the final 3–1 to claim their 12th IFA Shield title. Mohammed Akbar scored twice while [[Subhash Bhowmick]] scored the other goal for East Bengal in the final as they lifted their twelfth IFA Shield title.<ref name=rsssf>{{Cite web|first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=10 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India – List of IFA Shield Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=30 November 2022}}</ref>

== Match ==
=== Summary ===
The IFA Shield final began at the [[East Bengal Ground]] in Kolkata on 27 September 1973 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]], the defending champions faced [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang City]] of [[North Korea|DPR Korea]]. East Bengal had previously won the tournament eleven times and reached the finals defeating [[Selangor F.C.|Selangor]] of [[Malaysia]] 3–0 in the semi-finals.

East Bengal dominated the proceedings from the beginning and took an early lead in the fifth minute when [[Subhash Bhowmick]] took a free-kick which when fisted by the Pyongyang custodian, fell onto the feet of Mohammed Akbar who scored from close range to make it 1–0. Subhash Bhowmick once again found himself new the Pyongyang box in the tenth minute and he dribbled past three defenders to score the second as East Bengal took a 2–0 lead within ten minutes. The North Korean team tried to make a comeback and reduced the margin the seventy-second minute as their forward Gun Chang-Gap scored to make it 2–1 but it was Mohammed Akbar again just a few minutes later, with a powerful grounded effort scored for East Bengal and made it 3–1 as East Bengal held onto the lead until fulltime and successfully defended their IFA Shield title and lifted the Shield for the twelfth time.<ref name=rsssf /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane – East Bengal's 'Golden era' of 1970s|work=Goal|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Deeparnab|last=Rakshit|date=13 November 2020|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-vs-pong-yong-city-club-ifa-shield-final-1973/|title=East Bengal Vs Pong Yong City Club, IFA Shield Final 1973|work=East Bengal the Real Power|accessdate=30 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Rahul |last=Sadhu |date=23 January 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/subhas-bhowmick-tributes-man-of-football-style-substance-7736897/ |title=Subhas Bhowmick: 'A man of football style and substance' |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=30 November 2022}}</ref>

=== Details ===
{{footballbox
|date=27 September 1973
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|DPRK}} [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang City]]
|score= 3–1
|goals1=* Mohammed Akbar {{goal|5||75}}
* [[Subhash Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|10}}
|goals2=* Gun Chang-Gap {{goal|72}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=30,000 (est.)
|referee=T. N. Lao (Delhi)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Pyongyang
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Banerjee
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashokelal Banerjee
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Majumdar
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Sengupta ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Akbar
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Lee Jong-Seong
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Ji Jong-Hi || {{suboff|}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Un Chi-Yong
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Kim Goang-Ho
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Hwang Sang-Jim
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Kim Giong-Mukh
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Kim Pi-Dok
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Hang Un-Sang || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Choi Goang-Nam ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Gun Chang-Gap
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Miyong Dong-Chang
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} So On-Heok || {{subon|}}
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|PRK}} Jong Man-Sap || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{sort dash}}
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw
|}

== See also ==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{IFA Shield}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:1973–74 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]

S. Sowmya

2025-12-17T17:39:53Z

MarkObd354: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian vocalist (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Like resume|date=July 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Sowmya Srinivasan
|background = solo_vocalist
|image = S Sowmya (8624176169).jpg
|image_size =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|4|16}}
|origin =[[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|occupation = Carnatic vocalist
|genre = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic music - Indian Classical Music]]
}}
[[File:Accompanying Sowmya.jpg|thumb|S Sowmya sings at Nishagandhi Music Festival, Trivandrum in 2019. Nagai R Sriram on Violin, [[Erickavu N. Sunil]] on Mridangam, Vellattanjoor Sreejith on Ghatom, and Payyannur Govindaprasad on Morsing]]

'''S. Sowmya''' (born 16 April 1969) is a [[Carnatic music]] [[vocalist]]. She learnt music initially from her father Srinivasan, and later from [[S. Ramanathan (musician)|S. Ramanathan]] and Smt.[[T. Muktha]].<ref>[http://sowmya.org Sowmya's Website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sowmya.org/blog |title=Sowmya's Blog & Concert Schedule |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307194720/http://sowmya.org/blog/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=3767|title=World Music Central Profile|access-date=27 November 2007|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105603/http://worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=3767|url-status=dead}}</ref> She received the [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] title by Madras Music Academy in 2019 and the Isai Perarignar by the Tamil Isai Sangam in 2022. She was appointed by the Govt of Tamil Nadu as Vice Chancellor of the Tamil Nadu Dr J Jayalalithaa Music & Fine Arts University on April 8, 2022, for a period of three years.

== Alma mater ==
Soumya has been awarded a Ph.D. from the [[University of Madras]] for her research on the physical characteristics of the [[mridangam]]. She holds a Master's degree in both Chemistry and Indian Music. She was recognized as a top-ranked scholar at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] and the University of Madras.<ref name="Vidushi S. Soumya">{{cite web |url=http://sowmya.org/ |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

== Musical career ==
Sowmya made her concert debut at the age of 11 at the samadhi of [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]], in Nerur. In 1986, she had her first performance at the Madras Music Academy, aged just 17 and thereafter performed every year for 35 years. She has performed in all major [[Sabhā|sabhas]] all over India and has presented her concerts in the United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, [[United Arab Emirates]], Germany, France, Singapore, [[Malaysia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Belgium]], [[New Zealand]], [[Tanzania]], [[Sri Lanka]], and various other destinations throughout the world. She made her film debut as an actress in the movie ''Vaanavil Vaazhkai'',<ref name="NIE23Dec14">{{cite news|title=Singer Sowmya makes her acting debut – The Times of India|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=23 December 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Singer-Sowmya-makes-her-acting-debut/articleshow/45603611.cms|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> which was released on 13 February 2015. Sowmya has appeared as a guest judge in several episodes of [[Vijay TV]]'s musical reality-talent shows, including seasons 2, 3, and 4 of ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'', and seasons 2, 3, and 4 of ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior]]''. She was a permanent judge in seasons 1 and 2 of [[Raj Network|Raj TV]]'s Carnatic music reality-talent show, ''[[Tanishq Swarna Sangeetham]]''. Sowmya was also a permanent judge in seasons 1 and 2 of [[Jaya TV]]'s Carnatic music reality-talent show, "Carnatic Music Idol".

In 1998, Sowmya co-founded Carnatica - an institution dedicated to classical music & dance instruction, archival, talent search and other related activities. She also co-authored the first comprehensive reference CD-ROM on Carnatic music, Nadanubhava. <ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/09cd.htm| title = The Rediff On The NeT Special: And now a CD-ROM on Carnatic music!}} </ref> She is a visiting professor at the Advanced School of Carnatic Music of the Music Academy Madras. She has served as a member of the academic council of the Tamil Nadu Music & Fine Arts University and a member of the Governing Body of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official|url=http://sowmya.org}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sowmya, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Manoj Bishwas

2025-12-14T15:14:27Z

MarkObd354: entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Bishwas
| image =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Forbesganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Forbesganj]]
| predecessor = [[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| caption =
}}
'''Manoj Bishwas''' is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Forbesganj Assembly constituency]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bishwas , FORBESGANJ candidate Bihar Election bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Bihar2025/manoj-bishwas-1667/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bishwas, FORBESGANJ INC Election Results 2025: Manoj Bishwas Vidhan Sabha Chunav Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Income News in Hindi, मनोज विश्वास फारबिसगंज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/bihar/candidate-manoj-bishwas-3620 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Forbesganj Election Result 2025 Live: INC's Manoj Bishwas defeats BJP's Vidya Sagar Keshari with 221 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/forbesganj-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818995-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishwas, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Jogendra Naik

2025-11-30T09:10:04Z

MarkObd354: made a info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2000
| predecessor = Chhotaray Majhi
| successor = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| constituency = [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1985
| predecessor1 = Kumar Majhi
| successor1 = Chhotaray Majhi
| constituency1 = [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1947|05|11}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2006|01|08|1947|05|11}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Manoj Manjari Devi
| children = 1 son, 1 daughter
| father = Daitari Naik
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=183
}}'''Jogendra Naik''' was an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] who had served as MLA of [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency]] twice - [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]] & [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]. He was elected to [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency]] on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket in [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogendra Naik, Keonjhar Assembly Election 1980 – Latest News & Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/1980/keonjhar/jogendra-naik/ |access-date= |website=LatestLY |language=}}</ref> and on a [[BJP]] ticket in [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Jogendra Naik, Keonjhar Assembly Election 1995 – Latest News & Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/1995/keonjhar/jogendra-naik/ |access-date= |website=LatestLY |language=}}</ref> Naik was denied a ticket in [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] in favor of [[Mohan Charan Majhi]], the incumbent [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi’s incredible political journey from sarpanch to Odisha CM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/12/mohan-charan-majhis-incredible-political-journey-from-sarpanch-to-odisha-cm |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Jogendra}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]

Mohinder Pratap Chand

2025-10-16T17:08:33Z

MarkObd354: done.

{{Short description|Indian scholar (1935–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Mohinder Pratap Chand
|image = MPCHAND.jpg
|caption =
|image_size =
|birth_name = Mohinder Pratap Narang
| birth_date = 1 August 1935
|death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|19|1935|8|1|df=y}}
|occupation = [[Urdu]] poet, librarian
|years_active =
|website =
}}

'''Mohinder Pratap Chand''' (1 August 1935 – 19 October 2020) was an [[Urdu]] writer and poet of [[India]] who promoted Urdu language and literature in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techforftcp.com/2020/10/renowned-urdu-poet-mohinder-pratap-chand-passes-away-haryana-chief-urdu-poet-mahendra-pratap-chand-passed-away-chief-minister-manohar-lal-expressed-grief.html|title=Renowned Poet Mohinder Pratap Chand Passes Away|date=22 October 2020|website=techforftcp.com|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
In [[Kurukshetra University]] (India), he initiated the Bazm-e-Adab (a literary body) and introduced the study of Urdu in the University Curriculum where he taught Urdu as Teacher In-charge for 26 years. He was the author of over one dozen Urdu and Hindi books, both in poetry and prose, including children's literature in Urdu.{{Citation needed|date= January 2022}}

== Publications ==
* ''Harf-e-Raaz'', ''Harf-e-Aashna'' and ''Aazar-e-Gham-e-Ishq'' (Anthologies of Urdu poems)
* ''Zakhm Aarzoo-on ke'' (Anthology of Urdu poems in Devnagri script)
* ''Urdu Text Book'' (Prescribed since 1986 in the school curriculum of 7th grade students of the Haryana state, India)
* ''ali Panipati ki Ghazlen'' (Devnagri script), Ed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040723132742/http://haryanaurdu.nic.in/publication2.htm]
* ''Laava'' (A long Urdu poem by Qais Jalandhari'), Ed. [http://ciillibrary.org:8000/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&search=KEYWORD&function=INITREQ&SourceScreen=INITREQ&sessionid=2008030209400628744&skin=default&conf=.%2fchameleon.conf&lng=en&itemu1=4&scant1=Laasika%20Prabodh%20Narayan%20Singh&scanu1=4&u1=4&t1=%01835464&pos=1&prevpos=1&]
* ''Colon Classification: a programmed text'' (2 Editions in English and one in Hindi) – English [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813055407/http://catalog.library.ksu.edu.sa/digital/238906.html]; – Hindi [http://www.flipkart.com/books/Dwibhind-Varghikaran/Mohinder-Pratap-Chand/8180480178/6V23F9DSKK.html]
* ''Desh Videsh Ki Kahaniyan'' (in Hindi), ''Doodh Ka Mulaya'' (in Hindi), ''Doodh ki Qimat'' (in Urdu) – Folktales of the world;
* 'Ujalon Ke Safeer' (a collection of research and critical articles)

==Awards and honors==

– Honored by 'Adabi Sangam' (Kurukshetra, 1986) and 'Akhil Bharti Tarun Sangam' (Kurukshetra, 1997) for his overall contribution to Urdu and [[Hindi literature]].

– Conferred with the prestigious 'SMH Burney Award' by Haryana Urdu Akademi (1995) for his overall contribution to the promotion of Urdu language and literature

– Honored with 'Naseem-e-Layyah Award' (2004) by the International Bazm-e-Ilm-o-fun, Layyah, Pakistan, for his contribution to Urdu Language and learning

– Conferred with 'Khwaja [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] Award' (2006) by the Haryana Waqf Board for promoting the cause of Urdu in the state of Haryana

– Honored with the Title of 'Mahtab-e-Sukhan' (2006) by [[Navrang]] Adabi Idara, Ludhiana, Punjab

– Conferred with the 'Bharat Excellence Award' for the year 2009 by the Friendship Forum of India, New Delhi, for his overall contribution to the fields of Education and Literature.

– Conferred with 'Abr Seemabi Award' for the year 2010, by Sahitya Sabha, Kaithal, Haryana, India, for his overall achievements in Urdu Language and Literature.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Biodata and 10 Ghazals [http://paigaam.tripod.com/html/M1001.HTM]
* News Article about diversities in Urdu [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/book8.htm]
* News Article about Indo-Pak poets celebrate togetherness [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041004/cth2.htm]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Mohinder Pratap}}
[[Category:Indian male poets|Chand, Mohinder Pratap]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University]]
[[Category:People from Layyah District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Kuzhanthai Velappar temple

2025-08-25T15:00:01Z

MarkObd354: made new location

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Single source|date=March 2025}}
{{Original research|date=March 2025}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_type_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|15|23|N|77|24|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Poombarai Kodaikanal Temple
| tamil =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Dindigul]]
| locale = [[Kodaikanal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{URL|www.poombaraimurugan.org}}
}}

'''Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple''' is a Hindu temple in the village of [[Poombarai]] near [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Dindigul]].

Around 10 to 12 centuries after returning from China, [[Bogar]] completed the Palani Andavar statue. He built one more Navabasanam Statue at the midpoint of the Palani and Poombari Western gates. Nowadays, its location is referred to as the Yanai Gejam (Bogar Forest), as per inscriptions in the temple which temple has built by king of the [[Chera dynasty]].

==Legend==

=== Poombarai Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple ===
Kulanthai Velappar temple is situated in the village of [[Poombarai]] near [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Dindigul]]. There is a song/poem (Poombarai Velan) by Sage [[Arunagirinathar|Arunagiri Nathar]]. It was Murugan who saved Arunagiri Nathar from a demon by taking the form of a child. Hence the main deity of this temple is called Kuzhanthai Velappar. The temple was built by a Chera King as per the inscription. After completing the Palani Andavar statue, Bogar built one more ''navabasanam'' (amalgam of nine poisons) idol at this place between Palani and Poombarai. This place is also called as Yanai Gejam (Bogar kadu).

There are also some people who believe this idol is made up of ''dasaphasanam'' (amalgam of ten poisons). A shrine to Sithar Bogar is present in the southwestern corridor of the temple.

==History==
The idol of [[Muruga]] in Poombarai, was created and consecrated by sage Bogar, one of the eighteen great ''[[Siddhar|siddhas]]'' out of an amalgam of nine poisons or ''navapashanam''. The legend also holds that the sculptor had to work very rapidly to complete its features, but that he spent so much time in creating the face, he did not have time to bestow but a rough grace upon the rest of the body, thus explaining the contrast between the artistic perfection of the face and the slightly less accomplished work upon the body. A shrine to Bogar exists in the southwestern corridor of the temple, which, by legend, is said to be connected by a tunnel to a cave in the heart of the hill, where Bogar continues to meditate and maintain his vigil, with eight idols of Muruga.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=19–20}}</ref>

The deity, after centuries of worship, fell into neglect and was engulfed by the forest. One night, Perumal a king of the [[Chera Dynasty]], who controlled the area between the second and fifth centuries A.D., wandered from his hunting party and was forced to take refuge at the foot of the hill. It so befell, that Murugan, appeared to him in a dream, and ordered him to restore the idol to its former state. The king commenced a search for the idol, and finding it, constructed the temple that now houses it, and re-instituted its worship.

==Architecture==

The idol of the deity is said to be made of an amalgam of nine poisonous substances which forms an eternal medicine when mixed in a certain ratio. It is placed upon a pedestal of stone, with an archway framing it and represents the god Kuzhanthai Velappar in the form he assumed at Poombarai - that of a very young recluse, shorn of his locks and all his finery.

The temple is built in a typical South India temple architectural style. There is no tower. The sanctum sanctorum faces towards the east direction. The main idol, Kulandai Velappan is present in the standing posture in the sanctum sanctorum. His mount ([[Vahana|vahanam]]) peacock is found near the Bali ''peetham'' and flag staff facing towards the main shrine.

There is a sub-shrine where the metal Utsava idols of Ganesha and Subramanya with his consorts are placed. It is found near the sanctum sanctorum.

The wall around the main shrine has [[Nataraja]] and [[Dattatreya]] as the Koshta idols. It is very rare to find Nataraja and Dattatreya in the form of carvings as the Koshta idols. Moreover, it is also rare to find the carving or idol of Dattatreya. The temple also houses many sub-shrines of various deities such as Shiva Linga, Ganesha, Navagraha, Bhairava, Idumban, Dakshinamurti and Nagas.

The ''sanctum'' of the temple is of early [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] architecture.

==Religious practices==

One of the main traditions of the temple, is the [[tonsure|tonsuring]] of devotees, who vow to discard their hair in imitation of the Lord of Poombarai. Another is the [[anointing]] of the head of the presiding deity's idol with sandalwood paste, at night, prior to the temple being closed for the day. The paste, upon being allowed to stay overnight, is said to acquire medicinal properties, and is much sought after and distributed to devotees, as ''rakkāla chandaṇam''.

==Festivals and religious practises==
Every year, Poombarai celebrates Ther Thiruvizha (car festival) for Lord Muruga. It falls on Kettai ''[[nakshatra]]'' which comes after Thai Poosam. Normally it comes in Thai or Maasi month.

==Religious importance==
There is a song-poem (Poombarai Velan) by Arunagirinathar who lived during the 15th century. While visiting this temple this god (Murugan) had saved Arunagirinathar from a devil by acting as a baby (Kulanthai). As a result of this incident only Poombarai Murugan has been called as Kuzhanthai Velappar. Also, some others trust that this idol is made up of ''dasaphasanam'' which is ten different herbals. It is also said that this ''abhishegam'' cures a lot of diseases like cancer and sugar (diabetes). More scientifically, 'Siddhar' lived around western-gates so this temple location is also the middle of western-gates only so we can confirm the stories of Bogar idols.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of India - Myths and legends|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|isbn=978-81-230-1661-0|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=2011|editor=S. Manjula|ref=Bhoothalingam}}
* {{cite book|title=Tamil traditions on Subramanya - Murugan|last=Zvelebil|edition=1st|first=Kamil V.|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Chennai, India|ref=Kamil}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palanimurugantemple.org/ Official website of Arulmigu Dandayudhapani Swami Devasthanam, Palani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611044901/http://www.palanimurugantemple.org/ |date=11 June 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205135606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/10/stories/2006031016140100.htm Temple legends]

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Indian cricket team in England in 2026

2025-08-20T10:49:41Z

MarkObd354:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|India women's cricket team in England in 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in England in 2026
| team1_image = Flag of England.svg
| team1_name = England
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 1
| to_date = 19 July 2026
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won =
| team2_ODIs_won =
| team1_ODIs_most_runs =
| team2_ODIs_most_runs =
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets =
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets =
| player_of_ODI_series =
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won =
| team2_twenty20s_won =
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] is scheduled to tour England in July 2026 to play the [[England cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/england-unveil-blockbuster-schedule-for-summer-of-2026 |title=England unveil blockbuster schedule for summer of 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135107/india-to-tour-england-again-in-2026-for-white-ball-series |title=India to tour England again in 2026 for white-ball series |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref> The tour will consist of three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13401037/england-to-host-five-countries-in-blockbuster-2026-summer-of-international-cricket |title=England to host five countries in blockbuster 2026 summer of international cricket |work=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=24 July 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> In July 2025, the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2026 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4320034/england-cricket-fixtures-for-2026-international-summer-announced |title=England Cricket fixtures for 2026 international summer announced |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref>

== T20I series ==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 July 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496574.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Riverside Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 July 2026
| time = 14:30
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496575.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 July 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496576.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 July 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496577.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 July 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496578.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== ODI series ==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 July 2026
| time = 13:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496579.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 July 2026
| time = 13:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496580.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 July 2026
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496581.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2026-1496488 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of England}}
{{International cricket in 2026}}

[[Category:2026 in English cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England]]

David Elias Ezra

2025-08-19T20:20:56Z

MarkObd354: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian banker of Baghdadi Jewish origin (1871-1947)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Sir David Elias Ezra.jpg|thumbnail|Sir David Elias Ezra]]
'''Sir David Elias Ezra''' (1871-1947) (or simply '''Sir David Ezra''') was a prominent member of the [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] community in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], India. Ezra was a property owner and a director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2017 |title=All that is left of the Jewish community in Kolkata: Two synagogues, a cemetery, two schools & a bakery |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/all-that-is-left-of-the-jewish-community-in-kolkata-two-synagogues-a-cemetery-two-schools-a-bakery/articleshow/62214357.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imber |first=Elizabeth E. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Uncertain_Empire/UO1GEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Uncertain Empire: Jews, Nationalism, and the Fate of British Imperialism |date= |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-5036-4245-4 |location=Stanford |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite book |last=Roland |first=Joan G. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Baghdadi_Jews_in_India/05mfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity |date= |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-53387-7 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shalva |location=Oxfordshire |language=en |chapter=Negotiating identity in a changing world: From British colonialism to Indian independence}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
David Elias Ezra was born in 1871,<ref name=jwa>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baghdadi-jewish-women-in-india Baghdadi Jewish Women in India.] Joan G. Roland and Tamar Marge Gubbay, Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</ref> the son of [[Elias David Ezra]] and the grandson of [[David Joseph Ezra]]. He married [[Rachel Sassoon Ezra|Rachel Sassoon]], daughter of [[Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894)|Solomon David Sassoon]].<ref>[http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sassoon-flora Jewish Women's Archive: Flora Sassoon]</ref> Ezra owned various properties in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], including the [[Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata|Esplanade Mansions]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |last2=Ray |first2=Saikat |date=4 November 2024 |title=Kolkata's 237-year-old building has survived earthquakes and cyclones, can stand for 100 more years: Expert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-237-year-old-building-has-survived-earthquakes-and-cyclones-can-stand-for-100-more-years-expert/articleshow/114930463.cms |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Jews of Kolkata: A slice of history |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jews-of-kolkata-a-slice-of-history-1054020.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Positions and honors==
Ezra was [[Sheriff of Kolkata|Sheriff of Calcutta]] and a director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>[http://www.dangoor.com/issue76/articles/76060.htm Prominent Iraqi Jews of recent times.] Meer Basri, ''The Scribe'', Issue 76, Spring 2003. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</ref> He was president of the Jewish Relief Association<ref name="Roland">{{cite book|author=Roland, Joan G.|title=The Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHJccZ92IecC&pg=PA177|edition=2nd|year=1998|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-1-4128-3748-4|pages=177–178}}</ref> and of [[The Asiatic Society]].<ref>[http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/imp_mem_com/david_j_ezra David Joseph Ezra.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230410/http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/imp_mem_com/david_j_ezra |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Recalling Jewish Calcutta: Memories of the Jewish community in Calcutta''. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</ref> Ezra was knighted by [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] [[George V]] in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE KAISAR-I-HIND GOLD MEDAL, AWARDED TO LADY RACHEL EZRA (NÉE SASSOON) IN 1947 {{!}} SASSOON: A Golden Legacy {{!}} 2020 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/buy/b1468a94-8da0-4182-8241-1875e94bd01d/lots/52f385a7-4d15-437c-bc90-5f99fe277bfc |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Sotheby's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=I.S. |title=The Origin and History of the Calcutta Jews |url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461583/2015.461583.The-Origin_text.pdf |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=N. S. Levi |page=68 |format=PDF |publication-place=Bombay}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Jewish Cemetery beside Narkeldanga Main Road in Kolkata 20.jpg|thumb|right|Grave in Kolkata]]
Ezra died in 1947.<ref name=jwa/>

==See also==
*[[History of the Jews in Kolkata]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezra, David}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Ezra family (Calcutta)|David]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Bankers from British India]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Sopan

2025-08-17T23:03:39Z

MarkObd354: adjusted page also and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Hindu saint}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Dnyaneshwar humbles Changdev.jpg|thumb|The siblings [[Muktabai]], Sopan, Jñāneśvar and [[Nivruttinath]] seated on the flying wall greet [[Changdev Maharaj]] seated on a tiger. In the centre, Changdev bows to Jñāneśvar.]]
'''Sant Sopandeo''' was a [[Sant (religion)|sant]] of the [[Varkari]] and also the younger brother of [[Dnyaneshwar]].

Sopan (19 November 1277 - 29 December 1296),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mysticisminindia0000rana|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mysticisminindia0000rana/page/31 31]|title=Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra|publisher=State University of New York|year=1983|isbn=9780873956697 }}</ref> attained [[samadhi]] at Saswad near [[Pune]]. He wrote a book, the ''Sopandevi'' based on the Marathi translation of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' along with 50 or so [[abhang]]s.

==Siblings==

#[[Nivruttinath]]: The eldest brother of Sopan, Nivrutti was an authority on the philosophy of the [[Nath]]. Gahininath, one of the nine Nath gurus, accepted Nivrutti as his disciple and initiated him into the Nath sect, instructing him to propagate devotion to Shri [[Krishna]]. Dnyaneshwar accepted his elder brother as his own guru. After the early samadhi of Dnyaneshwar, Nivrutti travelled with his sister Muktai on a pilgrimage along the [[Tapti River]], where they were caught in a thunderstorm and Muktai was swept away. Nivrutti obtained samadhi at Tryambakeshwar. Around 375 abhangs are attributed to him but the authorship of many of them is disputed due to the difference in writing style and philosophy.

# Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296): The second of the siblings was a 13th-century [[Marathi people|Marathi]] ''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]'', poet, philosopher and [[yogi]] of the [[Nath]] tradition whose ''[[Jñānēśvarī]]'' (a commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'') and ''[[Amrutanubhav]]'' are considered to be milestones in [[Marathi literature]].

# Muktabai: His younger sister, Muktabai wrote forty-one [[abhang]]s throughout her lifespan.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Sunil Naliyath

2025-08-17T00:55:10Z

MarkObd354: adding a bio

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language writer and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sunil Naliyath
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer, translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] 2014
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Sunil Naliyath''' is a [[Malayalam language]] writer and translator from [[Kerala]], India. He translated many noted literary works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to Malayalam. He received many awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] in 2014 and the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] in 2022.

== Biography ==
Sunil was born in 1969 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (Kolkata), [[West Bengal]] as the son of T. P. Naliath, who was a political activist, writer, rationalist and a newspaper editor.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam">{{Cite web |title='ബംഗാളിയില്‍ മലയാള കൃതികള്‍ എത്തുന്നില്ല എന്നതാണ് സങ്കടകരമായ കാര്യം' |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/2022/jul/14/bengali-life-and-literature-of-a-malayali-154000.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |language=ml |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060018/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/2022/jul/14/bengali-life-and-literature-of-a-malayali-154000.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His father, T. P. Naliath, was an early publisher and editor of the publication ''Kerala Rashmi'' in Kolkata.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Soon after his birth, he came to [[Thiruvankulam|Tiruvankulam]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of Kerala with his mother.<ref name="Indian express">{{Cite web |title=Father's Day: 'മൊനേര്‍ മാനുഷി'നെപ്പോലെ ഒരു ഓര്‍മ്മക്കാറ്റ് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/fathers-day-2019-memories-sunil-njaliyath-remembers-father-tp-njaliyath/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060018/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/fathers-day-2019-memories-sunil-njaliyath-remembers-father-tp-njaliyath/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sunil studied from 1st to 7th standard in Tiruvankulam.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> He then returned to West Bengal with his family and studied at the Andhra Association Education Trust's School in Calcutta.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Even while in Bengal, his father's collection of Malayalam books and the Malayalam publications he purchased helped him maintain his connection with his mother tongue, Malayalam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=മലയാളം കൊണ്ട് ബംഗാളിനെ തൊടുന്ന ഒരാളുടെ അനുഭവപ്പകർച്ചകൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/sunil-njaliyath-malayalam-bengali-translator-manoj-menon-1.7638766 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060017/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/sunil-njaliyath-malayalam-bengali-translator-manoj-menon-1.7638766 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengali was studied as a third language in his English undergraduate studies.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> It was during his undergraduate studies that he was attracted towards Bengali literary works too.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

== Career ==
Immediately after college, he got a job in Calcutta. At that time, Sunil wrote features on Bengal football in many publications in Kerala.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Later he worked as Calcutta Correspondent of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' newspaper and from 1997 to 1999 he was the representative of ''Mathrubhumi''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

== Literary career ==
The notes written during his childhood were published in the ''Trial'' weekly published at that time under the editorship of [[M. P. Narayana Pillai]].<ref name="Indian express"/> Later, stories were published in the publication ''Katha'' and in the Balapamkti (column for children's literature) of ''[[Desabhimani]]''.<ref name="Indian express"/>

Sunil's first published translation was a translation of a Bengali story by [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]], which he wrote for the women writers' story edition published by ''[[Grihalakshmi (magazine)|Grihalakshmi]]'' magazine in Malayalam.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Suchitra Bhattacharya, who liked Sunil's translation, later gave Sunil the right to translate all her works.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> He then decided to translate the works of other noted Bengali writers into Malayalam and translated the works of [[Mahasweta Devi]], [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], [[Taslima Nasrin]], [[Manoranjan Byapari]] etc. into Malayalam.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> For the translation of Mahasweta Devi's novel ''Operation Bashai Tudu'', he won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

==Selected books==
*{{Cite book |title=Kolkata cafe |publisher=Mathrubhumi books |year=2022 |isbn=9789355494085 |language=Malayalam}} Translation of 8 Bengali short stories.
*{{Cite book |title=Bashai Tudu |publisher=Mathrubhumi books |language=Malayalam |isbn=9788182674295}} Translation of Bengali novel by Mahasweta Devi.
*{{Cite book |title=Paschim Dikande Pradosha Kale |publisher=Mathrubhumi books |language=Malayalam}} Translation of Bengali novel by Vikraman Nair.
*{{Cite book |title=Durgashtami |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society |year=2021 |isbn=9789391946494 |language=Malayalam}} Translation of 8 Bengali short stories.
*{{Cite book |title=Amanushik |publisher=Westland publications limited |isbn=9789389152531 |language=Malayalam}} Translation of Bengali novel by [[Manoranjan Byapari]].
*{{Cite book |title=Chokher Bali |publisher=Current books |language=Malayalam}} Translation of Bengali novel by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].
*{{Cite book |title=Brahmaputhrayude theerath |publisher=Green books |isbn=9789387331587 |language=Malayalam}} Translation of Bengali novel by [[Taslima Nasrin]].

==Awards and honours==
* 2022 Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation (for Malayalam translation of ''Operation Bashai Tudu'')<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-25 |title=Sunil Naliyath wins Akademi award for translation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sunil-naliyath-wins-akademi-award-for-translation/article65561492.ece |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060017/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sunil-naliyath-wins-akademi-award-for-translation/article65561492.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation (for Malayalam translation of ''Chokher Bali'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/kerala-sahithya-academy-awards-declared.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060018/https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/kerala-sahithya-academy-awards-declared.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tripunithura Municipal Council's Rajanagari Award (for Malayalam translation of ''Chokher Bali'')<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>
*Sankaran Nambiar Foundation's Prof. Kaliyath Damodaran Memorial Award (for Malayalam translation of ''Operation Bashai Tudu'')<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>
* Translation of ''Operation Bashai Tudu'' was also shortlisted for the first Indiewood Translation Award 2020.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naliyath, Sunil}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Chhajja Singh

2025-08-13T23:05:42Z

MarkObd354: Starting New Bio

{{Short description|Sikh warrior}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

'''[[Sardar]]''' '''Chhajja Singh''' was a [[Jat Sikh]] warrior and leader of Jathâ succeeding [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] of the early 18th century [[Punjab region]]. He was also the founder of the [[Bhangi Misl]]<ref>Singh, Rishi (2015). ''State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony:Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab''. India: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 23 April 2015. ISBN </ref><ref>Dhavan, Purnima (2011). ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799'', p.60. OUP USA Publisher, 3 November 2011.</ref> He was the first companion of [[Banda Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur]] to receive Sikh baptism of [[Amrit]].<ref name="sandhuJaspreet">Sandhu, Jaspreet Kaur (2000). ''Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective'', p.99. Vision & Venture, Patiala, 2000.</ref><ref>Jain, Harish (2003). ''The Making of Punjab'', p. 201. Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd, Chandigarh.</ref> According to Kanaihya Lal, he had taken Amrit at the hands of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

== Biography ==
Born in a [[Jat Sikh]] Dhillon family of Panjwar village, 13 kms from [[Amritsar]] near [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] in [[Majha]] region of Punjab, Chajja Singh had a family relation of [[Bhuma Singh Dhillon|Bhuma Singh]]. After the death of Banda Singh Bahadur, Chajja Singh and Jagat Singh administered Amrit to Bhuma Singh, Natha Singh and Jagat Singh and made them their companions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls |date=October 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chhajja+Singh+jat+sikh |language=en}}</ref> Accompanied by many others, he took forceful actions in harassing the despotic government officials. A little later Chajja Singh was joined by Mohan Singh and Gulab Singh of Dhoussa village (six miles north-east of Amritsar), Karora Singh of Choupal, Gurbaksh Singh a Sandhu Jat of Roranwala, Agar Singh Khangora and Sawan Singh Randhawa. They all took Amrit from Chajja Singh. After Chajja Singh's death Bhuma Singh became his successor and leader of the Bhangi ''misl''.<ref name="sandhuJaspreet"/>

== See also ==

* [[Sikh Confederacy]]
* [[Misl]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Leader of Jathâ and Founder of the [[Bhangi Misl]]
| before = [[Banda Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur]]
| after = [[Bhuma Singh Bhangi]]
| years = 1716 –
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Chhajja Singh}}
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Abdul Ghaffar Aziz

2025-07-31T07:46:03Z

MarkObd354: small changes

{{Short description|Pakistani politician and Islamic scholar (1962–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Abdul Ghaffar Aziz
|native_name = عبدالغفار عزیز
|native_name_lang = ur
|image =
|caption =
|office = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Deputy Emir of Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|term_start = April 2019
|term_end = 5 October 2020
|predecessor =
|successor = 
|majority1 = 
|office1 = Director of Foreign Affairs of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|JI]]
|term_start1 = {{circa|2000}}
|term_end1 = 5 October 2020
|birth_date = {{Birth year|1962}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2020|10|5|1962}}
|birthname =
|nationality =[[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]
|party =[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|otherparty = 
|spouse =
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Politician Islamic scholar
|profession =
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
|blank1 =
|data1 =
|flag =
|country = [[Pakistan]]
}}

'''Abdul Ghaffar Aziz''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|عبدالغفار عزیز}}}}; Abdul Ghaffar Aziz, 1962 - 5 October 2020) was a Pakistani politician, Islamic scholar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/10/ji-vice-amir-abdul-ghaffar-aziz-passes-away/|title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away|work=SAMAA TV|date=5 October 2020}}</ref> and deputy emir of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] from April 2019 to 5 October 2020 until his death. He was also Director of Foreign Affairs of JI for over two decades.<ref name="thenews">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried|title = JI leader buried|date=6 October 2020|work=The News International (newspaper)}}</ref>

Aziz was appointed Deputy Emir of JI in April 2019 alongside [[Liaqat Baloch]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Pakistani senator)|Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]], Rashid Naseem, [[Asadullah Bhutto]], [[Farid Ahmad Paracha]], Mian Muhammad Aslam and Merajul Huda Siddiqui.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/633286|title = امیر العظیم جماعت اسلامی کے سیکرٹری جنرل لیاقت بلوچ اور پروفیسر ابراہیم نائب امراء مقرر|date=27 April 2019|work=Daily Jang (newspaper)|language=ur}}</ref>

==Death and illness==
Aziz died on 5 October 2020 due to [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jasarat.com/en/2020/10/05/ji-naib-ameer-foreign-affairs-director-abdul-ghaffar-azizi-dies/|title=JI Naib Ameer, foreign affairs director Abdul Ghaffar Aziz dies|work=Daily Jasarat (newspaper)|date=5 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008234221/https://www.jasarat.com/en/2020/10/05/ji-naib-ameer-foreign-affairs-director-abdul-ghaffar-azizi-dies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|JI]] spokesman Qaisar Sharif, Abdul Ghaffar Aziz had been suffering from cancer for a year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/urdu/pakistan/2020/10/2058566/|title=نائب امیر جماعت اسلامی پاکستان عبدالغفار عزیز انتقال کرگئے|work=SAMAA TV|date=5 October 2020|language=ur}}</ref> His funeral prayer was led by his brother Habib-ur-Rahman in [[Mansoorah, Lahore]]. JI Emir [[Sirajul Haq]], General secretary Ameer ul Azeem and thousands of others participated in his funeral.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/231918|title=نائب امیر جماعت اسلامی عبد الغفار عزیز انتقال کر گئے|work=Geo News|date=5 October 2020|language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Abdul Ghaffar}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:International Union of Muslim Scholars members]]

Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum

2025-07-09T09:39:18Z

MarkObd354:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = यह कहाँ आ गए हम
| image = Yeh_kaha_Aa_Gaya_Hum.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] Drama Supernatural
| creator = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| writer = Koel Chaudhuri Deepti Rawal '''Dialogues''' Aparna Nadig
| director = Deepak Vithoba Chauhan Ranjan Kumar Singh Randeep Shantaram Mahadik
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Karan Kundra]] [[Tanu Khan]] [[Saanvi Talwar]] [[Papiya Sengupta]] [[Mansi Sharma]] [[Shireen Mirza]]
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 214
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|10|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|08|24}}
| image_size =
| opentheme =
| image_alt =
| list_episodes =
| channel =
| released =
}}

'''''Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum''''' is an Indian Hindi language supernatural musical-drama television show that aired from 26 October 2015 to 24 August 2016 Monday to Friday at 9:30pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on [[&TV]].<ref name=show2/> The show is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] of [[Balaji Telefilms]] and starred [[Karan Kundra]] and [[Saanvi Talwar]] as the [[protagonists]].<ref name=show/>

==Cast==
===Main===
{{div col}}
* [[Karan Kundra]] as Rahul Sabharwal, Manvi's husband; Raj and Gayatri's younger son; Sonali's stepson<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kritika-kamra-in-yeh-kahan-aa-gaye-hum/|title=Kritika Kamra, Karan Kundra in 'Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum'?|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=7 Oct 2015}}</ref><ref name=show>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-may-play-a-rockstar-but-i-hate-rock-music-says-karan-kundra-2136484|title=I may play a rockstar, but I hate rock music, says Karan Kundra|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=20 Oct 2015}}</ref>
* [[Saanvi Talwar]] as Manvi Rahul Sabharwal (née Chatterjee), Rahul's wife<ref name=show2>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/working-with-ekta-kapoor-like-dream-come-true-saanvi-talwar/|title=Working with Ekta Kapoor like dream come true: Saanvi Talwar|access-date=2 Oct 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/saanvi-talwars-wonderful-journey-comes-end-160821|title=Saanvi Talwar's wonderful 'journey' comes to an end|work=tellychakkar.com|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Naveen Saini]] as Raj Sabharwal, Shaleen and Rahul's father; Gayatri and Sonali's husband
* [[Papiya Sengupta]] as Sonali Raj Sabharwal: Raj's second wife; Shaleen and Rahul's step-mother; Nikhil's mother; Gayatri's best-friend
* [[Ashish Mehrotra]] as Shaleen Sabharwal: Raj and Gayatri's elder son; Sonali's stepson; Nisha's husband
* [[Tanu Khan]] as Nisha Shaleen Sabharwal, Shaleen's wife
* [[Usha Rana]] as Mrs. Sabharwal (Dadi), Raj's mother, Shaleen & Rahul's grandmother
* [[Miraj Joshi]] as Nikhil Sabharwal: Raj and Sonali's son; Shaleen and Rahul's half-brother
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] as Upamanyu Chatterjee, Manvi and Harsh's father
* [[Deepali Kamath]] as Shilpa Upamanyu Chatterjee, Manvi and Harsh's mother
* [[Aly Goni]] as Kabir Raichand (Agni) <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aly-Goni-joins-Yeh-Kahan-Aa-Gaye-Hum/articleshow/51441769.cms|title=Aly Goni joins 'Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 Mar 2016}}</ref>
* [[Giriraj Kabra]] as Harsh Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/giriraj-kabra-joins-the-cast-of-yeh-kahan-aa-gaye-hum-151008|title=Giriraj Kabra joins the cast of Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum|work=tellychakkar.com|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Arun Singh Rana]] as Sujoy
* [[Mansi Sharma]] as Yamini<ref name="tellychakkar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mansi-sharma-and-avdeep-sidhu-roped-yeh-kahan-160601|title=Mansi Sharma and Avdeep Sidhu roped in for Yeh Kahan...|work=tellychakkar.com|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
* Avdeep Sidhu as Yugant<ref name="tellychakkar.com"/>
* [[Shireen Mirza]] as Dr. Shireen<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ye-Hai-Mohabbatein-actress-joins-Yeh-Kahan-Aa-Gaye-Hum/articleshow/53523420.cms|title=Ye Hai Mohabbatein actress joins Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 Aug 2016}}</ref>
* Charu Mehra as Avanti Talwar
* [[Paridhi Sharma]] as Ambika<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/paridhi-jodha-sharma-joins-tvs-yeh-kahan-aa-gaye-hum-160315|title=Paridhi 'Jodha' Sharma joins &TV's Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum|work=tellychakkar.com|access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Anjali Ujwane]] as Anamika Raichand, Kabir's aunt
* Priya Shinde as Malvika (Spirit)
* Phalguni Sharma as cameo
* [[Mahima Makwana]] as cameo
* Khushboo Shroff as Twinkle
* [[Kajal Pisal]] as Kamya
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{&TV Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

Rukshana Tabassum

2025-06-25T22:05:13Z

MarkObd354: Created basic data first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rukshana Tabassum
| image = Smriti Irani presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to Rukshana Tabassum (Special Mention) for the Non-Feature film – THE CAKE STORY, at the 65th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.JPG
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|5|13|df=y}}
| education = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[The Assam Valley School]]
}}

'''Rukshana Tabassum''' (born 13 May 1985) is a filmmaker, actress and producer from India predominantly working on Hindi films. She is an alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rukshana Tabassum – Indisches Filmfestival|url=https://indisches-filmfestival.de/crew_cast/rukshana-tabassum-2/|access-date=2021-10-08|language=de-DE}}</ref> and has won National Film Award (Jury’s Special Mention) in the short fiction non–feature category in 2018 for her film ‘The Cake Story’ produced by [[Children's Film Society of India|Children’s Film Society of India]] (CFSI) and another National Film Award (Best Educational Film) for her film [[Apples and Oranges (short film)|Apples and Oranges]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2021-03-29|title='Apples and Oranges', awarded the National Award for the Best Educational Film, teaches acceptance despite diversity|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rukshana-tabassum-chats-about-her-national-award-winning-film-that-teaches-acceptance-and-tolerance/article34187760.ece|access-date=2021-10-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> produced by LXL Ideas.

She was also one of the Nominated Member of the [[Indian Documentary Producers Association|IDPA]] Jury Panel 2015-16 and an alumna of [[International Visitor Leadership Program|International Visitor's Leadership Programme]]. Other than feature films, also directs advertisements, and has made advertisements for several organisations including Reliance, Godrej, Kent RO Systems, Odisha Tourism, Asian Paints and Nestle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-08|title=Rukshana Tabassum About 'Apples And Oranges'|url=https://thestorymug.com/rukshana-tabassum-about-apples-and-oranges/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=THE STORY MUG|language=en-GB}}</ref>

She is also a classical dancer and has completed Advanced Diploma in [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]] ‘Parangata’ from Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalaya, Mumbai. She is also a visiting faculty at [[Pandit Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts|State University of Performing Arts and Visual Arts Rohtak]] and [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII Pune]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Early childhood and education ==
Rukshana Tabassum spent most of her childhood in Nagaon Assam and did her schooling at [[The Assam Valley School]], Balipara. Later she completed her Bachelors in Arts from Delhi University. Before starting out a career in advertising, she completed her post graduate diploma in Advertising and Marketing Communications from Wigan & Leigh College and later a post graduate course in film direction from [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune. While studying at FTII, she secured both Best Director and Best Student award.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Awards
!
|-
|
|Burning<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kahlon|first=Sukhpreet|title=Burning review: A cumbersome exploration of sisterhood|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/burning-44157|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029012335/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/burning-44157|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosario|first=Kennith|date=2018-12-07|title=Death in the ghats of Varanasi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/death-in-the-ghats/article25690130.ece|access-date=2021-10-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2020
|Dammy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajayya Kumar gets candid, talks about his incredible journey|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2021/09/16/ajayya-kumar-gets-candid--talks-about-his-incredible-journey.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
|Indian Film Festival (Stuttgart)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2021-07-27|title=Short film 'Dammy' premieres at the Indian Film Festival (Stuttgart)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/short-film-dammy-premieres-at-indian-film-festival-stuttgart-directed-by-rukshana-tabassum/article35559281.ece|access-date=2021-10-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|Sarvamangala Arts Initiative
|-
|2018
|The Cake Story
|Jury’s Special Mention, [[National Film Award - Special Jury Award (non-feature film)|National Film Award 2018]]
Smile International Film Festival for Children and Youth, 2018
|[[Children's Film Society, India|Children’s Film Society of India]]
|-
|2019
|Apples and Oranges
|[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational Film]] at [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] 2020
|LXL Ideas
|-
|
|Mission Sunday
|
|LXL Ideas
|-
|
|I DO NOT FIT
|
|
|-
|
|Bubbles and Stars
|
|
|-
|2019
|Vaishnava - Being Humane (Sattriya Dance Film)
|
|
|-
|2021
|The Social Solution
|
|
|-
|2020
|Sanatione - Note To Self
|
|
|-
|
|REDBOXX
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tabassum, Rukshana}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Andanappa Doddameti

2025-05-13T05:30:20Z

MarkObd354: quick fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Andanappa Doddameti
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Minister of State for Minor Irrigation, [[Government of Mysore]]
| term_start = 1968
| term_end = March 1971
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1972
| predecessor1=
| successor1 = A. V. Patil
| constituency1= [[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1957
| predecessor2= ''Constituency established''
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = Ron
| office3 = Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly for Dharwad North
| term_start3 = 1946
| term_end3 = 1946
| term_start4 = 1937
| term_end4 = 1939
| profession =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|3|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Jakkali, [[Gadag district|Gadag]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1972|2|21|1908|3|16|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Annapurna Devikadevi
| children =
}}

'''Andanappa Jnanappa Doddameti''' (16 March 1908 – 21 February 1972) was an Indian statesman. He is known for his role in the [[Unification of Karnataka]]<ref name="karhist">{{cite web |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/History/History/en |title=Karnataka History | publisher=Government of Karnataka |date=2021-09-08 |website=Government of Karnataka |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref> and his significant participation in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref name="talesfreedom">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/forgotten-tales-of-the-freedom-struggle-in-north-karnataka/article61428856.ece |title=Forgotten tales of the freedom struggle in North Karnataka | publisher=The Hindu |date=2021-08-17 |website=The Hindu |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref>

==Early life==
Doddameti was born into a farming family of Jnanappa and Basamma in Jakkali village, [[Ron, Karnataka|Ron taluk]], of the erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]] (in present-day [[Karnataka]]) on 16 March 1908.<ref name="bio">{{cite book |title=Andanappa Doddamet |date=2008 |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/Andanappa%20Doddameti.pdf |language=kn |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book|title=India Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbBJAQAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=INFA Publications|page=253}}</ref><ref name="Taleyarkhan1953">{{cite book|author=Homi Jehangirji H. Taleyarkhan|title=Bombay Legislature Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEk5AQAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Bombay Legislature Congress Party|page=20}}</ref><ref name=a/><ref name="Patil2002"/> Doddameti was an agriculturist through ancestry. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1930.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=March of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fImT5XD5IQ0C|year=1968|page=14}}</ref> In 1933, he was named director of the [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Karnatak Provincial Congress Committee]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/><ref name="Ltd1985"/> He took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1933.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/><ref name=a/> He was jailed for half a year and fined 2,000 [[Indian rupee]]s him for his role in the Ankola stir.<ref name=b/><ref name=a/><ref name="Ltd1985"/> Doddameti discontinued his education after class three. He was married a few months before he turned 18, and had [[Polygyny in India|two wives]] — Annapurna and Devikadevi.<ref name="bio"/>

==Career==
Doddameti founded the Dharwad District [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]] after his release from jail.<ref name=b/><ref name="Patil2002">{{cite book|author=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil|title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&pg=PA282|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-867-9|pages=225, 282}}</ref><ref name="Ltd1985"/> He met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the Yarvada jail, and sought his blessing for the work for upliftment of Harijans.<ref name="Patil2002"/> Additionally, Doddameti served as the president of the Jamkhandi State People's Conference from 1932 to 1948.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/><ref name=a/><ref name="Jatti1993">{{cite book|author=Bi. Ḍi Jatti|title=I Am My Own Model: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u65AAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Publishers|isbn=978-81-220-0277-5|page=28}}</ref>

Doddameti was elected to the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] from the Dharwad North constituency in 1937.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/><ref name="Patil2002"/> In 1938, he supported a motion for the creation of a Karnatak province, addressing the legislature in [[Kannada language]].<ref name="Patil2002"/> He was the first legislator to speak in Kannada in the assembly.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He was jailed during a 1940 [[satyagraha]].<ref name="Ltd1985"/> Previously, he was imprisoned during the [[Quit India]] movement of 1942, and spent thirty-three months in jail.<ref name="Ltd1985"/>

Doddameti was re-elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1946.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> On 1 April 1947, he moved a resolution in the Legislative Assembly calling for the creation of a Karnatak province, which was adopted by the legislature with 60 votes in favour and 8 against.<ref name="Patil2002"/> He was re-elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly in the 1952 elections, representing the [[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron constituency]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He served as the Working President of the Karnatak Unification League.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> Doddameti was a Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly until 1956.<ref name=a/> From 1956 onwards, he served as member of the Mysore Legislative Assembly.<ref name=a/> He was re-elected to the Mysore Legislative Assembly in 1957, 1962 and 1967.<ref name="Ltd1985"/><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3772-karnataka-1957/ Karnataka 1957]''</ref> In 1957 and 1966, he moved a resolutions in the Mysore Legislative Assembly, calling for the state to be renamed Karnataka.<ref name="Patil2002"/>

In 1968, Doddameti was named as Minister of State for Minor Irrigation in the Mysore state government.<ref name="Ltd1985"/><ref name="Assembly1967">{{cite book|author=Mysore (India : State). Legislature. Legislative Assembly|title=A Review of Working of Mysore Legislative Assembly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9jq3qwKf4IC|year=1967|publisher=Mysore Legislature Secretariat.|page=195}}</ref> His tenure as Minister ended in March 1971.<ref name=b/>

Doddameti died on 21 February 1972.<ref name="Ltd1985">{{cite book|author=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd|title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900–1980, Also Annual Diary of Events|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLEZAAAAYAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Limited|page=105}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Members of the Mysore Legislature]]

[[kn:ಅಂದಾನಪ್ಪ ದೊಡ್ಡಮೇಟಿ]]

Khushal Sar

2025-04-26T18:22:17Z

MarkObd354: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Short description|Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Khushal Sar
| image = File:Khushal_Sar_From_North.jpg
| caption = A view of the Khushal Sar from its Northern Shore
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| location = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coords = {{coord|34|06|41.34|N|74|47|58|E|display=title,inline|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| lake_type =
| inflow =
| outflow = Channel to the [[Anchar Lake]]
| catchment =
| length = {{convert|1.6|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|0.6|km|abbr=on}}
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|1582|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen =
}}

'''Khushal Sar''' ({{IPA|ur|xʊʃɦɑːl səɾ}} ; {{IPA|ks|xɔʃhaːl sar}}) is a [[lake]] located in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is in a highly [[environmental degradation|deteriorated]] condition and has been [[wikt:encroachment|encroached]] upon at many places with [[illegal construction]] and [[landfill]]ing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Encroachments killing Khushal Sar |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/May/15/encroachments-killing-khushal-sar-18.asp |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=20 Mar 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173318/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/May/15/encroachments-killing-khushal-sar-18.asp |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> The lake once stretched from Zoonimar up to the [[Aali Masjid]] but now it is considerably reduced. It is connected to the [[Anchar Lake|Anchar]] lake via a small [[Channel (geography)|channel]]. Another smaller lake, known as [[Gil Sar|Gilsar]], is connected to the Khushal Sar via a narrow strait, which is spanned by a bridge known as Gil Kadal. The Gilsar lake is in turn connected to the [[Nigeen Lake|Nigeen lake]] via the [[Nallah Amir Khan]]. Until the 1970s, the [[Nallah Mar|Mar Canal]] drained into this lake providing navigability up to [[Ganderbal]] via the Anchar lake. After the filling up of the Mar Canal, the condition of the lake deteriorated further.<ref>{{cite news|title=Khushal Sar Breathing its last |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Oct/26/khushal-sar-breathing-its-last--30.asp |date=26 Oct 2013 |access-date=20 Mar 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194214/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Oct/26/khushal-sar-breathing-its-last--30.asp |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Prominent Lakes of Kashmir Division|url=http://jkenvis.nic.in/water_resources_lakes_kashmir.html|year=2012|publisher=J&K Envis Centre|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305082810/http://jkenvis.nic.in/water_resources_lakes_kashmir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar]]
[[Category:Water pollution in India]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

2014 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-04-18T09:57:52Z

MarkObd354: Adding details

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2014
| coach = [[Sanjay Bangar]]
| captain = [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2014 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| comp2 = [[2014 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Semi-final
| most runs = [[Glenn Maxwell]] (552)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Sandeep Sharma]] (18)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515015645/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=8827%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=15 May 2015 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2015|2015]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]] (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in Mohali, [[India]], which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2014 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]]. Kings XI Punjab finished runners-up in the IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20 for the first time.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps prior to the start of the 2014 season are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:95%;"
|-
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Nat
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Batting Style
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Bowling Style
! style="background:Red; color:#e6e6fa; text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|2|| '''[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1982|9|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]; Overseas
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|14|| '''[[Shaun Marsh]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|7|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
|17|| [[Mandeep Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Virender Sehwag]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1978|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Gurkeerat Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|6|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||Occasional wicketkeeper
|-
|54|| [[Manan Vohra]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|266|| '''[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|1|| '''[[Thisara Perera]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|4|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|19|| [[Rishi Dhawan]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|2|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|20|| [[Akshar Patel]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|32|| '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|45|| [[Shivam Sharma]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1993|9|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|6|| '''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|11|| '''[[Murali Kartik]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1976|9|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Karanveer Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|11|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|34|| '''[[Parvinder Awana]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|6|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|66|| [[Sandeep Sharma]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1993|5|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|88|| [[Anureet Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| '''[[Beuran Hendricks]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|6|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
||| [[Shardul Thakur]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|}

==Indian Premier League==

===Season standings===
Kings XI Punjab finished first in the league stage of IPL 2014.
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KXIP}}

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=18|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 6 wickets MoM – [[Glenn Maxwell]] 95 (43) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729283.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=20|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Won by 7 wickets MoM – [[Glenn Maxwell]] 89 (45) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729291.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=22|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Won by 72 runs MoM – [[Glenn Maxwell]] 95 (43) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729295.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=26|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 23 runs MoM – [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/21 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729307.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=28|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 5 wickets MoM – [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/15 (3 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729313.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=3|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733973.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=7|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Won by 44 runs MoM – [[Glenn Maxwell]] 90 (38) & 1/21 (2 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733987.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=9|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 32 runs MoM – [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/25 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733991.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=11|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Lost by 9 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733997.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 6 wickets MoM – [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 54(26) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734007.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=19|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 4 wickets MoM – [[Akshar Patel]] 42(35) & 1/18(4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734019.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=21|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734025.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=23|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 16 runs MoM – [[Shaun Marsh]] 40(35) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734033.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=25|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 7 wickets MoM – [[Manan Vohra]] 47(38) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734039.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=28|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (Qualifier 1) || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 28 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734043.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=30|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] (Qualifier 2) || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 24 runs MoM – [[Virender Sehwag]] 122(58)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734047.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 17 || {{dts|1=2014|2=6|3=1|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (Final) || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 3 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734049.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|Overall record: 12–5. Runners-up.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==

===Match log===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || 18 September|| [[Hobart Hurricanes]]|| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 5 wickets, MOM - [[Thisara Perera]] 2/17 (3 overs), 35* (20)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || 20 September|| [[Barbados Tridents]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 5 wickets, MOM - [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 46* (34), 2 catches
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || 26 September|| [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Knights]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 120 runs, MOM - [[Manan Vohra]] 65(32)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || 28 September|| [[Cape Cobras cricket team|Cape Cobras]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Akshar Patel]] 3/15 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 || 2 October|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 65 runs
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|Overall record: 4–1. Semi-finalists.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Chaantruk

2025-03-27T16:10:50Z

MarkObd354: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Cardamine flexuosa]]
{{rcat shell|
{{R to scientific name|plant}}
{{r from other language|mni|la}}
}}