https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Marissa54PBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T14:24:35ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrazul_Khan_lynching&diff=428155Afrazul Khan lynching2023-09-16T11:14:04Z<p>Marissa54P: Fresh addition.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2017 lynching in India}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Afrazul Khan lynching<br />
| location = [[Rajsamand]], Rajasthan<br />
| date = 6 December 2017<br />
| target = Afrazul Khan<br />
| weapon = Pickaxe<br />
| victim = Afrazul Khan<br />
| convicted = Shambhun Lal Regar<br />
}}<br />
{{Islamophobia}}{{Violence against Muslims in independent India}}<br />
On 6 December 2017, a 48-year-old labour contractor '''Afrazul Khan''' (a residence of Malda, west Bengal) was hacked and burnt alive by a hindutva goon Shambhu Lal Regar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |title=Shambhu Lal Regar, Who Lynched Afrazul Khan, May Fight 2019 Polls |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shambhulal-regar-contest-2019-lok-sabha-elections-afrazul-khan-lynching |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Afrazul, a petty labour contractor, went for a cup of tea to the labour chowk Jal Chakki, where Bengali workers customarily gather every morning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MANDER |first=HARSH |title='My Father Was a Good Man' :Killed in Rajsamand, Afrazul's Family Grieves in Bengal |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/12873/My-Father-Was-a-Good-Man-:Killed-in-Rajsamand-Afrazuls-Family-Grieves-in-Bengal |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Violent Cow Protection in India |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/02/19/violent-cow-protection-india/vigilante-groups-attack-minorities |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Shambhu Lal Regar called him to a vacant plot of land owned by his family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhara |first=Tushar |title=Elections 2019: As Rajasthan's Rajsamand goes to polls, silence shrouds the Afrazul hate killing |url=https://caravanmagazine-in-nalsar.knimbus.com/politics/elections-2019-rajasthan-rajsamand-afrazul-shambhulal |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref> It was there that Shambhu attacked by a pickaxe Afrazul, as Shambhu's 14 year old nephew videotaped the attack. And poured kerosene over him and set on fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan lynching: State govt hands over Rs 5 lakh cheque to Mohammed Afrazul’s family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-murder-state-govt-hands-over-rs-5-lakh-cheque-to-mohammed-afrazuls-family-4975526/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saberin |first=Zeenat |title=Hate crime in India: Muslim man hacked, burned to death |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/7/hate-crime-in-india-muslim-man-hacked-burned-to-death |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Impact) |first=Likhita Banerjee (Social |title=Lynching a hate crime, India must enact law to end it |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/opinion/lynching-a-hate-crime-india-must-enact-law-to-end-it |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]<br />
[[Category:2017 murders in India]]</div>Marissa54Phttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piloo&diff=428380Piloo2023-09-10T08:46:40Z<p>Marissa54P: Wrote an informative guide.</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Piloo''' is an Indian masculine given name that may refer to the following notable people:<br />
*[[Piloo Mody]] (1926–1983), Indian architect and politician<br />
*[[Piloo Reporter]] (1938–2023), Indian international cricket umpire<br />
*[[Piloo Sarkari]] (1927–2018), Indian cyclist<br />
<br />
{{given name}}<br />
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]</div>Marissa54Phttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parjanya_(Hinduism)&diff=426770Parjanya (Hinduism)2023-09-07T14:24:10Z<p>Marissa54P: Published a valuable reference.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Grandfather of Krishna in the epic Mahabharata}}<br />
{{Infobox character<br />
| info-hdr = Personal Information<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| weapon = <br />
| affiliation = <br />
| spouse = Variyasi<br />
| family = ''' Parents'''{{bulleted list|Devamida (father)}}<br />
''' Siblings'''{{bulleted list|[[Shurasena]] (Brother)}}<br />
| children = ''' Children'''<br>5 Sons, including:{{bulleted list|Upananda|Abhinanda|[[Nanda Baba|Nanda]]|Sananda|Nandana}}<br />
| relatives = <br />
| name = Parjanya<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Parjanya'''<ref name="Broo2016"/><ref name="Naraharicakrabarttī2006">{{cite book|author=Naraharicakrabarttī|title=Bhakti-ratnākara: The Jewel-filled Ocean of Devotional Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIXXAAAAMAAJ&q=parjanya|year=2006|publisher=Rasbihari Lal & Sons|isbn=978-81-8403-000-6}}</ref>({{lang-sa|पार्जन्य}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Pārjánya}}) also known as '''Parjanya Maharaja<ref name="The Hare Krsnas">{{cite web | title=The Transcendental Rasas - Vatsalya-rasa - Worshipable Superiors | website=The Hare Krsnas | url=https://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/associates/rasas/superiors.htm | access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> or Parjanya'''<ref name="Holy Dham 2012">{{cite web | title=Mahavan | website=Holy Dham | date=2012-10-10 | url=https://www.holydham.com/mahavan/ | access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> is one of the son of [[Yadava]] king Devamida<ref name="Cakravartī2004">{{cite book|author=Viśvanātha Cakravartī|title=Sārārtha Darśini: Tenth Canto Commnetaries &#91;of&#93; Srimad Bhagavatam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2vXAAAAMAAJ&q=parjanya+yadava|year=2004|publisher=Mahanidhi Swami}}</ref> and the brother of [[Shurasena]]. He was also paternal grandfather of [[Krishna]]<ref name="Broo2016">{{cite book|author=Mans Broo|title=The Rādhā Tantra: A critical edition and annotated translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-48517-9|pages=286–}}</ref> and father of the [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]].<ref name="Das1999">{{cite book|author=Swarup Das|title=Śrī Śrī 84 Krosh Vrajamaṇḍala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHnXAAAAMAAJ&q=parjanya+nanda|year=1999|publisher=Samir Debanth}}</ref><ref name="Entwistle1987">{{cite book|author=A. W. Entwistle|title=Braj: Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YoRAQAAIAAJ&q=parjanya|year=1987|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-016-5}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Puranas]]'', he was born to second wife of king Devamida<ref name="Cakravartī2004"/><ref name="Sagar1975">{{cite book|author=Sunder Lal Sagar|title=Hindu Culture and Caste System in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-htAAAAMAAJ&q=devamida|year=1975|publisher=Uppal Book Store|isbn=978-0-88386-677-1}}</ref> and was given the charge as chieftain of [[Mahaban|Mahavan]] (a region of [[Braj]]).<ref name="Holy Places in India 2012">{{cite web | title=Mahavan or Gokul | website=Holy Places in India | date=2012-07-21 | url=http://holylandindia.blogspot.com/2012/07/mahavan-or-gokul.html | access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref><ref name="Radhanath Swami Yatras">{{cite web | title=Mahavan | website=Radhanath Swami Yatras | url=http://radhanathswamiyatras.com/forests-of-vrindavan/mahavan/ | access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]]<br />
*[[Shurasena]]<br />
*[[Yadava]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]</div>Marissa54Phttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Ramaphosa&diff=387821Cyril Ramaphosa2023-05-11T16:20:21Z<p>Marissa54P: Added a new entry to the collection.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|President of South Africa since 2018}}<br />
{{Use South African English}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]<br />
| name = Cyril Ramaphosa<br />
| honorific suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]<br />
| image = Prime Minister Sunak met with President Ramaphosa of South Africa in Number 10 - 2022 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Ramaphosa in 2022<br />
| order = 5th<br />
| office = President of South Africa<br />
| deputy = [[David Mabuza]]<br>[[Paul Mashatile]]<br />
| term_start = 15 February 2018<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| order1 = 18th<br />
| office1 = Chairperson of the African Union<br />
| term_start1 = 10 February 2020<br />
| term_end1 = 6 February 2021<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]<ref name=cyrilsupport /><br />
| successor1 = [[Felix Tshisekedi]]<br />
| office2 = 14th [[History of the African National Congress#Presidents of the ANC|President of the African National Congress]]<br />
| deputy2 = [[David Mabuza]]<br>[[Paul Mashatile]]<br />
| term_start2 = 18 December 2017<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| successor2 = <br />
| office3 = 7th [[Deputy President of South Africa]]<br />
| president3 = [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| term_start3 = 26 May 2014<br />
| term_end3 = 15 February 2018<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Kgalema Motlanthe]]<br />
| successor3 = [[David Mabuza]]<br />
| office4 = 9th [[History of the African National Congress#Deputy presidents of the ANC|Deputy President of the African National Congress]]<br />
| president4 = [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| term_start4 = 18 December 2012<br />
| term_end4 = 18 December 2017<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Kgalema Motlanthe]]<br />
| successor4 = [[David Mabuza]]<br />
| office5 = 13th [[History of the African National Congress#Secretaries-General of the ANC|Secretary-General of the African National Congress]]<br />
| president5 = [[Nelson Mandela]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1 March 1991<br />
| term_end5 = 18 December 1997<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Kgalema Motlanthe]]<br />
| office6 = 1st [[National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)#Leadership|Secretary-General of the National Union of Mineworkers]]<br />
| term_start6 = August 1982<br />
| term_end6 = June 1991<br />
| predecessor6 = ''Position established''<br />
| successor6 = [[Kgalema Motlanthe]]<br />
| office7 = 1st [[University of Mpumalanga#Governance and administration|Chancellor of the University of Mpumalanga]]<br />
| term_start7 = 2 April 2016<br />
| term_end7 = 1 July 2021<br />
| 1blankname7 = Vice-Chancellor <br />
| 1namedata7 = Thoko Mayekiso<br />
| predecessor7 = ''Position established''<br />
| successor7 = [[Mandisa Maya]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|11|17}}<br />
| birth_name = Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa<br />
| birth_place = [[Soweto]], [[Transvaal Province]], [[Union of South Africa]]<br />
| party = [[African National Congress]]<br />
| occupation = {{flatlist|<br />
* Businessman <br />
* <br>politician <br />
* lawyer <br />
* trade union leader <br />
* philanthropist <br />
* <br>anti-apartheid activist}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Hope Ramaphosa|1978|1989|reason=div}}<br/>{{marriage|Nomazizi Mtshotshisa|1991|1993|reason=div}}<br/>{{marriage|[[Tshepo Motsepe]]|1996}}<br />
| children = 5<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Limpopo]]<br />[[University of South Africa]]<br />
| parents = Samuel Ramaphosa<br />Erdmuth Ramaphosa<br />
| website = {{url|https://www.cyrilramaphosafoundation.org|Foundation website}} {{url|http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/|Presidency website}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa''' (born 17 November 1952) is a South African businessman and politician who is serving as the fifth democratically elected [[president of South Africa]]. A former [[Anti-Apartheid Movement|anti-apartheid]] activist, [[trade union]] leader, and businessman, Ramaphosa is also the president of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC).<br />
<br />
Ramaphosa rose to national prominence as secretary general of South Africa's biggest and most powerful trade union, the [[National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)|National Union of Mineworkers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saul |first=John&nbsp;S. |title=South Africa – the present as history : from Mrs. Ples to Mandela & Marikana |year=2014 |isbn=9781847010926 |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |oclc=872681428}}</ref> [[48th National Conference of the African National Congress|In 1991]], he was elected ANC [[secretary general]] under ANC president [[Nelson Mandela]] and became the ANC's chief negotiator during the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiations that ended apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa has what it takes to fix South Africa's ailing ANC. But&nbsp;... |work=[[TimesLIVE]] |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-01-07-ramaphosa-has-what-it-takes-to-fix-south-africas-ailing-anc-but-/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812142434/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-01-07-ramaphosa-has-what-it-takes-to-fix-south-africas-ailing-anc-but-/ |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=tinashe |title=Negotiations and the transition |work=South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/negotiations-and-transition |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141813/http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/negotiations-and-transition |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> He was elected chairperson of the [[Constituent assembly|Constitutional Assembly]] after the country's [[1994 South African general election|first fully democratic elections]] in 1994 and some observers believed that he was Mandela's preferred successor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Munusamy |first1=Ranjeni |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221134545/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> However, Ramaphosa resigned from politics in 1996 and became well known as a businessman, including as an owner of [[McDonald's]] South Africa, chair of the board for [[MTN Group|MTN]], member of the board for [[Lonmin]], and founder of the [[Shanduka Group]].<br />
<br />
He returned to politics in December 2012 at the ANC's [[53rd National Conference of the African National Congress|53rd National Conference]] and served as the [[Deputy President of South Africa|deputy president of South Africa]] under President [[Jacob Zuma]] from 2014 to 2018. He was also chairman of the [[National Planning Commission of South Africa|National Planning Commission]]. At the ANC's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]] on 18 December 2017, he was elected president of the ANC. Two months later, the day after Zuma resigned on 14 February 2018, the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] (NA) [[2018 South African presidential election|elected]] Ramaphosa as president of South Africa. He began his first full term as president in May 2019 following the ANC's victory in the [[2019 South African general election|2019 general election]]. While president, Ramaphosa served as chairperson of the [[African Union]] from 2020 to 2021<ref name="cyrilsupport" /> and led South Africa's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa|COVID-19 pandemic]].<br />
<br />
Ramaphosa's estimated [[net worth]] was estimated at over [[South African rand|R]]6.4 billion ([[United States dollar|$]]450 million) as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here are the 20 richest people in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/185007/here-are-the-20-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202754/https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/185007/here-are-the-20-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=BusinessTech}}</ref> He has been criticised for the conduct of his business interests, including his harsh posture as a Lonmin director towards the [[Marikana miners' strike]] in the week ahead of the [[Marikana massacre]].<br />
<br />
On 19 December 2022 it was announced that the [[55th National Conference of the African National Congress|ANC's 55th National Conference]] had elected Ramaphosa to a second term as president of the ANC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa wins by outright majority |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news/south-africa/ramaphosa-survives/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Moneyweb }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Ramaphosa was born in [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]], on 17 November 1952, to [[Venda people|Venda]] parents.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cyril Ramaphosa |last=Butler |first=Anthony |publisher=Jacana |year=2011 |isbn=9781431401840|location=Johannesburg|pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/981959/ramaphosa-not-born-in-limpopo/|title=Ramaphosa 'not born in Limpopo'|first1=Ngwako |last1=Modjadji |first2=Alex |last2=Matlala|work=The Citizen|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812214111/http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/981959/ramaphosa-not-born-in-limpopo/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the second of the three children to Erdmuth and retired policeman Samuel Ramaphosa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/|title=25 Things you don't know about Cyril Ramaphosa|website=Youth Village|access-date=12 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215710/http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> He attended Tshilidzi Primary School and Sekano Ntoane High School in Soweto.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cyril-matamela-ramaphosa|title=Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa|last=Anonymous|work=South African History Online|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219084705/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cyril-matamela-ramaphosa|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1971, he [[matriculate]]d from Mphaphuli High School in [[Sibasa]], [[Venda]] where he was elected head of the Student Christian Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/soapbox/who-is-cyril-ramaphosa/|title=Who is Cyril Ramaphosa?|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144253/https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/soapbox/who-is-cyril-ramaphosa/|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently registered to study law at the [[University of the North]] (Turfloop) in [[Limpopo Province]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=237&|title=African Success : Biography of Cyril RAMAPHOSA|last=|first=|website=africansuccess.org|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106135733/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=237&|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
While at university, Ramaphosa became involved in student politics and joined the [[South African Students Organisation|South African Students Organisation (SASO)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/people.php?id=65-251-B1|title=South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid|website=overcomingapartheid.msu.edu|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825211413/http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/people.php?id=65-251-B1|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Black People's Convention|Black People's Convention (BPC)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gec.co/users/deputy-president-cyril-ramaphosa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316110335/http://www.gec.co/users/deputy-president-cyril-ramaphosa|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2017|title=Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa {{!}} GEC 2017|website=gec.co|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> This resulted in him being detained in solitary confinement for eleven months in 1974 under Section 6 of the [[Terrorism Act, 1967]], for organising pro-[[Frelimo]] rallies.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20767093|title=Cyril Ramaphosa – the man who wants to make South Africa great|work=BBC News|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811121044/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20767093|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1976 he was detained again, following the unrest in Soweto, and held for six months at [[John Vorster Square]] under the Terrorism Act.<ref name=":1" /> After his release, he became a law clerk for a Johannesburg firm of [[Lawyer|attorneys]] and continued with his legal studies through correspondence with the [[University of South Africa]] (UNISA), where he obtained his [[Legal education#South Africa|Bachelor of Procurationis]] degree (B. Proc.) in 1981.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.observer.com.na/index.php/opinions/item/782-the-curious-case-of-comrade-cyril|title=The curious case of Comrade Cyril – Windhoek Observer|last=Kaumbi|first=Uazuva|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812212008/http://www.observer.com.na/index.php/opinions/item/782-the-curious-case-of-comrade-cyril|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Anti-apartheid and labor activism ==<br />
After completing his legal qualifications and obtaining his degree, Ramaphosa joined the [[Council of Unions of South Africa]] (CUSA) as an advisor in the legal department.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yworld.co.za/yworld/tih/today_in_history?search-day=26&search-year=16&search-month=11|title=Today in History – YFM {{!}} Yona Ke Yona|website=yworld.co.za|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812214039/http://yworld.co.za/yworld/tih/today_in_history?search-day=26&search-year=16&search-month=11|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1982, CUSA requested that Ramaphosa start a union for mineworkers;<ref name=":2"/> this new union was launched in the same year and was named the [[National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)|National Union of Mineworkers]] (NUM). Ramaphosa was arrested in [[Lebowa]], on the charge of organising or planning to take part in a meeting in Namakgale which had been banned by the local magistrate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ramaphosa-arrested|title=Ramaphosa is arrested|last=Anonymous|work=South African History Online|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812214429/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ramaphosa-arrested|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 1982, CUSA resolved to form the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), and in December Ramaphosa became its first secretary. Ramaphosa was the conference organiser in the preparations leading to the formation of the Congress of the South African Trade Union (COSATU). He delivered a keynote address at Cosatu's launch rally in Durban in December 1985. In March 1986, he was part of COSATU's delegation which met the African National Congress in Lusaka, Zambia.<ref name="pressreader.com">{{cite web |title=Tracking Cyril's political career |url=http://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20171219/281479276772087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051204/http://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20171219/281479276772087 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |website=Cape Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa was elected as the first general secretary of the union, a position he held until he resigned in June 1991,<ref name="pressreader.com"/> following his election as secretary-general of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). Under his leadership, union membership grew from 6,000 in 1982 to 300,000 in 1992, giving it control of nearly half of the total black workforce in the South African mining industry. As general secretary, he, James Motlatsi (president of NUM), and Elijah Barayi (vice-president of NUM) also led the mineworkers in one of the biggest strikes ever in South African history.<br />
<br />
In December 1988, Ramaphosa and other prominent members of the [[Soweto]] community met Soweto's mayor to discuss the rent boycott crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Battersby |first1=John&nbsp;D. |title=Blacks Pressing A Rent Boycott In South Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/22/world/blacks-pressing-a-rent-boycott-in-south-africa.html |access-date=8 November 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108211413/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/22/world/blacks-pressing-a-rent-boycott-in-south-africa.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1985, the NUM broke away from CUSA and helped to establish the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (COSATU). When COSATU joined forces with the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) political movement against the National Party government of [[P. W. Botha]], Ramaphosa took a leading role in what became known as the [[Mass Democratic Movement]] (MDM).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spector |first1=J.&nbsp;Brooks |title=The UDF at 30: An organisation that shook Apartheid's foundation |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-08-22-the-udf-at-30-an-organisation-that-shook-apartheids-foundation/ |access-date=8 November 2019 |newspaper=The Daily Maverick |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108211412/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-08-22-the-udf-at-30-an-organisation-that-shook-apartheids-foundation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa has claimed that he is a committed socialist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gon |first1=Sara |title=Ramaphosa says he's a socialist – believe him! |newspaper=Rational Standard |publisher=Institute of Race Relations |url=https://irr.org.za/media/ramaphosa-says-he2019s-a-socialist-2013-believe-him-rational-standard |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108212432/https://irr.org.za/media/ramaphosa-says-he2019s-a-socialist-2013-believe-him-rational-standard |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Rise in the ANC (1990–1996) ==<br />
<br />
After the ANC was unbanned in early 1990, Ramaphosa became increasingly close with the organisation. In January 1990, he accompanied released ANC political prisoners to the ANC [[headquarters]] in [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]]; and, later, that year, he served as chairman of the National Reception Committee, which coordinated arrangements for [[Nelson Mandela]]'s release from prison, including concomitant celebratory rallies.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa: Profile |url=https://www.dpme.gov.za/about/Pages/President-Cyril-Ramaphosa.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225191224/https://www.dpme.gov.za/about/Pages/President-Cyril-Ramaphosa.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=8 November 2019 |website=Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation}}</ref><ref name="pressreader.com" /> Ramaphosa was elected [[Secretary-General]] of the ANC at the party's [[48th National Conference of the African National Congress|48th National Conference]] in [[Durban]] in July 1991, and subsequently became head of the ANC's delegation to the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiations that ended apartheid]]. He was also a [[Visiting scholar|visiting professor]] of law at [[Stanford University]] in October 1991.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Following the [[1994 South African general election|first fully democratic elections]] in 1994, he became a Member of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] (MP) and was elected the chairperson of its [[Constituent assembly|Constitutional Assembly]] on 24 May 1994, a central role in Mandela's [[Government of National Unity (South Africa)|Government of National Unity]]. He was also re-elected, unopposed, as ANC Secretary-General at the party's [[49th National Conference of the African National Congress|49th National Conference]] in December 1994.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=49th National Conference: National Executive Committee as elected at Conference |url=https://www.anc1912.org.za/49th-national-conference-national-executive-committee-as-elected-at-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109171914/https://www.anc1912.org.za/49th-national-conference-national-executive-committee-as-elected-at-conference/ |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=ANC }}</ref> However, in 1996, he resigned from ANC office and from Parliament and announced his retreat from politics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Top S. African Official Quits for Business Post |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-04-14-mn-58558-story.html |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times }}</ref> reportedly because he was disappointed that [[Thabo Mbeki]] had been anointed Mandela's successor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gedye |first=Lloyd |title=Ramaphosa: The ANC's prodigal son returns |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-02-00-ramaphosa-the-ancs-prodigal-son-returns |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112022039/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-02-00-ramaphosa-the-ancs-prodigal-son-returns |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Tom |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/99996633 |title=Mandela : a critical life |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-151723-5 |location=Oxford |pages=211 |oclc=99996633}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Business career (1996–2014) ==<br />
<br />
After he resigned from politics, Ramaphosa became a businessman, taking advantage of the conducive environment provided by the new [[Black Economic Empowerment]] (BEE) policy. Among other positions, he was executive chairman of [[Shanduka Group]], a company he founded, which invested in mineral resources, energy, real estate, banking, insurance, and telecoms ([[SEACOM (African cable system)|SEACOM]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shanduka Group sees leadership changes |newspaper=IOL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/shanduka-group-sees-leadership-changes-808520 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210720/https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/shanduka-group-sees-leadership-changes-808520 |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> By 2014, Shanduka was worth more than [[South African rand|R]]20-billion, and the Ramaphosa family's Tshivhase Trust was its [[Shareholder|majority shareholder]].'''<ref name=":4">{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa declares R76-million, rest kept confidential |newspaper=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-18-ramaphosa-declares-r76-million-rest-kept-confidential |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210723/https://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-18-ramaphosa-declares-r76-million-rest-kept-confidential |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>''' Ramaphosa was also a chairman of [[Bidvest]], [[MTN Group|MTN]], and from March 2007, [[Mondi]], a leading international paper and packaging group. His other non-executive directorships included Macsteel Holdings, [[Alexander Forbes Group Holdings|Alexander Forbes]], [[SABMiller]], [[Lonmin]], [[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]], and [[Standard Bank]].<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa exits Lonmin, Mondi boards |newspaper=IOL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ramaphosa-exits-lonmin-mondi-boards-1457304 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210723/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ramaphosa-exits-lonmin-mondi-boards-1457304 |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=Rich and Powerful Africans: Cyril Ramaphosa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/05/rich-and-powerful-africans-cyril-ramaphosa/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Forbes }}</ref> In 2011, Ramaphosa paid for a 20-year [[master franchise]] agreement to run 145 [[McDonald's]] restaurants in South Africa.<ref name=":9">{{cite news |title=McDonald's South Africa chain bought by Cyril Ramaphosa |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/12777271 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130012733/https://www.bbc.com/news/12777271 |archive-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> He also belonged to the [[Coca-Cola Company]] International Advisory Board<ref name=":9" /> and the [[Unilever]] Africa Advisory Council.<br />
<br />
Ramaphosa's various [[Shareholder|shareholdings]] made him one of South Africa's richest men.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return of a prodigal son |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21568754-ruling-party-anoints-crown-prince-return-prodigal-son |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805142730/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21568754-ruling-party-anoints-crown-prince-return-prodigal-son |archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> According to the ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'', his estimated [[net worth]] of R2.22 billion made him the 13th richest person in South Africa in 2011, and that figure jumped to R3.1 billion in 2012.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |last=Marais |first=Jana |title=Rich still in pound seats |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2012-09-16-rich-still-in-pound-seats/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Sunday Times }}</ref> Both estimates, moreover, excluded his unlisted investments through Shanduka, including the McDonald's franchise agreement and a [[Coal mining|coal-mining]] partnership with [[Glencore]].<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
===Cattle farming===<br />
<br />
During a visit to [[Uganda]] in 2004, Ramaphosa became interested in the [[Ankole (cattle)|Ankole]] breed of [[cattle]]. Because of inadequate disease control measures in Uganda, the South African government denied him permission to import any of the breed. Instead, Ramaphosa purchased 43 cows from Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]] and shipped them to Kenya, where they were [[Artificial insemination|artificially inseminated]]; the embryos were then removed and shipped to South Africa, to be transferred to [[quarantine]]d cows. As of August 2017, Ramaphosa had 100 Ankole breeding cows at his Ntaba Nyoni farm in [[Mpumalanga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ankole Longhorn: Cyril Ramaphosa's passion and pride |url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/animals/cattle/ankole-longhorn-cyril-ramaphosas-passion-pride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016182359/https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/animals/cattle/ankole-longhorn-cyril-ramaphosas-passion-pride/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |website=Farmers Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa's Ankole bull sells for R640 000 |url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/cyril-ramaphosas-ankole-bull-sells-r640-000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016182403/https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/cyril-ramaphosas-ankole-bull-sells-r640-000/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |website=Farmers Weekly}}</ref> That year, he co-wrote a book about the breed, ''Cattle of the Ages: Stories, and Portraits of the Ankole Cattle of Southern Africa''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa writes book on cattle {{!}} Independent on Saturday |url=https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/ramaphosa-writes-book-on-cattle-11567386 |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016173941/https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/ramaphosa-writes-book-on-cattle-11567386 |archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public service ===<br />
His resignation from politics notwithstanding, Ramaphosa occasionally accepted positions in the public eye, both abroad and in South Africa. He became the first Vice Chairman of the [[Commonwealth Business Council]],<ref name=":8" /> and, in 1998, the Chairman of South Africa's BEE Commission.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Black Economic Empowerment Commission |url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/5/beecomreport.pdf |title=A National Integrated Black Economic Empowerment Strategy |publisher=Skotaville Press |year=2001 |isbn=9781919882024 |location=Johannesburg}}</ref> In 2000, he was appointed to the [[Independent International Commission on Decommissioning]] as an arms inspector, responsible for supervising the decommissioning of [[Irish Republican Army]] armaments in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of the Weapons Inspectors |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicdreports.htm#wi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206185315/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicdreports.htm#wi |archive-date=6 December 2010 |access-date=11 October 2008 |work=Reports and Statements by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) |publisher=[[CAIN]]}}</ref> And, in April 2010, he was appointed by President [[Jacob Zuma]] to the [[National Planning Commission of South Africa|National Planning Commission]], where he served as Deputy Chairperson to [[Minister in the Presidency]] [[Trevor Manuel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa, Godsell on National Planning Commission |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-04-30-ramaphosa-godsell-on-national-planning-commission/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis]], which followed the [[2007 Kenyan presidential election|disputed re-election]] of President [[Mwai Kibaki]] in December 2007, Ramaphosa was unanimously chosen by [[Kofi Annan]]'s [[mediation]] team to be the chief mediator in charge of long-term talks. However, Kibaki's government protested Ramaphosa's involvement, saying that he had business links with Kibaki's opponent [[Raila Odinga]].<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=Kenya Rejects S African Mediator |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0B264046-B4C2-415D-966F-D6F70D1A43EE.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207125543/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0B264046-B4C2-415D-966F-D6F70D1A43EE.htm |archive-date=7 February 2008 |access-date=4 February 2008 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> According to Ramaphosa, Odinga had visited him in 2007, but he did not have any "special interest" that would lead him to favour one side or the other;<ref>{{cite web |title=IOL: News for South Africa and the World |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id%3D1%26click_id%3D68%26art_id%3Dvn20080204060448336C666005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |archive-date=15 June 2006 |access-date=7 February 2008}}</ref> however, he said that he could not be an effective mediator without "the trust and confidence of all parties" and that he did not wish to become an obstacle to the negotiations.<ref>{{cite web |title=IOL: News for South Africa and the World |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id%3D1%26click_id%3D3016%26art_id%3Dnw20080204142426222C284380 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021453/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |archive-date=15 June 2006 |access-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> He therefore withdrew from the talks on 4 February.<ref name=":11" /> However, he returned to a peacemaking role in 2014, when – in his capacity as Deputy Chairperson of the National Planning Commission – he served as the South African President's [[Special Envoy]] to [[South Sudan]] during the [[South Sudanese Civil War|South Sudanese civil war]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Chairperson Cyril Ramaphosa undertakes working visit to South Sudan, 5 to 12 Mar |url=https://www.gov.za/special-envoy-south-sudan-mr-cyril-ramaphosa-deputy-chairperson-national-planning-commission-visits |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=South African Government}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa also continued to accept nominations to the [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] of the ANC: at the [[50th National Conference of the African National Congress|50th National Conference]] in 1997, he received the most votes of any candidate;<ref>{{cite web |title=50th National Conference: NEC Election Results |url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2451 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110194329/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2451 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=ANC}}</ref> and at the [[51st National Conference of the African National Congress|51st National Conference]] in 2002, he received the second-most.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Battersby |first=John |title=ANC gets tough on Reds in its bed |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-gets-tough-on-reds-in-its-bed-99198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210125931/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-gets-tough-on-reds-in-its-bed-99198 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=IOL }}</ref> Ahead of the [[52nd National Conference of the African National Congress|52nd National Conference]] in 2007, he denied persistent rumours that he intended to join the race to replace Mbeki as ANC president;<ref>{{cite web |last=Le Roux |first=Mariette |title=Mandela remains neutral on Ramaphosa |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/mandela-remains-neutral-on-ramaphosa-286665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210082032/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/mandela-remains-neutral-on-ramaphosa-286665 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=IOL }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa joins ANC race |url=http://www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,,186-187_1971945,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516130427/http://www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0%2C%2C186-187_1971945%2C00.html |archive-date=16 May 2007 |work=CityPress}}</ref> that year, he ranked 30th on the list of most popular NEC candidates.<ref name="Boyle">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Brendan |title=Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id%3D666599 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 |archive-date=2 October 2008 |access-date=3 February 2016 |work=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== ANC Deputy Presidency (2012–2017) ==<br />
{{Main|53rd National Conference of the African National Congress}}<br />
Ramaphosa made his return to political leadership in 2012, ahead of the ANC's [[53rd National Conference of the African National Congress|53rd National Conference]], when he received nominations to become ANC Deputy President. On 20 May 2012, [[Derek Hanekom]], an ANC MP, publicly encouraged Ramaphosa to run for the ANC presidency, saying, "We need leaders of comrade Cyril's calibre. I know Cyril is very good at business, but I really wish he would put all his money in a trust and step up for a higher and more senior position". Ramaphosa dismissed the resulting speculation, saying, "You can't read anything [into what Hanekom said]. He was joking".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanekom talks up Ramaphosa |url=https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Hanekom-talks-up-Ramaphosa-20150429 |access-date=8 November 2019 |newspaper=News24 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108212146/https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Hanekom-talks-up-Ramaphosa-20150429 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Indeed, Ramaphosa did not confirm his intention to accept the deputy presidential nomination until 16 December, the day before the conference began.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANC attempts to regroup as Nelson Mandela recovers in hospital |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/16/anc-regroups-as-nelson-mandela-recovers |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Guardian }}</ref> However, he received strong backing from incumbent President [[Jacob Zuma]] – a partnership viewed as a strategic attempt by Zuma to "outsmart and punish" [[Kgalema Motlanthe]], who was challenging Zuma for the presidency but whose constituency was similar to Ramaphosa's, given their shared union backgrounds and polished reputations.<ref name="Chosen one">{{cite web |last=Munusamy |first=Ranjeni |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=The Guardian }}</ref><ref name=":24">{{cite web |last=Grootes |first=Stephen |title=Kgalema Motlanthe returns to support Ramaphosa when trusted people are few and far between |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-06-13-kgalema-motlanthe-returns-to-support-ramaphosa-when-trusted-people-are-few-and-far-between/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=Daily Maverick }}</ref> Ramaphosa elected ANC Deputy President in a resounding victory on 18 December: he received 3,018 votes, while [[Mathews Phosa]] received 470 votes and [[Tokyo Sexwale]] received 463 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027052240/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |archive-date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramany |first1=Deshnee |title=Mangaung: The ANC's newly elected top six |newspaper=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-18-mangaung-the-ancs-newly-elected-top-six |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109013821/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-18-mangaung-the-ancs-newly-elected-top-six |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Deputy Presidency of South Africa (2014–2018)==<br />
{{See also|Presidency of Jacob Zuma}}<br />
[[File:Cyril Ramaphose greeting President of Chile.jpg|thumb|Ramaphosa meets with Chilean President [[Michelle Bachelet]] in [[Santiago]], May 2014.]]After his reelection in the [[2014 South African general election|2014 elections]], President Zuma appointed Ramaphosa the [[Deputy President of South Africa]] on 25 May 2014; Ramaphosa was sworn into office by Chief Justice [[Mogoeng Mogoeng]] the following day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bauer |first=Nickolaus |title=Ramaphosa the comeback kid of SA politics |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/ramaphosa-comeback-kid-sa-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043746/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/ramaphosa-comeback-kid-sa-politics |archive-date=22 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=eNCA}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his election as ANC Deputy President, Ramaphosa had begun the process of resigning from various business positions, and in 2014 he concluded the process, as required by the Executive Ethics Code. This entailed his exit from Shanduka,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mataboge |first1=Mmanaledi |title=Ramaphosa withdraws from Shanduka Group |work=Mail & Guardian |agency= |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-27-00-ramaphosa-withdraws-from-shanduka-group |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210721/https://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-27-00-ramaphosa-withdraws-from-shanduka-group |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> from McDonald's South Africa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peyper |first1=Liesl |title=Cyril Ramaphosa selling McDonald's SA to foreign firm |newspaper=Fin24 |url=https://www.fin24.com/Companies/Retail/cyril-ramaphosa-selling-mcdonalds-sa-to-foreign-firm-20160921 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210719/https://www.fin24.com/Companies/Retail/cyril-ramaphosa-selling-mcdonalds-sa-to-foreign-firm-20160921 |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> from platinum producer [[Lonmin]]''',<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />''' and from all other companies which might give rise to a [[conflict of interest]], particularly in industries [[Regulated market|regulated]] by the government.<ref name=":14">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa puts business interests in trust |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/ramaphosa-puts-business-interests-in-trust-20141126-4 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Fin24 }}</ref> His other interests – including a [[share trading]] company, his [[livestock]] farms, his property interests, and a [[sports car]] company'''<ref name=":4" />''' – were placed in a [[blind trust]].<ref name=":14" /> Parliament's 2014 Register of Members' Interests reflected over R76-million in company shares held by Ramaphosa (although that figure excluded shares held together with private individuals), as well as his ownership of 30 townhouses in [[Johannesburg]] and two apartments in [[Cape Town]].'''<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Cyril Ramaphosa declares R76m in shares, but&nbsp;... |newspaper=CityPress |url=https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Cyril-Ramaphosa-declares-R76m-in-shares-but-20150430 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108210720/https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Cyril-Ramaphosa-declares-R76m-in-shares-but-20150430 |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>'''<br />
<br />
=== Domestic role ===<br />
Alongside his duties as Deputy President, Ramaphosa was made Leader of Government Business in the [[National Assembly]] in terms of section 91(4) of the [[Constitution]], a role which involved coordinating between Parliament and [[Second Cabinet of Jacob Zuma|Zuma's cabinet]]. On 3 June, Zuma also appointed him the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, with [[Jeff Radebe]] as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paton |first=Carol |title=Zuma appoints Ramaphosa to planning role |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2014-06-03-zuma-appoints-ramaphosa-to-planning-role/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Business Day }}</ref> In addition, Ramaphosa was responsible for developing a proposal to implement a national [[minimum wage]], leading consultation on the matter between Zuma's administration and representatives of labour and business.<ref>{{cite web |last=Orderson |first=Crystal |title=South Africa's presidential frontrunner announces country's first minimum wage |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/843/south-africas-presidential-frontrunner-announces-countrys-first-minimum-wage/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=The Africa Report }}</ref> The proposal was approved by cabinet in November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mokone |first=Thabo |title=National minimum wage to be implemented in May 2018 |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-11-02-national-minimum-wage-of-r3200-per-month-to-be-implemented-in-may-2018/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Sunday Times }}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2014, Ramaphosa called for unity in the country after [[Julius Malema]] argued that the [[Afrikaans]] portion of [[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika|the national anthem]] should be scrapped. Ramaphosa said, "We are about [[Nation-building|building a nation]] and we must extend a hand of friendship, a hand of continued reconciliation to those who feel that the national anthem does not represent them any longer, and it can happen on both sides".<ref>[https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/ramaphosa-controversy-over-die-stem-unfortunate-20170728 Ramaphosa: Controversy over "Die Stem" unfortunate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222044043/https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/ramaphosa-controversy-over-die-stem-unfortunate-20170728 }}, ''[[Drum (South African magazine)|Drum]]'', 24 July 2014</ref> Late in Zuma's term, Ramaphosa also began to address publicly the widespread allegations of [[Corruption in South Africa|corruption]] in Zuma's administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa steps up to the plate ... at last |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-01-13-00-the-deputy-presidents-pivot-on-zuma-and-corruption-is-laudable-but-why-now/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Foreign relations===<br />
[[File:Cumbre Global de Gobierno Abierto 2015 (21936041494).jpg|thumb|Ramaphosa at the Global Open Government Summit in [[Mexico City]], October 2015. ]]<br />
In 2018, Ramaphosa, in Zuma's stead, led South Africa's delegation to the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], to promote investment and business in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Groenewald |first1=Yolandi |title=We'll win over sceptics in Davos – Ramaphosa |work=Fin24 |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/well-win-over-sceptics-in-davos-ramaphosa-20180118 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109082411/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/well-win-over-sceptics-in-davos-ramaphosa-20180118 |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> His other official trips abroad included a two-day working visit to Vietnam and Singapore, the objectives of which included consolidating trade relations, as well as the opportunity for South Africa to learn from the Singaporean economic model and the role it prescribed for [[state-owned enterprise]]s.<ref name="DIRCO">[http://www.dirco.gov.za/dircoenewsletter/newsflasha243-06-10-2016.html "Deputy President Ramaphosa On Working Visit to Vietnam and Singapore"]. ''[[Department of International Relations and Cooperation]]''. 10 October 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207072025/http://www.dirco.gov.za/dircoenewsletter/newsflasha243-06-10-2016.html}}.</ref><ref name="Presidency2">[https://www.gov.za/speeches/deputy-president-cyril-ramaphosa-lauds-visit-singapore-9-oct-2016-0000 "Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa lauds visit to Singapore"] . ''The Presidency''. 9 October 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925070829/https://www.gov.za/speeches/deputy-president-cyril-ramaphosa-lauds-visit-singapore-9-oct-2016-0000}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.enca.com/south-africa/ramaphosa-in-vietnam-to-boost-trade-ties "Ramaphosa in Vietnam to boost trade ties"]. eNCA. 5 October 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222044723/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/ramaphosa-in-vietnam-to-boost-trade-ties}}.</ref> Ramaphosa also continued to serve as Zuma's Special Envoy during the mediation in the South Sudanese conflict,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |title=Ramaphosa navigates a minefield in South Sudan |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/ramaphosa-navigates-a-minefield-in-south-sudan |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=ISS Africa }}</ref> and participated in the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) mediation in neighbouring [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Mediation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho and Kenya |url=https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/electoral-mediation-democratic-republic-congo-lesotho-kenya/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=ACCORD }}</ref><br />
<br />
==ANC Presidency (2017–present)==<br />
<br />
=== Election ===<br />
{{Main|54th National Conference of the African National Congress}}<br />
Ramaphosa stood for the ANC presidency in 2017, at the expiry of Zuma's term. Although he received the NUM's endorsement as early as September 2016,<ref name="mg.co.za">{{cite web |title=NUM officially backs Cyril Ramaphosa to succeed Zuma as ANC president |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-09-26-num-enters-anc-succession-debate-launches-ramaphosa-4-president-campaign/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian }}</ref> his campaign did not begin until April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Munusamy |first=Ranjeni |title=#CR2017, We Have Liftoff: Ramaphosa takes aim at Zuma, state capture |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-04-24-cr2017-we-have-liftoff-ramaphosa-takes-aim-at-zuma-state-capture/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=Daily Maverick }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa finally throws hat into the ring, slams Zuptas and ANC vote-buying |url=https://www.biznews.com/leadership/2017/04/24/ramaphosa-zuptas-anc-vote-buying |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611170720/http://www.biznews.com/leadership/2017/04/24/ramaphosa-zuptas-anc-vote-buying/ |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=BizNews }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa 'launches' campaign with attack on Zuma, Guptas |url=https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/ramaphosa-launches-campaign-with-attack-on-zuma-guptas-2017-04-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207232520/https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/ramaphosa-launches-campaign-with-attack-on-zuma-guptas-2017-04-24 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=Polity }}</ref> Under the banner #CR17 Siyavuma,<ref>{{cite news |last=Whittles |first=Govan |title=ANC presidential race wide open |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-09-01-00-anc-presidential-race-wide-open |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912225551/https://mg.co.za/article/2017-09-01-00-anc-presidential-race-wide-open |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Ramaphosa ran on anti-corruption platform, with an emphasis on economic policies conducive to [[industrialisation]] and investment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=de Villiers |first1=James |last2=Mathebula |first2=Austil |title=The ANC will remove liars, thieves, at its elective conference in December – Ramaphosa |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-anc-will-remove-liars-thieves-at-its-elective-conference-in-december-ramaphosa-20171104 |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063038/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-anc-will-remove-liars-thieves-at-its-elective-conference-in-december-ramaphosa-20171104 |archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No going back for presidential hopeful Ramaphosa |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/no-going-back-for-presidential-hopeful-ramaphosa-20170805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220945/http://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/no-going-back-for-presidential-hopeful-ramaphosa-20170805 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017 |website=News24}}</ref> He was endorsed by Cosatu and the SACP;<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=ANC presidential race wide open |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-09-01-00-anc-presidential-race-wide-open/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian }}</ref> by the provincial leadership of the ANC's [[Northern Cape]], [[Eastern Cape]], and [[Gauteng]] provinces; and by politicians including education minister [[Angie Motshekga]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Motshekga jumps off ANCWL's NDZ bandwagon, picks Ramaphosa |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1747650/motshekga-jumps-off-ancwls-ndz-bandwagon-picks-ramaphosa/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=The Citizen }}</ref> former finance minister [[Pravin Gordhan]],<ref name=":22">{{cite news |last=Cotterill |first=Joseph |title=ANC looks to 'compromise' candidate to end toxic power struggle |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c6721c2-a9d3-11e7-ab55-27219df83c97 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> Cosatu president [[Sidumo Dlamini|Sdumo Dlamini]], and former [[Premier of KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal Premier]] [[Senzo Mchunu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1545343/another-endorsement-ramaphosa-west-rand-anc-backs-president/|title=Another endorsement for Ramaphosa as West Rand ANC backs him for president|work=Citizen|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904195631/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1545343/another-endorsement-ramaphosa-west-rand-anc-backs-president/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa's primary opponent was [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], who had the endorsement of Zuma, her ex-husband. On 18 December 2017, he was elected the President of the ANC at the party's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]], defeating Dlamini-Zuma by 2,440 votes to 2,261.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/18/cyril-ramaphosa-chosen-to-lead-south-africas-ruling-anc-party|title=Cyril Ramaphosa chosen to lead South Africa's ruling ANC party|first=Jason|last=Burke|access-date=18 December 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218173456/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/18/cyril-ramaphosa-chosen-to-lead-south-africas-ruling-anc-party|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa wins ANC presidential race |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/anc-conference-2017/2017-12-18-cyril-ramaphosa-wins-anc-presidential-race/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219015645/https://www.timeslive.co.za/anc-conference-2017/2017-12-18-cyril-ramaphosa-wins-anc-presidential-race/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017 |website=Sunday Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Renewal project ===<br />
In his first speech as ANC leader, Ramaphosa pledged to stamp out corruption in the party.<ref name="first speech as ANC leader">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa pledges corruption crackdown in first speech as ANC leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/21/cyryl-ramaphosa-stamp-out-corruption-south-africa-anc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108153636/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/21/cyryl-ramaphosa-stamp-out-corruption-south-africa-anc |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=Johannesburg |agency=Reuters}}</ref> He subsequently spearheaded what he said was a campaign to "renew" the ANC internally and to restore its integrity and public image.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emboldened Ramaphosa hails 'unstoppable ANC renewal' |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2022-07-31-emboldened-ramaphosa-hails-unstoppable-anc-renewal/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Business Day }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tandwa |first=Babbywikieka |title=Ramaphosa warns ANC members to get with party renewal programme or get out |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2022-01-08-ramaphosa-warns-anc-members-to-get-with-party-renewal-programme-or-get-out/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |title=Ramaphosa's 'reformist renewal plan' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ramaphosas-reformist-renewal-plan-8757732d-8584-4544-b72b-4bf1cf33eab7 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Independent Online }}</ref> Among other things, this campaign entailed the implementation of the new [[step-aside rule]] to suspend ANC leaders accused of corruption. This, in turn, led to a confrontation with ANC Secretary-General [[Ace Magashule]], who, upon his suspension from the party in May 2021, attempted to retaliate by suspending Ramaphosa, accusing him of irregularities in the financing of the CR2017 campaign. Magashule's attempt had no legal force because of his own suspension.<ref>{{cite web |title=Even if letter is legit, Magashule has no power to suspend Ramaphosa, says Gwede Mantashe |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2021-05-05-even-if-letter-is-legit-magashule-has-no-power-to-suspend-ramaphosa-says-gwede-mantashe/ |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Sunday Times }}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2022, Ramaphosa was re-elected leader of the ANC, running against Zweli Mkhize, for a second five-year term.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa re-elected as ANC leader following 'farmgate' scandal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/19/cyril-ramaphosa-re-elected-as-leader-of-anc-in-south-africa |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian }}</ref> The next parliamentary general election is set to take place in 2024, with the ANC largely expected to remain the largest party in South Africa, despite losing 19 seats in the last election.{{cn}}<br />
<br />
==Presidency of South Africa (2018–present)==<br />
{{Infobox administration<br />
| image = President of South Africa MC Ramaphosa speaks to Russian President (28 June 2019).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| name = Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa<br />
| term_start = 15 February 2018<br />
| term_end = <br />
| president = Cyril Ramaphosa<br />
| president_link = President of South Africa <br />
| cabinet = [[First Cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa|1st Ramaphosa Cabinet]] <br/> [[Second Cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa|2nd Ramaphosa Cabinet]]<br />
| party = [[African National Congress]]<br />
| election = [[2019 South African general election|2019]]<br />
| seat = [[Mahlamba Ndlopfu]], [[Pretoria]]<br/>[[Genadendal Residence]], [[Cape Town]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Presidency of Jacob Zuma]]<br />
| successor =<br />
}}<br />
[[File:2019 Foto de Família - 49064712791.jpg|thumb|Ramaphosa with other [[BRICS]] leaders at the [[11th BRICS summit|11th BRICS Summit]], 2019.|256x256px]]<br />
Following President Jacob Zuma's resignation in February 2018, [[2018 South African presidential election|Ramaphosa was elected]] unopposed as [[President of South Africa]] by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-cyril-ramaphosa-has-been-elected-president-of-south-africa/|title=Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected president of South Africa|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141526/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-cyril-ramaphosa-has-been-elected-president-of-south-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramaphosa took his oath of office in the presidential guesthouse, [[Tuynhuys]], by Chief Justice [[Mogoeng Mogoeng]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/catch-it-live-president-ramaphosa-to-take-the-oath-of-office|title=WATCH: President Ramaphosa takes oath of office|website=www.enca.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218175630/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/catch-it-live-president-ramaphosa-to-take-the-oath-of-office|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-the-oath-is-sealed-ramaphosa-is-officially-the-president-of-south-africa/|title=The oath is sealed: Ramaphosa is officially President|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220143832/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-the-oath-is-sealed-ramaphosa-is-officially-the-president-of-south-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/africa/south-africa-s-cyril-ramaphosa-takes-oath-of-office-1.2174210|title=South Africa's Cyril Ramaphosa takes oath of office|work=GulfNews|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220075749/http://gulfnews.com/news/africa/south-africa-s-cyril-ramaphosa-takes-oath-of-office-1.2174210|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Markets rallied strongly the day after Ramaphosa assumed the presidency with stocks rising and the rand reaching its firmest since early 2015. [[Government bond]]s also increased in strength.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rand rallies over 4% as Ramaphosa takes ANC top job in close contest |url=https://www.fin24.com/Markets/Currencies/rand-rallies-over-4-as-ramaphosa-takes-anc-top-job-in-close-contest-20171218? |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=Fin24 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121642/https://www.fin24.com/Markets/Currencies/rand-rallies-over-4-as-ramaphosa-takes-anc-top-job-in-close-contest-20171218 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanyile |first1=Neo |title=Stocks rally as Ramaphosa seen as watershed |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/stocks-rally-as-ramaphosa-seen-as-watershed/ |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=Moneyweb |agency=Bloomberg |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035613/https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/stocks-rally-as-ramaphosa-seen-as-watershed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 February 2018, Ramaphosa gave his first [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation Address]] as the [[president of South Africa]], the first time in a democratic South Africa where the president delivered his State of the Nation Address without a deputy president. Ramaphosa emphasised the need to grow the [[economy of South Africa]], increase tourism and youth employment, as well as reduce the size of the Cabinet. In this speech, Ramaphosa also focused on the importance of keeping Mandela's legacy alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/16/cyril-ramaphosa-south-africa-president-first-major-speech|title=South Africa: Ramaphosa invokes Mandela in first major speech|last=Burke|first=Jason|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220004248/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/16/cyril-ramaphosa-south-africa-president-first-major-speech|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa's speech was met with mostly positive reviews from opposition parties saying that his speech was positive and that it would bring about change, but that they would hold him accountable.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merten |first1=Marianne |title=SONA 2018: President Ramaphosa promises to turn the tide of corruption |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-17-sona-2018-president-ramaphosa-promises-to-turn-the-tide-of-corruption/amp/ |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=Daily Maverick |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040425/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-17-sona-2018-president-ramaphosa-promises-to-turn-the-tide-of-corruption/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Herman |first1=Paul |title=Ramaphosa promises corruption crackdown at maiden SONA |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ramaphosa-promises-corruption-crackdown-at-maiden-sona-20180216? |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=News24 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035640/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ramaphosa-promises-corruption-crackdown-at-maiden-sona-20180216 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 17 February 2018, Ramaphosa, as [[commander in chief]] of the [[South African National Defence Force]], attended the Armed Forces Inter-Faith Service at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] and made his first public speech as the president of South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gous |first1=Nico |title=Armed Forces Day commemoration will have special meaning this year: Ramaphosa |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-02-18-armed-forces-day-commemoration-will-have-special-meaning-this-year-ramaphosa/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=TimesLIVE |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084401/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-02-18-armed-forces-day-commemoration-will-have-special-meaning-this-year-ramaphosa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 February 2018, Ramaphosa, who had inherited [[Jacob Zuma]]'s cabinet, reshuffled cabinet for the first time removing many of the cabinet members who had been controversial through the Zuma era and who had close links to the [[Gupta family]]. Ramaphosa also named the [[deputy president]] of the [[African National Congress]] and the [[Premier of Mpumalanga]], [[David Mabuza]], as the country's [[Deputy President]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crabtee |first1=Justina |title=Ramaphosa cabinet reshuffle sees investor favorites return to run South Africa's economy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-investor-favorites-return-to-run-south-africa-economy.html |newspaper=CNBC |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084359/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-investor-favorites-return-to-run-south-africa-economy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa's Cabinet reshuffle leaves some happy, others not, as it happened |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-ramaphosa-postpones-cabinet-reshuffle-with-hour-20180226 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=News24 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084358/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-ramaphosa-postpones-cabinet-reshuffle-with-hour-20180226 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 May 2019, the African National Congress led by President Ramaphosa won 57.50% of the vote in the [[2019 South African general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/722416428/south-africas-president-ramaphosa-anc-hold-on-to-power-in-national-elections|title=South Africa's President Ramaphosa, ANC Hold On To Power In National Elections|website=NPR.org|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511180900/https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/722416428/south-africas-president-ramaphosa-anc-hold-on-to-power-in-national-elections|url-status=live|last1=Booker |first1=Brakkton }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html|title=National Assembly 2019|website=Elections.org.za|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511040502/https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramaphosa was subsequently elected unopposed to his first full term as president by the National Assembly on 22 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/6thparliament-ramaphosa-elected-as-president-23774422|title=#6thParliament: Ramaphosa elected as president {{!}} IOL News|website=www.iol.co.za|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525074410/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/6thparliament-ramaphosa-elected-as-president-23774422|url-status=live}}</ref> As Ramaphosa had previously been elected as president to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of his predecessor, he is constitutionally eligible to serve two full terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national-executive|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 5: The President and National Executive|website=South African Government|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613180255/https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national-executive|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the 2020 AU summit, Ramaphosa expressed support for the [[African Continental Free Trade Area]] and described it as a major driver for reigniting industrialization and paving the way for Africa's integration into the global market.<ref name=cyrilsupport>{{cite news|url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap|first=Simon|last=Ateba|publisher=Today News Africa|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216015953/https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramaphosa also stated that the free trade agreement will make Africa a player of considerable weight and scale in the global market as well.<ref name=cyrilsupport /><br />
<br />
At the 2020 AU Summit, Ramaphosa also expressed support for closing the gender gap and ending gender inequality.<ref name=cyrilsupport /><br />
<br />
His government responded to the [[2021 South African unrest]], the deadliest riots since [[Apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa links 12 suspected instigators to riots| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMd6qIT8hTQ|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Domestic policy===<br />
Since Ramaphosa became president he has made [[land reform]] and the economy his main priorities, as well as dealing with the outbreak of [[listeriosis]] which has claimed the lives of over 100 since the start of 2018.<br />
<br />
In February 2018, South Africa's parliament voted 241–83 to begin amending the "property clause" in the constitution to allow the expropriation of land without compensation.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Da Silva |first1=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |title=Thousands Sign Petition Asking Trump To Let White Farmers in South Africa Migrate to U.S. After Country Votes To Force Them Off Land |url=http://www.newsweek.com/thousands-sign-petition-asking-trump-allow-white-people-south-africa-migrate-826126 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222060921/https://www.newsweek.com/thousands-sign-petition-asking-trump-allow-white-people-south-africa-migrate-826126 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1005178/South-Africa-white-farm-seizure-farmers-ANC/amp|title=South Africa farm seizure: Terrified white farmers plot escape as crackdown looms – World – News – Express.co.uk|website=www.express.co.uk|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822164121/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1005178/South-Africa-white-farm-seizure-farmers-ANC/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 March 2018, Ramaphosa suspended [[Tom Moyane]] as the Commissioner of the [[South African Revenue Service]] after Moyane had refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marrian |first1=Natasha |title=SARS boss Moyane refuses to step down despite Ramaphosa's request |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-19-sars-boss-moyane-refuses-to-step-down-despite-ramaphosas-request/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=TimesLIVE |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084401/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-19-sars-boss-moyane-refuses-to-step-down-despite-ramaphosas-request/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Marrian |first1=Natasha |title=SARS boss Tom Moyane suspended |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-03-19-breaking-news-tom-moyane-suspended/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=BusinessLIVE |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084401/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-03-19-breaking-news-tom-moyane-suspended/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Under his leadership, the [[African National Congress]] has pushed for a constitutional amendment allowing the government to confiscate farms owned by White South Africans. He has said that the state having the power to seize property for no compensation will encourage economic growth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morton |first1=Victor |title=South Africa begins seizing white-owned farms |url=https://apnews.com/article/6adc669b0a4494b8ab0b930601179735 |access-date=7 November 2022 |work=AP NEWS }}</ref> In a time when the [[South African rand|Rand]] is at a two-year low, economists have been doubtful over the possibility of this policy being successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1006372/south-africa-farm-seizures-white-farmers-zimbabwe-cyril-ramaphosa|title=South Africa farm seizures 'could become next ZIMBABWE', warns expert|first=Paul|last=Withers|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223128/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1006372/south-africa-farm-seizures-white-farmers-zimbabwe-cyril-ramaphosa|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 August 2018, Ramaphosa appointed Dr. Silas Ramaite as the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) following the ruling by the Constitutional Court that Director Shaun Abrahams had been appointed unlawfully by the former president, [[Jacob Zuma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahlase |first1=Mahlatse |title=Silas Ramaite appointed as acting NPA head |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-silas-ramaite-appointed-as-acting-npa-head-20180814 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=News24 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084401/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-silas-ramaite-appointed-as-acting-npa-head-20180814 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
South Africa made world headlines because of attacks against foreign nationals within the borders of the country, with many South Africans blaming foreign nationals for the country's socio-economic issues.<ref>{{cite web | title= What is behind South Africa's xenophobic attacks | date= 13 September 2019 | url= https://qz.com/africa/1708814/what-is-behind-south-africas-xenophobic-attacks-on-foreigners/ | access-date= 3 May 2020 | archive-date= 15 May 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200515184211/https://qz.com/africa/1708814/what-is-behind-south-africas-xenophobic-attacks-on-foreigners/ | url-status= live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 10 June 2021, Ramaphosa announced that his government would raise the threshold for the amount of electricity that private companies could produce without a license – from 1 [[Watt|Megawatt]] to 100 Megawatts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zwane|first=Thuletho|title=Ramaphosa lifts generation threshold for companies without a license to 100MW|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/business/ramaphosa-lifts-generation-threshold-for-companies-without-a-licence-to-100mw-20210610|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Citypress}}</ref> The decision was taken in order to respond to the increasing challenges faced by the country during the ongoing [[South African energy crisis|energy crisis]], and to give "oomph" in Ramaphosa's words, to South Africa's economic recovery.<ref>{{cite web|last=Merten|first=Marianne|title=POWER BOOST: Increase to 100MW embedded generation threshold will give 'oomph' to South African economy, says Ramaphosa|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-06-10-increase-to-100mw-embedded-generation-threshold-will-give-oomph-to-south-african-economy-says-ramaphosa/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Daily Maverick}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 February 2022, Ramaphosa announces that his government will formalise the South African cannabis industry, seeking to grow both production and exports.<ref>{{cite news|title=S.Africa's Ramaphosa says government to formalise cannabis industry|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-ramaphosa-says-government-formalise-cannabis-industry-2022-02-11/|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa launched the Youth Employment Service (YES) initiative as a means to employ one million youth and giving them more experience in the working field, with the [[South African Government]] even introducing the Employment Tax Incentive, which would reduce employer's costs when hiring youth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Head |first1=Tom |title=Cyril Ramaphosa outlines how the Youth Employment Service will solve jobs crisis |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/cyril-ramaphosa-youth-employment-service-yes/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=The South African |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084402/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/cyril-ramaphosa-youth-employment-service-yes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khoza |first1=Amanda |title=Ramaphosa launches YES initiative to address youth unemployment |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/ramaphosa-launches-yes-initiative-to-address-youth-unemployment-20180327 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=Fin24 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084358/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/ramaphosa-launches-yes-initiative-to-address-youth-unemployment-20180327 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 August 2018, President Ramaphosa addressed the launch of the Sanitation Appropriate For Education (SAFE) initiative in [[Pretoria]] to respond to the sanitary challenges facing the country's poorest schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa launches safe sanitation for schools |url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-launches-safe-sanitation-schools-14-aug-2018-0000 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=South African Government |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084412/https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-launches-safe-sanitation-schools-14-aug-2018-0000 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sobuwa |first1=Yoliswa |title=Ramaphosa launches campaign to make school toilets safer |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-08-14-ramaphosa-launches-campaign-to-make-school-toilets-safer/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=TimesLIVE |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084358/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-08-14-ramaphosa-launches-campaign-to-make-school-toilets-safer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Foreign policy===<br />
{{Main|List of international presidential trips made by Cyril Ramaphosa}}<br />
[[File:Map showing countries President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa has visited.svg|thumb|right|Map showing a [[List of international presidential trips made by Cyril Ramaphosa|summary]] of the countries Ramaphosa made official trips as president.|250px]]<br />
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Cyril Ramaphosa (2023-06-17).jpg|thumb|250px|Ramaphosa with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in St. Petersburg on 17 June 2023.]]<br />
Ramaphosa made his first international trip as [[President of South Africa]] to the [[Angola|Republic of Angola]] and met with President [[João Lourenço]] in his capacity as chairperson of the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) to talk about peace and defence. Ramaphosa made his first international trip as the president of South Africa on 2 March 2018 to the [[Angola|Republic of Angola]] and met with President [[João Lourenço]] as the chair of the [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa on first official visit to Angola on Friday |newspaper=SABC NEWS |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ramaphosa-first-official-visit-angola-friday/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084401/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ramaphosa-first-official-visit-angola-friday/ |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 March 2018, Ramaphosa made a trip to [[Kigali]], Rwanda, along with [[Minister of International Relations and Cooperation|Foreign Minister]] [[Lindiwe Sisulu]], and met with President [[Paul Kagame]] and spoke about [[Rwanda–South Africa relations|restoring relations]] between [[South Africa]] and [[Rwanda]], later participating as panelists on the African Continental Free Trade Area Business Forum (ACFTABF) ahead of the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. The following day, Ramaphosa signed the Kigali Declaration on the establishment of the ACFTABF at the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Du Plessis |first1=Carien |title=Diplomatic relations between SA, Rwanda to return to normal |url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/03/21/diplomatic-relations-between-sa-rwanda-to-return-to-normal |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=EWN |location=Kigali |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084359/https://ewn.co.za/2018/03/21/diplomatic-relations-between-sa-rwanda-to-return-to-normal |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa hosted the 11th [[BRICS]] summit for 25–27 July 2018, at the Sandton Convention Centre in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President Ramaphosa to lead South Africa's hosting of the 10th BRICS Summit |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=The Presidency |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084414/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:President Joe Biden and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa shake hands in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|250px|Ramaphosa with American President [[Joe Biden]], September 2022.]]<br />
On 10 May 2021, Ramaphosa said that the ANC condemned "in the strongest possible terms" the potential evictions of Palestinian families from their homes in Israeli-occupied [[East Jerusalem]] and the "brutal attacks on Palestinian protesters" at [[Temple Mount|Al-Aqsa Mosque]].<ref>{{cite news|title=South Africans protest over Palestinian deaths|work=[[France24]]|location=Cape Town, South Africa|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210511-south-africans-protest-over-palestinian-deaths|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512032349/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210511-south-africans-protest-over-palestinian-deaths|archive-date=12 May 2021}}</ref><br />
{{Anchor|Political Philanthropy}}<br />
<br />
Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], launched on 24 February 2022, Ramaphosa did not condemn Russia or agree to any sanctions against Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=History may explain South Africa's refusal to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://theconversation.com/history-may-explain-south-africas-refusal-to-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-178657 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conservation]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's reengagement with Africa pays off {{!}} DW {{!}} 9 March 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-reengagement-with-africa-pays-off/a-61064011 |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=DW }}</ref> A month later, he stated that maintaining neutrality was essential to his having been asked to mediate between the two countries' leadership. Ramaphosa blamed [[NATO]]'s proximity to Russian borders for the war: "The war could have been avoided if NATO had heeded the warnings from amongst its own leaders and officials over the years that its eastward expansion would lead to greater, not less, instability in the region."<ref>{{cite news |title=S Africa's Ramaphosa: NATO to blame for Russia's war in Ukraine<br />
|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/18/update-1-s-africas-ramaphosa-blames-nato-for-russias-war-in-ukraine|work=Al-Jazeera |access-date=12 May 2022 }}</ref> On 11 May 2023, America's ambassador to South Africa alleged the country is supplying weapons and ammunition to Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=America accuses South Africa of sending arms to Russia |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/05/11/america-accuses-south-africa-of-sending-arms-to-russia |access-date=12 May 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Days later Ramaphosa announced his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts have agreed that a delegation of African heads of state could visit Moscow and Kyiv to present a peace plan. "Whether that will succeed or not is going to depend on the discussions that will be held," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African leaders to present peace plan to Putin and Zelenskyy – DW – 05/16/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/african-leaders-to-present-peace-plan-to-putin-and-zelenskyy/a-65648099 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:Cyril Ramaphosa with Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|250px|Ramaphosa with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2022 at Munich in [[G7 Summit]].]]<br />
In November 2022 Ramaphosa became the first foreign head of state to make a formal state visit to the United Kingdom during the reign of [[King Charles III]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63711177|title=King hails Mandela friendship on South Africa state visit|last1=Giles|first1=Chris|last2=Coughlan|first2=Sean|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> He was made an honorary [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] by Charles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/court-circular-november-22-2022-z8h8znbg9|title=Court Circular: November 22, 2022|work=[[The Times]]|department=[[Court Circular]]|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 May 2023, Ramaphosa announced that the leaders of African countries came up with a new initiative for [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|peace in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=African Nations Plan Russia-Ukraine Peace Mission, Ramaphosa Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-16/african-nations-plan-russia-ukraine-peace-mission-ramaphosa-says |work=Bloomberg }}</ref> In June 2023, Ramaphosa led a delegation to [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]], which also included heads of state from [[Zambia]], the [[Republic of Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Uganda]] and [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=African Leaders Head to Ukraine, Russia on Peace Mission |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-leaders-head-to-ukraine-russia-on-peace-mission-/7136695.html |work=VOA News }}</ref> After a meeting with Ramaphosa in Kyiv, Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskiy]] said that peace talks with Russia would be possible only after Moscow withdraws its forces from the entire [[Russian-occupied territories|occupied territory]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest in Ukraine: Putin, Zelenskyy Reject African Peace Initiative |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/putin-zelenskyy-reject-african-peace-initiative-/7142034.html |work=VOA News }}</ref> Ramaphosa visited the site of a mass grave in the town of [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]], Ukraine and was in Kyiv during Russia's [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|missile attack]] on the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=African delegation in Eastern Europe: More than a photo op? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/african-delegation-in-eastern-europe-more-than-a-photo-op/a-65954255 |work=Deutsche Welle }}</ref> He met Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in St. Petersburg and told Putin that the war must end,<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa tells Vladimir Putin to stop war in Ukraine as African delegation arrives in Moscow to plead for peace |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/south-africas-ramaphosa-tells-vladimir-putin-to-stop-war-in-ukraine-as-african-delegation-arrives-in-moscow-to-plead-for-peace/news-story/014977d9b22d6a70e4727a999c6964ec |work=Sky News }}</ref> but Putin rejected the delegation’s peace plan based on accepting Ukraine’s internationally recognized [[State Border of Ukraine|borders]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin rebuts key elements of African peace plan for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/african-leaders-arrive-ukraine-talks-with-russias-putin-2023-06-17/ |work=Reuters }}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Coronavirus response ===<br />
{{See also|COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa}}<br />
<br />
Ramaphosa has been internationally praised for his response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in South Africa with the [[BBC]] commenting that, in this regard, "Ramaphosa has emerged as a formidable leader — composed, compassionate, but seized by the urgency of the moment."<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa's ruthlessly efficient fight against coronavirus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52125713 |access-date=3 April 2020 |newspaper=BBC |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403092330/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52125713 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, Ramaphosa began a period of self-isolation after a guest at a dinner party he attended tested positive for coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Africa's Ramaphosa Begins Covid-19 Self-Quarantine|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-28/south-africa-s-ramaphosa-begins-covid-19-self-quarantine|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028181935/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-28/south-africa-s-ramaphosa-begins-covid-19-self-quarantine|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 December 2021, [[Minister in the Presidency]], [[Mondli Gungubele]] announced that Ramaphosa had tested positive for COVID-19, and [[Deputy President of South Africa|deputy president]], [[David Mabuza]] would take over "all responsibilities" for the following week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyril Ramaphosa tests positive for Covid-19 and is isolating in Cape Town|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-12-12-cyril-ramaphosa-tests-positive-for-covid-19-and-is-isolating-in-cape-town/|access-date=12 December 2021|website=TimesLIVE}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political philanthropy ==<br />
Ramaphosa publicly declared in South Africa on 24 May 2018 that he would be donating half of his salary (R3.6 million annually) to charity in honour of late former [[South Africa]]n president [[Nelson Mandela]]. He said the gesture was aimed at encouraging the wealthy to dedicate some of their pay to help build the nation. The donation was set to be managed by the [[Nelson Mandela Foundation]] (NMF).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44238549|title=SA leader gives half his pay to charity|work=BBC News|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524161045/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44238549|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaphosa is also the founder of the Cyril Ramaphosa Foundation.<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Marikana massacre ===<br />
{{main|Marikana miners' strike}}<br />
<br />
The [[Marikana massacre]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19388584|title=South Africa's ANC to discuss mine shootings row|access-date=27 August 2012|work=BBC News|archive-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827123036/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19388584|url-status=live}}</ref> as referred to in the media, occurred when police broke up an occupation by striking Lonmin workers of a "koppie" (hilltop) near Nkaneng shack settlement in Marikana on 16 August 2012. As a result of the police shootings, 34 miners died and an additional 78 miners were injured causing anger and outcry against the police and South African government. Further controversy emerged after it was discovered that most of the victims were shot in the back<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9501910/Striking-South-African-miners-were-shot-in-the-back.html|title=Striking South African miners 'were shot in the back'|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|first=Aislinn|last=Laing|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207110614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9501910/Striking-South-African-miners-were-shot-in-the-back.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and many victims were shot far from police lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-30-the-murder-fields-of-marikana-the-cold-murder-fields-of-marikana|title=The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana.|work=Daily Maverick|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830150415/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-30-the-murder-fields-of-marikana-the-cold-murder-fields-of-marikana|archive-date=30 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The violence on 16 August 2012 was the single most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since the end of the [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid era]].<ref name="WashPo">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html | archive-date=17 August 2012 | title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=16 August 2012 | access-date=16 August 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the Marikana Commission, it also emerged that Lonmin management solicited Ramaphosa, as Lonmin shareholder and ANC heavyweight, to coordinate "concomitant action" against "criminal" protesters and therefore is seen by many as being responsible for the massacre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-25-cyril-ramaphosa-the-true-betrayal|title=Cyril Ramaphosa: The true betrayal|work=Daily Maverick|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025233419/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-25-cyril-ramaphosa-the-true-betrayal|archive-date=25 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/823497.html|title=iafrica.com 'Ramaphosa must say sorry'|work=iAfrica.com|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603185936/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/823497.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under the investigation of Farlam committee, Ramaphosa said that Lonmin lobbied government and the SAPS firstly to secure a massive police presence at Lonmin and secondly to characterise what was taking place as a criminal rather than an industrial relations event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marikanacomm.org.za/docs/201411-HoA-AMCU.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912165732/http://marikanacomm.org.za/docs/201411-HoA-AMCU.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2016|title=MARIKANA COMMISSION INQUIRY REPORT|website=The Marikana Commission of Inquiry}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Marikana Commission of Inquiry ultimately found that given the deaths that had already occurred, his intervention did not cause the increase in police on site, nor did he know the operation would take place on 16 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-06-26-marikana-report-key-findings-and-recommendations/|title=Marikana report: Key findings and recommendations {{!}} Daily Maverick|website=Daily Maverick|date=25 June 2015|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161740/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-06-26-marikana-report-key-findings-and-recommendations/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was employed on the board of directors of [[Lonmin]] while taking an active stance when the [[Marikana killings|Marikana Massacre]] took place on Lonmin's Marikana premises. On 15 August 2012 he called for action against the [[Marikana miners' strike]], which he called "dastardly criminal" conduct that needed "concomitant action" to be taken.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Lonmin emails paint ANC elder as a born-again robber baron |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/24/lonmin-emails-anc-elder-baron |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/24/lonmin-emails-anc-elder-baron |archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> He later admitted and regretted his involvement in the act and said that it could have been avoided if contingency plans had been made prior to the labour strike.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: The true betrayal {{!}} Daily Maverick |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-27-cyril-ramaphosa-the-true-betrayal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104181526/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-27-cyril-ramaphosa-the-true-betrayal/ |archive-date=4 November 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Alleged extramarital affairs ===<br />
In August 2017, the ''[[The Sunday Independent (South Africa)|Sunday Independent]]'' published an article alleging that Ramaphosa had had several [[Affair|extramarital affairs]], including with some women to whom he had given money. Ramaphosa denied the allegations, claiming that they were politically motivated aimed to derail his [[Political campaign|presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Article alleging Ramaphosa extramarital affairs published |work=News24 |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/article-alleging-ramaphosa-extramarital-affairs-published-20170903 |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911115846/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/article-alleging-ramaphosa-extramarital-affairs-published-20170903 |archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== CR17 campaign funds ===<br />
On 19 July 2019, the Public Protector, [[Busisiwe Mkhwebane]], released a report in which she claimed that Ramaphosa had intentionally misled the [[Parliament of South Africa]] over the controversial Bosasa donations to his CR17 ANC presidential campaign. COPE Leader [[Mosiuoa Lekota]] called for Ramaphosa to be impeached while DA Leader [[Mmusi Maimane]] proposed the establishment of an ad hoc committee to effectively investigate these allegations. Ramaphosa briefed the nation on 21 July 2019 and described the report as "fundamentally flawed" and called for a judicial review of Mkhwebane's findings.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-07-21-ramaphosa-to-launch-urgent-judicial-review-of-mkhwebanes-findings/ Ramaphosa to launch an urgent judicial review of Mkhwebane's findings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721162854/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-07-21-ramaphosa-to-launch-urgent-judicial-review-of-mkhwebanes-findings/}}. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/just-in-ramaphosa-to-brief-the-nation-on-public-protectors-bosasa-report-20190721 Ramaphosa to brief the nation on Public Protector's Bosasa report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721162856/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/just-in-ramaphosa-to-brief-the-nation-on-public-protectors-bosasa-report-20190721}}. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2157339/ramaphosa-in-desperate-fight-to-defend-his-presidency/ Ramaphosa in desperate fight to defend his presidency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721162856/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2157339/ramaphosa-in-desperate-fight-to-defend-his-presidency/}}. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.enca.com/news/da-want-ad-hoc-committee-examine-pps-ramaphosa-findings DA wants committee to examine PP's Ramaphosa findings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721162852/https://www.enca.com/news/da-want-ad-hoc-committee-examine-pps-ramaphosa-findings}}. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-19-cyril-ramaphosa-must-be-impeached-says-mosiuoa-lekota/ Cyril Ramaphosa must be impeached, says Mosiuoa Lekota] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721162856/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-19-cyril-ramaphosa-must-be-impeached-says-mosiuoa-lekota/}}. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Conduct of business interests ===<br />
Ramaphosa has been criticised for the conduct of his business interests,<ref>{{cite web |title=R2K protest for investigation into MTN and Ramaphosa corruption allegations. |url=http://www.r2k.org.za/2015/10/12/investigate-mtn-ramaphosa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820011226/http://www.r2k.org.za/2015/10/12/investigate-mtn-ramaphosa/ |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=Right2Know Campaign}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Craig |last1=McKune |first2=George |last2=Turner |first3=Craig |last3=McKune |first4=George |last4=Turner |title=Ramaphosa and MTN's offshore stash |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-08-ramaphosa-and-mtns-offshore-stash |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223014148/https://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-08-ramaphosa-and-mtns-offshore-stash |archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa sells business stakes, creates billion-dollar black-owned company |work=BizNews.com |url=http://www.biznews.com/undictated/2015/05/26/cyril-ramaphosa-sells-off-business-stakes-creates-billion-dollar-black-owned-company/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141117/http://www.biznews.com/undictated/2015/05/26/cyril-ramaphosa-sells-off-business-stakes-creates-billion-dollar-black-owned-company/ |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mawson |first=Nicola |title=Ramaphosa steps down as MTN chairman |work=ITWeb Technology News |url=http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62269 |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140616/http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62269 |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cyril Ramaphosa's conflict of interest – Corruption Watch |work=Corruption Watch |url=http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/cyril-ramaphosas-conflict-of-interest/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812133754/http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/cyril-ramaphosas-conflict-of-interest/ |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> although he has never been indicted for illegal activity in any of these controversies. Controversial business dealings include his joint venture with [[Glencore]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Glencore, Ramaphosa eye 50/50 mining JVs in SA |work=Moneyweb |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/archive/glencore-ramaphosa-eye-5050-mining-jvs-in-sa/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813010536/https://www.moneyweb.co.za/archive/glencore-ramaphosa-eye-5050-mining-jvs-in-sa/ |archive-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> and allegations of benefitting illegally from coal deals with [[Eskom]] which he has staunchly denied,<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Presidency, Glencore slam Ramaphosa Eskom claims |work=Fin24 |url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Eskom/Presidency-Glencore-slam-Ramaphosa-Eskom-claims-20150425 |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213613/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Eskom/Presidency-Glencore-slam-Ramaphosa-Eskom-claims-20150425 |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Did Ramaphosa benefit from Eskom coal deals? |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/125118-did-ramaphosa-benefit-from-eskom-coal-deals.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908133220/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/125118-did-ramaphosa-benefit-from-eskom-coal-deals.html |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> during which Glencore was in the public spotlight for its tendentious business activities involving [[Tony Blair]] in the Middle East; his son, Andile Ramaphosa, has also been found to have accepted payments totalling R2 million from Bosasa, the security company implicated in corruption and state capture by the [[Zondo Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosasa paid me R2m, says Andile Ramaphosa {{!}} IOL News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/bosasa-paid-me-r2m-says-andile-ramaphosa-20111437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101905/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/bosasa-paid-me-r2m-says-andile-ramaphosa-20111437 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=www.iol.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ramaphosas' Bosasa money: Same script, different cast |url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Redi_Tlhabi/the-ramaphosas-bosasa-money-same-script-different-cast-20190327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327120123/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Redi_Tlhabi/the-ramaphosas-bosasa-money-same-script-different-cast-20190327 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=News24}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Phala Phala robbery ===<br />
{{Main|2020 Phala Phala Robbery}}<br />
On 9 February 2020, it is alleged about US$4 million in cash was stolen from Ramaphosa's Phala Phala game farm in [[Limpopo]], although the exact amount was disputed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/ramaphosas-stolen-millions-the-namibian-connection-20220604|title=AmaBhungane &#124; Ramaphosa's stolen millions: The Namibian connection |accessdate=24 June 2023|publisher=news24.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Ramaphosa later said the amount was $580,000. In 2022, he was accused of corruption, obstruction of justice, kidnapping and bribing the burglars into silence. After delivery of a report on the matter commissioned by Speaker [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]], the parliament voted on 13 December 2022, 148 for and 214 against impeachment of the president.{{cn}}<br />
<br />
== Honours and awards ==<br />
<br />
Ramaphosa received the [[Olof Palme Prize]] in [[Stockholm]] in October 1987.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black South African Union Leader Receives Palme Prize |url=https://apnews.com/92fb9058d6e38453bf9947704e692e92 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=AP News |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109085010/https://apnews.com/92fb9058d6e38453bf9947704e692e92 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, he received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] in 2009, presented by Awards Council member Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] at a ceremony at [[St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town|St. George's Cathedral]], Cape Town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2009 Summit Highlights Photo |url=https://achievement.org/summit/2009/ |quote=Archbishop Desmond Tutu presents Cyril Ramaphosa, Executive Chairman of Shanduka Group, with the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement at the 2009 International Achievement Summit in Cape Town, South Africa.}}</ref> He has also frequently been listed as an influential individual: he was voted 34th in the 2004 list of [[SABC3's Great South Africans|Top 100 Great South Africans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/423/4673.html|title=The 10 Greatest South Africans of all time|publisher=BizCommunity|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> and was included in the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] in 2007<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615737_1615731,00.html|title=Cyril Ramaphosa – The 2007 Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Richard&nbsp;C.|last=Holbrooke|access-date=8 May 2007|archive-date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505050457/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615737_1615731,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Cyril Ramaphosa: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567761/cyril-ramaphosa/|access-date=22 September 2020|magazine=Time |archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916205832/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567761/cyril-ramaphosa/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has received honorary doctorates from, among others, the [[University of Natal]], the [[University of Port Elizabeth]], the [[University of Cape Town]], the [[University of the North]], the [[National University of Lesotho]], [[National University of Ireland Galway]],<ref>{{cite web |title=NUI Galway honours seven outstanding individuals with Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.nuigalway.ie/about-us/news-and-events/news-archive/2005/june2005/nui-galway--honours-seven-outstanding-individuals-with-honorary-degrees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162141/https://www.nuigalway.ie/about-us/news-and-events/news-archive/2005/june2005/nui-galway--honours-seven-outstanding-individuals-with-honorary-degrees.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.nuigalway.ie}}</ref> the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UMass/South African Story {{!}} University of Massachusetts Office of the President |url=https://www.umassp.edu/aasair/international-relations/umasssouth-africa-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143924/https://www.umassp.edu/aasair/international-relations/umasssouth-africa-story |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.umassp.edu}}</ref> and the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=COMMENCEMENT 2008: Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v54/n22/commencement.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=University of Pennsylvania Almanac}}</ref><br />
<br />
===State honours===<br />
*{{flag|Guinea}}: [[National Order of Merit (Guinea)|Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GovernmentZA/status/1202262342727340034|title=Cyril Ramaphosa awarded Grand Croix de la l'Orde National du Merite by President of Guinea}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: [[Order of King Abdulaziz|Collar of the Order of King Abdulaziz]] (2018)<ref>[https://mobile.twitter.com/presidencyza/status/1017439617648418816 Twitter]</ref><br />
*{{flag|Senegal}}: [[National Order of the Lion|Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion]] (2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomaticinsight.com/south-african-president-visits-senegal/|title=South African President visits Senegal|publisher=thediplomaticinsight.com}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: [[Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB, 2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2022/11/royal-tiaras-galore-including-a-sapphire-debut-at-tonights-buckingham-palace-state-banquet.html|publisher=thecourtjeweller.com|title=Royal Tiaras Galores—Including a Sapphire Debut!—At Tonight's Buckingham Palace State Banquet|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Ramaphosa was married from 1978 to 1989 to Hope Ramaphosa, with whom he has a son, and from 1991 to 1993 to the now deceased businesswoman Nomazizi Mtshotshisa. In 1996, he married [[Tshepo Motsepe]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/229817/cyril-ramaphosa-rejects-state-house/|title=Cyril Ramaphosa rejects state house|work=The Citizen|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812210825/http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/229817/cyril-ramaphosa-rejects-state-house/|url-status=live}}</ref> a medical doctor and the sister of South African mining billionaire [[Patrice Motsepe]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Head |first1=Tom |title=Six things you didn't know about Tshepo Motsepe: SA's new First Lady |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/who-is-tshepo-motsepe-first-lady/ |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=The South African }}</ref> He is thought to have five children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women go wild for Ramaphosa son |work=IOL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/lifestyle/women-go-wild-for-ramaphosa-son-13474290 |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183821/https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/lifestyle/women-go-wild-for-ramaphosa-son-13474290 |archive-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Maune |first=Bernice |title=I support and love him, says Ramaphosa's wife following cheating scandal |work=The Citizen |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1637687/i-support-and-love-him-says-ramaphosas-wife-tshepo-motsepe-following-cheating-scandal/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929224649/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1637687/i-support-and-love-him-says-ramaphosas-wife-tshepo-motsepe-following-cheating-scandal/ |archive-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
He owns a luxury mansion at the foot of [[Lion's Head (Cape Town)|Lion's Head]] in Cape Town,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huisman |first1=Bienne |title=Cyril Ramaphosa's R30m posh plot |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Ramaphosas-R30m-posh-plot-20150711-2 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=City Press |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109090143/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Ramaphosas-R30m-posh-plot-20150711-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as 30 other properties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaphosa declares ownership of 31 properties |work=Business Day |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/rdm/politics/2017-02-22-ramaphosa-declares-ownership-of-31-properties/ |url-status=dead |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141803/https://www.businesslive.co.za/rdm/politics/2017-02-22-ramaphosa-declares-ownership-of-31-properties/ |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> In 2018, [[Investing.com]] estimated his net worth at R6.4 billion ($450 million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are 24 of the richest people in South Africa |newspaper=BusinessTech |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/327059/here-are-24-of-the-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105173142/https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/327059/here-are-24-of-the-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is a [[polyglot]], and is known for using a variety of [[South African languages]] when delivering his speeches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karrim |first1=Azarrah |title='There is no language that is superior to another' – Ramaphosa celebrates Heritage Day with a focus on African languages |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/there-is-no-language-that-is-superior-to-another-ramaphosa-celebrates-heritage-day-with-a-focus-on-african-languages-20190924 |access-date=9 November 2019 |newspaper=News24 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927034432/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/there-is-no-language-that-is-superior-to-another-ramaphosa-celebrates-heritage-day-with-a-focus-on-african-languages-20190924 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{c-SPAN|23787}}<br />
* [http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/cyril-ramaphosa-1952 Cyril Ramaphosa (1952 – ) | The Presidency]<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy President of South Africa]]|years=2014–2018}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[David Mabuza]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Trevor Manuel]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[National Planning Commission of South Africa|National Planning Commission]]|years=2014–2018}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Jacob Zuma]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of South Africa]]|years=2018–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-ppo}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary General of the [[African National Congress]]|years=1991–1997}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy President of the [[African National Congress]]|years=2012–2017}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[David Mabuza]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Jacob Zuma]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[African National Congress]]|years=2017–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-npo|union}}<br />
{{s-new|office}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=General Secretary of the [[National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)|National Union of Mineworkers]]|years=1982–1991}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{SAPresidents}}<br />
{{ANCpresidents}}<br />
{{SAVices}}<br />
{{Heads of state of republics}}<br />
{{BRICS}}<br />
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}<br />
{{Current G20 Leaders}}<br />
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}<br />
{{African Union chairpersons}}<br />
{{Footer Olof Palme Prize laureates}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaphosa, Cyril}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Olof Palme Prize laureates]]<br />
[[Category:People from Soweto]]<br />
[[Category:South African Venda people]]<br />
[[Category:University of South Africa alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Limpopo alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy presidents of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of the African National Congress]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century South African politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century South African politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Mpumalanga]]<br />
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal]]</div>Marissa54Phttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmala_(sect)&diff=388281Nirmala (sect)2022-08-31T18:54:03Z<p>Marissa54P: Article initiated.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sikh sect}}<br />
{{Infobox religious group|group=Nirmala<br>{{Small|ਨਿਰਮਲੇ}}|founder=Bir Singh, Ganda Singh, Karam Singh, Ram Singh, and Saina Singh|religions=[[Sikhism]] • [[Vedanta]]|image=Painting of a Nirmala Sikh by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65.jpg|image_caption=Painting of a Nirmala Sikh by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65|regions=[[Punjab]] • [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plains]]|scriptures=[[Guru Granth Sahib]] • [[Vedanta|Vedantic texts]]|languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Sanskrit]]}}<br />
{{Sikhism sidebar}}<br />
<br />
'''Nirmala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਨਿਰਮਲੇ, ''lit.'' "those without blemish") also known as ''Nirmala Taksal'' or ''Girhvarhi Samparda'', is a [[Sikh sect]] of [[Asceticism|ascetics]].<ref name="britnirmala">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nirmala Nirmala: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> According to the traditional beliefs, the Sanatan Nirmala Sikh tradition was founded by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in late 17th century when he sent five Sikhs to Varanasi to learn [[Sanskrit]] and [[Vedanta]] texts. <br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
<br />
The origin of the Nirmalas is uncertain. According to Khushwant Singh and other historians, the sect is first mentioned in the Sikh literature during the Guru Gobind Singh era, in the last decade of the 17th century.<ref name="Sulakhan_2000" /> According to ''Nirmal Panth Pardipka'', the Nirmala tradition has roots in the early history of Sikhism.<ref name="Sulakhan_2005" /> In the 19th century, some Nirmala scholars traced their origin to the period of the first Sikh Guru, [[Nanak]], but some others such as Khushwant Singh state that the Nirmala tradition was founded by the last Sikh Guru, [[Gobind Singh]].<ref name="Sulakhan_2000">{{cite book |author=Sulakhan Singh |chapter=Heterodoxy in Sikhism: An Exposition of Some Sectarian Developments |editor=Parm Bakhshish Singh |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-second Session, March 17-19, 2000: Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhRDAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-722-0 |pages=77–78}}</ref> The belief that the sect originated in the 17th century, according to [[W. H. McLeod]], is of doubtful historicity because they are "scarcely mentioned" in Sikh literature before the 19th century.<ref name="McLeod2005p148">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=148–149}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the Nirmalas, in 1686, Guru Gobind Singh sent five Sikhs (Bir Singh, Ganda Singh, Karam Singh, Ram Singh and Saina Singh) to [[Varanasi]] to learn Sanskrit and classical Hindu literature. This began the Nirmala tradition.<ref name="Sulakhan_2000" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Madanjit Kaur |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4MycGdpjAC&pg=PA198 |year=2007 |publisher=Unistar |isbn=978-81-89899-55-4 |page=198 }}</ref> After they returned to Anandpur, they were honoured by the title Nirmala (Sanskrit for "pure" or "unsullied").<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOY3V9pxcMMC&pg=PA67 |title=Short Sketch of the Life and Works of Guru Gobind Singh |author=Bhagat Lakshman Singh |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1995 |isbn=9788120605763 |page=67 }}</ref> The Nirmalas took the [[Amrit]] initiation into the Khalsa panth.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Madanjit|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective|publisher=Unistar Books|location=Chandigarh|page=198}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to another account found in the late 19th-century ''Nirmal Panth Pardipika'' by the Nirmala scholar and Tat Khalsa supporter Giani Gian Singh, Guru Gobind Singh met a Sanskrit scholar named Pandit Raghunath in late 17th-century. He asked him to teach Sanskrit to Sikhs. However, Raghunath politely refused to do so, because he did not want to teach Sanskrit to Shudras.<ref name="eosnirmala" /> So Guru Gobind Singh sent some Sikhs dressed in upper-caste attire to Varanasi, where they became accomplished scholars of Indian theology and philosophy.<ref name="eosnirmala">[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n252 Nirmala], The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume III, Punjabi University, Patiala, pages 236–237</ref> The Pandit Raghunath-related story of Giani Gian Singh is likely ahistorical fiction.<ref name="Sulakhan_2005" /><br />
<br />
The historicity of this account has been questioned because there are very few mentions of Nirmalas before the 19th century.<ref name="Sulakhan_2005">{{cite book |author=Sulakhan Singh |chapter=Nirmal Panth Pardipika |editor=Sukhadial Singh |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18-20, 2005: Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-990-3 |pages=220–221 |quote=As the Nirmalas do not seem to have been adequately mentioned in the Sikh literature before the 19th century, it is difficult to uphold the contention of Giani Gian Singh as historically true, rather it seems highly improbable.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA148 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=148–149}}</ref> [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]] and Louis E. Fenech hypothesize that the Nirmalas originated much later or may have descended from the [[Udasi]]s, who are similar to them in ascetic lifestyle, celibacy and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] interpretation of Sikh philosophy.<ref name="PSLEF_2014">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |author2=Louis E. Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |year=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100412-4 |pages=377–378 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Patronage from Sikh nobles, especially the rulers of the [[Phulkian sardars|Phulkian states]], helped the Nirmalas become a prominent religious order.<ref name="PSLEF_2014" /> Sardar Dhyan Singh of Shahbad willed his estate to Karam Singh Nirmala. In 1766, Sadda Singh of Bahirwala offered seven villages to Bhagat Singh Nirmala, although the latter declined the offer. Sardar Jai Singh's daughter-in-law granted two villages to the Nirmal [[dera (organization)|dera]] at Kankhal.<ref name="SSG_2007">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA971 |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |publisher=Atlantic |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |pages=971–974 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sardar Ganda Singh of [[Bhangi Misl]] offered 13 villages to Jai Singh Nirmala. In 1796, Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] also granted a [[sanad (deed)|sanad]] for land to Nihal Singh Nirmala. On both occasions, the Nirmalas passed on the properties to the Udasi akhara of Santokh Das.<ref name="SSG_2007" /><br />
<br />
== Philosophy and practices ==<br />
[[File:Simhasth2016 Panchayati akhada nirmal Shahi Snan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Nirmal Akhara procession at [[Ujjain Simhastha]] 2016 (Kumbh Mela)]]Like the Udasis, the Nirmalas interpret the teachings of the Sikh Gurus in context of [[Vedanta]].<ref name="PSLEF_2014"/> They view the first Sikh Guru, [[Nanak]], as an [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedantist]], a follower of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], and a defender of the ''[[Sanatana dharma]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lynn Teskey Denton |title=Female Ascetics in Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ivUAJ1YneQC&pg=PA179 |year=2004 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6179-2 |pages=179–}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, compared to the Udasis, the Nirmalas have shared a closer relationship the mainstream [[Khalsa]] Sikhs. Many prominent Nirmala [[Sant (religion)|sant]]s preached mainstream Sikhism in Punjab, and Nirmala akharas have played an important role in training Sikhs. But after the [[Akali movement]], the Khalsa attempts to create a Sikh identity completely distinct from Hindus made the Khalsa-Nirmala relationship fragile.<ref name="PSLEF_2014"/><br />
<br />
The Nirmala Sikhs wear ochre-colored/[[Bhagwa]] robes (or at least one item) and keep ''kesh'' (unshorn hair).<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62">{{cite book |author1=W. Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |page=62}}</ref> They observe the same birth and death rituals as the Hindu ascetics and have an ''akhara'' (martial organization) in Haridwar,<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62" /> and a number of ''[[dera (organization)|deras]]'' in Punjab (India).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p87">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |author2=Louis E. Fenech |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=87–88}}</ref> They have been one of the procession participants in [[Kumbh Mela]]s.<ref name="Misra2019p79">{{cite book |author=Nityananda Misra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |title=Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-88414-12-8 |pages=79–80}}</ref><ref name="eosnirmala" /> They were early missionaries who traveled and spread Sikhism among the masses,<ref name="McLeod2005p148" /><ref name="eosnirmala" /> thus making an important contribution to the growth of Sikhism.<ref name="PSLEF_2014" /> They often served as one of the ''mahants'' in Sikh temples (gurdwaras) during the 18th century.<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62" /> Nirmalas interpret the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] literature in [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] terms.<ref name="Dhavan2011221">{{cite book |author=Purnima Dhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA221 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=221 note 3}}</ref> During the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] of late 19th century and early 20th century, they were condemned by the [[Tat Khalsa]] faction of Sikhs, and cordially supported by the Sanatan Sikhs faction.<ref name="McLeod2005p148" /><br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
<br />
The Nirmala Panchaati akhara at [[Kankhal]], established with grants from the rulers of Phulkian states, has the highest status among all Nirmala chapters.<ref name="PSLEF_2014"/> Other major Nirmala centres are located at [[Haridwar]], [[Allahabad]], [[Ujjain]], [[Trimbak]], [[Kurukshetra]] and [[Patna]].<br />
<br />
== Notable Nirmalas ==<br />
[[File:PunditTaraSingh.png|thumb|130px|right|[[Pundit Tara Singh]] (1822–1891), a noted Nirmala Sikh published a number of works on Sikh theology.]]<br />
* [[Pundit Tara Singh]] (1822–1891), Punjabi and Sanskrit scholar<br />
* [[Kavi Santokh Singh]], (1787 - 1843), writer of historical [[Suraj Parkash]]<br />
* [[Giani Gian Singh|Giani Gyan Singh]], (1822-1921), scholar<br />
* Sant Isher Singh Rara Sahib<br />
* [[Balbir Singh Seechewal]], prominent environmentalist<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.nirmalashram.com/ Nirmal Ashram, Haridwar]<br />
<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]</div>Marissa54Phttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedic_Period&diff=388658Vedic Period2022-07-27T01:29:39Z<p>Marissa54P: Created an enlightening manuscript.</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Vedic period]] {{R from other capitalisation}}</div>Marissa54P