Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

K. Narayanasamy

2026-05-07T09:39:21Z

MaritzaSandoval: added a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Narayanasamy
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
| predecessor = N. G. Pannirselvam
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''K. Narayanasamy''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[All India N.R. Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] constituency in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.Narayanasamy Alias Nithyanandam(All India N.R. Congress):Constituency- OZHUKARAI(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=128 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K.Narayanasamy Alias Nithyanandam, OZHUKARAI constituency, AINRC, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/k-narayanasamy-alias-nithyanandam-128/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

List of institutions of higher education in Thrissur district

2026-05-05T03:11:58Z

MaritzaSandoval: created basic place added tags

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Koothambalam at Kerala Kalamandalam.jpg|thumbnail|Kerala Kalamandalam, Cheruthuruthy]]
[[Thrissur]] is the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'' and a major financial and commercial hub in [[South India]]. Thrissur has traditionally been a centre of learning. With the decline of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], Thrissur became an important centre of [[Sanskrit]] learning. [[Thrissur]] is also fast becoming the educational capital of [[Kerala]] too. [[Church Mission Society Higher Secondary School, Thrissur|Church Mission Society School]] started in 1845 is the oldest school and [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St. Thomas College]] is the first college in Thrissur. On 2nd September 2022, Thrissur joined the [[UNESCO]] Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC).<ref name="UNESCO-GNLC-date">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities: 77 new members from 44 countries|url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-global-network-learning-cities-77-new-members-44-countries|access-date=29 November 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

The existence of four medical colleges, Kerala Agricultural University, about a dozen engineering colleges, College of Agriculture, Ayurveda college, veterinary college, business schools, well-known arts and science colleges and good residential schools make [[Thrissur]] a scholar's city. Thrissur is also the centre of coaching classes for the aspiring doctors and engineers of the future. These coaching classes prepare students for various all-India entrance examinations. Their presence gives [[Thrissur]] a distinct aura of being an educational centre of [[Kerala]].

==Universities==
* [[Kerala Agricultural University]], Thrissur
* [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], Thrissur
* [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)]], Thrissur
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], Thrissur
* Rashtreeya Sanskrit Samsthan, Puranattukara, Thrissur

==Degree colleges==

===Professional Degree College===
[http://cohvka.kau.in/ College of Agriculture Vellanikkara], Mannuthy, കേരള കാർഷിക സർവ്വകലാശാല.

===Thrissur City===
*IIBMR Indian Institute of Business management & Research, Thrissur|IIBMR - International Institute of Business management & Research, Thrissur
*[[St. Aloysius College, Thrissur]]
* [[Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College]], [[Kuttanellur]]
* [https://insdthrissur.com International School of Design (INSD), Thrissur]
* [[Vimala College]], [[Thrissur]]
* [[St. Mary's College, Thrissur]]
* [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
* [[Sree Kerala Varma college]], [[Thrissur]]
* [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]]
* Paramekkavu arts and science college, Thrissur
* Government arts and science college, Ollur, Thrissur
* Government Rama Varma memorial college for music and performing arts, Thrissur
* [[Don Bosco College, Mannuthy]]
* Riju & PSK Classes, Thrissur

===Thrissur Rural===

* [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]]
* [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]
* [[Little Flower College]], [[Guruvayur]]
* [[Carmel College, Mala]]
* Aims College, Vatanappally
* Prajyoti Niketan College, Pudukad
* Naipunnya Institute of Management and Information Technology, Koratty
* [[Sri Vyasa NSS College]], [[Wadakkanchery]]
* Sree Gokulam College of Arts & Science for Women, Pazhuvil West
* [[Sree Narayana College, Nattika]]
* [[Sree Narayana Guru College of Advanced Studies, Nattika|Sree Narayana Guru College Of Advanced Studies, Nattika]]
* [[Sree Krishna College]], Guruvayur
* [[Panampilly Memorial Government College]], Chalakudy
* Sahrdaya College of Advanced Studies, Kodakara
* Kunjikuttan Thampuran Memorial Government College, Kodungallur (KKTM Government College)
* [[MES Asmabi College]], [[Kodungallur]]
* Mar Dionysius College, Pazhanji
* Vivekananda College, [[Kunnamkulam]]
* Tharananellore Arts and Science College, Irinjalakkuda
* Ansar Women's College, Perumpilavu
* Govt. Arts and Science College, Chelakkara
* Mother Arts & Science College, Peruvalloor
* A.C. Kunhimon Haji Memorial I.C.A College, Thozhiyur
* Sree Narayana Guru College of Advanced Studies, Vazhukkumpara
* IIBMR, Indian Institute of Business Management and Research, Thrissur

==Medical colleges==
* [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]]
* [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], [[Thrissur]]
* [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], Amala Nagar, [[Thrissur]]

==Engineering colleges==
* [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]]

===Thrissur Rural===
* Vidya Academy of Science and Technology
* [[Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology]]
* Jyothi Engineering College, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur
* [[Royal College of Engineering & Technology]]
* [[IES College of Engineering]], Chittilappilly
* IES College of Architecture, Chittilappilly
* [[Malabar College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[MET's School of Engineering]], Mala
* Southern College of Engineering & Technology, Chalakudy<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern College of Engineering & Technology |url=https://www.southerncollege.org/ |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Axis College of Engineering & Technology]], Kodakara
* [[Thejus Engineering College]], Erumappetty
* Holy Grace Academy of Engineering, Mala
* [[Universal Engineering College]], Irinjalakuda
* Christ College of Engineering, Irinjalakuda
* Focus Institute of Science and Technology, Poomala
* [[Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre]], Pambady
* [[Nirmala College of Engineering]], Chalakudy

==MBA colleges==

===MBA/MCA Colleges in Thrissur City===
* IIBMR Indian Institute of Business Management and Research, Thrissur
* SMS Peramangalam, University of Calicut
* Elijah Institute of Management Studies, Rama Varma Puram, Thrissur city
* John Mathai Centre, Aranattukara Thrissur city
* [https://insdthrissur.com International School of Design (INSD), Thrissur]

===MBA/MCA Colleges in Thrissur Rural===
* Aims College, Vatanappally
* Naipunya Business School, Koratty
*Prajyothi Niketan College, Pudukkad
* Holy Grace Academy of Management Studies, Mala
* West Fort Academy for Higher Education, Pottore, [[Thrissur]] (IMT)
* Sahrdaya Institute of Management Studies, Kodakara
* Nirmala College of Management Studies, Chalakudy
* [[Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre]], Pambady

==Media college==
* Nirmala College of Arts and Science, Chalakudy
* Chethana college of Media and Performing Arts, Chiyyaram, Thrissur city
* Divine Institute of Media Science, Muringoor, Thrissur
* Tiga Vision Institute of Media Studies, Poothole

* College of Applied Sciences (IHRD)
* College of Applied Science, Chelakkara
* College of Applied Science, Valapad
* College of Applied Science IHRD Polytechnic, Kallettumkara

==Arabic college==
* Thaqwa Aflal-ul-ulama Arabic College, Andathode

==Polytechnic colleges==

===Thrissur===
* [[Maharaja’s Technological Institute]], Thrissur City
* Women's Polytechnic College, Thrissur

===Thrissur Rural===
* Aims College, Vatanappally
* Sree Rama Government Polytechnic College, Thriprayar
* [[Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, Alagappanagar]]
* Government Polytechnic College, Koratty
* Government Polytechnic College, Kunnamkulam
* Government Polytechnic College, Chelakkara
* Model Polytechnic, Kallettumkara
* Christ Technical Academy, Irinjalakuda
* Nirmala Institute of Technology, Chalakudy

==Nursing colleges==
* West Fort College of Nursing West Fort Hospital, Thrissur city
* Mother College of Nursing, Pullazhi, Thrissur city
* Aswini College of Nursing, Nadathara, Thrissur city
* Jubilee Mission College of Nursing, Thrissur city
* Amala College of Nursing, Amala Nagar, Thrissur
* Government College of Nursing, Thrissur
* Ansar Nursing college, Perumpilavu, Thrissur

==Training colleges==
* Aims College, Vatanappally
* Government B.Ed Centre, Ollur
* Government B.Ed Centre, Thalikkulam
* [https://insdthrissur.com International School of Design (INSD), Thrissur]
* JPE Training College, Koorkenchery, Thrissur
* Navajyothi College of Teacher Education for Women, Thrissur
* Sree Vivekananda Teacher Education Centre
* Ideal Educational Society Training College, Thrissur
* Institute of Advanced Study in Education, Thrissur (Govt.)

==Ayurveda colleges==

===Thrissur City===
* [[Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College]], Ollur

===Thrissur Rural===
* Poomully Neelakandan Namboothiripad Memorial Ayurveda Medical College, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur

==Dental colleges==
* [[PSM College of Dental Science and Research]], Akkikkavu, Thrissur
* Government Dental College, [[Thrissur]]

==Law colleges==

===Thrissur City===
* [[Government Law College, Thrissur]] (Ayyanthole)
* AIM Law College, Poyya, Mala

==College of pharmacy==
* St James College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalakkudi
* Thriveni Institute of Pharmacy, Kechery, Thrissur
* ELIMS College of Pharmacy, Villadam, Ramavarmapuram P O, Thrissur
* Nirmala College of Health Science, Chalakudy
* WEST FORT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, POTTORE, THRISSUR

==College of forestry==
* College of Forestry, Vellanikkara

==College of dairy science==
* [[College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy]]

==College of Agriculture==
* College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara

==Colleges of veterinary education==
* [[College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy]]

==Research Institutes and academies==
* [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]], Thrissur city
* Prajyoti Niketan International Centre for Research, Training and Service, Pudukad
* [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]], Thrissur city
* [[Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development]], Thrissur city
* National Research Institute for Panchakarma, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur
* Banana Research station, Kannara
* Agronomic Research station, Chalakkudy
* Cashew Research station, Madakkathara
* Agricultural Research station, Mannuthy
* Plant Propagation & Nursery Management Unit, Vellanikkara
* Food Craft Institute, Poothole, Thrissur
* School of Drama, Thrissur
* National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR), Regional Station, Thrissur
* Regional Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kallettumkara, Thrissur
* Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Thrissur

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Thrissur district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala|Thrissur]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]

Neshma Chemburkar

2026-05-03T10:11:40Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up a entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian voice actress born 1976}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| other_names = Neshma Mantri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|7|14}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Voice Actress|Actress}}
| years_active = 1980–present
| known_for = ''[[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]]''
}}

'''Neshma Chemburkar''' is an Indian voice actress and Actor. She began her dubbing career at the age of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The master of vocal artistry and storytelling. |url=https://neshmaaacademy.com/our-founder/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Neshma Academy of Acting and Voice Acting (NAAVA)}}</ref> She has dubbed for various characters in many [[animated series]], TV commercials, and films in [[Hindi]] and Marathi. She is mostly known for dubbing the [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]] character played by [[Scarlett Johansson]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Kirti |date=4 March 2024 |title=Exclusive Interview : Voice Queen Neshma Chemburkar से Zee MPCG की Exclusive बातचीत..{{!}} Hindi News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bDJOJEtuOo |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neshma Chemburkar |url=https://www.goodadsmatter.com/post/neshma-chemburkar |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Good Ads Matter|date=20 March 2023 }}</ref> She is the founder and also a voice acting coach of Neshma Academy of Acting and Voice Acting (NAAVA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the voice within |url=https://neshmaaacademy.com/about/ |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Neshma Academy of Acting and Voice Acting (NAAVA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WORKSHOP BY MS NESHMA CHEMBURKAR |url=https://stjohnsschools.org/photo-gallery-detail.php?id=516 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=St. John's School, Greater Noida West}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Session on "Art of Voice Over" was conducted by Neshma Chemburkar |url=https://dgmc.org.in/events/a-session-on-art-of-voice-over-was-conducted-by-neshma-chemburkar/ |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Deviprasad Goenka Management College of Media Studies (DGMC)}}</ref>

== Career ==
Neshma's father, Sri Nitin Mantri and mother, Sulbha Mantri owned a theatre called Neshma Theatre Group in Mumbai in 1970s, where they used to write, direct and perform plays in Marathi language. She was given her name from the theatre's title. At the age of 4 years, her career as a voice artist began from the 1981 Marathi film, ''Daivat.''{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

She appeared as a child actor in 1987 Hindi film, ''Honhaar Bachchey,'' along with [[Mayur Vyas]] which marked her first film as an actress.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Dubbing roles ==

=== Animated series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year (Original release)
!Series
!Character
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Episodes
!No. of seasons
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1969–1970
|''[[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!|Scooby-Doo]]''
|[[Velma Dinkley|Velma]]
| rowspan="16" |Hindi
|English
|41
|3
|
|
|-
|1981–1987
|''[[Ninja Hattori-kun|Ninja Hattori]]''
|Kenichi's mother
| rowspan="5" |Japanese
|694
|
|
|
|-
|1983–1985
|''[[Perman]]''
|Michiko
|526
|
|
|
|-
|1986–1989
|''[[Dragon Ball (TV series)|Dragon Ball]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Chi-Chi (Dragon Ball)|Chi-Chi]] and [[Pan (Dragon Ball)|Pan]]
|153
|
|
|
|-
|1989–1996
|''[[Dragon Ball Z]]''
|291
|
|
|
|-
|1997–1999
|''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokemon]]''
|[[May (Pokemon anime character)|May]]
|82
|1
|
|
|-
|1998–2005
|''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]''
|[[Blossom (The Powerpuff Girls)|Blossom]]
| rowspan="7" |English
|78
|6
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999–2009
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''
|Sarah
| rowspan="2" |69
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Nazz
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004–2023
| rowspan="3" |''[[Peppa Pig]]''
|Mummy Pig
| rowspan="3" |394
| rowspan="3" |8
|
|
|-
|Danny Dog
|
|
|-
|Emily Elephant
|
|
|-
|2002–2007
|''[[Kim Possible]]''
|[[Kim Possible (character)|Kim Possible]]
|87
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[Little Singham]]''
|Inspector Kavya
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ulti
|
|
|
|
|-
|2021–2024
|''[[The Ghost and Molly McGee]]''
|Molly McGee
|English
|41
|2
|
|
|}

=== Animated films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Films
!Character
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2008
|''[[Ghatothkach]]''
| Adult Surekha
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
| Hindi
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]''
|[[Merida (Brave)|Merida]]
| rowspan="2" |English
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Zootopia]]''
|[[Judy Hopps]]
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero]]''
|[[Pan (Dragon Ball)|Pan]]
|Japanese
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=20 August 2022 |title=Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero Film Reveals Hindi Dub Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-08-20/dragon-ball-super-super-hero-film-reveals-hindi-dub-cast/.188810 |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=Anime News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sayyed |first=Rayan |date=19 August 2022 |title=Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero Will Be Dubbed in Hindi For Theatrical Release in India |url=https://in.ign.com/dragon-ball-super-super-hero/174222/news/dragon-ball-super-super-hero-will-be-dubbed-in-hindi-for-theatrical-release-in-india |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=IGN India}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Transformers One]]''
|[[Elita-1]]
|English
|
|
|}

=== Live-action films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Films
!Character
!Actress
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1992
|''Jivalagaa''
|Gauri
|[[Resham Tipnis]]
|Marathi
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Kaantha]]''
|Kumari
|[[Bhagyashri Borse]]
|Hindi
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Charlie's Angels (2000 film)|Charlie's Angels]]''
| rowspan="2" |Alex Munday
| rowspan="2" |[[Lucy Liu]]
| rowspan="14" |Hindi
| rowspan="12" |English
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Iron Man 2]]''
| rowspan="7" |[[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Scarlett Johansson]]
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2020 |title=Iron Man to Thor: Know the voice artists behind your favourite Avengers in the Hindi dub of Avengers: Endgame |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/photo-gallery/iron-man-to-thor-know-the-voice-artists-behind-your-favourite-avengers-in-the-hindi-dub-of-avengers-endgame/587242 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Zoom TV}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]''
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Jojo Rabbit]]
|Rosie Betzler
|[[Scarlett Johansson]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Charlie's Angels (2019 film)|Charlie's Angels]]''
|Rebekah "Bosley"
|[[Elizabeth Banks]]
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Black Widow (2021 film)|Black Widow]]''
|[[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]]
|[[Scarlett Johansson]]
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Batman Begins]]''
|[[Rachel Dawes]]
|[[Katie Holmes]]
|English
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''The Calendar Killer''
|Klara
|[[Luise Heyer]]
|German
|
|
|-
|''[[Back in Action (2025 film)|Back in Action]]''
|Emily
|[[Cameron Diaz]]
|Hindi
|English
|
|-
|1994
|''[[The Mask (1994 film)|The Mask]]''
|Tina Carlyle
|[[Cameron Diaz]]
|Hindi
|English
|Aired by UTV Action.
|-
|2005
|''[[Catwoman (film)|Catwoman]]''
|[[Catwoman in other media#Catwoman (2004)|Patience Phillips / Catwoman]]
|[[Halle Berry]]
|Hindi
|English
|
|-
|}

=== Live-action TV series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!Character
!Actress
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''[[The Haunting of Hill House (TV series)|The Haunting of Hill House]]''
|Eleanor "Nell" Crain Vance
|[[Victoria Pedretti]]
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| rowspan="3" |English
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[What/If]]''
|Lisa Ruiz-Donovan
|[[Jane Levy]]
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Missing You (2025 TV series)|Missing You]]''
|Detective Inspector Kat Donovan
|[[Rosalind Eleazar]]
|
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1987
|''Honhaar Bachchey''
|Milu
|credited as Baby Neshma
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="7" |India Voice Fest Awards
|Dubbing Live Action Film – Hindi
|[[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]] in ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|Dubbing Live Action Web – Hindi
|Lisa Ruiz-Donovan in ''[[What/If]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|2020
|Audio Book Female – Marathi
|Youthnasia
|{{Won}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IVF Awards 2020 Winners List |url=https://indiavoicefest.sugarmediaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/IVF-Awards-2020-Winners-List.pdf |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=India Voice Fest}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|TV Commercial Voice – Marathi
|[[Madhuri Dixit]] in Aquaguard Active Copper
|{{Won}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA VOICE FEST AWARDS 2021 WINNERS LIST |url=https://indiavoicefest.sugarmediaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AWARD-WINNERS-LIST-IVF-2021.pdf |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=India Voice Fest}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Documentary Narration – Hindi
|''Secrets of Playboy''
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|Dubbing Live Action Film – Hindi
|''[[The Matrix Resurrections]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|2023
|Dubbing Voice Animation Show Female – Hindi
|''[[The Ghost and Molly McGee]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|2024
|50th RAPA Awards
|Best Dubbing Artist
|[[Subbalakshmi]] in Colgate Strong Teeth
|{{Won}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Testimonials |url=https://rapatrust.com/winners-24/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Radio & TV Professionals Association (RAPA) Trust}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11069755}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemburkar, Neshma}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

{{Voice-actor-stub}}
{{India-actor-stub}}

Quality Council of India

2026-05-03T05:01:52Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up basic bio added tags

{{short description|Public private partnership model}}
{{Infobox organization
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| logo_caption = Logo of QCI
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| formation = {{start date and age|1997}}
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| type = [[Autonomous]]
| status =
| purpose = To establish and promote quality standards across all social and economic sectors.
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| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
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| services = [[Accreditation|Accreditation Services]] [[Healthcare]] [[Industry (manufacturing)|Industries]] Institutions and Professionals Quality Promotion [[Quality Assessment]]
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| key_people = No one ({{small|Chairman}}) Chakravarthy T. Kannan ({{small|Secretary General}})
| main_organ = [[Board of governors|Governing Body]]
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| name = Quality Council Of India
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| location = [[India]]
| region_served = Pan India, international
| num_members = Individual and organisation
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| num_staff = 300+
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| website = {{URL|http://www.qcin.org}}
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The '''Quality Council of India''' ('''QCI''') was set up as a public private partnership model on the model existing in Netherlands at the time, where although the National Accreditation Body (NAB) was not owned by the government, the government supported it and it was exceedingly used as a third party agency to improve quality in departments and industry. QCI thus came to be organized as an independent autonomous body that worked towards assuring quality standards across all spheres of economic and social activities. Key industry associations, i.e. Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) became the promoters of the organizers and QCI got established under the Societies Registration Act in 1996 to provide [[accreditation]] services in various sectors for product, services and persons.

The council is independent and works under the directions of its Governing Body (GB) having equal representation of government, industry and industry associations. It does not get funded by the government and is a self-sustaining non-profit organization with its own [[Memorandum of Association]] (MOA) and Rules. Its current chairman is Jaxay Shah and the Executive Head (Secretary General) is Chakravarthy T. Kannan. Chairman of QCI is nominated by the Hon'ble Prime Minister of India and is a non-executive post.

== History ==
Post liberalization, India embarked on a process of creating the quality infrastructure in the country which can help Indian products and services easy access to foreign markets in the new order under WTO regime. In the process, an organization was sought to be established which would function as the National Accreditation body (NAB). The responsibility to set up the organization was given to the then Department of Industries (now [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/dipp-rechristened-to-include-internal-trade/article26131788.ece|title=DIPP rechristened to include internal trade|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 30, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>).

A committee of relevant ministries, governing bodies, and industry stakeholders was formulated in 1992 to propose suitable recommendations that can take form as an industry body. The [[Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]] oversaw the process and the final recommendations were submitted to the [[Union Council of Ministers]] (Cabinet) in 1996.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

Key recommendations included:{{cn|date=April 2026}}
* need for establishing an organisation jointly run by the [[Government of India]] in conjuncture with relevant industries
* need for this organisation to be self-sustaining

Cabinet Committee accepted these and gave its approval to register a new autonomous body, Quality Council of India, under [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/about-qci.php|title=QCI: About us|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

==Project Planning & Implementation Division (PPID)==
With a view of propagating a culture of quality, Adil Zainulbhai, the past Chairman of QCI,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109850|title=PM Nominates Adil Zainulbhai as New QCI Chairman|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> has been instrumental in modifying the council and creating a young and talented workforce.
Since its inception in 2015, the Project Planning & Implementation Division has focused on solving the key issues of the government with the help of a young team. It received its first project in September from the senior bureaucracy to work with 20 central ministries to improve the servicing by examining the public's grievances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/history.php|title=QCI: History|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> The work includes project management, monitoring the performances of various cells, data analytics and tactical research.
The key responsibilities include creating timelines and assessing the requirement of the plans, coordination with the stake-holders, methodology formulation and the overall execution and mobilization of the projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/what_we_do.php|title=QCI: What We Do|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

Major schemes and initiatives:
* [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] – QCI held surveys regarding the progress of the initiative.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/QCI-to-release-Swachh-Bharat-rankings/article13990324.ece|title=QCI to release Swachh Bharat rankings|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2016|access-date=25 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bureauveritas.co.in/home/news/latest-news/bureau+veritas+does+validation+and+continuous+monitoritng+of+training+centers+under+pradhan+mantri+kaushal+vikas+yojana+pmkvy?presentationtemplate=bv_master_v2/news_full_story_presentation_v2|title=Bureau Veritas does Validation and Continuous Monitoritng of Training Centers under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)|website=www.bureauveritas.co.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

== Projects ==
=== Swachh Survekshan ===
Quality Council of India had been commissioned by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] to conduct an extensive survey to measure the success rate of Swachh Bharat Mission. Under 'Swachh Survekshan 2016', QCI released hygiene rankings of 73 cities, including Tier 1 and Tier 2 as per [[Classification of Indian cities]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

25 teams of 3 trained surveyors each visited 42 locations covering highly populated zones like railway stations, bus stands, marketplaces, religious places, residential zones and toilet complexes. 3,066 geo tagged photos were collected as evidence.<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136425|title=Mysuru remains the cleanest city; Dhanbad at the bottom of 73 major cities|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

The second edition of [[Swachh Survekshan 2017]] ranked 434 cities from January 4 to February 7, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swachhbharaturban.in:8080/sbm/content/writereaddata/10012017_Overall%20State%20Wise%20Assessment%20Schedule.pdf|title=Swachh Survekshan 2017 City Wise Schedule|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127200316/http://www.swachhbharaturban.in:8080/sbm/content/writereaddata/10012017_Overall%20State%20Wise%20Assessment%20Schedule.pdf|archive-date=January 27, 2018|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/six-andhra-pradesh-cities-to-win-swachh-survekshan-awards/story/251319.html|title=Six Andhra Pradesh cities to win Swachh Survekshan awards|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=2 May 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

'''Top 10 Cleanest Cities 2017<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/swachh-survekshan-2017-find-out-where-your-city-stands/articleshow/58512197.cms|title=Swachh Survekshan-2017: Find out where your city stands - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 May 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! City !! State
|-
| 1 || [[Indore]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bhopal]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 4 || [[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 5 || [[Mysuru]] || [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 6 || [[Tiruchirapalli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| 7 || [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 8 || [[Navi Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 9 || [[Tirupati]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 10 || [[Vadodara]] || [[Gujarat]]
|}

'''Bottom 10 Cities 2017<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! City !! State
|-
| 1 || [[Bulandshahr]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 2 || [[Hapur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Khurja]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 4 || [[Shahjahanpur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 5 || [[Abohar]] || [[Punjab]]
|-
| 6 || [[Muktsar]] || [[Punjab]]
|-
| 7 || [[Katihar]] || [[Bihar]]
|-
| 8 || [[Hardoi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bagaha]] || [[Bihar]]
|-
| 10 || [[Bhusawal]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|}

'''Top 10 Cleanest Cities 2016<ref name="pib.nic.in"/>'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! City !! State
|-
| 1 || [[Mysuru]] || [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 2 || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Punjab]]
|-
| 3 || [[Tiruchirapalli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| 4 || [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 5 || [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 6 || [[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 7 || [[Rajkot]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 8 || [[Gangtok]] || [[Sikkim]]
|-
| 9 || [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 10 || Greater Mumbai || [[Maharashtra]]
|}

'''Bottom 10 Cities 2016<ref name="pib.nic.in"/>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! City !! State
|-
| 1 || [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2 || [[Varanasi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Jamshedpur]] || [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| 4 || [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 5 || [[Raipur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| 6 || [[Meerut]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 7 || [[Patna]] || [[Bihar]]
|-
| 8 || [[Itanagar]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
| 9 || [[Asansol]] || [[West Bengal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Dhanbad]] || [[Bihar|Jharkhand]]
|}

=== Yoga scheme ===
In 2016, Quality Council of India introduced a voluntary certification for to assure standardised yoga practices across the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/A-new-government-sponsored-scheme-aims-to-certify-yoga-teachers-across-the-world/articleshow/47777903.cms|title=A new government-sponsored scheme aims to certify yoga teachers across the world - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 June 2015 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

Along with the yoga scheme, QCI also runs a certification for Yoga Training Schools. With objective of raising the standard of training professionals graduating from these institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TIZkvFunT3stsAdRLdtTqI/Now-yoga-training-schools-to-be-certified-by-Quality-Counci.html|title=Now, yoga training schools to be certified by Quality Council of India|first=Asit Ranjan|last=Mishra|date=23 March 2016|website=livemint.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
Over 18,500 aspirants registered under the scheme, 6,000 examined and over 900 yoga professionals have been certified.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/embassy-of-india-in-peru-qci-sign-mou-for-yoga-promotion-117011800379_1.html|title=Indian Embassy in Peru and QCI sign MoU for yoga promotion|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 January 2017|access-date=25 April 2018|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

A [[Memorandum of Understanding]] has been signed with Peru, Bolivia and Japan for promotion of certified yoga practices. Currently, it is in talks with Malaysia, Poland, Russia and Australia for such tie-ups.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/embassy-of-india-in-peru-qci-sign-mou-for-yoga-promotion/articleshow/56642473.cms|title=Embassy of India in Peru & QCI sign MoU for yoga promotion|date=25 April 2018|access-date=25 April 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yoga-set-to-be-popularised-in-peru-bolivia/articleshow/56641766.cms|title=Yoga set to be popularised in Peru, Bolivia|date=25 April 2018|access-date=25 April 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== MSME registration under ZED ===
Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], initiated the Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED) model in 2016 as an integral component of [[Make in India]]. The model was conceptualised to help [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] improve quality and environmental standards to prevent return of goods after manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/quality-council-to-cover-26000-msmes-under-zed-model/article8417543.ece|title=Quality Council to cover 26,000 MSMEs under ZED model|website=thehindubusinessline.com|date=31 March 2016 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

A flagship project of QCI, aims to certify over 1.25 Million MSMEs within five years to match international quality standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/quality-council-of-india-to-cover-1-25-million-msmes-with-their-zed-model-in-next-five-years-1225404.html|title=Quality Council of India to cover 1.25 million MSMEs with their ZED model in next five years|website=news18.com|date=4 April 2016|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

=== e-Quest ===
On 23 May 2017, QCI launched an e-learning certification in line with the government's [[Digital India]] campaign to accredit manufacturers. The courses include Total Quality Management, Total Productive Maintenance and Manufacturing competitiveness. It enables entrepreneurs to gain certification in functional areas of manufacturing and quality practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/sectors/qci-launches-e-learning-certificate-program-in-manufacturing-on-equest-portal|title=QCI launches e-learning certificate program in manufacturing on eQuest Portal|first=Knn India - Knowledge & News|last=Network|website=knnindia.co.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

'''Active projects''':
* ZED<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/Guidelines-ZED-Final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2017-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918073023/http://dcmsme.gov.in/Guidelines-ZED-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Scheme For Voluntary Certification Of Yoga Professionals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147748|title=Scheme for Voluntary Certification of Yoga Professionals started by M/o AYUSH to provide good quality Yoga teachers: Shri Shripad Yesso Naik|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Indian Certification for Medical Devices (ICMED) Scheme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intertek.com/business-assurance/icmed-scheme/|title=Indian Certification of Medical Devices Scheme (ICMED)|website=www.intertek.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* INDIA Good Agriculture Practices (INDGAP) Certification Scheme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrocert.in/|title=Agrocert|website=www.agrocert.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Voluntary Certification Scheme for Lead Safe Paints (VCSLSP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiastandardsportal.org/standardbodiecontent.aspx?StandardBodyId=19|title=India Standards Portal|website=indiastandardsportal.org|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183243/http://indiastandardsportal.org/standardbodiecontent.aspx?StandardBodyId=19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Traditional Health Practitioners Certification Scheme (THP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/humanities-social-sciences/articles/ignou-qci-certifies-village-vaidyas-press-release-blogId-3959|title=IGNOU, QCI certifies village vaidyas - Shiksha.com|last=www.Shiksha.com|website=shiksha.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Capacity Building Program for Voluntary Consumer Organizations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/#|title=Quality Council of India: Creating an Ecosystem for Quality|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Ready Mix Concrete Plant Certification Scheme (RMCPCS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bureauveritas.co.in/home/our-services/certification/rmcpcs|title=RMC Plant Capability Certification Scheme|website=www.bureauveritas.co.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Attestation of Courseware for IT ITeS SSC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/attestation-of-courseware-for-IT.php|title=QCI: Attestation of Courseware for IT ITeS SSC|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* QCI Scheme for Approval of Emergency Response Disaster Management Plans (ERDMP) under PNGRB Regulations<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://erosgroup.in/qcidynamic/key-projects/qci-scheme-for-approval-of-emergency-response-disaster-management-plans-erdmp-under-pngrb-regualations/ |title=QCI Scheme for Approval of Emergency Response Disaster Management Plans (ERDMP) under PNGRB Regualations – Quality Council of India (QCI) |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019042017/http://erosgroup.in/qcidynamic/key-projects/qci-scheme-for-approval-of-emergency-response-disaster-management-plans-erdmp-under-pngrb-regualations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Voluntary Certification Scheme for AYUSH Products<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irqs.co.in/voluntary-certification-scheme-for-ayush-products.html|title=Voluntary Certification Scheme for Ayush Products|website=Indian Register Quality Systems|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509232235/http://www.irqs.co.in/voluntary-certification-scheme-for-ayush-products.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce (VCSMPP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmpb.nic.in/content/voluntary-certification-scheme-medicinal-plant-produce-vcsmpp|title=Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce (VCSMPP) - National Medicinal Plants Board|website=www.nmpb.nic.in|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183508/http://www.nmpb.nic.in/content/voluntary-certification-scheme-medicinal-plant-produce-vcsmpp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[FSSAI]] Initiative – Tasty Food Safe Food<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Overview/Food-safety-and-certification-keys-to-growth|title=FNB News - Food safety and certification keys to growth - FNB News|website=www.fnbnews.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

=== DigiReady Certification ===
The DigiReady Certification portal was launched, as announced by the QCI and [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] (ONDC) on 8 February 2024. Through the use of this online self-assessment tool, [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] can determine how well-equipped they are to join the ONDC platform as vendors. The certification procedure assesses a number of digital readiness factors, such as the availability of the paperwork required for online operations, the user's familiarity with software and technology, the ability to integrate with current digital processes, and the effectiveness of order and catalog management. Participants will receive an e-certificate designating their company as DigiReady to onboard one of the network seller partners upon satisfactorily answering all critical questions. Anyone who answers a question wrong will be sent to a hand-holding tool to help them become more proficient in the appropriate module so they can answer questions correctly. Seller Applications will contact entities to make the on-boarding process easier for them when they are DigiReady and give their permission.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-08 |title=QCI in collaboration with ONDC launches DigiReady certification portal for small retailers |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/qci-in-collaboration-with-ondc-launches-digiready-certification-portal-for-small-retailers-1503267855.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Associated ministries ==
* [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
* [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/SBM%20G%20HOUSEHOLD%20SURVEY%20BY%20QCI%20WORK%20ORDER%20.pdf|title= F. No. Q-11014/1/2017-Stat-Part(2)|publisher=[[Government of India]] - Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|date=May 2, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308132025/http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/SBM%20G%20HOUSEHOLD%20SURVEY%20BY%20QCI%20WORK%20ORDER%20.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>
* Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalskillsnetwork.in/nsdc-accreditation/|title=NSDC plans to speed up Center Accreditation and Affiliation process|date=5 May 2017|website=nationalskillsnetwork.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* State [[Government of Gujarat]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/qci-may-sign-mou-with-state-government-for-education-accreditation-board-110012600017_1.html|title=QCI may sign MoU with state government for education accreditation board|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 January 2010|access-date=25 April 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* National Skills Development Corporation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-nsdc-plans-to-fast-track-its-center-accreditation-affiliation-process-2428364|title=NSDC plans to fast track its Center Accreditation, Affiliation process - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=5 May 2017|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Ministry of Human Resources Development<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/teachers-government-school-mandatory-training-pedagogical-methods-ministry-of-human-resource-development-259272-2015-06-23|title=Government teachers to undergo compulsory training every year|website=India Today|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[National Council for Teacher Education]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/education/bed-med-colleges-in-state-protest-against-new-accreditation-process/articleshow/59761361.cms|title=BEd, MEd colleges in State protest against new accreditation process - Ahmedabad Mirror|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]<ref name=refusal>{{cite web|url=http://content.timesjobs.com/qci-offers-jobs-to-iim-a-iitians-on-flipkarts-refusal/articleshow/57952320.cms|title=QCI offers jobs to IIM-A, IITians on Flipkart's refusal|website=timesjobs.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]<ref name=refusal/>
* [[NITI Aayog]] (erstwhile planning commission of India)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialcops.com/case-studies/building-a-system-for-niti-aayog-to-track-89-ministries/|title=Building a System for NITI Aayog to Track 89 Ministries – SocialCops|website=SocialCops|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]<ref name=refusal/>
* Department of Administrative Reform and Public Grievances (DARPG)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org/shri-narendra-modi-feed/pm-to-present-awards-on-implementing-government-s-priority-programmes-to-mark-the-civil-services-day|title=Shri Narendra Modi Feed|website=Bharatiya Janata Party|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051258/https://www.bjp.org/shri-narendra-modi-feed/pm-to-present-awards-on-implementing-government-s-priority-programmes-to-mark-the-civil-services-day|archive-date=December 22, 2017|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>

== Board composition ==
* Chairperson (appointed by prime minister of India)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Immediate Past Chairperson
* Secretary General-Quality Council of India <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-mckinsey-india-chief-is-modi-govts-first-corporate-recruit/|title=Former McKinsey India chief is Modi govt's first corporate recruit|date=17 September 2014|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Indian Medical Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=68320&sid=1|title=QCI plans 42 new quality standards for hospitals, diagnostic centres by June|website=pharmabiz.com|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184514/http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=68320&sid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Consumer Co-ordination Council<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/Consumers-awareness-seminar-at-Royapettah/article16547299.ece|title=Consumers awareness seminar at Royapettah|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 November 2016|access-date=25 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (IRDA)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/quality-council-to-approach-irda-on-medical-insurance-108082700035_1.html|title=Quality Council to approach IRDA on medical insurance|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=27 August 2008|access-date=25 April 2018|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* [[Indian Nursing Council]]<ref name="qcin.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/structure.php|title=Quality Council of India : Structure of QCI|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Secretary, [[Ministry of AYUSH]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/drugs-and-pharmaceuticals/quality-council-india|title=Quality Council of India - Ministry of AYUSH - GOI|website=ayush.gov.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Director General, Armed Forces Medical Services<ref name="qcin.org"/>
* Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), MOHFW <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amityedumedia.com/industry/Healthcare-issue15-1.htm|title=Amity Edumedia|website=www.amityedumedia.com|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912133304/http://www.amityedumedia.com/industry/Healthcare-issue15-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Dean, [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/033a11804782b53db9ffff92d4a674f7/Patientsafety_brief_QCI.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=148783245&CACHEID=033a11804782b53db9ffff92d4a674f7 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2018-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183730/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/033a11804782b53db9ffff92d4a674f7/Patientsafety_brief_QCI.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=148783245&CACHEID=033a11804782b53db9ffff92d4a674f7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Secretary, [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=91257|title=English Releases|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Drugs Controller General of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nishithdesai.com/information/news-storage/news-details/article/pharma-alerts-1.html|title=Nishith Desai Associates: Pharma Alerts|website=www.nishithdesai.com|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183341/http://www.nishithdesai.com/information/news-storage/news-details/article/pharma-alerts-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Chair, Health Committee – [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/presentation/98781158/NABH|title=NABH - Patient - Health Care|website=Scribd|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Chair, Health Committee – [[ASSOCHAM]]<ref name="nabh.co">{{cite web|url=http://www.nabh.co/introduction.aspx|title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH)|website=www.nabh.co|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183619/http://www.nabh.co/introduction.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Chair, Health Committee – [[FICCI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ficci.in/sector-events.asp?secid=27 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2017-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612045818/http://ficci.in/sector-events.asp?secid=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Academy of Hospital Administration (AHA)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/news/99-hospital-administration.html |title=News |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2017-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917205147/http://www.aiims.edu/en/news/99-hospital-administration.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* President, State Medical Council (currently Delhi State)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabh.co/images/pdf/Discussion_Forum_Hospital_Accreditation_and_Patient_Safety.pdf|title=Discussion Forum : Hospital Accreditation and Patient Safety|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331200321/http://www.nabh.co/images/pdf/Discussion_Forum_Hospital_Accreditation_and_Patient_Safety.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>
* Consortium of Accredited Healthcare Organizations (CAHO)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caho.in/about-us|title=About Us - Consortium of Accredited Healthcare Organisations|website=www.caho.in|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183105/https://www.caho.in/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Chair, Accreditation Committee – NABH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/faq.php|title=QCI: Frequently Asked Questions|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Chair, Hospital Technical Committee – NABH<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/bhaveensheth/iasosol-nabh-quality-presentation|title=Iasosol- NABH Quality presentation|last=bhaveensheth|date=9 April 2011|website=slideshare.net|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Chair, Appeals Committee – NABH<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nabh.co/Images/PDF/CT_Brochure.pdf|title=Information Brochure for Ethics Committee Accreditation Program|publisher=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH)|date=December 2016|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219111313/https://www.nabh.co/Images/PDF/CT_Brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* CEO NABH – Member Secretary<ref name="nabh.co"/>

== Boards ==
A 38-member council governs QCI, which is responsible for formulating strategy, general policies and monitoring various components including the accreditation boards. The council ensures transparency and credibility amongst the entire system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2016-08-02/Quality-Council-of-India/246114|title=Quality Council of India|website=The Hans India|date=2 August 2016 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

QCI functions through 5 main accreditation boards.

=== National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) ===
The board confers accreditations to various certification bodies. It follows the ISO: 17011 guidelines for accreditation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/compliance-with-international-standards-must-to-boost-exports/articleshow/58741239.cms|title='Compliance with international standards must to boost exports' - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 May 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> As per the appropriate international criterion, NABCB is a part of the international structure of certification and inspection bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/bangladesh-standards-testing-institution-granted-indian-accreditation-/29923|title=Quality Council of India (QCI), National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB), BSTI|website=businesswireindia.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> The board identifies requirements for the competence of the bodies executing inspection. Additionally, it ensures neutral and steady activities of inspection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuvsud.com/en-in/press-and-media|title=Press and Media | TÜV SÜD India|website=www.tuvsud.com}}</ref>

=== National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) ===
NABET is responsible for granting accreditation to schools and institutes providing vocational training and recognizing their competence & capability in Education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gia.edu/UK-EN/gem-education/mumbai-accreditation-and-licensing|title=NABET Accreditation|website=www.gia.edu}}</ref> It's supposedly one of the biggest boards under QCI in terms of impacting numerous lives. It ensures that the education standards cope with the demand and supply of working professional nationally and internationally. It undertakes the enhancement of the teaching and learning processes and improving the evaluation methods by inculcating national curricular objectives in schooling process and structure through accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationreview.com/casino-club-vulkan-mobilnaya-versiya/|title=Мобильная версия игрового клуба Вулкан, скачать бесплатно официальное мобильное казино|website=indiaeducationreview.com|access-date=2021-02-15|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410234920/https://indiaeducationreview.com/casino-club-vulkan-mobilnaya-versiya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With an elaborate structure and emphasis on training, the board addresses the areas of major concerns in the education sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2015/06/nabet-focuses-on-global-employability-skills-and-quality-education/|title=NABET Focus on Skills & Education|website=eletsonline.com|date=10 June 2015 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

=== National Board for Quality Promotion (NBQP) ===
The board primarily endorses cognizance on standards such as QMS, EMS, FSMS, ISMS etc. as well as tools of quality. Consequently, it empowers businesses to compete for better quality standards. The board currently consists of 26 members and one of the main motives is to achieve the main objective of QCI to facilitate National Quality Campaign. The National Board for Quality Promotion is re-formed every four years and will include Federation of Indian Small and Micro & Medium Enterprises (FISME).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/msme/national-board-for-quality-promotion-reconstituted-fisme-to-represent-msmes|title=National Board for Quality Promotion reconstituted; FISME to represent MSMEs|first=Knn India - Knowledge & News|last=Network|website=knnindia.co.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> The tools help the industries to follow to the code of conduct, quality standards and deal with the challenges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishchamber.in/Event/7-quality-compliance-forum|title=#7 QUALITY & COMPLIANCE FORUM - SCCI - Swedish Chamber of Commerce India|website=swedishchamber.in|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183717/http://swedishchamber.in/Event/7-quality-compliance-forum|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers]] (NABH) ===
Established in 2006, NABH establishes and operates accreditation programs for healthcare organizations. It has gradually introduced new standards for the smaller hospitals that find it difficult to cope with the full standards of NABH.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nabh-sets-new-entrylevel-standards-for-accreditation-of-hospitals/article6055157.ece|title=NABH sets new entry-level standards for accreditation of hospitals|first=Ramya|last=Kannan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2014|access-date=25 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] (NABL) ===
NABL is registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860. The purpose of the board is to provide the Industry and Government with third-party schemes for the assessment of the technical competence and quality of pertaining bodies. Apart from being their signatory for accreditation of Testing, connections with International Accreditation Co-operation (ILAC) and Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (APLAC) are maintained by NABL.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/autonomousstinstitutions/national-accreditation-board-testing-calibration-laboratories-new-delhi
|title=National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories, New Delhi
|website=Department of Science and Technology
|publisher=[[Government of India]] - Ministry of Science and Technology
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711112737/http://www.dst.gov.in/autonomousstinstitutions/national-accreditation-board-testing-calibration-laboratories-new-delhi
|archive-date=July 11, 2017
|access-date=December 19, 2023
}}</ref>

== D.L. Shah Award ==
Started in 2007, The QCI D.L Shah award recognizes achievements in refining products & services and improved customer service. Open to all types of organizations, they're allowed to submit a maximum of 3 projects. The prerequisites include that the organization should be registered in India and free of convictions from the judiciary. The award is divided into the following categories depending on specific requirements:
* Platinum Award
* Gold Award
* Silver Award <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://qcin.org/nbqp/dsa/2016/about-award |title=About the Award | QCI |access-date=2017-09-19 |archive-date=2017-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929155304/http://qcin.org/nbqp/dsa/2016/about-award |url-status=dead }}</ref>

2017 marks the 11th edition of the D.L. Shah award for successful projects in production operation and service and customer/stakeholder satisfaction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/sectors/qci-to-organize-11th-edition-of-qci-d-l-shah-awards|title=QCI to organize 11th Edition of QCI-D. L. Shah Awards|first=Knn India - Knowledge & News|last=Network|website=knnindia.co.in|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
[[Category:Councils of India]]

India women's cricket team in England in 2026

2026-04-28T11:49:18Z

MaritzaSandoval: added article

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|Indian cricket team in England in 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India women's cricket team in England in 2026
| team1_image = Flag of England.svg
| team1_name = England
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 28 May
| to_date = 13 July 2026
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won =
| team2_tests_won =
| team1_tests_most_runs =
| team2_tests_most_runs =
| team1_tests_most_wickets =
| team2_tests_most_wickets =
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won =
| team2_twenty20s_won =
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

The [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] is scheduled to tour England in May and June 2026 to play three [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches against the [[England women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13401037/england-to-host-five-countries-in-blockbuster-2026-summer-of-international-cricket |title=England to host five countries in blockbuster 2026 summer of international cricket |work=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70708-england-women-to-host-new-zealand-india-and-ireland-in-2026-dates-locked-in-for-historic-lords-test.html |title=England Women to Host New Zealand, India, and Ireland in 2026; Dates Locked In for Historic Lord's Test |work=Female Cricket |date=24 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> The matches will serve as preparation for both teams ahead of the [[2026 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/england-unveil-blockbuster-schedule-for-summer-of-2026 |title=England unveil blockbuster schedule for summer of 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=24 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> Following the T20 World Cup, the teams will play a one-off [[Women's Test cricket|Test]] match in July 2026 at [[Lord's]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70807-india-to-face-england-in-historic-first-ever-womens-test-at-lords-in-2026.html |title=India to Face England in Historic First-Ever Women's Test at Lord's in 2026 |work=Female Cricket |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cn4l4vjp9kgo |title=Lord's to host three England Tests in 2026 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=24 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> The Test match will run alongside the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2026|men's series between England and India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135107/india-to-tour-england-again-in-2026-for-white-ball-series |title=India to tour England again in 2026 for white-ball series |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2026 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4320034/england-cricket-fixtures-for-2026-international-summer-announced |title=England Cricket fixtures for 2026 international summer announced |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|{{crw|ENG}}
!colspan=2|{{crw|IND}}
|-
!Test
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/cn9pl10e4g5o |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=28 April 2026 |title=Corteen-Coleman, 18, in England T20 World Cup squad}}</ref>
!Test
!T20Is
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|

|
* [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Charlie Dean]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Lauren Bell]]
* [[Alice Capsey]]
* [[Tilly Corteen-Coleman]]
* [[Sophia Dunkley]]
* [[Sophie Ecclestone]]
* [[Lauren Filer]]
* [[Dani Gibson]]
* [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Freya Kemp]]
* [[Heather Knight]]
* [[Linsey Smith]]
* [[Issy Wong]]
* [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]]
|

|

|}

== T20I series ==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 May 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496548.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Ground]], [[Chelmsford]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 May 2026
| time = TBC
| night =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496549.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bristol County Ground|County Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 June 2026
| time = 18:30
| night = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496550.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]], [[Taunton]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Only Test==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 10–13 July 2026
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496551.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = 
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-in-england-2026-1496532 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of England}}
{{International cricket in 2026}}

[[Category:2026 in English women's cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours]]
[[Category:Women's cricket tours of England]]

Palaeography

2026-04-27T16:51:20Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up a pg nd citations

{{Short description|Study of handwriting and manuscripts}}
{{Distinguish|Palaeogeography}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Shakespeare-Testament.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|[[Shakespeare's will|William Shakespeare's will]], written in [[secretary hand]]<ref>''Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy'', pp. 131–3: By William Shakespeare, Charles Hamilton, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) {{ISBN|0-944435-24-6}}</ref>]]

'''Palaeography''' ([[American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe|UK]]) or '''paleography''' ([[American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe|US]]) (ultimately from {{langx|grc|{{linktext|παλαιός}}}}, {{transliteration|grc|palaiós}}, 'old', and {{lang|grc|{{linktext|γράφειν}}}}, {{transliteration|grc|gráphein}}, 'to write') is the study and [[academic discipline]] of historical writing systems. It encompasses the historicity of manuscripts and texts, subsuming deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts, as well as the analysis of historic [[penmanship]], [[handwriting script|handwriting scripts]], signification, and [[printed media]].

It is primarily concerned with the forms, processes, and relationships of writing and printing systems as evident in a text, document, or manuscript — analysis of the substantive textual content of documents is a secondary function. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating manuscripts,<ref>{{OED|palaeography}}</ref> and the cultural and technical context of writing systems, including the methods by which texts (such as manuscripts, [[books]], [[codices]], [[Tract (literature)|tract]]s, and [[monographs]]) were produced, and the history of [[scriptoria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://civiceducationproject.org/legacy/projects/paleography/index.html |title=Latin Palaeography Network |publisher=Civiceducationproject.org |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725173735/http://civiceducationproject.org/legacy/projects/paleography/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Palaeography as a discipline is important for understanding, authenticating, and dating historical texts; however, in the absence of additional evidence, it is difficult to use palaeographic means alone to pinpoint exact dates of such texts.

The discipline is one of the [[auxiliary sciences of history]], and is considered to have been founded by [[Jean Mabillon]]<ref>Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). [[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jean Mabillon|"Jean Mabillon"]] . ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. New York: Robert Appleton.</ref> with his 1681 work ''{{lang|la|De re diplomatica}}'', the first textbook to address the subject. The term ''palaeography'' was coined by [[Bernard de Montfaucon]]<ref>Bernard de Montfaucon et al., ''Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum'', Paris, Ludovicum Guerin (1708); André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=om4olQhrE84C&pg=PA1070 Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages]'' (Routledge, 2000), Volume 2, p. 1070</ref> with the publication of his work on Greek palaeography, the ''Palaeographia Graeca,'' in 1708.<ref>Urry, William G.. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/paleography. "paleography"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 7 Aug. 2013. Accessed 15 November 2023.</ref>

== Application ==
Palaeography is an essential skill for many [[historian]]s, [[semioticians]], and [[philology|philologists]], as it addresses a suite of interrelated lines of inquiry. First, since the style of an [[alphabet]], [[grapheme]], or [[sign system]] set within a register in each given dialect and language has evolved constantly, it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual substantive, occurrence make-up and constituency. For example, assessing its characters and typology as they existed in various places, times and locations. In addition, for hand-written texts, [[scribe]]s often use many [[scribal abbreviation|abbreviations]] and annotations so as to functionally aid speed, efficiency, and ease of writing and in some registers to importantly save invaluable space of the medium. Hence, the specialist-palaeographer, philologist and semiotician must know how to, in the broadest sense, interpret, comprehend and understand them. Knowledge of individual [[letterforms]], [[typographic ligature]]s, signs, [[Linguistic typology|typology]], [[fonts]], graphemes, [[hieroglyphics]], and signification forms in general, subsuming [[punctuation]], [[syntagm]] and [[proxemics]], abbreviations and annotations; enables the palaeographer to read, comprehend and then to understand the text and/or the relationship and hierarchy between texts in suite. The palaeographer, philologist and semiotician must first determine language, then dialect and then the register, function and purpose of the text. That is, one must by necessity become expert in the formation, historicity and evolution of these languages and signification communities, and material [[communication events]]. Secondly, the historical usages of various styles of handwriting, common writing customs, and scribal or [[notary|notarial]] abbreviations, annotations conventions, [[annexure]]s, [[addenda]] and specifics of printed typology, syntagm and proxemics must be assessed as a collective undertaking. Philological knowledge of the register, language, vocabulary, and grammar generally used at a given time, place and circumstance may assist palaeographers to identify a hierarchy of texts in a suite through discourse analysis, determining the [[provenance]] of texts, identifying [[forgeries]], [[interpolation]]s and [[recension]]s with precision; eliciting a professional authenticity in documentation, textual and manuscript evaluation with view to producing a [[critical edition]] if required and a critical assessment of a given [[discourse event]] as rendered and set in a materiality or medium.

Knowledge of [[writing material]]s and discourse material production systems is foundational to the study of handwriting and printing events and to the identification of the periods in which a document or manuscript may have been produced.<ref name=fn_3>Robert P. Gwinn, "Paleography" in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [[Micropædia]], Vol. IX, 1986, p. 78.</ref> An important goal may be to assign the text a date and a place of origin, or determining which translations of a text are produced from which specific document or manuscript. This is why the palaeographer and attendant semiologists and philologists must take into account the style, substance and formation of the text, document and manuscript and the handwriting style and printed typology, grapheme typos and lexical and signification system(s) employed.<ref name=fn_4>Fernando De Lasala, ''Exercise of Latin Paleography'' ([[Pontifical Gregorian University|Gregorian University of Rome]], 2006) p. 7.</ref>

=== Document dating ===
Palaeography may be employed to provide information about the date at which a document was written. However, "paleography is a last resort for dating" and, "for book hands, a period of 50 years is the least acceptable spread of time"<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Eric G. |year=1987 |title=Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World |edition=2nd |place=London |publisher=Institute of Classical Studies }}</ref><ref name="nongbri24">{{cite journal |url=http://people.uncw.edu/zervosg/papyrology/nongbri%20p52%20misuse.pdf |last=Nongbri |first=Brent |year=2005 |title=The Use and Abuse of P52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel |journal=Harvard Theological Review |volume=98 |pages=23–48 (24) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216200012/http://people.uncw.edu/zervosg/papyrology/nongbri%20p52%20misuse.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2015 |doi=10.1017/S0017816005000842 |s2cid=163128006 |accessdate=21 November 2014 }}</ref> with it being suggested that "the 'rule of thumb' should probably be to avoid dating a hand more precisely than a range of at least seventy or eighty years".<ref name="nongbri24" /> In a 2005 e-mail addendum to his 1996 "The Paleographical Dating of P-46" paper, Bruce W. Griffin stated "Until more rigorous methodologies are developed, it is difficult to construct a 95% confidence interval for [[[New Testament]]] manuscripts without allowing a century for an assigned date."<ref>Griffin, Bruce W. (1996), [http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf "The Paleographical Dating of P-46"]</ref> [[William Schniedewind]] went even further in the abstract to his 2005 paper "Problems of Paleographic Dating of Inscriptions" and stated: "The so-called science of paleography often relies on [[circular reasoning]] because there is insufficient data to draw precise conclusion about dating. Scholars also tend to oversimplify diachronic development, assuming models of simplicity rather than complexity".<ref name="Schniedewind, William M. 2005">{{cite book |last=Schniedewind |first=William M. |author-link=William Schniedewind |year=2005 |chapter=Problems of Paleographic Dating of Inscriptions |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-last=Levy |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Higham |title=The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-84553-057-8}}</ref>

== Ancient Near East ==
[[File:Troy VIIb hieroglyphic seal reverse.png|thumb|Drawing of the hieroglyphic seal found in the [[Troy VII|Troy VIIb layer]]]]
{{further|History of writing|Epigraphy}}
{{See also|Anatolian hieroglyphs|Cuneiform|Hittite cuneiform|Egyptian hieroglyphs|Proto-Sinaitic script|Ancient South Arabian script}}

== Aramaic palaeography ==
{{See also|Aramaic alphabet|Hebrew alphabet|Mandaic script|Sogdian alphabet|Syriac alphabet}}
[[File:Mandaic Alphabet.jpg|thumb|Table showing the [[Mandaic alphabet]] with some of the mysteries represented by the letters]]

The [[Aramaic language]] was the international [[trade language]] of the [[Ancient Middle East]], originating in what is modern-day [[Syria]], between 1000 and 600 BC. It spread from the [[Mediterranean coast]] to the borders of India, becoming extremely popular and being adopted by many people, both with or without any previous writing system. The [[Aramaic script]] was written in a [[Abjad|consonantal form]] with a direction from right to left. The [[Aramaic alphabet]], a modified form of [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]], was the ancestor of the [[Arabic alphabet|modern Arabic]] and [[Hebrew script]]s, as well as the [[Brahmi script]], the parent writing system of most modern [[abugida]]s in India, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia. Initially, the Aramaic script did not differ from the Phoenician, but then the [[Aramaeans]] simplified some of the letters, thickened and rounded their lines: a specific feature of its letters is the distinction between {{angbr|d}} and {{angbr|r}}. One innovation in Aramaic is the {{lang|la|[[matres lectionis]]}} system to indicate certain vowels. Early Phoenician-derived scripts did not have letters for vowels, and so most texts recorded just consonants. Most likely as a consequence of phonetic changes in North Semitic languages, the Aramaeans reused certain letters in the alphabet to represent long vowels. The letter ''[[aleph]]'' was employed to write /ā/, ''he'' for /ō/, ''yod'' for /ī/, and ''vav'' for /ū/.

Aramaic writing and language supplanted Babylonian [[cuneiform]] and [[Akkadian language]], even in their homeland in [[Mesopotamia]]. The wide diffusion of Aramaic letters led to its writing being used not only in monumental inscriptions, but also on [[papyrus]] and [[potsherds]]. Aramaic papyri have been found in large numbers in Egypt, especially at [[Elephantine papyri|Elephantine]]—among them are official and private documents of the [[Jewish military history|Jewish military settlement]] in 5 BC. In the Aramaic papyri and potsherds, words are separated usually by a small gap, as in modern writing. At the turn of the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, the heretofore uniform Aramaic letters developed new forms, as a result of dialectal and political fragmentation in several subgroups. The most important of these is the so-called [[Hebrew square script|square Hebrew block script]], followed by [[Palmyrene dialect|Palmyrene]], [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]], and the much later [[Syriac script]].

Aramaic is usually divided into three main parts:<ref name="Bey" />
# Old Aramaic (in turn subdivided into Ancient, Imperial, Old Eastern and Old Western Aramaic)
# Middle Aramaic, and
# Modern Aramaic of the present day.

The term Middle Aramaic refers to the form of Aramaic which appears in pointed texts and is reached in the 3rd century AD with the loss of short unstressed vowels in open syllables, and continues until the triumph of [[Arabic]].

Old Aramaic appeared in the 11th century BC as the official language of the first [[Neo-Hittite states|Aramaean states]]. The oldest witnesses to it are inscriptions from northern [[Syria]] of the 10th to 8th centuries BC, especially extensive state treaties ({{c.|750 BC}}) and royal inscriptions. The early Old Ancient should be classified as "Ancient Aramaic" and consists of two clearly distinguished and standardised written languages, the Early Ancient Aramaic and the Late Ancient Aramaic. Aramaic was influenced at first principally by [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], then from the 5th century BC by [[Persian language|Persian]] and from the 3rd century BC onwards by [[Greek language|Greek]], as well as by [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], especially in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name="Bey">Cf. Klaus Beyer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ53zpMQNLEC ''The Aramaic Language''], Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986, pp. 9- 15; Rainer Degen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nrRcQwAACAAJ ''Altaramäische Grammatik der Inschriften des 10-8 Jh.v.Chr.''], [[Wiesbaden]], repr. 1978.</ref> As Aramaic evolved into the imperial language of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], the script used to write it underwent a change into something more cursive. The best examples of this script come from documents written on papyrus from Egypt.<ref>This script was also used during the reign of King [[Ashoka]] in his edicts to spread early [[Buddhism]]. Cf. [http://www.ancientscripts.com/aramaic.html "Ancient Scripts: Aramaic"]. Accessed 05/04/2013</ref> About 500 BC, [[Darius I|Darius I]] (522–486) made the Aramaic used by the imperial administration into the official language of the western half of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. This so-called "[[Imperial Aramaic]]" (the oldest dated example, from Egypt, belonging to 495 BC) is based on an otherwise unknown written form of Ancient Aramaic from [[Babylonia]]. In orthography, Imperial Aramaic preserves historical forms—[[alphabet]], [[orthography]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[pronunciation]], [[vocabulary]], [[syntax]] and [[Style (sociolinguistics)|style]] are highly standardised. Only the formularies of the private documents and the [[Ahiqar|Proverbs of Ahiqar]] have maintained an older tradition of sentence structure and style. Imperial Aramaic immediately replaced Ancient Aramaic as a written language and, with slight modifications, it remained the official, commercial and literary language of the [[Near East]] until gradually, beginning with the fall of the Achaemenids in 331 BC and ending in the 4th century AD, it was replaced by Greek, Persian, the eastern and western dialects of Aramaic and Arabic, though not without leaving its traces in the written form of most of these. In its original Achaemenid form, Imperial Aramaic is found in texts of the 5th to 3rd centuries BC. These come mostly from Egypt and especially from the [[Jewish temple at Elephantine#Jewish temple at Elephantine|Jewish military colony]] of [[Elephantine]], which existed at least from 530 to 399 BC.<ref>Cf. Noël Aimé-Giron, [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1931_num_12_2_8304_t1_0180_0000_2 ''Textes araméens d’Égypte''], Cairo, 1931 (Nos. 1–112); G.R. Driver, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ7QtgAACAAJ ''Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C.''], [[Oxford]]: Clarendon Press, repr. 1968; [http://www.vst.edu/main/files/pdf/cvs/CV_Lindenberger_2012.pdf J.M. Lindenberger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203506/http://www.vst.edu/main/files/pdf/cvs/CV_Lindenberger_2012.pdf |date=29 October 2013 }}, ''The Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar'', Baltimore, 1983.</ref>

== Greek palaeography ==
{{further|History of the Greek alphabet|Archaic Greek alphabets}}
{{see also|Inscriptiones Graecae}}
[[File:Greek manuscript minuscule Aristotle.png|thumb|right|[[Greek minuscule]], 15th-century manuscript of [[Aristotle]]]]
A history of Greek handwriting must be incomplete owing to the fragmentary nature of evidence. If one rules out the inscriptions on stone or metal, which belong to the science of [[epigraphy]], there is practically a dependence on [[papyri]] from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] for the period preceding the 4th or 5th century AD, the earliest of which take back our knowledge only to the end of the 4th century BC. This limitation is less serious than might appear, since the few [[manuscript]]s not of Egyptian origin which have survived from this period, like the parchments from [[Avroman]]<ref>Cf. E. H. Minns, ''Journ. of Hell. Stud.'', xxxv, pp.22ff.</ref> or [[Dura-Europos]],<ref>Cf. ''New Pal. Soc.'', ii, p. 156.</ref> the [[Herculaneum papyri]], and a few documents found in Egypt but written elsewhere, reveal a uniformity of style in the various portions of the Greek world; however, differences can be discerned, with it being probable that distinct local styles could be traced were there more material to analyze.<ref name="Bell">In creating and expanding the following sections on {{small caps|Greek palaeography}}—inclusive of the "Vellum and Paper Manuscripts" subsection—specialist sources have been consulted and thoroughly perused for the relevant text and citations, as follows: primarily the article on ''general palaeography'' by renowned British [[papyrology|papyrologist]] and scholar [[Harold Idris Bell]], present in {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Palaeography#Greek Writing I|display=Palaeography § Greek Writing |volume=20 |pages=556–579 see pages 557 to 567}}; [[Barry B. Powell]], ''Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization,'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-6256-2}}; Jack Goody, ''The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society'', Cambridge University Press, 1986; the essential work by British palaeographer [[Edward Maunde Thompson]], ''An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography'', Cambridge University Press, 1912 (repr. 2013). {{ISBN|978-1-108-06181-0}}; the German work by [[Bernhard Bischoff]], ''Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', trad. Daibhm O. Cróinin & David Ganz, Cambridge University Press, 1990, esp. Part A "Codicology", pp. 7–37. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36726-4}}. These texts will be referred to throughout the present article with relevant inline citations.</ref>

Further, during any given period several types of hand may exist together. There was a marked difference between the hand used for literary works (generally called "[[uncials]]" but, in the papyrus period, better styled "book-hand") and that of documents ("[[cursive]]") and within each of these classes several distinct styles were employed side by side; and the various types are not equally well represented in the surviving papyri.

The development of any hand is largely influenced by the materials used. To this general rule the Greek script is no exception. Whatever may have been the period at which the use of papyrus or leather as a writing material began in Greece (and papyrus was employed in the 5th century BC), it is highly probable that for some time after the introduction of the alphabet the characters were incised with a sharp tool on stones or metal far oftener than they were written with a pen. In cutting a hard surface, it is easier to form angles than curves; in writing the reverse is the case; hence the development of writing was from angular letters ("capitals") inherited from [[epigraphy|epigraphic style]] to rounded ones ("uncials"). But only certain letters were affected by this development, in particular {{angbr|E}} (uncial {{angbr|ε}}), {{angbr|Σ}} ({{angbr|c}}), {{angbr|Ω}} ({{angbr|ω}}), and to a lesser extent {{angbr|A}} ({{angbr|α}}).

=== Ptolemaic period ===
[[File:P.Berol. inv. 9875 col. v coronis.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the [[Berlin]] papyrus 9875 showing the 5th column of [[Timotheus of Miletus|Timotheus']] ''Persae'', with a [[Coronis (textual symbol)|coronis]] symbol to mark the end]]

The earliest Greek papyrus yet discovered is probably that containing the ''Persae'' of [[Timotheus of Miletus|Timotheus]], which dates from the second half of the 4th century BC and its script has a curiously archaic appearance. {{angbr|E}}, {{angbr|Σ}}, and {{angbr|Ω}} have the capital form, and apart from these test letters the general effect is one of stiffness and angularity.<ref>Fragments of Timotheus' poetry survive, published in T. Bergk, ''Poetae lyrici graeci''. The cit. papyrus-fragment of his ''Persae (Persians)'' was discovered at [[Abusir]] and has been edited by [[Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff]], ''Der Timotheos-Papyrus gefunden bei Abusir am 1. Februar 1902'', Leipzig: Hinrichs (1903), with content discussion. Cf. V. Strazzulla, ''Persiani di Eschilo ed il nomo di Timoteo'' (1904); S. Sudhaus in ''Rhein. Mus.'', iviii. (1903), p. 481; and T. Reinach and M. Croiset in ''Revue des etudes grecques'', xvi. (1903), pp. 62, 323.</ref> More striking is the hand of the earliest dated papyrus, a contract of 311 BC. Written with more ease and elegance, it shows little trace of any development towards a truly [[cursive]] style; the letters are not linked, and though the uncial {{angbr|c}} is used throughout, {{angbr|E}} and {{angbr|Ω}} have the capital forms. A similar impression is made by the few other papyri, chiefly literary, dating from about 300 BC; {{angbr|E}} may be slightly rounded, {{angbr|Ω}} approach the uncial form, and the angular {{angbr|Σ}} occurs as a letter only in the Timotheus papyrus, though it survived longer as a numeral (= 200), but the hands hardly suggest that for at least a century and a half the art of writing on papyrus had been well established. Yet before the middle of the 3rd century BC, one finds both a practised book-hand and a developed and often remarkably handsome cursive.

These facts may be due to accident, the few early papyri happening to represent an archaic style which had survived along with a more advanced one; but it is likely that there was a rapid development at this period, due partly to the opening of Egypt, with its supplies of papyri, and still more to the establishment of the great [[Alexandrian Library]], which systematically copied literary and scientific works, and to the multifarious activities of [[Hellenistic]] bureaucracy. From here onward, the two types of script were sufficiently distinct (though each influenced the other) to require separate treatment. Some literary papyri, like the roll containing [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)|Constitution of Athens]]'', were written in cursive hands, and, conversely, the book-hand was occasionally used for documents. Since the scribe did not date literary rolls, such papyri are useful in tracing the development of the book-hand.<ref name="Bell" />

The documents of the mid-3rd century BC show a great variety of [[cursive]] hands. There are none from chancelleries of the Hellenistic monarchs, but some letters, notably those of [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius]], the finance minister of [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]], to this agent, Zeno, and those of the Palestinian sheikh, Toubias, are in a type of script which cannot be very unlike the [[Chancery hand]] of the time, and show the Ptolemaic cursive at its best. These hands have a noble spaciousness and strength, and though the individual letters are by no means uniform in size there is a real unity of style, the general impression being one of breadth and uprightness. {{angbr|H}}, with the cross-stroke high, {{angbr|Π}}, {{angbr|Μ}}, with the middle stroke reduced to a very shallow curve, sometimes approaching a horizontal line, {{angbr|Υ}}, and {{angbr|Τ}}, with its cross-bar extending much further to the left than to the right of the up-stroke, {{angbr|Γ}} and {{angbr|Ν}}, whose last stroke is prolonged upwards above the line, often curving backwards, are all broad; {{angbr|ε}}, {{angbr|c}}, {{angbr|θ}} and {{angbr|β}}, which sometimes takes the form of two almost perpendicular strokes joined only at the top, are usually small; {{angbr|ω}} is rather flat, its second loop reduced to a practically straight line. Partly by the broad flat tops of the larger letters, partly by the insertion of a stroke connecting those (like H, Υ) which are not naturally adapted to linking, the scribes produced the effect of a horizontal line along the top of the writing, from which the letters seem to hang. This feature is indeed a general characteristic of the more formal Ptolemaic script, but it is specially marked in the 3rd century BC.

[[File:The Derveni Papyrus.jpg|thumb|The [[Derveni Papyrus]], a Greek Macedonian philosophical text dating {{c|340 BC}}, considered Europe's oldest manuscript]]

Besides these hand of Chancery type, there are numerous less elaborate examples of cursive, varying according to the writer's skill and degree of education, and many of them strikingly easy and handsome.{{According to whom|date=April 2013}} In some cursiveness is carried very far, the linking of letters reaching the point of illegibility, and the characters sloping to the right. {{angbr|A}} is reduced to a mere acute angle (<big>{{angbr|∠}}</big>), {{angbr|T}} has the cross-stroke only on the left, {{angbr|ω}} becomes an almost straight line, {{angbr|H}} acquires a shape somewhat like <big>h</big>, and the last stroke of {{angbr|N}} is extended far upwards and at times flattened out until it is little more than a diagonal stroke to the right. The attempt to secure a horizontal line along the top is here abandoned. This style was not due to inexpertness, but to the desire for speed, being used especially in accounts and drafts, and was generally the work of practised writers. How well established the cursive hand had now become is shown in some wax tablets of this period, the writing on which, despite the difference of material, closely resemble the hands of papyri.<ref>Wax tablets of this period are preserved at the [[University College London]], cf. ''Speaking in the Wax Tablets of Memory'', Agocs, PA (2013). In: Castagnoli, L. and Ceccarelli, P, (eds.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.</ref>

Documents of the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BC show there is nothing analogous to the Apollonius letters, perhaps partly by the accident of survival. In the more formal types the letters stand rather stiffly upright, often without the linking strokes, and are more uniform in size; in the more cursive they are apt to be packed closely together. These features are more marked in the hands of the 2nd century. The less cursive often show am approximation to the book-hand, the letters growing rounder and less angular than in the 3rd century; in the more cursive linking was carried further, both by the insertion of coupling strokes and by the writing of several letters continuously without raising the pen, so that before the end of the century an almost current hand was evolved. A characteristic letter, which survived into the early Roman period, is {{angbr|T}}, with its cross-stroke made in two portions (variants:[[File:Greek cursive variants Tau.svg|70px]]). In the 1st century, the hand tended, so far as can be inferred from surviving examples, to disintegrate; one can recognise the signs which portend a change of style, irregularity, want of direction, and the loss of the feeling for style. A fortunate accident has preserved two Greek [[parchment]]s written in [[Parthia]], one dated 88 BC, in a practically unligatured hand, the other, 22/21 BC, in a very cursive script of Ptolemaic type; and though each has non-Egyptian features the general character indicates a uniformity of style in the Hellenistic world.<ref name="Bell" />

The development of the Ptolemaic book-hand is difficult to trace, as there are few examples, mostly not datable on external grounds. Only for the 3rd century BC have we a secure basis. The hands of that period have an angular appearance; there is little uniformity in the size of individual letters, and though sometimes, notably in the [[Flinders Petrie|Petrie papyrus]] containing the ''[[Phaedo]]'' of [[Plato]], a style of considerable delicacy is attained, the book-hand in general shows less mastery than the contemporary cursive. In the 2nd century, the letters grew rounder and more uniform in size, but in the 1st century there is a certain disintegration perceptible, as in the cursive hand. Probably at no time did the Ptolemaic book-hand acquire such unity of stylistic effect as the cursive.<ref>Cf. {{cite journal |first=Lewis |last=Campbell |title=On the Text of the Papyrus Fragment of the Phaedo |journal=Classical Review |volume=5 |issue=10 |year=1891 |pages=454–457 |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00179582 |s2cid=162051928 }}</ref>

=== Roman period ===
[[File:HARRIS HOMER - 1st CENTURY B.C..png|thumb|left|Greek papyrus with [[Homer]]'s verses, 1st century BC]]

Papyri of the Roman period are far more numerous and show greater variety. The cursive of the 1st century has a rather broken appearance, part of one character being often made separately from the rest and linked to the next letter. A form characteristic of the 1st and 2nd century and surviving after that only as a fraction sign ({{frac|1|8}}) is {{angbr|η}} in the shape [[File:Hand 2 sample q.png|20px]]. By the end of the 1st century, there had been developed several excellent types of cursive, which, though differing considerably both in the forms of individual letters and in general appearance, bear a family likeness to one another. Qualities which are specially noticeable are roundness in the shape of letters, continuity of formation, the pen being carried on from character to character, and regularity, the letters not differing strikingly in size and projecting strokes above or below the line being avoided. Sometimes, especially in tax-receipts and in stereotyped formulae, cursiveness is carried to an extreme. In a letter of the prefect, dated in 209, we have a fine example of the [[Chancery hand]], with tall and laterally compressed letters, {{angbr|ο}} very narrow and {{angbr|α}} and {{angbr|ω}} often written high in the line. This style, from at least the latter part of the 2nd century, exercised considerable influence on the local hands, many of which show the same characteristics less pronounced; and its effects may be traced into the early part of the 4th century. Hands of the 3rd century uninfluenced by it show a falling off from the perfection of the 2nd century; stylistic uncertainty and a growing coarseness of execution mark a period of decline and transition.

[[File:Herculanean Rolls - Papyrus 157-152.png|thumb|Copy of Herculanean Rolls, Greek papyrus 157–152]]

Several different types of book-hand were used in the Roman period. Particularly handsome{{According to whom|date=April 2013}} is a round, upright hand seen, for example, in a [[British Museum]] papyrus containing ''[[Odyssey]]'' III. The cross-stroke of {{angbr|ε}} is high, {{angbr|Μ}} deeply curved and {{angbr|Α}} has the form {{angbr|α}}. Uniformity of size is well attained, and a few strokes project, and these but slightly, above or below the line. Another type, well called by palaeographer Schubart the "severe" style, has a more angular appearance and not infrequently slopes to the right; though handsome, it has not the sumptuous appearance of the former.<ref>Cf. Wilhelm Schubart, ''Griechische Palaeographie'', C.H. Beck, 1925, vol. i, pt. 4; also 1st half of new ed. of Muller's ''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft''; and Schubart's ''Das Buch bei den Griechen und Römern'' (2nd ed.); ''ibid''., ''Papyri Graecae Berolinenses'' (Boon, 1921).</ref> There are various classes of a less pretentious style, in which convenience rather than beauty was the first consideration and no pains were taken to avoid irregularities in the shape and alignment of the letters. Lastly may be mentioned a hand which is of great interest as being the ancestor of the type called (from its later occurrence in [[vellum]] codices of the [[Bible]]) the biblical hand. This, which can be traced back at least the late 2nd century, has a square, rather heavy appearance; the letters, of uniform size, stand upright, and thick and thin strokes are well distinguished. In the 3rd century the book-hand, like the cursive, appears to have deteriorated in regularity and stylistic accomplishment.

In the charred rolls found at [[Herculaneum]] are specimens of Greek literary hands from outside Egypt dating to {{circa|1 AD}}. A comparison with the Egyptian papyri reveals great similarity in style and shows that conclusions drawn from the hands of Egypt may, with caution, be applied to the development of writing in the Greek world generally.

=== Byzantine period ===
{{See also|Byzantine text-type}}
[[File:Codex Alexandrinus 1 Tim 3,16.jpg|thumb|left|Section of the [[Codex Alexandrinus]], the oldest Greek witness of the Byzantine text in the [[Gospel]]s]]
The cursive hand of the 4th century shows some uncertainty of character. Side by side with the style founded on the [[Chancery hand]], regular in formation and with tall and narrow letters, which characterised the period of [[Diocletian]], and lasted well into the century, we find many other types mostly marked by a certain looseness and irregularity. A general progress towards a florid and sprawling hand is easily recognisable, but a consistent and deliberate style was hardly evolved before the 5th century, from which unfortunately few dated documents have survived. [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]] cursive tends to an exuberant hand, in which the long strokes are excessively extended and individual letters often much enlarged. But not a few hands of the 5th and 6th centuries are truly handsome and show considerable technical accomplishment. Both an upright and a sloping type occur and there are many less ornamental hands, but there gradually emerged towards the 7th century two general types, one (especially used in letters and contracts) a current hand, sloping to the right, with long strokes in such characters at {{angbr|τ}}, {{angbr|ρ}}, {{angbr|ξ}}, {{angbr|η}} (which has the <big>h</big> shape), {{angbr|ι}}, and {{angbr|κ}}, and with much linking of letters, and another (frequent in accounts), which shows, at least in essence, most of the forms of the later minuscule. (cf. [[#Minuscule Hand|below]].) This is often upright, though a slope to the right is quite common, and sometimes, especially in one or two documents of the early [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] period, it has an almost [[calligraphic]] effect.

In the Byzantine period, the book-hand, which in earlier times had more than once approximated to the contemporary cursive, diverged widely from it.<ref name="Bell" />

=== Vellum and paper manuscripts ===
The change from papyrus to [[vellum]] involved no such modification in the forms of letters as followed that from metal to papyrus. The justification for considering the two materials separately is that after the general adoption of vellum, the Egyptian evidence is first supplemented and later superseded by that of [[manuscript]]s from elsewhere, and that during this period the hand most used was one not previously employed for literary purposes.

==== Uncial hand ====
{{See also|Uncial script}}
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The prevailing type of book-hand during what in [[papyrology]] is called the Byzantine period, that is, roughly from AD 300 to 650, is known as the biblical hand. It went back to at least the end of the 2nd century and had had originally no special connection with [[Christian literature]]. In both vellum and paper manuscripts from 4th-century Egypt are other forms of script, particularly a sloping, rather inelegant hand derived from the literary hand of the 3rd century, which persisted until at least the 5th century. The three great early codices of the Bible are all written in uncials of the biblical type. In the ''[[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]]'', placed during the 4th century, the characteristics of the hand are least strongly marked; the letters have the forms characteristic of the type but without the heavy appearance of later manuscripts, and the general impression is one of greater roundness. In the ''[[Sinaiticus]]'', which is not much later, the letters are larger and more heavily made; in the 5th-century ''[[Alexandrinus]]'', a later development is seen with emphatic distinction of thick and thin strokes. By the 6th century, alike in vellum and in papyrus manuscripts, the heaviness had become very marked, though the hand still retained, in its best examples, a handsome appearance; but after this it steadily deteriorated, becoming ever more mechanical and artificial. The thick strokes grew heavier; the cross strokes of {{angbr|T}} and {{angbr|Θ}} and the base of {{angbr|Δ}} were furnished with drooping spurs. The hand, which is often singularly ugly{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}, passed through various modifications, now sloping, now upright, though it is not certain that these variations were really successive rather than concurrent. A different type of uncials, derived from the [[Chancery hand]] and seen in two papyrus examples of the Festal letters despatched annually by the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], was occasionally used, the best known example being the ''[[Codex Marchalianus]]'' (6th or 7th century). A combination of this hand with the other type is also known.

==== Minuscule hand ====
The uncial hand lingered on, mainly for liturgical manuscripts, where a large and easily legible script was serviceable, as late as the 12th century, but in ordinary use it had long been superseded by a new type of hand, the [[Greek minuscule|minuscule]], which originated in the 8th century, as an adaptation to literary purposes of the second of the types of Byzantine cursive mentioned above. A first attempt at a calligraphic use of this hand, seen in one or two manuscripts of the 8th or early 9th century,<ref>Cf. P.F. de' Cavalieri & J. Lietzmann, ''Specimina Codicum Graecorum Vaticanorum'' No. 5, Bonn, 1910; G. Vitelli & C. Paoli, ''Collezione fiorentina di facsimili paleografici'', Florence (rist. 1997).</ref> in which it slopes to the right and has a narrow, angular appearance, did not find favour, but by the end of the 9th century a more ornamental type, from which modern Greek script descended, was already established. It has been suggested that it was evolved in the [[Monastery of Stoudios]] at [[Constantinople]].<ref>Cf. T.W. Allen, "Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts", ''Joun. Hell. Stud.'', xl, pp. 1–12.</ref> In its earliest examples it is upright and exact but lacks flexibility; accents are small, [[Greek diacritics|breathings]] square in formation, and in general only such [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] are used as involve no change in the shape of letters. The single forms have a general resemblance (with considerable differences in detail) both to the minuscule cursive of late papyri, and to those used in modern Greek type; uncial forms were avoided.

In the course of the 10th century the hand, without losing its beauty and exactness, gained in freedom. Its finest period was from the 9th to the 12th century,{{According to whom|date=April 2013}} after which it rapidly declined. The development was marked by a tendency
# to the intrusion, in growing quantity, of uncial forms which good scribes could fit into the line without disturbing the unity of style but which, in less expert hands, had a disintegrating effect;
# to the disproportionate enlargement of single letters, especially at the beginnings and ends of lines;
# to ligatures, often very fantastic, which quite changed the forms of letters;
# to the enlargement of accents, breathings at the same time acquiring the modern rounded form.
But from the first there were several styles, varying from the formal, regular hands characteristic of service books to the informal style, marked by numerous abbreviations, used in manuscripts intended only for a scholar's private use. The more formal hands were exceedingly conservative, and there are few classes of script more difficult to date than the Greek minuscule of this class. In the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries a sloping hand, less dignified than the upright, formal type, but often very handsome, was especially used for manuscripts of the classics.

Hands of the 11th century are marked in general (though there are exceptions) by a certain grace and delicacy, exact but easy; those of the 12th by a broad, bold sweep and an increasing freedom, which readily admits uncial forms, ligatures and enlarged letters but has not lost the sense of style and decorative effect. In the 13th and still more in the 14th centuries there was a steady decline; the less formal hands lost their beauty and exactness, becoming ever more disorderly and chaotic in their effect, while formal style imitated the precision of an earlier period without attaining its freedom and naturalness, and often appears singularly lifeless. In the 15th century, especially in the West, where Greek scribes were in request to produce manuscripts of the classical authors, there was a revival, and several manuscripts of this period, though markedly inferior to those of the 11th and 12th centuries, are by no means without beauty.

=== Accents, punctuation, and division of words ===
[[File:Paragraphos.png|thumb|Variants of [[paragraphos]]]]
{{See also|Punctuation}}
In the book-hand of early papyri, neither accents nor breathings were employed. Their use was established by the beginning of the Roman period, but was sporadic in papyri, where they were used as an aid to understanding, and therefore more frequently in poetry than prose, and in lyrical oftener than in other verse. In the cursive of papyri they are practically unknown, as are marks of punctuation. Punctuation was effected in early papyri, literary and documentary, by spaces, reinforced in the book-hand by the [[paragraphos]], a horizontal stroke under the beginning of the line. The [[Coronis (textual symbol)|coronis]], a more elaborate form of this, marked the beginning of lyrics or the principal sections of a longer work. Punctuation marks, the [[comma]], the high, low and middle points, were established in the book-hand by the Roman period; in early Ptolemaic papyri, a double point ({{angbr|:}}) is found.

In vellum and paper manuscripts, punctuation marks and accents were regularly used from at least the 8th century, though with some differences from modern practice. At no period down to the invention of printing did Greek scribes consistently separate words. The book-hand of papyri aimed at an unbroken succession of letters, except for distinction of sections; in cursive hands, especially where abbreviations were numerous, some tendency to separate words may be recognised, but in reality it was phrases or groups of letters rather than words which were divided. In the later minuscule word-division is much commoner but never became systematic, accents and breathings serving of themselves to indicate the proper division.<ref name="Bell" />

== China ==
{{See also|Chinese characters#History}}
{{empty section|date=May 2021}}

== India ==
[[File:YingpanKharoshthi.jpg|thumb|Paper strip with writing in [[Kharoṣṭhī]], 2nd–5th century]]
{{See also|Linguistic history of India}}

The view that the art of writing in India developed gradually, as in other areas of the world, by going through the stages of pictographic, ideographic and transitional phases of the phonetic script, which in turn developed into syllabic and alphabetic scripts was challenged by Falk and others in the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen|first=Harry|last=Falk|date=1993|publisher=G. Narr|isbn=3823342711|location=Tübingen|oclc=29443654}}</ref> In the new paradigm, Indian alphabetic writing, called [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]], was discontinuous with earlier, undeciphered, glyphs, and was invented specifically by King [[Ashoka]] for application in his royal [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]] {{c|250 BC}}. In the subcontinent, [[Kharosthi]] (clearly derived from the [[Aramaic alphabet]]) was used at the same time in the northwest, next to Brahmi (at least influenced by Aramaic) elsewhere. In addition, the [[Greek alphabet]] were also added to the Indian context after its penetration in the early centuries AD, with the [[Arabic alphabet]] following in the 13th century. After a lapse of a few centuries the Kharoṣṭhi script became obsolete; the Greek script in India went through a similar fate and disappeared. But the Brahmi and Arabic scripts endured for a much longer period. Moreover, there was a change and development in the Brahmi script which may be traced in time and space through the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Kushan Empire|Kuṣaṇa]], [[Gupta script|Gupta]] and early medieval periods. The present-day [[Nāgarī script]] is derived from Brahmi. The Brahmi is also the ancestral script of most other Indian scripts, in northern and southern South Asia. Legends and inscriptions in Brahmi are engraved upon leather, wood, terracotta, ivory, stone, copper, bronze, silver and gold. Arabic got an important place, particularly in the royalty, during the medieval period and it provides rich material for history writing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=1995|title=Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts|jstor=604670|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=115|issue=2|pages=271–279|doi=10.2307/604670}}</ref> The decipherment and subsequent development of Indus glyphs is also a matter for continuing research and discussion.

Most of the available inscriptions and manuscripts written in the above scripts—in languages like [[Prakrit]], [[Pali]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Apabhraṃśa]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]—have been read and exploited for history writing, but numerous inscriptions preserved in different museums still remain undeciphered for lack of competent palaeographic Indologists, as there is a gradual decline in the subcontinent of such disciplines as palaeography, [[epigraphy]] and [[numismatics]]. The discipline of ancient Indian scripts and the languages they are written needs new scholars who, by adopting traditional palaeographic methods and modern technology, may decipher, study and transcribe the various types of epigraphs and legends still extant today.<ref>There are few available texts relating to "Indian palaeography", among which Ahmad Hasan Dani, ''Indian Palaeography'', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1997; A. C. Burnell, ''Elements of South-Indian Palaeography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century AD'', repr. 2012; Rajbali Pandey, ''Indian Palaeography'', Motilal Banarasi Das, 1957; Naresh Prasad Rastogi, ''Origin of Brahmi Script: The Beginning of Alphabet in India'', Chowkhamba Saraswatibhawan, 1980.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195099842|location=New York|oclc=252595337}}</ref>

The language of the earliest written records, that is, the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], is [[Prakrit]]. Besides Prakrit, the Ashokan edicts are also written in Greek and Aramaic. Moreover, all the edicts of [[Ashoka]] engraved in the Kharoshthi and Brahmi scripts are in the Prakrit language: thus, originally the language employed in the inscriptions was Prakrit, with Sanskrit adopted at a later stage. Past the period of the [[Maurya Empire]], the use of Prakrit continued in inscriptions for a few more centuries. In north India, Prakrit was replaced by Sanskrit by the end of the 3rd century, while this change took place about a century later in south India. Some of the inscriptions though written in Prakrit, were influenced by Sanskrit and vice versa. The epigraphs of the Kushana kings are found in a mixture of Prakrit and Sanskrit, while the Mathura inscriptions of the time of Sodasa, belonging to the first quarter of the 1st century, contain verses in classical Sanskrit. From the 4th century onwards, the [[Gupta Empire]] came to power and supported the Sanskrit language and literature.

In western India and also in some regions of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], Prakrit was used till the 4th century, mostly in the [[Buddhist]] writings though in a few contemporary records of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvakus]] of [[Nagarjunakonda]], Sanskrit was applied. The inscription of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]] (2nd century) from [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] is considered to be the earliest so far. The earlier writings (4th century) of Salankayanas of the [[Telugu people|Telugu region]] are in Prakrit, while their later records (belonging to the 5th century) are written in Sanskrit. In the [[Kannada language|Kannada speaking area]], inscriptions belonging to later Satavahanas and Chutus were written in Prakrit. From the 4th century onwards, with the rise of the Guptas, Sanskrit became the predominant language of India and continued to be employed in texts and inscriptions of all parts of India along with the regional languages in the subsequent centuries. The copper-plate charters of the [[Pallavas]], the [[Cholas]] and the [[Pandyas]] documents are written in both Sanskrit and Tamil. Kannada is used in texts dating from about the 5th century and the [[Halmidi inscription]] is considered to be the earliest [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] written in the [[Kannada language]]. Inscriptions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] began to appear from the 6th or 7th century. [[Malayalam]] made its beginning in writings from the 15th century onwards.<ref name="Indi">For this section cf. [https://www.unicode.org/uni2book/ch09.pdf "South and South-East Asian Scripts], Ch. 9; archaeological/linguistic information on [http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_indiaabroad.asp "Scripts used in India"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091326/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_indiaabroad.asp |date=15 May 2013 }}. Accessed 3 April 2013; [http://www.ganguly.de/india/scripts.html "Indian Languages"], on ''ganguly.de''. Accessed 3 April 2013.</ref>

=== North India ===
[[File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|[[Rigveda]] manuscript in [[Devanagari]] (early 19th century)]]
{{See also|Kharosthi|Devanagari}}
In north India, the Brahmi script was used over a vast area; however, [[Ashoka]]n inscriptions are also found using [[Kharoshthi]], [[Aramaic]] and [[Greek script]]s. With the advent of the [[Saka]]-[[Western Kshatrapas|Kshatrapas]] and the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] as political powers in north India, the writing system underwent a definite change due to the use of new writing tools and techniques. Further development of the Brahmi script and perceivable changes in its evolutionary trend can be discerned during the Gupta period: in fact, the [[Gupta script]] is considered to be the successor of the Kushana script in north India.

From the 6th to about the 10th century, the inscriptions in north India were written in a script variously named, e.g., Siddhamatrika and Kutila ("Rañjanā script"). From the 8th century, Siddhamatrika developed into the [[Śāradā script]] in [[Kashmir]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]], into [[Bengali language|Proto-Bengali]] or Gaudi in [[Bengal]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and into [[Devanagari|Nagari]] in other parts of north India. [[Nagari script]] was used widely in northern India from the 10th century onwards. The use of [[Nandinagari]], a variant of Nagari script, is mostly confined to the [[Karnataka]] region.

In central India, mostly in [[Madhya Pradesh]], the inscriptions of the [[Vakatakas]], and the kings of [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty|Sarabhapura]] and [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]] were written in what are known as "box-headed" and "nail-headed" characters. It may be noted that the early [[Kadambas]] of [[Karnataka]] also employed "nail-headed" characters in some of their inscriptions. During the 3rd–4th century, the script used in the inscriptions of [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvakus]] of [[Nagarjunakonda]] developed a unique style of letter-forms with elongated verticals and artistic flourishes, which did not continue after their rule.<ref name="Indi" />

=== South India ===
The earliest attested form of writing in [[South India]] is represented by inscriptions found in caves, associated with the [[Chalukya]] and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] dynasties. These are written in variants of what is known as the [[Cave character]], and their script differs from the Northern version in being more angular. Most of the modern scripts of South India have evolved from this script, with the exception of [[Vatteluttu]], the exact origins of which are unknown, and [[Nandinagari]], which is a variant of [[Devanagari]] that developed due to later Northern influence. In south India from the 7th century of the common era onwards, a number of inscriptions belonging to the dynasties of Pallava, Chola and Pandya are found. These records are written in three different scripts known as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Vattezhuttu]] and [[Grantha script]]s, the last variety being used to write Sanskrit inscriptions. In the [[Kerala]] region, the Vattezhuttu script developed into a still more cursive script called [[Kolezhuthu]] during the 14th and 15th centuries. At the same time, the modern [[Malayalam]] script developed out of the Grantha script. The early form of the [[Telugu-Kannada script]] is found in the inscriptions of the early [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] and the early [[Chalukyas of Badami]] in the west, and [[Salankayana]] and the early Eastern Chalukyas in the east who ruled the Kannada and Telugu speaking areas respectively, during the 4th to 7th centuries.

====List of South Indian scripts====
[[File:Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Vikramadytia Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script, 5th century]]
* [[Brahmi script]]
* [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] and [[Chera Dynasty|Chera cultures]]
* [[Grantha script]]
* [[Kannada script]]
* [[Malayalam script]]
* [[Nāgarī script]] and [[Nandinagari]]
* [[Tamil script]] (cf. also [[Abagada]] [[writing system]])
* [[Telugu script]]

== Latin ==
{{further|History of the Latin script}}
{{See also|Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum}}

Attention should be drawn at the outset to certain fundamental definitions and principles of the science. The original characters of an alphabet are modified by the material and the implements used. When stone and chisel are discarded for papyrus and reed-pen, the hand encounters less resistance and moves more rapidly. This leads to changes in the size and position of the letters, and then to the joining of letters, and, consequently, to altered shapes. We are thus confronted at an early date with quite distinct types. The majuscule style of writing, based on two parallel lines, '''ADPL''', is opposed to the minuscule, based on a system of four lines, with letters of unequal height, '''adpl'''. Another classification, according to the care taken in forming the letters, distinguishes between the set book-hand and the cursive script. The difference in this case is determined by the subject matter of the text; the writing used for books (''{{lang|la|scriptura libraria}}'') is in all periods quite distinct from that used for letters and documents (''{{lang|la|epistolaris}}'', ''{{lang|la|diplomatica}}''). While the set book-hand, in majuscule or minuscule, shows a tendency to stabilise the forms of the letters, the cursive, often carelessly written, is continually changing in the course of years and according to the preferences of the writers.

This being granted, a summary survey of the morphological history of the [[Latin alphabet]] shows the zenith of its modifications at once, for its history is divided into two very unequal periods, the first dominated by majuscule and the second by minuscule writing.<ref name="Bouar">The contents of the following sections on {{small caps|Latin palaeography}}—especially the parts relating to "Minuscule writing"—are mainly based on the specialist writings consulted and cited throughout the text, from the following sources: primarily the article on ''Latin handwriting'' by French palaeographist A. de Bouard, present {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Palaeography#Latin Writing I |display=Palaeography § Latin Writing |volume=20 |pages=556–579 see pages 567 to 573}}; the requisite [http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/ingles.php?d=LATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf ''Fonts for Latin Palaeography – User's manual''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911175229/http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/ingles.php?d=LATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf |date=11 September 2017 }}, by Juan-Jose Marcos, 2011; Schiapparelli, ''La scrittura latina nell'età romana'', 1921; Giorgio Cencetti, ''Paleografia latina'', Jouvence, 2002; [[Bernhard Bischoff]], ''Paleografia latina. Antichità e Medioevo'', Antenore, 2000 (Ital. ed.); [[Edward Maunde Thompson]], ''An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, cit.'' These two introductory paragraphs are directly quoted from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]].</ref>

=== Overview ===
[[Jean Mabillon]], a French Benedictine monk, scholar and [[Antiquarian|antiquary]], whose work ''{{lang|la|De re diplomatica}}'' was published in 1681, is widely regarded as the founder of the twin disciplines of palaeography and [[diplomatics]]. However, the actual term "palaeography" was coined (in Latin) by [[Bernard de Montfaucon]], a [[Benedictine monk]], in the title of his ''Palaeographia Graeca'' (1708), which remained a standard work in the specific field of Greek palaeography for more than a century.<ref>Bernard de Montfaucon et al., ''Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum'', Paris, Ludovicum Guerin (1708).</ref> With their establishment of palaeography, Mabillon and his fellow Benedictines were responding to the Jesuit [[Daniel Papebroch]], who doubted the authenticity of some of the documents which the Benedictines offered as credentials for the authorisation of their monasteries.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''The Text of the New Testament'' Fourth Edition (Oxford University, 2005), p. 206.</ref> In the 19th century such scholars as [[Wilhelm Wattenbach]], [[Leopold Delisle]] and [[Ludwig Traube (palaeographer)|Ludwig Traube]] contributed greatly to making palaeography independent from diplomatic. In the 20th century, the "New French School" of palaeographers, especially [[Jean Mallon]], gave a new direction to the study of scripts by stressing the importance of ductus (the shape and order of the strokes used to compose letters) in studying the historical development of scripts.<ref name=fn_2>R. Marichal, "Paleography" in New Encyclopaedia New York: Gale-Thomson, 2003 Vol. X, p. 773.</ref>

=== Majuscule writing ===
==== Capital writing ====
[[File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg|thumb|Folio14 [[recto]] of the [[Vergilius Romanus]] written in [[rustic capitals]], also contains an author portrait of [[Virgil]].]]

The [[Latin alphabet]] first appears in the epigraphic type of [[majuscule]] writing, known as capitals. These characters form the main stem from which developed all the branches of Latin writing. On the oldest monuments (the ''inscriptiones bello Hannibalico antiquiores'' of the ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum = CIL]]''), it is far from showing the orderly regularity of the later period. Side by side with upright and square characters are angular and sloping forms, sometimes very distorted, which seem to indicate the existence of an early cursive writing from which they would have been borrowed. Certain literary texts clearly allude to such a hand.<ref>Cf. Henry B. Van Hoesen, [https://archive.org/details/romancursivewri00hoesgoog ''Roman Cursive Writing''], Princeton University Press, 1915, pp. 1–2.</ref> Later, the characters of the cursive type were progressively eliminated from formal inscriptions, and capital writing reached its perfection in the [[History of Rome|Augustan Age]].

Epigraphists divide the numerous inscriptions of this period into two quite distinct classes: ''tituli'', or formal inscriptions engraved on stone in elegant and regular capitals, and ''acta'', or legal texts, documents, etc., generally engraved on bronze in cramped and careless capitals. Palaeography inherits both these types. Reproduced by scribes on papyrus or parchment, the elegant characters of the inscriptions become the square capitals of the manuscripts, and the ''actuaria'', as the writing of the ''acta'' is called, becomes the [[rustic capital]].

Of the many books written in square capitals, the ''éditions de luxe'' of ancient times, only a few fragments have survived, the most famous being pages from manuscripts of [[Virgil]].<ref>Cf. [[Émile Chatelain]], [http://images.library.uiuc.edu/projects/classics/index.asp ''Paléographie des classiques latins''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115034341/http://images.library.uiuc.edu/projects/classics/index.asp |date=15 November 2013 }}, pl. LXI-II, LXXV; ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]]'', viii, 1,098.</ref> The finest examples of rustic capitals, the use of which is attested by papyri of the 1st century,<ref>Cf. Karl Zangemeister & Wilhelm Wattenbach, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wuTEXwAACAAJ ''Exempla codicum Latinorum''], Koester, 1876, pl. I-II.</ref> are to be found in manuscripts of Virgil<ref>Cf. ''Pal. Soc., cit.'', pl. 113-117; ''Archivio paleografico italiano'', i, p. 98.</ref> and [[Terence]].<ref>Cf. ''Pal. Soc.'', pl. 135.</ref> Neither of these forms of capital writing offers any difficulty in reading, except that no space is left between the words. Their dates are still uncertain, in spite of attempts to determine them by minute observation.<ref>Cf. [[Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nHM2QwAACAAJ ''Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens''], BiblioBazaar, repr. 2010; E.A. Lowe, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3572504 "More Facts about our Oldest Latin Manuscripts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070639/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3572504 |date=5 March 2016 }}, in the ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. xix, p. 197.</ref>

The rustic capitals, more practical than the square forms, soon came into general use. This was the standard form of writing, so far as books are concerned, until the 5th century, when it was replaced by a new type, the uncial, which is discussed below.

==== Early cursive writing ====
While the set book-hand, in square or rustic capitals, was used for the copying of books, the writing of everyday life, letters and documents of all kinds, was in a cursive form, the oldest examples of which are provided by the [[graffiti]] on walls at [[Pompeii]] (''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]'', iv), a series of waxen tablets, also discovered at Pompeii (''CIL'', iv, supplement), a similar series found at [[Verespatak]] in [[Transylvania]] (''CIL'', iii) and a number of papyri.<ref>Cf. [[Carl Wessely]], [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001159476 ''Schrifttafeln zur älteren lateinischen Palaeographie''], Leipzig, E. Avenarius; ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri, passim''; Vincenzo Federici, ''Esempi di corsivo antico''; ''et al''.</ref> From a study of a number of documents which exhibit transitional forms, it appears that this cursive was originally simplified capital writing.<ref>Cf. Franz Steffens, [http://www.paleography.unifr.ch/schrifttafeln.htm ''Lateinische Paläographie'' – digital version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907055406/http://www.paleography.unifr.ch/schrifttafeln.htm |date=7 September 2013 }}, 2nd ed., pl. 3 {{in lang|de}}; Wessely, ''Studien'', xiv, pl. viii; ''et al''.</ref> The evolution was so rapid, however, that at quite an early date the ''scriptura epistolaris'' of the Roman world can no longer be described as capitals. By the 1st century, this kind of writing began to develop the principal characteristics of two new types: the [[Uncial script|uncial]] and the [[minuscule cursive]]. With the coming into use of writing surfaces which were smooth, or offered little resistance, the unhampered haste of the writer altered the shape, size and position of the letters. In the earliest specimens of writing on wax, plaster or papyrus, there appears a tendency to represent several straight strokes by a single curve. The cursive writing thus foreshadows the specifically uncial forms. The same specimens show great inequality in the height of the letters; the main strokes are prolonged upwards ([[File:Hand 1 sample b 1.png|20px]]= {{angbr|b}}; [[File:Hand 10 sample d 2.png|20px]]= {{angbr|d}}) or downwards ([[File:Hand 2 sample q.png|20px]]= {{angbr|q}}; [[File:Hand 4 sample s 2.png|15px]] = '''{{'s}}'''). In this direction, the cursive tends to become a minuscule hand.<ref name="Bouar" />

==== Uncial writing ====
Although the characteristic forms of the uncial type appear to have their origin in the early cursive,<ref>Cf. [[Edward Maunde Thompson]], [https://archive.org/details/greeklatin00thomuoft ''Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography''], ''s.v.''; Van Hoesen, ''The Parentage and Birthdate of the Latin Uncial'', in ''Transactions and Proceedings'' of the [[American Philological Association]], xlii.</ref> the two hands are nevertheless quite distinct. The uncial is a ''libraria'', closely related to the capital writing, from which it differs only in the rounding off of the angles of certain letters, principally [[File:Hand 1 sample A mag 2.png|28px]] [[File:Uncial d.png|15px]] [[File:Uncial e.png|15px]] [[File:Hand 2 sample m 1.png|30px]]. It represents a compromise between the beauty and legibility of the capitals and the rapidity of the cursive, and is clearly an artificial product. It was certainly in existence by the latter part of the 4th century, for a number of manuscripts of that date are written in perfect uncial hands (''Exempla'', pl. XX). It presently supplanted the capitals and appears in numerous manuscripts which have survived from the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, when it was at its height.<ref>A list is given in Traube, ''Vorlesungen'', i, pp. 171–261, and numerous reproductions in Zangemeister & Wattenbach's ''Exempla'', and in Chatelain, ''Uncialis scriptura''.</ref> By this time it had become an imitative hand, in which there was generally no room for spontaneous development. It remained noticeably uniform over a long period. It is difficult therefore to date the manuscripts by palaeographical criteria alone. The most that can be done is to classify them by centuries, on the strength of tenuous data.<ref>Cf. Chatelain, ''Unc. script., explanatio tabularum''.</ref> The earliest uncial writing is easily distinguished by its simple and monumental character from the later hands, which become progressively stiff and affected.

===List of Latin alphabets===
[[File:Paleography.jpg|thumb|right|Latin script]]
* [[Old Italic script]]
* [[Roman cursive]]
* [[Roman square capitals]]
* [[Rustic capitals]]

=== Minuscule cursive writing ===
[[File:Chronica archiepiscoporum Magdeburgensium 1r 25-C-4 (16764) Hs Kynžvart 91.jpg|thumb|Page from the [[Magdeburg]]'s ''Chronica archiepiscoporum'']]

==== Early minuscule cursive ====
In the ancient cursive writing, from the 1st century onward, there are symptoms of transformation in the form of certain letters, the shape and proportions of which correspond more closely to the definition of minuscule writing than to that of majuscule. Rare and irregular at first, they gradually become more numerous and more constant and by degrees supplant the majuscule forms, so that in the history of the Roman cursive there is no precise boundary between the majuscule and minuscule periods.

The oldest example of minuscule cursive writing that has been discovered is a letter on papyrus, found in Egypt, dating from the 4th century.<ref>Cf. ''Archiv für Urkundenforschung'', iii, pl. i.</ref> This marks a highly important date in the history of Latin writing, for with only one known exception, not yet adequately explained—two fragments of imperial rescripts of the 5th century<ref>Cf. [[Theodor Mommsen]], ''Fragmente zweier Kaiserrescripte'' in ''Jahrbuch des gemeinen deutschen Rechts'', vi, 398; Preisigke in ''Schriften der wissensch. Gesellsch. in Strassburg'', xxx; ''Pal. Soc., cit.'', pl. 30.</ref>—the minuscule cursive was consequently the only ''scriptura epistolaris'' of the Roman world. The ensuing succession of documents<ref>For example, a certificate of AD 400 in Wessely, ''Studien, cit.'', xiv, pl. xiii; a letter of AD 444 in Wessely, ''Schrifttafeln, cit.'', pl. xii, No. 19.</ref> show a continuous improvement in this form of writing, characterised by the boldness of the strokes and by the elimination of the last lingering majuscule forms. The [[Ravenna]] deeds of the 5th and 6th centuries<ref>Cf. Gaetano Marini, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UBF4CR_Ax1kC ''I Papiri diplomatici''], Lightning Source UK Ltd, repr. 2012.</ref> exhibit this hand at its perfection.

At this period, the minuscule cursive made its appearance as a ''[[book hand]]'', first as marginal notes, and later for the complete books themselves. The only difference between the book-hand and that used for documents is that the principal strokes are shorter and the characters thicker. This form of the hand is usually called ''[[Semi-cursive script|semi-cursive]]''.<ref name="Bouar" />

==== National hands ====
The fall of the Empire and the establishment of the barbarians within its former boundaries did not interrupt the use of the Roman minuscule cursive hand, which was adopted by the newcomers. But for gaps of over a century in the chronological series of documents which have been preserved, it would be possible to follow the evolution of the Roman cursive into the so-called "national hands", forms of minuscule writing which flourished after the barbarian invasions in [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[England]] and [[Ireland]], and which are still known as [[Lombardic language|Lombardic]], [[Merovingian script|Merovingian]], [[Visigothic script|Visigothic]], [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Insular script|Irish]]. These names came into use at a time when the various national hands were believed to have been invented by the peoples who used them, but their connotation is merely geographical. Nevertheless, in spite of a close resemblance which betrays their common origin, these hands are specifically different, perhaps because the Roman cursive was developed by each nation in accordance with its artistic tradition.<ref>Cf. Luigi Schiapparelli, ''Note paleografiche'' in ''Archivio storico italiano'', lxxiv, p. 55; also his [https://archive.org/details/lascritturalatin00schi ''La scrittura latina nell' età romana (note paleografiche)''] (with 32 facsimiles), Como, 1921.</ref>

;''Lombardic writing''
[[File:Origo gentis Langobardorum.jpg|thumb|left|A 10th-century [[codex]] of ''Origo gentis Langobardorum'' from [[Reims]]]]
In Italy, after the close of the Roman and Byzantine periods, the writing is known as [[Lombardic capitals|Lombardic]], a generic term which comprises several local varieties. These may be classified under four principal types: two for the ''scriptura epistolaris'', the old Italian cursive and the [[pope|papal]] [[chancery hand]], or ''littera romana'', and two for the ''libraria'', the old Italian book-hand and Lombardic in the narrow sense, sometimes known as ''Beneventana'' because it flourished in the principality of [[Benevento]].

The oldest preserved documents written in the old Italian cursive show all the essential characteristics of the Roman cursive of the 6th century.<ref>Cf. Giuseppe Bonelli,[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEiYQAAACAAJ ''Codice paleografico lombardo'']{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Hoepli, 1908; [https://archive.org/details/bullettino0102archuoft ''Archivio paleografico italiano, cit.''], i, iii, vii.</ref> In northern Italy, this hand began in the 9th century to be influenced by a minuscule book-hand which developed, as will be seen later, in the time of [[Charlemagne]]; under this influence it gradually disappeared, and ceased to exist in the course of the 12th century. In southern Italy, it persisted far on into the [[later Middle Ages]].<ref>Cf. Michele Russi, [https://archive.org/details/paleografiaedip00russgoog ''Paleografia e diplomatica de' documenti delle Province napolitane''], Naples, 1883.</ref> The papal chancery hand, a variety of Lombardic peculiar to the vicinity of [[Rome]] and principally used in papal documents, is distinguished by the formation of the letters ''a, e, q, t''. It is formal in appearance at first, but is gradually simplified, under the influence of the [[Carolingian minuscule]], which finally prevailed in the [[papal bull|bulls]] of [[Honorius II]] (1124–1130). The [[notaries public]] in Rome continued to use the papal chancery hand until the beginning of the 13th century. The old Italian book-hand is simply a semi-cursive of the type already described as in use in the 6th century. The principal examples are derived from ''[[scriptoria]]'' in northern Italy, where it was displaced by the Carolingian minuscule during the 9th century. In southern Italy, this hand persisted, developing into a [[calligraphy|calligraphic form]] of writing, and in the 10th century took on a very artistic angular appearance.<ref>Cf. Elias Avery Lowe, [[iarchive:beneventanscript00loweuoft|''Beneventan Script'']], Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1914; [[facsimile]]s in O. Piscicelli Taeggi, ''Paleografia artistica di Monte Cassino'', [[Montecassino]], 1876–83.</ref> The [[Exultet roll|''Exultet'' rolls]] provide the finest examples.{{According to whom|date=April 2013}} In the 9th century, it was introduced in [[Dalmatia]] by the [[Benedictine monks]] and developed there, as in [[Apulia]], on the basis of the [[archetype]], culminating in a rounded ''[[Beneventan script|Beneventana]]'' known as the ''Bari type''.<ref>Cf. Viktor Novak, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RWhzXwAACAAJ ''Scriptura Beneventana''], [[Zagreb]], 1920.</ref>

;''Merovingian''
[[File:Merov.jpg|left|thumb|8th-century [[Merovingian script]]]]
The offshoot of the Roman cursive which developed in [[Gaul]] under the first dynasty of kings is called [[Merovingian script|Merovingian writing]]. It is represented by thirty-eight royal diplomas,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lauer |first1=P. |last2=Samaran |first2=C. |oclc=461176420 |title=Les diplômes originaux des Mérovingiens: fac-similés phototypiques avec notices et transcriptions |location=Paris |publisher=E. Leroux |year=1908}}</ref> a number of private charters<ref>Cf. Jules Tardif, [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12953061 ''Fac-similé de chartes et diplômes mérovingiens et carlovingiens: sur papyrus et sur parchemin compris dans l'inventaire des Monuments historiques''], Paris: J. Claye, 1866.</ref> and the authenticating documents of relics.<ref>Cf. Maurice Prou, ''Manuel de paléographie: Recueil de fac-similés d'écritures du Ve au XVIIe siècle'', Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1904, pl. v.</ref>

Though less than a century intervenes between the Ravenna cursive and the oldest extant Merovingian document (AD 625), there is a great difference in appearance between the two writings. The facile flow of the former is replaced by a cramped style, in which the natural slope to the right gives way to an upright hand, and the letters, instead of being fully outlined, are compressed to such an extent that they modify the shape of other letters. Copyists of books used a cursive similar to that found in documents, except that the strokes are thicker, the forms more regular, and the heads and tails shorter.<ref>Cf. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1887_num_48_1_462552 ''Album paléographique de la Société de l'École des chartes''], pl. 12.</ref> The Merovingian cursive as used in books underwent simplification in some localities, undoubtedly through the influence of the minuscule book-hand of the period. The two principal centres of this reform were [[Luxeuil Abbey|Luxeuil]] and [[Corbie Abbey|Corbie]].<ref>Cf. Traube, ''Perrona Scottorum'' in ''Sitzungsberichte'' of the [[Munich Academy]], 1900; Liebart, ''Corbie Scriptorum'' in W.M. Lindsay's ''Palaeogr. Lat.'', i.</ref>

;''Visigothic''
[[File:AlfabetoVisigodo.png|thumb|left|Alphabet in [[Visigothic script]]]]
In Spain, after the Visigothic conquest, the Roman cursive gradually developed special characteristics. Some documents attributed to the 7th century display a transitional hand with straggling and rather uncouth forms.<ref>Cf. Ewald and Loewe, ''Exempla scripturae visigothicae'', pl. 3.</ref> The distinctive features of Visigothic writing, the most noticeable of which is certainly the q-shaped {{angbr|g}}, did not appear until later, in the book-hand. The book-hand became set at an early date. In the 8th century it appears as a sort of semi-cursive; the earliest example of certain date is [[manuscript|ms]] lxxxix in the [[Capitulary|Capitular]] [[Library]] in [[Verona]].<ref>Cf. Clark, ''Collectanea hispanica'', 63, pp. 129–130; Schiapparelli in ''Arch. stor. ital, cit.'', lxxxii, p. 106.</ref> From the 9th century the calligraphic forms become broader and more rounded until the 11th century, when they become slender and angular.<ref>Numerous reproductions exists in the literature, cf. ''int. al.'', Ewald and Loewe, ''Exempla, cit.''; Burnam, ''Paleogr. iberica''; Clark, ''Collectanea, cit.''; Garcia Villada, ''Paleogr. española''.</ref> The Visigothic minuscule appears in a cursive form in documents about the middle of the 9th century, and in the course of time grows more intricate and consequently less legible.<ref>Cf. Munoz, ''Paleogr. visigoda''; Garcia Villada, ''op. cit.''</ref> It soon came into competition with the Carolingian minuscule, which supplanted it as a result of the presence in Spain of French elements such as [[Cluniac monks]] and warriors engaged in the campaign against the [[Moors]].<ref>Cf. Hessel, ''Ausbreitung der karolingischen Minuskel'' in ''Archiv für Urkundenforschung'', vii, viii.</ref>

The Irish and Anglo-Saxon hands, which were not directly derived from the Roman minuscule cursive, will be discussed in a [[#Irish and Anglo-Saxon Writing|separate sub-section below]].

=== Set minuscule writing ===
One by one, the national minuscule cursive hands were replaced by a set minuscule hand which has already been mentioned and its origins may now be traced from the beginning.

==== Half-uncial writing ====
The early cursive was the medium in which the minuscule forms were gradually evolved from the corresponding majuscule forms. Minuscule writing was therefore cursive in its inception. As the minuscule letters made their appearance in the cursive writing of documents, they were adopted and given calligraphic form by the copyists of literary texts, so that the set minuscule alphabet was constituted gradually, letter by letter, following the development of the minuscule cursive. Just as some documents written in the early cursive show a mixture of majuscule and minuscule forms, so certain literary papyri of the 3rd century,<ref>''Oxyrhynchus Papyri, cit.'', iv, pl. vi, No. 668; xi, pl. vi, No. 1,379.</ref> and inscriptions on stone of the 4th century<ref>''Pal. Soc., cit.'', pl. 127-8; ''Arch. pal. ital., cit.'', v, pl. 6.</ref> yield examples of a mixed set hand, with minuscule forms side by side with capital and uncial letters. The number of minuscule forms increases steadily in texts written in the mixed hand, and especially in marginal notes, until by the end of the 5th century the majuscule forms have almost entirely disappeared in some [[manuscript]]s. This quasi-minuscule writing, known as the "half-uncial"<ref>Cf. many examples in [[Émile Chatelain]], ''Semiuncial Script, passim''.</ref> thus derives from a long line of mixed hands which, in a synoptic chart of [[Latin script]]s, would appear close to the oldest ''librariae'', and between them and the ''epistolaris'' (cursive), from which its characteristic forms were successively derived. It had a considerable influence on the continental ''scriptura libraria'' of the 7th and 8th centuries.

==== Irish and Anglo-Saxon writing ====
The half-uncial hand was introduced in Ireland along with Latin culture in the 5th century by priests and laymen from [[Gaul]], fleeing before the barbarian invasions. It was adopted there to the exclusion of the cursive, and soon took on a distinct character. There are two well established classes of Irish writing as early as the 7th century: a large round half-uncial hand, in which certain majuscule forms frequently appear, and a pointed hand, which becomes more cursive and more genuinely minuscule. The latter developed out of the former.<ref>Cf. Wolfgang Keller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IKA3QwAACAAJ ''Angelsächsische Palaeographie''], Mayer & Müller, 1906.</ref> One of the distinguishing marks of manuscripts of Irish origin is to be found in the initial letters, which are ornamented by interlacing, animal forms, or a frame of red dots. The most certain evidence, however, is provided by the system of abbreviations and by the combined square and cuneiform appearance of the minuscule at the height of its development.<ref>Cf. Schiapparelli in ''Arch. stor. ital., cit.'', lxxiv, ii, pp. 1–126.</ref> The two types of Irish writing were introduced in the north of Great Britain by the monks, and were soon adopted by the [[Anglo-Saxons]], being so exactly copied that it is sometimes difficult to determine the origin of an example. Gradually, however, the Anglo-Saxon writing developed a distinct style, and even local types,<ref>Cf. Keller, ''op. cit.''; W.M. Lindsay, [https://archive.org/details/earlywelshscript00lind ''Early Welsh Script''], Oxford: J. Parker & Co., 1912.</ref> which were superseded after the Norman conquest by the Carolingian minuscule. Through [[St Columbanus]] and his followers, Irish writing spread to the continent, and manuscripts were written in the Irish hand in the monasteries of [[Bobbio Abbey]] and [[St Gall]] during the 7th and 8th centuries.

==== Pre-Caroline ====
James J. John points out that the disappearance of imperial authority around the end of the 5th century in most of the Latin-speaking half of the Roman Empire does not entail the disappearance of the Latin scripts, but rather introduced conditions that would allow the various provinces of the West gradually to drift apart in their writing habits, a process that began around the 7th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=James J. |last=John |chapter=Latin Paleography |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Powell |title=Medieval Studies : An Introduction |edition=2nd |location=Syracuse |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1992 |pages=15–16 |isbn=0-8156-2555-3 }}</ref>

[[Pope Gregory I]] (Gregory the Great, d. 604) was influential in the spread of Christianity to Britain and also sent Queens Theodelinde and Brunhilda, as well as Spanish bishops, copies of manuscripts. Furthermore, he sent the Roman monk [[Augustine of Canterbury]] to Britain on a missionary journey, on which Augustine may have brought manuscripts. Although Italy's dominance as a centre of manuscript production began to decline, especially after the [[Gothic War (535–554)]] and the invasions by the [[Lombards]], its manuscripts—and more important, the scripts in which they were written—were distributed across Europe.<ref>See {{cite book |first=Bernhard |last=Bischoff |author-link=Bernhard Bischoff |title=Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages |translator-first=Daibi O |translator-last=Croinin |translator2-first=David |translator2-last=Ganz |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1990 |pages=83–112; 190–202 |isbn=0-521-36473-6 }}</ref>

From the 6th through the 8th centuries, a number of so-called 'national hands' were developed throughout the Latin-speaking areas of the former Roman Empire. By the late 6th century Irish scribes had begun transforming Roman scripts into Insular minuscule and majuscule scripts. A series of transformations, for book purposes, of the cursive documentary script that had grown out of the later Roman cursive would get under way in France by the mid-7th century. In Spain half-uncial and cursive would both be transformed into a new script, the Visigothic minuscule, no later than the early 8th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|John|1992|p=16}}.</ref>

==== Carolingian minuscule ====
[[File:Charlemagne miniscule.jpg|thumb|A page in [[Carolingian minuscule]] (''[[Book of Exodus]]'')]]
Beginning in the 8th century, as [[Charlemagne]] began to consolidate power over a large area of western Europe, scribes developed a minuscule script ([[Caroline minuscule]]) that effectively became the standard script for manuscripts from the 9th to the 11th centuries. The origin of this hand is much disputed. This is due to the confusion which prevailed before the Carolingian period in the ''libraria'' in France, Italy and Germany as a result of the competition between the cursive and the set hands. In addition to the calligraphic uncial and half-uncial writings, which were imitative forms, little used and consequently without much vitality, and the minuscule cursive, which was the most natural hand, there were innumerable varieties of mixed writing derived from the influence of these hands on each other. In some, the uncial or half-uncial forms were preserved with little or no modification, but the influence of the cursive is shown by the freedom of the strokes; these are known as rustic, semi-cursive or cursive uncial or half-uncial hands. Conversely, the cursive was sometimes affected, in varying degrees, by the set ''librariae''; the cursive of the ''epistolaris'' became a semi-cursive when adopted as a ''libraria''. Nor is this all. Apart from these reciprocal influences affecting the movement of the hand across the page, there were [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] influences at work, letters being borrowed from one alphabet for another. This led to compromises of all sorts and of infinite variety between the uncial and half-uncial and the cursive. It will readily be understood that the origin of the Carolingian minuscule, which must be sought in this tangle of pre-Carolingian hands, involves disagreement. The new writing is admittedly much more closely related to the ''epistolaris'' than the primitive minuscule; this is shown by certain forms, such as the open ''{{angbr|a}}'' ([[File:Hand 1.1 sample a 2.png|20px]]), which recall the cursive, by the joining of certain letters, and by the clubbing of the tall letters '''''b d h l''''', which resulted from a cursive ''[[Ductus (linguistics)|ductus]]''. Most palaeographers agree in assigning the new hand the place shown in the {{clarify span|following table|where is its content?|date=April 2025}}:<ref name="Bouar" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! ''Epistolaris''
! colspan="5" | ''Librariæ''
|-
| Minuscule cursive
| rowspan="2" | Capitals Uncials
| Half-uncial
| Rustic uncial and half-uncial
| Pre-Carolingian Carolingian
| Semi-cursive
|}

Controversy turns on the question whether the Carolingian minuscule is the primitive minuscule as modified by the influence of the cursive or a cursive based on the primitive minuscule. Its place of origin is also uncertain: Rome, the [[Palatine]] school, [[Tours]], [[Reims]], [[Metz]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]] and [[Corbie]] have been suggested, but no agreement has been reached.<ref>Cf. ''int. al.'', Harald Steinacker in ''Miscellanea Francesco Ehrle'', Rome, 1924, iv, pp. 126ff; G. Cencetti, "Postilla nuova a un problema paleografico vecchio: l'origine della minuscola carolina", in ''Nova Historia'', 1955, pp. 1–24; B. Bischoff, ''Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, cit.'', pp. 108–109.</ref> In any case, the appearance of the new hand is a turning point in the history of culture. So far as Latin writing is concerned, it marks the dawn of [[Early modern period|modern times]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |last=Thompson |first=Edward Maunde |wstitle=Palaeography |volume=20 |pages=556–579}}</ref>

==== Gothic minuscule ====
In the 12th century, Carolingian minuscule underwent a change in its appearance and adopted bold and broken [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter-forms. This style remained predominant, with some regional variants, until the 15th century, when the [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanistic]] scripts revived a version of Carolingian minuscule. It then spread from the Italian [[Renaissance]] all over Europe.

== Rise of modern writing ==
[[File:HS 140 38 object 210168 - Frontispice of the Towns Register, the so called 'Stadtbuch', of Bozen-Bolzano (South Tyrol) from 1472.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Book frontispiece|Frontispiece]], handwritten in [[Early New High German]], of the so-called ''Stadtbuch'' from [[Bolzano]], dated 1472<ref>{{Citation | last = Obermair | first = Hannes | author-link = Hannes Obermair | contribution = Das Bozner Stadtbuch: Handschrift 140 – das Amts- und Privilegienbuch der Stadt Bozen | editor = Stadtarchiv Bozen | title = Bozen: von den Grafen von Tirol bis zu den Habsburgern | series = Forschungen zur Bozner Stadtgeschichte | volume = 1 | pages = 399–432 | publisher = Verlagsanstalt Athesia | place = Bozen-Bolzano | year = 1999 | isbn =88-7014-986-2 | contribution-url = https://www.academia.edu/1282360/Das_Bozner_Stadtbuch_Handschrift_140_das_Amts-_und_Privilegienbuch_der_Stadt_Bozen }}</ref>]]

These humanistic scripts are the base for the [[Antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]] and the handwriting forms in western and southern Europe. In [[Germany]] and [[Austria]], the ''[[Kurrentschrift]]'' was rooted in the [[cursive]] handwriting of the later [[Middle Ages]]. With the name of the [[calligrapher]] Ludwig [[Sütterlin]], this handwriting counterpart to the [[blackletter]] [[typeface]]s was abolished by [[Hitler]] in 1941. After [[World War II]], it was taught as an alternative script in some areas until the 1970s; it is no longer taught. [[Secretary hand]] is an informal business hand of the Renaissance.

=== Developments ===
[[File:Niccolo de Niccoli italic handwriting.jpg|thumb|Handwriting by [[Niccolò de' Niccoli]] (1364–1437), which served as the origin of [[italic type]]]]

There are undeniable points of contact between [[History of architecture|architecture]] and palaeography, and in both it is possible to distinguish a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] period {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}. The creative effort which began in the post-Carolingian period culminated at the beginning of the 12th century in a [[calligraphy]] and an architecture which, though still somewhat awkward, showed unmistakable signs of power and experience, and at the end of that century and in the first half of the 13th both arts reached their climax and made their boldest flights.

The topography of later medieval writing is still being studied; national varieties can, of course, be identified but the problem of distinguishing features becomes complicated as a result of the development of international relations, and the migration of clerks from one end of Europe to the other. During the later centuries of the [[Middle Ages]] the Gothic minuscule continued to improve within the restricted circle of ''de luxe'' editions and ceremonial documents. In common use, it degenerated into a cursive which became more and more intricate, full of superfluous strokes and complicated by abbreviations.

In the first quarter of the 15th century an innovation took place which exercised a decisive influence on the evolution of writing in Europe. The Italian [[humanism|humanists]] were struck by the eminent legibility of the manuscripts, written in the improved Carolingian minuscule of the 10th and 11th centuries, in which they discovered the works of ancient authors, and carefully imitated the old writing. In [[Petrarch]]'s compact book hand, the wider leading and reduced compression and round curves are early manifestations of the reaction against the crabbed Gothic secretarial minuscule we know today as "[[Blackletter#Gothic minuscule|blackletter]]".

Petrarch was one of the few medieval authors to have written at any length on the handwriting of his time; in his essay on the subject, ''La scrittura''<ref>Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', discussed by Armando Petrucci, ''La scrittura di Francesco Petrarca'' (Vatican City) 1967.</ref> he criticized the current scholastic hand, with its laboured strokes (''artificiosis litterarum tractibus'') and exuberant (''luxurians'') letter-forms amusing the eye from a distance, but fatiguing on closer exposure, as if written for other purpose than to be read. For Petrarch the gothic hand violated three principles: writing, he said, should be simple (''castigata''), clear (''clara'') and orthographically correct.<ref>Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', noted in Albert Derolez, "The script reform of Petrarch: an illusion?" in John Haines, Randall Rosenfeld, eds. ''Music and Medieval Manuscripts: paleography and performance'' 2006:5f; Derolez discusses the ''degree'' of Petrarch's often alluded-to reform.</ref> [[Boccaccio]] was a great admirer of Petrarch; from Boccaccio's immediate circle this post-Petrarchan "semi-gothic" revised hand spread to ''literati'' in [[Florence]], [[Lombardy]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Mirella |last=Ferrari |chapter=La 'littera antiqua' a Milan, 1417–1439 |editor-first=Johannes |editor-last=Autenrieth |title=Renaissance- und Humanistenhandschriften |location=Munich |publisher=Oldenbourg |year=1988 |pages=21–29 |isbn=3-486-54511-6 }}</ref> and the [[Veneto]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Rhiannon |last=Daniels |title=Boccaccio and the book: production and reading in Italy 1340–1520 |year=2009 |location=London |publisher=Legenda |page=28 |isbn=978-1-906540-49-4 }}</ref>

A more thorough reform of handwriting than the Petrarchan compromise was in the offing. The generator of the new style (''illustration'') was [[Poggio Bracciolini]], a tireless pursuer of ancient manuscripts, who developed the new [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] script in the first decade of the 15th century. The Florentine bookseller [[Vespasiano da Bisticci]] recalled later in the century that Poggio had been a very fine [[calligraphy|calligrapher]] of ''lettera antica'' and had transcribed texts to support himself—presumably, as Martin Davies points out—<ref>Davies, in Kraye (ed.) 1996:51.</ref> before he went to Rome in 1403 to begin his career in the [[papal curia]]. [[Berthold Ullman]] identifies the watershed moment in the development of the new humanistic hand as the youthful Poggio's transcription of [[Cicero]]'s ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistles to Atticus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullman |first=B. L. |title=The Origin and Development of Humanistic Script |location=Rome |year=1960 }}</ref>

By the time the [[Medici]] library was catalogued in 1418, almost half the manuscripts were noted as in the ''lettera antica''. The new script was embraced and developed by the Florentine humanists and educators [[Niccolò de' Niccoli]]<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Stanley Morison |first=Stanley |last=Morison |chapter=Early humanistic script and the first roman type |title=Selected Essays on the History of Letter-Forms in Manuscript and Print |editor-first=David |editor-last=McKitterick |volume=2 vols. |year=1981 |location=London |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=206–29 |isbn=0-521-22338-5 }}</ref> and [[Coluccio Salutati]]. The [[papal chancery]] adopted the new fashion for some purposes, and thus contributed to its diffusion throughout [[Christendom]]. The printers played a still more significant part in establishing this form of writing by using it, from the year 1465, as the basis for their types.

The humanistic minuscule soon gave rise to a sloping cursive hand, known as the Italian, which was also taken up by printers in search of novelty and thus became the [[italic type]]. In consequence, the [[Italic script|Italian hand]] became widely used, and in the 16th century began to compete with the Gothic cursive. In the 17th century, writing masters were divided between the two schools, and there was in addition a whole series of compromises. The Gothic characters gradually disappeared, except a few that survived in Germany. The Italian became universally used, brought to perfection in more recent times by English calligraphers.<ref name="Bouar" />

==See also==
{{portal|Writing}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Asemic writing]]
* [[Authorship analysis]]
*[[Bastarda]]
*[[Blackletter]]
*[[Book hand]]
*[[Calligraphy]]
*[[Chancery hand]]
* [[Codicology]]
*[[Court hand]]
*[[Cursive]]
* [[Constructed writing system]]
* [[Fragmentology (manuscripts)]]
* [[Victor Gardthausen]] – palaeographer
* [[Glyph]] and [[Grapheme]]
* [[Graffiti]]
*[[Hand (writing style)]]
*[[Handwriting]]
*[[History of writing]]
* [[Isogloss]]
*[[Italic script]]
*[[Law hand]]
* [[List of New Testament papyri]]
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]
* [[:Category:Palaeographic letters|Palaeographic letters]]
*[[Penmanship]]
* [[Philology]]
* [[Recension]]
*[[Ronde script (calligraphy)]]
*[[Rotunda (script)]]
*[[Round hand]]
* [[Scribal abbreviation]]
*[[Secretary hand]]
* [[Textual scholarship]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

=== Arabic palaeography ===

* {{Cite journal |last=D’Ottone |first=Arianna |date=2023-11-03 |title=In Defence of Arabic Palaeography |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/66/7/article-p925_4.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=66 |issue=7 |pages=925–951 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341610 |issn=0022-4995|url-access=subscription }}

=== Western palaeography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Bernhard Bischoff|Bischoff, Bernhard]], ''Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1989. (Translation by [[Dáibhí Ó Cróinín]] and David Ganz of: ''Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters'' (Grundlagen der Germanistik 24) Erich Schmidt Verlag 1986).
* Lowe, E. A., ''Codices Latini Antiquiores: A Palaeographical Guide to Latin Manuscripts Prior to the Ninth Century'', [[Clarendon Press]], 1972.
* Parkes, M. B., ''English Cursive Bookhands, 1250–1500''. (Oxford Palaeographical Handbooks.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. Revised edition London: Scolar Press, 1979, {{ISBN|0-85967-535-1}}.
* Stiennon, Jacques, ''Paléographie du Moyen-Âge,'' 3e édition [[Armand Colin]] 1999
* [[Edward Maunde Thompson|Thompson, Sir Edward Maunde]], [https://archive.org/details/greeklatin00thomuoft ''An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography''] Clarendon Press, 1912.
* Wright, C. E., ''English vernacular hands from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries''. (Oxford Palaeographical Handbooks.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
{{Refend}}

=== Indian palaeography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last= Burnell|first= Arthur Coke|title= Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&q=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt|edition= Second enlarged and improved|year= 1878|publisher= Trübner & Co|location= London}}
* {{cite book |last= Pandey|first= Rajbali |title= Indian Palaeography|year= 1957|publisher= Motilal Banarasi Das}}
* {{cite book |last= Ojha|first= Gaurishankar Hirachand|title= The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā|edition= Third|year= 1959|publisher= [[Munshiram Manoharlal]]|location= Delhi|language= hi}}
* {{cite book |last= Dani|first= Ahmad Hasan|title= Indian Palaeography|year= 1997|publisher= [[Munshiram Manoharlal]]|location= Delhi}}
{{refend}}

=== Digital palaeography ===
{{refbegin}}
* Malte Rehbein, Patrick Sahle, Torsten Schaßan (eds.): ''Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age.'' BoD, Norderstedt 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101020232041/http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/volltexte/2009/2939/ Volltext], {{ISBN|3-8370-9842-7}}
* Franz Fischer, Christiane Fritze, Georg Vogeler (eds.): ''Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age 2.'' BoD, Norderstedt 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-8423-5032-8}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Palaeography}}
* [http://paleography.library.utoronto.ca/ French Renaissance Paleography] (A scholarly site providing over 100 French manuscripts from 1300 to 1700 with tools for deciphering and transcribing them.)
* [https://www.typofonts.com/ingles.php?d=LATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf 'Manual of Latin Palaeography'] (A comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, January 2024).
* [https://www.typofonts.com/ingles.php?d=GREEK_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf 'Manual of Greek Palaeography'] (A comprehensive PDF file containing 71 pages profusely illustrated, January 2024).
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/palaeography/ Palaeography: reading old handwriting 1500–1800: A practical online tutorial], from the [[National Archives (UK)]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192959/http://www.medievalwriting.50megs.com/ A comprehensive survey of all the important aspects of medieval palaeography].
* {{in lang|de}} [http://www.vl-ghw.lmu.de/palaeographie_en.html A scholarly maintained web directory on palaeography].
* [https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00650 Guide to the Paleography Study Collection 1250-1791]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125104308/http://www.ext.upmc.fr/urfist/menestrel/paleo/00intro.htm Another scholarly maintained web directory on palaeography] (200 links with critical comments, in French).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061201012541/http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/sommaire69.html Comprehensive bibliography] (1,200 detailed references with critical comments in French).
* [http://www.scottishhandwriting.com/ Online Tuition in the Palaeography of Scottish Documents 1500–1750]
* [https://archive.org/details/greeklatin00thomuoft An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography by Thompson, Edward Maunde] – Outdated (published 1912) but good and useful illustrated handbook, available as facsimile.
* [http://paleography.atspace.com/ Free palaeographical fonts]
* [http://paleographie.castellanie.net/ Self-correcting medieval palaeography exercises] (13th and 14th century)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052112/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts 12th to 17th century manuscripts originating from Europe and the Middle East, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719152512/http://ciham.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/paleographie/ ''Interactive Album of Mediaeval Palaeography''] Collection of online exercises for the transcription of a variety of scripts, from 8th to 15th century
* [http://www.mariotonelotto.com/Home.html Walter Burley, Commentarium in Aristotelis De Anima L.III ''Critical Edition''] by Mario Tonelotto : an example of critical edition from 4 different manuscripts (transcription from medieval palaeography).
* [https://elmss.nuigalway.ie/ ELM, a database of manuscripts written in Latin before 800] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100128/https://elmss.nuigalway.ie/ |date=9 December 2017 }}
* French paleography with [https://paleo-en-ligne.fr/ Paleo-en-ligne.fr] : [https://paleo-en-ligne.fr/course/view.php?id=138 free introductory cycle]
* [http://dile.dragoman.org DILE Project]. [[Diálogo de la Lengua]]. Paleographic transcription and to modern Spanish of the [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000048928 facsimile manuscript] in the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]].

{{Historiography}}
{{Latin alphabet}}
{{European calligraphy|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palaeography| ]]
[[Category:Grammatology]]
[[Category:Papyrology]]
[[Category:History of writing]]
[[Category:Textual criticism]]
[[Category:Textual scholarship]]
[[Category:Western calligraphy]]

Millennium Superfast Express

2026-04-26T15:34:51Z

MaritzaSandoval: created the info w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Millennium Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Swarna Jayanti Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2000|01|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] (ERS)
| stops = 26
| end = [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|2807|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 47 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12645 / 12646
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Millennium Express (Hazrat Nizamuddin - Ernakulam) route map.png|250px|Millennium Express (Hazrat Nizamuddin - Ernakulam) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12645 / 12646 '''Millennium Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] in [[India]].

It operates as train number 12645 from [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] to [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] and as train number 12646 in the reverse direction serving the 8 states of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].

==Coaches==

The 12645 / 12646 Millennium Superfast Express has 1 AC 2 tier, 2 AC 3 tier, 11 Sleeper Class, 3 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) Coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]] but carries a green bogie for movement of fruits and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-04-13|title='Three special trains for Kerala in the offing'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/three-special-trains-for-kerala-in-the-offing/article27841588.ece|access-date=2020-05-23|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912083620/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/13/stories/2002041303430600.htm|archive-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12645 Millennium Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|2807|km|0|abbr=on}} in 47 hours 30 mins (60 km/h) and in 48 hours 05 mins as 12646 Millennium Superfast Express (59 km/h).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nizamuddin Express (12645), Trains from Ernakulam Junction (South) to Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin |url=https://www.holidayiq.com/railways/nizamuddin-express-12645-train.html|website=HolidayIQ|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|last3=HolidayIQ.com}}</ref>

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 12645 / 12646 Millennium Superfast Express runs from Ernakulam Junction via [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]], [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]], [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]], [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur]], [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]], [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]], [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]], [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]], [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]], [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Junction]], [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi Junction]], [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]], [[Mathura Junction railway station|Mathura Junction]] to Hazrat Nizamuddin.

==Traction==

As route is fully electrified, it is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.<ref>{{Citation|title=MILLENIUM EXRESS overtaking SAMATA EXPRESS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIYCBUy50sg|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|work=YouTube}}</ref>

==Operation==

12645 Millennium Superfast Express runs from [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] every Saturday reaching [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] on the 3rd day.

12646 Millennium Superfast Express runs from [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] every Tuesday reaching [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]] on the 3rd day .

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|access-date=2014-04-05}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140912131308/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1459980.ece More trains to Kerala soon: Narayanasamy]
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Abhay Singh (squash player)

2026-04-24T12:13:08Z

MaritzaSandoval: bio.

{{short description|Indian squash player (born 1998)}}
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox squash player
| name = Abhay Singh
| image = Abhay Singh in January 2025.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2025
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|09|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| education = [[Guru Nanak College, Chennai|Guru Nanak College]]
| height = 1.83 m
| weight = 75 kg
| event = Men's singles
| turnedpro = 2017
| plays = Right-handed
| coach = {{ubl
| [[James Willstrop]]
| [[Harinder Pal Sandhu]]
}}
| racquet = [[Head (company)|Head]]
| highest_ranking = 26 (November 2025)
| current_ranking = [https://www.psasquashtour.com/player/abhay-singh/ 29] (December 2025)
| club = [[Premier Squash League|Pontefract]] (2018–present)
| titles = 11
| finals = 16
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[squash (sport)|squash]]}} [[File:Squash pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Squash World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Squash World Cup|2025 Chennai]]|[[Squash World Cup#Editions and results|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Squash World Cup|2023 Chennai]]|[[Squash World Cup#Editions and results|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Squash Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships|2022 Cheongju]]|[[2022 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships#Final rankings|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|2024 Johor]]|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|2024 Johor]]|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|2025 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships#Men's doubles|Doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|2025 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships#Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships|2023 Hangzhou]]|[[Asian Doubles Squash Championships#Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Squash at the 2019 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Squash at the 2019 South Asian Games|Singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Junior Squash Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Junior Team Squash Championships|2017 Hong Kong]]|[[Asian Junior Team Squash Championships#Boys' championship|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|2016 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Boys Under 19|Singles]]}}
|psa_id = abhay-singh
}}

'''Abhay Singh''' (born 3 September 1998) is an Indian [[Squash (sport)|squash]] player and a member of the [[India men's national squash team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psaworldtour.com/players/view/9105/abhay-singh|title=Abhay Singh - Professional Squash Association|website=psaworldtour.com}}</ref> He is a [[Squash World Cup|World Cup]] and [[Asian Games]] gold medalist, and a five-time [[Asian Individual Squash Championships|Asian Champion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Sports |date=2024-07-07 |title=Asian doubles championships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/abhay-singh-wins-two-titles-in-asian-doubles-squash/article68377890.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of December 2025, he is ranked 29th [[Men's Squash World Rankings|in the world]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-07-07 |title='Double' delight for India, Abhay Singh in Asian doubles squash |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/asian-doubles-squash-championship-2024-abhay-singh-joshna-chinappa-velavan-senthilkumar/article68377926.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Singh is a former India and Asia #1 in the boys U19 category and reached the quarter-finals of the World Championship. Singh has also competed at the [[Premier Squash League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesquashsite.com/19-psl-final|title=PSL Final : Tradition@RAC beat Pontefract|date=1 June 2019 | publisher=thesquashsite.com | accessdate=27 September 2020}}</ref>

==Coaching==
Singh has been coached by notable former squash players [[James Willstrop]], [[Harinder Pal Sandhu]], David Campion, Malcolm Willstrop, and Baskar Balamurugan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Interview with Abhay Singh: On squash being part of LA 2028, support for younger athletes and his personal goals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/abhay-singh-squash-player-interview-india-medal-9528024/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Titles and finals==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Result
! Score
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2016
| Doha Junior Open
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Israr Ahmad]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 0–3 (11-4, 11-7, 11-7)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| [[British Junior Open Squash 2017|British Junior Open]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Velavan Senthilkumar]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 1–3 (14-16, 2-11, 12-10, 7-11)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helmer |first=Donna |date=2017-01-06 |title=2017 Finals : Six for Egypt as Gilevskiy wins Ireland's first |url=https://britishjunioropen.com/2017finals/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=British Junior Open |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| North Coast Open
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Dimitri Steinmann]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 0–3 (5-11, 1-11, 5-11)
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singh, Kuruvilla lose in final of North Squash Open |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/singh-kuruvilla-lose-in-final-of-north-squash-open/articleshow/60450541.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2018
| Qatar Circuit 6
| {{flagicon|KUW}} [[Abdullah Al-Muzayen]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 0–3 (2-11, 3-11, 2-11)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=QatarCircuit6-2018 |url=http://www.squashsite.co.uk/2016/qatarcircuit6-2018.htm |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.squashsite.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
| Sutton Coldfield International
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Victor Crouin]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 0–3 (4-11, 6-11, 18-11)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aston and Fincher Sutton Coldfield International 2018 |url=https://www.suttonsquashclub.net/psa2018/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| British U-23 Open
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Smith (squash player)|Ben Smith]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-4, 11-5, 11-5)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=stevecubbins |date=2020-01-26 |title=British U23 Open : Malliff and Singh take the titles |url=https://thesquashsite.com/british-u23-open-2020 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=SquashSite - all about Squash |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| HCL-SRFI Open
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Khaled Labib]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-4, 11-3, 11-4)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-23 |title=Abhay Singh wins title; Sunayna Kuruvilla falters in final of HCL-SRFI Indian Tour 2022 Chennai leg |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/abhay-singh-wins-title-sunayna-kuruvilla-falters-in-final-of-hcl-srfi-indian-tour-2022-chennai-leg-11320331.html/amp |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| HCL PSA Challenger
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Yassin ElShafei]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (10-12, 11-7, 11-4, 11-9)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSA Challenger Squash: Abhay Singh Clinches Men's Title |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/psa-challenger-squash-abhay-singh-clinches-mens-title-6973399.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=2023-02-01 |title=PSA Challenger, Squash: Abhay Singh, Amina Orfi secure wins to assert themselves as top seeds |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/psa-challenger-squash-abhay-singh-amina-orfi-win-in-final-india-sports-latest/article66459647.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2024
| Willingdon Masters
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suraj Chand]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-9, 11-5, 11-2)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Willingdon 2024 squash: Anahat Singh, Abhay Singh win titles |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/jsw-willingdon-2024-squash-india-results-anahat-abhay-singh |website=Olympics}}</ref>
|-
| Goodfellow Classic
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Elliott Morris Devred]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-7, 11-9, 11-9)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-02-25 |title=Abhay Singh wins Goodfellow Classic squash in Toronto |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/abhay-singh-wins-goodfellow-classic-squash-in-toronto/article67884503.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Tuanku Muhriz Trophy
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lau Tsz Kwan]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (7-11, 11-8, 12-10, 11-4)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Singh wins Tuanku Muhriz Trophy 2024 squash in Malaysia |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/tuanku-muhriz-trophy-squash-2024-abhay-singh-men-singles-winner-report |website=Olympics}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2025
| JSW Indian Open
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Kareem El Torkey]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 3–1 (10-12, 4-11, 11-7, 10-12)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=All new Abhay Singh loses final but 'enjoying the best phase' of pro career |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/all-new-abhay-singh-loses-final-but-enjoying-the-best-phase-of-pro-career-9912067/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Hyder Trophy
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Todd (squash player)|Sam Todd]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (11-8, 10-12, 11-9, 11-7)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Singh wins Hyder Trophy 2025 squash title in New York |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/hyder-trophy-squash-2025-abhay-singh-men-winner-report |website=Olympics}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|[[ASF Awards]]
|Outstanding Team Men
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASF Awards |url=http://www.asiansquash.org/about_awards.php |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Asian Squash Federation |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111171048/https://asiansquash.org/about_awards.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[PSA Awards]]
|Challenger Player of the Year
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Male Squash Player of the Year
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TOISA 2023 Nominees: Squash stars in the fray for top honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/toisa-2023-nominees-squash-stars-in-the-fray-for-top-honours/articleshow/107818634.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|[[Arjuna Award]]
|Outstanding Performance in Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Complete list of winners of Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award: Bhaker, Gukesh and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/complete-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-award-bhaker-gukesh-and-more/articleshow/116880972.cms |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Squash Player of the Year Male
|{{tba}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title=TOISA 2024: Squash Masters Competing for the Coveted Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/toisa-2024-squash-masters-competing-for-the-coveted-trophy/articleshow/118361431.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Squash in India]]
* [[India men's national squash team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{PSA|new_id=abhay-singh}}
* {{Squash Info|9837}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Abhay}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male squash players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Salim Raj

2026-04-21T03:06:55Z

MaritzaSandoval: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Salim Raj
| image = Dr.Salim Raj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| term_start = January 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Chairman, Chhattisgarh Waqf Board
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| term_start1 = January 2025
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 =
| president4 =
| constituency4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| successor4 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Reshma Raj

| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
| parents =
| country = [[India]]
| profession = Agriculture and Business
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Salim Raj''' is an [[Indian politician]] and serves as a [[Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़: वक्फ बोर्ड अध्यक्ष डॉ. सलीम राज को मिला कैबिनेट मंत्री का दर्जा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/wakf-board-chairman-dr-salim-raj-gets-the-status-of-cabinet-minister-in-chhattisgarh-2025-01-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=डॉ. सलीम राज बोले-अदालत का विकल्प भी: वक्फ संपत्तियों पर काबिज दुकानदारों, घर मालिकों को किराएदार बनाएगा बोर्ड - Raipur News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/dr-salim-raj-said-there-is-also-the-option-of-court-134692531.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=23 March 2025}}</ref> He holds the position of Chairman of the [[Central Waqf Council|Chhattisgarh State Waqf Board]]. He is also the State In-Charge of the BJP's Minority Morcha in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="IE">{{cite web |title='Political statement or remarks against govt… can lead to FIR': Chhattisgarh Waqf Board 'vets' Friday sermons |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/chhattisgarh-waqf-board-sermons-political-statement-remarks-against-govt-fir-9679505/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=20 November 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Salim Raj joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 1992 and held various positions within the BJP Minority Morcha before being appointed to the BJP's leading body in 2004. In 2010, he served as the National Treasurer of the BJP Minority Morcha. From 2011 to 2014, he was a member of the Haj Committee of India, where he coordinated pilgrimage services and welfare programs for Haj pilgrims at both the state and national levels. He also played a significant role in the Muslim Rashtriya Manch, a national forum affiliated with the BJP.<ref name="IE"/>

Raj was appointed as State President, BJP Minority Cell in 2016. And in 2021, he became a Member of the BJP State Executive Committee & State In-Charge, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP Minority Morcha]]. He was the Chairman of the Chhattisgarh State Haj Committee (State Minister Status), under the [[Third Raman Singh ministry|government of Raman Singh]]. During this position, he has spearheaded initiatives in education, economic development, and social harmony across [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: 'Owaisi is second variant of Jinnah,' says BJP Minority Morcha President Jamal Siddiqui |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-owaisi-is-second-variant-of-jinnah-says-bjp-minority-morcha-president-jamal-siddiqui20230204000827/ |website=ANI}}</ref>

In 2025, He was elected as Chairman of the Chhattisgarh State Waqf Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=अविश्वास प्रस्ताव से हटाए गए वक्फ बोर्ड के चेयरमैन, डॉ. सलीम राज बनाए गए नए अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/wakf-board-chairman-removed-by-no-confidence-motion-dr-salim-raj-appointed-as-the-new-president-133805619.html |website=Bhaskar}}</ref> And in January 2025, he became the Cabinet Minister in the Vishnu Deo [[Sai ministry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet Minister Dr Salim Raj: छत्तीसगढ़ वक्फ बोर्ड के अध्यक्ष डॉ सलीम राज को मिला कैबिनेट मंत्री का दर्जा, आदेश जारी {{!}} Cabinet Minister Dr Salim Raj: Dr. Salim Raj got status of Cabinet Minister |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/cabinet-minister-dr-salim-raj-dr-salim-raj-got-status-of-cabinet-minister-19300942 |website=Patrika News |language=hi |date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

==Waqf Amendment Act (2025)==
Raj endorsed the central government's [[The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025]], as a transformative step to recover encroached Waqf assets and empower minority communities. Highlighting that about 85% of Waqf land in Chhattisgarh was illegally occupied, he stressed the need for legal clarity and institutional transparency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: BJP Leader Salim Raj Slams Congress Over Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chhattisgarh-bjp-leader-salim-raj-slams-congress-over-waqf-amendment-bill |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बदतर स्थिति में मुसलमान, पहले पढ़ें बिल, फिर करें विरोध: सलीम राज |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/muslims-are-in-worse-situation-first-read-waqf-amendment-bill-then-protest-salim-raj-chhattisgarh-waqf-board-chairman-hindi-news-ctn25041505435 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi |date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

==Friday sermons==
Raj introduced a policy requiring prior approval for sermon content in 1,822 mosques across the state, aimed at curbing political messaging within religious platforms. This decision drew both support and criticism, with opponents citing religious freedom concerns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Waqf Board to review Friday sermons to prevent political speeches in mosques |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1075779/chhattisgarh-waqf-board-to-review-friday-sermons-to-prevent-political-speeches-in-mosques |website=Scroll.in |language=en |date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

To prevent political sermons, he established a vetting system via WhatsApp groups for mosque sermons—covering over 1,800 mosques—and mandated prior content approval.<ref name="IE"/>

==Nikah ceremony charges==
In June 2025, Raj capped fees for mosque officials conducting [[Nikah ceremony|Nikah ceremonies]] at ₹1,100, seeking to make the event affordable for economically challenged families. He warned that violations would draw official action.<ref>{{cite web |title=CG Waqf Board caps 'Nikah' fee at 1,100 with directive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/cg-waqf-board-caps-nikah-fee-at-1100-with-directive/articleshow/121605282.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaiser |first1=Ejaz |title=Chhattisgarh Waqf Board caps Nikah Khutba charges at Rs 1100; Muslim scholars question move |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/07/chhattisgarh-waqf-board-caps-nikah-khutba-charges-at-rs-1100-muslim-scholars-question-move |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

==Threats and security==
Following his policies regulating mosque discourse, Raj received reported death threats from sources in [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Kerala]]. He filed a police complaint, leading to ongoing investigations.<ref>{{cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ वक्फ बोर्ड के चेयरमैन को पाकिस्तान से धमकी: डॉक्टर सलीम ने थाने में की शिकायत; तकरीर के टॉपिक के लिए इजाजत लेने कहा था - Chhattisgarh News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/chhattisgarh-waqf-board-chairman-received-threat-from-pakistan-134022327.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: CG Waqf Board Chairman Dr. Salim Raj Receives Life Threats From Pakistan; Probe Underway |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chhattisgarh-cg-waqf-board-chairman-dr-salim-raj-receives-life-threats-from-pakistan-probe-underway |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Salim}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh]]

R. Pandiammal

2026-04-20T08:55:04Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up initial article added tags

{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Pandiammal
| native_name = இரா. பாண்டியம்மாள்
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Usilampatti, Tamil Nadu, India
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor = [[P. N. Vallarasu]]
| successor = [[P. N. Vallarasu]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = Politician, Agriculturist
| alma_mater = B.A.
}}
'''R. Pandiammal''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. She hails from the Thenichalai area of [[Usilampatti]] in the [[Madurai district]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ”Who's Who” 1991. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. April 1992. p. 353-354.</ref>

A graduate with a Bachelor's degree, Pandiammal belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. She was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency]] in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991 state assembly elections]].

==Electoral Performance==
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pandiammal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,654 |percentage=50.30% |change=+35.11 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Vallarasu]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=38,460 |percentage=46.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Bose |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=638 |percentage=0.77% |change=+0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavelu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=606 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,194 |percentage=3.86% |change= -11.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,818 |percentage=55.29% |change= -8.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,036 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kilambakkam

2026-04-20T07:07:06Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kilambakkam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kilambakkam, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12.869480|N|80.074160|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]|
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vandalur]]
| official_name =
| elevation_m = 57
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 600048
| registration_plate = TN-11
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chengalpattu district| Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Tambaram]]
}}

'''Kilambakkam''' is a neighborhood in [[Tambaram]], [[Chennai City]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located between [[Vandalur]] and [[Urapakkam]] along Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road). It is the entrance gateway for the [[Chennai metropolitan area]] from the southern end. [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] has constructed a bus terminus for South bound buses and Extension of Metro Rail Phase 1 of [[Chennai Metro|Chennai Metro Rail Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kilambakkam-metro-line-to-bring-southern-suburbs-closer/articleshow/72248322.cms|title=Kilambakkam metro line to bring southern suburbs closer|date=27 November 2019|first=U.|last=Tejonmayam|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>

Kilambakkam is part of [[Chennai]] [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]].

== Developments ==
Due to heavy congestion in [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]] in [[Koyambedu]] and High traffic within Chennai City, [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] has constructed a satellite bus terminus on the outskirts of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bus-terminus-at-kilambakkam-coming-in-18-months/article26345331.ece|title=Bus terminus at Kilambakkam coming in 18 months|date=2019-02-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

All the buses bounding to southern districts depart from the [[Kilambakkam bus terminus|Kilambakkam Mofussil Bus Terminus (KMBT)]] and also halts at this place instead of plying towards CMBT in Koyambedu. The new bus terminus is located very close to [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] in [[Vandalur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/22/kilambakkam-bus-terminus-cm-to-break-ground-today-1942102.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224044450/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/22/kilambakkam-bus-terminus-cm-to-break-ground-today-1942102.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2019|title=Kilambakkam bus terminus: CM to break ground today|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>

Chennai Metro Rail Limited also announced the extension of Corridor 1 in Chennai Metro Rail Phase I from Airport to Kilambakkam via [[Pallavaram]], [[Tambaram]], [[Perungalathur]] and [[Vandalur]] to connect the areas within the city to the proposed new bus terminus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-connect-airport-with-kilambakkam/article29948180.ece|title=Chennai Metro to connect Airport with Kilambakkam|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2019-11-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Chennai Airport - Kilambakkam metro line project is under active consideration of the State Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=2023-01-29 |title=Residents want Airport-Kilambakkam Metro line to be implemented quickly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-want-airport-kilambakkam-metro-line-to-be-implemented-quickly/article66446831.ece |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

With [[Kilambakkam railway station]] under construction, the neighborhoods of Kilambakkam are currently served by [[Vandalur railway station|Vandalur Railway Station]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Nanded North Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:42Z

MaritzaSandoval: created new article needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nanded North
| type = SLA
| map_image = 86-Nanded North.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nanded]]
| division = [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded Lok Sabha]]
| constituency_no = 86
| established = 2008
| reservation = None 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Balaji Kalyankar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 359,073
}}
'''Nanded North Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is located in [[Nanded district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Lists/ListACs.aspx|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanded North Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nanded-north.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Raghwan Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Vithalrao Devidasrao Deshpande|Vithalrao Deshpande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" | Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Noorallah Khan Bismillah Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kamalkishor Kadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| D. R. Deshmukh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" | Prakash Khedkar
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Anusayatai Khedkar
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2008 : See [[Nanded Assembly constituency|Nanded]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Rowspan=2|[[D. P. Sawant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded North<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nanded North">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nanded North |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1386.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216073250/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1386.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kalyankar|Balaji Devidasrao Kalyankar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 83,184 |percentage = 37.79% |change={{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Sattar A Gaffoor |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 79,682 |percentage = 36.20% |change={{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Er. Prashant Viraj Ingole |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 24,266 |percentage = 11.02% |change={{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangita Vithal Patil |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 22,706 |percentage = 10.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Milind Uttamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,562 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Kishanrao Ghodke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,367 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 596 |percentage = 0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,502 |percentage = 1.59% |change= {{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 220,741 |percentage = 61.48% |change= {{increase}}1.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 220,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 359,073|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded North<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kalyankar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 62,884 |percentage = 33.35% |change={{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[D. P. Sawant]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,778 |percentage = 26.93% |change={{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Muhammad Feroz Khan Lala |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 41,892 |percentage = 22.22% |change={{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukundrao Narharrao Chawre |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 26,569 |percentage = 14.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 940 |percentage = 0.50% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,106 |percentage = 6.42% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 189,823 |percentage = 60.55% |change= {{increase}}6.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,561}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 313,523|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded North<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[D. P. Sawant]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,356 |percentage = 22.78% |change={{decrease}}26.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sudhakar Ramrao Pandhare|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,754 |percentage = 18.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Habeeb Abdul Rahim |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 32,333 |percentage = 18.25% |change={{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Milind Uttamrao (Chate) Deshmukh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,103 |percentage = 13.04% |change={{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Suresh Gyanoba Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 20,549 |percentage = 11.60% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Shamrao Kadam|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 10,857 |percentage = 6.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajratna Ambedkar |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 5,716 |percentage = 3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 727 |percentage = 0.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,602 |percentage = 4.29% |change= {{decrease}}27.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,284 |percentage = 53.75% |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 331,722|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanded North<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[D. P. Sawant]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,052 |percentage = 49.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Anusaya Prakash Khedkar|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,970 |percentage = 16.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shila Sunil Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,408 |percentage = 9.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Engineer Kishanrao Wane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,981 |percentage = 8.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Rauf A.Wahed |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 10,605 |percentage = 7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Avinash Vishwanathrao Bhosikar |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 2,639 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawade Vinod Nilkanthrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,121 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,082 |percentage = 32.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,632 |percentage = 49.47% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,560}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,167|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.178|77.319|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Nanded]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Loha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:55Z

MaritzaSandoval: created a stub more to come.

{{other uses|Loha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Loha
| map_image = 88-Loha.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]]
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 88
| mla = [[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 302,580
}}
'''Loha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], in [[Maharashtra]], India. The constituency is a part of [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency]] and comprises parts of Loha tehsil in [[Nanded district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was established in 2008. As of 2019 it is represented by [[Shyamsundar Dagdoji Shinde]] of the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]].

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Loha taluka]], Revenue Circles of Malakoli Kalambar, Kapsi
Budruk, Loha and Loha Municipal Council, parts of [[Kandhar taluka]], Revenue Circles of Usman Nagar, Barul, Kandhar and Kandhar Municipal Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loha Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/loha.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Shankaranna Dhondge
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Shyamsundar Dagdoji Shinde|Shyamsundar Shinde]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Loha<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Loha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1388.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216141746/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1388.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 72,750 |percentage = 31.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknathdada Pawar |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 61,777 |percentage = 27.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrasen Ishwarrao Patil (Surnar) |party=Janhit Lokshahi Party |votes = 29,194 |percentage = 12.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Manohar Babarao Dhonde |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,643 |percentage = 9.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivkumar Narayanrao Narangale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 20,302 |percentage = 8.87% |change={{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashabai Shyamsunder Shinde |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 19,786 |percentage = 8.65% |change={{decrease}}44.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 0.47% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,973 |percentage = 4.80% |change= {{decrease}}28.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 229,891 |percentage = 75.98% |change= {{increase}}5.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 228,809}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,580|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Peasants And Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}21.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Loha<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shyamsundar Dagdoji Shinde]] |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 101,668 |percentage = 53.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivkumar Narayanrao Narangale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 37,306 |percentage = 19.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondge Mukteshwar Keshavrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,965 |percentage = 16.17% |change={{decrease}}31.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Shankaranna Dhondge |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 14,517 |percentage = 7.58% |change={{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Bhagwan Kolhe |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 2,559 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Tolaba Wanne |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,700 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,249 |percentage = 0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,362 |percentage = 33.62% |change= {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,722 |percentage = 70.25% |change= {{decrease}}5.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,323|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants And Workers Party of India |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Loha<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 92,435 |percentage = 47.52% |change={{increase}}43.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondge Mukteshwar Keshavrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,949 |percentage = 24.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankaranna Dhondge |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 29,294 |percentage = 15.06% |change={{decrease}}32.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Rohidas Khobraji |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,568 |percentage = 3.38% |change={{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Bapurao Telang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,312 |percentage = 2.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Dhonde Manohar Babarao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,878 |percentage = 2.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satwa Arjun Sonkamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,488 |percentage = 1.79% |change={{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,295 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,486 |percentage = 23.39% |change= {{increase}}17.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,822 |percentage = 75.78% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,734|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Loha<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondge Shankarrao Ganeshrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,539 |percentage = 47.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chikhalikar Prataprao Govindrao |party=Lok Bharati |votes = 72,175 |percentage = 41.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhonde Manohar Babarao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,087 |percentage = 4.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umrekar Shahaji Sambhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,999 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Roopkumar Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,807 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narangale Shivkumar Narayanrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,765 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Narendra Babarao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,696 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,364 |percentage = 5.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 172,888 |percentage = 78.64% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,852|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.946|77.112|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dahegam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:28Z

MaritzaSandoval: Made new details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dahegam
| mla = Chauhan Balrajsinh Kalyansinh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:220928}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 34
}}

'''Dahegam''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]] district.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Dahegam Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Image
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1962
| Vitthalbhai Amin ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| M. C. Shah ||
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1972
| [[Ghanshyam Oza]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1975
| [[Gabhaji Thakor]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| 1980
| Khumansinh Rathod ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| 1985
| [[Gabhaji Thakor]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1990
|rowspan=2| Vitthalbhai Shah ||rowspan=2|
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1998
| [[Gabhaji Thakor]] ||
|-
| 2002
|rowspan=2| [[Jagdish Thakor]] || rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2007
|-
|2009{{Efn|by-election}}
|[[Kalyan Chauhan]]<ref name=byElections2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2009-10/Bye-election-2009.xls |title=Details of Assembly By-Elections 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2012 || Kaminiba Rathod ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2017 || rowspan="2" | Balrajsinh Chauhan<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balrajsinh Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,133
|percentage = 49.26
|change = -1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vakhatsinh Chauhan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58,960|percentage=38.65|change=-6.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suhag Panchal|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=12,394|percentage=8.13|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Natubhai Rathod|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=891|percentage=0.58|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=11.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=152,534|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dahegam<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balrajsinh Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 74,445
|percentage = 50.88
|change = +5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kaminiba Bhupendrasinh Rathod
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,585
|percentage = 43.46
|change = -4.04
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Dahegam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kaminiba Bhupendrasinh Rathod
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,043
|percentage = 47.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rohitji Chanduji Thakor
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 58,746
|percentage = 45.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Kiritkumar Natvarlal Rawal
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| votes = 4,199
| percentage = 3.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Jeshangbhai Bijalbhai Rathod
| votes = 1,899
| percentage = 1.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Harshadbhai Shantilal Rathod
| votes = 1,282
| percentage = 1.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,297
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,510
|percentage = 73.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gandhinagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|23.17|72.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Markapuram

2026-04-15T02:31:29Z

MaritzaSandoval: created initial details needs work.

{{about|is headquarter of [[Markapuram district]]|the Assembly constituency|Markapuram Assembly constituency|the train station|Markapur Road railway station}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Markapuram
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Markapuram lakshmi Chenakesava temple mukadwaram.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chennakesava Temple, Markapuram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.73|N|79.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = [[Markapuram Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Prakasam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=27 April 2019 |pages=48 }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 52.96
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 145
| population_total = 71,092
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of towns in Andhra Pradesh|11th (Towns in AP)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population statistics |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629831 |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015 |url=https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics & Statistics |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=27 April 2019 |pages=44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523316 <ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/Markapuram-pin-code/493976/|title=Markapuram Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref>
| area_code_type = telephone code
| area_code = +91–8596
| registration_plate = AP
| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/MARKAPURAM/|Markapuram Municipality}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Markapuram''' is headquarter of [[Markapuram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[municipality]] and is the headquarters of Markapuram Municipality in [[Markapuram revenue division]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Part III, District and Sub-District (Mandals) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=27 April 2019 |pages=133, 174}}</ref> Markapuram is notable for the Chennakesava Swamy Temple (2nd largest gopuram in Telugu States with 135 feet height), built by King Sri [[Krishnadevaraya]]. During [[Ratha Yatra]] (''Tirunalla'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) there occurs a popular carnival; the town is also famous for Chenna Kesavaswamy (''Saptavahana Seva'') on the day of [[Ratha Saptami|Rathsapthami]], which is attended by around 1 lakh+ people coming from different parts of the state.

Markapuram was formerly a part of [[Kurnool district|Kurnool District]], serving as the east gate of [[Rayalaseema]]. The town is close to the [[Nallamala Hills]] and it is often transit hub to [[Srisailam]]. It currently has a population of approximately 1,00,000. Markapur Town's religious breakdown is 60% Hindu, 35% Muslim, and 5% Christian. Markapuram is known for [[slate]] manufacturing industries.

Temples and tourism spots include Markapuram Sri Lakshmi chennakesava temple, Tripurantakam Bala Tripura sundari temple, Bhairavakona Temple & Waterfalls, Nemaligundam Rangaswamy temple & Waterfalls, Mokshagundam Satyavolu shiva temple, Nekkanti Neelakhanta temple, Tummalacheruvu Muharram festival, Cumbum Lake, Kothakota fort (Rayalaseema ruler), Veligonda temple, Ardaveedu waterfalls, Nallamalla sagar reservoir and hills, Papinenipalli hills, Kanigiri hills & Veligonda hills.

== History ==
The town's name comes from a story of a [[Milkmaid|milk maid]] by the name of Marika who was graced with a son by Swamy Chennakesava. The milk maid, in commemoration of this event, constructed a small temple. Soon afterwards a village grew round and about this temple and was known as Marikapuram. By afflux of time this name evolved into Markapuram. The temple, originally constructed by Marika, underwent numerous additions and renovations majorly during Sri Krishnadevaraya's Rule, the later large and prominent temple being dedicated to Sri Chennakesava.

This town was a part of Kurnool District until 1971. Yerragondapalem, Markapuram, and Giddalur [[Tehsil|mandals]] were in Kurnool district until 1971, when a carve-out made a new district (along with Kanigiri, Podili, Darsi, Kandukur from Nellore District and Ongole and Chirala from Guntur district).

== Geography ==
Markapuram is situated about {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Kurnool]] and about three miles north-east of the [[Vijayawada]]–[[Guntakal]] railway line. Markapuram is located at {{Coord|15.73|N|79.28|E|}} at an average elevation of {{convert|145|m}} and is surrounded by [[Nallamala Forest]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Markapuram, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/markapuram.html |website=www.fallingrain.com |accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-21/Wild-animals-losing-lives-while-searching-for-water-food/294942|title=Wild animals losing lives while searching for water, food|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2017-04-21|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> An important industry in Markapuram is slate manufacturing. It exported slate to other countries in the late 1980s. It is one of the revenue divisions in Markapuram district.

== Transport ==
Markapuram is located on the [[Anantapur|Ananthapur]]–[[Amaravati]] Express Highway, a section of the Expressway Project. It is {{convert|95|km|abbr=on}} away from Ongole, {{convert|43|km|abbr=on}} away from Podili, and [[Nandyal]] is {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} away on the other side of Nallamala hills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roaddistance.in/andhra-pradesh/markapuram-road-markapuram-to-markapuram-railway-station-distance/by-road/|title=Markapuram Road Markapuram and Markapuram Railway Station by Road, Distance Between Markapuram Road Markapuram and Markapuram Railway Station , Distance by Road from Markapuram Road Markapuram and Markapuram Railway Station with Travel Time, Markapuram Railway Station Distance from Markapuram Road Markapuram, Driving Direction Calculator from Markapuram road Markapuram and Markapuram railway station}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Guntur railway division|Guntur division]] of [[South Central Railway]] division. The railway line from [[Vijayawada]] to [[Guntakal]] passes through this station. Markapuram is near [[Srisailam]]. People visiting Srisailam take the train route through [[Markapur Road railway station|Markapuram railway station]].

[[Donakonda Airport]] was used by the British during World War 2 and is also close to Markapuram.

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government in conjunction with private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archivedate=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archivedate= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> Instruction is given in both English and Telugu.

N.S. Agricultural College is located in Markapur, along with other degree colleges, including engineering. Various coaching institutes are there which help for competitive exams.

== Notable people ==
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Betha Sudhakar]] – Indian Telugu-language actor and comedian
* [[Johnny Lever]] – Indian Hindi-language actor and comedian
* [[Kandula Narayana Reddy]] – Indian politician; representative of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]
* [[Audimulapu Suresh]] – Indian politician; representative of the [[YSR Congress Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Markapuram district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Markapuram district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Markapuram district]]

Waradhanapet Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:50Z

MaritzaSandoval: article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wardhannapet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (107-Waradhanapet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Waradhanapet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[K. R. Nagaraj|K. R. Naga Raju]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Warangal district|Warangal]] (2 Mandals) and [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]] (2 Mandals)
| loksabha_cons = [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 224,760
| incumbent_image =
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 107
}}

'''Wardhanapet Assembly constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Warangal district]] and [[Hanamkonda district]] of [[Telangana]] that elects representatives to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[K. R. Nagaraj]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Indian National Congress]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Wardhannapet]]
| [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| [[Hanamakonda]]
| [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
|-
| [[Parvathagiri]]
| [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| [[Hasanparthy]]
| [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Pendyala Raghava Rao
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| E. Venkataramnarsaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kundour Lakshminarasimha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan =2 |T. Purushotham Rao
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Macherla Jagannadham
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Macherla Jagannadham
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Vannala Sreeramulu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Takkallapalli Rajeshwar Rao
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Kondeti Sridhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2| [[Aroori Ramesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[K. R. Nagaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Waradhanapet (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[K. R. Nagaraj]]
| votes = 106,696
| percentage = 48.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Aroori Ramesh|votes=87,238|percentage=39.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kondeti Sridhar|votes=12,275|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=3,612|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,458|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,18,776|percentage=83.96|change=}}
{{Election box swing with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Waradhanapet (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Aroori Ramesh
| votes = 131,252
| percentage = 69.35%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Jana Samithi
| candidate = Pagidipati Devaiah
| votes = 32,012
| percentage = 16.91%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| candidate = Chilimulla Lenin
| votes = 6,367
| percentage = 3.36%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kotha Saranga Rao
| votes = 6,114
| percentage = 3.23%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 5,864
| percentage = 3.10%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 99,240
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 189,269
| percentage = 83.92%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Waradhanapet (SC)<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052314/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=107 Waradhanapet Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Aroori Ramesh|votes=117,254|percentage=66.04%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kondeti Shridhar|votes=30,905|percentage=17.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Mahajana Socialist Party|candidate=[[Manda Krishna Madiga]]|votes=20,526|percentage=11.56%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=86,349|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,77,545|percentage=78.99%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telangana Jana Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Warangal West (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Warangal East (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.77|79.57|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Warangal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]

Salem – I Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:34Z

MaritzaSandoval: data

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salem-I
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
| electors= 206,400
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Salem-I''' is a former state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].

==History==
Until 2008, the city of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] was part of the [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem II]] assembly constituencies. Since 1977, the ADMK party won the Salem I assembly seat five times (1977, 1980, 1984, 2001 and 2006); [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won twice (1989 and 1996), and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232527/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The constituencies of Salem were redrawn as [[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]], [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]] and [[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archivedate=15 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Varadarajulu Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[A. Mariappan Mudaliar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[G. Venkataraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[K. Jayaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| K. Jayaraman
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. V. Varadarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[G. Krishnaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| G. Krishnaraj
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. R. G. Dhanapalan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. R. Jayaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| K. R. G. Dhanapalan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. Venkatachalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[L. Ravichandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|65.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.21}}

}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Ravichandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,083 |percentage=44.13% |change=-15.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Suresh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,266 |percentage=35.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. J. Dhanasekar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=27,218 |percentage=17.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Annadurai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,095 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Shajahan |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Poongodi |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=253 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sanaullakhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=237 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=188 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,817 |percentage=8.19% |change=-14.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=156,561 |percentage=75.85% |change= 11.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,400 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. E. Venkatajalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,365 |percentage=60.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Elangovan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,234 |percentage=37.29% |change=-21.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ravikrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=976 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. S. Anburaj |party=Independent politician |votes=847 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. V. Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Madhesu |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Saravanakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,131 |percentage=22.72% |change=-3.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,590 |percentage=63.87% |change= -1.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. G. Dhanapalan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,566 |percentage=58.82% |change=30.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. Natarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,299 |percentage=32.47% |change=-33.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Jeyaraman |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,437 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Venugopalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,182 |percentage=1.90% |change=-0.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ravikrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,259 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kasilingam |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sudhakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Samarasam |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Saleem |party=Independent politician |votes=124 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Goverthanan |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,267 |percentage=26.35% |change=-10.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,875 |percentage=65.36% |change= 4.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,579 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72,792 |percentage=65.97% |change=47.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Subash |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,698 |percentage=28.73% |change=-14.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramanathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,130 |percentage=1.93% |change=1.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Khader Hussain |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=1,806 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kannamma Ganapathy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. B. S. Arthanariasamy Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Selvakumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shan Muga Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=93 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravikumar |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vanaraji |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=M. Usharaj |party=TDI |votes=67 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,094 |percentage=37.24% |change=17.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,335 |percentage=60.52% |change= -9.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,710 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. G. Dhanapalan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,498 |percentage=43.67% |change=-2.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. N. K. A. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=26,837 |percentage=23.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thiruselvam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,598 |percentage=18.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Eswaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,654 |percentage=12.05% |change=-39.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vaiyapuri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=588 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Damodharan |party=Independent politician |votes=299 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. P. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vijaya Sarathi Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Selvakumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manicka Achari |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,661 |percentage=19.99% |change=14.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,343 |percentage=69.58% |change= -7.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,974 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Krishnaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,749 |percentage=51.80% |change=-0.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Subasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,863 |percentage=46.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. L. Rasan |party=Independent politician |votes=790 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ragunath |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkatesa Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Thiyagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. V. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Alagiri |party=Independent politician |votes=75 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,886 |percentage=5.57% |change=-14.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,683 |percentage=76.81% |change= 6.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,927 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Krishnaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,976 |percentage=52.55% |change=14.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amanullah Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=31,745 |percentage=32.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Palaniyeppan |party=Janata Party |votes=12,391 |percentage=12.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Palanisami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=597 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Soundappan |party=Independent politician |votes=467 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. V. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=286 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ganesadasan |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. R. A. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balu (Alias) Balasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Jayagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,231 |percentage=19.82% |change=10.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,010 |percentage=70.69% |change= 8.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,312 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Varadarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,708 |percentage=38.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Mahadeva Mudaliar |party=Janata Party |votes=26,046 |percentage=28.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Manickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,093 |percentage=23.22% |change=-27.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mahadevan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,135 |percentage=8.95% |change=-38.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jotheeswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Venugopal |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Muthaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theliammal |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,662 |percentage=9.54% |change=5.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,844 |percentage=62.59% |change= -12.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayaraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,262 |percentage=50.92% |change=-7.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thiagarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,867 |percentage=47.19% |change=6.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,718 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,395 |percentage=3.74% |change=-13.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,847 |percentage=74.61% |change= -7.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,835 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayaraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,776 |percentage=57.92% |change=11.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thiagarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,710 |percentage=40.51% |change=-10.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Vasudevan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=835 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. C. Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=432 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,066 |percentage=17.42% |change=12.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,753 |percentage=82.59% |change= 0.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,374 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Venkataraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,726 |percentage=50.67% |change=5.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. R. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,838 |percentage=46.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Vasudevan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,732 |percentage=3.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,888 |percentage=4.51% |change=4.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,296 |percentage=82.16% |change= 23.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,662 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Mariappan Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,920 |percentage=45.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,713 |percentage=44.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samuel |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,487 |percentage=9.95% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=207 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,120 |percentage=58.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,489 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem Town<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Varadarajulu Naidu|votes=19,674|percentage=35.47%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India |candidate =[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] |votes=17,554 |percentage=31.65% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Poorniah|votes=9,090|percentage=16.39%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bali Chettiar|votes=5,540|percentage=9.99%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|candidate=Jagannathan|votes=1,978|percentage=3.57%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Rangaswamy|votes=1,160|percentage=2.09%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Krishnan|votes=464|percentage=0.84%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|votes=2120|percentage=3.82% |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=55,460|percentage=67.25%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win
|winner=Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010|df= dmy-all}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.63|78.139|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salem - I (state assembly constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Ranjit Lal Jetley

2026-03-28T07:50:12Z

MaritzaSandoval: correct section per standard format

{{Short description|Indian general (1923–2018)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2015}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major General
| name = Ranjit Lal Jetley
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ranjit Lal Jetley.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| alt = Ranjit Lal Jetley
| caption = Ranjit Lal [[Jetley]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|03|10|2018|03|30}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|03|30|1923|03|10}}
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
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| nickname =
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}}
Major-General '''Ranjit Lal Jetley''', [[Institution of Engineers (India)|FIE]], [[Chartered Quality Institute|FIQA]] (10 March 1923 – 30 March 2018) was an Indian soldier and scientist. He served in World War II and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947 Indo-Pakistani War]], becoming an artillery regiment commander. He went on to work in armaments research and development, his innovations including an Indian 10mm light field gun and upgunning of the [[Sherman tank]]s. He also contributed to set up two major laboratories. Jetley retired in 1979 and moved to the United Kingdom.

==Early life==
Jetley was born in [[Rawalpindi]] to a military [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi]]-[[Brahmin]] family. His grandfather, Subedar Maya Das Jetley, held the [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]] (IDSM), having served on the North Western frontier and in World War I; his father, Lt. Col Kundan Lal Jetley, [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], participated with the British Expeditionary Forces in Burma and Shanghai, China during peace time, and served in World War II. Jetley's uncles, Major Mangal Sain Jetley, Major Inder Sen Jetley, also served in World War II.

Jetley's mother, Kaushaliya Rani, was the daughter of High Court advocate Shivram Jhingan. Jetley was educated at [[Quetta]], [[Lansdowne, Garhwal|Lansdowne]] and [[Dehra Dun]], followed by higher education at the Gordon Mission College, Rawalpindi.

==Wartime career==
Jetley was commissioned on 5 July 1942 and [[Burma Campaign#Arakan, and the Chindits|served in Arakan]], Burma. He took part in the [[Battle of Ramree Island]] and the Allied landings at Letpan, mainland Burma, where, as naval [[Forward Observation Officer]] for a field artillery regiment, he called in the naval bombardment. From 1945 to 1946, he served with an Indian anti-tank regiment in [[Sumatra]], Indonesia as a part of the British occupation.

In 1946, Jetley became a captain in the [[regular army]] and travelled to Britain for training at the [[Royal School of Artillery]], [[Larkhill]], along with [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] (later General Chief of Army Staff) and [[J. F. R. Jacob]] (later Lt General, Governor Punjab). In 1948, he took part in the Jammu & Kashmir Operations of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War]], involving the re-capture of [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] and [[Jhangar]], capture of [[Rajouri]] and the [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] linkup.

==Peacetime artillery service==
From 1950, he served with the Technical Development Establishments at Jabalpur, Cossipore and later Kanpur and raised Inspectorates for the two major Ordnance Factories. At Kanpur he was credited for contributing to the manufacture of the first 25 Pounder Ordnance and the first [[Bren]] Gun in India. The occasion was celebrated by the Ordnance factory by firing of the first Bren Gun in the presence of Shri [[Rajendra Prasad]], first President of India.

In 1952, he commanded an anti-tank regiment artillery. From 1953 to 1958, he commanded one of the then only two Medium Artillery Regiments and later raised the third Medium Regiment Artillery. With this newly raised unit, he earned a name in exercise 'Doaba' by taking his medium guns across the river Sutlej by dismantling, which was commended by the Corps Commander Lt. Gen. [[J. N. Chaudhari]] and Lt. Gen. [[Kulwant Singh (soldier)|Kulwant Singh]], the chief Umpire and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command. It was here that he also conceived the idea of up-gunning the Sherman Tank for better firepower and put up a paper to the General Staff. This was to have a salutary effect on the outcome of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.

==Scientific career==
[[File:Ranjit Lal Jetley at the Pragati Maidan Defence exhibition.jpg|thumb|Maj. Gen Jetley demonstrating 105mm light field gun prototype designed by his team to Defence Minister [[Jagjivan Ram]]]]

During his second tenure (from 1958 onwards) with TDEs and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], he had a distinguished career in various capacities. As Superintendent, Proof and Experiment Establishment, he conceived, planned and modernised the previous ranges to enable enhancement of indigenous production and evaluation of foreign manufacturer's claims.

In addition to the normal call of duties, he had been personally responsible for projecting new ideas which led to the improvement in the performance of various service equipments. A few outstanding examples showing his ingenuity and skill were:-
* Mounting of 75 mm High Velocity French Gun on the Sherman tank.
* Conversion of 4.7" Naval Gun mounting to take 4.5" Naval gun.
* Modification of 25 Pdr carriage for high angle fire.
* Universal slave carriage/mounting for proof of any calibre gun and ammunition (Railway Open Wagon on broad gauge rails).

It is estimated that he saved over 1 billion of assets in the form of saving old tanks from disposal. Due to his efforts, the production of 4.5" ammunition in the country could begin at least one year earlier than by waiting for such facility to be provided by a foreign supplier. The facility was inaugurated by demonstrating proof of first lot of indigenous naval 4.5" ammunition in the presence of Admiral Katari, then Chief of the Naval Staff of India.

Later Jetley was assigned to the special Weapon Design Team. During this period his contribution for planning and organisation along with others resulted in establishing the Defence Research and Development Laboratories for rockets and missile.

Jetley's contribution was also admired in the raising of the Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory for research in the field of transient phenomenon involving detonation of explosives.

Thus reasonable amount of credit for setting up of these two major laboratories equipped with most modern instrumentation goes to him.

He exhibited the first uncontrolled flight of a short range missile to the Defence Minister at Tuglakabad ranges in 1961 as desired by the Scientific Adviser Bhagwantam. This success had great contribution from Wing Commander Sethna and Bensal.

In 1968, he was assigned to the Directorate General of Inspection, a quality assurance organisation, where, as Senior Inspector of Armaments and Gauges, he further excelled his performance and was responsible for improving the quality of inspection of 40 mm anti-aircraft guns. He was also instrumental in enhancing the production of Mountain guns at Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi and Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur for which he was commended by the Secretary Defence Production and DGOF. He was hence sent for training to Sweden in Air Defence Systems with [[Bofors|BOFORS]] and became a member of the Technical Committee for the Indian collaboration.

In 1971, he raised the Controllerate of Inspection (Weapons) which was a great bonus during the 1971 War for inspection of imported weapons. After war he contributed by making an assessment of the effect of Pakistani weapons which was a good guide for future improvements and defect investigations. From 1973 as Director of Inspection (Armaments), he was personally responsible for increasing the pace of indigenisation in the private sector. Later he helped in establishing the production of an anti-tank ammunition by revising acceptance criteria, after his return from the [[Jefferson Proving Grounds]] in the USA.

He encouraged the export of armaments as Director of Inspection (Armaments) and he was later nominated by the Defence Secretary to go to FFV Sweden to inspect the first 84 mm [[Carl Gustav recoilless rifle|Carl Gustaf Rocket]] Launcher consignment.

He was assigned in 1976 to develop a Light Field Gun of 105 mm for the Army. In a very short period from the date of his take over, he produced the first proto-type involving induction of most modern materials (three new varieties of steel were developed at Durgapur steel plant) and sophisticated technology in the field of gun development resulting in a light carriage of half weight and India's first Ordnance design. Simultaneously, he developed a time [[fuze]] for the carrier shells of long range guns by modifying an existing time fuze. The development of Smoke and HESH ammunition for this light gun IFG Mark II and IFG Mark I had his contribution.

==Awards and recognition==
For the exemplary work with his new ideas, he received under heading Honours and Awards in the Army Orders two commendation cards from the Chief of the Army Staff, one was on the recommendation of the Chief of the Naval Staff. Also, two of the first cash awards given by the Ministry of Defence, when introduced, went to him for his inventions. In view of his excellent allround performance in the field of engineering and applied technology, he was made a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India) and Fellow of the Institution of Quality Assurance (UK).

Besides all other achievements to his credit for making an investigation of national importance of an armament store he was awarded the commendation card of the Secretary (Defense Production) in 1977.

Jetley rendered 37 years service and retired on 9 July 1979 after two extensions in the Service interest.

==Publications==
Jetley has written a number of technical papers on the improvement in the performance of Army equipment, including a proposal to convert [[Stuart tank]]s to [[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]]s. He has also published two books, one restricted for artillery officers promotion examination and one for the open market ''Rockets, Satellites and Guided Missiles''.

His [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] paper on ''Future pattern of Weapons System'' (1970), led to him represent the course at the Parliamentarians' meeting on [[Atom Bomb]] considerations. This paper was later published in the USI magazine.

==Teaching==
During his four years as Director of Studies (Army) at the [[Institute of Armament Technology]], Jetley revised the Technical Staff Officers' Course by introducing studies for future armament needs, which resulted in an exercise to up-gun the T55 Tank with the British 105 mm Tank Gun. This was later adapted by the Army. He also introduced the Scientific Orientation Courses for Army Officers and compiled the Indian Army instructional pamphlet ''(Science) for the Army''.

==His critical innovation==
Credit for the availability of the up-gunned World War II vintage Shermans in 1965 to successfully combat the American supplied M48 Pattons goes to Jetley and to the General Staff of the Army, who provided him with a Sherman Tank to experiment for what was then a radical idea. The result is described in extract of two newspaper articles below. For this innovation he was paid merely {{Indian Rupee}} 2000 as a cash award to kill the dream of Field Marshal Ayub Khan to capture Delhi.

*Extract from The Economic Times New Delhi Wednesday 6 September 1995 page 7 an article by Global Watch/K Subrahmanyam titled "The First War with Pak"

::"Third, the Pakistanis has secretly raised a second armoured division while India had only one then...The Pakistani armoured division which was to break through at Khem Karan was totally destroyed by an Indian armoured brigade consisting of one Centurion regiment, one regiment of Sherman Mark IV tanks and another with up-gunned Shermans. The Sherman tanks were of World War II vintage. This happened because of the superior tactical skills of officer and men of the Indian Army. That battle was crucial in the sense if India had lost it the fate of the subcontinent would have changed...The country has to be overly grateful to the officers and men of that armoured brigade."

*Extract from The Indian Express New Delhi Friday 19 December 2003 Page 9 "Last Salute to the lion of 1965" (Lt. Gen Joginder Singh Dhillon; 1914–2003, Obituary) describes the result of Maj Gen Jetley's endeavours in the unglamorous field of defence research and development,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/37534/|title=Last salute to the lion of 1965|website=Indian Express|date=19 December 2003 }}</ref>
{{cquote|It is not possible to describe this 17-day war here but the decisive tank battle of Assal Utar, near Khem Karan, on September 10 does bear telling. Indian units hid their Sherman tanks 500 meters apart in a U-shaped formation in tall and unharvested sugarcane fields, and snared the enemy's vastly superior Patton tanks into this ambush, annihilating them to the last tank and deciding the outcome of the war. The destruction of Pakistan's armored pride and the casualties it suffered...}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Ranjit Lal Jetley Chartered Quality Institute certificate.jpg|thumb|right|Certificate to prove Jetley as founder member of CQI]]
Jetley was the founder member of [[Chartered Quality Institute]]. He died in March 2018 at the age of 95.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Wills?Surname=jetley&SurnameGrants=jetley&YearOfDeath=2018&YearOfDeathGrants=2018&IsGrantSearch=True&IsCalendarSearch=False#wills|website=GOV.UK|title=Find a Will: Ranjit Lal Jetley}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Burma Campaign]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite journal|journal=The Economic Times|edition=New Delhi|date=6 September 1995|page=7|title=The First War with Pak|first= K. |last=Subrahmanyam}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jetley, Ranjit Lal}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Engineers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian military engineers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi District]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]

Tom Wills

2026-03-27T05:53:06Z

MaritzaSandoval: update content also and updated info

{{Short description|Australian sportsman (1835–1880)}}
{{About|the Australian sportsman|other people with the same name|Thomas Wills (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Tom Wills photograph.jpg
| caption = Wills, {{circa}} 1857
| birth_name = Thomas Wentworth Wills
| birth_date = {{birth date|1835|8|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Molonglo Plain]], [[Colony of New South Wales]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1880|5|2|1835|8|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg, Colony of Victoria]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide|Suicide by stabbing]]
| resting_place = Warringal Cemetery, Victoria, Australia
| partner = Sarah Barbor
| parents = [[Horatio Wills]] Elizabeth McGuire
| relatives = [[Thomas Antill]] (cousin) [[H. C. A. Harrison]] (cousin)
}}
'''Thomas Wentworth Wills''' (19 August 1835 – 2 May 1880) was an Australian sportsman who is credited with being Australia's first [[cricket]]er of significance and a founder of [[Australian rules football]]. Born in the British [[penal colony]] of [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]] to a wealthy family descended from [[convicts in Australia|convict]]s, Wills grew up in [[Australian bush|the bush]] on [[station (Australian agriculture)|station]]s owned by his father, the [[squatting (Australian history)|squatter]] and politician [[Horatio Wills]], in what is now the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. As a child, he befriended local [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal people]], learning their language and customs. Aged 14, Wills went to England to attend [[Rugby School]], where he became [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of its cricket team and played an early version of [[rugby football]]. After Rugby, Wills represented [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]] in the [[The University Match (cricket)|annual cricket match]] against [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford]], and played at [[first-class cricket|first-class]] level for [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]. An athletic [[bowling (cricket)|bowling]] [[all-rounder]] with tactical nous, he was regarded as one of the finest young cricketers in England.

Returning to Victoria in 1856, Wills achieved Australia-wide stardom captaining the [[Victoria cricket team]] to repeated victories in [[List of Australian intercolonial cricket matches|intercolonial matches]]. He played for the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] but often clashed with its administrators, his [[larrikin]] streak and defections to rival clubs straining their relationship. In 1858, seeking a winter pastime for cricketers, he called for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws". He captained [[Melbourne Football Club#1858: Foundations|a Melbourne side]] that winter, and in 1859 co-wrote [[Laws of Australian rules football#Melbourne Rules of 1859|its laws]]—the basis of Australian rules. Over their careers, he and his cousin [[H. C. A. Harrison]] further developed the game as players, umpires and administrators. In 1861, at the height of his fame, Wills went to [[outback]] [[Queensland]] to help run a new family station. Soon after his arrival, his father and 18 station personnel were killed in [[Cullin-la-ringo massacre|Australia's largest massacre]] of colonists by Aboriginal people. Wills survived and returned to Victoria in 1864, and in 1866–67, he led an [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868#Background|Aboriginal cricket team]] on an Australian tour as its captain-coach.

In a career marked by controversy, Wills subverted cricket's [[Amateur status in first-class cricket#Distinctions between amateur and professional status|amateur-professional divide]], and was accused of popularising intimidatory tactics, such as the head-high [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]]. He also earned a reputation for [[gamesmanship|bending sporting rules]] to the point of [[Cheating#Sports|cheating]], in particular [[throwing (cricket)|throwing]]. This he boasted about, and in 1872 he became the first cricketer to be [[List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia|called in a top-class Australian match]]. Dropped from the Victorian team, Wills failed in an 1876 comeback attempt, by which time he was considered a relic of a bygone era.{{sfn|de Moore|2005a|p=371}} During this period, he supported Australia's first organised [[Women's cricket in Australia|women's cricket]] team—the only prominent male cricketer to do so. His final years were characterised by social alienation, flights from creditors, and heavy drinking, likely as a means of numbing [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] symptoms that resulted from the massacre. In 1880, suffering from [[delirium tremens]], Wills fatally stabbed himself in the heart.

Australia's first sporting celebrity, Wills fell into obscurity after his death, but has undergone a revival in [[culture of Australia|Australian culture]] since the 1980s. Today he is described as an archetypal tragic sports hero and as a symbol of [[reconciliation (ethnic relations)|reconciliation]] between [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] and non-Indigenous Australians. He has also become the central figure in "football's [[Australian history wars|history wars]]"—an ongoing dispute over whether [[Marn Grook]], an Aboriginal ball game, influenced early Australian rules. According to biographer Greg de Moore, Wills "stands alone in all his absurdity, his cracked egalitarian heroism and his fatal self-destructiveness—the finest cricketer and footballer of the age".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=326}}

==Family and early years==
[[File:William Charles Wentworth, by Thomas Woolner (1825-1892).tif|thumb|upright|Wills's middle name comes from his childhood role model [[William Wentworth]], the statesman, explorer and "fighter for the rights of the Australian born".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=8}}]]
Wills was born on 19 August 1835 on the [[Molonglo Plain]]{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} near modern-day [[Canberra]], in the British [[penal colony]] (now the Australian state) of [[New South Wales]], as the elder child{{Ref_label|B|b|none}} of [[Horatio Wills|Horatio]] and Elizabeth (née McGuire) Wills.{{sfn|Mandle|1976}} Tom was a third-generation Australian of [[Convicts in Australia|convict]] descent: his mother's parents were Irish convicts, and his paternal grandfather Edward was an English [[highwayman]] whose death sentence for armed robbery was commuted to [[penal transportation#Australia|transportation]], arriving in [[Botany Bay]] aboard the "hell ship" {{ship||Hillsborough|1783 EIC ship|2}} in 1799.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1p=3, 6|2a1=Howard|2a2=Larkins|2y=1981|2p=38}} Granted a conditional pardon in 1803, Edward became rich through mercantile activity in [[Sydney]] with his free wife Sarah (née Harding).{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=6}} He died in 1811, five months before Horatio's birth, and Sarah remarried to convict [[George Howe (printer)|George Howe]], owner of Australia's first newspaper, ''[[The Sydney Gazette]]''.{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=13}} Mainly self-educated, Horatio worked in the ''Gazette'' office from a young age, rising to become editor in 1832, the same year he met Elizabeth, an orphan from [[Parramatta]]. They married in December 1833.{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|pp=108–109}} Seventeen months after his birth, Tom was baptised Thomas Wentworth Wills in [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney|St Andrew's]], Sydney, after statesman [[William Wentworth]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=8}} Drawing on Wentworth's pro-[[Currency (lads and lasses)|currency]] writings and the [[emancipist]] cause, Horatio, in his [[Australian nationalism|nationalist]] journal ''The Currency Lad'' (1832–33), made the first call for an [[republicanism in Australia|Australian republic]].{{sfn|McKenna|1996|pp=23–25}}

[[File:Mount William as Seen from Mount Dryden.jpg|left|thumb|Wills grew up amongst Aboriginal clans in the Mount William area of the Grampians, shown in this 19th-century painting by [[Eugene von Guérard]].]]
Horatio turned to pastoralism in the mid-1830s and moved with his family to the sheep run Burra Burra on the [[Molonglo River]], near [[Captains Flat]].{{sfnm|1a1=Judd|1y=2007|1p=114|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=8}} Tom was athletic from a young age but also prone to illness, his parents at one stage "almost [despairing] of his recovery".{{sfnm|1a1=Wills Cooke|1y=2012|1p=173|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=8–9}} In 1840, in light of [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]]'s account of "[[Australia Felix]]", the Willses overlanded south with shepherds and their families to the [[Grampian Mountains (Australia)|Grampians]] in the [[Port Phillip District]] (now the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]). After [[squatting (pastoral)|squatting]] by [[Mount William (Mount Duwil)|Mount William]], they moved a few miles north through the foothills of [[Ararat, Victoria|Mount Ararat]], named so by Horatio because "like [[Noah's Ark|the Ark]], we rested there".{{sfnm|1a1=Molony|1y=2000|1pp=137–139|2a1=Wills Cooke|2y=2012|2p=37}} Horatio went through a period of intense religiosity while in the Grampians; at times his diary descends into incantation, "perhaps even madness", according to scholars.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=190|2a1=Judd|2y=2007|2pp=115–116}} He implored himself and Tom to base their lives upon the [[Gospel of John]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=15}}

Living in tents, the Wills family settled a large property named Lexington (near present-day [[Moyston, Victoria|Moyston]]) in an area used by [[Djab wurrung]] Aboriginal clans as a meeting place.{{sfnm|1a1=Wills Cooke|1y=2012|1p=37, 53|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=10}} According to family members, Tom, as one of the few white children in the area, "was thrown much into the companionship of aborigines".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=165}} In an account of [[corroboree]]s from childhood, his cousin [[H. C. A. Harrison]]{{Ref_label|C|c|none}} remembered Tom's ability to learn Aboriginal songs, mimic their voice and gestures, and "speak their language as fluently as they did themselves, much to their delight."{{sfn|Hibbins|Mancini|1987|p=79}} He may have also [[#Marngrook theory|played Aboriginal sports]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=322–323}} Horatio wrote fondly of his son's kinship with Aboriginal people, and allowed local clans to live and hunt on Lexington.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1pp=331–332|2a1=Wills Cooke|2y=2012|2pp=37–39}} However, [[George Augustus Robinson]], the district's [[Protector of Aborigines]], implicated Horatio and other local settlers in the murder of Aboriginal people. Horatio blamed "distant predatory tribes" for provoking hostilities in the area, and the closest he came to admitting that he had killed Aboriginal people was in a letter to Governor [[Charles La Trobe]]: "... we shall be compelled in self defence to measures that may involve us in unpleasant consequences".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=11–14}}

Tom's first sibling, Emily, was born on Christmas Day 1842.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=14}} In 1846 Wills began attendance at William Brickwood's School in [[Melbourne]], where he lived with Horatio's brother Thomas (Tom's namesake{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=8}}), a [[Victoria (Australia)#Colonial Victoria|Victorian separatist]] and son-in-law of the Wills family's partner in the shipping trade, convict [[Mary Reibey]].{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1pp=15–16|2a1=Judd|2y=2007|2p=111}} Tom played in his first [[cricket]] matches at school and came in contact with the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] through Brickwood, the club's vice-president.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=16}} By 1849, the year Wills's schooling in Melbourne ended, his family had grown to include brothers Cedric, Horace and Egbert.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=18}} Horatio had ambitious plans for the education of his children, especially Tom:{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=15}}
{{blockquote|I now deeply vainly deplore my want of a mathematical and classical education. Vain regret! ... But my son! May he prove worthy of my experience! May I be spared for him—that he may be useful to his country—I never knew a father's care.}}

==England==
===Rugby School===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = Tom Wills daguerreotype.jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Daguerreotype]] of Wills, dating from his school years
| image2 = Rugby school 1859.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =Football at Rugby School, 1850s. Wills was singled out in the national press for his prowess on the field.
}}
Wills's father sent him to England in February 1850, aged fourteen, to attend [[Rugby School]], then the most prestigious school in the country.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=18–19}} In his scheme for his children, Horatio wanted Tom to go on to study law at the [[University of Cambridge]] and return to Australia as a "professional man of eminence".{{sfn |de Moore|2011|p=52}} Tom arrived in London after a five-month sea voyage. There, during school holidays, he stayed with his paternal aunt Sarah, who moved from Sydney after the death of her first husband, convict [[William Redfern]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=18–19}}

Reforms enacted by famed headmaster [[Thomas Arnold]] made Rugby the crucible of [[muscular Christianity]], a "cult of athleticism" into which Wills was inculcated.{{sfn|Judd|2007|pp=133–135}} Wills took up cricket within a week of entering [[Rugby School#Houses|Evans House]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=23}} At first he bowled [[underarm bowling|underhand]], but it was considered outdated, so he tried [[roundarm bowling]]. He [[clean bowled]] a [[batting (cricket)|batsman]] with his first ball using this style and declared: "I felt I was a bowler."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=24}} Wills soon topped all of his house's [[cricket statistics]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=43}} At bat he was a "punisher" with a sound defence; however, in an era when stylish stroke-play was expected of amateurs, Wills was said to have no style at all.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=40, 44|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=49}} In April 1852, aged sixteen, he joined the Rugby School XI, and on his debut at [[Lord's]] against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) a few months later, he took a match-high 12 [[Wickets#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=37}} While his bowling proved vital that year in establishing Rugby as the greatest public school in English cricket,{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=37}} anonymous critics in the press stated that he ought to be [[no-ball]]ed for [[throwing (cricket)|throwing]]. Rugby coach [[John Lillywhite]], considered an authority on bowling, came to his protégé's defence, rescuing him from further scandal.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1pp=38–39, 78–79|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=32–33}} Wills went on to play with, and attracted praise from the leading cricketers of the age, including [[Alfred Mynn]].<ref name="bio" /> He ended 1853 with the season's best bowling average,{{sfn|Read|1896|p=131}} and in 1854 his hero [[William Clarke (cricketer, born 1798)|William Clarke]] invited him to join the [[William Clarke's All-England Eleven|All-England Eleven]], but he remained at school. The next year, he became Rugby XI [[captain (cricket)|captain]].{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=43|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=32, 47}}

{{Quote box
|width = 30em
|bgcolor = #F9F9F9
|align = right
|quote = "I know that if I [study] too hard I will become quite ill. We hardly get any play during school time."
|source = {{mdash}} Wills to his father in a lengthy 1851 letter, the majority of which he devotes to his school cricket scores.{{sfnm|1a1=Wills Cooke|1y=2012|1pp=174–176|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=331}}
}}
Like other English public schools, Rugby had evolved [[English public school football games#Rugby football|its own variant of football]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=43}} The game in Wills's era—a rough and highly defensive struggle often involving hundreds of boys—was confined to a competition amongst the houses.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=45|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=44–45}} Spanning his school years, Wills is one of the few players whose on-field exploits feature in the newspapers' otherwise brief match reports.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=48}} His creative play and "eel-like agility" baffled the opposition, and his penchant for theatrics endeared him to the crowds.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=49}} One journalist noted his use of "slimy tricks", a possible early reference to his [[gamesmanship]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=49}} As a "dodger" in the forward line who served his house's [[placekicker|kicker]], he took long and accurate shots at goal.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=50|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=46}} Wills also shone in the school's annual athletics carnival and frequently won the long-distance running game [[Paper Chase (game)|Hare and Hounds]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=51–55}}

Wills cut a dashing figure with "impossibly wavy" hair and blue, almond-shaped eyes that "[burnt] with a pale light".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=50, 57}} By age 16 at 5'8" he had already outgrown his father.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=28}} In ''[[The Guide to Cricketers|Lillywhite's Guide]]'' a few years later he measured in at 5'10" and it was written that "few athletes can boast of a more muscular and well-developed frame".<ref name="bio">{{cite wikisource | title=Mr Thomas W. Wills: A Biographical Sketch |last=Hammersley |first=William |year=1869}}</ref>

Consumed by sport, Wills fell behind in academics, much to his father's chagrin.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=40–42, 47–48}} One schoolmate recalled that he "could not bring himself to study for professional work" after "having led a sort of nomadic life when a youth in Australia".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=334}} Suffering from homesickness, Wills decorated his study with objects to remind him of Australia, including [[Australian Aboriginal artifacts|Aboriginal weapons]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=25}} In a letter to Tom, Horatio informed him that his childhood friends, the Djab wurrung, often spoke about him: "They told me to send you up to them as soon as you came back."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=33}}

===Libertine cricketer===
{{Infobox cricketer
| image =
| country = Australia
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| club1 = [[Gentlemen of Kent]]
| year1 = 1854
| club2 = Gentlemen of Kent and Surrey
| year2 = 1855
| club3 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]]
| year3 = 1855–1856
| club4 = [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]]
| year4 = 1855–1856
| club5 = Kent and Sussex
| year5 = 1856
| club6 = Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex
| year6 = 1856
| club7 = [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]]
| year7 = 1856
| club8 = [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]]
| year8 = {{nowrap|1856/57–1875/76}}
| club9 = [[George Anderson (cricketer)|G. Anderson's XI]]
| year9 = 1863/64
| umpire = true
| fcumpired = 1
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 32
| runs1 = 602
| bat avg1 = 12.28
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 58
| deliveries1 = 3,731
| wickets1 = 130
| bowl avg1 = 10.09
| fivefor1 = 15
| tenfor1 = 3
| best bowling1 = 7/44
| catches/stumpings1 = 20/–
| date = 24 April
| year = 2012
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/16/16872/16872.html CricketArchive
}}

In June 1855, nearing his 20th birthday, Wills finished his schooling. Hailed as Rugby's exemplar sportsman, his status as a cricketer had come to define him in the eyes of others.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=44}} In a farewell tribute, fellow students referred to him simply as "the school bowler".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=50}}

After leaving Rugby, and with a steady supply of money from his father, Wills roamed Britain in pursuit of cricketing pleasure. Regarded as "one of the most promising cricketers in the kingdom",{{sfn|Inglis|1993|p=127}} he played with royalty, made [[first-class cricket|first-class]] appearances for the MCC, [[Kent County Cricket Club]], and various [[Gentlemen cricket team|Gentlemen sides]], and also fell in with the [[I Zingari]]—the "gypsy lords of English cricket"—a club of wealthy amateurs known for their exotic costumes and hedonistic lifestyles.{{sfnm|1a1=Flanagan|1y=2008|1p=546|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=51–52, 57}} Against Horatio's wishes, Tom, having failed to [[matriculate]], did not continue his studies at Cambridge, but played for the [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|university's cricket team]] (as well as [[Magdalene College]]), most notably against [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford]] in 1856 when rules barring non-students from playing in the [[The University Match (cricket)|University Match]] were ignored, Cambridge claiming to be "one man short".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=52–53, 334}} In June, Wills played cricket at Rugby School for the last time, representing the MCC alongside [[Heneage Finch, 6th Earl of Aylesford|Lord Guernsey]], the [[Edward Turnour, 5th Earl Winterton|Earl of Winterton]], and [[Charles du Cane]], governor-to-be of [[Tasmania]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=51}} Following a month of cricket in Ireland, Wills, at the behest of Horatio, returned to England to prepare for his journey home to Australia.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=53}}

The last eighteen months had exposed Wills to "the richest sporting experience on earth".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=32}} His six years in England charted a way of life—one of drinking, reckless spending and playing games—that he would follow until his death.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=32}}

==Colonial hero==
Wills returned to Australia aboard the ''Oneida'' steamship, arriving in Melbourne on 23 December 1856. The minor port city of his youth had risen to world renown as the booming financial centre of the [[Victorian gold rush]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=54}} Horatio, now a member of the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]], lived on "Belle Vue", a farm at [[Moolap, Victoria#Point Henry|Point Henry]] near [[Geelong]], the Wills' family home since 1853.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=55–57}} In his first summer back in Melbourne, Wills stayed with his extended family, the Harrisons, at their home on [[Victoria Parade, Melbourne|Victoria Parade]], and entered a [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]] law firm to appease his father, but he seems never to have practised; the few comments he made about law suggest it meant little to him.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=64, 113}} "Tom was no dunce", writes Greg de Moore. He was "negotiating a path to greatness."{{sfn|de Moore|2012|p=16}}

The Australian colonies were described as "cricket mad" in the 1850s, and Victorians, in particular, were said to live "in an atmosphere of cricket".{{sfnm|1a1=Mandle|1y=1973|1p=225|2a1=Hibbins|2y=2013|2pp=110–111}} [[Intercolonial cricket in Australia|Intercolonial contests]], first held in 1851, provided an outlet for the at times intense rivalry between Victoria and New South Wales. With his reputation preceding him, Wills bore Victoria's hopes of winning its first match against the elder colony.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=57–58}} [[William Hammersley]], a former acquaintance in England and now captain of the [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria XI]], recalled Wills's first appearance on the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG) for a trial match, staged one week after his return:<ref name="bio" />
{{blockquote|... the observed of all observers, with his Zingari stripe and somewhat flashy get up, fresh from Rugby and college, with the polish of the old country upon him. He was then a model of muscular Christianity.}}

Wills won the match for his side with a top score of 57 [[not out]],{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=57–58}} and ''[[The Age]]'' said of his playing style and entertaining ability that "there has not been a more amusing scene on this ground".<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154821778 "Eleven of Victoria v. A Selected Eleven"]. ''The Age'' (Melbourne). 6 January 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</ref> In the January 1857 intercolonial against New South Wales, held on [[the Domain, Sydney|the Domain]] in Sydney, Wills was the leading wicket-taker with ten victims, but failed with the bat. Bowling fast round-arm, the Victorians scoffed at the "antiquated" underhand action of their opponents. The latter style proved effective, however, giving New South Wales a 65-run win.{{sfnm|1a1=Clowes|1y=2007|1pp=6–7|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=60}} Back in Victoria, Wills joined numerous clubs, including the provincial Corio Cricket Club, based in Geelong, and the elite [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] (MCC).{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=62}} Although he had a greater affinity for Corio, the MCC maintained that Wills belonged to them, and took offence at his lack of loyalty to any one club.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=62, 95}} In order to secure Wills in matches between the two teams, the MCC allowed Corio to field an extra five men to make up for his loss.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=222–223}}

[[File:Intercolonial Cricket Match Victoria New South Wales 1858.jpg|thumb|left|Wills is shown preparing to bowl in an intercolonial match between Victoria and New South Wales, MCG, 1858. He became "an instant colonial hero" after captaining Victoria to its first victory.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=365}}]]
Parliament and business came to a standstill in Melbourne for the January 1858 intercolonial match between Victoria and New South Wales, held at the MCG. Captaining Victoria, Wills took 8 wickets, the most of his side, and on the second day, batting in the [[middle order]], a ball hit an imperfection in the pitch and knocked him unconscious. He recovered, played on for two hours, and won the match at day's end with a top score of 49*.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=78–80}} The crowd rushed the field and chaired Wills off in triumph, and victory celebrations lasted for several days throughout the colony.{{sfnm|1a1=Judd|1y=2007|1pp=141–142|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=80–81}} Now a household name and the darling of Melbourne's elite, Wills was proclaimed "the greatest cricketer in the land".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=85–86}}

Although Wills enjoyed his lofty amateur status, he liked to socialise with and support working class professional cricketers—an [[egalitarian]] attitude that sometimes led to conflict with sporting officialdom but endeared him to the common man.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=72–76}} Wills's allegiance to professionals was highlighted by an incident in Tasmania in February 1858 when the [[Launceston Cricket Club]] shunned professional members of his touring Victorian side. Infuriated, he spoke out against being "forsaken" in a "strange land". One week later, during a game in [[Hobart]], Wills earned the locals' ire as he "[jumped] about exultantly" after maiming a Tasmanian batsman with a spell of hostile fast bowling.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=83–84}}

Wills served as the MCC's secretary during the 1857–58 season.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=72}} It was a role in which he proved to be chaotic and disorganised. MCC delegates took issue with Wills's "continued non-attendance" at meetings, and when the club fell into debt, his poor administrative skills were blamed.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=86}} In mid-1858, he acted on year-long threats and deserted the club, leaving its records and amenities in disarray; to this day, the only MCC minutes that cannot be found date from his secretaryship.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=92}} A lasting tension existed between Wills and the MCC's inner circle. According to [[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Martin Flanagan]], "It was a relationship which couldn't last as Wills only knew one way—his own."{{sfn|Judd|2007|pp=152, 335}}

==Football pioneer==
{{further|Origins of Australian rules football}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = Australianfootball1866.jpg
| width1 = 192
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Football in the [[Yarra Park|Richmond Paddock]], 1860s. The field's hard playing surface influenced Wills's codification of the game.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=94}}
| image2 = HCA Colden Harrison.jpg
| width2 = 108
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Wills's cousin [[H. C. A. Harrison]] joined him in pioneering football in 1859.
}}
Wills was a compulsive writer to the press on cricketing matters and in the late 1850s his letters sometimes appeared on a daily basis.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=77–78}} An agitator like his father, he used language "in the manner of a speaker declaiming forcefully from a platform".{{sfnm|1a1=Blainey|1y=2003|1p=8|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=119}} On 10 July 1858, the Melbourne-based ''[[Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle]]'' published [[s:Winter Practice|a letter]] by Wills that is regarded as a catalyst for a new style of football, known today as [[Australian rules football]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=2–3}} Titled "Winter Practice", it begins:<ref>''[[Bell's Life in Victoria]]'', 10 July 1858.</ref>
{{blockquote|Now that cricket has been put aside for some few months to come, and cricketers have assumed somewhat of the chrysalis nature (for a time only 'tis true), but at length will again burst forth in all their varied hues, rather than allow this state of torpor to creep over them, and stifle their new supple limbs, why can they not, I say, form a foot-ball club, and form a committee of three or more to draw up a code of laws?}}

In endeavouring to keep cricketers active during the off-season, Wills made the first public declaration of its kind in Australia: that football should be a regular and organised activity.{{sfnm|1a1=Hess|1y=2008|1p=8|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=87}} Around this time he helped to foster football in Melbourne's schools.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=91}} The local headmasters, his collaborators, were inspired in large part by descriptions of football in [[Thomas Hughes]]' novel ''[[Tom Brown's School Days]]'' (1857), an account of life at Rugby School under the headship of Thomas Arnold.{{sfn|Blainey|2003|pp=28–30, 207}} Due to similarities between their sporting careers at Rugby, Wills has been called the "real-life embodiment" of [[Tom Brown (character)|Tom Brown]], the novel's fictitious hero.{{sfn|Judd|2007|p=135}}

Wills's letter was alluded to two weeks after its publication in an advertisement posted by his friend, professional cricketer and publican [[James Bryant (Australian cricketer)|Jerry Bryant]], for a "[[scratch match]]" held adjacent to the MCG at the [[Yarra Park|Richmond Paddock]]. The first of several kickabouts held that year involving Wills, Bryant and other Melbourne cricketers,{{sfnm|1a1=Hess|1y=2008|1p=8, 10|2a1=Pennings|2y=2012|2p=14}} it was described by one participant as "football [[wikt:Babel|Babel]]"; a "short code of rules" were to be drawn up afterwards, however this does not seem to have occurred.{{sfnm|1a1=Blainey|1y=2003|1p=22|2a1=Coventry|2y=2015|2p=9}} Another landmark game, played without fixed rules over three Saturdays and co-umpired by Wills and teacher Dr [[John Macadam]], began on the same site on 7 August between forty [[Scotch College, Melbourne|Scotch College]] students and a like number from [[Melbourne Grammar]].{{sfn|Blainey|2003|pp=15–18}} The two schools have since [[Cordner–Eggleston Cup|competed annually]].{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|p=9}} Wills emerged as the standout figure in accounts of Melbourne football in 1858.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=91}} These early experimental games were more rugby-like than anything else—low-scoring, low-to-the-ground "gladiatorial" tussles.{{sfnm|1a1=Hibbins|1a2=Ruddell|1y=2009|1p=13|2a1=Pennings|2y=2013|2p=1}} The last recorded match of the year is the subject of the first known Australian football poem, published in ''[[Melbourne Punch|Punch]]''. Wills, the only player named, is reified as "the Melbourne chief", leading his men to victory against a side from [[South Yarra]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hess|1y=2008|1p=16|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=91–92}}

Following a scratch match at the start of the 1859 football season, the [[Melbourne Football Club]] officially came into being on 14 May.{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|p=5}} Three days later, Wills and three other members—Hammersley, journalist [[J. B. Thompson]] and teacher [[Thomas H. Smith]]—met near the MCG at the Parade Hotel, owned by Bryant, to devise and codify the club's rules.{{sfn|Hess|2008|p=i}} The men went over the rules of four English schools; Hammersley recalled Wills's preference for the Rugby game, but it was found to be confusing and too violent.{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|p=7}} Subsequently, they rejected common features such as "hacking" (shin-kicking) and produced a signed document listing [[Laws of Australian rules football#Melbourne Rules of 1859|ten simple rules]] suited to grown men and Australian conditions.{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|pp=14–15}} Heading the list of signatories, Wills, too, saw the need for compromise.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=101, 325}} He wrote to his brother Horace: "Rugby was not a game for us, we wanted a winter pastime but men could be harmed if thrown on the ground so we thought differently."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=101}} Thompson and Hammersley's promotion of the new code, together with Wills's star power, encouraged the spread of football throughout Victoria.

==Height of celebrity==
[[File:Tom Wills Victorian cricketers 1859.jpg|thumb|Wills (far right) with professional members of the Victoria XI, 1859. He preferred the company of professionals in an era when they were shunned by amateurs of his social stature.]]
After falling out with the MCC, Wills moved freely about Victoria, playing for any club of his choosing. He became president of [[Collingwood Cricket Club|Collingwood]] and vice-president of [[Monash Tigers|Richmond]], raising the standard of the latter club's play to make it the best in the colony.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=95–96}} There were calls to ban Wills from certain club matches, for his unexpected appearance in a side, often as a late inclusion, altered the odds to such an extent that bookmakers felt compelled to declare "[[wikt:all bets are off|all bets are off]]". All clubs still coveted Wills when it suited their cause, and scarcely a day passed when he did not play or practice cricket.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=62, 77}}

Wills retained the Victorian captaincy for the January 1859 intercolonial against New South Wales, held at the Domain. Despite breaking his right middle finger on day one while attempting a catch, Wills top scored in the first innings with 15* and took 5/24 and 6/25, carrying Victoria to an upset win.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=96–97}} Later that year, he resigned from the intercolonial match committee in protest after Thompson publicly chastised him for not attending practice ahead of the next match against New South Wales. During a follow-up practice match, players struggled in the day's heat, and ignoring calls to retire, Wills suffered a near-fatal [[sunstroke]]. Hammersley wrote that Wills felt obliged to perform for the large crowd that had gathered to watch him.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=106–107}} Over 25,000 people attended the MCG in February 1860 to see Victoria, captained by Wills, play New South Wales. Wills bowled unchanged in both innings, taking 6/23 and 3/16, and top scored with 20*. Victoria won by 69 runs.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=107}}

The Melbourne media gave Wills the sobriquet "Great Gun of the Colony".{{sfn|Judd|2007|p=142}} A British correspondent called him "a cricketer born".<ref>"Cricket in the South". ''The Australian Mail''. 14 May 1861. p. 1.</ref> The Sydney press, championing Wills as a native New South Welshman, agreed:<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28630794 "Grand National Cricket Match"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Sydney). 27 January 1859. p. 12. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</ref>
{{blockquote|Tall, muscular, and slender, Mr. Wills seems moulded by nature to excel in every branch of the noble game, ... on the field we find him the admiration of the ground, while in the combination of his successes, [his teammates] recognise with pride the still more arduous duties of an unwearied and most discreet captain.}}

{{Quote box
|width = 30em
|bgcolor = #F9F9F9
|align = left
|quote = "I think the ground should be free to all, so that the captain of each side could dispose of his forces in any position he likes."
|source = {{mdash}} Wills on how football should be played{{sfn|Coventry|2015|p=12}}
}}
Wills remained an influential figure in Australian football from 1859 to 1860.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=104}} While he fought for the adoption of several Rugby School customs—such as a [[free kick (Australian rules football)|free kick]] for [[mark (Australian rules football)|marking]], the use of an [[Rugby union ball|oval-shaped ball]], and (unsuccessfully) a crossbar—he pushed the game in new directions as a captain and tactician. During an 1860 match, he used positional play to exploit the code's lack of an [[offside (sport)|offside law]], at which point, according to [[James Coventry]], "the full potential of the sport started to be realised".{{sfn|Coventry|2015|p=10}}

At Wills's insistence, his cousin [[H. C. A. Harrison]] took up football in 1859, and quickly became a leading player and captain.{{sfn|Coventry|2015|pp=27, 30}} Harrison venerated Wills, terming him "the beau-ideal of an athlete"—high praise given Harrison's status as the champion runner of Victoria.{{sfnm|1a1=Blainey|1y=2003|1pp=68–69|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=105}} Their presence in Geelong fuelled a local craze for football and helped ensure during the game's early years the supremacy of the [[Geelong Football Club]], which Wills captained in 1860.{{sfn|Pennings|2012|pp=29–31}} In an era when players moved freely among clubs, he still occasionally captained, and served on the committee of Melbourne, and in 1860, became the first captain and secretary of the Richmond Football Club (no connection with [[Richmond Football Club|today's AFL club]]).{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|pp=8, 12}} The code underwent revisions around this time, principally in response to the on-field actions of dominant players. "And there were none more dominant than Wills and Harrison", writes Coventry.{{sfnm|1a1=Coventry|1y=2015|1pp=29–30|2a1=Hibbins|2a2=Ruddell|2y=2009|2pp=16–18}}

==Queensland==
[[File:Horatio Wills portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Horatio Wills]]
With plans underway for the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1861–62|first tour of Australia]] by an [[England national cricket team|English cricket team]], Wills announced his retirement from sport. At his father's beckoning, Wills agreed to leave Victoria to help found and manage a new family station, Cullin-la-ringo, on the [[Nogoa River]] in [[outback]] [[Queensland]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=111–112}} He prepared for six months in country Victoria where learnt the crafts of a [[squatter (pastoral)|squatter]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=115}} In his will, Horatio—showing a "deep understanding" of Tom's personality—wrote that his son would be removed from the station and receive a diminished inheritance in the event of "misconducting himself" as manager.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=114–115}}

In January 1861, Tom, Horatio and a party of employees and their families travelled by ship to [[Brisbane]], disembarked in [[Moreton Bay]], and then, with livestock and supplies, set out on an eight-month trek through Queensland's rugged interior.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=115}} Food was scarce and Tom hunted native game to fend off starvation.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=116}} They suffered many other hardships and even death when, in [[Toowoomba]], one of Horatio's men drowned.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=116}} On the [[Darling Downs]] over 10,000 sheep were collected.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=117}} Hitherto the largest group of colonists to enter the area, the Wills party drew the attention of local Aboriginal people.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=121}} Wary of what he called the "perpetual war between the whites and blacks" of Central Queensland, Horatio sought to avoid conflict.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=118}} The party reached Cullin-la-ringo, situated on [[Gayiri]] Aboriginal land, in early October, and proceeded to set up camp.{{sfn|Reid|1981|pp=70–71}}

===Cullin-la-ringo massacre===
{{main|Cullin-la-ringo massacre}}
[[File:Wills Tragedy 1861.jpg|thumb|left|''The Wills Tragedy, 1861'' shows neighbouring colonists collecting and burying the dead at Cullin-la-ringo.]]
On 17 October, Horatio and 18 of his party died in Australia's [[Cullin-la-ringo massacre|deadliest massacre]] of colonists by Aboriginal people.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=3|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=120–122}} Tom was away from the property at the time, having been sent with two [[stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] to collect supplies the party left en route. He returned several days later to a scene of devastation.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=121}} Despairing and vengeful, Wills first wrote to Harrison in Melbourne, listing for him the victims and requesting that he send replacements: "men that will shoot every black they see".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=122}} Over the following weeks, police, [[native police]] and vigilante groups from neighbouring stations committed a series of counter-massacres; estimates of the total number of Gayiri killed range from 109 to 370.<ref name="Jackson" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia 1788-1930, Lyndall Ryan 1861 Cullin la Ringo aftermath. |url=https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/groups.php |website=Centre for 21st Century Humanities, University of Newcastle.}}</ref>

While it is unknown whether Wills participated in these reprisals, the possibility was raised in 2021 after a report that an anonymous ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' article, dating from 1895, quotes him as saying that, during a raid on an Aboriginal camp, he and other avengers "killed all in sight".<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson | first=Russell | title=Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people | website=ABC News| publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=18 September 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708 | access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Flanagan discredited most of the article as lurid fiction rooted in racism, but noted one passage suggesting insider knowledge, concluding it could not be dismissed outright.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flanagan |first=Martin |date=26 September 2021 |title=Tom Wills Remains a Major figure in Australian History |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/tom-wills-remains-a-major-figure-in-australian-history-20210924-p58uih.html |work=The Age}}</ref> Also in 2021, it was disclosed that Wills family historian Terry Wills Cooke had written privately in 2005 of oral history within the family that suggested Wills joined the reprisals. Wills Cooke reversed this in 2021, stating that the oral history did not support any such involvement.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite web | last=Jackson | first=Russell | title=Wills family descendant claims he sent AFL information on Tom Wills Aboriginal massacre allegations years ago | website=ABC News| publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=23 September 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-23/wills-family-descendant-claims-he-sent-afl-murder-information/100479830 | access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

Following the massacre, conflicting reports reached the outside world and for a time it was feared that Wills had died.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=126}} In the press, Horatio was accused of ignoring warnings and allowing Aboriginal people to encroach on his property.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=131}} The retribution was also deemed excessive.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=130, 341}} Tom vehemently defended his father against any perceived criticism.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=131}} Privately, in his letter to Harrison, he admitted, "if we had used common precaution all would have been well".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=134}} It was later revealed that, prior to leaving the camp, Tom "had a sort of presentiment" and advised those remaining to arm themselves, including Horatio, who assured him "It was only his boyish fears".{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=98}} The Queensland press, still in the wake of the massacre, suggested that Wills, "now a Queenslander", be approached to captain [[Queensland cricket team|the colony's cricket team]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=128}}

Different reasons were put forward at the time to account for the Wills tragedy.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=125}} For many colonists, it confirmed the popular belief that Aboriginal people were bloodthirsty [[wikt:savage|savage]]s.{{sfn|Reid|1981|p=79}} Tom never articulated his version of events in writing, but his brother Cedric wrote years later that it was an act of revenge for an attack made on local Aboriginal people by Jesse Gregson, a neighbouring squatter whom they mistook to be Horatio. Cedric quoted Tom as saying, "If the truth is ever known, you will find that it was through Gregson shooting those blacks; that was the cause of the murder."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=134}}

In the years following the massacre, Wills experienced [[flashback (psychology)|flashback]]s, nightmares and an [[Da Costa's syndrome|irritable heart]]—symptoms of what is now known as [[posttraumatic stress disorder]]. Having eagerly participated in the [[drinking culture]] of colonial sport, he increased his alcohol consumption in a likely attempt to blot out memories and alleviate sleep disturbance.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1pp=136–137|2a1=de Moore|2y=2008|2pp=214–217}} Wills's sister Emily wrote of him two months after the massacre: "He says he never felt so changed in the whole course of his life".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=136}}

===Riot and expulsion===
[[File:Tom Wills carte de visite.jpg|thumb|left|Wills, {{circa|1863}}]]
Wills made a vow over Horatio's grave to remain on Cullin-la-ringo and make it "the pride of Queensland"—words that, according to de Moore, "enshrined and imprisoned" Tom as the new head of the family.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=193|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=134–135}} He began to rebuild the station pending the arrival of his uncle-in-law, William Roope, who took control of Cullin-la-ringo in December 1861, but soon left due to Wills's "exceedingly ill" treatment of him.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=141–142}} Hypervigilant, Wills slept only three hours a night with a rifle within reach and watched for signs of another Aboriginal attack.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1p=137|2a1=de Moore|2y=2012|2p=17}} [[Bushranger]]s and wildlife also posed threats, and for several weeks "[[sandy blight]]" left him half-blind.{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=145}} Short of station hands, he at times led the solitary life of a shepherd. "There is no one up here to love old Tom but the gum trees and the little lambs", he wrote to his mother.{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=145}}

He went to Sydney in January 1863 to captain Victoria against New South Wales on the Domain. A [[run out]] dispute led to Wills's decision to abandon play. A crowd riot ensued, with the "[[Cabbage-tree hat#Cabbage tree mob|cabbage tree mob]]" stoning and beating the Victorians with sticks; Wills received a "severe blow" in the face from a stone before escaping the ground with his men under police escort. Despite this, and with only a nine-man batting order due to [[William Greaves (cricketer)|William Greaves]] and [[George Marshall (Victoria cricketer)|George Marshall]] having fled the city, Wills agreed to resume play the next day. He took 8 wickets and top scored in both innings (25* and 17*), but it was not enough to secure victory. The Melbourne media castigated Wills for allowing the game to resume, and Sydneysiders called him a [[turncoat]] for reneging on an earlier promise to play for New South Wales. He denied all accusations and wrote in an angry letter to ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald|The Sydney Herald]]'': "I for one do not think that Victoria will ever send an Eleven up here again."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=149–151}} Back in Victoria, he became engaged to Julie Anderson, a squatter's daughter. He seems to have done so to meet familial expectations. Even so, he was chided by his siblings for prioritising cricket over courtship.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=153–155, 171}} In May, as his mother grew concerned over his neglect of Cullin-la-ringo, Wills extended his sojourn south to play football in Geelong.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=155}}

Wills finally returned to Queensland in May and was sworn in as a [[Justice of the Peace#Queensland|Justice of the Peace]] upon arrival in Brisbane.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=156}} Over the next few months at Cullin-la-ringo, he reported to the press at least three fatal Aboriginal attacks on local colonists, a shepherd of his numbering among the victims.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=134–135}} He accosted government officials for failing to send a native police detachment to his station for protection, and scorned city-dwellers for sympathising with the plight of Aboriginal people in the Nogoa region.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1pp=131–132|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=157–158}} With the cricket season approaching, Wills agreed to captain Queensland against New South Wales, and then left the colony to lead a Victoria XXII at the MCG against [[George Parr (cricketer)|George Parr]]'s [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1863–64|All-England Eleven]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=159}} In awe of his 1,800 mile dash across the continent to play cricket, the English thought it a madman's journey.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=160}} Wills arrived on the final day of the match to a rapturous reception, and went in as a substitute fielder.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/72512672 "Grand International Cricket Match"]. ''The Star'' (Ballarat). 6 January 1864. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</ref> He then joined the visitors on their Victorian tour.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=161}}

The 1863–64 season saw Wills's engagement to Anderson collapse, possibly due to his womanising, and the trustees of Cullin-la-ringo accused him of mismanaging the property, in part by squandering family finances on alcohol while claiming it as station expenditure.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=197, 222|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=162–163}} They demanded that he stay in Victoria to answer for the property's runaway debt. In response, Wills left Australia to join Parr's XI on a month-long tour of New Zealand.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=164}} Initially standing in as umpire, he went on to captain local teams against the English, and filled the same role for a Victoria XXII at the end of the tour in Melbourne.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=165, 168}} He faced the trustees soon after. With his mother's reluctant approval, they dismissed him from Cullin-la-ringo, thus fulfilling the premonition in Horatio's will.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=166–168}}

==Return to Victoria==
[[File:Melbourne Geelong Football.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Football match between Geelong and Melbourne. The two clubs fought over which side "owned" Wills.]]
Wills moved to the family home in Geelong. Always a [[black sheep]] of sorts, he became increasingly estranged from his mother and sister Emily from this point on.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=201|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=169–170}} Family letters from mid-1864 reveal that Wills had a "wife"—a "bad woman", according to Emily. It is likely a reference to the already-married Sarah Barbor (''née'' Duff). Born in [[Dublin]], she is a mysterious figure, but is known to have remained Wills's lifelong partner. The [[De facto relationship|de facto]] nature of their relationship, and even Barbor's existence, were probably kept secret from Wills's mother for a number of years.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=171–172, 345–346}}

Throughout the 1865 football season, Wills played for and served on the committees of Melbourne and Geelong, then the game's most powerful clubs. At the end of a winter beset with public brawls over which team "owned" him, Wills moved to Geelong for the remainder of his career, prompting ''Bell's Life in Victoria'' to report that Melbourne had lost "the finest leader of men on the football field".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=173, 176–177}} The following year, when the [[running bounce]] and [[Laws of australian football#Victorian Rules of 1866|other rules were formalised]] at a meeting of club delegates under Harrison's chairmanship, Wills was not present; his move to Geelong had cut him off from the rule-making process in Melbourne.{{sfnm|1a1=Hibbins|1a2=Ruddell|1y=2009|1p=22|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=181}}

Intercolonials between Victoria and New South Wales resumed at the MCG on Boxing Day 1865, nearly three years since the Sydney riot. [[Sam Cosstick]], [[William Caffyn]] and other Victorian professionals defected to the rival colony due to pay disputes with the MCC. Wills, leading the weakened Victorian side to an against-the-odds win, took 6 wickets and contributed 58—the first [[half century]] in Australian first-class cricket—to 285, a record intercolonial total.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=178–180}} Allegations that Wills cheated his way to victory failed to endanger his status as a folk hero and "a source of eternal hope" for Victoria.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=85, 89|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=179–180}}

==Aboriginal cricket team==
{{see also|Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868}}
[[File:Aboriginal cricket team at MCG in 1867.jpg|thumb|Wills (back row, center) with the Aboriginal XI outside the MCC pavilion of the MCG, December 1866]]
In May 1866, plans were made by the MCC to host and play against an Aboriginal team from Victoria's [[Western District (Victoria)|Western District]].{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=136|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=181}} The motive behind the match, set for Boxing Day of that year, was a financial one, and in August, Wills agreed to coach the Aboriginal players. Wills's reasons for accepting the role remain a mystery, but a growing need for money likely influenced his decision.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=137}} The enterprise was to mark the beginning of his transition from amateur to professional sportsman.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=182–183}}

Wills travelled inland in November to gather the players from [[Edenhope, Victoria|Edenhope]] and [[Harrow, Victoria|Harrow]], where they worked as [[station hand]]s.{{sfn|Mallett|2002|pp=18–20}} One of their employers, William Hayman, had helped train them in cricket over the preceding few years, and acted as the team's manager and "protector".{{sfn|Mallett|2002|pp=23–24}} Mostly [[Jardwadjali]] men, they shared common vocabulary with the neighbouring Djab wurrung people, which enabled Wills to coach them in the Aboriginal language he learnt as a child.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=184}} From their training ground at [[Lake Wallace]], Wills, in a "tactical strike", boasted to the Melbourne press of the Aboriginal players' skills, especially the batsmanship of Unamurriman, commonly known as [[Johnny Mullagh|Mullagh]].{{Ref_label|D|d|none}} Unsettled by Wills's claims, the MCC strengthened the ranks of its Boxing Day side with non-members.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1p=184|2a1=de Moore|2y=2008|2p=140}} This drew widespread criticism, and public sympathy was with the Aboriginal players when they arrived in Melbourne in late December. Over 10,000 spectators went to the MCG to see them play.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199053811 "M.C.C. vs. Ten Aboriginals with T. W. Wills"]. ''Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle'' (Melbourne). 29 December 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</ref> Captained by Wills, they lost against the MCC's reinforced side, but won unanimous praise for their performance. Wills afterwards accused the MCC of "treachery".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=188–189}}

The team provoked much public discussion over past mistreatment of Aboriginal people and future [[sociology of race and ethnic relations|relations between the races]].{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1pp=197–198|2a1=de Moore|2y=2008|2pp=146–147}} It is unknown what Wills and his Aboriginal teammates made of these broader social and political dimensions of the enterprise.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=209}} Some of Wills's contemporaries were shocked that he would associate with Aboriginal people in the shadow of his father's death.{{sfn|de Moore|2012|p=17}} Others, such as this contributor to ''[[Empire (newspaper)|The Empire]]'', addressed him as a hero:{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=198–199}}
{{blockquote|Although you may not be fully aware of the fact, allow me to tell you that you have rendered a greater service to the aboriginal races of this country and to humanity, than any man who has hitherto attempted to uphold the title of the blacks to rank amongst men.}}

[[File:Dick-a-Dick Tom Wills Melbourne Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[waddy]] owned by [[Dick-a-Dick]] (Jungunjinuke) next to a cricket ball owned by Wills, [[Melbourne Museum]]]]
Wills's role took on a symbolic significance: supporters and critics alike used his status as a 'native' (Australian-born colonist) to identify him with his '[[wikt:native#Noun|native]]' (Indigenous) teammates, and he was also noted for speaking in "their own lingo".{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=152|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=185}} Jellico (Murrumgunarriman), the "team jester", joked to the press: "[Wills] too much along of us. He speak nothing now but [[wikt:blackfellow|blackfellow]] talk".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=196–197}} While Melburnians were enthralled by Wills and the Aboriginal team, the annual intercolonial between Victoria and New South Wales—usually the season highlight—failed to excite public interest, and Victoria's loss in Sydney was partly attributed to Wills's absence.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=190}} The Aboriginal players improved as they toured Victoria under his captaincy in January. After an easy win in Geelong, Wills took the team to "Belle Vue" to meet his mother.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=191}} Back in Melbourne, two members, [[Bullocky (cricketer)|Bullocky]] (Bullenchanach) and Cuzens (Yellana), joined Wills in representing Victoria against a Tasmanian XVI.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=199–200}}

[[File:A928127h.jpg|thumb|left|Wills's stint in [[Darlinghurst Gaol]] following his on-field arrest marked the decline of his role within the team.]]
In February 1867, they went to Sydney to begin an intercolonial and overseas tour.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=192, 200–201}} Aware of the tour's lucrative potential, New South Wales captain [[Charles Lawrence (cricketer)|Charles Lawrence]] sought to work his way into the team, first by inviting them to stay at his [[Manly Beach]] hotel.{{sfn|Mallett|2002|pp=26–27}} When they played against his club at the [[Albert Ground, Sydney|Albert Ground]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], policemen brought the game to an abrupt halt by entering the field and arresting Wills.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=154–159}} He and W. E. B. Gurnett, the tour promoter, had been vying to take over as manager, and Wills ended up in [[Darlinghurst Gaol]] for a breach of contract.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=348}} Within days of his release in March, Gurnett embezzled some of the funds and left the team stranded in Sydney, dashing any hopes of a trip overseas and confirming Wills's suspicion that he was a con artist.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=205}} Lawrence set up a "benefit" match for the team and joined them on their travels outside Sydney. By the end of the New South Wales leg of the tour, he had usurped Wills as captain.{{sfnm|1a1=Mallett|1y=2002|1p=28|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=206}}

No longer attracting significant crowds or media attention, they returned to the Western District in May; Lawrence stayed with the team while Wills went to Geelong to play football.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=207}} It has been said that, due to his drinking habit, Wills exercised a "bad influence" upon the players, four of whom died from illness during or soon after the tour; the inquest into one death, that of Watty (Bilvayarrimin), and a follow-up police report found evidence of alcohol abuse among the players.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1pp=240–241|2a1=Mallett|2y=2002|2pp=28–29}}

The surviving members formed part of the Aboriginal XI which Lawrence [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|took to England in 1868]], making it the first Australian sports team to travel overseas.{{sfn|Mallett|2002|pp=25, 29}} Wills resented Lawrence for reviving the team without him; his exclusion from the landmark tour has been called the tragedy of his sporting career.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1p=214|2a1=Flanagan|2y=2008|2p=548}}

==Ambiguous professional==
[[File:William Handcock Tom Wills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tom Wills portrait|Portrait of Wills]] in the colours of the MCC (William Handcock, 1870, [[National Sports Museum]] collection)]]
Without career prospects beyond sport, Wills joined the MCC as a professional at the start of the 1867–68 season; however, he was not openly referred to as such. Instead, the club devised the title of '[[tutor]]' in order that he maintain the prestige of his amateur background.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=210–212}}

Played on the MCG, the December 1867 intercolonial between Victoria and New South Wales ended in a sound victory for the former, principally due to Wills's nine-wicket haul and [[Richard Wardill]]'s [[century (cricket)|century]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=214}} Wills had been Victoria's preferred captain for over a decade. Writing in his sports column, Hammersley claimed that, as a paid cricketer, Wills lacked "moral ascendancy" over amateurs.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=218–219}} When he lost the captaincy to Wardill, an amateur, on the eve of the March 1869 match against New South Wales, he refused to play under him, or, indeed, anyone else. The Victorians condemned Wills and resolved to go on without him, after which he retracted his decision not to play. This was the last intercolonial played on the Domain and Victoria recovered from Wardill's [[diamond duck]] to win by 78 runs. Wills scalped 7 wickets in a single innings.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=218–219}}

After the intercolonial, Wills announced that he would not play for Victoria again, even if the colony wanted him.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=222}} He planned to return to Cullin-la-ringo in early 1869, but his mother, still "very dissatisfied" with him, requested that he stay away from the station.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=232}} The MCC took him back and he continued to act as a tutor with the club.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=222–223}} Wills's former Aboriginal teammates, Mullagh and Cuzens, joined him at the MCC as paid bowlers.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=142}}

Wills's physical appearance had deteriorated; gaining weight, balding and generally unkempt, with "an alcoholic blush of his cheeks", he looked older than his years.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2011|1p=187, 226|2a1=de Moore|2y=2008|2p=218}} Describing his body as "stiff" during a cricket match in 1870, he hinted, for the first time, that his talent was fading.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=232}} Nevertheless, his reputation as Australia's preeminent cricketer remained intact, with one journalist writing:<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60870938 "Intercolonial Cricket Match"]. ''Empire'' (Sydney). 10 April 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</ref>

{{blockquote|The veteran "Tommy Wills" has long been acknowledged to be at all points the most accomplished cricketer Australia has ever seen. He is the best general out to captain a team; no man is more difficult to send from the wickets; ... and until lately his bowling was among the most difficult as well as the most killing.}}

==No-ball plot and downfall==
{{Blockquote|text=For Mr. Wills to no-ball Mr. Wardill for throwing is like Satan reproving sin.|sign=Hammersley, writing for ''[[The Australasian]]'' on Wills's umpiring of an intercolonial match{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=230}}}}
[[File:Tom Wills William Hammersley.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hammersley (standing), ''[[The Australasian]]'''s chief sportswriter, led a campaign to have Wills (seated) banned from intercolonial cricket.]]
Hardly a year had passed since Wills's return to Australia in 1856 without public comment on his suspect [[bowling action]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=76}} Such comments increased as he aged and turned professional, and by 1870, many former allies that had once colluded to protect him, including journalists and officials, accused him of deliberately [[throwing (cricket)|throwing]]. Wills's fame and influence helped make him a "convenient caricature" of the cricketing villain, one that, his critics urged, ought to be [[no-ball]]ed for the good of the game in the colonies.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=80–81}}

In February 1870 at the MCG, Wills captained Victoria to a 265-run win over a New South Wales side featuring [[Twopenny (cricketer)|Twopenny]] (Jarrawuk), an Aboriginal [[fast bowling|paceman]] allegedly recruited by Lawrence as a foil to Wills's "chucks".{{sfn|Mallett|2002|p=79}} Comparing the two, the Melbourne press surmised: "Undoubtedly Wills throws sometimes, but there is some decency about it, some disguise."{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=224}} In March, Victoria trounced a Tasmanian XVI in Launceston under Wills's leadership, though not without criticism of his bowling action.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=225}} Amid accusations that Wills had incited a "plague" of throwing in Australia, one-time ally Hammersley, now Melbourne's foremost sportswriter, emerged as his harshest critic.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=77|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=231}} He accused Wills of resorting to throwing to maintain pace as he aged, and criticised him for introducing a type of [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]] designed to injure and intimidate batsmen.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=84}} ''[[The Australasian]]'', Hammersley's newspaper, summarised Wills's [[modus operandi]]: "If I cannot hit your wicket or make you give a chance soon, I'll hit you and hurt you if I can. I'll frighten you out."{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=84}}

In the face of a looming crisis in his career, Wills admitted to throwing in his 1870–71 ''Australian Cricketers' Guide'', and in so doing taunted his enemies to stop him.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=85}} Nonetheless, he went on to captain Victoria in the March 1871 intercolonial against New South Wales, held at the Albert Ground. Wills's first innings top score of 39* was offset by his drunken behaviour in the field, and he seemed reluctant to bowl for fear of being called. Victoria won by 48 runs.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=231–232}} Not long after, Wills was no-balled for throwing for the first time in a club match. Rumour soon spread that the opposing club's owner had conspired with the umpire against Wills.{{sfn|de Moore2011|pp=233–234}}

A series of superb club cricket performances in February 1872—including a single innings [[ten-wicket haul]] for 9 runs against [[St Kilda Cricket Club|St Kilda]]—removed any doubt that Wills would play for Victoria in the next intercolonial against New South Wales, scheduled for March on the MCG.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=241}} Before the game, representatives from both colonies met and entered into a bilateral agreement designed to call Wills.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=86–88}} When he opened the bowling, Wills became the first cricketer to be [[List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia|called for throwing in a top-class Australian match]]. The umpire called him two more times in two overs, and he did not bowl again.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=241–242}} He was again no-balled when a Victorian side under his captaincy lost to a combined XIII from New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia late in 1872.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=244}}

Hammersley had seemingly triumphed in his campaign to have Wills banned from intercolonial cricket.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=247}} In an exchange of personal attacks in the press, Wills implied that Hammersley was an architect of the no-ball plot, and protested that he and other English colonists were out to oppress native-born Australians.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=87|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=242}} Wills went on to threaten him with legal action. Hammersley closed:{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=247}}
{{blockquote|You are played out now, the cricketing machine is rusty and useless, all respect for it is gone. You will never be captain of a Victorian Eleven again, ... Eschew colonial beer, and take [[teetotalism|the pledge]], and in time your failings may be forgotten, and only your talents as a cricketer remembered. Farewell, Tommy Wills.}}

==Grace and comeback attempt==
[[File:WG Grace 1873.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An 1873 caricature of [[W. G. Grace]]. In his obituaries, Wills was referred to as "the Grace of Australia".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=7}}]]
[[W. G. Grace]], the Victorian era's most famous cricketer, brought an English team to Australia [[W. G. Grace with the English cricket team in Australia in 1873–74|in 1873–74]]. Wills strove to play for Victoria against Grace and rival factions fought over his possible inclusion. Hammersley, a selector, ensured that he missed out.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=251}} Wills went on to tour with, and play against the Englishmen.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=253}} Irked by Wills's constant presence, Grace remarked that he seemed to regard himself as a representative of the whole of Australia.{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=194}} It was assumed that, on his homeward journey, Grace would play a final match in the South Australian capital of [[Adelaide]], but he bypassed the city when [[Kadina, South Australia|Kadina]], a remote mining town in the [[Copper Coast|Copper Triangle]], offered him more money. Wills coached Kadina's miners and captained them against Grace's XI.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=254–255}} Played in an open, rock-strewn plain of baked earth, the game was deemed a farce. Wills made a [[duck (cricket)#Pair|pair]] and Grace later wrote of the "old Rugbeian" as a has-been.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=262–263}} Grace neglected to mention that Wills bowled him, ending with 6/28.{{sfn|Molony|2000|p=143}}

In Geelong, Wills was still idolised, though he seemed discontented, seeking any chance to earn money through cricket in the major cities.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=272–273}} He maintained an interest in the development of football, what he called "the king of games".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=271}} He continued to suggest rule changes, such as the [[push in the back]] rule to curb injuries, and, as captain of Geelong, helped shape the sport's playing style.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=268}} Utilising the speed and skill of Geelong's young players, Wills devised an innovative game plan—what he called "scientific football"—based on passing and running into open space.{{sfn|Coventry|2015|pp=31–33}} He pioneered another tactical manoeuvre in [[Ballarat]] by ordering his men to [[flooding (Australian football)|flood]] the backline to prevent [[Ballarat Football Club|the home side]] from scoring. Having enraged the crowd, he and his men incited them further by wasting time and deliberately kicking the ball out of bounds.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=268–269}} A few years later, in a rare act of diplomacy, Wills quelled tensions after a rival club used his "unchivalrous tactics" against Geelong.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=353}} He played his last football game in 1874.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=270}}

[[File:Bendigo Women's Cricket Team.jpg|thumb|The 1874 [[women's cricket]] team from [[Bendigo]]. Wills's endorsement of the team was at odds with the mockery and scorn they faced from the Melbourne press.]]
In April 1874, Australia's first organised [[women's cricket]] match took place in [[Bendigo]], Victoria between two local sides, in aid of charity. One year later, they made offers to play in Melbourne, but these were declined amid abuse from the city's press, with one journalist stating: "Public sentiment appears to be so far from approving it, that the eccentric example of the [Bendigo team] is not likely to be followed elsewhere."<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60448102 "The Month"]. ''Illustrated Australian News for Home Readers'' (Melbourne). 19 April 1875. p. 50. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</ref> In response, and as secretary of Corio, Wills invited the team to play in Geelong. He was the only person in the colonies to extend such an invitation, and attempted to organise a local women's team to play them. Due to poor weather, the match was postponed until 1876, but by then, the Bendigo side had folded. Another decade would pass before women's cricket gained traction and recognition in Australia.{{sfn|Zedda-Sampson|2021|pp=62–67}}

After Wills's ejection from top-class cricket in 1872, the Victoria XI suffered three straight losses against New South Wales.{{sfn|Clowes|2007|p=19}} In his 1874–75 ''Australian Cricketers' Guide'', Wills argued that Victoria needed a new captain. "No one reading his words could mistake its intent—what Victoria needed was Tom Wills", writes de Moore.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=274}} For the first time in years, Wills was shortlisted by Victorian selectors to appear in the next intercolonial against New South Wales. Noting his faded skills and sullied reputation, the Melbourne press lamented, "There is some sentimental notion afloat that as a captain he is peerless."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=276}} Pessimism gave way to hope as Wills promised to restore the colony's glory, and in February 1876 he led the Victoria XI onto the Albert Ground. Batting last in the order, he went for 0 and 4 and failed to take a wicket despite bowling the most overs of his side. The media blamed him for Victoria's 195-run loss.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=277}} In turn, he blamed his teammates.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=278}}

==Final years==
By 1877, Wills's cricket career "had become a series of petty disputes in petty games" of "ever-deteriorating standards."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=280–282}} No longer an office-bearer with Corio, he moved amongst lower-level clubs in the Geelong area, earning scraps of money wherever he could.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=280–282}} In a brief postscript to one of several rejected applications for employment at the MCC, Wills wrote of old cricketers being "left in the cold". De Moore interpreted it as an "unmistakable backhander for the club". He continues: "To see Wills simply as a beggar would be to misunderstand him."{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=281–282}}

[[File:Heidelberg Cricket Oval, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|The oval in rural Heidelberg near which Wills lived and where he played his last cricket.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=294–295}}]]
After retiring as a footballer, Wills turned to umpiring and committee work, and despite his continued slide into debt, donated money and trophies for football competitions.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=270–271}} He served as Geelong's vice-president from 1873 to 1876, and briefly as club delegate after the 1877 formation of the [[Victorian Football Association]] (VFA), but was dropped for unknown reasons.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=282, 353}} During the [[1878 VFA season]], he acted as central umpire, and defended his adjudication of a June match between [[Carlton Football Club|Carlton]] and [[Albert Park Football Club (VFA)|Albert Park]] in what would be his last public letter.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=289–290}} That year, Wills, broke and hounded by creditors, began selling land in Geelong to help clear his debt, and moved with Barbor to [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=286, 292}} He held no positions of power at the [[South Melbourne Cricket Club]] and only occasionally appeared in local team lists. He did however convince the club to open [[South Melbourne Cricket Ground|its ground]] to football in winter as a means of improving the turf's durability.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=288–290}} Other clubs soon followed South Melbourne's example as football adapted to an [[Australian rules football playing field|oval-shaped field]] in the late 1870s.{{sfn|Hess|2008|p=44}} By this stage, the sport had spread throughout Australasia with Melbourne matches attracting the world's largest football crowds yet seen.{{sfn|Blainey|2003|p=108}}

In late 1878, the MCC rejected Wills's last application for employment, and his dwindling income from cricket was "finally asphyxiated".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=291}} From February 1879 onwards, Wills lived with Barbor in [[Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], a small village on the margins of Melbourne. Although his life that year went largely unrecorded, he is known to have made only two trips outside of Heidelberg; on one of these, in January 1880, [[Tom Horan]] spotted him in the crowd at the MCG during an intercolonial between Victoria and New South Wales.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=294–296}} His alcoholism worsened over this period, as did Barbor's, also a heavy drinker.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=301}} He occasionally coached the Heidelberg Cricket Club, its members composed mostly of farmers. On 13 March 1880, he played for the side against the Bohemians—a "travelling circus" of wealthy amateurs—in his last game. Wills took five wickets, his "chucks" working "sweetly" on the rough pitch.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=281, 297}} In his last surviving letters, sent two days later to his brothers on Cullin-la-ringo, he wrote that he felt "out of the world" in Heidelberg, and fantasised about escaping to Tasmania. Begging for money to help pay off debts, he promised, "I will not trouble any of you again".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=299–301}}

===Suicide===
[[File:Melbourne Hospital 1868.jpg|thumb|Wills fled the Melbourne Hospital within hours of his admission.]]
Isolated and estranged from most of his family, Wills had become, in the words of cricket historian [[David Frith]], "a complete and dangerous and apparently incurable alcoholic".{{sfn|Frith|2011|p=167}} Oft-repeated stories that Wills ended up in gaol or at [[Kew Asylum]] near the end of his life are not supported by substantive evidence.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=283–284, 318}} He and Barbor abruptly stopped drinking on 28 April 1880; it is presumed that they ran out of money to buy more alcohol.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=301}} Two days later, Wills started to show signs of [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome|alcohol withdrawal]], and on 1 May, Barbor, fearing that a calamity was at hand, admitted him to the [[Melbourne Hospital]], where a physician treated him for [[delirium tremens]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=301}} Later that night, Wills absconded, returned home and the next day, in the grip of paranoid delusions, committed suicide by stabbing a pair of scissors into his heart three times.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|pp=266–268}} The inquest, on 3 May, presided over by coroner [[Richard Youl]], found that Wills "killed himself when of unsound mind from excessive drinking".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=308–310}}

His burial took place the next day in an unmarked grave in Heidelberg Cemetery at a private funeral attended by only six people: his brother Egbert, sister Emily and cousin Harrison; Harrison's sister Adela and her son Amos; and cricketer [[Verney Cameron]], who later ran an unsuccessful fundraiser for a tombstone over the grave.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=310}} When asked by a journalist about her late son, Elizabeth Wills denied that Tom ever existed, and, according to family lore, she never spoke of him again.{{Ref_label|E|e|none}}

==Personality==
Wills struck his contemporaries as peculiar and at times [[narcissistic]], with a prickly temperament, but also kind, charismatic and companionable.{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=3|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=xvii|3a1=Blainey|3y=2003|3p=8}} Often embroiled in controversy, he seemed to lack an understanding of how his words and actions could repeatedly get him into trouble.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=193}} His obsession with sport was such that he showed little interest in anything else.<ref name="bio" /> Through his research, journalist [[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Martin Flanagan]] concluded that Wills was "utterly bereft of insight into himself",{{sfn|Judd|2007|p=151}} and football historian Gillian Hibbins described him as "an overbearing and undisciplined young man who tended to blame others for his troubles and was more interested in winning a game than in respecting sporting rules."{{sfn|Hibbins|2008|pp=38–39}} Wills's family and peers, though angered by his misbehaviour, frequently forgave him.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=108}} It seems unlikely that he sought popular favour, but his strong egalitarian streak helped make him a folk hero.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=78, 237}} This widespread affection for him, coupled with an understanding of his waywardness, found expression in colonial mottoes and drinking songs, one sung in part: "I have a weakness, I confess — it is for Tommy Wills".{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=235|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=227}}

While his manner of speech was breezy and laconic,{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=185}} Wills, as a young adult back in Australia, developed a peculiar [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] style of writing that sometimes defied [[syntax]] and [[grammar]].{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=xvii, 69}} His letters are laced with puns, oblique [[Classics|classical]] and [[:wikt:Shakespearean|Shakespearean]] allusions, and droll asides, such as this one about Melbourne in a letter to his brother Cedric: "Everything is dull here, but people are kept alive by people getting shot at in the streets".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=184}} The overall impression is one of "a mind full of energy and histrionic ideas without a centre".{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=69}}
{{Blockquote|text=He could be dismissive, triumphant and brazen all within a single sentence. Whatever his inner world was, he rarely let it be known. Lines of argument or considered opinion were not developed. His stream of thought was in rapid flux and a string of defiant jabs. To give emphasis he underlined his words with a flourish. His punctuation was idiosyncratic. Language was breathless and explosive and he revelled in presenting himself and his motives as mysterious.|sign=Greg de Moore{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=184}}}}

In one of his borderline "thought disordered" letters, it is evident that at times he entered a state of [[Depersonalization|depersonalisation]]: "I do not know what I am standing on ... when anyone speaks to me I cannot for the life of me make out what they are talking about—everything seems so curious."{{sfnm|1a1=de Moore|1y=2008|1p=184|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=66}} In 1884, Hammersley compared Wills's incipient madness and fiery glare to that of [[Adam Lindsay Gordon]],{{Ref_label|F|f|none}} the Australian [[bush poet]].{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=299}} Wills's mental instability is a source for speculation: [[epilepsy]] has been suggested as a possible cause of his perplexed mental state, and a variant of [[bipolar illness]] may account for his disjointed thinking and flowery, confused writings.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=68, 335}}

In 1923, the MCC discovered Wills's old [[cricket cap]] and put it on display in the [[Block Arcade]], prompting Horace Wills to reflect: "My brother was the nicest man I ever met. Though his nature was care-free, amounting almost to wildness, he had the sweetest temper I have seen in a man, and was essentially a sportsman."{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=317–318}}

==Playing style and captaincy==
{{Blockquote|text='Great' athletes seem to be anointed every day; far rarer are those entitled to be considered 'original'. Tom Wills is such a figure in every respect.|sign=[[Gideon Haigh]]{{sfn|Haigh|2009|p=i}}}}
[[File:Richmond Paddock 1860.png|thumb|upright|Wills's 1860 "''[[coup de main]]''" has been described as "arguably the most important and influential tactical manoeuvre in the history of Australian football".{{sfn|Coventry|2015|pp=6–7}}]]
Wills is regarded as Australia's first outstanding cricketer.{{sfn|Pollard|1987|p=50}} "The picture of the athlete" in his prime, "full to overflowing with animal vigor", Wills seemed indestructible.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196696327 "Thomas Wentworth Wills"]. ''Leader'' (Melbourne). 8 May 1880. p. 13. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Match reports refer to him as a [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]], a [[:wikt:Colossus|Colossus]], "and many other things besides a cricketer".<ref>[[Donald Macdonald (journalist)|Macdonald, Donald]]. [http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10177173 "The M. C. C. The Men and the Ground. A Retrospect"]. ''The Argus'' (Melbourne). 19 December 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Intensely competitive, his win-at-all-costs mentality undermined the amateur ideal of friendly competition, as did his strategic use of intimidation.{{sfn|Coventry|2015|p=7}} A natural leader, his supreme confidence emboldened those around him, and he never despaired the fortunes of his side, even in the face of probable defeat.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=39}} On the off-chance that he sought another player's opinion, he invariably followed his own mind,{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=97}} and his resources at any critical juncture in a match were said to be always clever, and sometimes unique.<ref>"Tom Wills". ''[[The Press]]'' (Christchurch). 25 May 1880. p. 3.</ref> "As a judge of the game he never had a superior", wrote Britain's ''[[The Sportsman (1865 newspaper)|The Sportsman]]''. He was "at once a cricket crank and genius", according to ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]''.<ref>''The Bulletin'' (7 October 1893), "Sporting Notions". p. 17.</ref> The rarity of Wills's genius drew comparisons to [[William Shakespeare]]'s.{{sfn|Hedley|1888|p=7}}

{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
With furious bowling Wills assails
His rivals, and knocks o'er their bails;
His ball comes like a stone,
From some huge catapulta hurled,
In sieges of that earlier world
You read of as a boy, ...
</poem>
| source = ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', 1858<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/171432649 "A Tale of the Cricket Ground in Ten Cantos"]. ''Melbourne Punch'' (Melbourne). 21 January 1858. p. 1. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</ref>
| align = left
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| quoted =
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Classified as an all-rounder, Wills saw himself principally as a bowler. With a repertoire spanning "sparklers, rippers, fizzers, trimmers and shooters", he varied his pace and style in order to quickly work out a batsman's weak points.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=62}} Noted for his deceptive slow deliveries, dropping mid-flight and big on break, Wills's fast round arm balls sometimes reared head-high from the pitch, terrorising his opponent. His bowling was said to have "the devil" in it at times; English batsman [[Sir David Serjeant]] remembered Wills as the only bowler he ever feared.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2069368 "Early Interstate Cricket"]. ''The Argus'' (Melbourne). 15 November 1924. p. 9. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</ref> In order to avoid being no-balled for throwing, Wills carefully studied the umpire,<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154548311 "Game in the Old Days"]. ''Winner'' (Melbourne). 7 March 1917. p. 7.</ref> and developed various tricks, such as worrying aloud that he might be overstepping the crease at the point of delivery. With the umpire's attention diverted to his feet, Wills would "let go a throw for all he was worth".<ref>"The Bowling Trouble". ''The Australasian'' (Melbourne). 2 February 1901. p. 20.</ref> His most flagrant throws were likened to that of a [[baseball]] [[pitcher]].<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28339685 "Baseball As She Is Played"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Sydney). 17 December 1888. p. 3.</ref>

As a batsman, Wills was an unapologetic stonewaller with a "peculiarly ugly" style; his characteristic shots—[[batting (cricket)#cuts|cut]]s and to the [[leg side]]—ensured the primacy of defence.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=40}} He summarised his technique thus: "The ball can't get through the bat."<ref>"Cricket". ''[[Otago Witness]]'' (Dunedin). 7 January 1887. p. 21.</ref> He could also abruptly turn explosive and, according to one sportswriter, hit as hard as [[Tom Sayers]]. On one occasion at the MCG, he made a drive into the Richmond Paddock for eight runs.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/133435472 "Eighty-six Not Out"]. ''Saturday Referee and the Arrow'' (Sydney). 9 March 1912. p. 1.</ref> An outstanding fieldsman anywhere, Wills excelled in the [[slip (cricket)|slip]]s and [[run out (cricket)|ran out]] batsmen with deadly accurate throwing.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=38}}

Wills was a "tear-away" footballer whose "pluck and skill", it was said, only [[George O'Mullane]] matched.{{sfnm|1a1=Pennings|1y=2012|1p=39|2a1=Pennings|2y=2013|2p=1}} The longest [[Drop kick#Australian rules football|drop kick]] in Victoria, he was an elusive dodger, as at Rugby, and excelled in different positions, moving from a follower and goal-scorer in the [[Australian rules football positions#Followers|ruck]] to [[Fullback (Australian rules football)|full back]].{{sfnm|1a1=Coventry|1y=2015|1pp=34–35|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2p=172, 176, 367}} Of the early footballers, Wills was appraised as the greatest, most astute captain, and is credited with opening up the Australian game to new [[Australian football tactics and skills|tactics and skills]] and a more free-flowing style of play.{{sfnm|1a1=Hibbins|1a2=Ruddell|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=104–105}} In July 1860—in what the press called a "''[[coup de main]]''", and what has since been regarded as a "tactical leap" that foreshadowed modern football—Wills breached the era's notional offside line by positioning his Richmond men down the field from defence to attack. By a series of short kick passes, they succeeded in scoring.{{sfnm|1a1=Coventry|1y=2015|1pp=6–7|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=104–105}} That same month, captaining Melbourne to victory, he pioneered a rudimentary form of [[flooding (Australian football)|flooding]]; and, in another win for the club, exploited the low player turnout by instructing his men to dart with the ball in open spaces.{{sfnm|1a1=Coventry|1y=2015|1p=12, 26|2a1=de Moore|2y=2011|2pp=104–105}} In his season-by-season ranking of players, early football historian C. C. Mullen named Wills "[[Champion of the Colony]]" five times.{{sfn|Mallett|2002|p=21}} Historian [[Bernard Whimpress]] called Wills an innovator who "would fit easily into today's game".<ref>[[Bernard Whimpress|Whimpress, Bernard]] (4 August 2015). [http://newtownreviewofbooks.com.au/2015/08/04/james-coventry-time-and-space-the-tactics-that-shaped-australian-rules-and-the-players-and-coaches-who-mastered-them-reviewed-by-bernard-whimpress/ "Time and Space Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502233910/http://newtownreviewofbooks.com.au/2015/08/04/james-coventry-time-and-space-the-tactics-that-shaped-australian-rules-and-the-players-and-coaches-who-mastered-them-reviewed-by-bernard-whimpress/ |date=2 May 2016 }}, ''The Newtown Review of Books''. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</ref> Historian [[Geoffrey Blainey]] writes: "How many of the tricks and stratagems of the early years came from this clever tactician we will never know."{{sfn|Blainey|2003|p=207}}

==Legacy==
{{Cquote|He was buried on the hill top at Heidelberg, overlooking that green valley which, eight years later, [[Arthur Streeton|Streeton]] and [[Tom Roberts|Roberts]] and the painters of the [[Heidelberg School]] would depict in summer colours. A third generation Australian—then a rarity—he had often expressed in football and cricket a version of the national feeling which these artists were to express in paint, and he had been quietly proud that the football game he did so much to shape was often called 'the national game'.|20px||Blainey|''A Game of Our Own''{{sfn|Blainey|2003|p=211}}}}
[[File:Tom Wills' Grave.jpg|thumb|The MCC erected a monument over Wills's unmarked gravesite on the centenary of his death. The epitaph reads: "Founder of Australian football and champion cricketer of his time".<ref name="grave" />]]
Australia's first celebrity sportsman, Wills began to fade from public consciousness within his own lifetime.<ref name="bio" /> His dark reputation and suicide, and his links to convictism and frontier violence—sources of [[cultural cringe]]—have been posited as reasons for his descent into obscurity.{{sfn|Haigh|2009|p=i}} Academic Barry Judd called him "a ghost inhabiting the margins of written history".{{sfn|Judd|2007|p=121}} Coinciding with a revival of interest in Australia's colonial past, Wills has risen "almost to a vogue", and is seen as a forerunner of today's self-destructive star athletes, some of those qualities that alienated his peers "being less shocking to a generation that likes its heroes flawed".{{sfn|Haigh|2009|p=i}} The subject of [[Cultural depictions of Tom Wills|scholarly, literary and artistic works]], his story has been likened to [[Ned Kelly]]'s as a powerful and quintessentially Australian narrative,{{sfn|Flanagan|2011}} and in 2006, ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' named him as one of the 100 most influential Australians.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-100-most-influential-australians-20060627-gdnu9r.html "The 100 most influential Australians"] (27 June 2006), ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</ref> After several attempts by different authors since the 1930s, a comprehensive biography was published in 2008, Greg de Moore's ''Tom Wills: First Wild Man of Australian Sport''.<ref>Watt, Jarrod (28 July 2008). [http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/07/28/2316731.htm "Investigating the death of the father of football"], [[ABC South West Victoria]]. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</ref>

Wills's unmarked gravesite was restored in 1980 with a headstone erected by the MCC using public funds.<ref name="grave">[http://monumentaustralia.org.au/australian_monument/display/31621?image=1 Thomas Wentworth Wills], Monument Australia. Retrieved 13 May 2013.</ref> He was inducted into the [[Sport Australia Hall of Fame]] in 1989<ref>[https://sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame-member/thomas-w-wills/ Thomas Wills], [[Sport Australia Hall of Fame]]. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</ref> and became an inaugural member of the [[Australian Football Hall of Fame]] in 1996. The Tom Wills Room in the MCG's Shane Warne Stand serves as a venue for corporate functions.<ref>[http://www.mcg.org.au/Commercial/Corporate%20Hospitality/Cricket%20Premium%20Hospitality/Tom%20Wills%20Room.aspx Tom Wills Room], Melbourne Cricket Ground. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</ref> A statue outside the MCG, sculpted by Louis Laumen and erected in 2001, depicts Wills umpiring the famous 1858 football match between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College.<ref name="statue">[http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/sport/display/32315-first-australian-rules-game First Australian Rules Game], Monument Australia. Retrieved 7 June 2013.</ref> The AFL commemorated the 150th anniversary of the match by staging the [[2008 AFL season#Round 19|Tom Wills Round]] during the [[2008 AFL Season]]. The two schools played in a curtain raiser at the MCG ahead of the round opener between Melbourne and Geelong.<ref>Harris, Amelia (7 August 2008). [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/original-and-still-the-best/story-e6frf9jf-1111117137079 "Original and still the best"], ''Herald Sun''. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</ref> That same year, Victoria's busiest freeway interchange, the [[Monash Freeway|Monash]]–[[EastLink (Melbourne)|EastLink]] interchange in [[Dandenong North, Victoria|Dandenong North]], was named the Tom Wills Interchange.<ref>Ballantyne, Adrian (3 March 2008). [http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/legend-rules-the-road/ "Legend rules the road"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195636/http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/legend-rules-the-road/ |date=27 September 2013 }}, ''Dandenong Leader''. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</ref> [[Tom Wills Oval]], inaugurated in 2013 at [[Sydney Olympic Park]], serves as the training base for the AFL's [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]].<ref>[http://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/resource_centre/park_news/park_news/new_training_facility_for_gws_giants_officially_launched_at_sydney_olympic_park Tom Wills Oval] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902234618/http://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/resource_centre/park_news/park_news/new_training_facility_for_gws_giants_officially_launched_at_sydney_olympic_park |date=2 September 2013 }}, Sydney Olympic Park Authority. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</ref>

===Marngrook theory===
{{further|Marngrook}}
[[File:Marn grook football.jpg|thumb|Detail of an 1857 etching that shows Aboriginal boys kicking and catching a ball made from plant roots.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=322}}]]
Since the 1980s, it has been suggested that Wills played or observed an Aboriginal football game, [[Marngrook]],{{Ref_label|G|g|none}} as a child growing up in the Grampians among the Djab wurrung, and incorporated some of its features into early Australian football.{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|p=8}} The theory has provoked an intense debate dubbed "football's [[Australian history wars|history wars]]".{{sfn|Hocking|Reidy|2016}} In her 2008 essay "A Seductive Myth", Hibbins calls the proposed link an "emotional belief" lacking "any intellectual credibility".{{sfn|Hibbins|2008|p=45}} She points out that neither Wills nor any other football founders mention Aboriginal games in existing documents, and states that there is no evidence of Marngrook being played in the Grampians.{{sfn|Hibbins|2008|p=45}} Since then, among the personal papers of ethnographer [[Alfred William Howitt]], an interview has been found with a [[Wergaia|Mukjarrawaint]] man who recalls playing Marngrook in the Grampians.{{sfn|Hocking|Reidy|2016}} Also, in his first-hand account of Aboriginal games, [[James Dawson (activist)|James Dawson]], an Aboriginal rights activist, records the Djab wurrung word for football as "Min'gorm".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=97}} De Moore therefore argues that Marngrook was likely played in the vicinity where Wills grew up, "or, at the very least, that the local Aboriginal people knew of such a game". That Wills knew of Marngrook, he adds, is speculative at best.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=323}}

Proponents of a link point to the games' similarities, such as [[Punt (Australian football)|drop punting]] the ball and [[spectacular mark|leaping, catching feats]].{{sfn|Hocking|Reidy|2016}} Academics [[Jenny Hocking]] and Nell Reidy write that Wills, in adapting football to Melbourne's parklands, wanted a game that kept the players off the ground and the ball in the air. "It is here", they argue, "in the interstices between rugby and Australian football, that the influence of [Marngrook] can be seen most clearly".{{sfn|Hocking|Reidy|2016}} Historian [[John Hirst (historian)|John Hirst]] countered that early Australian football was aligned with rugby-style roots, and bore little resemblance to Marngrook.{{sfn|Hirst|2010|p=55}} According to de Moore, Wills was "almost solely influenced" by Rugby School football, with local conditions also having an effect.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=323}}

Flanagan promoted the Marngrook theory in his novel ''[[The Call (Martin Flanagan novel)|The Call]]'' (1996), an historical imagining into Wills's life,{{sfn|Flanagan|2011}} and argued in an essay addressed to Wills that he must have known Aboriginal games as it was in his nature to play: "There's two things about you everybody seems to have agreed on—you'd drink with anyone and you'd play with anyone."{{sfn|Flanagan|2008|p=543}} He quotes Lawton Wills Cooke, a descendant of Horace Wills (Tom's brother), who said a family story had been passed down about Tom playing Marngrook as a boy.<ref>Flanagan, Martin (27 December 2008). [http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/a-new-chapter-in-the-legend-of-tom-wills/2008/12/26/1229998734179.html "A new chapter in the legend of Tom Wills"], ''The Age''. Retrieved 21 October 2012.</ref> Family historian T. S. Wills Cooke disputed that such a story existed, calling the Marngrook link "a bridge too far" and an example of [[historical revisionism]] motivated by [[political correctness]].{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=180}} Despite lacking in hard evidence, the theory is often presented as factual.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=93}} In [[Moyston, Victoria|Moyston]], the self-proclaimed birthplace of Australian football,{{sfn|Hirst|2010|p=55}} stands an AFL-endorsed monument, unveiled by historian [[Col Hutchinson]], commemorating Wills's childhood in the area playing Marngrook.<ref>[http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/sport/display/32785-thomas-wentworth-wills-/photo/1 Thomas Wentworth Wills], Monument Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</ref>

===The "father of football"===
[[File:Tom wills statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue outside the MCG of Wills umpiring the 1858 game between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College. The plaque reads that Wills "did more than any other person—as a footballer and umpire, co-writer of the rules and promoter of the game—to develop Australian football during its first decade."<ref name="statue" />]]
The role that Wills and others played in pioneering Australian football went largely unrecognised in their lifetimes, as the sport had yet to develop a historical perspective.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=324}} By the late 1870s, Wills's 1858 letter calling for the organisation and codification of football was singled out as a seminal document.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/142158224 "The Origin of the Melbourne Club"]. ''The Australasian'' (Melbourne). 26 February 1876. p. 13. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</ref> He wrote at this time that he attempted to promote football in Victoria as early as 1857, "but it was not taken to kindly until the following year".{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|p=13}} By 1908, the year of [[1908 Melbourne Carnival|Australian football's jubilee celebrations]], H. C. A. Harrison had become known as the "father of football" on account of his substantial reputation on and off the field.{{sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009|pp=12–13}} Wills was the next most often recalled pioneer during this period,{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=323–324}} and Harrison credited him with initiating the sport when he "recommended that we Australians should work out a game of our own."<ref>Harrison, H. C. A. (12 August 1914). [http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/155522568 "Australian Game: Its Birth in the Commonwealth"]. ''Winner'' (Melbourne). p. 8. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</ref> More recent historiography has shown that while Harrison played a pivotal role over a long period, he did not co-write the first rules in 1859, nor did he play in the 1858 games. With this correction, a number of historians elevated Wills to a position of pre-eminence,{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=324}} variously calling him the game's founder, father or inventor.{{sfnm|1a1=Molony|1y=2000|1p=145|2a1=Hess|2y=2008|2p=26}} Blainey said of Wills: "It is far too much to say that he founded the game, but it would be too little to say that he was simply one among many founders."{{sfn|Blainey|2003|p=206}}

It is often said that, due to his suicide, Wills was written out of the game's history, or at the very least downplayed as an important figure. De Moore rejects this view, noting that the contributions of Hammersley, Smith, Thompson and other pioneers, rather than those of Wills, were generally overlooked.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=324}} In her analysis of early football, Hibbins concludes that Thompson's journalistic ability as a promoter of the game "probably" makes him the most significant pioneer, and that the importance of Wills's role has been overemphasised.{{sfn|Hibbins|2008|pp=32, 41}} Echoing Hibbins's arguments, Roy Hay writes that Wills, while a "catalyst" for football, was "much more interested in playing and performing than in organising".{{sfn|Hay|2009|p=29}} British historian [[Tony Collins (historian)|Tony Collins]] even compared Wills to [[William Webb Ellis]] and [[Abner Doubleday]], the apocryphal inventors of rugby and baseball, respectively.{{sfn|Collins|2011|p=11}} In response to Collins's suggestion that Wills "quickly faded from the footballing scene", journalist [[James Coventry]] highlighted his seventeen-year playing career (by far the longest of the pioneers), the influence he wielded as captain-coach of various clubs for much of that time, and his administrative work. He concludes that Collins and other scholars have "perversely" devalued Wills's real contributions "in their rush to discredit [the Marngrook theory]".{{sfn|Coventry|2015|pp=28–29}}

==See also==
*[[Cultural depictions of Tom Wills]]
*[[List of Australian rules footballers and cricketers]]
*[[List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia]]
*[[List of Victoria first-class cricketers]]
*[[List of individual match awards in the Australian Football League#Australian Football League|Tom Wills Medal]]

==Footnotes==
{{refbegin}}

'''a.''' {{Note_label|A|a|none}} Wills's birthplace is a matter of some conjecture as there is a lack of reliable archival information on the subject, and the precise whereabouts of his parents are difficult to pinpoint during the period around 1835.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=171}} Molonglo is given as his birthplace in an [[s:Mr Thomas W. Wills: A Biographical Sketch|1869 biographical piece]] in which the author states that Wills had given him notes on his life.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=328}} A common alternative is [[Parramatta]] in modern-day Sydney.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=171}} When Victorians claimed Wills as one of theirs, he liked to boast that he was a "Sydney man"—a reference to the colony of his birth.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=81–82}}

'''b.''' {{Note_label|B|b|none}} Tom had eight siblings: Emily Spencer Wills (1842–1925), Cedric Spencer Wills (1844–1914), Horace Spencer Wills (1847–1928), Egbert Spencer Wills (1849–1931), Elizabeth Spencer Wills (1852–1930), Eugenie Spencer Wills (1854–1937), Minna Spencer Wills (1856–1943) and Hortense Sarah Spencer Wills (1861–1907).{{sfn|Wills Cooke|2012|p=250}}

'''c.''' {{Note_label|C|c|none}} Wills and H. C. A. Harrison shared Sarah Howe as a grandmother.{{sfn|Hibbins|Mancini|1987|p=5}} Harrison was born ten months after Wills in New South Wales and as a young boy overlanded to the Port Phillip District, where he often visited the Wills family at Lexington.{{sfn|Blainey|2003|pp=68–69}} They became brothers-in-law in 1864 when Harrison married Emily Wills.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|pp=172–173}}

'''d.''' {{Note_label|D|d|none}} The Aboriginal men went by sobriquets given to them by their European employers in the Western District.{{sfn|de Moore|2011|p=192}} In Mullagh's case, he was named after the station where he worked.{{sfn|Mallett|2002|p=18}}

'''e.''' {{Note_label|E|e|none}} This story was related in the following piece of Wills family oral history: "Elizabeth Wills refused to attend [the funeral] nor would she acknowledge Tom after his death as she was very religious and considered [suicide] a great sin. ... A reporter asked Elizabeth about her son. 'Which son?' she asked. 'Thomas' said the reporter. 'I have no son called Thomas' was the old lady's reply".{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=303}}

'''f.''' {{Note_label|F|f|none}} Gordon suffered a demise similar to that of Wills, committing suicide in 1870.{{sfn|de Moore|2008|p=299}} He describes Wills as a fearsome bowler in his 1865 long poem "Ye Wearie Wayfarer".{{sfn|Blainey|2003|p=210}}

'''g.''' {{Note_label|G|g|none}} Each Indigenous language group played its own variant of football and with its own name.{{sfn|Hocking|Reidy|2016}} "Marngrook", from the [[Gunditjmara]] [[Kuurn Kopan Noot language|language]], is used as a generic term for Aboriginal football.{{sfn|Hirst|2010|p=54}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Books'''
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{cite book
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|publisher = Rigby
|year = 1981
|isbn = 978-0-7270-1508-2}}
* {{cite book
|last = Inglis
|first = Ken
|author-link = Ken Inglis
|title = Australian Colonists: An Exploration of Social History, 1788–1870
|publisher = Melbourne University Publishing
|year = 1993
|isbn = 9780522845266}}
* {{cite book
|last = Mallett
|first = Ashley Alexander
|author-link = Ashley Mallett
|title = The Black Lords of Summer: The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England and Beyond
|publisher = University of Queensland Press
|year = 2002
|isbn = 978-0-7022-3262-6}}
* {{cite book
|last = McKenna
|first = Mark
|title = The Captive Republic: A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788–1996
|url = https://archive.org/details/captiverepublich0000mcke
|url-access = registration
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year = 1996
|isbn = 978-0-521-57618-5}}
* {{cite book
|last = Molony
|first = John
|author-link = John Molony
|title = The Native-Born: The First White Australians
|publisher = Melbourne University Publishing
|year = 2000
|isbn = 978-0-522-84903-5}}
* {{cite book
|last = Pennings
|first = Mark
|title = Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 1: Amateur Heroes and the Rise of Clubs, 1858 to 1876
|publisher = Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd
|year = 2012
|isbn = 9781921421471}}
* {{cite book
|last = Pollard
|first = Jack
|author-link = Jack Pollard
|title = The Formative Years of Australian Cricket, 1803–1893
|publisher = Angus & Robertson
|year = 1987
|isbn = 9780207154904}}
* {{cite book
|last = Read
|first = Walter William
|author-link = Walter Read
|title = Annals of Cricket: A Record of the Game Compiled From Authentic Sources, and My Own Experiences During the Last 23 Years
|url =
|url-access =
|publisher = [[Sampson Low#Sampson Low, Son and Company|Sampson Low, Marston & Company]]
|year = 1896
|isbn = }}
* {{cite book
|last = Wills Cooke
|first = T. S.
|title = The Currency Lad
|publisher = Stephen Digby
|year = 2012
|isbn = 978-0-9803893-9-5}}
* {{cite book
|last = Zedda-Sampson
|first = Louise
|title = Bowl the Maidens Over: Our First Women Cricketers
|publisher = LZS Press
|year = 2021
|isbn = 9780645125504}}
{{refend}}
'''Journals'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
|first = Greg
|last = de Moore
|title = The Suicide of Thomas Wentworth Wills
|publisher = Australasian Medical Publishing Company
|journal = [[Medical Journal of Australia]]
|year = 1999
|volume = 171
|issue = 11 }}
* {{cite journal
|first = Greg
|last = de Moore
|title = The Sons of Lush: Tom Wills, Alcohol and the Colonial Cricketer
|publisher = The British Society of Sports History
|journal = Sport in History
|year = 2005a
|volume = 25
|issue = 3 |pages=354–374
|doi = 10.1080/17460260500395907|s2cid = 219696656
}}
* {{cite journal
|first = Greg
|last = de Moore
|title = Tom Wills, Satan's Little Helper: A Case Study of Throwing in Nineteenth-Century Australian Cricket
|publisher = The British Society of Sports History
|journal = The International Journal of the History of Sport
|year = 2008a
|volume = 25
|issue = 1 |pages=82–99
|doi = 10.1080/09523360701701648|s2cid = 216148262
}}
* {{cite journal
|first = Greg
|last = de Moore
|title = An Australian Genius at Rugby School
|publisher = The Rugbeian Society
|journal = Floreat
|year = 2012
|volume = 1
|issue = 1 }}
* {{cite journal
|first1 = Gillian
|last1 = Hibbins
|first2 = Trevor
|last2 = Ruddell
|title = "A Code of Our Own": Celebrating 150 Years of the Rules of Australian Football
|url = http://www.mcc.org.au/~/media/Files/Yorker-Issue%2039_Autumn2009_low-res.pdf
|journal = The Yorker
|year = 2009
|issue = 39 }}
* {{cite journal
|first1 = Jenny
|last1 = Hocking
|author-link1 = Jenny Hocking
|first2 = Nell
|last2 = Reidy
|title = Marngrook, Tom Wills and the Continuing Denial of Indigenous History
|url = https://meanjin.com.au/essays/marngrook-tom-wills-and-the-continuing-denial-of-indigenous-history/
|journal = [[Meanjin]]
|year = 2016
|volume = 75
|issue = 2 }}
* {{cite journal
|first = Mark
|last = Pennings
|title = Fuschias, Pivots, Same Olds and Gorillas: The Early Years of Football in Victoria
|url = http://eprints.qut.edu.au/61110/2/61110.pdf
|journal = Tablet to Scoreboard
|year = 2013
|volume = 1
|issue = 1 }}
* {{cite journal
|first = Gordon
|last = Reid
|title = From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo
|url = http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:205360/s00855804_1980_81_11_2_62.pdf
|journal = Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland
|date = May 1981
|volume = 11
|issue = 2 }}
* {{cite journal
|first = W. F.
|last = Mandle
|title = Cricket and Australian Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
|journal = Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
|year = 1973
|volume = 59
|issue = 4 }}
{{refend}}
'''Theses'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis
|type = PhD
|first = Greg
|last = de Moore
|title = In from the Cold: Tom Wills – A Nineteenth Century Sporting Hero
|url = http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1581/1/Gregory_Moore.pdf
|publisher = [[Victoria University, Australia|Victoria University]]
|location = Melbourne, Vic.
|year = 2008}}
* {{cite thesis
|type = PhD
|first = Barry
|last = Judd
|title = Australian Game, Australian Identity: (Post)Colonial Identity in Football
|url = https://www.academia.edu/346473
|publisher = [[Monash University]]
|location = Melbourne, Vic.
|year = 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020837/http://www.academia.edu/346473/Australian_Game_Australian_Identity
|archive-date = 17 June 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
{{refend}}
'''Webpages'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web
|first = Martin
|last = Flanagan
|author-link = Martin Flanagan (journalist)
|url = http://australianfootball.com/articles/view/Why%2BTom%2BWills%2Bis%2Ban%2BAustralian%2Blegend%2Blike%2BNed%2BKelly/133
|title = Why Tom Wills is an Australian legend like Ned Kelly
|work = Australian Football
|year = 2011
|access-date = 17 January 2015}}
* {{cite web
|first = W. F.
|last = Mandle
|url = https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wills-thomas-wentworth-4863
|title = Thomas Wentworth Wills
|work = [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]
|year = 1976
|access-date = 21 September 2013}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Tom Wills|c=Category:Tom Wills|q=Tom Wills|b=no|v=no|n=no|d=no|wikt=no}}

*[http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/04/24/3487841.htm Biographer Greg De Moore discusses Tom Wills] on "Conversations" with [[Richard Fidler]], [[ABC Local Radio]]
*{{cricinfo|id=8357}}

{{Australian first-class cricket season leading run-scorers (1850–51 to 1899–00)}}
{{Australian first-class cricket season leading wicket-takers (1850–51 to 1899–00)}}
{{Australian Aboriginal team 1868 Squad}}
{{Melbourne Football Club captains}}
{{Geelong Football Club captains}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wills, Tom}}
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[[Category:People with post-traumatic stress disorder]]

Lodi (Pashtun tribe)

2026-03-26T13:07:11Z

MaritzaSandoval: new post

{{Short description|Lodi Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan and Pakistan}}
{{About|the tribe|the agricultural caste in India with the same name|Lodhi (caste)|other uses|Lodi (disambiguation){{!}}Lodi}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Lodi
| image = Bettani tribal confederacy structure.png
| caption = The list of Lodi sub-tribes
}}

'''Lodi''' ([[Pashto]]: لودهی) is a [[Pashtun tribes|Pashtun tribe]] of the [[Bettani]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] confederacy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA123 |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |year=2008 |isbn=978-9004168596 |pages=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ḥayāt-i Afghānī |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2013418001/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |page=268}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Th3Mu-_RwjQC |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> It consists of a number of sub-tribes, most of which are settled in the [[Tank District|Tank]], [[Lakki Marwat District|Lakki Marwat]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], with smaller population found in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Afghans. {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3034/#:~:text=The%20History%20of%20the%20Afghans,Jahangir%20(1569%2D1627).}}</ref> These tribes were nomadic for most of their history and migrated to their present-day locations by crossing the [[Gomal Pass]] throughout different times.<ref name=":0" />

Two sub-tribes among the Lodi established their own empires: the [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]] tribe established the [[Sur dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kissling |first1=H. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262 |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |last2=Spuler |first2=Bertold |last3=Barbour |first3=N. |last4=Trimingham |first4=J. S. |last5=Braun |first5=H. |last6=Hartel |first6=H. |date=1997-08-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-02104-4 |language=en}}</ref> and the Prangi tribe established the [[Lodi dynasty]].<ref name=":0" />

== Historical mentions ==

=== Lohani ===
[[Lohani]], also known as ''Nuhani''''',''' is the largest sub-group among the Lodi tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Office |first1=Punjab Settlement Commissioner's |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnIIAAAAQAAJ |title=Report of the Land Revenue Settlement of the Dera Ismail Khan District of the Punjab, 1872-79 |last2=Tucker |first2=H. St George |date=1879 |publisher=W. Ball |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashid, "History of the Pathans", Vol.III, p-367-89 |first=Haroon |title=History of the Pathans |volume=III |pages=367–89}}</ref> The Lohani migrated and crossed the Gomal Pass en masse during the late 1500s, into present-day Lodi territory, and displaced other Lodi tribes such as Sur and Prangi that had settled in the region in prior times.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMiAAAAMAAJ |title=A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Province: Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883, by the Late Sir Denzil Ibbetson ... & the Census Report for the Punjab, 1892, by Sir Edward Maclagan ... & Comp. by H.A. Rose ... |date=1914 |publisher=Superintendent, government printing, Punjab |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> Other Lohani tribes had also made earlier deeper incursions into India, as far as [[Bihar]], and settled therein during the days of the Lodi dynasty.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The earliest mention of the Lohani tribes comes in the form of an inscription written on a tablet from 1496 in Bihar during the days of the Lodi dynasty.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Jamal |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/epigraphia-indica-arabic-and-persian-supplement-continuation-series-epigraphia-indo-1 |title=Epigraphia Indica: Arabic and Persian Supplement (In Continuation of the Series Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica) 1966 and 1967 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi |pages=172}}</ref> The inscription records the construction of a certain gate by Darya Khan Nuhani who is thereafter mentioned as one of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>governors of the kingdom". The Lohani tribes were also mentioned by the Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in his memoirs, the [[Baburnama]], as Nuhani Afghans around 1529.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Annette |url=https://archive.org/download/baburnama017152mbp/baburnama017152mbp.pdf |title=Baburnama: A Memoir |date=May 2017 |isbn=978-8129141750 |pages=24, 295}}</ref> The earliest records mentions them as ''Nuhani'' rather than ''Lohani'', which is the primary designation by which they are currently known today.

=== Sur and Niazi ===
When Babur passed from [[Bangash]] territory into [[Bannu District|Bannu]] in the early 16th century, he recorded that the plain was cultivated by several Afghan tribes, including the Sur and the [[Niazi]].<ref name=":3" /> This early reference places the Sur and the Niazi tribes among the established tribal communities of the region in Babur's time.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pashtun tribes}}

[[Category:Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]

Jeevitha

2026-03-22T16:16:17Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeevitha Rajasekhar
| image = Jeevitha on October 26, 2015.jpg
| caption = Jeevitha in 2015
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|director|producer|}}
| yearsactive = 1984–1990, 2024–present (actress); 2002–present (producer and director)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|05|24}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]|1991}}
| children = [[Shivani Rajashekar|Shivani]] (b. 1996) [[Shivathmika Rajashekar|Shivathmika]] (b. 2000)
}}
'''Jeevitha,''' popularly known as '''Jeevitha Rajasekhar''' is an Indian actress, director and producer who has primarily worked in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] and [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] films.

==Career==

Jeevitha made her debut in Tamil with [[T. Rajendar]]'s ''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]'' in 1984 and within a short span acted with the top heroes of the time such as [[Sivakumar]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and [[Sathyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-lal-salaam-update-aishwarya-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth-jeevitha--news-327190|title=Famous 80s actress teams up with Superstar Rajinikanth for the first time?|date=10 November 2022|via=indiaglitz|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225210633/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-lal-salaam-update-aishwarya-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth-jeevitha--news-327190|url-status=dead}}</ref> The actress who started her career in 1984, acted in almost forty movies in six years and left the movie industry in 1991 after marrying actor [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] who primarily works in Telugu movies. Jeevitha's last film in Tamil was ''Valaikappu'' (1988). She was last seen on screen as an actress in the 1990 Telugu film ''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]'', which starred her husband Rajasekhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-never-done-a-film-with-rajini-sir-im-glad-its-happening-at-last-jeevitha-rajasekhar/articleshow/98380861.cms|title = I've never done a film with Rajini sir; I'm glad it's happening at last: Jeevitha Rajasekhar| work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2023|via=timesofindia}}</ref>

Jeevitha turned director with the film ''[[Seshu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jeevitha-rajsekhar-interview/articleshow/19038190.cms|title=Jeevitha Rajsekhar interview|work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> She later directed a handful of films as well, including ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' (2007), ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2009 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' (2009), ''[[Mahankali (film)|Mahankali]]'' (2013) and ''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yevadaithe-naakenti-telugu-movie-8519|title=Yevadaithe Naakenti|date=2007|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225210633/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yevadaithe-naakenti-telugu-movie-8519|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yevadaithe-naakenti-telugu-movie-8519|title=Yevadaithe Naakenti|date=2007|via=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225210633/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yevadaithe-naakenti-telugu-movie-8519|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/e-shatamanada-veera-madakari-formula-fried/articleshow/22189566.cms|title=Satyameva Jayate: The burden of truth|date= 20 March 2009|via=bangaloremirror.indiatimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahankali-review-telugu-movie-12788|title=Mahankali Review|date=9 March 2013|via=indiaglitz|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226161718/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahankali-review-telugu-movie-12788|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shekar-will-touch-every-heart-director-jeevitha-rajasekhar-tamil-news-313484|title='Shekar' will touch every heart: Director Jeevitha Rajasekhar|date=5 May 2022|via=indiaglitz|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227122937/https://www.indiaglitz.com/shekar-will-touch-every-heart-director-jeevitha-rajasekhar-tamil-news-313484|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She returned to acting after thirty-three years in ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-actress-to-make-her-kollywood-comeback-after-33-years-with-lal-salaam/articleshow/98351980.cms|title=THIS actress to make her Kollywood comeback after 33 years with 'Lal Salaam'|work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2023|via=indiaglitz}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
===As actress===
=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1984 || ''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]'' || Kuzhandhai || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1985 || ''[[Paadum Vaanampadi]]'' || Radha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Selvi (film)|Selvi]]'' || Usha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ilamai]]'' || Bhaama || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Idhu Engal Rajyam'' || Chinna Ponnu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sugamana Raagangal]]'' || Jeeva || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' || Savithri || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Viswanathan Velai Venum]]'' || Sujatha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Vetrikani'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Engal Kural]]'' || Shanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Yaar Pesurathu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Pattuchelai'' || Sarasu || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1986 || ''Maruthi'' || Valli || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kanna Thorakkanum Saami]]'' || Sumathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Jothi Malar'' || Rani || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]'' || Devika || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Piranthaen Valarnthaen]]'' || Meera || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Talambralu (film)|Talambralu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Jigujigu Rail'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Choru'' || Shenbagam || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Africavil Appu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Mounam Kalaikirathu]]'' || Deepa || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Kannudayaal]]'' || Uma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]'' || Vidhya || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987 ||''[[Raja Mariyadhai]]'' || Vaidehi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Oru Sudhanthiram]]'' || Thayamma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Prema Kadambari'' || Sudha || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Damit Katha Adam Thirigindi]]'' || Rani || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Prajaswamyam'' || Bharati || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aahuthi]]'' || Santhi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1988 || ''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]''|| Pushpa || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Bava Marudula Sawal'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' || Jhansi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Valaikappu'' || Chithra || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Mr. Hero'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' || Abaddala Satyavathi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Nava Bharatham'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Kankana Bhagya'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || ''Manchi Varu Maavaru''|| || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Chennapatnam Chinnollu''|| Radha || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Anna Chellalu''|| Jyothi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ankusam]]'' || Parvati || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1990 || ''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]'' || Vikram's wife || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2024 || ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Rani || Tamil ||
|-
|}

===As director and producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Seshu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Sethu...|Sethu]]'' Also dialogue writer
|-
| 2004|| ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]''
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' || {{partial|Co-director}} || {{yes}} || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]''
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2009 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
|-
| 2013|| ''[[Mahankali (film)|Mahankali]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]''
|-
| 2015|| ''[[Gaddam Gang]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''
|-
| 2021|| ''[[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Co-producer}} ||
|-
| 2022|| ''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/291121/jeevitha-returns-to-directing-with-shekar.html |title=Jeevitha returns to directing with 'Shekar' |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 November 2021 |accessdate=1 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0420100|Jeevitha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Telugu women film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

V. Mohan

2026-03-21T12:14:43Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Short description|Indian physician}}
{{Promotional|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. V. Mohan
| image = DrVMohan.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|4|10}}
| birth_place = Kerala
| citizenship = Indian
| alma mater = [[Madras Medical College]], [[Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Diabetologist]], [[Chennai]]
| notable works = [[Type 2 diabetes|Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2012) [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
}}

'''V. Mohan''' is an Indian physician specializing in [[diabetology]]. He is the Chairman of [[Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre]], which is an IDF Centre of Excellence<ref name="idf.org">{{cite web | url=https://idf.org/centres-excellence/dr-mohans-diabetes-specialities-centre/ | title=Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre }}</ref> in Diabetes Care. He is also the Chairman of the [[Madras Diabetes Research Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdrf.in/|title=::Madras Diabetes Research Foundation::|website=www.mdrf.in}}</ref> in Chennai which is an [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] - Collaborating Centre of Excellence (ICMR-CCoE).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICMR Collaborating Centre of Excellence (ICMR-CCoE) {{!}} Indian Council of Medical Research {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmr-collaborating-centre-of-excellence-icmr-ccoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809120541/https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmr-collaborating-centre-of-excellence-icmr-ccoe |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.icmr.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Dr V Mohan - Padma Shri Award.jpg|thumb|Dr V Mohan receiving Padma Shri Award from President of India (2012)]]

Dr. V. Mohan has been in clinical practice for over 53 years and has treated tens of thousands of patients with diabetes. He has published over 1,220 research articles with more than 2,53,149 citations and an h-index of 175.<ref name="auto"/> He also serves on various national and international bodies and societies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pzU0iKMWakeBDNTY01HpoJ/Living-on-the-edge.html?facet=print |title=Living on the edge |publisher=Live Mint |date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://voiceofhealthcare.org/limelight_details.php?id=60 |title=Voice of Healthcare (VOH), Changemaker story. |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621133949/https://voiceofhealthcare.org/limelight_details.php?id=60 }}</ref> He is ranked amongst the top 2% of scientists in the world and the top medical scientist in India as per [[Stanford University|Stanford University Global]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stanford-varsity-ranks-mdrf-diabetologists-among-top-2-researchers/article67427333.ece | title=Stanford varsity ranks MDRF diabetologists among top 2% researchers | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Boyack |first2=Kevin W. |last3=Baas |first3=Jeroen |title=Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators |journal=PLOS Biology |date=16 October 2020 |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e3000918 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918 |pmc=7567353 |pmid=33064726 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/100-tamil-nadu-scientists-among-top-2-per-cent-in-world/articleshow/87548248.cms | title='100+ Tamil Nadu scientists among top 2 per cent in world' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dr V Mohan tops Endocrinology & Metabolism by Stanford University Global Ranking in India | website=BioSpectrum India | date=16 October 2023 | url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/66/23704/dr-v-mohan-tops-endocrinology-metabolism-by-stanford-university-global-ranking-in-india.html#:~:text=Mohan%2C%20Chairman%20of%20Dr.,the%20field%20of%20scientific%20research.and | access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

== Education ==
Dr. Mohan completed his undergraduate (MBBS) and postgraduate medical education (MD, General Medicine) from [[Madras Medical College]] Chennai, India. In 1984 – 85, he worked for a year as a Welcome Trust Research Fellow at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and [[Hammersmith Hospital]], [[London]], U.K and in 1985 – 86 as an Alexander Von Humboldt Fellow at the [[University of Ulm]], [[Germany]].

He was awarded a PhD in 1987 and later a Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) by thesis in 1997 for his research in the field of Fibrocalculous [[Type 3c diabetes|Pancreatic Diabetes]] (FCPD).<ref name="idf.org"/>

== Clinical services ==
Mohan started his research work on diabetes at the age of 18 as an undergraduate medical student when he joined his father, the pioneer in diabetology in India, Prof M. Viswanathan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cmeindia.in/history-today-in-medicine-prof-dr-m-viswanathan/ | title=History Today in Medicine - Prof. Dr. M. Viswanathan | date=25 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/doctor-who-predicted-the-diabetes-epidemic-in-india/articleshow/103796919.cms?from=mdr | title=Doctor who predicted the diabetes epidemic in India | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 September 2023 }}</ref> In 1971, together with his father, he set up the first private diabetes centre in India, the M.V. Hospital for Diabetes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mvdiabetes.com/|title=MV Diabetes – A Healthier, Happier You|date=14 October 2020}}</ref> and continued to work at this centre till 1991. Mohan and his late wife Rema Mohan who was an internationally recognized ophthalmologist in the field of diabetes eye diseases, subsequently established their own diabetes centre under the name of "[[Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre]]".

He and his daughter R.M. Anjana<ref>{{cite web | url=https://inspired-nihr.com/partners/r-m-anjana/ | title=Dr R M Anjana, .B.B.S., M.D., Dip.Diab (UK), Ph.D., FICP, FACP, FRCP (Glasg, Edin, Lond) }}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Ranjit-Mohan-Anjana-39153947 Ranjit Mohan Anjana's research while affiliated with Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care and other places] ResearchGate {{failed verification|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.healthpost.in/interview-india-is-sitting-on-a-diabetes-time-bomb--dr-r-m-anjana-87 | title=India is sitting on a diabetes time bomb: Dr R M Anjana }}</ref> and son in law Ranjit Unnikrishnan<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Ranjit-Unnikrishnan-16168820 Ranjit Unnikrishnan's research while affiliated with Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and other places] ResearchGate {{failed verification|date=November 2023}}</ref> and their colleagues now oversee a chain of [[Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre|50 diabetes centres across 8 states and 32 cities of India]].<ref name="idf.org"/>

== Research ==
In 1996, Mohan and his late wife Rema established the [[Madras Diabetes Research Foundation]] (MDRF) at Chennai with over 20 scientists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/India/Madras%20Diabetes%20Research%20Foundation%20%28MDRF%29/57c69da9140ba057268b456b | title=Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) | date=31 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Viswanathan |title=My 40-year journey in diabetes research: The power of collaboration |journal=Perspectives in Clinical Research |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=113–122 |doi=10.4103/picr.PICR_86_18 |pmid=30090709 |pmc=6058504 |doi-access=free }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Carl |title=Viswanathan Mohan: a dynasty of diabetology |journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology |date=January 2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00316-8 |pmid=34919869 |s2cid=245177443 }}</ref> Over 75 students at MDRF have obtained their PhD degree working at MDRF, from 4 Universities, namely the [[University of Madras|Madras University]], The [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University]], the [[Deakin University]], Melbourne, Australia<ref>[https://www.deakin.edu.au/about-deakin/news-and-media-releases/articles/deakin-university-celebrates-25-years-in-in Deakin University celebrates 25 years] Deakin University {{cite web | url=https://disruptr.deakin.edu.au/health/research-partnership-moves | title=Research partnership moves forward | date=28 September 2017 }}</ref> and the [[University of Warwick]], UK. Dr. Mohan's research combines clinical, epidemiological, and genomic aspects of diabetes.

As of October 2025, he has published 1180 original research papers. His research work has an [[h-index]] of 170,<ref name="auto"/> an [[Author-level metrics|i-10 index]] of 1165<ref name="auto"/> and has received over 246,000 citations.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Dr.V. Mohan |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=FlGf_5UAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> His areas of work include [[Epidemiology of diabetes]] and its complications, Genomics of diabetes, Precision Diabetes, Nutrition and Diabetes and Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD).<ref>[https://rssdi.in/newwebsite/journal/1993_jan-june/article2.pdf Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD) in India] rssdi.in</ref> Dr. Mohan described the criteria for diagnosis of FCPD which is known as Mohan's criteria for FCPD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=V. |last2=Premlatha |first2=G. |title=Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes - Part II |journal=Journal of Applied Medicine |date=1996 |pages=883–887 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/92450/ }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=Ranjit |last2=Mohan |first2=Viswanathan |title=Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) |journal=Acta Diabetologica |date=February 2015 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1007/s00592-014-0685-9 |pmid=25395047 |s2cid=2704559 }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref> He has also done seminal work on describing the Asian Indian (South Asian) Phenotype of type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=Ranjit |last2=Anjana |first2=Ranjit Mohan |last3=Mohan |first3=Viswanathan |title=Diabetes in South Asians: Is the Phenotype Different? |journal=Diabetes |date=2014 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=53–55 |doi=10.2337/db13-1592 |pmid=24357697 |s2cid=14690336 |doi-access=free }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref> He was the national co-ordinator for the ICMR – INDIAB<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anjana |first1=Ranjit Mohan |last2=Pradeepa |first2=Rajendra |last3=Deepa |first3=Mohan |last4=Datta |first4=Manjula |last5=Sudha |first5=Vasudevan |last6=Unnikrishnan |first6=Ranjit |last7=Nath |first7=Lalith M |last8=Das |first8=Ashok Kumar |last9=Madhu |first9=Sri Venkata |last10=Rao |first10=Paturi Vishnupriya |last11=Shukla |first11=Deepak Kumar |last12=Kaur |first12=Tanvir |last13=Ali |first13=Mohammed K |last14=Mohan |first14=Viswanathan |title=The Indian Council of Medical Research–India Diabetes (ICMR–INDIAB) Study: Methodological Details |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |date=July 2011 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=906–914 |doi=10.1177/193229681100500413 |pmid=21880233 |pmc=3192597 }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref> national epidemiological study of diabetes and other NCDs, carried out on 124,000 individuals representative of India's 1.4 billion people and covering all states and union territories of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/31-million-more-indians-became-diabetic-between-2019-2021-says-study/article66949970.ece | title=India logged 31 million new diabetes patients in 2019-21: Study | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 June 2023 | last1=Perappadan | first1=Bindu Shajan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/india-has-a-much-higher-burden-of-metabolic-ncds-icmr-indiab/100854302 | title=India has a much higher burden of metabolic NCDS: ICMR-INDIAB - ET HealthWorld }}</ref> He has also been involved in the other large epidemiological studies like PURE (n = 225,000 individuals in 27 high, middle and low-income countries) and CARRS<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Manisha |last2=Ali |first2=Mohammed K |last3=Ajay |first3=Vamadevan S |last4=Shivashankar |first4=Roopa |last5=Mohan |first5=Viswanathan |last6=Pradeepa |first6=Rajendra |last7=Deepa |first7=Mohan |last8=Khan |first8=Hassan M |last9=Kadir |first9=Muhammad M |last10=Fatmi |first10=Zafar A |last11=Reddy |first11=K Srinath |last12=Tandon |first12=Nikhil |last13=Narayan |first13=KM Venkat |last14=Prabhakaran |first14=Dorairaj |title=CARRS Surveillance study: design and methods to assess burdens from multiple perspectives |journal=BMC Public Health |date=28 August 2012 |volume=12 |page=701 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-701 |pmid=22928740 |pmc=3491014 |doi-access=free }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref> (n = 20,000). His work on [[Maturity-onset diabetes of the young|Monogenic Diabetes]] is well recognised.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/diabetes-endocrinology/perspective/understanding-monogenic-diabetes-with-dr-v-mohan-84571 | title=Understanding Monogenic Diabetes with Dr V Mohan | date=17 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mdrf-opens-centre-to-study-monogenic-diabetes/article37466115.ece | title=MDRF opens centre to study monogenic diabetes | newspaper=The Hindu | date=12 November 2021 }}</ref> He and his colleagues have set up a National Registry for Monogenic Diabetes in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Neonatal and Maturity onset of youth registry india | url=http://www.monogenicdiabetes.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119160045/http://monogenicdiabetes.in/ | access-date=2025-07-13 | archive-date=19 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Training and education programs in diabetes ==
Mohan has started several training courses for diabetes for health care professionals. This includes a two-year full time Fellowship in Diabetology<ref>{{cite web | url=http://diabetescourses.in/Physicians_course.html | title=Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Education Academy }}</ref> for medical doctors with an undergraduate medical degree. In collaboration with the [[Public Health Foundation of India]] (PHFI), the Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Education Academy (DMDEA) set up by him,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-19/chandigarh/39368960_1_phfi-diabetes-management-health-sciences | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716052350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-19/chandigarh/39368960_1_phfi-diabetes-management-health-sciences | archive-date=16 July 2013 | title=National Diabetes Summit 2013 held in Amritsar - Times of India }}</ref> has started a Certificate Course in Evidence-Based Management of Diabetes<ref>{{cite web |title=PHFI | Training Division |url=https://trainingdivision.phfi.org/CCEBDM}}</ref> as well as a Certificate Course in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHFI {{!}} Training Division |url=https://trainingdivision.phfi.org/CCGDM |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=trainingdivision.phfi.org}}</ref> (CCGDM) and a Certificate Course in Diabetic Retinopathy<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHFI {{!}} Training Division |url=https://trainingdivision.phfi.org/CCDR |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=trainingdivision.phfi.org}}</ref> (CCDR).

== Rural Diabetes Services and Charity ==
Mohan established a rural diabetology service with a fully equipped mobile diabetes van and satellite connection with the initial support of the World Diabetes Foundation (WDF), Denmark, and the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) and the National Agro Foundation (NAF).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Viswanathan |last2=Deepa |first2=Mohan |last3=Pradeepa |first3=Rajendra |last4=Prathiba |first4=Venkat |last5=Datta |first5=Manjula |last6=Ravikumar |first6=Sethuraman |last7=Rakesh |first7=Hari |last8=Sucharita |first8=Yarlagadda |last9=Webster |first9=Premila |last10=Allender |first10=Steven |last11=Kapur |first11=Anil |last12=Anjana |first12=Ranjit Mohan |title=Prevention of Diabetes in Rural India with a Telemedicine Intervention |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |date=November 2012 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1355–1364 |doi=10.1177/193229681200600614 |pmid=23294780 |pmc=3570875 }}{{primary source inline|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://rcpsg.ac.uk/college/speaking-up-for-the-profession/news-and-statements/addressing-the-challenges-of-diabetes-in-india/ | title=Addressing the Challenges of Diabetes in India }}</ref> Mohan is a follower of Bhagawan [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] and is a Trustee of the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust at Puttaparthi in Andhra Pradesh.

== Awards ==
Mohan has received several awards, including the [[Padma Shri]] National Award by the Government of India for his accomplishments in the field of diabetology.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf }}</ref> In 2018, he received the Dr. Harold Rifkin Distinguished International Service in the Cause of Diabetes Award<ref>{{cite web | url=https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/2018-harold-rifkin-award-distinguished-international-service-cause-diabetes-viswanathan | title=2018 Harold Rifkin Award for Distinguished International Service in the Cause of Diabetes - Viswanathan Mohan, MD, PhD | American Diabetes Association }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diabetesvoice.org/en/news/distinguished-international-service-awarded-to-advocate-and-doctor-from-india/|title=Distinguished International Service awarded to advocate and doctor from India|first=Lorenzo|last=Piemonte|date=23 July 2018|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> in 2024, the Dr. Kelly West Award for Outstanding Achievement in Epidemiology<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Kelly West Award for Outstanding Achievement in Epidemiology—Viswanathan Mohan, MD, PhD, DSc FACP, FACE {{!}} ADA |url=https://professional.diabetes.org/awards/kelly-west-award-outstanding-achievement-epidemiology-viswanathan-mohan |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=professional.diabetes.org}}</ref> from the [[American Diabetes Association]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/ada-awards-indian-doctor-dr-v-mohan-for-distinguished-service-in-diabetes/|title=ADA awards Indian Doctor, Dr V Mohan for distinguished service in Diabetes|date=6 March 2018|publisher=Medical Dialogues|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
He is also a recipient of the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] of the [[Medical Council of India]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070260651700.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124202/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/02/stories/2008070260651700.htm | archive-date=5 July 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=B.C. Roy awards for 55 doctors | date=2 July 2008}}</ref> the FRSE from the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is also an Honorary Fellow of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Recently, he was awarded the Inaugural European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Diabetes Global Impact Prize<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Impact Prize |url=https://www.easd.org/prizes/global-impact-prize/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.easd.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-09-19 |title=Chennai's V. Mohan gets first-ever EASD Diabetes Global Impact Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/chennais-v-mohan-gets-first-ever-easd-diabetes-global-impact-prize/article70069825.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Books published ==
* {{cite book |year=2017 |last=Mohan |first=V. |title=Sathya Sai Baba lives on |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Sadhana}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://srisathyasaipublications.com/index.php?main_page=pubs_product_book_info&cPath=&products_id=867 | title=Sathya Sai Baba Lives on [9789350692806] - Rs.170.00: Sai Cart!, the Ecom of Sri Sathya Sai Books & Publication Trust }}</ref>
*'Making Excellence a Habit: The Secret to Building a World-Class Healthcare System in India', published by Penguin India in February 2021.
* Banting, Bose and Beyond Published by Notion Press in May 2022.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHpvEAAAQBAJ | isbn=979-8-88530-499-3 | title=Banting, Bose and Beyond: Inspiring Stories of How Insulin Changed Lives in India | date=13 May 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.drvmohan.com/}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Boyack |first2=Kevin W. |last3=Baas |first3=Jeroen |title=Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators |journal=PLOS Biology |date=16 October 2020 |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e3000918 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918 |pmid=33064726 |pmc=7567353 |doi-access=free }}
* [https://diabetesvoice.org/en/news/distinguished-international-service-awarded-to-advocate-and-doctor-from-india/ Distinguished International Service awarded to advocate and doctor from India]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, V.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian diabetologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives in the health care industry]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Ayachi Mishra Dih

2026-03-13T23:01:39Z

MaritzaSandoval: added

{{Short description|Historical site in Bihar}}

{{Infobox monastery
| name = Ayachi Mishra Dih
| native_name_lang = [[Maithili]]
| founder = Ayachi Mishra
| dedication = [[Nyaya]] school of Indian philosophy
| people = Ayachi Mishra, [[Sankara Mishra|Shankar Mishra]]
| location = [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] village, [[Madhubani district]], [[Mithila region]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| remains = Mud mound
| other_info = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| image =
}}
'''Ayachi Mishra Dih''' is a historical site related to the Indian scholar [[Ayachi Mishra]]. It is located at [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की पावन भूमि है अयाची मिश्र डीह - Ayachi Mishra deh is the holy land of Mithila - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-ayachi-mishra-deh-is-the-holy-land-of-mithila-19562764.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Ayachi Mishra was the scholar of [[Nyaya]] school of the [[Indian philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब सरिसबपाही गांव के भवनाथ मिश्र बने प्रसिद्ध अयाची |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-when-bhavnath-mishra-of-sarisbapahi-village-becomes-famous-ayachi-1425292.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> Ayachi Mishra Dih was the part of the [[Vedic learning in Mithila|Ancient Mithila University]]. The historical site is presently maintained by a cultural and religious organisation known as Ayachi Dih Vikas Samiti.<ref>{{Cite news |title=अयाची मिश्र व शंकर मिश्र सभी के लिए प्रेणास्त्रोत : किशोरनाथ |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/ayachi-mishra-and-shankar-mishra-are-the-inspiration-for-everyone-kishorenath-085504-5447839.html}}</ref>

== Description ==
Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] of Bihar unveiled the statue of the famous scholar Ayachi Mishra at Ayachi Mishra Dih in 2017. Ayachi Mishra was 14th century AD scholar, teacher and philosopher in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. His original name was Mahamahopadhyay Pt. Bhavanath Mishra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CM hails Ayachi study model |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/cm-hails-ayachi-study-model/cid/1661551 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His model of teaching is known as Ayachi Study Model.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{improve categories|date=October 2023}}

[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

National Film Development Corporation of India

2026-03-13T05:17:46Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Short description|Central agency devoted to Indian cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = National Film Development Corporation of India
| logo = Official logo NFDC India.jpeg
| parent =
| foundation = 1975
| predecessor = Film Finance Corporation [[Films Division of India]]
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = [[Nehru Centre]], Dr. Annie Besant Road, [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]] – 400 018, India
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Film Industry]]
| products = [[Film]]s
| revenue =
| owner = {{plainlist|
*[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
*[[Government of India]]}}
| operating_income =
| homepage = {{URL|www.nfdcindia.com/}}
}}

The '''National Film Development Corporation of India''' ('''NFDC''') based in [[Mumbai]] is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/about_us.php |title=NFDC: Filming in India, Shooting in India, Indian Movies, Indian Films & Cinema, Bollywood |publisher=Nfdcindia.com |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-date=20 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420024905/http://www.nfdcindia.com/about_us.php |url-status=live}}</ref> It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. The primary goal of the '''NFDC''' is to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of the Indian film industry and foster excellence in cinema.

==History==
The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) was established in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/our_services.php |title=NFDC: Filming in India, Shooting in India, Indian Movies, Indian Films & Cinema, Bollywood |publisher=Nfdcindia.com |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-date=9 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109091711/http://www.nfdcindia.com/our_services.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Over the years, NFDC has provided a wide range of services essential to the growth of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] especially Indian [[parallel cinema]] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="ex">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/NFDC-creates-buzz-in-Cannes-film-market/313166/ |title=NFDC creates buzz in Cannes film market |date=22 May 2008 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161332/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/NFDC-creates-buzz-in-Cannes-film-market/313166/ |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=hindu/> The NFDC (and its predecessor the Film Finance Corporation) has so far funded or produced over 300 films. These films, in various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], have been widely acclaimed and have won many national and international awards. An example from the early 2000s is the third ever [[Kashmir]]i feature film, ''[[Bub (film)|Bub]]'' ('father' in English), which was directed by [[Jyoti Sarup]].

In 1982, NFDC, chaired by [[D. V. S. Raju]], was also one of the production companies for ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', which won eight [[Academy Award]]s.<ref>Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1988. 82.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article884479.ece |title=Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away |author=Special Correspondent |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102193622/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article884479.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Film [[journalist]] and former [[Editing|editor]] of [[Filmfare]], [[B. K. Karanjia]] remained the chairman of the NFDC for several years. He had been instrumental in the establishment of its predecessor, Film Finance Corporation.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Film scribe B K Karanjia passes away |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-scribe-B-K-Karanjia-passes-away/articleshow/14379393.cms |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505143016/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-scribe-B-K-Karanjia-passes-away/articleshow/14379393.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Film journalist B.K. Karanjia, former NFDC chairman, dead |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/film-journalist-b-k-karanjia-former-nfdc-chairman-dead/article1-877546.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426224820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/film-journalist-b-k-karanjia-former-nfdc-chairman-dead/article1-877546.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>
Director, [[Ramesh Sippy]] took over the position of chairman of NFDC in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ramesh-Sippy-new-NFDC-chairperson/Article1-798466.aspx |title=Ramesh Sippy new NFDC chairperson |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 January 2012 |access-date=14 January 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210163110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ramesh-Sippy-new-NFDC-chairperson/Article1-798466.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref> He replaced actor [[Om Puri]] who was appointed in 2008. In 2015, Suresh Gopi was appointed as the new chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/om-puri-to-be-the-chairman-of-nfdc/300597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507143746/http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/om-puri-to-be-the-chairman-of-nfdc/300597 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2013 |title=Om Puri to be the Chairman of NFDC |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=14 January 2013 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Cinemas of India==
In 2013, NFDC started its label, "Cinemas of India", specifically to promote and distribute the [[parallel cinema]] film produced by it, since the 1980s. This also includes the separate "Cinemas of India" website, many of the movies which have long been out of circulation are now restored, and available as free [[Streaming media|online streaming]] and also as DVDs. Notable films in the series, include ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' (1987), ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]'' (1989), ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]'' (1998), ''[[Mammo]]'' (1994), ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969), ''[[Kamla Ki Maut]]'' (1989) and ''[[27 Down]]'' (1974).<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Revisiting the masters |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/revisiting-the-masters/article4960451.ece |date=29 July 2013 |access-date=28 April 2014 |first=Hari |last=Narayan |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045755/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/revisiting-the-masters/article4960451.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the frownies |publisher=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NhmgNVJ8qGK6HUBiRfp7fI/Movies--Meet-the-frownies.html |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223158/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NhmgNVJ8qGK6HUBiRfp7fI/Movies--Meet-the-frownies.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
In capacity as the producer of various films, NFDC has received various awards.
; [[National Film Awards]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year (Awards) !! Title !! Language !! Category !! Shared with
|-
| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 – 28th National Film Awards]] || ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' || [[Hindi]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] || Director – [[Govind Nihalani]]
|-
| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 - 30th National Film Awards]] || ''[[Aparoopa]]'' || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]] || Director – [[Jahnu Barua]]
|-
| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 – 31st National Film Awards]]<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf |title=31st National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=9 December 2011 |page=6 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114953/http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]'' || [[Sanskrit]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || Director – [[G. V. Iyer]]
|-
| 1983 – 31st National Film Awards<ref name="31stawardPDF"/> || ''[[Maya Miriga]]'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] || Director – [[Nirad N. Mohapatra]]
|-
| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 – 32nd National Film Awards]]<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf |title=32nd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=6 January 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203732/http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || Director – [[Satyajit Ray]]
|-
| 1984 – 32nd National Film Awards<ref name="32ndawardPDF"/> || ''Music of Satyajit Ray'' || English || [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]] || Director – [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]]
|-
| 1984 – 32nd National Film Awards<ref name="32ndawardPDF"/> || {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]}} || Hindi || [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] || Director – [[Kundan Shah]]
|-
| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 – 34th National Film Awards]]<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf |title=34th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=7 January 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] || Director – [[Ketan Mehta]]
|-
| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 – 35th National Film Awards]]<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |title=35th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322020437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''Pestonjee'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || Director – [[Vijaya Mehta]]
|-
| 1987 – 35th National Film Awards<ref name="35thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Antarjali Jatra]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || Director – [[Gautam Ghose]]
|-
| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 – 36th National Film Awards]]<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |title=36th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107085713/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || {{•}}Co-producer – [[Mirabai Films]] {{•}}Co-producer -[[Doordarshan]] {{•}}Director – [[Mira Nair]]
|-
| 1988 – 36th National Film Awards<ref name="36thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]'' || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]] || {{•}}Co-producer -[[Doordarshan]] {{•}}Director – [[Sudhir Mishra]]
|-
| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 – 37th National Film Awards]]<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |title=37th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || Director – [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
|-
| 1989 – 37th National Film Awards<ref name="37thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Ganashatru]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || Director – Satyajit Ray
|-
| 1989 – 37th National Film Awards<ref name="37thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]'' || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] || Director – Pervez Merwanji
|-
| 1989 – 37th National Film Awards<ref name="37thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]'' || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]] || Director – Surinder Singh
|-
| 1989 – 37th National Film Awards<ref name="37thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]'' || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]] || Director – [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|-
| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 – 38th National Film Awards]]<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf |title=38th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=9 January 2012 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163809/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Marupakkam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Best Feature Film || Director – [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
|-
| 1990 – 38th National Film Awards<ref name="38thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]'' || Hindi || Second Best Feature Film || Director – Tapan Sinha
|-
| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 – 39th National Film Awards]]<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf |title=39th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=27 February 2012 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215070453/http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Agantuk]]'' || [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] || Best Feature Film || Director – [[Satyajit Ray]]
|-
| 1991 – 39th National Film Awards<ref name="39thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Diksha (film)|Diksha]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || {{•}}Co-producer – [[Doordarshan]] {{•}}Director – [[Arun Kaul]]
|-
| 1991 – 39th National Film Awards<ref name="39thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || {{•}}Co-producer – [[Doordarshan]] {{•}}Director – [[Sudhir Mishra]]
|-
| 1991 – 39th National Film Awards<ref name="39thawardPDF"/> || ''Durga'' || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]] || Director – [[Basu Chatterjee]]
|-
| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 – 40th National Film Awards]]<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |title=40th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=2 March 2012 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'' || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]] || Director – [[Jabbar Patel]]
|-
| 1992 – 40th National Film Awards<ref name="40thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || Director – Shyam Benegal
|-
| 1992 – 40th National Film Awards<ref name="40thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Tahader Katha]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || Director – [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|-
| 1992 – 40th National Film Awards<ref name="40thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Miss Beatty's Children]]'' || English || Best First Film of a Director || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Co-producer – Rooks AV {{•}}Director – [[Pamela Rooks]]
|-
| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 – 41st National Film Awards]]<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf |title=41st National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012936/http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Antareen]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Director – [[Mrinal Sen]]
|-
| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 – 42nd National Film Awards]]<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf |title=42nd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Mammo]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Director – Shyam Benegal
|-
| 1994 – 42nd National Film Awards<ref name="42ndawardPDF"/> || ''Amidini'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Director – [[Chidananda Dasgupta]]
|-
| 1994 – 42nd National Film Awards<ref name="42ndawardPDF"/> || ''Wheelchair'' || Bengali || Best Film on Other Social Issues || Director – Tapan Sinha
|-
| 1994 – 42nd National Film Awards<ref name="42ndawardPDF"/> || ''[[Nirbachana]]'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]] || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Director – Biplab Ray Chowdhury
|-
| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 – 43rd National Film Awards]]<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |title=43rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234418/http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Bangarwadi]]'' || Marathi || Best Feature Film in Marathi || {{•}} Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}} Director – [[Amol Palekar]]
|-
| 1995 – 43rd National Film Awards<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/> || ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]'' || English || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]] || Director – Shyam Benegal
|-
| 1995 – 43rd National Film Awards<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/> || ''Stri'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] || Director – [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
|-
| 1995 – 43rd National Film Awards<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/> || ''[[Yugant]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || Director – Aparna Sen
|-
| 1995 – 43rd National Film Awards<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/> || ''[[Doghi]]'' || Marathi || Best Film on Other Social Issues || {{•}}Co-producer – Doordarshan {{•}}Director – [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]] {{•}}Director – Sunil Sukathankar
|-
| 1995 – 43rd National Film Awards<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/> || ''[[Sanabi(film)|Sanabi]]'' || [[Meitei language|Meitei]] || [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]] || Director – [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|-
| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 – 45th National Film Awards]]<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |title=45th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] || Director – T. V. Chandran
|-
| 1997 – 45th National Film Awards<ref name="45thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Shesha Drushti]]'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]] || Director – [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
|-
| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 – 46th National Film Awards]]<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |title=46th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=12 March 2012 |pages=6–7 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003914/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]'' || [[Hindi]] || Best Feature Film in Hindi || {{•}} Co-producer – [[Shyam Benegal]] {{•}}Co-producer – Sahyadri Films {{•}}Director – Shyam Benegal
|-
| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 – 47th National Film Awards]]<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |title=47th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107090241/http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Biswaprakash]]'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || Best Feature Film in Odia || Director – Sushant Misra
|-
| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 – 49th National Film Awards]]<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf |title=49th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185814/http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Bub (film)|Bub]]'' || [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]] || Director – [[Jyoti Sarup]]
|-
| 2001 – 49th National Film Awards<ref name="49thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Hemanter Pakhi]]'' || Bengali || Best Feature Film in Bengali || Director – Urmi Chakraborty
|-
| 2001 – 49th National Film Awards<ref name="49thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Thilaadanam]]'' || Telugu || Best First Film of a Director || Director – [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
|-
| 2001 – 49th National Film Awards<ref name="49thawardPDF"/> || ''[[Magunira Shagada]]'' || [[Odia language|Odia]] || [[Best Feature Film in Odia]] || Director – Prafulla Mohanty
|-
| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 – 50th National Film Awards]]<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf |title=50th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224027/http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Vastupurush]]'' || Marathi || Best Feature Film in Marathi || {{•}} Director – Sumitra Bhave {{•}} Director – Sunil Sukhtankar
|-
| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 – 51st National Film Awards]]<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |title=51st National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234942/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Dance Like a Man]]'' || English || Best Feature Film in English || Director – [[Pamela Rooks]]
|-
| 2003 – 51st National Film Awards<ref name="51stawardPDF"/> || ''[[Raghu Romeo]]'' || Hindi || Best Feature Film in Hindi || Director – [[Rajat Kapoor]]
|-
| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 – 57th National Film Awards]]<ref name="57thaward">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf |title=57th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235404/http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Paltadacho Munis]]'' || [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|Best Feature Film in Konkani]] || Director – [[Laxmikant Shetgaonkar]]
|-
| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 – 59th National Film Awards]]<ref name="59thnfadff">{{cite web |title=59th National Film Awards for 2011 – Feature Films |url=http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-featured.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105181840/http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-featured.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'' || Punjabi || Best Feature Film in Punjabi || Director – [[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]
|-
|[[60th National Film Awards|2012 – 60th National Film Awards]]<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release |title=60th National Film Awards Announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-date=11 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611113348/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>|| ''[[The Good Road]]''|| Gujarati ||[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]]||Director- Gyan Correa
|-
|[[63rd National Film Awards|2015 – 63rd National Film Awards]]<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release |title=63rd National Film Awards Announced |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[The Fourth Direction|Chauthi Koot]]'' || Punjabi || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]] || Director – [[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]
|}

; International awards

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Award !! Category
|-
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982)
| [[55th Academy Awards]]<ref name="Oscars1983">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1983 |title=The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/55th-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]
|-
| [[36th British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]]
|-
| [[David di Donatello|David di Donatello Awards]]
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film]]
|-
| [[40th Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film]]
|-
| [[National Board of Review Awards 1982]]
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Film]]
|-
| [[1982 New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Children's Film Society, India]]
*[[List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees]]
*[[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.nfdcindia.com/}}
* [http://www.cinemasofindia.com/ Cinemas of India (NFDC) – website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721080144/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/ |date=21 July 2015 }}

{{MIBI}}{{National Film Awards}}{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]
[[Category:Film industry in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]

National Film Award for Best Editing (non-feature film)

2026-03-12T14:26:50Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Editing
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to non-feature films
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1990
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Niladri Roy, ''Moving Focus'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Editing''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for non-feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The award was instituted in 1990 at the [[38th National Film Awards]] and awarded annually for short films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award recipients, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s) and language(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Rajasekharan
| ''Mohiniyattam''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Rajesh Parmar
| ''Sanchari''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | K. R. Bose
| ''Kalarippayat''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Rajesh Parmar
| ''Colors of Absence''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Paresh Kamdar
| ''Rasayatra''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[B. Lenin]]
| ''Kutravali''
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| ''Oodaha''
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| ''Nauka Charitramu''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ujjal Nandy
| ''Jataner Jami''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[:ml:റീന_മോഹൻ|Reena Mohan]]
| ''In The Forest Hangs a Bridge''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ajit Kumar
| ''Of Confucius, S-Spots and Toy guns''
| English, Hindi, Marathi and Tamil
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Sankalp Meshram
| ''Lokpriya''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ajith
| ''Athman''
| [[Universal language|Universal]]
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Prathapan P.
| ''00:00''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Beena Paul]]
| ''Unni''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Prashant Naik
| ''Harvest of Hunger''
| English and [[Odia language|Odia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Vibuti Nathjha
| ''Naina Jogin''
| Hindi and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Amitabh Chakraborty
| rowspan="2" | ''Bishar Blues''
| rowspan="2" | Bengali
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Amit Debnath
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Saikat Ray
| ''Hope Dies Last in War''
| English and Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Manoj Kannoth
| ''Stations''
| Hindi, Marathi and English
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Tarun Bhartiya
| ''In Camera''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Tinni Mitra
| ''Germ''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Iram Ghufran
| ''There is Something in the Air''
| Hindi, [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and English
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Irene Dhar Malik
| ''[[Celluloid Man]]''
| English, Hindi, Kannada and Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Arjun Gaurisaria
| ''[[Gulabi Gang (film)|Gulabi Gang]]''
| Hindi and Bundelkhandi
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Andi Campbell Waite
| ''Tigress Blood''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Parvin Angre
| rowspan="2" | ''Breaking Free''
| rowspan="2" | English
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sridhar Rangayan]]
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Jishnu Sen
| ''Gudh''
|
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Sanjiv Monga
| rowspan="2" | ''Mrityubhoj: The Death Feast''
| rowspan="2" |
| align="center" rowspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Tenzin Kunchok
|-
| align="center"| [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Hemanti Sarkar
| ''Son Rise''
|
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" |[[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Arjun Gourisaria
| ''Shut Up Sona''
| Hindi and English
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=67th National Film Awards announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1706663 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Anadi Athaley
| ''Borderlands''
| Bengali, Nepali, Manipuri, Hindi, and Punjabi
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843932 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Abhro Banerjee
| ''If Memory Serves Me Right''
| English
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Urs]]
| ''Madhyantara''
| Kannada
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Niladri Roy
| ''Moving Focus''
| English
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Non-Feature Film Editing}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Editing Non-feature]]

Ram Balram

2026-03-03T23:59:42Z

MaritzaSandoval: small edit

{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ram Balram
| image = Ram Balram.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
| producer = Tito
| writer = Vijay Anand
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Rekha]] [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Fali Mistry]]
| editing = Vijay Anand
| distributor = Navjeevan Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|11|28}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =

}}

'''''Ram Balram''''' is a 1980 Indian Hindi-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]. The film stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]] and [[Rekha]].

==Plot==
Ram and Balram are two young boys who live with their loving parents. Their scheming uncle, Jagatpal, however, kills the boys' parents. Jagatpal lies to the boys that their parents have been killed in an accident and promises to raise them himself.

He forces the older brother Ram to become a thief (Ram also works as a mechanic to conceal his thefts). He enrolls the younger brother Balram in school and eventually sends him off to join the police force. Jagatpal has a tight hold on the boys, even when Ram is an adult, he still gives all his wages to his uncle and is only allowed to keep a few rupees for pocket money.

When Balram returns as a fully fledged police officer, Jagatpal finally reveals his plan. He is going to use Ram to target the biggest smugglers in India. Now that Balram is a police officer, he will protect his brother from getting arrested. Ram and Balram have reservations, but Jagatpal threatens to beat them just as he did when they were boys; he has a needle at the edge of his cane and whenever the boys would do something Jagatpal dislikes, he would put the pointy and dangerous needle on the boys' neck.

To circumvent Jagatpal’s plan, Balram tells his superiors in the police force that his brother intends to infiltrate the smuggler's underworld so that Balram can arrest them. Thus, Ram becomes a police informer.

The plan goes well. Ram becomes one of the lieutenants of one of the biggest smugglers, Suleman. He robs both Suleman and another big smuggler Chaman. Balram's excellent arrest rate makes him one of the force's most successful officers. Still, Jagatpal becomes enormously wealthy from Ram's illicit gains.

The brothers also find love. Balram with Shobha, the daughter of a college professor and Ram with Madhu, a girl who has moved to the area with her mother looking for her father. Unbeknownst to Ram, the girl believes her father to be Jagatpal. Her courtesan mother Tara, attempts to extort money from Jagatpal but he refuses to believe that he is Madhu’s father. His suspicions are confirmed when he catches the mother paying off a former acquaintance. The man is confronted by Jagatpal and confesses that the girl is not Jagatpal's daughter.

Jagatpal's plan comes unstuck however when the boys' mother returns. She did not die after all. She reveals Jagatpal's actions to the two brothers and they unite to take him down.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Ram aka Bholu Ram
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Inspector Balram Singh
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Madhu<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-zeenat-aman-and-rekha-signed-their-only-collaboration-to-date-8597010.html|title=When Zeenat Aman And Rekha Signed Their Only Collaboration To Date|date=29 September 2023|website=News18}}</ref>
*[[Rekha]] as Shobha<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Jaggu / Chaudhary Jagatpal Singh
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Sulaiman
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Chandan Singh
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Tarabai
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Professor (Shobha's Father)
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Inspector Mukherjee
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Daku Satarawala
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Saraswati Devi

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]. Lyrics penned by [[Anand Bakshi]]. Mohammed Rafi playbacked for Dharmendra, Kishore Kumar playbacked for Amitabh Bachchan, Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle sang for Zeenat Aman, and Asha Bhosle sang for Rekha.

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:95%;"
!Song!!Singer
|-
|"Ek Rasta, Do Rahi, Ek Chor, Ek Sipahi"
|[[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|"Humse Bhool Ho Gayi, Humka Maafi Dai Do"
|[[Kishore Kumar]], Asha Bhosle
|-
|"Yaar Ki Khabar Mil Gayi, Pyar Ki Nazar Mil Gayi"
|Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
|"Ladki Pasand Ki Mushkil Se Milti Hai, Mil Gayi, Mil Gayi"
|Mohammed Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|"Ab To Ram Hi Jaan Bachaye, Bera Paar Lagaye"
|Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Dilraj Kaur]]
|-
|}

==Box office==
Lifetime collection of Ram Balram was {{INR}} 4.7 [[crore]].<ref>https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ram-balram/box-office/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0081401}}

{{Vijay Anand}}

[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pruthviraj (film)

2026-03-03T22:06:59Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up initial entry basic info

{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}{{Short description|1992 Kannada film by Renuka Sharma}}{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pruthviraj
| image = Pruthviraj.jpg
| caption = Title card of the film
| director = [[Renuka Sharma]]
| producer = M. S. Suresh Babu
| studio = Swathi Cine Arts
| writer = Renuka Sharma Madhukar Veerappa Maralavadi
| music = Sax Raja
| cinematography = S. V. Shrikanth<ref>{{cite web|title=S. V. Shrikanth film list|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/s-v-srikanth}}</ref>
| editing = R. Shyam Yadav<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/shyam-yadav|title=Shyam Yadav Filmography}}</ref>
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Devaraj]]
* Bhavya
}}
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Pruthviraj''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] co-written and directed by [[Renuka Sharma]]. The film was financed by M. S. Suresh babu under Swathi Cine Arts and had music scored and composed by Sax Raja. The film stars [[Devaraj]] in the titular role alongside [[Bhavya]], Avinash, Shanti and [[Padma Kumta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pruthvi Raj|website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Pruthvi-Raj-Devaraj/dp/B07C3T4WWG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP__F5DuQG8|title=Pruthviraj|date=9 September 2014 |via=youtube.com}}</ref>

The film follows a young man who after an accident loses his memory and comes across different people addressing him by two different names. While one name offers family and protection the other causes trouble. How the man confirms his identity and retraces his lost memory forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
=== Main characters ===
* [[Devaraj]] — Pruthviraj and Keerthiraj (Double Role)
* Bhavya — Madhavi
* Avinash — Inspector Rajasekhar

=== Supporting characters ===
* [[Padma Kumta]] as Pruthvi's mother
* Bharat Bhagavathar as Danappa
* Shanti as Kavitha
* [[Mysore Lokesh]] as Giridhar
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Siddharama
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Maheshwarappa
* [[Lambu Nagesh]] as Goon
* Abhilasha as Menagha

== Plot ==
A young man driving an ambassador car is chased by a biker gang. When the car crashes into a tree, a police jeep which passes by notices him and takes him to the hospital. Inspector Rajasekhar who happened to be there in the jeep learns from the doctor that the accident caused a major head injury for the person resulting in temporary memory loss. In order to find who he is, Rajasekhar publishes his photo in all the major newspapers. The next day three people arrive. The first person is a young woman, Kavitha, who claims to be the victim, Keerthi's girlfriend. Danappa, the second person tells he is Keerthi's father while the third one, an inspector calls Keerthi a wanted criminal. However, the three of them not knowing each other arises suspicion in the mind of Rajasekhar who believes the person (perhaps Keerthi) is faking his memory loss and hence places a microphone beneath his bed. One night he is attacked by some mysterious person after Keerthi fails to provide information regarding some black diary. After another attack, Keerthi runs away from the hospital not intending to meet any of them again causing Rajasekhar to believe that he has been abducted.

While walking aimlessly he comes across Swathi, a small girl, who calls him her father and takes him to her house where her grandmother calls him as Pruthvi, her only son. This fact is refuted by Pruthvi's wife, Madhavi who claims to have cremated her own husband. She reveals how he went missing on a picnic forcing them to inform the police who takes her to a hospital morgue the very next day only for her to discover her husband's corpse. This happened a few days back. However, she is forced to keep him there as both Swathi and her mother-in-law refuses to believe her. Keerthi/Pruthvi begins to have a paternal relation with Swathi which disturbs Madhavi who asks him to go out. As he moves on again, aimlessly and hopelessly, he comes across Menagha, who happens to be one of those queer agents sent by some '''Boss''' to retrieve the Black Diary. After escaping from them he returns to Pruthvi's house where Madhavi asks him to stay there until Swathi gets to know the truth. Meanwhile, Police Constable Siddharama posing as a beggar traces Pruthvi/Keerthi's location and informs Rajasekhar who makes a visit to the house right away. With Madhavi's help Pruthvi/Keerthi somewhat convinces Rajasekhar that he is Pruthvi. One day when they travel to temple, Pruthvi/Keerthi runs back to the house upon seeing Kavitha. A few agents who had followed Pruthvi/Keerthi to the temple kidnaps Swathi ordering Madhavi to ask Keerthi to handover the black diary. They give their location. Keerthi/Pruthvi heads to that place only to be captured and tortured.

Rajasekhar, in the meantime, contacts Kavitha and Danappa and sends them to Pruthvi's house where Danappa recognises Pruthvi's mother as his late master's wife and reveals Keerthi to be Pruthvi's twin brother. The story cuts to a flashback. Two crime lords, Giridhar and Chakravarthy('''Boss'''), attacks Maheshwarappa, the father of Pruthvi and Keerthi, and Danappa after Maheshwarappa, an honest police officer, arrests and humiliates them. They leave after asking their henchmen to put the house on fire. Danappa manages to escape with Keerthi while Pruthvi and his mother who had gone to the nearby temple returns to see the burning mansion believing all the three of them to be dead. Confirming that the person is Keerthi, Rajasekhar decides to travel to the mysterious location of Chakravarthy with armed forces.

Keerthi who gets a major blow on his head from one of Chakravarthy's henchman regains his memory. On the day of picnic when Pruthvi went to fetch some water he came across an injured Keerthi. The latter recognises Pruthvi as his elder twin brother and convinces about how he is his estranged brother. Keerthi narrates that he was raised by Danappa after their father got killed with the sole intention of avenging his murder. As an adult, he manages to be a loyal member of Chakravarthy's gang and after killing Giridhar flees with the mysterious Black Diary which contains the complete information regarding Chakravarthy's global crime syndicate. He is, however, chased by the latter's goons who shoot him forcing him to take shelter there. Before dying he gives the Black Diary to Pruthvi asking him to hand over it to the Government authorities. While trying to escape from Chakravarthy's goons Pruthvi comes across an Ambassador car and escapes in that. It was after this that he met with the accident.

Confirming that he is Pruthvi, he breaks free from captivity and kills Chakravarthy's goons. After saving his daughter he thrashes Chakravarthy. Rajasekhar who arrives with Pruthvi's family and the police prevents Pruthvi from killing Chakravarthy. Pruthvi reveals the truth to everyone and reveals to Chakravarthy that he is Maheshwarappa's son. Kavitha sacrifices her life to protect Pruthvi from one of Chakravarthy's severely wounded henchman. Pruthvi reveals to Rajasekhar that the Black Diary is hidden in the ceiling of the Ambassador car he had driven that day. The family is reunited.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| language = Kannada
| artist = Sax Raja
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| type = Soundtrack
| released = 31 August 1992
| recorded = 1992
| studio = Prasad Recording Studios
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| name = Pruthviraj
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Pruthviraj
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Maavu Sihiya Maavu
}}
| prev_title = Ranachandi
| prev_year = 1991<ref name="ab">{{cite web|title=Sax Raja discography|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/sax-raja}}</ref>
| next_title = Abhijith
| next_year = 1993<ref name="ab"/>
}}
The film had its soundtrack album scored and composed by Sax Raja. The album comprised 4 songs with one being a single.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/pruthviraj|title=Pruthviraj songs}}</ref>

=== Tracks ===
* '''Chandada Nandavana''' sung by [[Yesudas]] and [[K. S. Chitra]]
* '''Banni Kanna Mucche''' sung by Yesudas, [[Kasturi Shankar]] and Baby Archana
* '''Adhe Saagara''' sung by Yesudas and K. S. Chitra
* '''Maavu Sihiya Maavu''' by Latha Hamsalekha

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sax Raja]]

Shubhamangala (2022 film)

2026-03-03T12:10:19Z

MaritzaSandoval: done

{{short description|2022 film by Santosh G}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubhamangala
| image = Shubhamangala (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Santhosh G
| producer = Avyakta Films
| writer = Santhosh G Satyaki
| screenplay =
| story = Santhosh G
| based_on =
| starring =Siddarth Madyamika [[Meghana Gaonkar]] [[Hitha Chandrashekar]]
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cinematography = Rakesh B Raj
| editing = Santhosh Gopal
| studio = Avyakta Films Gimmick Keys
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Shubhamangala''''' ({{translation|Happy Ending)}} is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, edited and directed by debutant Santosh G.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian marriages, cultures have always made for a beautiful canvas: Director Santhosh Gopal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Oct/12/indian-marriages-cultures-have-always-made-for-a-beautiful-canvas-directorsanthosh-gopal-2507089.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |author=Sharadhaa A |date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090525/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Oct/12/indian-marriages-cultures-have-always-made-for-a-beautiful-canvas-directorsanthosh-gopal-2507089.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shubhamangala-teaser-debutant-santhosh-gopals-film-explores-love-relationships-and-a-wedding/90fdb9036c90 |title=Shubhamangala teaser: Debutant Santhosh Gopal's film explores love, relationships and a wedding |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Ott Play |date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092817/https://www.ottplay.com/news/shubhamangala-teaser-debutant-santhosh-gopals-film-explores-love-relationships-and-a-wedding/90fdb9036c90 |url-status=live}}</ref> Starring Siddarth Madyamika, [[Meghana Gaonkar]] and [[Hitha Chandrashekar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhamangala review: Hitha Chandrashekar is the glue that holds this tale together |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/shubhamangala-review-hitha-chandrashekar-is-the-glue-that-holds-this-tale-together/f7e41930ac641 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=OTT Play |date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091626/https://www.ottplay.com/review/shubhamangala-review-hitha-chandrashekar-is-the-glue-that-holds-this-tale-together/f7e41930ac641 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by Avyakta Films with the association of Gimmick Keys banner.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shubhamangala/movie-review/94856697.cms |title=Shubhamangala Movie Review: A happy wedding tale |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shubhamangala/movie-review/94856697.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Judah Sandhy]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Rakesh B Raj.

''Shubhamangala'' was theatrically released on 14 October 2022, where it received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/siddhaartha-maadhyamika-meghana-gaonkar-and-hitha-chandrashekars-shubhamangala-sets-its-release-date/a91fd8410a328 |title=Siddhaartha Maadhyamika, Meghana Gaonkar and Hitha Chandrashekar's Shubhamangala sets its release date |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Ott Play |date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092746/https://www.ottplay.com/news/siddhaartha-maadhyamika-meghana-gaonkar-and-hitha-chandrashekars-shubhamangala-sets-its-release-date/a91fd8410a328 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Shiva is getting arranged married with Vidhya. During reception, night before the marriage ceremony, Anu arrived and secretly proposed Shiva on stage. Anu and Shiva are working together for last 5 years, Anu continuously Shiva's proposal and now she is asking to marry her. Vidhya has big dream's with Shiva. Now Shiva in dilemma, who to marry.
Same night, in same place, others also various dilemma, about their love.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Meghana Gaonkar]] as Anulatha <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-meghana-gaonkar-siddharth-madhyamikas-next-movie-titled-shubhamangala/articleshow/82035105.cms |title=ಶ್ರೀನಾಥ್ & ಆರತಿ ನಟನೆಯ ಹಿಟ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾವೊಂದರ ಟೈಟಲ್‌ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಳಕೆ! ಮೇಘನಾ ಗಾಂವ್ಕರ್‌ ನಾಯಕಿ |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Vijaya Karnataka Times |date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091509/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-meghana-gaonkar-siddharth-madhyamikas-next-movie-titled-shubhamangala/articleshow/82035105.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hitha Chandrashekar]] as Vidhya
*Siddarth Madyamika as Shiva Kumar
*Rakesh Maiya as Dileep, shiva's friend
* Anirudh Acharya
* Babu Hirannaiah as David
* Gopalkrishna Deshpande as Manjunath, Photographer
* [[Aruna Balraj]]
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as Shiva's father
*Deepti Nagendra as Dhanya
*Hari Samashti as Kumara, Shiva's friend
*Ila Veermalla as Preethi
* Adithi Ram as Tanisha
*[[Vijay Chendoor]] as Pre-wedding videography director
*Prashanth Natana
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shubhamangala
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2022|10|6|df=y}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:27
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shubhamangala (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/shubhamangala-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1649887975 |publisher=iTunes Store |access-date=5 October 2024 |date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103040/https://music.apple.com/in/album/shubhamangala-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1649887975 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| producer =
| prev_title =[[Sakath]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = Buddies
| next_year = 2022
}}
[[Judah Sandhy]] composed the music for the film, [[K. Kalyan]], [[Jayant Kaikini]] and Trivikram penned the lyrics.

{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Sobaane
| extra1 = Madhuri Sheshadri
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length1 = 3:59
| title2 = Hey Kuchu Kuchu
| extra2 = Varun Ramachandra
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Urulive Kshana
| extra3 = Pancham Jeeva
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Ee Bhoomi - Sangeeth Song
| extra4 =Supriyaa Lohith, Pancham Jeeva, Madhuri Sheshadri, Abhijit Y R,Judah Sandhy
| lyrics4 = Trivikram
| length4 =
| title5 = Muthinantha Mathu
| extra5 = Ashwin Sharma, Madhuri Sheshadri
| lyrics5 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| length5 = 4:45
|title6 = Preethiye Idena
|extra6 = Supriyaa Ram
|lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
|length6 = 1:52
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27486508|Shubhamangala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shubhamangala}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-03T10:03:47Z

MaritzaSandoval: added a details...

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = File:Snow Leopards - Ghost of the Mountains for Ministry of Tourism (MOT) India 9.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Snow leopard]] in Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| map_alt = Location of Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh
| map_caption = Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary (in Himachal Pradesh)
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32.2096|78.0765|region:IN-HP|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{cvt|2220.12|km2}}
| established = 1999
| governing_body = Himachal Pradesh Forest Department
| label = Kibber WS
| mark = Green pog.svg
}}
'''Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a high-altitude [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|protected area]] in the Indian [[Himalayas]]. It is located in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It was established in 1999, and covers an area of {{cvt|2220.12|km2}}.<ref name="HPForest">{{cite web |url= https://hpforest.gov.in/storage/files/4/pdf/KibberWildLifeSanctuary_A1b.pdf|title= Government of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> It is the only [[cold desert]] sanctuary in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanctuaries |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/sanctuaries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828064348/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/sanctuaries/ |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] }}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary spans an area of {{cvt|2220.12|km2}} in the [[Spiti Valley]] of the [[Himalayas]]. It forms part of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and is the largest protected area in the state. It mainly consists of [[cold desert]] and [[Alpine tundra|alpine]] habitat around the village of [[Kibber]], at elevations ranging between {{cvt|3800-6000|m}}.<ref name="HPForest" /> The sanctuary encompasses the [[Spiti|upper Spiti River valley]] and the surrounding ridges. It borders the [[Pin Valley National Park]] to the south via a high-altitude corridor. The terrain is characterized by stark rocky slopes, glacier-fed streams, and sparse alpine meadows.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Biodiversity Assessment of Spiti Region (including Kibber WS) |url=https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/publications/spiti_biodiversity_report.pdf |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111141425/https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/publications/spiti_biodiversity_report.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2026}}</ref> The reserve can be accessed via the state highway connecting [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]] and [[Chandra Taal]].<ref name="HPForest" />

== Flora and fauna ==
There were 116 [[plant species]] recorded in the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, representing 71 [[genera]] and 33 [[Family (biology)|families]]. Among these, nine species were [[shrubs]] and 107 were classified as [[herbs]]. The dominant families were ''[[Asteraceae]]'', ''[[Fabaceae]]'', and ''[[Rosaceae]]''. Commonly found [[medicinal plants]] include Ratan Jot (''[[Arnebia|Arnebia euchroma]]''), Atis (''[[Aconitum heterophyllum]]''), Pashanved (''[[Bergenia stracheyi]]''), Somlata (''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]''), Kutki (''[[Picrorhiza kurroa]]''), Caragana (''[[Caragana|Caragana versicolor]]''), Thangdoom (''[[Hyoscyamus niger]]''), Gipachi (''[[Nepeta|Nepeta longibracteata]]''), and Sangthick (''[[Primula scotica]]'').<ref name="Report">{{Cite web |title=Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://spitiwildlifedivision.in/protected-areas/kibber-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Spiti Wildlife Division }}</ref>

The wildlife sanctuary supports several high-altitude [[mammals]] such as [[Bharal]] (''Pseudois nayaur''), [[Himalayan marmot]] (''Marmota himalayana''), [[Himalayan tahr]] (''Hemitragus jemlahicus''), [[Himalayan wolf]] (''Canis lupus chanco''), [[Siberian ibex]] (''Capra sibirica''), [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia''), and [[Tibetan gazelle]] (''Procapra picticaudata'').<ref name="Report"/> About 30 snow leopards were reported in the sanctuary in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Up to 30 snow leopards in Kibber wildlife sanctuary of Spiti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/forest-guard-captures-snow-leopard-family-on-camera-revives-hopes-for-big-cat/articleshow/63261048.cms |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There have been more than 90 documented [[bird]] species in the park including [[bearded vulture]] (''Gypaetus barbatus''), [[chukar partridge]] (''Alectoris chukar''), [[Himalayan vulture]] (''Gyps himalayensis''), and [[Tibetan snowcock]] (''Tetraogallus tibetanus'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Bird list – Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L5683456 |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=eBird}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/59-protected-area-network Protected Area Network – Himachal Pradesh Forest Department]

Murasoli Maran

2026-02-28T08:18:25Z

MaritzaSandoval: fix formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Indian politician (1934 – 2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Murasoli Maran
| image = Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg
| caption =

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| term_start1 = 15 May 1996
| term_end1 = 23 November 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Era Anbarasu]]
| successor1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]

| constituency2 = [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| term_start2 = 4 March 1967
| term_end2 = 23 March 1977
| predecessor2 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor2 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R Venkatraman]]

| office3 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister for Commerce and Industry]]
| primeminister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start3 = 13 October 1999
| term_end3 = 9 November 2002
| predecessor3 = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| successor3 = [[Arun Shourie]]

| office4 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister for Industry]]
| primeminister4 = [[H. D. Dewe Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
| term_start4 = 1 June 1996
| term_end4 = 19 March 1998
| predecessor4 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| successor4 = [[Sikander Bakht]]

| office5 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|1blankname5 = Chairman of the House
|1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[B. D. Jatti]]|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkatraman]] |[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]|[[K. R. Narayanan]]}}
| term_start5 = 25 July 1977
| term_end5 = 25 July 1995

| office6 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister for Urban Development]]
| primeminister6 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| term_start6 = 2 December 1989
| term_end6 = 10 November 1990
| predecessor6 = [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| successor6 = [[Daulat Ram Saran]]

| birth_name = Murasoli Maran
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|8|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thirukuvalai]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|11|23|1934|8|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Mallika Maran|1963}}
| relatives = [[Karunanidhi family]]
| children = [[Kalanidhi Maran]] (b.1964) [[Dayanidhi Maran]] (b.1966) Anbukarasi (b.1978)
| parents = Shanmugasundari
| alma_mater = [[Pachaiyappa's College]], [[Madras Law College]]
}}

'''Murasoli Maran''' (17 August 1934, [[Thirukkuvalai]] – 23 November 2003) was an Indian politician and leader of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party, which was headed by his maternal uncle and mentor, [[M. Karunanidhi]]. A Member of Parliament for 36 years, he was Union Minister in three separate central governments, and in charge of [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]] in the [[V. P. Singh]] government; Industry in the [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Gowda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral|Gujral]] governments; and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]] under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]].<ref name="manypart">{{cite web |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219003709700.htm |date=December 2003 |title= A man of many parts|author= T. S. Subramanian |work=Frontline Magazine |accessdate= 9 September 2006 |url-status= usurped |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070221042413/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219003709700.htm |archivedate = 21 February 2007 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> Outside of politics, Maran was a journalist and scriptwriter for films.<ref name="thehinduopnion">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/11/25/stories/2003112500951000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221043441/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/11/25/stories/2003112500951000.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2007|title=MURASOLI MARAN, 1934–2003 |work=The Hindu tamil|date=25 November 2003|accessdate=9 September 2006}}</ref>

==Biography==
Murasoli Maran was born on 17 August 1934 to Shanmugasundari, the elder sister of [[M. Karunanidhi]], in [[Thirukkuvalai]], [[Madras Presidency]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]. After completing his basic education in his hometown, he moved to [[Madras]] to get an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from [[Pachaiyappa's College]] and [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]. While at school, he became involved with DMK. Before joining politics, he was an editor for the [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] daily newspaper ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]'' and the English weekly ''The Rising Sun''. He also worked on the Tamil-language publications ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'', ''Muththaram'', ''Vannathirai'' and ''Sumangali''. Maran later worked as a social worker.{{cn|date=April 2025}} He was vocal against [[Hindi (language)|Hindi]] being introduced in Tamil Nadu and was arrested during the [[Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu#Agitation_of_1965|Agitation of 1965]]. He was detained for a year under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030204203310/http://did.nic.in/improfile/profile.htm MR. MURASOLI MARAN. UNION MINISTER FOR COMMERCE & INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI]. nic.in</ref>

Maran was first elected to [[Lok Sabha]] in [[1967 Indian general election in Madras State|1967]], followed by a reelection in [[1971 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1971]]. He was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1977 to 1995, during which he was on the Committee on Public Undertakings for three terms. Other committees he took part in were the General Purposes Committee (1980–1982); the Public Accounts Committee (1980–1982, 1991-1995); the Committee on the Welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (1982–1983, 1987-1988); and the Committee on Subordinate Legislation (1988–1989); the Joint Parliamentary Committee to enquire into irregularities in the securities and banking transactions (1992–1993). He also served as Union Cabinet Minister, first in [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]] (1989-1990), then in [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Industry]] (1996-1998, 1999-2002). He then returned to Lok Sabha in [[11th Lok Sabha|1996]], [[12th Lok Sabha|1998]], and [[13th Lok Sabha|1999]].{{cn|date=April 2025}} Prior to his death in November 2003, he was a Cabinet Minister [[Minister_without_portfolio#India|without portfolio]].<ref name=rediff/>

Maran married Mallika on 15 September 1963 he and they had two sons, [[Dayanidhi Maran |Dayanidhi]] and [[Kalanithi Maran|Kalanithi]], and one daughter, Anbukarasi. Dayanidhi Maran previously served as an MP and Union Minister and Kalanithi owns [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. Anbukarasi is a cardiologist.{{cn|date=April 2025}} Maran was admitted to [[Houston Methodist Hospital]] in the United States on 14 November 2002 with heart ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]) and kidney issues. He later received treatment at [[Apollo Hospital]] in [[Chennai]]. In late 2003, he fell into a coma, eventually dying aged 69 on 23 November 2003.<ref name=rediff>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/nov/23maran.htm Murasoli Maran dies after prolonged illness]. Rediff.com (23 November 2003). Retrieved on 14 November 2018.</ref> He was a Minister without portfolio when he died, with his portfolio given to [[Arun Shourie]]. Then-Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was among those who attended his funeral in Chennai.{{cn|date=April 2025}} He was survived by his mother, uncle, wife, children, children-in-law and grandchildren.

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
Outside of politics, Maran was involved in the Tamil-language film industry, writing screenplays for more than 20, producing five, and directing two. The [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] conferred the title ''Kalai-Mamani'' in 1975. He was awarded the President's Certificate of Merit and Tamil Nadu Government Award for three films in the category Best Feature Film.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Writer !! Producer !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|Kula Dheivam]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958 || ''[[Annaiyin Aanai]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ''[[Anbu Engey]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1959 || ''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ''[[Sahodhari]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Theerpu]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]'' ||  || {{center|X}} || {{center|X}} ||  ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Valiba Virundhu|Valiba Virunthu]]'' ||  || {{center|X}} || {{center|X}} ||  ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Engal Thangam]]'' || {{center|X}} ||  {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Pillaiyo Pillai]]'' ||  || {{center|X}} ||  ||  ||
|}

==See also==
*[[Political families of India|Political Families of India]]
*[[List of political families|Political Families of The World]]

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=243&lastls=13 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maran, Murasoli}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karunanidhi family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]

Hooli

2026-02-27T20:57:09Z

MaritzaSandoval: rework references as per guidelines and improved wording for clarity

{{For multi|the fictional tech company|Silicon Valley (TV series)|the Maltese rapper|Hooligan (rapper)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hooli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Panchalingeshwara_temple_Hooli_1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panchalingeshwara temple at Hooli
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.7833|N|75.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 591126
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = KA-24
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Saundatti]]
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =

| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Hooli''' is a town in [[Belgaum District|Belagaavi District]] in [[Karnataka]], India. It is about {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} from [[Saundatti]]. One of the oldest villages in the Belgaum District, Hooli is the site of the Panchaligeswara temple and the Trikuteshwara Temple. The village is historically rich, boasting of a ruined fort atop a hill and numerous temples. Hooli has been under the rule of the [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]], [[Patwardhans]] of [[Ramdurg]] and most of the temples feature Chalukya architecture and were initially [[Jain]] Bastis or Basadis indicating a Chalukya rule. The name of the village is a corrupted form of PooValli meaning a flowery ear ornament. The village was also called Mahishpatinagar in ancient times.

==Hooli temples==
===Panchalingeshwara temple Hooli===

The nice architecture of Hooli Panchalingeshwar Temple is to be adored. It is a protected monument that comes under [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Earlier, during summer afternoons people used to rest in the shade of this temple. Because the temple was made of stone, it was unbelievably cool even in the scorching summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpbelgaum.kar.nic.in/hoolitemple.html|title=HOOLI PANCHALINGESHWAR TEMPLE|access-date=2008-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309212621/http://www.zpbelgaum.kar.nic.in/hoolitemple.html|archive-date=2009-03-09}}</ref>

Opposite the Panchalingeshwara temple is the relatively modern Hari Mandir. The Sant Culture or [[Nath]] tradition influenced heavily by [[Jnaneshwar]] flourished here.

===Conservation and restoration===
Other than Panchalingeshwara Temple, Hooli has many other old temples; most of them are now in ruins due to negligence. One can be amazed by the sculptures and carvings on the stone. Most of the temples have their floor dug up for treasure hunts, so much is lost and stolen.

Other temples at Hooli include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiastudies.org/site_list.htm |title=Monuments at Hooli |access-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182255/http://www.indiastudies.org/site_list.htm |archive-date=2008-12-01}}</ref>

* Andhakeshwara Temple
* Bhavnisankara Temple
* Kalmeshwara Temple
* Kashi Vishwanatha Temple
* Madaneshwara Temple
* Suryanarayan Temple
* Tarkeshwara Temple
* Hooli Sangameshwar Ajjanavaru Temple
* Trikooteshwara Temple Hooli
* Beerdevar temple Hooli

===Tourism plans===
There probably are plans or proposals to convert the Panchlingeshwar Temple site to a tourist destination. To achieve this objective, the concerned central/state department has performed survey and has been in discussion with the local people. This development may involve the demolition of local houses within the perimeter of some {{convert|100|–|200|m|sp=us}}. In case this happens, it would be a great shame, as this very structures, most of them mud houses surrounding the temple are also a part of the village history and carry invaluable importance to the local architecture settings. In India, the lessons needs to be derived from observing how some of the world heritage sites around the world, is being preserved and more importantly recreated as its original state.

An ideal solution to preserve the architecture and as well encourage tourism is to develop a tourism infrastructure outside the village and then facilitate organized tours to the temple. Hotels, restaurants, shops, parking places etc. should not be allowed to flourish anywhere within the existing village or nearby the temple site and instead be located outside the village. If required, evacuate the population in affected perimeter, but preserve each and every structures as they are and convert them to museums. The village Hooli is still alive with activity and its surroundings has lot of history and architecture to share with tourists and fill few museums around the site.

Any development in the vicinity of the site is going to be disastrous, difficult to maintain, and lose the charm of the very architecture piece, that is being showcased. Not to say that the impacted villagers will not only lose their ancestral home, but instead become detached from the village itself, where, their ancestors once upon a time created and served this archaeological masterpiece. Rather, the old mud houses should be maintained as they are and there owners / residents should be made partners in their conservation. For someone, who has experienced and lived in the village 30 or 40 years back, which once had streets paved with cobbled stones, the ruins of temple around the village which had number of precious architecture pieces, is now all but stolen or destroyed. Further degradation is not necessary in name of the preservation and encouraging tourism. Hooli is also known as "Shiva Kashi".

==Shivakashi Stream ==

Shivakashi Valley seems to be a place which was once densely covered by trees. At this location you can find the marks left by monsoon springs and water falls. Based on stories from village elders there were tigers once upon a time. Village folks hunted them off decades ago.

The location otherwise is dotted with many temples and wells. There is a Dhyan Mandir used by Krishnaraj Swamiji as the legend has it. The view from the top of the hill is picturesque. The water cascades down at various levels and flows to join the lake in front of KereSiddeshwara Temple.

==Hooli surname ==

Ancestors born & brought up at this place migrated to nearby villages over a long period of time, they were referred to as people from "Hooli", hence many families have their surnames as "Hooli".

However, the most common surnames in the Hooli village itself are Munavalli, Kulkarni, Patil, Hirekumbi, Goudar, Chikkareddi. These families have been living in the same area for hundreds of years now and every family is invariably interrelated.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Panchalingeshwara temple Hooli 2.jpg|Hooli Panchalingeshwara temple
Image:Panchalingeshwara temple Hooli 4.jpg|Hooli Panchalingeshwara temple
Image:Panchalingeshwara temple Hooli 5.jpg|Hooli Panchalingeshwara temple
Image:Historical temple Hooli 1.jpg|Ruined temple
Image:Historical temple Hooli 3.jpg|Ruined temple
Image:Historical temple Hooli 4.jpg|Ruined temple
Image:Historical temple Hooli 5.jpg|Ruined temple
Image:Historical temple Hooli 6.jpg|Ruined temple
</gallery>

==See also==

{{Div col}}
* [[Western Chalukya]]
* [[Western Chalukya temples]]
* [[Western Chalukya architecture]]
* [[Saundatti]]
* [[Sogal]]
* [[Navilateertha]]
* [[Shirasangi]]
* [[Parasgad Fort]]
* [[Badami]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Pattadakal]]
* [[Ron, Karnataka]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Populated places in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Forts in Belagavi district]]

List of power stations in India

2026-02-20T22:06:17Z

MaritzaSandoval: basic reworked information per standard format further and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{GeoGroup}}
The total installed power generation capacity in India as on 31st December 2025 is around 514 [[GigaWatt|GW]], with sector wise and type wise break up as given below.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2025/DEC/capacity1-2025-12.pdf|title=Location wise regional summary of all India installed capacity (IN MW) of power stations as on 31/12/2025|publisher=National Power Portal, GoI|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

For the state wise installed power generation capacity, refer to [[States of India by installed power capacity]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Installed power station capacity in India as on December 31, 2025 (in MW)
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Sector
!! colspan="5" data-sort-type="number"|Fossil (Thermal Power)
!! colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"|Non - fossil (Clean Power)
!! rowspan="2" style="background:#dfd;" data-sort- type="number"|Total (MW)
|-
! data-sort-type="number"|Coal !! data-sort-type="number"|Lignite !! data-sort-type="number"|Gas !! data-sort-type="number"|Diesel !! style="background:#ddf;" data-sort- type="number"|Total fossil

! data-sort-type="number"|Nuclear !! data-sort-type="number"|Large hydro !! data-sort-type="number"|Renewable !! style="background:#dda;" data-sort- type="number"|Total non-fossil

|-
| [[Government of India|Central]] || style="text-align:right;"|73230|| style="text-align:right;"|3640|| style="text-align:right;"|7237.91|| style="text-align:right;"|-|| style="background:#ddf; text-align:right;"|84107.91|| style="text-align:right;"|8780|| style="text-align:right;"|17538.72|| style="text-align:right;"| 9294.94 || style="background:#dda; style="text-align:right;"| 35613.66 || style="background:#dfd; text-align:right;"|119721.57

|-
| [[State governments of India|State]] || style="text-align:right;"|73387.50|| style="text-align:right;"|1150|| style="text-align:right;"|6961|| style="text-align:right;"|280.31|| style="background:#ddf; text-align:right;"|81788.81|| style="text-align:right;"|- || style="text-align:right;"|27524.94|| style="text-align:right;"|2655.68|| style="background:#dda; style="text-align:right;"| 30172.62|| style="background:#dfd; text-align:right;"|111959.43

|-
| Private || style="text-align:right;"|72992.51|| style="text-align:right;"|1830|| style="text-align:right;"|5923.50|| style="text-align:right;"|308.89|| style="background:#ddf; text-align:right;"|81054.90|| style="text-align:right;"|- || style="text-align:right;"|5851|| style="text-align:right;"| 195142.80|| style="background:#dda; style="text-align:right;"|200993.80|| style="background:#dfd; text-align:right;"|282048.70

|-
! All India !! style="text-align:right;"|219610.01!! style="text-align:right;"|6620|| style="text-align:right;"|20122.41!! style="text-align:right;"|589.20!! style="background:#ddf; text-align:right;"|246941.62!! style="text-align:right;"|8780!! style="text-align:right;"| 50914.66!! style="text-align:right;"| 207093.41!! style="background:#dda; style="text-align:right;"| 266788.08|| style="background:#dfd; text-align:right;"| 513729.70
|-
! Percentage !! style="text-align:right;"|42.75!! style="text-align:right;"|1.29|| style="text-align:right;"|3.92!! style="text-align:right;"|0.11!! style="background:#ddf; text-align:right;"|48.07 %!! style="text-align:right;"|1.71!! style="text-align:right;"|9.91!! style="text-align:right;"|40.31!! style="background:#dda; style="text-align:right;"| 51.93 %|| style="background:#dfd; text-align:right;"|100
|}
Hydroelectric power plants with ≤ 25 MW generation capacity are included in Renewable category (classified as SHP - Small Hydro Project) .

The breakdown of [[renewable energy]] sources (RES) is:

* [[Solar power]] - 135,809.95 MW (includes ground mounted solar, rooftop solar, hybrid solar, off-grid solar and PM KUSUM)
* [[Wind power]] - 54,510.93 MW
* [[Biomass]] / [[cogeneration]] - 10,757.31 MW
* [[Small hydro]] - 5,158.61 MW
* [[Waste-to-energy]] - 856.62 MW

The following lists name many of the utility power stations in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2021/06/list_power_stations_2021.pdf|title= Complete list of working utility power stations in India|access-date=2021-12-17}}</ref>
[[File:Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1 and 2.jpg|thumb|300 px|[[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] with an installed capacity of 2,000 MW. This station is being expanded to 6,000 MW capacity.]]

== Conventional ==

=== Nuclear power ===
{{Main article|Nuclear power in India}}

As of 30 April 2025, India has 25 operational nuclear reactors with a installed capacity of 8880 MW (1.9 % of total installed capacity) accounting for around 3% of electricity generation. 10 more reactors with total capacity of 8000 MW are under construction.

$ → Retired/scrapped power stations

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Power station !! Location !! District !! State !! Coordinates !! Reactor units ([[Megawatt|MW]]) ''(including under construction)'' !! data-sort-type="number" |Installed capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! data-sort-type="number" |Under construction ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Operator !! Establishment date
|-
! Western !! !! !! 2 !! !! 8 !! 3,240 !! !! !!
|-
| [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] || [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|Kakrapar]] || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] ||{{Coord|21|14|09|N|73|21|03|E|name=Kakrapar Atomic Power Station}} || 2 x 220, 2 x 700 || style="text-align:right;" |1,840 || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || May 6, 1993
|-
| [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]] || [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]] || [[Palghar district|Palghar]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||{{Coord|19|49|51|N|72|39|30|E|name=Tarapur Atomic Power Station}}|| 2 x 160, 2 x 540 || style="text-align:right;" |1,400 || ||| [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || October 28, 1969
|-
! Southern !! !! !! 3 !! !! 15 !! 3,320 !! ''5,900''!! !!
|-
| [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]]<ref name="IndustCardsNuclear">{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/nuclear-india.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140320165133/http://www.industcards.com/nuclear-india.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=20 March 2014 | title=Nuclear Power Plants in India | publisher=Power Plants Around The World | work=Gallery | date=25 October 2013 | access-date=11 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=44887 | title=Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant | publisher=Global Energy Observatory | access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 | title=KUDANKULAM-1 | publisher=International Energy Agency | work=Power Reactor Information System | access-date=11 May 2014 | archive-date=3 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603065051/https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kudankulam]] || [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||{{Coord|08|10|03|N|77|42|46|E|name=Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant}}|| 2 x 1,000, ''4 x 1,000''|| style="text-align:right;" |2,000 || style="text-align:right;" |''4,000''|| [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || October 22, 2013<ref name="KudankulamComissioning">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/Kudankulam-nuclear-plant-begins-power-generation/articleshow/24524616.cms |title=Kudankulam nuclear plant begins power generation | date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant]]<ref name="IndustCardsNuclear" /> || [[Kaiga]] || [[Uttara Kannada]] || [[Karnataka]] ||{{Coord|14|51|53|N|74|26|19|E|name=Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant}}|| 4 x 220, ''2 x 700'' || style="text-align:right;" |880 || style="text-align:right;" |''1,400'' || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || November 16, 2000
|-
| [[Madras Atomic Power Station]] || [[Kalpakkam]] || [[Kancheepuram District|Kancheepuram]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||{{Coord|12|33|27|N|80|10|31|E|name=Madras Atomic Power Station}} || 2 x 220, ''1 x 500'' || style="text-align:right;" |440 || style="text-align:right;" |''500'' || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || January 24, 1984
|-
! Northern !! !! !! 3 !! !! 11 !! 2,220 !! ''2,100'' !! !!
|-
| [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station]]<ref name="IndustCardsNuclear" /> || [[Rawatbhata]] || [[Chittorgarh District|Chittogarh]] || [[Rajasthan]] ||{{Coord|24|52|20|N|75|36|50|E|name=Rajasthan Atomic Power Station}}|| 1 x 200, 4 x 220, 1 x 700, ''1 x 700''|| style="text-align:right;" |1,780 || style="text-align:right;" |''700'' || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || December 16, 1973
|-
| [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station]] || [[Rawatbhata]] || [[Chittorgarh District|Chittogarh]] || [[Rajasthan]] ||{{Coord|24|52|20|N|75|36|50|E|name=Rajasthan Atomic Power Station}}|| 1 x 100$ || style="text-align:right;" |- || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) || December 16, 1973
|-
| [[Narora Atomic Power Station]]<ref name="IndustCardsNuclear" /> || [[Narora]] || [[Bulandshahr District|Bulandshahr]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] ||{{Coord|28|09|26|N|78|24|34|E|name=Narora Atomic Power Station}}|| 2 x 220 || style="text-align:right;" |440 || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] || January 1, 1991
|-
| [[Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant]]<ref name="toi20131220">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Construction-work-on-Gorakhpur-nuckear-plant-to-begin-in-January/articleshow/27669224.cms |title=Construction work on Gorakhpur nuclear plant to begin in January |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> || [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] || [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] || [[Haryana]] ||{{Coord|29|26|59|N|75|40|48|E|name=Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant}}|| ''2 x 700'' || style="text-align:center;" |- || style="text-align:right;" |''1,400'' || [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCIL]] ||
|-
! Total !! !! !! 8 !! !! 34 !! ''8,880'' !! ''8,000'' !! !!
|}

{{clear}}

=== Thermal power ===

[[Thermal power]] is the largest source of power in India. There are different types of [[Thermal power station|thermal power plants]] based on the [[fuel]] used to generate the steam, such as [[coal]], [[Fuel gas|gas]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], and [[natural gas]]. About 71% of the electricity consumed in India is generated by thermal power plants.<ref name="ceaMar16">{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2018/exe_summary-09.pdf |title=Executive summary of Power Sector as on 30-09-2018 |publisher=Central Electricity authority, Govt. of India |date=Mar 2016 |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035216/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2018/exe_summary-09.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Coal ====
More than 62% of India's electricity demand is met through the country's vast [[Coal mining in India|coal reserves]].<ref name="ceaMar16" /> Public sector undertaking [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] (NTPC) and several other state level power generating companies are engaged in operating coal-based thermal power plants. Apart from NTPC and other state level operators, some private companies also operate the power plants.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-worlds-coal-power-plants-in-one-map/| title=All the World's Coal Power Plants in One Map | date=19 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> One coal plant was given environmental clearance in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vishwa Mohan|date=Mar 7, 2022 |title=Phase-down mode: Nod for just 1 coal-power plant in 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/phase-down-mode-nod-for-just-1-coal-power-plant-in-2021/articleshow/90039963.cms |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Although new plants are unlikely to be built, if more coal is burnt in existing plants it will increase [[greenhouse gas emissions by India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How Long Will Coal Remain King in India?|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/coal-king-india|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.greentechmedia.com}}</ref> Here is some list of operating coal-based thermal power plants in India.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/broadstatus/2015/broad_status-08.pdf| title=Broad status of thermal power projects, page 23 |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India |date= 31 August 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

$ → Retired/scrapped power stations<ref name=retire>{{cite web| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf| title=Coal based Thermal Units Retired Since Sept.'15 to March'18| publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India| date=31 March 2018| access-date=31 August 2018| archive-date=26 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113646/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/LS11022021_Eng.pdf| title=Retirement of Coal based Thermal Units page 36 of 55|publisher=Ministry of Power, Government of India |date= 11 February 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Location !! District !! State !! Region !! Coordinates!! Unit capacities !! data-sort-type="number" |Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Operator !! Sector
|-
| [[Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station]]<ref name="IndustCardsCoal-MP">{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-mad-prad.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140510133549/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-mad-prad.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=May 10, 2014 | title=Coal-Fired Plants in India - Madhya Pradesh | publisher=Power Plants Around The World | work=Gallery | date=16 February 2014 | access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> || Vindhya Nagar || [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{Coord|24|05|53|N|82|40|18|E|name=Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 6 x 210, 7x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |4,760 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Mundra Thermal Power Station]] || [[Mundra]] || [[Kutch district|Kutch]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|49|22|N|69|33|10|E|name=Mundra Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 330, 5 X 660 || style="text-align:right;" |4,620 || [[Adani Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41187 | title=Tata Mundra Coal Ultra Mega Power Plant | publisher=Global Energy Observatory | access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> || [[Mundra]] || [[Kutch district|Kutch]] || [[Gujarat]] ||Western || {{Coord|22|49|22|N|69|33|10|E|name=Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project}}|| 5 X 800 || style="text-align:right;" |4,000 || [[Tata Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project]] || Sasan || [[Singrauli]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || || 6 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |3,960 || [[Reliance Power]] || Private
|-
| [[KSK Mahanadi Power Project]] || Nariyara || [[Janjgir–Champa district]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|49|22|N|69|33|10|E|name=KSK Mahanadi Power Company Limited}}|| 6 X 600 || style="text-align:right;" |3,600 || KSK Energy Ventures|| Private
|-
| [[Jindal Tamnar Thermal Power Plant]]||Tamnar || [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|06|16|N|83|27|04|E|name=Jindal Megha Power Plant}}|| 4 x 250, 4 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |3,400 || [[Jindal Steel and Power|JSPL]]|| Private
|-
| [[Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[Urjanagar]] || [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||Western || {{Coord|20|00|24|N|79|17|21|E|name=Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station}}||2 x 210$, 4 x 210, 5 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |3,340 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Tirora Thermal Power Station]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=44173 | title=Adani Tirora (Tiroda) Thermal Power Plant | publisher=Global Energy Observatory | access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> || Tirora || [[Gondia district|Gondia]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|21|24|58|N|79|58|3|E|name=Tirora Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 X 660 || style="text-align:right;" |3,300 || [[Adani Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Sipat Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Sipat]] || [[Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|07|57|N|82|17|24|E|name=Sipat Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 500,3 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |2,980 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
|RKM Powergen Thermal Power Plant
|Dhobnipali
|[[Shakti district|Shakti]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Western
|
|4×360
|1440
|R. K. M Powergen Private Limited
|Private
|-
| [[Korba Super Thermal Power Plant]] || Jamani Palli || [[Korba district|Korba]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|23|11|N|82|40|58|E|name=Korba Super Thermal Power Plant}}|| 3 x 200, 4 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,600 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Sant Singaji Thermal Power Plant]] || Dogaliya, [[Mundi]]|| [[khandwa]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || || 2 X 600, 2 X 660 || style="text-align:right;" |2,520 || [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGC]] || State
|-
| [[Wanakbori Thermal Power Station]] || Wanakbori || [[Kheda district|Kheda]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|52|39|N|73|21|35|E|name=Wanakbori Thermal Power Station}}|| 7 x 210, 1 × 800 || style="text-align:right;" |2,270 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| [[Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant]] || Guyda, [[Mundi]]|| [[khandwa]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || || 2 X 800 || style="text-align:right;" |1,600 || [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGC]] || State
|-
| [[Bhusawal Thermal Power Station]] || Deepnagar || [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|21|02|57|N|75|50|32|E|name=Bhusawal Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 210$, 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Trombay Thermal Power Station]] || Trombay || [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|19|00|09|N|72|53|54|E|name=Trombay Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 150$, 2 x 500$, 1 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |750 || [[Tata Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Amravati Thermal Power Plant]] || Nandgaonpeth || [[Amravati district|Amravati]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|21|04|49|N|77|54|06|E|name=Amravati Thermal Power Plant}}|| 5 X 270, (5 X 270<ref>Under development</ref>) || style="text-align:right;" |1,350 || [[Indiabulls]] || Private
|-
| [[Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station]]|| Kaparkheda || [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|21|16|55|N|79|06|54|E|name=Khaperkheda Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 210, 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,340 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station]] || [[Birsinghpur]] || [[Umaria district|Umaria]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{Coord|23|18|18|N|81|03|51|E|name=Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 210, 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,340 || [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Satpura Thermal Power Station]] || [[Sarni, India|Sarni]] || [[Betul district|Betul]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|06|33|N|78|10|24|E|name=Satpura Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 x 62.5$, 1 x 200, 3 x 210, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,330 || [[M.P. Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Essar Salaya Power Plant]]|| [[Salaya, India|Salaya]]|| [[Jamnagar district]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|17|54.71|N|69|43|10.17|E|name=Essar Power Gujarat Ltd}}|| 2X600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || [[Essar Energy]]|| Private IPP
|-
| DB Thermal Project Ltd. || [[Tundri]] || [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]|| [[Chhattisgarh]] || Eastern || {{Coord|22|26|00|N|83|10|47|E|name=DB POWER LTD}}|| 2X600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || DB POWER || Private IPP
|-
| [[Parli Thermal Power Station]] || Parli-Vaijnath || [[Beed district|Beed]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|18|54|21|N|76|32|36|E|name=Parli Thermal Power Station}}||3 x 210$, 2 x 210$, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station]] || [[Gandhinagar]] || [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|23|14|59|N|72|40|26|E|name=Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 120$, 3 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |630 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| [[Ukai Thermal Power Station]] || [[Ukai|Ukai dam]] || [[Tapi district|Tapi]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|12|39|N|73|33|26|E|name=Ukai Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 120$, 2 x 200, 1 x 210, 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1110 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| [[Hasdeo Thermal Power Station]] || || [[Korba district|Korba]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|24|45|N|82|41|19|E|name=Korba West Hasdeo Thermal Power Plant}}|| 4 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |840 || [[Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited|CSPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Nashik Thermal Power Station]] || [[Nashik]] || [[Nashik district|Nashik]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|19|58|50|N|73|53|29|E|name=Nashik Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |630 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Koradi Thermal Power Station]] || Koradi || [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|21|14|52|N|79|05|53|E|name=Koradi Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 210$, 3 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |2400 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| [[Lanco Amarkantak Power Plant]] ||Pathadi || [[Korba district|Korba]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|14|44|N|82|43|24|E|name=Lanco Amarkantak Power Plant}}|| 2 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |600 || [[Lanco Infratech]]|| Private
|-
| [[Wardha Warora Power Plant]] || Warora || [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || 20.272483108514376, 78.98085239550917|| 4 x 135 || style="text-align:right;" |540 || KSK Energy Ventures || Private
|-
| [[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Thermal Power Station]] || || [[Korba district|Korba]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|22|12|N|82|43|16|E|name=Dr Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited|CSPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Dahanu Thermal Power Station]] || [[Dahanu]] || [[Thane district|Thane]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|19|57|12|N|72|44|54|E|name=Dahanu Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Adani Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Paras Thermal Power Station]] || Vidyutnagar || [[Akola district|Akola]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|20|42|55|N|76|47|37|E|name=Paras Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| KSK Mahanadi Power Project || Nariyara || [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]]|| Western || || 1 x 135 || style="text-align:right;" |135 || KSK Energy Ventures || Private
|-
| [[NSPCL Bhilai Power Plant]]|| [[Bhilai]] || [[Durg district|Durg]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|21|10|58|N|81|25|28|E|name=Bhilai Expansion Power Plant}}|| 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[NSPCL]]|| Central
|-
| [[Surat Thermal Power Station]] || [[Nani Naroli]] || [[Surat district|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|23|46|N|73|06|22|E|name=Surat Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 125 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || Gujarat Industries Power Company Ltd. || State
|-
| [[Amarkantak Thermal Power Station]] || Chachai || [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{Coord|23|09|52|N|81|38|17|E|name=Amarkantak Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 120$, 1 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |210 || [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Bhawnendra Singh Deo Power Plant]] || || [[Korba district|Korba]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || {{Coord|22|23|01|N|82|43|08|E|name=Bhawnendra Singh Deo Power Plant}}|| 4 x 50$, 2 x 120$ || style="text-align:right;" |0 || [[Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited|CSPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Sabarmati Thermal Power Station]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]|| [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|23|04|14|N|72|35|38|E|name=Sabarmati Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 60$, 1 x 120, 2 x 121 || style="text-align:right;" |362 || [[Torrent Power]] || Private
|-
| [[CESC Chandrapur Thermal Power Station]]<ref name=cescChandrapurET>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765661_1_power-plant-rp-sanjiv-goenka-power-station|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910104949/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765661_1_power-plant-rp-sanjiv-goenka-power-station|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 10, 2013|title=CESC arm synchronises 300 MW Maharashtra power plant|date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=cescChandrapurHindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/weak-power-demand-may-hit-cesc-plant-at-chandrapur/article4963882.ece|title=Weak power demand may hit CESC plant at Chandrapur|date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=cescChandrapurLiveMint>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/xqjIG4PGUzEw1gIttt3BvI/Power-from-CESC-plant-in-Maharashtra-finds-no-takers.html|title=Power from CESC plant in Maharashtra finds no takers|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> || [[Chandrapur]] || [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || || 2 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |600 || [[CESC Limited|CESC]] || Private
|-
| [[Kutch Thermal Power Station]] || Panandhro || [[Kutch district|Kutch]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|23|39|50|N|68|47|01|E|name=Kutch Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 70$, 2 x 75 || style="text-align:right;" |150 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| [[Akrimota Thermal Power Station]] || Chher Nani || [[Kutch district|Kutch]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|23|46|21|N|68|38|44|E|name=Akrimota Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 125 || style="text-align:right;" |250 || [[Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation|GMDC]] || State
|-
| [[Sikka Thermal Power Station]] || [[Jamnagar]] || [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|25|20|N|69|49|37|E|name=Sikka Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 120$, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500|| [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| [[Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station]] || [[Khambhat]] || [[Anand district|Anand]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|13|59|N|72|45|25|E|name=Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 110$|| style="text-align:right;" |- || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
! ''Western''!! !! !! !! ''39'' !! !! ''140'' !! ''67,029.01'' !! !!
|-
| [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]] || Rihand Nagar || [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|24|01|39|N|82|47|28|E|name=Rihand Thermal Power Station}}|| 6 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |3,000 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] || [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|24|06|16|N|82|42|27|E|name=Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 x 200, 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,000 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[NTPC Dadri]] || Vidyutnagar || [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|36|04|N|77|36|25|E|name=NTPC Dadri}}|| 4 x 210, 2 x 490 || style="text-align:right;" |1,820 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Anpara Thermal Power Station]] || [[Anpara]] || [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|24|12|11|N|82|47|18|E|name=Anpara Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 210, 2 x 500, 2X500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,630 || [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.|UPRVUNL]] || State
|-
| [[Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant]] || Suratgarh || [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|29|10|56|N|74|01|09|E|name=Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant}}|| 6 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,500 || [[RVUNL]] || State
|-
| [[Panipat Thermal Power Station]] || Assan || [[Panipat district|Panipat]] || [[Haryana]] || Northern || || 2 x 250, 2 x 210$, 4 x 110$ || style="text-align:right;" |710 || [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Obra Thermal Power Station]] || [[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]] || [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|24|26|41|N|82|58|41|E|name=Orba Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 50$, 1 x 40, 1 x 94$, 2 x 94, 5 x 200 || style="text-align:right;" |1,188 || [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|UPRVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant]] || Ghanauli || [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]] || [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]] || Northern || {{Coord|31|02|32|N|76|35|02|E|name=Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant}}|| 4 x 210,$ 4 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |840 || [[PSPCL]] || State
|-
| [[Talwandi Sabo Power Project]] || Banawala || [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]|| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Northern || {{Coord|29|53|31|N|75|12|53|E|name=Talwandi Sabo Power Limited}}|| 3 × 660 || style="text-align:right;" | 1980 || [[Vedanta Limited]] || Private
|-
| [[Kota Super Thermal Power Plant]] || Kota || [[Kota district|Kota]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|25|10|17|N|75|48|54|E|name=Kota Super Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 110, 3 x 210, 2 x 195 || style="text-align:right;" |1,240 ||[[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|RVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Rosa Thermal Power Plant]] || Rosa || [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|27|49|07|N|79|56|10|E|name=Rosa Thermal Power Plant}}|| 4 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200<ref>{{cite web|author=Manmohan Rai |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news/31275383_1_rosa-project-power-plant-reliance-power |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133453/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news/31275383_1_rosa-project-power-plant-reliance-power |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |title=Reliance Power's first thermal power at Rosa project becomes fully operational - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2012-09-06}}</ref> || [[Reliance Power Limited]] || Private
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]] || Khedar || [[Hisar district|Hisar]]|| [[Haryana]] || Northern || {{Coord|29|21|25|N|75|52|02|E|name=Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || [[HPGCL]] || State
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project]] || Jharli || [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]|| [[Haryana]] || Northern || {{Coord|29|21|25|N|75|52|02|E|name=Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project}}|| 3 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,500 || Aravali Power Company India Limited || Central
|-
| [[Raj West Lignite Power Plant]] ||[[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] || [[Barmer district|Barmer]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern ||{{Coord|25|53|20|N|71|19|25|E|name=Raj West Lignite Power Plant}}|| 8 x 135 || style="text-align:right;" |1,080 || [[JSW Energy]] || Private
|-
| [[Feroj Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Unchahar]] || [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|25|54|52|N|81|19|33|E|name=Feroj Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant}}|| 5 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |1,050 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant|Guru Hargobind TP]] || Lehra Mohabbat || [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] || [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]] || Northern || {{Coord|30|16|04|N|75|09|53|E|name=Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant}}|| 2 x 210$, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Punjab State Power Corporation|PSPCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Badarpur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|30|22|N|77|18|26|E|name=Badarpur Thermal power plant}}|| 3 x 95$, 2 x 210$ || style="text-align:right;" |- || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Parichha Thermal Power Station]] || [[Parichha]] || [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|25|30|51|N|78|45|36|E|name=Parichha Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 110, 2 x 210, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1140 || [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|UPRVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Lalitpur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Mehroni]] || [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|25|30|53|N|78|45|34|E|name=Lalitpur Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |1980 || [[Bajaj Hindustan Ltd.]] || Joint
|-
| [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]] || [[Yamuna Nagar]] || [[Yamuna Nagar]] || [[Haryana]] || Northern || || 2 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |600 || [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Chhabra Thermal Power Plant]] || Mothipura || [[Baran district|Baran]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|24|37|14|N|77|02|10|E|name=Chhabra Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|RVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant]] || Bathinda || [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] || [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]] || Northern || {{Coord|30|14|02|N|74|55|26|E|name=Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant}}|| 4 x 110$ || style="text-align:right;" |00 || [[Punjab State Power Corporation|PSPCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Tanda Thermal Power Plant]] || Vidyutnagar || [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|26|35|22|N|82|36|04|E|name=Tanda Thermal Power Plant}}|| 4 x 110 || style="text-align:right;" |440 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Barsingsar Thermal Power Station]] || Barsingsar || [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern ||{{Coord|27|49|09|N|73|12|28|E|name=Neyveli Lignite Corporation}}|| 2 x 125 || style="text-align:right;" |250 || [[NLC India Limited|NLC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Giral Lignite Power Plant]] || Thumbli || [[Barmer district|Barmer]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|26|02|44|N|71|15|13|E|name=Giral Lignite Power Plant}}|| 2 x 125 || style="text-align:right;" |250 || [[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|RVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Harduaganj Thermal Power Station]] || [[Harduaganj]] || [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|01|00|N|78|07|50|E|name=Harduaganj Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 55, 1 x 60$, 1 x 105 || style="text-align:right;" |160 || [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|UPRVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Panki Thermal Power Station]] || [[Panki, Kanpur|Panki]] || [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|26|28|35|N|80|14|31|E|name=Panki Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 105$ || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|UPRVUNL]]|| State
|-
| [[Rajghat Power Station]] || Rajghat || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || || 2 X 67.5$ || style="text-align:right;" |- || [[Indraprastha Power Generation Company|IPGCL]]|| State
|-
| [[VS Lignite Power Plant]] || Gurha || [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|27|51|18|N|72|51|22|E|name=VS Lignite Power Plant}}|| 1 x 135 || style="text-align:right;" |135 || KSK Energy Ventures || Private
|-
| [[Faridabad Thermal Power Station]] || Faridabad || [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] || [[Haryana]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|22|28|N|77|18|21|E|name=Faridabad Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 55 || style="text-align:right;" |55 || [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]]|| State
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|''Northern''!! !! !! !! ''27'' !! !! ''107'' !! ''42,923.50'' !! !!
|-
| [[Barh Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[Barh]] || [[Patna district|Patna]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern || {{Coord|25|14|34|N|87|15|48|E|name=Barh Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 660, 2 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |3,300 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Talcher Super Thermal Power Station]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/talcher-kaniha |title=Coal Based Power Stations | NTPC |access-date=2016-10-28 |archive-date=2016-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709211814/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/talcher-kaniha |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kaniha]] || [[Angul district|Angul]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern, Southern||{{Coord|21|05|49|N|85|04|30|E|name=Talcher Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 500, 4 X 500 || style="text-align:right;" |3,000 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station]] || [[Jharsuguda]] || [[Jharsuguda District|Jharsuguda]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|21|48|49|N|84|02|23|E|name=Jharsuguda TPP}}|| 4x600 || style="text-align:right;" | 2,400 || [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta]] || Private
|-
| [[Mejia Thermal Power Station]] || Durlavpur || [[Bankura district|Bankura]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|27|47|N|87|07|51|E|name=Mejia Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 210, 2 x 250, 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,340 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[Kahalgaon]] || [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern || {{Coord|25|14|34|N|87|15|48|E|name=Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 210, 3 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,340 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[Farakka Barrage Township|Farakka]] || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|24|46|23|N|87|53|43|E|name=Farakka Super Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 200, 2 x 500, 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,100 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project]] || Nabinagar || [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern ||{{Coord|25|14|34|N|87|15|48|E|name=Nabinagar Supercritical Thermal Power Project}}|| 3 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |1,980 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Vedanta Jharsuguda Captive Power Plant]] || [[Jharsuguda]] || [[Jharsuguda District|Jharsuguda]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|21|47|08|N|84|03|18|E|name=Vedanta Aluminium CPP}}|| 9x135 || style="text-align:right;" |1,215 || [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta]] || Private
|-
| [[Kolaghat Thermal Power Station]] || [[Mecheda]] || [[East Midnapore district|East Midnapore]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|22|25|00|N|87|52|15|E|name=Kolaghat Thermal Power Station}}|| 6 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |1,260 || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || State
|-
| [[Chandrapura Thermal Power Station]] || [[Chandrapura]] || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || ||3 x 130$, 3 x 120, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |860 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Angul Thermal Power Station]] || [[Angul]] || [[Angul District|Angul]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|21|07|29|N|84|58|51|E|name=Jindal India TPP}}|| 2x600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || Jindal India Thermal Power || Private
|-
| [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company Captive Power Plant]] || [[Angul]] || [[Angul district|Angul]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|20|51|11|N|85|11|26|E|name=Captive Power Plant}}|| 10 x 120 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] || State
|-
| [[Kamalanga Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] || [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|20|52|24|N|85|16|28|E|name=Thermal Power Plant}}|| 3x350 || style="text-align:right;" |1,050 || [[GMR Group]] || State
|-
| [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] || [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|49|43|N|87|27|06|E|name=Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |1,050 || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || State
|-
| [[Maithon Power Plant]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tatapower.com/mpl/home.aspx | title=Tata Power }}</ref> || [[Maithon]] || [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || || 2 X 525 || style="text-align:right;" |1,050 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]], [[Tata Power]] || Central
|-
| [[Durgapur Thermal Power Station|Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|27|47|N|87|07|51|E|name=Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] || [[Kodarma]] || [[Koderma district|Koderma]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern ||{{Coord|23|27|47|N|87|07|51|E|name=KODERMA Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company Limited]] (BRBCL) || Nabinagar || [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern ||{{Coord|25|14|34|N|87|15|48|E|name=Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company Limited}}|| 4x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Ib Thermal Power Station]] || Banharpali || [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|21|41|23|N|83|51|36|E|name=IB Thermal Power Plant}}|| 8 x 120 || style="text-align:right;" |960 || [[Odisha Power Generation Corporation|OPGCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Barauni Thermal Power Station]] || [[Barauni]] || [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern || {{Coord|25|23|59|N|86|01|20|E|name=Barauni Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 50, 2 x 105, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |810 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| State
|-
| [[Patratu#Patratu Thermal Power Station|Patratu Thermal Power Station]] || [[Patratu]] || [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh Cantonment]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|38|27|N|85|17|36|E|name=Patratu Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 40$, 2 x 90$, 2 x 105$, 2 x 110$ || style="text-align:right;" |840 || [[Jharkhand State Electricity Board|JSEB]] || State
|-
| [[Budge Budge Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Budge Budge]] || [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Paraganas]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern||{{Coord|22|28|09|N|88|08|23|E|name=Budge Budge Thermal Power Plant}}|| 3 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |750 || [[CESC Limited|CESCL]]|| Private
|-
| [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]] || [[Santaldih]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|36|08|N|86|28|06|E|name=Santaldih Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 120$, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || State
|-
| [[Durgapur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern ||{{Coord|23|31|09|N|87|18|05|E|name=Durgapur Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 30$, 1 x 70$, 2 x 75$, 1 x 110, 1 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |410 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || State
|-
| [[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B|Bokaro Thermal Power Station]] || [[Bokaro (Thermal)|Bokaro]] || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|47|04|N|85|52|50|E|name=Bokaro Thermal Power Station B}}||2 x 210$, 1 x 210, 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |710 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Kanti Thermal Power Station]] || [[Kanti, Muzaffarpur|Kanti]] || [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] || [[Bihar]] || Eastern || {{Coord|26|11|41|N|85|18|06|E|name=Muzafferpur Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 110, 2 x 195 || style="text-align:right;" |610 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| State
|-
| [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] || [[Dharmapukuria Gram Panchayat|Monigram]] || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|24|22|44|N|88|05|44|E|name=Sagardighi Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 300 2X 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1600 || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || State
|-
| [[Talcher Thermal Power Station]] || [[Talcher]] || [[Angul district|Angul]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|20|54|41|N|85|12|27|E|name=Talcher Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 60, 2 x 110 || style="text-align:right;" |460 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Bandel Thermal Power Station]] || [[Bandel]] || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern ||{{Coord|22|59|44|N|88|24|13|E|name=Bandel Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 60, 1 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |450 || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || State
|-
| [[Jojobera Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Jamshedpur|Jojobera]] || [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || {{Coord|22|45|21|N|86|14|57|E|name=Jojobera TPP}}|| 3 x 120, 1x67.5 || style="text-align:right;" |427.5 || [[Tata Power]] || Private
|-
| [[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] || [[Lalpania]]|| [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]|| [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|43|38|N|85|45|53|E|name=Tenughat Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |420 || TVNL || State
|-
| [[Hirakud Captive Power Plant]] || [[Hirakud]] || [[Sambalpur District|Sambalpur]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{Coord|21|47|08|N|84|03|18|E|name=Hirakud Power Station}}|| 1 x 67.5, 3 x 100 || style="text-align:right;" |367.5 || [[Hindalco Industries]] || Private CPP
|-
| [[Durgapur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|23|31|59|N|87|15|00|E|name=Durgapur Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 140$, 1 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |210 || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || Central
|-
| [[Titagarh Thermal Power Station]] || [[Titagarh]] || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern|| {{Coord|22|43|56|N|88|22|11|E|name=Titagarh Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 60 || style="text-align:right;" |240 || [[CESC Limited|CESCL]]|| Private
|-
| [[CESC Southern Generating Station]] || [[Kolkata]] || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || {{Coord|22|32|58|N|88|17|29|E|name=CESC Southern Generating Station}}|| 3 x 67.5 || style="text-align:right;" |135 || [[CESC Limited|CESCL]]|| Private
|-
| [[New Cossipore Generating Station]] || [[Cossipore]] || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || ||2 x 30$, 2 x 50$, 1 x 100 || style="text-align:right;" |100 || [[CESC Limited|CESCL]]|| Private
|-
! ''Eastern''!! !! !! !! ''35'' !! !! ''104'' !! ''28,892.87'' !! !!
|-
| [[NTPC Ramagundam]] || [[Ramagundam]]|| [[Peddapalli]]|| [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{Coord|18|45|31|N|79|27|17|E|name=NTPC Ramagundam}}|| 3 x 200, 4 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,600 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{Coord|17|35|38|N|83|5|23|E|name=Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant}}|| 4 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |2,000 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Neyveli Thermal Power Station|Neyveli Thermal Power Station II]] || [[Neyveli]] || [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|33|28|N|79|26|31|E|name=Neyveli Thermal Power Station - II}}|| 7 x 210, 2 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,970 || [[NLC India Limited|NLC]]|| Central
|-
| [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Dr Narla Tatarao TPS]] || [[Vijayawada|Ibrahimpatnam]] || [[Krishna District|Krishna]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern ||{{Coord|16|35|58|N|80|32|12|E|name=Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station}}|| 6 x 210, 1 x 500 1 x 800 || style="text-align:right;" |2,560 || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation|APGENCO]] || State
|-
| [[Raichur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Shaktinagar, Karnataka|Shaktinagar]]|| [[Raichur district|Raichur]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|21|20|N|77|20|36|E|name=Raichur Thermal Power Station}}|| 7 x 210, 1 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,720 || [[Karnataka Power Corporation|KPCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Kothagudem Thermal Power Station]] || [[Paloncha]] || [[Khammam district|Khammam]] || [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|37|18|N|80|41|15|E|name=Kothagudem Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 60$, 4 x 120$, 2 x 250, 1 x 500, 1 x 800 || style="text-align:right;" |1,800 || [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited|TSGENCO]]|| State
|-
| [[Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station]] || [[Krishnapatnam]]|| [[Nellore District|Nellore]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{Coord|14|19|39|N|80|07|15|E|name=Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 800 || style="text-align:right;" |2,400 || APPDCL || State
|-
| [[Vallur Thermal Power Station]] || Vallur || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 3 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,500 || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] & [[TNEB]] || State & central
|-
| Sembcorp Gayatri Power Complex<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sembcorp.com/en/global-presence/india#energy&in-ap |title=Sembcorp - India |access-date=2017-03-11 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312074233/http://www.sembcorp.com/en/global-presence/india#energy&in-ap |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Krishnapatnam]]|| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|14|19|45|N|80|08|27|E|name=Sembcorp Gayatri Power Complex}}|| 4 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |2,640 || SGPC || Private
|-
| [[Udupi Power Plant]]|| [[Nandicoor]]|| [[Udupi district|Udupi]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{Coord|13|08|49|N|74|48|02|E|name=Udupi Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || [[Adani Power]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Lanco sells Udupi plant to Adani for a record Rs.6000 core|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lanco-sells-udupi-plant-to-adani-for-a-record-rs-6-000-cr-114081301026_1.html|access-date=19 August 2014|agency=Business Standard|date=August 14, 2014}}</ref> || Private
|-
| [[Singareni Thermal Power Plant]]|| [[Pegadapalli]]|| [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]] || [[Telangana]] || Southern || || 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || [[Singareni Collieries Company]]|| PSU
|-
| [[Adani Thermal Power Plant]]|| [[Godda]]|| [[Godda district|Godda]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || || 2 x 660 || style="text-align:right;" |1,320|| [[Adani Power Jharkhand Limited ]]|| Private
|-
| [[Tuticorin Thermal Power Station]] || [[Tuticorin]] || [[Tuticorin district|Tuticorin]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|08|45|44|N|78|10|32|E|name=Tuticorin Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |1,050 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
| [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]<ref name="IndustCardsCoal-AP">{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-ap.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206045432/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-ap.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=6 December 2012 | title=Coal-Fired Plants in Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Power Plants Around The World | work=Gallery | date=5 April 2014 | access-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref> || [[Kadapa]] || [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern ||{{Coord|14|42|14|N|78|27|29|E|name=Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station}}|| 5 x 210, 1 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,650 || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation|APGENCO]] || State
|-
| [[Neyveli Thermal Power Station|Neyveli Thermal Power Station I]] || [[Neyveli]] || [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|35|34|N|79|28|17|E|name=Neyveli Thermal Power Station - I}}|| 6 x 50$, 3 x 100$, 2 x 210 || style="text-align:right;" |420 || [[NLC India Limited|NLC]]|| Central
|-
| [[NTPL Thermal Power Station]] || [[Thoothukudi]] || [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern ||{{coord|8|45|32|N|78|10|54.8|E|name=NTPL Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation|NLC]] & [[TNEB]] || State & central
|-
| [[JSW Vijayanagar Power Station]] || [[Toranagallu]]|| [[Bellary district|Bellary]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{Coord|15|10|54|N|76|40|36|E|name=JSW Power Plant}}|| 2 x 130, 2 x 300 || style="text-align:right;" |860 || [[JSW Energy]] || Private
|-
| [[Mettur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Mettur]] || [[Salem district|Salem]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|46|19|N|77|48|49|E|name=Mettur Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 210, 1 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,440 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
| [[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]] || [[Athipattu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|13|15|12|N|80|19|41|E|name=North Chennai Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 210, 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1,830 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
| Mutiara Thermal Power Plant || [[Thoothukudi]] || [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern ||{{coord|8|54|52|N|78|08|40.2|E|name=Mutiara Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1200 || Coastal Energen Private Limited (CEPL) || Private
|-
| [[Cuddalore IL&FS Thermal Power Station]]|| [[Cuddalore]] || [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 2 x 600 || style="text-align:right;" |1200 || IL&FS Tamil Nadu Power Company Limited (ITPCL) || Private
|-
| Simhapuri Thermal Power Station || [[Krishnapatnam]]|| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|14|12|35|N|80|05|23|E|name=Simhapuri Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 150 || style="text-align:right;" |600 || Simhapuri Energy Limited || Private
|-
| Hinduja Thermal Power Station || [[Devada]] || [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|33|45|N|83|8|15|E|name=Hinduja Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 520 || style="text-align:right;" |1,040 || [[Hinduja Group|Hinduja National Power Corporation Limited]] || Private
|-
| [[Kakatiya Thermal Power Station]] || Chelpur || [[Warangal district|Warangal]] || [[Telangana]] || Southern ||{{Coord|18|23|02|N|79|49|42|E|name=Kakatiya Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 500 || style="text-align:right;" |500 || [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited|TSGENCO]]|| State
|-
| [[Bellary Thermal Power station]] || [[Kudathini|Kudatini]]|| [[Bellary district|Bellary]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{Coord|15|11|37|N|76|43|16|E|name=Bellary Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 500 1x700|| style="text-align:right;" |1700 || [[Karnataka Power Corporation|KPCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Yermarus Thermal Power Station]] || Yermarus || [[Raichur district|Raichur]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|17|39|N|77|21|19|E|name=Yermarus Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 800|| style="text-align:right;" |1600 || [[Karnataka Power Corporation|KPCL]]|| State
|-
| [[Ennore Thermal Power Station]] || [[Ennore]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|13|12|07|N|80|18|40|E|name=Ennore Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 60$, 3 x 110$ || style="text-align:right;" | || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
| Ind-Barath Thermal Power Plant || [[Tuticorin]] || [[Tuticorin district|Tuticorin]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 2 x 150 || style="text-align:right;" |300 || Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited || Private
|-
| [[Meenakshi Power Plant Nellore|Meenakshi Power Plant]]|| [[Krishnapatnam]]|| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern ||{{Coord|14|12|57|N|80|05|19|E|name=Meenakshi Thermal Power Station}}|| 2 x 150 || style="text-align:right;" |300 || MEPL || Private
|-
| [[Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station]] || [[Neyveli]]|| [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|32|33|N|79|24|57|E|name=Neyveli Zero Unit}}|| 1 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |250 || TAQA || Private
|-
| [[Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station]] || [[Ramagundam]] || [[Karimnagar District|Karimnagar]] || [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{Coord|18|43|31|N|79|30|47|E|name=Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station}} || 1 x 62.5 || style="text-align:right;" |62.5 || [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited|TSGENCO]]|| State
|-
! ''Southern''!! !! !! !! ''19'' !! !! ''83'' !! ''30,842.5'' !! !!
|-
! ''Total''!! !! !! !! ''117'' !! !! ''434'' !! ''169,387.88'' !! !!
|}

{{clear}}

==== Gas-based ====
The total installed capacity of [[natural gas]] based power plants in India is nearly 24,991.51 MW as of September 2018.<ref name="ceaMar16" /> Here is a list of plants operating and waiting for natural gas to start operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powermin.nic.in/upload/Scheme_for_utilization_of_Gas_based_power_generation_capacity.pdf |title=Utilization of stranded gas based power plants |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404110954/http://powermin.nic.in/upload/Scheme_for_utilization_of_Gas_based_power_generation_capacity.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2015 }}</ref>

$ → Retired/scrapped power stations<ref name=retire/>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Power station !! Location !! District !! State !! Region !! Coordinates!! Unit capacities !! data-sort-type="number" |Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Operator !! Sector
|-
| [[Dabhol Power Station]] || Anganvel || [[Ratnagiri District|Ratnagiri]] || [[Maharashtra]]|| Western ||{{Coord|17|33|35|N|73|09|59|E|name=Ratnagiri Gas Turbine Power Station}}|| 1 x 740, 1 x 740, 1 x 740|| style="text-align:right;" |2,220 || [[Ratnagiri Gas and Power|RGPPL]] || Central
|-
| SUGEN Combined Cycle Power Plant || Akhakhol || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 3 x 382.5 || style="text-align:right;" |1,147.5 || Torrent || Private
|-
| [[Uran Gas Turbine Power Station]] || Bokadvira || [[Raigarh District|Raigarh]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|18|52|55|N|72|58|13|E|name=Uran Gas Turbine Power Station}}|| 4 x 108, 2 x 120 || style="text-align:right;" |672 || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]|| State
|-
| Pioneer Power CCPP || || || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || || 1 x 388 || style="text-align:right;" |388 || || Private
|-
| [[GPEC Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || Paguthan || [[Bharuch District|Bharuch]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|46|49|N|72|58|46|E|name=GPEC Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 3 x 135, 1 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |655 || [[CLP Group]] || Private
|-
| [[Jhanor-Gandhar Thermal Power Station|Jhanor-Gandhar TPS]] || Urjanagar || [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|46|48|N|72|58|45|E|name=Jhanor-Gandhar TPS}}|| 3 x 131, 1 x 255 || style="text-align:right;" |648 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Kawas Thermal Power Station|Kawas TPS]] || Adityanagar || [[Surat district|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|10|33|N|72|41|14|E|name=Kawas TPS}}|| 4 x 106, 2 x 110.5 || style="text-align:right;" |645 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Essar Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || [[Hazira]] || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|06|39|N|72|39|19|E|name=Essar Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 3 x 110, 1 x 185 || style="text-align:right;" |515 || [[Essar Power Limited]] || Private
|-
| [[Utran Gas Based Power Station]] || [[Utran]] || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|13|44|N|72|52|14|E|name=Utran Gas Based CCPP}}|| 3 x 30$, 1 x 45$, 1 x 228, 1 x 155 || style="text-align:right;" |383 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| Vadodara Gas Based CCPP || [[Vadodara]] || [[Vadodara District|Vadodara]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 1 x 111, 1 x 54, 1 x 49, 3 x 32 || style="text-align:right;" |310 || GIPCL || State
|-
| [[Dhuvaran Gas Based CCPP]] || [[Khambhat]] || [[Anand District|Anand]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|22|14|24|N|72|45|09|E|name=Dhuvaran Gas Based CCPP}}|| 1 x 72.51, 1 x 67.85, 1 x 39.94, 1 x 38.77, 1 x 285.65 || style="text-align:right;" |594.72 || [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]] || State
|-
| Trombay Gas Power Station || [[Trombay]] || [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{Coord|19|00|12|N|72|54|14|E|name=Trombay Gas Power Station}}|| 1 x 120, 1 x 60 || style="text-align:right;" |180 || [[Tata Power|Tata]] || Private
|-
| GSEG Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Hazira]] || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{Coord|21|09|57|N|72|42|16|E|name=GSEG Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 3 x 52 || style="text-align:right;" |156 || [[Gujarat State Energy Generation|GSEG]] || Private
|-
| Vatva Combined Cycle Power Plant || Vatva || [[Ahmedabad district|Ahamadabad]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || Retired|| 2 x 32.5, 1 x 35 || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Torrent Power]] || Private
|-
| Pipavav Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Pipavav]]||[[Amreli district|Amreli]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 2 x 352 || style="text-align:right;" |702|| GSPC|| State
|-
| Hazira CCPP || [[Hazira]] || [[Surat District|Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 1 x 156, 1 x 351 || style="text-align:right;" |507 || || State
|-
| D-Gen Mega || || || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 1 x 1200|| style="text-align:right;" |1200 || || Private
|-
| G - IPCL || || || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 1 x 145 || style="text-align:right;" |145 || || Private
|-
| Unosugen CCPP || [[Dahej]]|| || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 1 x 382.5 || style="text-align:right;" |382.5 || Torrent || Private
|-
| Goa Gas Power Station || Zuarinagar || [[Goa]] || [[Goa]] || Western || {{Coord|15|12|38|N|73|52|37|E|name=Goa Gas Power Station}}|| 1 x 32, 1 x 16 || style="text-align:right;" |48 || RSPCL || Private
|-
! ''Western''!! !! !! !! ''19'' !! !! ''59'' !! ''11,151.22'' !! !!
|-
| [[Pragati Gas Power Station]] || [[Bawana]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || || 1 x 121.2, 2 x 104.6 || style="text-align:right;" |330.4 || PPCL || State
|-
| [[Pragati-III Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || [[Bawana]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || || 6 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,500 || PPCL || State
|-
| Rithala GT || [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || || 1 x 108 || style="text-align:right;" |108 || NDPL || State
|-
| [[National Capital TPP]] || [[Greater Noida|Vidyutnagar]] || [[Gautam Budh Nagar]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|35|38|N|77|36|38|E|name=National Capital TPP}}|| 4 x 131, 2 x 146.5 || style="text-align:right;" |817 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Auraiya Thermal Power Station]] || [[Dibiyapur]] || [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|26|37|50|N|79|39|41|E|name=Auraiya Thermal Power Station}}|| 4 x 110, 2 x 106 || style="text-align:right;" |652 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Faridabad Thermal Power Plant]] || Mujedi || [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] || [[Haryana]] || Northern || {{Coord|28|20|49|N|77|21|42|E|name=Faridabad Thermal Power Plant}}|| 2 x 143, 1 x 144 || style="text-align:right;" |430 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Anta Thermal Power Station]] || Anta || [[Baran district|Baran]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|25|10|47|N|76|19|08|E|name=Anta Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 88, 1 x 149 || style="text-align:right;" |413 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
| [[Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Station]] || Purani Chaoni || [[Dholpur District|Dholpur]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || {{Coord|26|42|09|N|77|50|56|E|name=Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Station}}|| 3 x 110 || style="text-align:right;" |330 || [[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|RVUNL]] || State
|-
| [[IPGCL Gas Turbine Power Station]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || Northern || || 9 x 30 || style="text-align:right;" |270 || [[Indraprastha Power Generation|IPGCL]] || State
|-
| Pampore Gas Turbine Station || [[Pampore]] || [[Pulwama District|Pulwama]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 7 x 25 || style="text-align:right;" |175 || J&K Govt || State
|-
| [[Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station]] || || [[Ramgarh District|Ramgarh]] || [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || || 1 x 3, 1 x 35.5, 1 x 37.5, 1 x 37.8 || style="text-align:right;" |113.8 || [[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|RVUNL]] || State
|-
| Khashipur Shravanthi CCPP || || || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || || 2 x 225|| style="text-align:right;" |450 || || Private
|-
| Beta Infratech CCPP || || || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || || 1 x 225|| style="text-align:right;" |225 || || Private
|-
| Gama Infraprop CCPP || || || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || || 1 x 225|| style="text-align:right;" |225 || || Private
|-
! ''Northern''!! !! !! !! ''14'' !! !! ''55'' !! ''6,038.2'' !! !!
|-
|| APGPCL Plant || Vijjeswaram || [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|56|02|N|81|43|27|E|name=APGPCL Plant}}|| 2 x 33, 1 x 34, 1 x 172 || style="text-align:right;" |272 || APGPCL || Joint
|-
|| Lanco Kondapalli Power Plant || [[Kondapalli]] || [[Krishna district|Krishna]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|38|20|N|80|33|00|E|name=Lanco Kondapalli Power Plant}}|| 1 x 233, 1 x 133, 1 x 128.99, 2 x 119.57, 1 x 732 || style="text-align:right;" |1466 || [[Lanco Infratech]] || Private
|-
|| Gautami Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Peddapuram]] || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|02|21|N|82|08|43|E|name=Gautami Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 2 x 145, 1 x 174 || style="text-align:right;" |464 || GVK || Private
|-
|| Konaseema Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Ravulapalem]] || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|44|05|N|81|51|44|E|name=Konaseema Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 2 x 140, 1 x 165 || style="text-align:right;" |445 || Konaseema Gas Power Limited (KGPL) || Private
|-
|| Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant || Vemagiri || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|55|29|N|81|48|46|E|name=Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 1 x 137, 1 x 233 || style="text-align:right;" |370 || [[GMR Group|GMR]] || Private
|-
|| GMR Rajamundry Combined Cycle Power Plant<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gmrgroup.in/energy-gmr-rajahmundry-limited.aspx|title=GMR Rajahmundry Ltd|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> || Vemagiri || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|55|28|N|81|48|46|E|name=Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 1 x 768 || style="text-align:right;" |768 || [[GMR Group|GMR]] || Private
|-
|| Samarlakota Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Samarlakota]] || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|02|19|N|82|08|05|E|name=Samarlakota Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 1 x 140, 1 x 80, 3 x 800 || style="text-align:right;" |2620 || [[Reliance Power|Reliance]] || Private
|-
|| [[Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || [[Jegurupadu]] || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|16|55|54|N|81|51|36|E|name=Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 2 x 46, 1 x 49, 1 x 75 || style="text-align:right;" |445 || [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK]] || Private
|-
| Spectrum Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Kakinada]]|| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|03|31|N|82|18|34|E|name=Spectrum Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 2 x 46, 1 x 47, 1 x 70 || style="text-align:right;" |209 || Spectrum || Private
|-
| GMR (barge mounted) Power Plant ||Kakinada || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || {{Coord|17|03|32|N|82|18|33|E|name=GMR barge mounted power station}}|| 1 x 237 || style="text-align:right;" |237 || GMR || Private
|-
|| Panduranga CCPP || Annadevarapeta ||[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |116.0||PESPL || Private
|-
|| RVK Energy power plant || [[Rajahmundry]] ||[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || 1×28|| style="text-align:right;" |28.0||KVK || Private
|-
|| Sriba power plant || Chigurukota ||[[Krishna district|Krishna]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |30.0||Sriba industries || Private
|-
|| Silkroad sugar power plant || Kakinada || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |35.0||EID Parry || Private
|-
|| Kusalava power plant, GMK Formerly || Gollapallem ||[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || 2×1.1,1×1 || style="text-align:right;" |3.2||Triveni || Private
|-
||Gas engine power plant|| Pashamylaram || [[Medak district|Medak]]|| [[Telangana]] || Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |35.0||Astha power || Private
|-
| Kochi Combined Cycle Power Station || [[Kochi]] || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] || [[Kerala]] || Southern || || 3 x 40.50, 1 x 35.5 || style="text-align:right;" |157 || [[Reliance Infrastructure|BSES]] || Private
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi CCPP]] || [[Kayamkulam]] || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]|| [[Kerala]] || Southern || {{Coord|09|14|19|N|76|25|49|E|name=Rajiv Gandhi CCPP}}|| 2 x 115.20, 1 x 129.18 || style="text-align:right;" |359.58 || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || Central
|-
|| Valuthur Gas Turbine Power Station || [[Valuthur]] || [[Ramanthapuram district|Ramanathapuram]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 1 x 61, 1 x 59.8, 1 x 34, 1 x 32.3 || style="text-align:right;" |187.1 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
|| [[Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai district|Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|13|05|55|N|80|16|10|E|name=Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station}}|| 4 x 30 || style="text-align:right;" |120 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
|| Aban Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[Karuppur, Kumbakonam|Karuppur]] || [[Thanjavur district|Tanjore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|07|16|N|79|31|45|E|name=Aban Combined Cycle Power Plant}}|| 1 x 74.41, 1 x 38.80 || style="text-align:right;" |113.21 || [[Lanco Infratech]] || Private
|-
|| Kovikalpal Gas Turbine Power Station || [[Thirumakkottai]] || [[Thiruvarur District|Thiruvarur]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|10|32|29|N|79|27|1|E|name=Thirumakottai Gas Turbine Power Station}}|| 1 x 70, 1 x 38.88 || style="text-align:right;" |108.88 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
|| Kuttalam Gas Turbine Power Station || [[Maruthur]] || [[Nagapattinam District|Nagapattinam]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 1 x 64, 1 x 37 || style="text-align:right;" |101 || [[TNEB]] || State
|-
|| PPN Combined Cycle Power Plant ||Pillai Perumal Nallur ||[[Nagapattinam district]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{Coord|11|04|31|N|79|50|43|E|name=PPN Combined Cycle Power Plant}}||1 x 330.5 || style="text-align:right;" |330.5 || || Private
|-
|| Valantarvy Power Station||Valantarvy || || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || ||1 x 52.8 || style="text-align:right;" |52.8 || Pioneer Gas Power Ltd || Private
|-
|| Karaikal Gas Turbine Power Station || [[Karaikal]] || [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || Southern || || 1 x 22.9, 1 x 9.6 || style="text-align:right;" |32.5 || PPCL || State
|-
! ''Southern''!! !! !! !! ''20'' !! !! ''61'' !! ''9,106.77'' !! !!
|-
| Maithan GT || [[Maithan]] || || [[West Bengal]]|| Eastern || || 1 x 90$ || style="text-align:right;" | || DVC || State
|-
| Haldia GT || [[Haldia]] || || [[West Bengal]]|| Eastern || || 1 x 40 || style="text-align:right;" |40 || || State
|-
| Kasba Peak Load Power Generating Station<ref name=cescKasba01>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnnSjgfZnBsC&q=New+Cossipore+Generating+Station&pg=PA86|title=Environmental Issues for the 21st Century|isbn=9788170998730|last1=Das Gupta|first1=S. P.|year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref name=cescKasba02>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu-dxJ9tUdMC&q=New+Cossipore+Generating+Station&pg=PA35|title=Environmental Pollution Research|year=2002|publisher=APH |isbn=9788176482592}}</ref> || [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] || [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || || 2 x 20 || style="text-align:right;" |40 || [[CESC Limited|CESC]] || Private
|-
! ''Eastern''!! !! !! !! ''3'' !! !! ''4'' !! ''170'' !! !!
|-
| Lakwa Thermal Power Station || [[Maibella]] || [[Sivasagar District|Sivasagar]] || [[Assam]] || North Eastern || {{Coord|26|59|08|N|94|55|42|E|name=Lakwa Thermal Power Station}}|| 3 x 15$, 3 x 20, 1 x 37.2 (WHRP) || style="text-align:right;" |97.2 || [[Assam State Electricity Board|APGCL]] || State
|-
| Namrup Thermal Power Station || || [[Dibrugarh District|Dibrugarh]] || [[Assam]]|| North Eastern || {{Coord|27|11|11|N|95|22|34|E|name=Namrup Thermal Power Station}}|| 1 x 20$, 2 x 21, 1 x 11, 1 x 24, 1 x 14 || style="text-align:right;" |91 || [[Assam State Electricity Board|APGCL]] || State
|-
| Khathalguri CCPP || || [[Khathalguri District|Khathalguri]] || [[Assam]]|| North Eastern || || 1 x 291 || style="text-align:right;" |291 || Neepco || State
|-
| Agartala GT || [[Agartala]] || || [[Tripura]] || North Eastern || || 1 x 109.5 || style="text-align:right;" |109.5 || [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|Neepco]] || State
|-
|Monarchak CCPP || || || [[Tripura]] || North Eastern || || 1 x 65.4 || style="text-align:right;" |65.4 || Neepco || State
|-
|[[ONGC Tripura Power Company]] CCPP || [[Udaipur, Tripura|Palatana-Udaipur]] || || [[Tripura]]|| North Eastern ||{{Coord|22|29|59|N|91|26|22|E|name=ONGC Tripura Power Company}}|| 2 x 363.3 || style="text-align:right;" |726.6 || [[ONGC]] || Central
|-
|Rokia GT || [[Bhishalgarh]] || [[West Tripura]] || [[Tripura]]|| North Eastern || || 1 x 111 || style="text-align:right;" |111 || || State
|-
|Baramura GT || [[Baramura]] || || [[Tripura]]|| North Eastern || || 1 x 58.5 || style="text-align:right;" |58.5 || || State
|-
! ''North Eastern''!! !! !! !! ''8'' !! !! ''21'' !! ''1629.3'' !! !!
|-
! ''Total''!! !! !! !! ''65'' !! !! ''206'' !! ''28,096.49'' !! !!
|}

{{clear}}

==== Diesel-based ====
The total installed capacity of major grid connected [[Diesel fuel|diesel]]-based power plants in India is 509.71 MW.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The installed capacity of captive power DG sets is estimated to be nearly 90,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/|title= Gensets add up to under half of installed power capacity; August, 2014 |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> Here is the partial list of grid connected plants.

$ → Retired/scrapped power stations<ref name=retire/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Power station !! Location !! District !! State !! Region !! Coordinates!! Unit capacities !! data-sort-type="number" |Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Operator !! Sector
|-
| Kozhikode Diesel Power Station || [[Kozhikode]] || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] || [[Kerala]] || Southern || || 2 x 16$, 6 x 16.00 || style="text-align:right;" |96|| [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] || State
|-
| Yelahanka Diesel Power Station || [[Yelahanka]] || [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || || 6 x 21.32 || style="text-align:right;" |127.92 || [[Karnataka Power Corporation|KPCL]] || State
|-
| Belgaum Diesel Power Station || [[Yelahanka]] || [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]] || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || || 5 x 16.26$, 2 x 16.26 || style="text-align:right;" |32.52 || || Private
|-
| [[Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant]] || Brahmapuram || || [[Kerala]] || Southern || || 2 x 21.32$, 3 x 21.32 || style="text-align:right;" |64 || [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] || State
|-
| LVS Power Station || Vishakhapatnam || || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Southern || || 1 x 36.8 || style="text-align:right;" |36.8 || Greenko || Private
|-
| Samalpatti Diesel Power Station || Samalpatti || || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |105.7 || || Private
|-
| Samayanallur Diesel Power Station || Samayanallur|| || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |106 || || Private
|-
| Bellary Power Station || [[Bellary]] || || [[Karnataka]]|| Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |25.2 || || Private
|-
! ''Southern'' !! !! !! !! ''9'' !! !! ''24'' !! ''594.14'' !! !!
|-
| Suryachakra Diesel Power Station || A & N || || [[Andaman & Nicobar]] || Islands || || || style="text-align:right;" |20 || SPCL || Private
|-
! ''Islands'' !! !! !! !! ''1'' !! !! !! ''20'' !! !!
|-
| Bemina Diesel Power Station || [[Bemina]] || [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 1 x 5 || style="text-align:right;" |5 || J&K Govt || State
|-
| Leh Diesel Power Station || [[Leh]] || [[Leh district|Leh]] || [[Ladakh]] || Northern || || 1 x 2.18 || style="text-align:right;" |2.18 || J&K Govt || State
|-
| Ambala Diesel Power Station || [[Ambala]] || [[Ambala district|Ambala]] || [[Haryana]] || Northern || || 1 x 2.18 || style="text-align:right;" |2.18 || Haryana Govt || State
|-
| Upper Sindh Diesel Power Station || || || [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 1 x 1.7 || style="text-align:right;" |1.70 || J&K Govt || State
|-
| Keylong Diesel Power Station || [[Keylong]] || [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || || 1 x 0.13 || style="text-align:right;" |0.13 || HP Govt || State
|-
| Kamah Diesel Power Station || || || [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 1 x 0.06 || style="text-align:right;" |0.06 || J&K Govt || State
|-
! ''Northern'' !! !! !! !! ''6'' !! !! ''6'' !! ''11.25'' !! !!
|-
| Gangtok Diesel Power Station || [[Gangtok]] || [[East Sikkim district|East Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || || || style="text-align:right;" |4 || Sikkim Govt || State
|-
| Ranipool Diesel Power Station || [[Ranipool]] || [[East Sikkim district|East Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || || || style="text-align:right;" |1 || Sikkim Govt || State
|-
! ''Eastern'' !! !! !! !! ''2'' !! !! !! ''5'' !! !!
|-
| Leimakhong Diesel Power Station || [[Leimakhong]] || || [[Manipur]] || North Eastern || || || style="text-align:right;" |36 || || State
|-
! ''North Eastern'' !! !! !! !! ''1'' !! !! !! ''36'' !! !!
|-
! ''Total'' !! !! !! !! ''19'' !! !! !! ''666.39'' !! !!
|}

{{clear}}

== Renewable ==
{{Main article|Renewable energy in India}}
India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s. India's cumulative grid interactive, or grid tied, renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) had reached about 87.38 GW as of 2020.

=== Hydroelectric ===
{{Main article|Hydroelectric power in India}}

This is a list of major hydroelectric power plants in India.<ref name="existingProjectsNHPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhpi.html|title=List of operating hydroelectric power stations in India|date=30 August 2018|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826230228/http://cea.nic.in/monthlyhpi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# Hydro power units with [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage]] features<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/hydro/2018/pump_storage-07.pdf |title=Pumped storage development in India |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054257/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/hydro/2018/pump_storage-07.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Station !! District !! State !! Region !! Plant coordinates!! Unit capacities !! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Under construction<ref name="underConstructionProjectsNHPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/project.htm?CatId=2 |title=NHPC Under Construction Power Stations |publisher=NHPC |access-date=2014-02-07}}</ref> ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Operator
|-
| AD Hydro Power Ltd.||[[Kullu]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || || 2 x 96 || style="text-align:right;" |192 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[ADHPL]]
|-
| [[Tehri Dam]] || [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]|| [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || {{coord|30|22|40|N|78|28|50|E|name=Tehri Dam}}|| 4 x 250, 4 x 250# || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || style="text-align:center;" |1000# || [[THDC Ltd|THDC]]
|-|-
| [[Koteshwar Dam]] || || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || {{coord|30|22|40|N|78|28|50|E|name=Tehri Dam}}|| 4 x 100 || style="text-align:right;" |400 || style="text-align:center;" | || [[THDC Ltd|THDC]]
|-
| [[Power (Himachal)|Baspa-II]] || || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || || 3 x 100 || style="text-align:right;" |300 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Jaypee Group|JHPL]]
|-
| [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant]] || [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|31|32|35.53|N|78|00|54.80|E|name=Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant}}|| 4 x 250 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Jaypee Group|JHPL]]
|-
| [[Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Dam|Nathpa Jhakri]] || || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || {{coord|31|33|50|N|77|58|49|E|name=Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Dam}}|| 6 x 250|| style="text-align:right;" |1,500 || style="text-align:center;" |- || SJVNL
|-
| [[Pandoh Dam|Dehar Power House]] || [[Mandi district|Mandi]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || {{Coord|31|24|47|N|76|52|06|E|name=Dehar Power House}}|| 6 x 165 || style="text-align:right;" |990 || style="text-align:center;" |- || BBMB
|-
| [[Pong Dam|Pong]] || || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || {{coord|31|58|17|N|75|56|48|E|name=Pong Dam}}|| 6 x 66 || style="text-align:right;" |396 || style="text-align:center;" |- || BBMB
|-
| [[Bhakra Dam]] || || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Northern || {{coord|31|24|39|N|76|26|0|E|name=Bhakra Dam}}|| 2 x 108, 3 x 126, 5 x 157 || style="text-align:right;" |1,379 || style="text-align:center;" |- || BBMB
|-
| [[Chamera Dam]] || [[Chamba district|Chamba]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || {{coord|32|35|50|N|75|59|09|E|name=Chamera Dam}}|| 3 x 180, 3 x 100, 3 x 77 || style="text-align:right;" |1,071 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Salal Hydroelectric Power Station]] || [[Reasi district|Reasi]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || {{coord|33|8|26|N|74|48|27|E|name=Salal Hydroelectric Power Station}}|| 6 x 115 || style="text-align:right;" |690 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Uri Dam|Uri Hydroelectric Project]] || [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || {{coord|34|08|40|N|74|11|08|E|name=Uri Hydroelectric Dam}}|| 4 x 120, ''4 x 60'' || style="text-align:right;" |480 || style="text-align:right;" |''240'' || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Dulhasti]] || [[Kishtwar]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 3 x 130 || style="text-align:right;" |390 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga-I]] || [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || {{coord|29|58|N|80|37|E|name=Dhauliganga-I}}|| 4 x 70 || style="text-align:right;" |280 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation#Power stations|Baira Suil]] || [[Chamba district|Chamba]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || || 3 x 60 || style="text-align:right;" |180 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Sarda River#Development Scenario(2,3,4,5,6,7 & 8)|Tanakpur]] || [[Champawat district|Champawat]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || {{coord|27|21|N|81|23|E|name=Tanakpur}}|| 3 x 40 || style="text-align:right;" |120 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| Sewa || [[Kathua district|Kathua]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || || 3 x 40 || style="text-align:right;" |120 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant|Nimmo-Bazgo]] || [[Leh district|Leh]] || [[Ladakh]] || Northern || || 3 x 15 || style="text-align:right;" |45 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Chutak Hydroelectric Plant|Chutak]] || [[Kargil district|Kargil]] || [[Ladakh]] || Northern || || 4 x 11 || style="text-align:right;" |44 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| Parbati Hydroelectric Project || [[Kullu district|Kullu]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || || ''4 x 200, 4 x 130'' || style="text-align:center;" |- || style="text-align:right;" |''1,320'' || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project]] || [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern ||{{coord|34|38|51|N|74|45|53|E|name=Kishanganga HEP}}|| ''3 x 110'' || style="text-align:right;" |''330'' || style="text-align:right;" | || [[NHPC]]
|-
|Rana Pratap sagar Dam
|Rawatbhata
|Rajasthan
|Northern
|
|4 x 43
|172
| -
|RRPGCL
|-
|Jawahar Sagar Dam
|Kota
|Rajasthan
|Northern
|
|3 x 33
|99
| -
|RRPGCL
|-
! ''Northern'' !! !! !! ''19'' !! !! ''106'' !! ''11,261'' !! ''2,560'' !!
|-
| [[Srisailam Dam]] || || [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{coord|16|05|13|N|78|53|50|E|name=Srisailam Dam}}|| 6 x 150#, 7 x 110 || style="text-align:right;" |1,670 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited|APGenco]], [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation|TSGENCO]]
|-
| [[Sharavathi River#Dams|Sharavathi]] || || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{coord|14|14|06|N|74|46|02|E|name=Sharavathi River}}|| 10 x 103.5, 2 x 27.5, 4 x 60, 4 x 13.2, 4 x 21.6 || style="text-align:right;" |1,608.2 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited|KPCL]]
|-
| [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kalinadi]] || || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{coord|14|50|32|N|74|07|23|E|name=Kali River (Karnataka)}}|| 2 x 50, 1 x 135, 5 x 150, 3 x 50, 3 x 40 || style="text-align:right;" |1,240 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited|KPCL]]
|-
| [[Varahi River|Varahi]] || || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{coord|13|42|09|N|74|59|56|E|name=VARAHI River (Karnataka)}}|| 4 x 115, 2 x 4.5, 5 x 7.5 || style="text-align:right;" |506.5 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited|KPCL]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] || ||[[Telangana]]|| Southern || {{coord|16|36|N|79|20|E|name=Nagarjuna Sagar Dam}}|| 1 x 110, 7 x 100.8#, 2 x 30 || style="text-align:right;" |875 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation|TSGENCO]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] Right Bank PH || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|16|36|N|79|20|E|name=Nagarjuna Sagar Dam}}|| 3 x 30 || style="text-align:right;" |90 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited|APGenco]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] PH || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|16|37|N|79|29|E|name=Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Dam}}|| 2 x 25 || style="text-align:right;" |50 || style="text-align:right;" | || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited|APGenco]]
|-
| [[Idukki Dam|Idukki]] || || [[Kerala]] || Southern || {{coord|9|51|01|N|76|58|01|E|name=Idukki Dam}}|| 6 x 130 || style="text-align:right;" |780 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]]
|-
| [[Mettur Dam]] || || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || {{coord|11|48|00|N|77|48|00|E|name=Mettur Dam}}|| 4 x 50 || style="text-align:right;" |240 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Lower Mettur Barrage<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydroerode.html|title= Lower mettur barrage power house|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> || || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 8 x 15 || style="text-align:right;" |120 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Bhavani Kattalai Barrage<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/STATISTICAL%20DATA%20CARD%2012-13.pdf|title= Bhavani Kattalai Barrage|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> || || [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || || 4 x 15 || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| [[Linganamakki Dam]] || || [[Karnataka]] || Southern || {{coord|17|7|18|N|74|53|31|E|name=Linganamakki Dam}}|| || style="text-align:right;" |55 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| Kadamparai pumped storage<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kadamparai_Power_House_PH00344|title=Kadamparai Power House PH00344|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013811/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kadamparai_Power_House_PH00344|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || {{coord|10|24|15|N|77|02|37|E|name= Kadamparai Power House}}|| 4 x 100#|| style="text-align:right;" |400 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||TNEB
|-
| Aliyar PH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokadam.html|title= Aliyar power house|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Coimbatore district|Aliyar]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || 1 x 60 || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Kundah<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokundah.html|title= Kundah Power House |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || 1 x 60, 1 x 180, 1 x 175, 1 x 100, 1 x 40, 1 x 30 || style="text-align:right;" |585 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Pykara PH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokundah.html|title= Pykara power house|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || || style="text-align:right;" |59.2 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Pykara Ultimate Stage PH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokundah.html|title= Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro Electric Plant |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || 3 x 50 || style="text-align:right;" |150 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Sholayar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokoday.html|title= Kodayar Power House|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || 1 x 70, 1 x 25 || style="text-align:right;" |95 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
| Periyar PH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydrokoday.html|title= Periyar power house|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> ||[[Theni district|Theni]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Southern || || 2 x 35, 2 x 42 || style="text-align:right;" |154 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[TNEB]]
|-
|[[Jurala Project]] || Chintharevula || [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{coord|16|20|N|77|42|E|name= Jurala Project}}|| 4 x 39|| style="text-align:right;" |234 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||[[Telangana Power Generation Corporation|TSGENCO]]
|-
|[[Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/proj_mon/status_he_execution.pdf |title= Status of Hydro Electric Projects under Execution for 12th Plan & beyond |access-date= 7 Sep 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003433/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/proj_mon/status_he_execution.pdf |archive-date= 2014-07-15 }}</ref> || Atmakur || [[Telangana]] || Southern || {{coord|16|19|N|77|47|E|name=Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project}}|| 6 x 40|| style="text-align:right;" |240|| style="text-align:right;" |- ||[[Telangana Power Generation Corporation|TSGENCO]]
|-
|[[Pulichinthala Project]] || ||[[Telangana]]|| Southern ||{{coord|16|45|N|80|03|E|name=Pulichinthala Project}}|| 4 x 30 || align="right" |120 || || [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation|TSGENCO]]
|-
| Upper Sileru || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|18|02|11|N|82|01|09|E|name=Upper Sileru}}|| 4 x 60|| style="text-align:right;" |240 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited|APGenco]]
|-
| Lower Sileru || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|17|52|11|N|81|39|27|E|name=Lower Sileru}}|| 4 x 115|| style="text-align:right;" |460 || style="text-align:center;" |- || APGenco
|-
| Donkarayi || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|17|55|57|N|81|47|49|E|name=Donkarayi Dam}}|| 1 x 25|| style="text-align:right;" |25 || style="text-align:center;" |- || APGenco
|-
|[[Polavaram Project|Polavaram]] || ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Southern || {{coord|17|15|40|N|81|39|23|E|name=Polavaram Dam}}|| 12 x 80|| style="text-align:right;" |- || style="text-align:center;" |960 || APGenco
|-
! ''Southern'' !! !! !! ''24'' !! !! ''153'' !! ''9,610.4'' !!''960'' !!
|-
| [[Koyna Hydroelectric Project|Koyna]] || [[satara district|Satara]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{coord|17|24|06|N|73|45|08|E|name=Koyna Hydroelectric Project}}|| 4 x 70, 4 x 80, 2 x 20, 4 x 80, 4 x 250, 2 x 40# || style="text-align:right;" |1,960 || style="text-align:center;" |80# || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]
|-
| [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] || || [[Gujarat]] || Western || {{coord|21|49|49|N|73|44|50|E|name=Narmada Dam}}|| 6 x 200#, 5 x 50 || style="text-align:right;" |1,450 || style="text-align:center;" |- || Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam
|-
| [[Indirasagar Dam|Indira Sagar]] || Khadwa || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{coord|22|17|02|N|76|28|17|E|name=Indirasagar Dam}}|| 8 x 125 || style="text-align:right;" |1,000 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Narmada River#Narmada river development (NRD)|Omkareshwar]] || Khandwa || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{coord|22|05|N|74|54|E|name=Narmada River}}|| 8 x 65 || style="text-align:right;" |520 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Bansagar Dam]] || || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{coord|24|11|30|N|81|17|15|E|name=Bansagar Dam}}|| || style="text-align:right;" |425 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| [[Ukai Dam]] || || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 4 x 75 || style="text-align:right;" |300 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[GSECL]]
|-
| [[Ghatghar Pumped Storage]] || || [[Maharashtra]] || Western ||{{coord|19|32|33|N|73|39|53|E|name=Ghatghar reservoir}}|| 2 x 125# || style="text-align:right;" |250 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]
|-
| [[Mulshi Dam]] || [[Pune district|Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{coord|18|31|37|N|73|30|39|E|name=Mulshi Dam}}|| 6 x 25, 1 x 150#|| style="text-align:right;" |300 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Tata Power]]
|-
| [[Bargi Dam]] || || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{coord|22|56|30|N|79|55|30|E|name=Bargi Dam}}|| || style="text-align:right;" |105 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| [[Madikheda Dam]] || || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || {{coord|25|33|20|N|77|51|10|E|name=Madikheda Dam}}|| || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| [[Jayakwadi Dam]] || || [[Maharashtra]] || Western || {{coord|19|29|8.7|N|075|22|12|E|name=Jayakwadi Dam}}|| 1 X 12#|| style="text-align:right;" |12 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| [[Kadana Dam]] || || [[Gujarat]] || Western || || 2 x 60#, 2 x 60|| style="text-align:right;" |240 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[GSECL]]
|-
| [[Ujjani Dam]] ||[[Solapur district|Solapur]] || [[Maharashtra]]|| Western || {{coord|18|04|27|N|75|07|13|E|name=Ujjani reservoir}}|| 1 x 12#|| style="text-align:right;" |12 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company|MSPGCL (MAHAGENCO)]]
|-
|Gandhisagar Dam
|
|Madhya Pradesh
|Western
|{{coord|24|42|24|N|75|33|12|E|name=Gandhisagar Dam}}
|5 x 23
|115
| -
|MPPGCL
|-
! ''Western'' !! !! !! ''10'' !! !! ''55'' !! ''5,932'' !!''80'' !!
|-
| [[Indravati Dam|Upper Indravati Power Station]] || [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|19|28|20|N|82|59|50|E|name=Upper Indravati}}|| 4 x 150 || style="text-align:right;" |600 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| [[Balimela Reservoir|Balimela Power Station]] || [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] || [[Odisha]] & [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Eastern || {{coord|18|08|49|N|82|06|55|E|name=Balimela}}|| 6 x 60, 2 x 75 || style="text-align:right;" |510 || style="text-align:center;" |60<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ap-orissa-join-hands-to-build-hydel-project/article4776766.ece |title= AP, Orissa join hands to build hydel project |website= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| [[Hirakud Dam]] || [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|21|32|58|N|83|52|12|E|name=Hirakud}}|| 2 x 49.5, 2 x 32, 3 x 37.5, 3 x 24 || style="text-align:right;" |347.5 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| Upper Kolab Power Station || [[Koraput district|Koraput]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|18|47|19|N|82|36|00|E|name=Upper Kolab}}|| 4 x 80 || style="text-align:right;" |320 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| Sindol Complex Power Station || [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|21|32|58|N|83|49|31|E|name=Sindol Complex}}|| 5 x 18, 5 x 20, 6 x 20 || style="text-align:right;" |320 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| Potteru Hydro Electric Project || [[Koraput district|Koraput]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|17|57|31|N|81|41|08|E|name=Potteru}}|| 2 x 3 || style="text-align:right;" |6 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| [[Jalaput Dam]] || [[Koraput district|Koraput]] || [[Odisha]] & [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| Eastern || {{coord|18|27|17|N|82|32|47|E|name=Jalaput}}|| 3 x 23, 3 x 17 || style="text-align:right;" |120 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| [[Rengali Dam]] || [[Angul district|Angul]] || [[Odisha]] || Eastern || {{coord|21|16|36|N|82|32|54|E|name=Rengali}}|| 5 x 50 || style="text-align:right;" |250 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[Odisha Hydro Power Corporation]]
|-
| Teesta-III || [[North Sikkim district|North Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || || 6 x 200 || style="text-align:right;" |1,200 || style="text-align:center;" | ||Teesta Urja Ltd
|-
| Teesta-V || [[East Sikkim district|East Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || {{coord|25|30|50|N|89|39|56|E|name=Teesta-V}}|| 3 x 170 || style="text-align:right;" |510 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| Teesta Low Dam || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || || 4 x 33, 4 x 40 || style="text-align:right;" |132 || style="text-align:center;" |''160'' || [[NHPC]]
|-
| Purulia pumped storage || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || || 4 x 225# || style="text-align:right;" |900 || style="text-align:center;" | || [[West Bengal State Electricity Board|WBSEB]]
|-
| [[Panchet Dam|Panchet]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || ||1 x 40, 1 x 40# || style="text-align:right;" |80 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||[[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]]
|-
| [[Maithon Dam|Maithon Hydel Power Station]]|| || [[West Bengal]] &[[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || ||3 x 20# || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:center;" |- ||[[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]]
|-
| [[Rangeet River|Rangit]] || [[South Sikkim district|South Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || || 3 x 20 || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Ranpo & Rongli River|Chuzachen Hydroelectric Power Plant]] || [[East Sikkim district|East Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || || 2 x 55 || style="text-align:right;" |110 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[GIPL]]
|-
! ''Eastern'' !! !! !! ''16'' !! !! ''60'' !! ''3,274.5'' !! ''160'' !!
|-
| Kambang Project<ref name="smallProjectsNHPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/geo-thermal.htm |title=NHPC Geo Thermal and Small Hydro|publisher=NHPC|access-date=2014-02-07}}</ref> || || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || North East || || 3 x 2 || style="text-align:right;" |6 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| Sippi Project<ref name="smallProjectsNHPC"/> || || [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|| North East || || 2 x 2 || style="text-align:right;" |4 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Ranganadi Dam|Ranganadi]] || || [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|| North East ||{{coord|27|15|27|N|93|47|32|E|name=Ranganadi Dam}}||3 x 135 || style="text-align:right;" |405 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||Neepco
|-
| [[Subansiri Lower Dam|Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Power Project]] || [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || North East ||{{coord|27|33|13|N|94|15|31|E|name= Subansiri Lower Dam}}|| ''8 x 250'' || style="text-align:center;" |- || style="text-align:right;" |''2,000'' || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Khuga Dam]] || || [[Manipur]] || North East || {{coord|24|18|N|93|9|E|name=Khuga Dam}}|| || || style="text-align:center;" |- ||
|-
| [[Loktak#Loktak Multipurpose Project|Loktak]] || || [[Manipur]] || North East || {{coord|24|33|N|93|47|E|name=Loktak}}|| 3 x 35 || style="text-align:right;" |105 || style="text-align:center;" |- || [[NHPC]]
|-
| [[Umiam Lake|Umiam-Umtru Hydroelectric Power Project]] || [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] || [[Meghalaya]] || North East ||{{coord|25.6532|N|91.8843|E|name= Umiam Lake}}|| ''6 x 9, 4 x 30'' || style="text-align:right;" |185 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' || [[MECL]]
|-
| Leshka || || [[Meghalaya]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |126 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
| Kyrdemkulai || || [[Meghalaya]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |60 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
| Khondong || || [[Meghalaya]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |50 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
| Kopili || || [[Assam]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |225 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
| Karbi Langpi || || [[Assam]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |100 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
| Doyang || || [[Nagaland]] || North East || || || style="text-align:right;" |75 || style="text-align:right;" |''-'' ||
|-
! ''North East'' !! !! !! ''13'' !! !! ''26'' !! ''1341'' !! ''2,000'' !!
|-
! ''Total'' !! !! !! ''82'' !! !! ''400'' !! ''30,908.9'' !! ''4,050'' !!
|}

[[File:Bansagar3.JPG|thumb|200px|Bansagar Dam]]
[[File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG|thumb|200px|Nagarjuna Sagar Dam across Krishna River]]
[[File:IdukkiDamConcaveSide.jpg|thumb|200px|Idukki [[arch dam]] on [[Periyar River]]]]
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam partially completed.JPG|thumb|200px|Sardar Sarovar Dam on [[Narmada River]]]]
[[File:MetturDam TamilNadu.jpg|thumb|200px|Mettur Dam [[Stanley Reservoir]] on [[Kaveri River]]]]
[[Image:Tehri dam india.jpg|thumb|200px|Spillway of Tehri Dam]]
[[File:Indravati Dam.jpg|thumbnail|Upper Indravati power house]]
[[File:Spillway Salal Power Station.jpg|thumb|200px|Spil way of Salal HE Station]]

{{wide image|Hirakud Dam Panorama.jpg|align-cap=center|550px|Panoramic view of [[Hirakud Dam]] at [[Sambalpur]] }}

=== Solar photovoltaic ===

{{Main article|Solar power in India}}

{{excerpt|Solar power in India|Major photovoltaic power stations}}

=== Solar thermal ===
Listed are [[concentrated solar power]] stations with a capacity of at least 10 MW.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Location !! State !! Coordinates!! [[Nameplate capacity|Capacity]] ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Commissioned
!Ref
|-
| Dhursar Solar Plant || [[Jaisalmer district]] || [[Rajasthan]] || {{coord|26|47|09|N|72|00|30|E|name=Dhursar Concentrated Solar Plant}}|| style="text-align:center;" | 125 || style="text-align:center;"| 2016
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2016 |title=Rel Power's Rajasthan solar plant hits record output of 100 MW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rel-powers-rajasthan-solar-plant-hits-record-output-of-100-mw/articleshow/51640826.cms |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403130602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rel-powers-rajasthan-solar-plant-hits-record-output-of-100-mw/articleshow/51640826.cms |archive-date=3 April 2021 |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

{{clear}}

=== Wind power ===

{{Main article|Wind power in India}}
{{excerpt|Wind power in India|Projects}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
*[[Energy policy of India]]
*[[Electricity in India]]
*[[States of India by installed power capacity]]
*[[List of largest power stations in the world]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Power stations|state=collapsed}}
{{Asia topic|List of hydroelectric stations in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Stations In India}}
[[Category:Power stations in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of power stations by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Economy of India lists]]

Yashas Surya

2026-02-16T21:32:58Z

MaritzaSandoval: done

{{Infobox person
| name = Yashas Surya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]'' (2023)
| spouse = {{marriage|Ambika|2021}}
}}
'''Yashas Surya''' is an Indian actor who works in Kannada-language films.

== Career ==
Yashas Surya played lead roles in ''[[Yuga Yugagale Saagali]]'' (2008) and ''[[Shishira (film)|Shishira]]'' (2009) before playing supporting roles in many films, particularly starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/15ssyys.htm|title=Yuga Yugagale Saagali, a nice watch|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 February 2008|author=RG Vijayasarathy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/i-waited-to-bag-this-film-yashas/articleshow/5366057.cms|title=I waited to bag this film: Yashas|date=23 December 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He underwent training for the historical film ''[[Ramadhanya]]'' (2018), which saw him playing three roles including [[Kanaka Dasa]]. The film was also partially set in the present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-underwent-intense-training-for-raamadhanya/articleshow/64305209.cms|title=Yashas Surya underwent intense training for Raamadhanya|date=24 May 2018|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

He played trained to play a wrestler in [[Yogaraj Bhat]]'s ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-to-star-in-yogaraj-bhats-next/articleshow/87622102.cms|title=Yashas Surya to star in Yogaraj Bhat's next?|date=10 November 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-heres-how-yashas-surya-transformed-himself-to-look-like-a-wrestler-in-garadi/articleshow/92230915.cms|title=Exclusive: Here's how Yashas Surya transformed himself to look like a wrestler in Garadi|date=16 June 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-takes-the-action-route-for-garadi/articleshow/87757402.cms|title=Yashas Surya takes the action route for Garadi|date=18 November 2021|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-shoots-at-historic-sites-in-badami/articleshow/90495931.cms|title=Yashas Surya shoots at historic sites in Badami|date=29 March 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Ambika, a management professional, on 11 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-marries-ambika/articleshow/85322301.cms|title=Yashas Surya marries Ambika|date=15 August 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Yuga Yugagale Saagali]]'' || Shashi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Shishira (film)|Shishira]]'' || Suraj ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' || Yashas Surya ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' || Sudeep ||
|-
| 2015 || ''March 23: Anti Corruption Day'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/march-23-anti-corruption-day/movieshow/61977166.cms|title=March 23: Anti Corruption Day Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Psycho Shankra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Ramadhanya]]'' || Raghav, [[Kanaka Dasa]], Rama || Triple role
|-
| ''Chitte'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/chitte/movieshow/64773788.cms|title=Chitte Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || [[Sahadeva]] ||
|-
| ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]'' || Vijayendra || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/s-narayans-son-pankaj-is-back-as-darshans-brother-in-odeya/articleshow/65621109.cms|title=S Narayan's son Pankaj is back as Darshan's brother in Odeya|date=31 August 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Triple Riding]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashas-surya-plays-a-cameo-in-ganeshs-next-tribble-riding/articleshow/80202930.cms|title=Yashas Surya plays a cameo in Ganesh's next, Tribble Riding|date=11 January 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]'' || Garadi Soori ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5804200}}

[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nisha Sharma (author)

2026-02-16T19:09:34Z

MaritzaSandoval: expand intro also and added references

{{Short description|American romance novelist}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}

'''Nisha Sharma''' is an American author of adult and [[Young adult literature|young adult]] [[contemporary romance]] novels featuring [[South Asia]]n characters. She also writes sci-fi, paranormal, and fantasy romance as Nina Saxena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nina Saxena |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Nina-Saxena/257304923 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Simon & Schuster |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma is the daughter of [[Indian Americans|Indian immigrants]]. She has stated that the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movies she watched as a child influenced her affinity for romance fiction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Meghan |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Happily Ever After |url=https://www.muhlenberg.edu/news/2022/sharmaprofile.html |access-date=March 21, 2025 |website=Muhlenberg College |language=en}}</ref> Sharma enrolled at [[Muhlenberg College]], where she began a pre-medical track before switching to an English major. She graduated from Muhlenberg College in 2007 and later earned an MFA from [[Wilkes University]].<ref name=":0" /> She also holds a JD from Hofstra University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nisha Sharma, JD, MFA |url=https://www.parents.com/nisha-sharma-11859023 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Parents |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma published her first novel, ''My So-Called Bollywood Life'', in 2018, after writing the book as her master's thesis at Wilkes University.<ref name=":0" /> The novel earned a [[RITA Award]] from the [[Romance Writers of America]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=León |first=Concepción de |date=January 7, 2020 |title=Romance Writers of America Cancels Awards Program |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/07/books/romance-writers-cancel-ritas.html?searchResultPosition=4 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> making Sharma the first author of South Asian descent to win the award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Spectacular Implosion at the Romance Writers of America |url=https://www.jezebel.com/inside-the-spectacular-implosion-at-the-romance-writers-1841002358 |access-date=March 21, 2025 |website=Jezebel |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sharma has written three adaptations of the [[Shakespeare's plays|plays of William Shakespeare]] into novels featuring [[South Asia]]n characters,<ref name="people.com">{{Cite web |title=How James Baldwin Changed How One South Asian Author Reads Shakespeare (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/james-baldwin-100-nisha-sharma-reads-shakespeare-essay-exclusive-8689596 |access-date=March 21, 2025 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> a [[trilogy]] titled "If Shakespeare Were an Auntie." The series, published by [[HarperCollins]], includes ''Dating Dr. Dil'', based on ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2021 |title=Dating Dr. Dil by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063001107 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> ''Marriage and Masti'', based on ''[[Twelfth Night]];''<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2024 |title=Marriage & Masti by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063001183 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> and ''Tastes Like Shakkar'', based on ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Tastes Like Shakkar by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063001145 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Influenced by [[James Baldwin]], Sharma wrote that she viewed writing adaptations of Shakespeare as a form of [[decolonization]].<ref name="people.com"/>

As of 2022, Sharma taught a creative writing class at Muhlenberg College.<ref name=":0" />

As of 2024, she is working on a PhD in social justice and English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editors |first=She Writes |date=2024-08-05 |title=DIY DEI in Publishing: What Workplace Diversity Taught Me about Advocating for Myself as an Author |url=https://shewrites.com/diy-dei-in-publishing-what-workplace-diversity-taught-me-about-advocating-for-myself-as-an-author/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=She Writes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== As Nisha Sharma ===

==== Stand-alone novels ====
* ''My So-Called Bollywood Life'' (2018)
* ''Radha & Jai's Recipe for Romance'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Radha & Jai's Recipe for Romance by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553523294 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref>
* ''The Karma Map'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=The Karma Map by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781662500787 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref>
* ''The Letters We Keep'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2024 |title=The Letters We Keep by Nisha Sharma |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781662500732 |access-date=March 22, 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref>
* ''Illusions of Fire'' (2025)
* ''The Lotus Inn'' (2027)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albanese {{!}} |first=Andrew |title=Book Deals: Week of January 8, 2024 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/94036-book-deals-week-of-january-8-2024.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== The Singh Family ====
* ''The Takeover Effect'' (2019)
* ''The Legal Affair'' (2020)
* ''A Singh Family Christmas'' (2022)
* ''The Rival Partnership'' (2026)

==== If Shakespeare Were an Auntie ====
* ''Dating Dr. Dil'' (2022)
* ''Tastes Like Shakkar'' (2023)
* ''Marriage & Masti'' (2024)

=== As Nina Saxena ===

==== Stand-alone novels ====

* ''Now You See Him'' (2025)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://authorninasaxena.com/books/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Nina Saxena |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''M.A.Y.A.'' (2025)<ref name=":1" />

==== The Shukra Duology ====

* ''The Pirate Queen'' (2024)<ref name=":1" />
* ''The Warrior Queen'' (2027)<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nisha}}
[[Category:American romantic fiction novelists]]
[[Category:Muhlenberg College alumni]]
[[Category:Wilkes University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao

2026-02-11T07:23:33Z

MaritzaSandoval: reworked layout after review

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist (1922–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao
| image = ShikaripuraRanganathaRaoPic.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|07|01}}
| birth_place = Anandapuram, Sagar taluk, Shimoga district, erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (now Karnataka)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|01|03|1922|07|01}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[archeologist|Archaeologist]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao''' (1 July 1922 – 3 January 2013), commonly known as Dr. '''S. R. Rao''', was an Indian [[archeologist|archaeologist]] who led teams credited with discoveries of a number of [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] sites, including the port city [[Lothal]] and [[Bet Dwarka]] in [[Gujarat]].

== Biography and career ==
Rao was born into a Madhwa Brahmin family on 1 July 1922. He completed his education from [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ApuAAAAMAAJ|title=New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology S.R. Rao's 70th Birthday Felicitation Volume · Volume 1|author1=Baiderbettu Upendra Nayak|author2=N. C. Ghosh|year=1992|page=XXI|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85689-12-8 |quote=Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao (S. R. Rao) was born on 1st July, 1920 at Anandapuram in Sagar taluk of Shimoga district in the erstwhile Mysore (now Karnataka) state. His father Shikaripur Hucha Rao, a Madhwa Brahmin, was well educated upto first year in Arts and wanted...}}</ref>

=== Indus script decipherment ===
While mainstream scholarship is generally in agreement with Rao's approach of comparison, the details of his decipherment have not been accepted, and the script is still generally considered undeciphered. John E. Mitchiner, after dismissing some more fanciful attempts at decipherment, mentions that "a more soundly-based but still greatly subjective and unconvincing attempt to discern an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] basis in the script has been that of Rao".<ref name="Mitchiner1978">{{citation|author=John E. Mitchiner|title=Studies in the Indus Valley Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3IRAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Oxford & IBH|page=5}}</ref>

In a 2002 interview with [[The Hindu]], Rao asserted his faith in his decipherment, saying that "Recently we have confirmed that it is definitely an Indo-Aryan language and deciphered. Prof. W. W. De Grummond of [[Florida State University]] has written in his article that I have already deciphered it."<ref>Rao refers to a statement by W. W. De Grummond, of the Department of Classics, Florida State University, that "Dr. Rao's decipherment of the Indus script has met with considerable acceptance and will serve now as a basis for further and continuing study of the language of the ancient Indus Valley civilization." in "Linguistic Affinities of Old Indo-Aryan with Classical Greek and Latin", B.U. Nayak, N.C. Ghosh (eds.) ''New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology: S.R. Rao's 70th birthday felicitation volume'', [[Aditya Prakashan]] (1992), pp. 133-139. {{ISBN|81-85689-12-1}}</ref>

=== Identification of Dwarka ===

At Kushasthali ([[Bet Dwarka]]), a strip of sand and stone situated {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=on}} north of town of [[Dwarka]], Rao and his team found a wall (560 metres long) visible on the shore itself. Dating of pottery found here gave a date of 1528 BCE based on [[thermoluminescence dating]].<ref name=Rao>S.R.Rao, The Lost City of Dvaraka. National Institute of Oceanography 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vora |first1=K. H. |last2=Gaur |first2=A. S. |last3=Price |first3=David |last4=Sundaresh |date=2002 |title=Cultural sequence of Bet Dwarka island based on thermoluminescence dating |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24106004?seq=1 |journal=Current Science |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1351–1356 |jstor=24106004 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

Rao asserts that the unearthed remains at Dwarka were the historical city that was home to [[Krishna]], believed to be the eighth [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=Rao/>

==Publications==
* ''Lothal and the Indus Civilisation'', Bombay: [[Asia Publishing House]], {{ISBN|0-210-22278-6}} (1973)
* ''Lothal: A Harappan Port Town (1955 - 1962)'', Vols. I and II, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no.78, New Delhi, ASIN: B0006E4EAC (1979 and 1985)
* ''Lothal'', New Delhi: the Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (1985)
* ''Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilization'', {{ISBN|81-85179-74-3}}, Delhi: [[Aditya Prakashan]] (1991)
* ''New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology: S.R. Rao's 70th Birthday Felicitation Volumes'', edited by B.U. Nayak and N.C. Ghosh, 2 vols. (1992)
* ''New Frontiers of Archaeology'', Bombay: [[Popular Prakashan]], {{ISBN|81-7154-689-7}} (1994)
* ''The Lost City of Dvaraka'', [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], {{ISBN|81-86471-48-0}} (1999)
* ''Marine Archaeology in India,'' Delhi: Publications Division, {{ISBN|81-230-0785-X}} (2001)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021226135039/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/20/stories/2002112000450200.htm Interview with S. R. Rao at ''The Hindu'']}}
*[http://www.gopala.org/index.php/2005/10/14/preserving_the_underwater_cultural_herit Dr. Rao emphasizes preservation of heritage sites in India]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/334517.stm Indus script]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060911221255/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/20/stories/2006022020340300.htm Hindu dated 20 Feb 2006 - S. R. Rao among Vidya Varenya awardees]
*{{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20070509074547/http://sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=000050 |date=9 May 2007 |title=Google's cache of Sundeep Books biographic write-up }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222731/http://www.srkv.org/guest_book/person1.html Rao biography]

*[http://www.the-week.com/23jun01/cover.htm#1 Interview]
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/people/peers/21751.htm Portrait of S.R.Rao] at Kamat.com
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/02/21/dwarka-of-krishnaarcheologist-sr-raos-speech-english-mp3/ S.R.Rao's speech(mp3)about Lord Krishna's Dwarka at DeshGujarat.Com]

{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shikaripura Ranganatha}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Underwater archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of South Asia]]

Ramachandran Unnithan

2026-02-10T02:53:22Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up basic article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Ramachandran Unnithan
| image = Kalamandalam ramachandran unnithan.jpg
| caption = Unnithan in female kathakali costume
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|03|08}}
| birth_place = [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kollam district]]
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Leela
| parents = Vasu Pillai, Gomathiamma
| children = 3
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja award
}}
'''Kalamandalam Ramachandran Unnithan''' is a [[Kathakali]] exponent from [[Kerala]], India. He received several awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2016. His biography titled ''Kachaiyum Mizhukkum'' was published in 2015.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Lalithaa |title=In his own performance space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-his-own-performance-space/article7818401.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 October 2015 |language=en-IN |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182703/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-his-own-performance-space/article7818401.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramachandran Unnithan was born on 1951 March 8, at Ezhukon Placott House in [[Kottarakkara]], Kollam district, to Vasu Pillai and Gomatiamma.<ref name="aswadanam"/> Karithra Vasupillai taught him the basics of Kathakali.<ref name="aswadanam"/> He studied Kathakali at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] from 1962 to 1975 and passed the 6 year Diploma and 2 year Post Graduate Diploma.<ref name="cyberkerala"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> In Kalamandalam Unnithan studied Kathakali under [[Ramankutty Nair|Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]], [[Kalamandalam Gopi]] and [[Sadanam Krishnankutty|Sadanam Krishnan Kutty]].<ref name="cyberkerala">{{cite web |title=Kathakali Artists - Kalamandalam Ramachandran Unnithan |url=http://www.cyberkerala.com/kathakali/artists/unnithan.htm |website=www.cyberkerala.com |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2021-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910085453/http://www.cyberkerala.com/kathakali/artists/unnithan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He is an exit in the ''Thadi'' role in the Kathakali.<ref name="cyberkerala"/> In his autobiography Unnithan said that one of his mentors, Sadanam Krishnan Kutty, advised him to focus on role of ''Thadi''.<ref name="aswadanam"/> His most popular roles are ''Mannan'' in ''Lavanasuravadham'' ([[Ramayana]]) and ''Bharata Malayan'' in ''Nizhal kuth'' ([[Mahabharata]]).<ref name="Hindu"/>

He lives in Vettikattiri in [[Thrissur district]].<ref name="cyberkerala"/>

==Family==
He and his wife Sreekumari have three children.<ref name="cyberkerala"/>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2016<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=കലാമണ്ഡലം രാമചന്ദ്രന്‍ ഉണ്ണിത്താന് കേന്ദ്ര സംഗീതനാടക അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡ്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/malayalam-news/kollam-1.1987611 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117050908/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/malayalam-news/kollam-1.1987611 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja award 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=ഗുരുപൂജ |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/gurupooja/555 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182948/http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/gurupooja/555 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*HRD Fellowship<ref name="cyberkerala"/>
*Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon Award<ref name="aswadanam">{{cite web |last1=Raveendranath |first1=Purushothaman |title=ക്രൂരനല്ല സാധുവത്രെ ചാരുരൂപൻ.. |url=http://aswadanam.com/index.php/ml/arts/82-kathakali/202-2015-09-13-15-29-14 |website=aswadanam |language=ml-in |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117050917/http://aswadanam.com/index.php/ml/arts/82-kathakali/202-2015-09-13-15-29-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Kalamandalam Hyderali memorial Kathakali award instituted by the Vendar Subrahmania Swamy temple advisory committee.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bags Kalamandalam Hyderali award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/jan/06/bags-kalamandalam-hyderali-award-216953.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182349/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/jan/06/bags-kalamandalam-hyderali-award-216953.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*He has won many local awards such as awards from Kollam Kathakali Club, Kottayam Kaliyarang, Alappuzha Kathakali Club, Alappuzha Kalakshetram and Bombay Keli.<ref name="cyberkerala"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Unnithan}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]

Narayanaswamy Srinivasan

2026-02-08T18:03:24Z

MaritzaSandoval: created initial data initial version.

{{Short description|Indian molecular biophysicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Narayanaswamy Srinivasan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|4|1}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = 3 September 2021
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[University of La Réunion]] | [[Birkbeck College]] | [[Manchester University]] | [[University of Nantes]] }}
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[computational genomics]] and [[protein structure]] analysis
| awards = 2004 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] 2007 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]
}}
'''Narayanaswamy Srinivasan''' (born 1962) was an Indian molecular biophysicist and a professor and the head of ''Proteins: Structure, Function and Evolutionary Group'' (N. S. Group) at the Molecular Biophysics Unit of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Welcome to our labpage">{{cite web | url=http://pauling.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/index.html | title=Welcome to our labpage | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> He is known for his researches in the fields of computational genomics and protein structure analysis.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=463 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile - N. Srinivasan">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Srinivasan,_Prof._Narayanaswamy | title=Fellow profile - N. Srinivasan | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016 | archive-date=16 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | url-status=dead }}</ref> he is a J. C. Bose National fellow of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{cite web | url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2007, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
N. Srinivasan, born on the [[April Fool's Day]] of 1962 in [[Chennai]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], graduated in physics from the [[University of Madras]] in 1982 and continued at the university to complete his master's degree in biophysics at the Department of Crystallography and Biophysics in 1984.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web | url=http://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/1800911895303810?referrer=GOOGLE | title=Biography | publisher=F1000 Prime | date=2016 | access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> Joining the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), he secured a PhD in 1991 for his thesis, ''Conformational studies on globular proteins: Data analysis'', and served as a senior research fellow at IISc, assisting [[Padmanabhan Balaram]], a noted biochemist and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient.<ref name="Personal Details">{{cite web | url=http://oasis.csir.res.in/pidcv/osdd_pi_dcv_82.pdf | title=Personal Details | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> His stint at Balaram's laboratory lasted only 10 months and in October 1991, he moved to the Department of Crystallography at [[Birkbeck College]] to work with [[Tom Blundell]] and stayed there till 1994 when he shifted his base to [[Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research]] where he had the opportunity to work under Mike Waterfield. Two years later, he was reunited with Tom Blundell at the Department of Biochemistry of the [[University of Cambridge]] and completed his post-doctoral studies there in May 1998.<ref name="Personal Details" />

Srininvasan returned to India the same year and joined the Indian Institute of Science to serve at the Molecular Biophysics Unit (MBU) as an assistant professor and a senior fellow of the [[Wellcome Trust]].<ref name="Curriculum Vitae of N. Srinivasan">{{cite web | url=http://pauling.mbu.iisc.ac.in/srini_cv_may_15.pdf | title=Curriculum Vitae of N. Srinivasan | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> In 2010, he was promoted as a professor and he heads the ''Proteins : Structure, Function and Evolutionary Group'', popularly known as N. S. Group, of the MBU.<ref name="Welcome to our labpage" /> In between, he served as an honorary research fellow at Birkbeck College from 1998 to 2000 and is a visiting professor at [[University of La Réunion]] (since 2004), a senior fellow at [[Manchester University]] (since 2008) and a visiting professor of [[Bioinformatics]] at [[University of Nantes]] (July 2012).<ref name="Personal Details" />

== Legacy ==
Srinivasan's researches were broadly on protein evolution with regard to its structure, functions and interactions. He worked on cellular signal transduction pathways and proteins involved in the process through modeling and computational studies.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Deploying [[computational genomics]], he is known to have assisted in identifying similar proteins with shared ''structural and functional features''. His research findings have been published in several articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see Selected bibliography section}} online article repositories such as [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="Srinivasan on Google Scholar">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=dxiu7GQAAAAJ&hl=en | title=Srinivasan on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]]<ref name="Srinivasan on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Narayanaswamy_Srinivasan | title=Srinivasan on ResearchGate | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> have listed 345 and 391 of his articles respectively. He has been granted patents for two of his inventions related to [[nucleotide sequences]].<ref name="Patents">{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=ininventor:%22Narayana+Swamy+Srinivasan%22 | title=Patents | publisher=Google patent search | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> His ongoing project, ''Multi-macromolecular assemblies'', relates to 3-D structures of large macromolecular machines.<ref name="Multi-macromolecular assemblies">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/project/Multi-macromolecular-assemblies | title=Multi-macromolecular assemblies | work=Project log | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

Srinivasan is a former member of the committee on ''Affiliates and Special Interests Group'' of the [[International Society for Computational Biology]] (ISCB) and a member of the Structural Biology and Structural Genomics section of the [[Faculty of 1000]].<ref name="Biography" /> He is associated with several science journals;<ref name="Curriculum Vitae of N. Srinivasan" /> as an editorial board member with [[Bioinformatics (journal)|Bioinformatics]], [[PLoS ONE]], [[Faculty of 1000#F1000Research|F1000 Research]], International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, Research and Reviews in Biosciences, [[Resonance (journal)|Resonance]], In Silico Biology, Scientific World Journal, [[Biology Direct]] and [[Scientific Reports]]; as an associate editor at ''International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics'' and ''Bioinformation'' and as a guest editor with [[PLoS Computational Biology]], [[Journal of Biosciences]], ''Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology'' and [[Current Opinion (Elsevier)|Current Opinions in Structural Biology]].(ongoing).<ref name="Guest editor">{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0959440X/37 | title=Guest editor | publisher=Current Opinion in Structural Biology | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> He was associated with PRIB 2007, an international conference on ''Pattern Recognition In Bioinformatics'', held in Singapore in 2007 as a member of the program committee<ref name="RajapakseSchmidt2007">{{cite book|author1=Jagath C.- Rajapakse|author2=Bertil Schmidt|author3=Gwenn Volkert|title=Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics: Second IAPR International Workshop, PRIB 2007, Singapore, October 1-2, 2007, Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4IJIOLV2akC&pg=PR13|date=17 September 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-75285-1|pages=13–}}</ref><ref name="Final Call for Papers -- PRIB 2007">{{cite web | url=http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu:7131/bionet/mm/bionews/2007-April/006094.html | title=Final Call for Papers -- PRIB 2007 | publisher=International Association of Pattern Recognition | date=2007 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> and has delivered several featured lectures and keynote addresses which included the ''Keystone Symposium on Multiprotein Complexes'' (Cambridge 2006),<ref name="Multi-Protein Complexes Involved in Cell Regulation (E6)">{{cite web | url=https://www.keystonesymposia.org/index.cfm?e=Web.Meeting.Program&MeetingID=818 | title=Multi-Protein Complexes Involved in Cell Regulation (E6) | publisher=[[Keystone Symposia]] | date=2006 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> and Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (Melbourne 2012). On the academic front, he has served as the thesis examiner for a number of Indian universities{{Refn|group=note|The list includes [[Punjab University, Chandigarh, India|Punjab University, Chandigarh]], [[University of Kerala]], [[University of Hyderabad]], [[Delhi University]], [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], [[Jadavpur University]], [[Anna University]], [[University of La Réunion]], [[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy]], [[Vellore Institute of Technology]], [[Kuvempu University]], [[Macquarie University]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]}} and as the coordinator of integrated doctoral and BS programs in Biology of [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Personal Details" /> He also sits in the Scientific Advisory Board of ''Jubilant Biosys'', a research and development firm involved in drug discovery services.<ref name="Scientific Advisory Board">{{cite web | url=http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/about-us/scientific-advisory-board | title=Scientific Advisory Board | publisher=Jubilant Biosys | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of India awarded Srinivasan the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] in 2004.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The year 2007 brought him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards,<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> as well as the elected fellowship of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile - N. Srinivasan" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows" /> He also holds the Honorary Research Fellowship of [[Birkbeck College]] and the International Senior Fellowship of the [[Wellcome Trust]].<ref name="Prof. N.Srinivasan on Jubilant Biosys">{{cite web | url=http://www.jubilantbiosys.com/cpage.aspx?mpgid=351&pgid=355&spgid=487 | title=Prof. N.Srinivasan on Jubilant Biosys | publisher=Jubilant Biosys | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Knowledge-based protein modeling | author=Mark S Johnson, Narayanaswamy Srinivasan, Ramanathan Sowdhamini, Tom L Blundell | journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | date=January 1994 | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=1–68 | doi=10.3109/10409239409086797| pmid=8143488 }}
* {{cite journal | title=PIC: protein interactions calculator | author=KG Tina, Rana Bhadra, Narayanaswamy Srinivasan | journal=Nucleic Acids Research | date=July 2007 | volume=35 | issue=2 | doi=10.1093/nar/gkm423 | pmid=17584791 | pages=W473–W476| pmc=1933215 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Structure of pentameric human serum amyloid P component | author=Jonas Emsley, Helen E White, Bernard P O'hara, Glaucius Oliva, Narayanaswamy Srinivasan, Ian J Tickle, Tom L Blundell, Mark B Pepys, Steve P Wood | journal=Nature | date=January 1994 | volume=367 | issue=6461 | pages=338–345 | doi=10.1038/367338a0 | pmid=8114934| bibcode=1994Natur.367..338E | s2cid=4284282 }}
* {{cite journal | title=The TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 locus, which regulates trichome differentiation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, encodes a WD40 repeat protein | author=Amanda R Walker, Paul A Davison, Agnese C Bolognesi-Winfield, Celia M James, N Srinivasan, Tom L Blundell, Jeffrey J Esch, M David Marks, John C Gray | journal=The Plant Cell | date=July 1999 | volume=11 | issue=7 | pages=1337–1349 | doi=10.2307/3870753| pmid=10402433 | pmc=144274 | jstor=3870753 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Determination of crystal structures of proteins of unknown identity using a marathon molecular replacement procedure: structure of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phosphate-binding protein | author=Kaushik Hatti, Ashutosh Gulati, Narayanaswamy Srinivasan and M. R. N.Murthy | journal=Acta Crystallogr. | date=October 2016 | doi=10.1107/S2059798316012419 | pmid=27710929 | volume=72 | issue=10 | pages=1081–1089| s2cid=23485225 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Structural and mechanistic insights into human splicing factor SF3b complex derived using an integrated approach guided by the cryo-EM density maps | author=Rakesh Ramachandran, Agnel Praveen Joseph, Ramachandra Moorthy Bhaskara, Narayanaswamy Srinivasan | journal=RNA Biology | date=August 2016 | doi=10.1080/15476286.2016.1218590 | pmid=27618338 | pmc=5056777 | volume=13 | issue=10 | pages=1025–1040}}
* {{cite journal | title=Computational recognition and analysis of hitherto uncharacterized nucleotide cyclase-like proteins in bacteria | author=Gayatri Ramakrishnan 14.18 • Indian Institute of Science 2nd Abha Jain 3rd Nagasuma R Chandra 40.79 • Indian Institute of Science 4th Narayanaswamy Srinivasan | journal=Biology Direct | date=December 2016 | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=27 | doi=10.1186/s13062-016-0130-9| pmid=27246835 | pmc=4886424 | doi-access=free }}

== Patents ==
* {{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130295614 | title=Nucleotide sequences, methods, kit and a recombinant cell thereof | work=Patent : US20130295614 A1 | date=7 November 2013 | access-date=24 October 2016 | author=Sangeetha Hareendran, Nishanth Gabriel, Dwaipayan Sen, Rupali Gadkar, Sudha Govindarajan, Narayana Swamy Srinivasan, Arun Srivastava, Alok Srivastava, Giridhara Rao Jayandharan, Ruchita Selot, Balaji BALAKRISHNAN, Akshaya Krishnagopal}}
* {{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2660325A3/en?oq=ininventor%3A%22Narayana+Swamy+Srinivasan%22 | title=AAV vectors and corresponding nucleotide sequences and methods | publisher=Applicant : Christian Medical College | work=Patent : US20140162319 | date=12 February 2014 | access-date=24 October 2016 | author=Sangeetha Hareendran, Nishanth Gabriel, Dwaipayan Sen, Rupali Gadkar, Sudha Govindarajan, Narayana Swamy Srinivasan, Alok Srivastava, Giridhara Rao Jayandharan, Ruchita Selot, Balaji Balakrishnan, Akshaya Krishnagopal}}

== See also ==
* [[Computational genomics]]
* [[Protein structure]]
* [[Nucleic acid sequence]]
{{Portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubpdf.com/search/author/Narayanaswamy+Srinivasan | title=Srinivasan on PubPDF | publisher=PubPDF | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://iisc.academia.edu/NarayanaswamySrinivasan | title=Srinivasan on Academia | publisher=Academia | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Narayanaswamy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Lajwanti (TV series)

2026-02-08T16:41:58Z

MaritzaSandoval: added details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
| story = Ila Bedi Dutta
| screenplay = Ila Bedi Dutta
| director = Ravind Gautam & Ravindar Singh Suri
| creative_director = Shafali Lall and Indrajeet Mukharjee
| starring = [[Lajwanti (TV series)#Cast|see below]]
| theme_music_composer = Som Dasgupta
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Punjabi Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 95{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
| producer = Rohit Vaid Ila Bedi Dutta [[Rajat Bedi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-timeless-wonder/article7665540.ece | title=A timeless wonder | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | work=[[The Hindu Group]] | date=18 September 2015 | accessdate=21 March 2016 | author=Diksha, Awasthi}}</ref>
| cinematography =
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Kashmir]] [[Patiala]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes
| company = Trilogy Media
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2015|09|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2016|02|05}}
| genre = [[Historical period drama]]
| based_on = {{based on|Lajwanti, Land of five rivers|[[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]}}
| editor = K. Rajgopal Sanjay das
| image_alt =
| caption =
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Lajwanti''''' is an [[Indian television]] [[drama]] show, which premiered on 28 September 2015 on [[Zee TV]]. The story is loosely based on [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]'s 1956 book titled ''Lajwanti, Land of five rivers'' and is set during [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = TV adaptation of Rajinder Singh Bedi's 'Lajwanti' launched|date = 15 September 2015|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-adaptation-of-rajinder-singh-bedis-lajwanti-launched/|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Such a Long Journey: 'Lajwanti' to premiere soon|date = 28 September 2015|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/such-a-long-journey-14/|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref> The show was produced by Trilogy Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sid Makkar to play the lead in Ila Bedi Dutta's 'Lajwanti' on Zee TV|url = http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sid-makkar-play-the-lead-ila-bedi-dutta-s-lajwanti-zee-tv-150428|website = www.tellychakkar.com|accessdate = 2015-09-29|first = Tellychakkar|last = Team}}</ref>
The show is about the relationship between Sunderlal Bharadwaj and Lajwanti (Lajo) living in [[Badami Bagh railway station|Badami Bagh]] [[Lahore]]. Sunderlal first time meet on well when he went to Rohranwala Village to attend Marriage Ceremony of his friend Lalchand Baniya. They face many perils throughout the course of their relationship. The series ended on 5 February 2016, where Sunder, who had previously lost his memory and wandered away, reunites with Lajo, and is stopped from marrying Gunwanti. Lajo and Sunder proceed to get married again, jubilantly ending the show.

==Cast==
* [[Ankitta Sharma]] as Lajwanti Kaur Bhardwaj / Fareb Jaan in [[Peshawar]] / Aeisha Begum/ Adaa Jaan in [[ Heera Mandi]].
* [[Sid Makkar]] as Sunderlal Bharadwaj<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Lajwanti' is a proper story with a finite end: Sid Makkar on his new show based on partition|date = 23 September 2015|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/love-in-the-time-of-partition/|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Khurana]] as Jamal Peshawari
*[[Sonam Bisht]] as Dulari Bharadwaj/ Wafa Jaan in [[Heera Mandi]]
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] as Gunwanti
*[[Deepali Pansare]] as Nooran Bibi
*Suraj Kakkar as Chaman Kishan Lal Bharadwaj
* Shiny Dixit as Indumati
* [[Andy von Eich]] as Officer Eric Burns
* Viraj Kapoor as Iqbal
* Alexander (Sasha) Dolbenko as Officer Preston
*Vidur Anand as Lalchand
*Pankaj Pareek as Safaraz Alam
* [[Niilam Paanchal]] as Shakunta Kishan Lal Bharadwaj
* Vishal Ganatra as Amrish Bharadwaj
* Harsh Singh as Kishan Lal Bharadwaj
* Aakash Pandey as Anwar
* Razia Sukhbir as Virmati Kishori Lal Bharadwaj

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/lajwanti/0-6-128 Lajwanti Official website]
* [http://tvmaza.in/video/list/5809974 Download All Episode Of Lajwanti]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans drama series]]

Hannah Sen

2026-02-07T19:34:28Z

MaritzaSandoval: added details...

{{Short description|Indian educator, politician, and feminist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|name =Hannah Sen
|birth_date =1894
|birth_place =[[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
|death_date =1957
|occupation =Social workers, politicians, activists
|alma_mater =Pratt Memorial School, Diocesan College, [[Calcutta University]], [[University of London]]
|relatives =[[Regina Guha]]
|known_for = Founders & First Director of [[Lady Irwin College]]
}}
'''Hannah Sen''' (1894–1957) was an Indian educator, politician, and feminist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Baghdadi Jewish Women in India|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baghdadi-jewish-women-in-india|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> She was a member of the first Indian [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of Parliament) from 1952 to 1957 and the president of the [[All India Women's Conference]] in 1951–52. She was a founder and the first director of [[Lady Irwin College]] in Delhi. She also represented India at the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women|UN Commission on the Status of Women]] and at [[UNESCO]], and was an advisor to the Indian government on the rehabilitation of women and children refugees after the [[Partition of India]].

== Life and education ==
Hannah Sen was born Hannah Guha, to Pearay Mohan Guha (a lawyer) and Simcha Gubbay, a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] woman. Her father later converted to Judaism as well, and Hannah and her three siblings were raised in the Jewish faith. Hannah's sister, [[Regina Guha]], also trained as a lawyer, and fought the first case in India to allow women to enroll as lawyers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarti|first=Kaustav|date=2017|title="Revisiting the Educational and Literacy Activities among the Jewish Women of Calcutta"|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/ijsoctu5&i=209|journal=International Journal of Social Science Studies|volume=5|issue=3|pages=45–50|doi=10.11114/ijsss.v5i3.2241|via=[[HeinOnline]]|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Saurabh Kumar |date=2015-12-15 |title=Women in Indian Courts of Law: A Study of Women Legal Professionals in the District Court of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=http://journals.openedition.org/eces/1976 |journal=E-cadernos CES |language=en |issue=24 |doi=10.4000/eces.1976 |issn=1647-0737 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Recalling Jewish Calcutta {{!}} Hannah Sen · 04 Women Pioneers|url=http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/wom_p/hannah_sen|access-date=2020-11-28|website=www.jewishcalcutta.in}}</ref> In 1925, Hannah married Satish Chandra Sen, a radiologist from Mumbai.<ref name=":2" /> They had one daughter, Shanta, who was educated in India and later at [[Bryn Mawr College]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Sen was educated in [[Kolkata]], studying at the Pratt Memorial School and Diocesan College. She earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Law from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]], with a first class distinction in both degrees. Sen took up several teaching appointments after completing her education, teaching at the Jewish Girls' School in Calcutta, where her sister Regina Guha was the principal, and later becoming the principal of a girls' school in Mumbai in 1922.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After her marriage in 1925, she travelled with her husband to England, where they both pursued graduate education. Sen earned a Teachers' Diploma from the [[University of London]], and continued on there as a Research Fellow, working with psychologist and professor [[Charles Spearman]].<ref name=":1" /> While in London, Sen publicly advocated for women's education, and delivered a speech to members of the [[British parliament|British Parliament]], on the challenges and conditions faced by women in India.<ref name=":0" /> She was closely involved with the [[British Commonwealth League]] in London as well as the [[International Women's Suffrage Alliance]], and in 1929, was a founder of the Indo-British Mutual Welfare League, a women's organization that established a network of British and Indian suffragists involved in educational projects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|date=1999-12-01|title=Suffragism and internationalism: The enfranchisement of British and Indian women under an imperial state|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946469903600403|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=461–484|doi=10.1177/001946469903600403|s2cid=145406599|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Haggis|first1=Jane|title=Cosmopolitan Modernity and Post-imperial Relations: Dominion Australia and Indian Internationalism in the Interwar Pacific|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52748-2_5|work=Cosmopolitan Lives on the Cusp of Empire: Interfaith, Cross-Cultural and Transnational Networks, 1860-1950|pages=85–105|editor-last=Haggis|editor-first=Jane|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-52748-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-52748-2|access-date=2020-11-28|last2=Midgley|first2=Clare|last3=Allen|first3=Margaret|last4=Paisley|first4=Fiona|editor2-last=Midgley|editor2-first=Clare|editor3-last=Allen|editor3-first=Margaret|editor4-last=Paisley|editor4-first=Fiona|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sen was persuaded to return to India by politician and poet, [[Sarojini Naidu]], to assist in efforts to promote women's education and to participate in the [[Indian independence movement]]. She helped to establish the [[Lady Irwin College]] in [[Delhi]] in 1932, and served as the director of the college until her retirement in 1947.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> An existing building on the grounds of Lady Irwin College is named after Hannah Sen.<ref name=":2" /> During riots in Delhi while the Partition of India was underway, she opened the grounds of the Lady Irwin College to shelter Muslim and Sikh students from rioting Hindu mobs, despite facing threats against herself for doing so.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Shalva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05mfDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Hannah+Sen%22&pg=PT52|title=The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity|date=2019-06-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-53387-7|language=en}}</ref>

In 1948, Sen was part of a committee constituted to advise the Government of India on the improvement of secondary education in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1948|title=Pamphlet No. 52: Report of the Committee on Secondary Education in India|url=http://cslrepository.nvli.in/bitstream/123456789/2459/2/2340.pdf|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Ministry of Education, Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Between 1952 and 1957, she was a member of the first [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house in India's Parliament.<ref name=":3" /> She was also invited to act as an advisor to the independent Indian government's Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, along with politician [[Rameshwari Nehru]] and [[Manmohini Zutshi Sahgal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahgal|first=Manmohini Zutshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnRyIMu9WioC&q=%22Hannah+Sen%22&pg=PA124|title=An Indian Freedom Fighter Recalls Her Life|date=1994-09-14|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3410-8|language=en}}</ref> She assisted the ministry with rehabilitation efforts directed at women and child refugees following the Partition of India.<ref name=":1" /> She was also active within the [[All India Women's Conference]] and from 1951 to 1952 served as its president.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Past Presidents|url=http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319132613/http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html|archive-date=19 March 2014|access-date=|website=[[All India Women's Conference]]}}</ref> Sen was an associate of several leaders in the Indian independence movement, and was closely involved with the organisation and planning of the funeral of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], notably intervening when mourners objected to American photographer [[Margaret Bourke-White]]'s photography of the funeral. Sen escorted Bourke-White from the funeral and requested her to refrain from using flash photography to prevent disruption of the funeral. Bourke-White did not honor Sen's request, and was eventually required to leave the funeral.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cookman|first=Claude|date=2015-01-19|title=Margaret Bourke-White and Henri Cartier-Bresson: Gandhi's funeral|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03087298.1998.10443876?needAccess=true&|journal=History of Photography|volume=22|issue=2|pages=199–209|language=en|doi=10.1080/03087298.1998.10443876|issn=0308-7298|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

After her retirement from teaching, Sen also participated in international feminist organizations and initiatives. She was an observer at the All India Conference of Social Work in New York, 1948, and represented Indian interests at the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women|United Nations Commissions on the Status of Women]] in 1950–51. She was also part of the Indian delegation to the International Union for Child Welfare, in London, 1950, and a member of the Indian delegation to [[UNESCO]] in Paris, 1951.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Sen was also closely involved with the Jewish community in Delhi, and donated funds for the establishment of a synagogue in Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Hannah}}
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian suffragists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Mizrahi feminists]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]

Benji, Uttarakhand

2026-01-28T15:20:34Z

MaritzaSandoval: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Rudraprayag district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Paila (village)

2026-01-25T08:23:58Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up some place w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Nalbari district}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paila
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4467|91.4573|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2104
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303933
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 103.63
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}

'''Paila''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Block-wise Village List |url=https://nalbari.assam.gov.in/information-and-services/block-wise-village-list |website=[[Nalbari district]], [[Government of Assam]] |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=General |first1=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 1: India |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=139 |language=en}}</ref> The village has population of 2,104, including 1,079 males and 1,025 females as per [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703045835/https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[Government of Assam]] {{!}} [[Nalbari District]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Human settlement]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Cox Town, Bengaluru

2026-01-08T04:27:30Z

MaritzaSandoval: Made place

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cox Town, Bangalore
| other_name = Sarvagnanagara
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9940515|N|77.6242794|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = BBMP (North)
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bangalore
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560005
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Sarvagnanagar
| blank3_name_sec1 = Original Planning Agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Bangalore Civil & Military Station Municipal Commission
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cox Town, Bengaluru''' is a neighborhood of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]],<ref name=Ronnie-Cox>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=Bangalore around the late 1920s ...|url=http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/1920.htm|website=Children of Bangalore|access-date=5 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105113823/http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/1920.htm|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> located in the central part of the city and named after the last Collector and District Magistrate of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, Alexander Ranken Cox (A R Cox), Indian Civil Services.<ref name=Sage /><ref name=Harshitha-Cox /> It is one of the suburbs which came out of the plan to de-congest thickly populated areas of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] after the bubonic plague. Agricultural fields were converted for this purpose, and town was planned according to modern hygienic standards, with drainage and conservancy conveniences.<ref name=Sage>{{cite book|last1=Pani|first1=Narendar|last2=Radhakrishna|first2=Sindhu|last3=Bhat|first3=Kishor G|title=Bengaluru, Bangalore, Bengaluru: Imaginations and Their Times|date=1 August 2008|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132105435|page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dOGAwAAQBAJ&q=a+r+cox+collector+bangalore&pg=PA182|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Sarvagnanagara is bound by the Bangalore-Madras Railway line on the North and East, Wheeler Road in the East and the Ulsoor Polo Ground in the South.<ref name=Sage /> It consists of posh localities like Heerachand Layout and other localities like Sindhi Colony, Jeevanahalli, Doddigunta, and roads such as [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Assaye+Rd,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9918549,77.6191694,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16f2c84e92db:0x383a18da5b1fbe5b Assaye Road], [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Charles+Campbell+Rd,+Cox+Town,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9950522,77.6250469,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16ea55a9b50f:0x59d3af29950ed211 Charles Campbell Road], [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Wheeler+Rd,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.996014,77.617238,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16f2597ff1d5:0x185e160385fc97e Wheeler Road], etc. and is adjoining the suburbs of [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Pulakeshi Nagara]], Sri Krishnaraja Wadiyar Nagara and [[Cooke Town]], with easy access to the [[Bangalore East Railway Station|Bengaluru East Railway Station]], [[Ulsoor|Halasuru]], Lingarajapura, [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagara]]. Sarvagnanagara is a well planned, posh and preferred locality in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], created during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=Aarthi>{{cite news|last1=R|first1=Aarthi|title=Cox Town - a posh ward once, now a problem area|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Cox-Town-a-posh-ward-once-now-a-problem-area/articleshow/6508974.cms|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> The residents of Sarvagnanagara follow a liberal 'live a let live' attitude, with suburb still retaining much of its green cover, without excessive commercialisation.<ref name=Singla>{{cite news|last1=Singla|first1=Tania|title=Cox Town's managed to retain its community fabric: Biju Cherayath|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cox-towns-managed-to-retain-its-community-fabric-biju-cherayath/article4885887.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=6 July 2013}}</ref> In 1988, the BBMP renamed Cox Town as Sarvagnanagara, after a 16th-century saint poet.<ref name=Prashanth>{{cite news|last1=Prashanth|first1=G N|title=It's all in the new name|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Its-all-in-the-new-name/articleshow/7976406.cms|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=Sakuntala>{{cite web|last1=Narasimhan|first1=Sakuntala|title=Road names change, roads don't|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/print/3473-bbmps-road-neighbourhood-renaming-exercises|website=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|ref=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=CoxNames>{{cite news|title=What's in a name? Perhaps, the past|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/whats-in-a-name-perhaps-the-past/article3920154.ece|access-date=5 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sights, sounds and smells from Bangalore|url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com.au/2005/09/road-by-any-other-name-will-not-sound.html|website=Bangalore Buzz|access-date=5 January 2015|date=15 September 2005}}</ref><ref name=Suja />

== Alexander Ranken Cox ==
Alexander Ranken Cox, ICS, was a civil servant of the British [[Madras Presidency]],<ref name=Ayar-Cox>{{cite book|last1=Ayyar|first1=K N Krishnaswami|editor1-last=Cox|editor1-first=Alexander Ranken|title=Statistical Appendix And Supplement To The Revised District Manual (1898) For Coimbatore District . Volume 2|date=1933|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras, British India|url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=4169169962&searchurl=an%3Ds+r+s+ayyar|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> who served as the Collector of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station<ref name=Sage /> between 1912 and November 1917.<ref name=Harshitha-Cox>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The forgotten leaders of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/the-forgotten-leaders-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|access-date=8 January 2015|date=6 August 2013}}</ref> Cox, was educated at [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]] and [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], passing the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]] in 1901 and arrived in India on 31 December 1902.<ref name=Name-Cox>{{cite book|last1=Office of The Secretary of State for India in Council|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|date=1905|publisher=Harrison and Sons|location=Pall Mall, London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=cox&pg=PA81|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> During his tenure at the C&M Station Bangalore, he was successful in continuing the reforms started by the previous collector the C&M Station F J Richards, ICS. The C&M Station municipality decided to name the new extension of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] after A R Cox.<ref name=Srinivas-Cox>{{cite web|last1=Srinivas|first1=S|title=Bangalore Cantonment-Its Origin, Growth and Retrocession with Bangalore Town|url=http://karnatakahistory.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/bangalore-cantonment-its-origin-growth.html|access-date=8 January 2015|date=5 May 2013}}</ref> A R Cox also served as the District Collector of the [[Tirunelveli District]] between 21 October 1918 to 7 November 1920,<ref name=Tirunelveli-Cox>{{cite web|title=Tirunelveli District: Roll of Honour|url=http://tirunelveli.nic.in/rollhonour1.html|website=Tirunelveli District|publisher=District Administration, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> the District Collector of the [[Nilgiris District|Niligris]] between 27 October 1928 to 9 March 1931,<ref name=Nilgiris-Cox>{{cite web|title=District Administration: Collectors of the Nilgiris District|url=http://nilgiris.nic.in/dist_admn.html|website=District of the Nilgiris|publisher=District Administration The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India|access-date=8 January 2015|date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Collector of [[Madras]] around 1931,<ref name=Rajaji-Cox>{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Rajmohan|title=Rajaji: A Life|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780140269673|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjPHeRd7_UYC&q=a+r+cox+collector&pg=PA131|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> and Member of the Board of Revenue, Madras Presidency in 1931.<ref name=Stoddart-Cox>{{cite book|last1=Stoddart|first1=Brian|title=A People's Collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti|date=2011|publisher=Readworthy Publication (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789350180419|pages=217–218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG77KRNojqwC&q=a+r+cox+ics+collector&pg=PA298|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>

== Military Heritage ==
[[File:ITC-COX-TOWN-BLR-1.png|thumb|ITC Infotech Campus at Sarvagnanagara, Bangalore]]
[[File:ITC-COX-TOWN-BLR-2.jpg|thumb|Inside the ITC Infotech Campus]]
Many roads in Sarvagnanagara are named after battles in which the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] took part in. [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Assaye+Rd,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9918549,77.6191694,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae16f2c84e92db:0x383a18da5b1fbe5b Assaye Road] is named after the [[Battle of Assaye]], [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Meanee+Ave+Rd,+Sivanchetti+Gardens,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9884925,77.6172198,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae1691f71f0909:0xa32a83ff137658d1 Meanee Avenue] is named after the [[Battle of Miani|Battle of Meeanee]] and the Malakand Lines Training Grounds is named after the [[Siege of Malakand]] - All battles in which the Madras Sappers took an active part.<ref name=CoxNames /><ref name=bglr_usha>{{cite web|last1=bglr_usha|title=Road names – Trivia|url=http://bangalore.metblogs.com/2006/04/12/road-names-trivia/|website=Blogs, Entertainment, Living|publisher=Bangalore MetBlogs|access-date=9 January 2015|date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

==Sarvagnanagara Market==
The BBMP demolished the old British-era Sarvagnanagara Market in 1999 after evicting the traders, replacing it with an office block. The promised new Sarvagnanagara Market has not come through, and the traders are forced to ply their trade on the footpath and streets, endangering pedestrians and worsening traffic jams.<ref name=Aarthi /><ref name=TOI-Market>{{cite news|title=14 years on, Cox Town market still on footpath|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/14-years-on-Cox-Town-market-still-on-footpath/articleshow/21518731.cms|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=Rodricks>{{cite news|last1=Rodricks|first1=Allan Moses|title=I am… M. Jayachandran: Fruit vendor, Cox Town|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/i-am-m-jayachandran-fruit-vendor-cox-town/article5908207.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Nivedita>{{cite news|last1=Niranjankumar|first1=Nivedita|title=Evicted from Cox Town market, vendors have nowhere to go|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/323970/evicted-cox-town-market-vendors.html|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Decccan Herald|date=5 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Market>{{cite news|title=Citizens market plan, Cox Town buys it|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july192004/c1.asp|access-date=6 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=19 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106053548/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july192004/c1.asp|archive-date=6 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==People and Culture==
Like in other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], Sarvagnanagara has a large [[Tamil People|Tamil]] population. They trace their ancestry to the large number of Tamil soldiers, suppliers and workers who were brought into the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, by the British Army, after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|fall of Tippu Sultan]]. Sarvagnanagara along with other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] was directly under the administration of the British [[Madras Presidency]] till 1949, when it was handed over to the [[Mysore State]].<ref name=Srivatsa>{{cite news|last1=Srivatsa|first1=Sharath S|title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1939954.ece|access-date=3 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=Arul>{{cite web|last1=Steve|first1=Arul|title=Specialization On Social And Cultural Indifference Among Kgf Tamil Migrants|url=https://arulsteve736.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/specialization-on-social-and-cultural-indifference-among-kgf-tamil-migrants/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh3>{{cite web|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Greet.Meat.Eat.|url=https://aturquoisecloud.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/greet-meat-eat/|website=A Turquoise Cloud|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Dasharathi>{{cite web|last1=Dasharathi|first1=Poornima|title=Cantonment: colonial past, multicultural present|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/295-bangalore-cantonment|publisher=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|date=23 July 2008}}</ref><ref name=Aam>{{cite web|last1=Aam AdMo|title=Right to be a Minority institution (and make majority profits)|url=https://aamadmo.wordpress.com/2012/07/07/right-to-be-a-minority-institution-and-make-majority-profits/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha2>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Mootocherry of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/the-mootocherry-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|publisher=Blogspot.com.au|access-date=4 January 2015|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The large Tamil population co-exist peacefully with Anglo-Indians and other communities, making Sarvagnanagara a melting pot of cultures.<ref name=Suja>{{cite news|last1=Natarajan|first1=Suja|title=Roads with British gentlemen names|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/480249/roads-british-gentlemen-names.html|access-date=10 July 2015|agency=Deccan Herald|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

== Sindhi Colony ==
Sindhi Colony is a quite residential area of Sarvagnanagara, located between Assaye Road and Wheeler Road, with majority [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] residents. The Sindhis trace their ancestry from the Sindhi Hindu Refugees who fled the newly formed [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]], in the face of Hindu-Muslim riots in [[Sindh]]. The Colony has 60 houses, a Sindhi Temple, Community Hall and Sindhi Society. Most of the original inhabitants crossed into India through Rajasthan, going towards Bombay and finally settling down in Bangalore Sindhi Colony. The [[Mysore State]] Government allocated the land for the Sindhi migrants, offering land at subsidised prices. The Sindhi Cooperative Housing Society was established to help community members buy land and build houses. Most of the Sindhis are into business and run well known businesses such as Kids Kemp, Bhagatram Sweets and Favourite Shop.<ref name=Rizvi5>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Discovering the heart of Sindh in Cox Town|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/discovering-the-heart-of-sindh-in-cox-town/article4887070.ece|access-date=5 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Sindhi>{{cite news|last1=Nathan|first1=Archana|title=Inside every home is a small piece of history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/inside-every-home-is-a-small-piece-of-history/article3650412.ece|access-date=5 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

==British Period Sarvagnanagara==
Sarvagnanagara, like the rest of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] had a distinct British influence on its culture. It was common sight to see families taking out pedigree dogs out for walks in the mornings. Western attire was also common. English vegetables, meat, pastry, Indian crispies were readily available, with coffee and dosa costing only one quarter [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]. Butlers were dressed in their best, and orthodox people wore a coat and tie along with their Indian attire.<ref name=Balraj />

One of the residents of British Sarvagnanagara was Lydia Muthulakshmi, a young Tamil / Telugu widow of the [[Naidu]] caste, who broke shackles of caste regulations by remarrying (in those days, widows were not allowed to remarry, they were forced to stay indoors in [[Zenana]]s and not allowed to go outside their homes). At that time caste Hindus fought legal battles by giving police complaints, representations to the government and legal battles in Bangalore, [[Madras]] and [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], in order to stop Muthulaksmi. She stood firmly against all these efforts and married Rev. Paramanandam of the [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Wesley+Tamil+Church/@12.990894,77.606978,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae165ff06b0893:0xb8942cd31ae2b443 Wesley Tamil Church]. The incident played during 1888–98, also led to caste Hindus withdrawing their children from Christian schools for a brief period. Rev. Picken consulted the Wesleyan Mission Chairman Rev. Josiah Hudson (after whom the [[Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore|Hudson Memorial Church]] is named after), and tried to delay baptism as long as possible, keeping in view the repercussions on the working of the Mission in Bangalore. The story of Muthulakshmi is told in the book 'From an Indian Zenana: The Story of Lydia Muthulakshmi' by Rev WH Jackson Picken. The book also has an old photograph of the [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Wesley+Tamil+Church/@12.990894,77.606978,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae165ff06b0893:0xb8942cd31ae2b443 Wesley Tamil Church] Haines Road and [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Narayan+Pillai+St,+Shivaji+Nagar,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka+560001,+India/@12.9867587,77.6093472,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae168a5c63e315:0xda74e70be47696ff Narayan Pillai Street], dated 1892.<ref name=Balraj>{{cite book|last1=Balraj|first1=James E|title=A Salesman's Journey to Mission|date=2003|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK)|location=Delhi|page=10,11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z37bmimmDMEC&q=indian+zenana+muthulakshmi&pg=PA10|isbn=81-7214-781-3|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Picken>{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=W H Jackson|title=From an Indian Zenana: The Story of Lydia Muttulakshmi|date=1892|publisher=Charles H. Kelly|location=London}}</ref><ref name="WesleyanHistory1921">{{cite book|last1=Findlay|first1=George Gillanders|title=The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society|date=1921|publisher=Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwesleya04finduoft/page/57 57]–58|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwesleya04finduoft|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

*

{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}



[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]

Ajmer Subah

2026-01-06T15:21:52Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1580–1758}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Ajmer Subah
| common_name = Ajmer
| status_text =
| title_leader = Subahdar
| leader1 = Dastam Khan
| year_leader1 = 1580
| capital = [[Ajmer]]
| coordinates = 
| political_subdiv = 
| today = [[India]]

| year_start = 1580
| year_end = 1752
| event_start =
| date_start = 
| event_end = Maratha occupation
| date_end = 
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| life_span =
| era = 
| event_pre =
| date_pre =
| event_post = 
| date_post = 
| image_border = 
| flag_type = 
| area_label = 1601
| area_sq_mi = 121095<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
| flag = 
| image_coat = 
| symbol_type = 
| symbol = 
| image_map = Ajmer_Subah.png
| image_map_caption = Ajmer Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
| p1 = Rajput states
| flag_p1 = 
| border_p1 = 
| image_p1 = 
| s1 = Maratha Confederacy
| flag_s1 = Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg
| border_s1 = 
| image_s1 = 
| s2 = Rajputana Agency
| flag_s2 = British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg
| footnotes = 
}}
The '''Ajmer Subah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه اجمیر}}}}) was one of the original 12 [[subah]]s (provinces) that comprised the [[Mughal Empire]] after the administrative reform under the rule of [[Akbar]]. Its borders roughly corresponded to modern-day [[Rajasthan]], and the capital was the city of [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhary |first1=S. S. |title=Ranthambhore Beyond Tigers |date=2000 |publisher=Himanshu Publications |page=48}}</ref>

==History==
Mughal patronage of the city of [[Ajmer]] in the 16th century through the support of local [[Sufi]] shrines (such as one dedicated to [[Moinuddin Chishti]]) through ''[[waqf]]s'', culminating in [[Akbar]]'s pilgrimage to the city itself in 1562. [[Jahangir]] continued the legacy of pilgrimage and imperial patronage. [[Shah Jahan]] visited the shrine as well in 1628, 1636, 1643, and 1654. [[Aurangzeb]] visited once, prior to his Deccan campaigns.<ref name="Thelen">{{cite thesis |last1=Thelen |first1=Elizabeth M. |title=Intersected Communities: Urban Histories of Rajasthan, c. 1500–1800 |date=2018 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h963831}}</ref>{{rp|28-35}}

For a brief period in the 1720, [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] occupied Ajmer and declared independence from Mughal rule until the [[Sayyid brothers|Barha Sayyids]] reconquered the province.

In March 1752, the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ''peshwas'' demanded the governorship of Ajmer from the Mughals, and [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]] went to war supporting [[Ram Singh of Marwar]] when the request was denied, sacking the city of Ajmer.

== Geography ==
Ajmer Subah was bordered to the north by [[Subah of Multan|Multan Subah]] and [[History of Delhi#Mughal Rule|Delhi Subah]], to the west by [[Early modern era#Early modern era|Thatta Subah]], to the South by [[Gujarat Subah]] and [[Malwa Subah]] and to the east by the [[Agra Subah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Parmatma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWIIAAAAMAAJ |title=The Provincial Government of the Mughals, 1526-1658 |date=1941 |publisher=Kitabistan |language=en}}</ref>

==Government==

===Subahdars===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Personal Name !! Reign<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Husain |first1=Afzal |title=Provincial Governors Under Akbar (1580-1605) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1970 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=269-277}}</ref><ref name="Thelen" />
|-
| Dastam Khan || 1580–c. 1595
|-
| Sherza Khan || 1595–?
|-
| [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] || 1598–?
|-
| [[Iftikhar Khan (governor)|Iftikhar Khan]]|| c. 1680–?
|-
| Shujaat Khan || c. 1710–?
|-
| [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] || 1719–1723
|-
| Haider Quli Khan || 1723–?
|-
| Qamar al-Din ||
|-
| [[Jai Singh II]] || 1740–?
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center" | ''[[Maratha Empire|Maratha rule]]''
|-
| Sahaba Patel || 1752-1752
|-
| Pandit Govind Rao || 1753–1761
|-
| Santaji Rao || 1761-1770
|-
| Sambhaji Rao || 1770-1773
|-
| Mirza Anwar Beg || 1773-1787
|-
| Shivaji Nanasaheb (As deputy of Lakhwa Dada)|| 1790-1801
|-
| Perron || 1801-1803
|-
| Bala Rao Ingaliah (As deputy of Ambaji Ingaliah)|| 1806-1809
|-
| Gomanji Rao || 1809-1816
|-
| Bapuji Shinde || 1816-1818
|}

===Administrative divisions===
Ajmer was divided into 7 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s'' under Akbar's reign.<ref>Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Vol.II (English tr. by H. S. Jarrett, rev. by J. N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.101-2</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sarkar !! Parganas
|-
| [[Ajmer]] (capital) || 24
|-
| [[Jodhpur]] || 21
|-
| [[Chittor]] || 28
|-
| [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] || 36
|-
| [[Nagaur]] || 30
|-
| [[Sirohi]] ||
|-
| [[Bikaner]] ||
|}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

Vettikkavala

2025-12-15T07:10:37Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vettikkavala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|59|0|N|76|49|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 18.71
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 72
| population_total = 20118
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 691538
| registration_plate = KL-24
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Vettikkavala''' is a village located in the [[Kollam district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> The village is famous for Shiva-Vishnu temples which hosts a special deity called ''Vathukkal Njaali Kunju.'' An annual celebration of [[Pongala]] is held at the temple. The village is also well known for ''temple arts (kshetra kala)'' and a palace constructed by [[Sree Moolam Thirunal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=കാലപ്പഴക്കത്തിൽ തലതാഴ്ത്തി വെട്ടിക്കവല കൊട്ടാരം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2020/09/17/kollam-kottarakkara-palace.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The village Vettikkavala derives its name from the origins of idol worship of the temple here. The initial worship was carried out on an idol beneath a ''Vetti( aporosa cardiosperma)'' tree that existed near the temple. According to local historians, this tree was roughly situated near the present-day government school.

==Demographics==
{{As of|pre=the| 2011}} India census, Vettikkavala has a population of 20,118 with 5,313 households.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vettikkavala Village Population - Kottarakkara - Kollam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628411-vettikkavala-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The majority of the population identifies as Hindu and Christians are the largest religious minority. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] make up 17.02% of the total population; 0.12% of the population are Scheduled Tribes.

== Administration and Politics ==

In [[Panchayati raj (India)|local self governance]], the village of Vettikkavala falls within the [[Block panchayat]] named Vettikkavala (one among the 11 blocks in [[Kollam district]]) and the is spread across [[Gram panchayat|Gram panchayats]] of Vettikkavala and Melila. In revenue administration it comes under in the Kottarakara [[Taluk]] of [[Kollam district]] of Kerala. Vettikkavala is part of the [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and in the state legislature, it forms part of [[Pathanapuram]] legislative seat.

== Attractions and Notable Locations ==

=== Vettikkavala Sree Mahadevar temple ===

Vettikkavala Sree Mahadevar temple is one of the largest and most famous Shiva-Vishnu temples in Kerala. As per oral history there was an idol worship carried out beneath a ''vetti'' tree near the present day temple in olden times. The available records suggests that in around the 17th or 18th century, a temple was constructed near the tree by the queen of [[Elayadath|Elayadath Swaroopam]]. The Elayadath Swaroopam centered at [[Kottarakkara]] was brought under [[Travancore]] in 1742 by troops of [[Marthanda Varma]] as a result of [[Travancore–Dutch War]]. The temple remained in a dilapidated state for many years after the annexation. However, in 1900 ([[Malayalam era]] 1176), and under the insistence of palace manager [[Moolam Thirunal|Sankaran Thampi]] the king of Travancore, [[Moolam Thirunal]] renovated the temple into its current structure.<ref name="Koshy1989">{{cite book |author=M. O. Koshy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&pg=PA64 |title=The Dutch power in Kerala, 1729-1758 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7099-136-6 |pages=64– |accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] made a major investment in restoring the temple. In 1996, another round of maintenance was undertaken. During this work, a portion of ''kulikadavu'' around the temple pond was inadvertently damaged.

On the southern side of the temple lies a palace constructed by Travancore kings during the reign of [[Moolam Thirunal]]. This palace was designed for kings and royal family members who were visiting the adjacent temple. Presently, weather and encroaching vegetation are leading the temple into further ruin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=കാലപ്പഴക്കത്തിൽ തലതാഴ്ത്തി വെട്ടിക്കവല കൊട്ടാരം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2020/09/17/kollam-kottarakkara-palace.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>

=== Other Religious Places ===

* Ancient Sadananda Ashram, Sadanandapuram
* Kannamcode Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple
* Edamana Madom Sree Bhagavathy Trust Raktheshwari Kudumba Paradevatha Temple
* Koikkal Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
* Villur Vaikuntanatha Temple
* Chirattakonam Church
*Thalachira Mosque
* India Pentecostal Church of God
* Assemblies of God in India
*The Pentecostal Mission
*APA
*Kattalanchavarkavu pachoor
*Bethel Marthoma Church, Panavely

=== Tourist Attractions ===

* Kallada Irrigation Project
* KTDC Motel Aaram, Sadanandapuram
* Pinnacle View Point
* Kazhuvudayan kunnu, Pachoor
* Muttamala

=== Educational Institutions ===
Vettikavala Government Model High School is a high-tech, high-achieving secondary school. Another higher secondary school is in Sadanandapuram and is also high achieving academically. High schools are situated in Thalachira, Chakkuvarakkal, Kottavattom and are at a good level. Some lp, up, and welfare schools are also run by the government. Sector and some aided schools are also run by the private sector. There is also a polytechnic college in Thalachira.

*Govt Model Higher Secondary School Vettikavala
*Govt High School Thalachira
*Govt Higher Secondary School Sadanandapuram
*Govt high school chakkuvarakkal
*D Krishnan Potti Memorial High School Kottavattom
*Travancore Devaswom Board School Vettikavala
*Mar baselios ocean star public school Chirattakonam
*SDA school Karickom
*Karickam international public school
*Aala achan memorial English medium school Thalachira
*Younus polytechnic college Thalachira

==Transportation==

===Road===
State-run [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses are the primary form of transportation. The village is well connected to [[Kottarakkara]], Kokkadu, Thalachira, Chakkuvarakkal and [[Punalur]] through frequent bus services. Three daily KSRTC Fast Passenger bus services ensure connectivity to neighboring districts of [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

* Kollam - Tirumangalam [[NH 744]] passes through Chengamanad which is situated 2 km away.

* [[Pathanapuram]] - [[Valakom, Kottarakara|Valakom]] ([[Mc road]]) [[Sabarimala|Sabarimala Bypass]] pass through Vettikkavala.

* Kadakkal-Chengamanad road is another important road passing through Vettikkavala that connects Vettikkavala with [[Anchal]].

===Rail and Air===
The Kottarakara and [[Avaneeswaram railway station|Avaneeswaram]] railway stations, located on the [[Kollam-Sengottai railway line]], are the nearest stations. Both of them are 8 km from Vettikkavala. However, Vettikkavala is better connected with Kottarakkara railway station through public transportation. The nearest airport is [[Trivandrum International Airport]] (68 km).

== See also ==
*[[Kollam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

Pudussery Gram Panchayat

2025-12-14T01:56:03Z

MaritzaSandoval: put up a post first draft

{{Short description|Gram panchayat in Palakkad district, Kerala, India}}
{{Other uses|Pudussery (disambiguation){{!}}Pudussery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

'''Pudussery''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the towns of [[Kanjikode]], [[Pudussery Central]], [[Pudussery West]] and [[Walayar]]. Kerala's first [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] and the second largest industrial area in Kerala is located in this panchayat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224713&rlbtype=V |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208170824/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224713&rlbtype=V |archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |title=Census towns of Palakkad district |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-kerala.php?adm2id=3206}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Pudussery Grama Panchayat}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Patha Bhavan, Kolkata

2025-12-12T15:40:11Z

MaritzaSandoval: expanded structure after review

{{Short description|School in Kolkata, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Patha Bhavan
| image = Patha-Bhavan_logo.jpg
| established = {{start date|1965}}
| type = Fully Private
| founder = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| head = Bharati Chatterjee
| head_label = Headmistress
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Palm Avenue, Bondel Road, Gariahat Road (formerly Merlin Park), Ballygunge, Kolkata
| faculty = 118
| students = 2200
| website = [http://www.pathabhavan.com/ Primary School] [http://pathabhavan.in/ Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools]
}}
'''Patha Bhavan''' ({{Literally|House for Education}}) is an English Medium private co-educational day school in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], which is affiliated to the state secondary and higher secondary boards. It is one of the old schools in Kolkata.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140614/jsp/calcutta/story_18510076.jsp#.VbYvuWoVjIU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161127153715/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140614/jsp/calcutta/story_18510076.jsp%23.VbYvuWoVjIU|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2016|title='Humidity holiday for schools' in 'The Telegraph', Calcutta, 14 June, 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="pathabhavanhighschool">[http://www.pathabhavan.org/ Official website of the High School]</ref> It was established on 28 June 1965.<ref name="pathabhavanprimaryschool">[http://www.pathabhavan.com/ Official website of the Primary School]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Patha Bhavan High School.jpg|right|240px|Secondary Branch, Ballygunge Place]]
The school was named after the university school of [[Visva-Bharati University]] (called [[Patha Bhavana]]). It was inspired by the education system started by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] as well as the more progressive features of the national movement. It was also influenced by the Bratachari movement of [[Gurusaday Dutt]],<ref name="liveslesforgotten">{{cite web|url=http://rajsaday.com/?p=86|title=Biography of Gurusaday Dutt, Esq.|publisher=|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220061002/http://rajsaday.com/?p=86|url-status=dead}}</ref> The school was founded by the Patha Bhavan Society under the presidency of [[Satyajit Ray]]. [[Susobhan Sarkar]], Tarun Bose, who was a judge of the High Court of Calcutta, and Amiya Bose, an eye specialist helped Ray set up the school. Ray even designed the school's logo. Jyotirindra Moitra, an exponent of Rabindrasangeet, wrote the school's song, ''Amader Patha Bhavan''. Others who played a pivotal role in the school's establishment included [[Mira Datta Gupta]], Uma Sehanobis, under whose guidance a group of teachers came forward to found the school, Nandita Mitra, who was appointed as the school's first-[[principal (education)|principal]] and Manjushree Dasgupta, who became its first-vice principal. In later years, the management of the school was in the hands of the economist, [[Santosh Bhattacharyya]], and [[Barun De]],<ref name="liveslessforgotten">{{cite web|url=http://rajsaday.com/?p=1958|title=Biography of Dr. Barun De|publisher=|access-date=20 April 2014|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154558/http://rajsaday.com/?p=1958|url-status=dead}}</ref> both of whom were its general secretary.

==Objectives==
The objectives of the founders of this school, which aims to prepare its students for undergraduate level college education, was twofold from the beginning: the founders wanted to establish a co-educational school in [[Calcutta]] which would offer education in both Bengali and English. In the early years of the founding of the school it was the school management's policy not to give excessive importance to examinations, although half-yearly and yearly tests were held from the school's inception. The first batch of students from the school took the [[Madhyamik]] (Secondary) Examination in 1972.

Another aim of the school was to impart an education to its students in an open atmosphere which was favourable to the sensitive mind and was similar to the method of teaching initially followed by Tagore in his school in Santiniketan, although the medium of instruction in the school in Calcutta has always been more formal in nature. While paying heed to the importance of traditional methods of learning, the founders of the school do not allow excessive emphasis to be laid on the rote method. This institution follows the principle of secular education evident in Tagore's ''Brahmacharya Ashram'' in Santiniketan.

==Logo==
The logo of the school representing a "flame" is designed by [[Satyajit Ray]], the world-renowned film maker who was also a commercial artist.

==Academic==
The school has a Montessori, primary, secondary and higher secondary/junior college branches at different locations. The higher secondary branch offers subject combination in science, arts and commerce with one of the best laboratory.

===Language policy===
The school offered education in the mixed medium. At the start of the primary school, a student was streamlined into Bengali or English medium. Each standard used to have four sections, of which two were held in Bengali and two in English.

Later, there were five sections, of which one was held in Bengali and four in English. Following the decisions taken by the state government the school will conduct all its classes in the English medium from 2024.

The two other languages taught were Sanskrit and Hindi, which were offered as third languages from the seventh to the ninth standards. But now only Hindi is taught as the third language and it is compulsory for all students.

==Cultural activities==
Since one of the main objectives of the school is to encourage education in Bengali both inside and outside the classrooms, it culturally identifies itself with the Santiniketan Patha Bhavana and holds programmes which have been traditionally held in that school, such as the ''Sahitya Sabhas''.

The ''Sahitya Sabhas'' are annual meets where the students of the school participate in the writing, reading and recitation of Bengali short stories and poems. ''Baishey Sravan'' is also celebrated and observed every year. Satyajit Ray allowed the holding of the premier of his film ''Joy Baba Phelunath'' (''The Elephant God'') in the school. Proceeds from the viewing of his other films were also donated to the school for its development.
The school also organise an annual function where students of various classes perform, plays in English and Bengali are also performed. The school observes International Mother Tongue Day on 21 February and also events like "Basanto Utsav" and Shakespeare Day.

==Houses==
Students of the school are placed in houses named after four ancient Indian universities. Students are placed in houses from class 5. They are:

*[[Nalanda]] (Green)
*[[Takshashila]] (Yellow)
*[[Ujjaini]] (Blue)
*[[Vikramshila]] (Red)

==Sports==
Students play sports such as cricket, football, table tennis, badminton, etc. The school has its own cricket team and football team representing in various tournaments. Its sports ground is located on Fern Road which is close to all the four buildings of the school. It organises a sports day at the Rabindra Sarovar stadium in Kolkata.

==Administration==
Administration of the branches of the school is carried out separately. The high school is administered by an executive council which has a president and a general secretary. The daily administration of the school is in the hands of the principal.

==Affiliations==
At the time of the founding of the school, the secondary branch of the school was affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]], while the higher secondary branch was affiliated to the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]. The school remains a private institution, relying on the fees paid by the guardians of the students for its financial management.

==Reputation==
According to a National school survey in 2008,<ref name="pathabhavankolkata">[http://educationworldonline.net/articles/Parameters%20of%20excellence%20India's%20top%2010%20day%20schools.pdf 'Cover Story' in 'EW Day School Ranking', 2008]</ref> Patha Bhavan was placed 987th in 'Academic Reputation', 87th in 'Honesty/Integrity', 10th in 'Quality of Alumni' and 4th in 'Value for Money'.

==Location==
The four branches of the school are located at four different sites of Ballygunge, Kolkata: the montessori and primary wings, which function under a single administration, are located at premises on Swinhoe Street and Palm Avenue, Kolkata, respectively. The High School and the humanities wing of the Higher Secondary branch are located at 103, A and C, Bondel Road, Kolkata, although the main gate of the school opens on Ballygunge Place (now Amiya Bose Sarani), while the science wing of the Higher Secondary branch is now located at 8/2, Gariahat Road (formerly Merlin Park), Kolkata.

The Merlin Park house used to be the residence of Smt. Lakshmi Ray, a former principal of the primary branch of the school. This house, an example of late colonial architecture, was given by its owner for the establishment of the school. The building in which the high school is located, another example of late colonial architecture and popularly called 'Delta House', is a colonial two storied building. Work for the construction of a new and more modern building, meant to accommodate all the branches of the school, has started at Merlin Park.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Paroma Banerjee]], singer
* [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]], singer
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]], film and television actor
* [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]], Bengali singer
* [[Soham Chakraborty]], film and television actor
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], film and television actor
* [[Siddartha Chatterjee]], film artist
* [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]], television actress
* [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], film and television actress
* [[Anik Dutta]], film director
* [[Maitreesh Ghatak]], LSE professor
* [[Amit Kumar]], playback singer
* [[Sandip Ray]], film director
* [[Gargi Roychowdhury]], film and television actress
* [[Ditipriya Roy]], film and television actress
* [[Srabani Sen]], singer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/InstitutionsCentresSchools/Contents/SchoolsContents.htm?f=../Contents/PathaBhavana.htm Santiniketan Patha Bhavana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622064945/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/InstitutionsCentresSchools/Contents/SchoolsContents.htm?f=..%2FContents%2FPathaBhavana.htm |date=22 June 2017 }}
*[http://www.pathabhavandankuni.org/ Dankuni Patha Bhavan]

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Private schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in West Bengal]]

Shivajinagar, Bengaluru

2025-11-02T14:56:52Z

MaritzaSandoval:

{{Distinguish|Shivajinagar, Pune}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shivajinagar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = File:Commercial st.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Night view of Commercial street, adjoining area of Shivijainagar
| nickname = Tasker Town
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.99|N|77.60|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 560051
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore Central
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Shivajinagara''', previously known as '''Blackpally''' and '''Tasker Town''' or '''Dandu''', is a locality in [[Bengaluru]], India located in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District|Central Business District]]. It was named after the 17th century Maratha Emperor [[Shivaji]], by Shivaji Nagar two time independent Councillor Sri N R Murthy who was opposition leader, in the Bangalore City Corporation, in the year 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-inspired-a-young-chhatrapati-shivaji-1679490|title='Bangalore inspired a young Chhatrapati Shivaji'|last=Raghuram|first=M.|date=2012-04-23|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I Change My City |url=https://www.ichangemycity.com/delhi/history-and-heritage/shivajinagar-one-of-the-oldest-areas-in-bangalore |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.ichangemycity.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
It is reported that nearly half of Shivajinagar's residents are [[Muslims]], as such during [[Ramadan]], visitors to the area gather to enjoy a wide array of culinary delights and cultural experiences. Large queues of visitors indulging in grill-charred [[kebab]]s, fried [[samosa]]s, and large servings of [[falooda]] are seen. Families initiate their fast-breaking rituals with a spread of fresh [[fruit]]s, [[Dates (fruit)|dates]], and [[beverages]]. The street fairs near Russell Market circle offer a rich variety of delicacies, including [[haleem]], [[mutton]] [[samosa]]s, kebabs, and [[phirni]], attracting a significant number of visitors from both the city and its peripheral areas who seek to partake in the festivities and savor the local flavors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-05 |title=An evening in Shivajinagar the week before Eid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/an-evening-in-shivajinagar-the-week-before-eid/article68029346.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2020-05-04 |title=Pannaga Bharana's laugh riot, starring Danish Sait, titled 'French Biryani' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/May/04/pannaga-bharanas-laugh-riot-starring-danish-sait-titled-french-biryani-2138757.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}
{{commons category|Shivajinagar}}

[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]

Sitamarhi–Jaynagar–Nirmali line (via Sursand)

2025-10-03T14:27:28Z

MaritzaSandoval: stub

{{Short description|Proposed Railway Line in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Sitamarhi–Jaynagar–Nirmali line (via Sursand)
| status = Proposed
| start = Sitamarhi
| end = Nirmali
| owner = Indian Railways
| availability = Under Proposal
}}
'''Sitamarhi-Jaynagar-Nirmali Via Sursand Railway Line'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=View Project - Department of Economic Affairs - InfrastructureIndia.gov.in|url=https://www.pppinindia.gov.in/infrastructureindia/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=/html/viewproject/view.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+(Traditional+Procurement)&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=13603&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=/infrastructureindia/project-list?p_p_id=projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlist%252Fview.jsp&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_searchName=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_searchType=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%2528Traditional+Procurement%2529&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_id=0&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_projectTypeeids=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_authorityName=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_isShowAllTerminatedProjects=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_delta=5&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator=true&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol=dateOfAward&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType=desc&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_cur=1087|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.pppinindia.gov.in}}</ref> is a proposed railway line in [[East Central Railway zone]] by [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]. It was announced by Former Railway Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] in 2007. He laid the foundation inauguration of this proposed railway line at Sursand on 5 January 2008. Its length is 188.9 km.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=सुनहरे सपनों अधूरे बन कर रह गया सीतामढ़ी-निर्मली रेलखंड|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-sitamarhinirmali-railway-remained-golden-dreams-incomplete-19112751.html|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> Due to negligence of the government, this railway line has yet not completed in the past 16 years. In 2022, the member of parliament and BJP leader [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]] from the [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency]] wrote a letter to the [[Minister of Railways (India)|union minister of Indian Railway]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Aswani Vaishnav]] for the completion of the proposed railway as soon as possible. The union minister Ashwini Vaishnav has assured that the project will start soon. According to the railway ministry 345 acres of land is required for acquisition. There are some issues with the acquisition of the land. This railway line will connect two districts of Bihar from [[Sitamarhi]] to [[Nirmali railway station|Nirmali]] ([[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]) via [[Sursand]], [[Bhitthamore]] and [[Jaynagar railway station|Jaynagar]]. It also connects border areas of [[Nepal]] near Sitamarhi and Madhubani districts of Bihar. The cost of the project was estimated Rs. 2,821 in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|title=View Project - Department of Economic Affairs - InfrastructureIndia.gov.in|url=https://www.pppinindia.gov.in/infrastructureindia/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=/html/viewproject/view.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+(Traditional+Procurement)&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=13603&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=/infrastructureindia/project-list?p_p_id=projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlist%252Fview.jsp&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_searchName=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_searchType=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%2528Traditional+Procurement%2529&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_id=0&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_projectTypeeids=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_authorityName=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_isShowAllTerminatedProjects=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_delta=5&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords=&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator=true&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol=dateOfAward&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType=desc&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur=false&_projectlist_WAR_Projectportlet_cur=1087|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.pppinindia.gov.in}}</ref> but due to the delay in starting the project, the estimated cost of the project is around Rs. 10,000 crores in 2022. The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian union railway ministry]] has assured that the project will start soon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीतामढ़ी जयनगर निर्मली 188 किमी नयी रेल लाइन पर ग्रहण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-eclipse-on-sitamarhi-jayanagar-nirmali-188-km-new-rail-line-7728411.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सुनहरे सपनों अधूरे बन कर रह गया सीतामढ़ी-निर्मली रेलखंड - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-sitamarhinirmali-railway-remained-golden-dreams-incomplete-19112751.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
About 80 km of the railway line falls in the Sitamarhi district and the remaining railway line falls in the areas of Nirmali and Jaynagar in the Madhubani district of Mithila region in Bihar, India. The proposed railway station in the Sitamarhi district are Bhairokothi, Bariarpur, Bathnaha, Lattipur, Digghi, Gonahi, Bela, Parsa, Dostia, Chilra, Hariharpur, Dalkawa, Bhutahi, Sonbarsa, Rajbara, Pakdia, Naranga, Parihar, Masaha, Banauli, Sursand, Bhittamod and Choraut. Similarly Nirmali and Jaynagar are prominent railway stations in the Madhubani district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुनहरे सपनों अधूरे बन कर रह गया सीतामढ़ी-निर्मली रेलखंड - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-sitamarhinirmali-railway-remained-golden-dreams-incomplete-19112751.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In the Madhubani district, many new stations and halts including Umgaon, Lalmani, Laukahi, Laukhaha will be constructed from Nirmali. After the completion of the project, the Nirmali railway station will get the status of "Junction".<ref name=":3" /> There will be a total of 25 stations in this railway line, in which apart from 4 old stations, 21 new stations will be constructed. This proposed railway line will improve transportation facilities for the people of four Lok Sabha constituencies of the Mithila region - Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Jhanjharpur and Supaul.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=सीतामढ़ी-जयनगर-निर्मली रेल लाइन; मिथिला के विकास की नई उम्मीद, भारत-नेपाल व्यापार को बढ़ावा - Sitamarhi Jaynagar Nirmali railway line new hope for Mithilas development boost to India Nepal trade |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-sitamarhi-jaynagar-nirmali-railway-line-new-hope-for-mithilas-development-boost-to-india-nepal-trade-24068763.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Further work ==
The acquisition of land for the project has yet not completed even after 16 years of the inception of the project. The development of this project is very slow due to unavailability of funds to the project. According to the former members of the Railway Advisory Committee, ''Suresh Chandra Chaudhary'' and ''Vishnudev Bhandari'', the people of the border areas were hopeful that in the [[Railway budget of India|Railway Budget]] 2023, sufficient funds would be provided for the proposed ''Sitamarhi-Jaynagar-Nirmali railway line''. The budget in 2023 of [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] has allotted only thousand rupees to this proposed railway line so that the project will not closed.<ref name=":0" /> As of March 2022, only Rs 3.20 crore has been spent on this project. According to the RTI information given by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board]], this project has also been suspended for the further notice along with 17 railway infrastructure projects among 52 ongoing railway infrastructure projects in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=मंत्री रहते लालू ने की थी रेल लाइन बनाने की घोषणा, 15 साल में सर्वेक्षण से आगे ही नहीं बढ़ सकी - Lalu Prasad Yadav had announced the construction of Bihta to Aurangabad railway line as Railway Minister could not progress beyond the survey in 15 years |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-lalu-prasad-yadav-had-announced-the-construction-of-bihta-to-aurangabad-railway-line-as-railway-minister-could-not-progress-beyond-the-survey-in-15-years-22427182.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

On 8 August 2025 at the occasion of laying down foundation stone for the grand reconstruction project [[Janaki Janmasthali Mandir]] of the [[Punaura Dham]] premises in Sitamarhi, the Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] announced a budget of Rs 2400 crore for building the Sitamarhi-Sursand-Jaynagar-Nirmali railway section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah performs the Bhoomi Pujan for the comprehensive development of Punaura Dham temple and its complex, the birthplace of Mata Sita in Sitamarhi district of Bihar |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2154333}}</ref> On 1 October 2025, the JDU executive president [[Sanjay Kumar Jha|Sanjay Jha]] announced through his social media platform that the Union government of India has granted approval for the construction of the proposed Sitamarhi-Sursand-Jaynagar-Nirmali railway line. Further he expressed his gratitude to the Railway Minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Ashwini Vaishnav]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] for granting the approval.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Bihar Chunav: मिथिला को रेल कनेक्टिविटी की सौगात! सीतामढ़ी–जयनगर–निर्मली रेल परियोजना को मिली मंजूरी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/railways-sitamarhi-jaynagar-nirmali-rail-line-project-gets-central-approval-local18-ws-el-9687357.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The project was granted approval by the initiative of Bihar's Energy Minister [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]. After receiving the departmental approval, the people of the Kosi region, and the central Mithila region have received significant relief. It is a long-pending railway project in the region of Mithila in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी-जयनगर-निर्मली नई रेल लाइन निर्माण को मंजूरी:ऊर्जा मंत्री की पहल से कोसी-मिथिलांचल को सौगात, रेलवे स्टेशन को "जंक्शन" का दर्जा, यात्रियों को राहत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/supaul/news/construction-of-new-sitamarhi-jaynagar-nirmali-railway-line-gets-approval-136062849.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Importance ==
The project of Sitamarhi - Sursand - Jaynagar - Nirmali railway line holds historical significance for the people of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It is expected that its completion would significantly improve the region's connectivity. It will make transportation easier. From this railway project in the Mithila region trade and tourism will also get a new impetus. It will help in promoting the cultural heritage of Mithila and enhance the [[tourism in Mithila]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Bihar To Get New Rail Line, Rs 2,400 Cr Project Aims To Boost Mithila's Economy And India-Nepal Ties |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/bihar/north-bihar-to-get-new-rail-line-rs-2400-cr-project-aims-to-boost-mithilas-economy-and-indianepal-ties-24068763 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref>

According to experts, the construction of this railway line will save time and money of the passengers in the region and will also give a boost to the local market, industries and economy.<ref name=":2" /> People in the region are considering it a historic step towards the development of the region.<ref name=":3" /> It will further strengthen the ties of [[Roti-Beti Ka Rishta|Roti-Beti relation]] between the two culturally tied nations of [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sitamarhi-Jaynagar-Nirmali line (via Sursand)}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:East Central Railway zone]]

Dogar

2025-09-20T11:49:00Z

MaritzaSandoval: cleanup references for consistency

{{short description|Clan of India and Pakistan}}
{{Other uses|Dogar (disambiguation){{!}}Dogar|Dogra (disambiguation){{!}}Dogra}}
{{Distinguish|Dogras}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

The '''Dogar''' are a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] people of [[Muslim]] heritage (''[[:wikt:bradree|bradari]]'').<ref name=John2009>{{cite thesis |last=John |first=A |year=2009 |title=Two dialects one region: a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers |type=MA thesis |publisher=Ball State University |docket= |oclc= |url=https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193541 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105190645/https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/193541/Ajohn_2009-3_BODY.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Dogar' is commonly used as a [[last name]].<ref name=John2009/>

== History ==

The Dogar people settled in [[Punjab]] during the [[History of Punjab#Medieval Punjab (c.500 AD – 1526 AD)|Medieval period]].<ref name=Singh1988/> They have been classified as a branch of the [[Rajput]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fiaz |first1=HM |last2=Akhtar |first2=S |last3=Rind |first3=AA |title=Socio-cultural condition of South Punjab: a case of Muzaffargarh District |journal=International Research Journal of Education and Innovation |date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.53575/irjei.3-v2.2(21)21-40 |url=http://www.irjei.com/index.php/irjei/article/view/27/17|doi-access=free }}</ref> (a large cluster of interrelated peoples from the [[Indian subcontinent]]). Initially a [[Pastoralism|pastoral]] people, the Dogar [[History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent#Late Middle Ages (1200–1526 CE)|took up agriculture]] in the Punjab, where they became owners of land in the relatively arid central area where cultivation required particularly strenuous work.<ref name=Chaudhuri2008>{{cite book |title=Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India |volume=8 |first=BB |last=Chaudhuri |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-13171-688-5 |pages=194–195 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&pg=PA194}}</ref> In addition to cultivating crops such as ''[[jowar]]'' (millet) and [[wheat]], they seem partly to have continued pastoral practices, sometimes [[pastoral nomads|as nomads]].<ref name=Singh1988>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=C |author-link=Chetan Singh |title=Conformity and conflict: tribes and the 'agrarian system' of Mughal India |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |year=1988 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=319–340 |doi=10.1177/001946468802500302 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/62288224/Conformity___Conflict.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The arid conditions proved challenging, especially in the light of competition from peoples with more established agricultural ways (notably the [[Jats]]), and over the centuries the Dogars developed a long-lasting reputation for marauding behaviour,<ref name=Chaudhuri2008/> such as animal raiding and other types of theft, including highway robbery.<ref name=Singh1988/>

In the late 17th century, the Dogars residing within the [[faujdar]]i of Lakhi Jangal (in present-day [[Multan District|Multan]]) were among the tribes that challenged the authority of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Centre and periphery in the Mughal State: the case of seventeenth-century Panjab |vauthors=Singh C |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |year=1988 |at=313 |jstor=312624 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00000986|s2cid=144152388 }}</ref>

==In literature==
In the Sufi poet [[Waris Shah]]'s tragic romance of 1766, ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', Dogars are scorned as commoners (along with Jats and other agricultural groups).<ref>{{cite journal |title=''Hīr Vāriṡ Śāh, poème panjabi du XVIIIe siècle: Introduction, translittération, traduction et commentaire. Tome I, strophes 1 à 110'' by Denis Matringe [review] |first=P |last=Gaeffke |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=111 |issue=2 |date=1991 |pages=408–409 |doi=10.2307/604050 |jstor=604050 |quote=...and we come across scathing remarks about 'plebeians' such as Jats, Dogars and other agricultural castes.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lakhi Jungle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Ibbetson |first1=D |author-link1=Denzil Ibbetson |chapter=The Dogars |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/panjabcastes00ibbe/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22474.+The+Dogars%22 |title=Panjab castes |title-link=Panjab Castes |orig-date=1883 |publication-date=1916 |location=Lahore |publisher=Government Printing, Punjab |pages=177–178}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryoftribes03rose/page/n518/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=Dogar |title=Dogar |author-link=Horace Arthur Rose |encyclopedia=A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier province |last=Rose |first=HA |year=1911 |volume=II |location=Lahore |publisher=Samuel T Weston |pages=244–246}}
*{{cite book |last1=Longworth Dames |first1=M |author-link1=Mansel Longworth Dames |chapter=Fīrūzpūr |title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 |volume=3 |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Islam |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |publication-date= 1987 |orig-date=1934 |isbn=978-9-00408-265-6 |page=114 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd5VonTOppMC&pg=PA114}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}

[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Herding castes]]

Chandmari, Guwahati

2025-09-18T09:34:25Z

MaritzaSandoval: Made a article

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Guwahati, Assam, India}}
{{About|the locality in Assam, India|other uses|Chandmari (disambiguation){{!}}Chandmari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandmari
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =
| image_caption =
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 2
| color = green
}}
| area_total_km2 = 2.53
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Suburb
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|11|24|N|91|46|28|E|type:city_region:IN-AS|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Western Assam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| registration_plate = AS - 01
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = metric
| named_for =
| area_code =
| official_name =
| founder =
| width_mi = 1.18
| length_mi = 1.36
| flag_link = India
| website = {{url|https://gmc.assam.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Chandmari''' is one of the oldest localities of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. Situated towards the eastern side of the city, it is home to [[All India Radio|All India Radio, Guwahati centre]] and a couple of academic institutions such as Holy Childs Convent, Bhaskar Bidyapith Higher Secondary School, [[Gauhati Commerce College]], and Assam Engineering Institute to name a few.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamspider.com/business/1351-Assam-Engineering-Institute-Chandmari-Guwahati.aspx|title= Assam Engineering Institute at Chandmari|publisher=assamspider.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.locationary.com/place/en/IN/Assam/Guwahati/Chandmari-p1022333960.jsp |title=Chandmari Locality |publisher=locationary.com |accessdate=2011-12-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508082208/http://www.locationary.com/place/en/IN/Assam/Guwahati/Chandmari-p1022333960.jsp |archivedate=2012-05-08 }}</ref> Many high schools and degree colleges are set up in this area, adding to its educational atmosphere. This part of city is also known for its recreational facilities. Since 1961, the [[Bohag Bihu]] (Rongali Bihu) has been regularly organized<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr1612/at07 | title=Bohag Bihu celebrated | work=The Assam Tribune | date=16 April 2012 | accessdate=14 June 2012 | author=Staff Reporter | location=Guwahati | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080159/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr1612%2Fat07 | archivedate=7 April 2014 }}</ref> at the A.E.I. playground which is also known as Chandmari Bihutoli<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr1811 | title=Artistes performing Bihu at Chandmari Bihutoli | work=The Assam Tribune | date=18 April 2011 | accessdate=14 June 2012 | location=Guwahati | pages=1 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080603/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr1811 | archivedate=7 April 2014 }}</ref> by Pub Guwahati Bihu Sanmilan. Durga Puja is also regularly celebrated at Chandmari by the Chandmari Sarbajanin Durga Puja Committee. The neighboring residential areas around Chandmari are Milanpur,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ankit |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Milanpur |url=https://www.assamtribune.com// }}</ref> Krishnanagar, Nizarapar, Bamunimaidam, Kannachal, Pub-Sarania, Bhaskar Nagar etc.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120413/jsp/northeast/story_15369543.jsp#.T9m1K5IXn-s | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721043719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120413/jsp/northeast/story_15369543.jsp#.T9m1K5IXn-s | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 July 2014 | title=Prize catch | work=The Telegraph | date=13 April 2012 | access-date=14 June 2012 | author=Goswami, Manashree (Compiled by) | location=Northeast}}</ref> The area has one of the oldest movie theatres called the 'Anuradha' which shows both national and international movies.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0910/city07 | title=State Film Fest on March 10–18 | work=The Assam Tribune | date=9 March 2010 | access-date=14 June 2012 | author=Staff Reporter | location=Guwahati | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080354/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0910%2Fcity07 | archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Patharquerry]]
* [[Rehabari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Guwahati]]