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List of SSLV Launch Complex launches

2026-05-08T17:42:46Z

MariskaFeari3794: redirect

#REDIRECT [[SSLV Launch Complex#List of launches]]

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{{Short description|none}}

T K Govindan Master

2026-05-08T10:37:38Z

MariskaFeari3794:

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. K. Govindan
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
| predecessor = [[M. V. Govindan]]
| successor =
| birth_name = T. K. Govindan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = Independent
| father = Kunhikkannan Nambiar
| occupation = Teacher, Politician
}}

'''T. K. Govindan''' is an Indian politician and former educator currently serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) representing the [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] as an Independent candidate supported by the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]].<ref name="ECI2026">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Taliparamba (S118) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S118.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prior to entering active politics, Govindan Master was a prominent teacher in the [[Kannur district]], which earned him the honorific "Master." In the 2026 Kerala Assembly elections, he contested as an Independent candidate after departing from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] following internal disagreements.<ref name="TOI_Rebel">{{cite news |last1=Staff Reporter |title=Rebels overturn margins, shake CPM in Kannur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/rebels-overturn-margins-shake-cpm-in-kannur/articleshow/130810806.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

In a significant political upset, he defeated P. K. Shyamala Teacher (the spouse of CPI(M) State Secretary [[M. V. Govindan]]) by a margin of 12,551 votes.<ref name="HinduUpset">{{cite news |title=Upset in Taliparamba: T.K. Govindan Master Wins as Independent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-election-results-live-updates-4-may-2026/article70935144.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> The victory was notable as Taliparamba has historically been a stronghold for the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]] since 1977.<ref name="TOI_Win">{{cite news |title=Taliparamba election results 2026: Independent candidate T K Govindan Master wins by 12,551 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/taliparamba-election-results-2026-independent-candidate-t-k-govindan-master-wins-by-12551-votes/articleshow/130629596.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
The election was held in May 2026. After 20 rounds of counting, T. K. Govindan Master was declared the winner.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=Taliparamba Election Results 2026: Comprehensive Breakdown |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala-election-2026.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: #DDDDDD" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Independent politician|Independent]] (UDF)'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''T. K. Govindan'''
| '''91,339'''
| '''48.01'''
| '''+12.55'''
|-
| style="background-color: #cc0d0d" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (LDF)
| style="text-align:left" | P. K. Shyamala Teacher
| 78,788
| 41.41
| -12.51
|-
| style="background-color: #FF9933" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (NDA)
| style="text-align:left" | N. Haridas
| 16,089
| 8.46
| -0.32
|-
| style="background-color: #00008b" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| style="text-align:left" | Anappalli Gopalan
| 1,083
| 0.57
| New
|-
| style="background-color: #DDDDDD" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Independent
| style="text-align:left" | Koyyam Janardhanan
| 1,202
| 0.63
| N/A
|-
| style="background-color: #DDDDDD" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Independent
| style="text-align:left" | T. K. Govindan (S/O Kunhiraman)
| 735
| 0.39
| N/A
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | '''[[None of the above|NOTA]]'''
| 1,798
| 0.94
| +0.12
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 12,551
! 6.60
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,90,244
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: #DDDDDD; text-align:left" | '''Independent gain''' from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +12.53
|
|}
<ref name="ECI2026" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=Master Stroke: How T.K. Govindan Master Captured the Left Fortress |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/election-results-2026-1.952314 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=UDF-backed Independent sweeps Kannur’s Red bastion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/may/06/udf-independent-wins-taliparamba.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=Taliparamba Results: CPI(M) Analyzes the Shift in Vote Share |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/election-results-analysis/1154321 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=Live Counting Updates: Taliparamba Constituency Round 20 |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/elections/kerala-assembly-election-2026-live-updates |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="Affidavit">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: T K Govindan Master S/O Kunhikkannan Nambiar |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/S11/8/2026 |publisher=Kerala State Election Portal |date=March 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Kerala Election Results 2026: Key Gains and Losses in Kannur District |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-election-results-2026-highlights |work=[[NDTV]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pawankhind

2026-05-07T06:43:51Z

MariskaFeari3794: new some article with sources.

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Digpal Lanjekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pawankhind
| image = Pawankhind film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| producer = Ajay Arekar Aniruddha Arekar Bhausaheb Arekar
| writer = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
* [[Ajay Purkar]]
* [[Ankit Mohan]]
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]]
* [[Ruchi Savarn]]
* [[Prajakta Mali]]
}}
| music = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| cinematography = Amol Gole
| editing = Pramod Kahar
| studio = [[Almonds Creations]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|02|18|India}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|75 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ved box office day 4: Riteish Deshmukh’s Marathi film passes first Monday test, beats Cirkus' day 4 collection |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-day-4-riteish-deshmukh-s-marathi-film-passes-first-monday-test-beats-cirkus-day-4-collection-3014711 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title='Tujhe Meri Kasam' To 'Ved', Riteish-Genelia's Hit Pairing Continues To Rock Box Office |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/126133-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-dsouza-film-ved-box-office-record-collection.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=[[MensXP]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pawankhind''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|aː|v|ʌ|n|x|ɪ|n|d|audio=Paawankhind.ogg}} {{Respell|PAAVANKHIND}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[historical film|historical]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Digpal Lanjekar]] and produced under the banner of Almonds Creations in association with [[AA Films]]. The film based on the life of Maratha warrior, [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]], stars [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Ajay Purkar]], [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], along with [[Ankit Mohan]], [[Prajakta Mali]] and [[Kshitee Jog]] in supporting roles.

The film grossed {{INRConvert|75|c}} in box office receipts becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|fifth highest-grossing Marathi film of all time]] and [[List of Marathi films of 2022|second highest-grossing Marathi film of 2022]].

==Synopsis==
The film depicts the historical rearguard [[last stand]] that took place in 1660 at a mountain pass in the vicinity of fort [[Vishalgad]], near the city of [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India between the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] and [[Siddi Masud]] of the [[Adilshah|Adilshah Sultanate]], known as [[Battle of Pavan Khind]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/fatteshikat-fame-digpal-lanjekar-announced-release-date-of-movie-pavankhind-kpw-89-2410031/lite/|title='जंगजौहर' आता 'पावनखिंड', बाजीप्रभूंची शौर्य गाथा उलगडणार|trans-title='Jangjauhar' will now unfold 'Pavankhind', the heroic saga of Bajiprabhu|date= 27 February 2021|access-date= 5 January 2022|publisher=Loksatta}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in 1674 with the [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj I]] telling story of [[Battle of Pavan Khind]] to [[Sambhaji Maharaj]]. The plot frequently switches flashback to 1660.

Badi Begum asks everyone in the court, ‘’Who would dare to kill Shivaji?’’ with Siddi Johar responding, "I dare to kill Shivaji". Badi Begum gives him a chance to prove himself on one condition that if he killed [[Shivaji I]] she would give him a post in [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and should he fail in killing Shivaji Maharaj, she would kill him.

At that time Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was encamped at [[Panhala fort]] with his forces. Siddi Johar's army besieged the fort of Panhala and cut off the supply of routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Johar purchased grenades from the English at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] and hired some English personalities in their force.

Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj gave order to [[Bahirji Naik]] (Harish Dudhade) to search a secret road of [[Vishalgad]] in order to escape. Bahirji found the road and Shivaji maharaj escaped from Panhala by cover of night but here they create a Shivaji's look alike Shiva Kashid (Ajinkya Nanaware), a barber by profession sending him for the meeting with Siddi Johar. Shiva Kashid went to Siddi Johar but when Fazal Khan recognized him, Siddi killed Shiva Kashid.

Here Adilshah's army was in pursuit with an army of 10,000. Then, Shivaji I decided to split his forces. [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] agreed to face Adilshah's troops with 300 soldiers. Shivaji maharaj told him that he would hear cannons being fired 5 times, signaling Shivaji's safety.

Baji Prabhu occupied Ghodkhind, blocking the path of Adilshah troops. His brother, Fulaji, Rayaji Bandal, Shambusingh Jadhav, Aginya were present with him. Fulaji, Aginya, Rayaji and Shambusingh were killed after fierce fight. Baji Prabhu were wounded but carried on fighting at Ghodkhind. Five hours after starting the battle, the cannons were fired announcing that Shivaji safely returned to Vishalgad.

The plot frequently switches to 1674. Shivaji Maharaj renamed Ghodkhind to Pawankind in honour of the sacrifices of the 300 [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] troops.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]<ref name="post:toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/these-character-posters-of-digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-will-get-you-all-excited-for-the-film/articleshow/88539211.cms?from=mdr|title=THESE character posters of Digpal Lanjekar's 'Pawankhind' will get you all excited for the film|date= 28 December 2021|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijabai]]
*[[Ajay Purkar]] as [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pawankhind-character-poster-of-ajay-purkar-as-bajiprabhu-deshpande-unveiled/articleshow/89012985.cms|title =Pawankhind': Character poster of Ajay Purkar as 'Bajiprabhu Deshpande' unveiled!|date= 20 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.Com}}</ref>
*[[Ruchi Savarn]] as Matoshri  [[Soyarabai]]
*[[Prajakta Mali]] as Shrimant Bhavanibai Bandal
*Surabhi Bhave as Matoshri Sonai Deshpande
*[[Kshitee Jog]] as Badi Begum.
*[[Madhavi Nimkar]] as Matoshri Gautamai Deshpande
*[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Siddi Johar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/1/32717/watch-astad-kale-as-siddi-masood-sameer-dharmadhikari-as-siddi-jauhar-in-pawankhind|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105120049/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/1/32717/watch-astad-kale-as-siddi-masood-sameer-dharmadhikari-as-siddi-jauhar-in-pawankhind|url-status=live|archive-date=5 January 2022|title=Watch Astad Kale as Siddi Masood, Sameer Dharmadhikari as Siddi Jauhar in Pawankhind|date= 1 January 2021|publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref>
*Ujjwala Jog as Bajiprabhu's mother Bayobai Deshpande
*Astad Kale as [[Siddi Masud]]
*[[Rishi Saxena]] as [[Rustam Zaman]]
*Sushrut Mankani as Fazar Khan
*[[Ankit Mohan]] as Rayajirao Bandal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pawankhind-character-poster-of-ankit-mohan-as-shrimant-rayajirao-bandal-unveiled/articleshow/89033962.cms|title ='Pawankhind': Character poster of Ankit Mohan as 'Shrimant Rayajirao Bandal' unveiled!|date= 21 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.Com}}</ref>
*Dipti Ketkar as Dipaiaau Bandal
*Harish Dudhade as [[Bahirji Naik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pawankhind-movie-bajiprabhu-deshpande-character/articleshow/89058565.cms|title= छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज आणि त्यांच्या मावळ्यांची शौर्य गाथा 'पावनखिंड' आता रुपेरी पडद्यावर|date= 22 January 2022|publisher=maharashtratimes.com}}</ref>
*Akshay Waghmare as Koyaji Bandal
*Ajinkya Nanaware as Narvir Shiva Kashid
*Bipin Surve as Shambu Singh Jadhavrao
*Kunaal Dhumal as Sarjerao Jedhe
*[[Vaibhav Mangle]] as Gangadharpant
*Sunil Jadhav as Fulajiprabhu Deshpande
*Sachin Bhilare as Aaginya
*Vikram Gaikwad as [[Netaji Palkar]]
*Shivraj Waichal as Harpya
*Rajan Bhise as [[Kanhoji Jedhe]]
*[[Santosh Juvekar]] as Guest appearance in song "Raja Ala Raja Ala"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title='Pawankhind' new song 'Raja Aala': This foot-tapping number featuring Santosh Juvekar and Chinmay Mandlekar is definitely a chartbuster
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pawankhind-new-song-raja-aala-this-foot-tapping-number-featuring-santosh-juvekar-and-chinmay-mandlekar-is-definitely-a-chartbuster/articleshow/89432249.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301124316/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pawankhind-new-song-raja-aala-this-foot-tapping-number-featuring-santosh-juvekar-and-chinmay-mandlekar-is-definitely-a-chartbuster/articleshow/89432249.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-03-01|access-date=2022-03-01|website= [[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In December 2019 after ''[[Farzand]]'' and ''[[Fatteshikast]]'', Digpal Lanjekar announced a new film 'Jung Jauhar', his third film on unsung Maratha heroes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jungjauhar-digpal-lanjekar-unveils-the-title-poster-of-his-upcoming-historical-film/articleshow/72470118.cms|title='Jungjauhar': Digpal Lanjekar unveils the title poster of his upcoming historical film|date= 11 December 2019|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 11 February 2020, principal photography took place in [[Raigad Fort]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/marathi-movie-jang-jaohar-release-june/|title='जंगजौहर'मधून पावनखिंडीचा रणसंग्राम रुपेरी पडद्यावर, नुकताच पार पडला मुहूर्त!|date= 11 February 2020|publisher=lokmat.com}}</ref> Filming was completed on 19 March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jungjauhar-chinmay-mandlekar-wraps-up-the-shoot-amidst-coranovirus-outbreak/articleshow/74704435.cms?from=mdr|title='Jungjauhar': Chinmay Mandlekar wraps up the shoot amidst Coranovirus outbreak|date= 19 March 2020|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.cm}}</ref> In February 2021 makers renamed ''Jungjauhar'' to ''Pawankhind''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/makers-rename-jungjauhar-to-pavankhind-set-to-release-in-june/articleshow/81245383.cms?from=mdr|title=Makers rename Jungjauhar to Pavankhind, set to release in June|date= 27 February 2021|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pawankhind
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 March 2022
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:13
| language = Marathi
| label = Everest Entertainment
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Fatteshikast]]
| prev_year = 2019
| year = 2022
| next_title = [[Sher Shivraj]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|a7UvE2JxbPo|Pawankhind - Full Album}}
}}
}}

Soundtrack of the film is composed by Devdutta Manisha Baji and lyrics written by Digpal Lanjekar. Video of track "Yugat Mandli" sung by Haridas Shinde, Avadhoot Gandhi was released in December 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/pawankhind-song-yugat-mandali/videoshow/88109691.cms?from=mdr|title=Pawankhind Song-Yugat Mandali|date= 5 December 2021|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:13
| title1 = Yugat Mandli
| extra1 = Avadhoot Gandhi, Haridas Shinde
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Raja Aala
| extra2 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Shwasat Raja Dhyasat Raja
| extra3 = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| length3 = 2:08
| title4 = Rani Nighta Shuur
| extra4 = Devdutta Manisha Baji
| length4 = 4:23
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Pawankhind was originally scheduled to release on 10 June 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/mar/2/28931/title-of-jungjauhar-changed-to-pawankhind-film-to-be-released-on-10-june|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311054657/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/mar/2/28931/title-of-jungjauhar-changed-to-pawankhind-film-to-be-released-on-10-june|url-status=live|archive-date=11 March 2021|title=Title of Jungjauhar changed to Pawankhind; film to be released on 10 June|date= 2 March 2021|publisher=Cinestaan.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pavankhind-marathi-movie-will-be-release-in-theaters-only-not-on-ott/articleshow/83429380.cms|title=हर हर महादेव! 'पावनखिंड'चा थरार चित्रपटगृहातच|date= 11 June 2021|publisher=Maharashtratimes.com}}</ref> but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The second release date 31 December 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/digpal-lanjekars-pavankhind-release-date-announced-the-film-will-hit-the-theatres-on-december-31-2021/articleshow/87903769.cms|title=Digpal Lanjekar's 'Pavankhind' release date announced; the film will hit the theatres on December 31, 2021|date= 25 November 2021|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.coM}}</ref> but the release was again delayed due to the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, fuelled by the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-gets-a-new-release-date-watch-teaser/articleshow/88389011.cms?from=mdr|title=Digpal Lanjekar's 'Pawankhind' gets a new release date - Watch teaser|date= 20 December 2021|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was released on 18 February 2022.

=== Home media ===

The film was released digitally streamed on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 20 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-gets-a-new-release-date-to-hit-theatres-on-february-18-2022/articleshow/88948890.cms?from=mdr|title=Digpal Lanjekar's 'Pawankhind' gets a new release date; to hit theatres on February 18, 2022|date= 17 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.com}}</ref> Star India Network acquired by the satellite rights of this film

== Reception ==
===Box office===
''Pawankhind'' collected {{INR|10}} crore in the opening week of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=बॉक्स ऑफिसवर 'पावनखिंड'ची जबरदस्त घौडदौड; पहिल्याच आठवड्यात केली तब्बल इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2817651/know-about-pawankhind-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-maratha-warrior-baji-prabhu-deshpande-directed-by-digpal-lanjekar-photos-sdn-96/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|3|19|}} the film has grossed {{INR|16.71}} crore. The film ended its theatrical run with a worldwide gross of {{INR|43}}–{{INRConvert|75|c}}.<ref name="Box-office">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title='पावनखिंड'चा बॉक्स ऑफिसवर धमाका; १० दिवसात केली तब्बल इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-2022-pawankhind-box-office-collection-day-10-know-about-it-nrp-97-2823347/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104916/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-2022-pawankhind-box-office-collection-day-10-know-about-it-nrp-97-2823347/lite/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Loksatta]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ved box office collection day 3: Riteish Deshmukh film sees fourth-highest opening weekend by Marathi film ever |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-collection-riteish-deshmukh-film-sees-fourth-highest-opening-weekend-by-marathi-film-ever-3014511 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''Pawankhind'' received positive critical reviews. Mihir Bhanage from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars (out of 5), saying that "Pawankhind excels in storytelling, the technical aspects, though good, could have been better. The background score overpowers dialogues in some important scenes, and the action choreography in some scenes fails to make the cut. However, all said and done, the entire team has done its best to make this a big screen experience. Maybe with a bigger budget, these things can be ironed out in the following films of Lanjekar's series."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-18|title=Pawankhind Movie Review : An epic retelling of an interesting chapter from Maratha history
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/pawankhind/movie-review/89668027.cms |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218172816/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/pawankhind/movie-review/89668027.cms |archive-date=2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-18|website= [[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Shriram Iyengar from ''Cinestaan.com'' wrote that "Of course, the drama is heightened. It is important to remember that the film feels coloured by a majoritarian bias. Yet, that was always the style of folk dramatists. They could change the tone to suit the audience. Cinema can claim to be no different. There are moments in the final action sequence when the VFX glitches are visible, but they do not hinder the story in any way."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-18|title=Pawankhind review: Another entertaining folktale from the Maratha cinematic universe
|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/pawankhind-42546 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040746/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/pawankhind-42546 |archive-date=2022-02-19|access-date=2022-02-19|website= Cinestaan.com }}</ref> Kalpesh Kubal from ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote that "The technical side seems to have faltered somewhat; But that can be ignored. Throughout the story of the film, the director has tried to underline various knights."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=पावनखिंड
|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/pawankhind/moviereview/89697595.cms |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220092630/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/pawankhind/moviereview/89697595.cms |archive-date=2022-02-20|access-date=2022-02-20|website= [[Maharashtra Times]] }}</ref> ''[[Lokmat]]'' wrote "hard work of the director and the actors can be seen on the screen. To experience an unprecedented history, you must visit this movie theater and watch it at least once."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Pawankhind Marathi Movie Review : पावनखिंड- थक्क करणारा अनुभव
|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-movie-review-in-marathi-chinmay-mandlekar-a590/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220093500/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-movie-review-in-marathi-chinmay-mandlekar-a590/amp/ |archive-date=2022-02-20|access-date=2022-02-20|website= [[Lokmat]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14448632}}

[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language historical films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]

Golconda diamonds mining and trading

2026-05-04T08:47:56Z

MariskaFeari3794: new new article - done

{{Short description|Commerce involving Indian diamonds}}
[[File:Fabled diamond mines.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Diamond mine in the Golconda region 1725 CE from the collection of [[Pieter van der Aa]]—a Dutch publisher known for preparing maps and atlases.]]
The period of peak production of the [[Golconda diamonds]] (in the present-day states [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], India) was under the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] (16th century – 17th century CE), and the region was also known as the "Golconda Sultanate". The [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] (18th century – 19th century CE) was later dominant, and it was also known as the "Nizam of Hyderabad".<ref name="Pratt">{{cite book|title=Universal Gazetteer of the World: A Dictionary, Geographical, Historical and Statistical, of the Various Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Forts, Harbors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3MpDdKXoeoC|year=1852|page=357|publisher=Z. & B. F. Pratt|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|title=Deccan Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC&q=golconda+diamonds,|last=Gupta|first=Harsh K|year=2000|pages=139–146|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[University press]]|isbn=9788173712852|accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite magazine|title=The sparkling centuries|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/12/17/the-sparkling-centuries.html|last=Nair|first=Mandira|magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=20 December 2020|accessdate=17 August 2022}}</ref> During these times, the diamond mines were leased out to merchants under the supervision of regional governors. The periods of the leases were recorded in days. Local merchants [[Shantidas Jhaveri]] and [[Shantidas Jhaveri#Legacy|Khushalchand]] were legendary diamond traders of the region.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA96|last=Mehta|first=Makrand |year=1991|pages=96–102|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=9788171880171|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> Large diamonds (over 1 [[Carat (mass)|carat]]) obtained from the mines were reserved for the rulers under terms of the leases.<ref name="Nair" />

Actual mining of the Golconda diamonds occurred in [[alluvial soil]] settings, alongside river beds, and diamonds were found within a few feet of the surface of the land.<ref name="Coulson">{{cite book|title=The History of Mining: The events, technology and people involved in the industry that forged the modern world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAfmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA457|last=Accum|first=Michael Coulson|year=2012|pages=75–77|publisher=Harriman House Limited|isbn=978-0-85719-266-0|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> After the customary survey of geological formations between the river and the mountains, [[Alluvial diamond mining|mining sites]] were selected and a clay cistern would be prepared on the spot for use in digging.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|title=A Nutshell of Knowledge Concerning the Mine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36|last=Taylor|first=Isaac|year=1830|pages=34–40|publisher=[[John Harris (publisher)|John Harris]]|accessdate=18 August 2022}}</ref> The depth of the mines was usually up to four [[fathoms]] (7.3 meters). In some situations, if [[boulder]]s appeared during digging, the boulders were covered with coal and burned out to make them very hot. Then water was sprayed on the boulders to produce cracks through [[thermal shock]]. The remnants of the boulders were then carved out with tools. This removal procedure was used since [[gunpowder]] was not yet a tool for mining in the region at the time.<ref name="Mehta" /><ref name="Accum">{{cite book|title=System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208|last=Accum|first=Friedrich Christian |year=1808|volume=1|pages=208–210|publisher=Kimber and Conrad|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> When mining reached [[Groundwater|ground water]], digging was halted. At that point in the mining process, the miners washed away the earthy particles from the collected soil. Stony substances were then collected for assortment and examination to obtain diamonds.<ref name="Taylor" /> The earthy coverings of [[limescale]] [[ore]] were then removed, to yield the raw diamonds.<ref name="Accum" /> The raw diamonds from the regional mines were typically then transported to the Golconda (now the western part of [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="TelGov">{{cite web|title=Golconda Fort|url=https://hyderabad.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/golconda-fort/|work=[[Government of Telangana]]|date=6 August 2022|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>) for skilled lapidary, enhancement and further evaluation and sale.<ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Nair" />

The art of [[macle]], which is a form of rough diamond used to produce jewelry, was first developed in the Golconda region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Unraveling the Mystery of Macle Jewelry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/04/style/unraveling-the-mystery-of-macle-jewelry.html|first=Kathleen|last=Beckett|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 July 2022|accessdate=4 July 2022}}</ref> Of the 38 diamond mines in India at the time, 23 were located in the Golconda Sultanate, of which the [[Kollur Mine]] was prominent where 60,000 workers were employed at once, making Golconda the "Diamond Capital" of the past.<ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Streeter">{{cite book|title=Precious Stones and Gems, Their History and Distinguishing Characteristics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUIDAAAAQAAJ|last=Streeter|first=Edwin William|year=1882|pages=108–110 and 126–131|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

Most of these mines were fully active until 1830 CE but were gradually abandoned as they became either submerged by the backwaters or depleted due to excessive mining. Thus, mining gradually declined and finally officially closed.<ref name="DC1">{{cite news|title=India's iconic lost diamonds|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280416/india-s-iconic-lost-diamonds.html|last=Reddy|first=U.Sudhakar|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=28 April 2016|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="DC2">{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh diamond belt is now Submerged|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190916/andhra-pradesh-diamond-belt-is-now-submerged.html|last=Reddy|first=U.Sudhakar|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref>

In the year 2015, research was conducted by the Centre of Exploration Geophysics ([[Osmania University]]) and by the [[Geological Survey of India]]. The research identified three zones that contain 21 new potential diamond mining sites near the delta of the Krishna and [[Bhima River|Bhima]] rivers, specifically in the riverbeds of the Krishna, [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Penna River|Penna]]. According to the research, the sites contain [[volcanic pipe]]s which probably bear [[Kimberlite]] and possibly diamonds.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=Telangana: Confluence of Musi-Krishna may throw up diamonds, says study|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-confluence-of-musi-krishna-may-throw-up-diamonds-says-study/articleshow/88500184.cms#_ga=2.197734575.1297809681.1661177049-1911696365.1659104255|last=Akber|first=Syed|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 December 2021|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Telangana sitting on a bed of diamonds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-sitting-on-a-bed-of-diamonds/articleshow/48418233.cms|last=Akber|first=Syed|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 August 2015|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

==Mining and trading==

[[Mir Jumla II]] also known as Mir Jumla and Mohammad Saad, came to Golconda Sultanete from [[Persia]] and initially, he traded into daily wares later when he realize the worth of Golconda Diamonds, he expanded trading and become the most prominent merchant of [[Golconda diamonds]], he established a network of traders from [[Persia]], [[Arab]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[France|French]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Burma]], [[China]], [[Malay Archipelago]] and [[Bengal]].<ref name="TFT1">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/12/persian-adventurer-in-india/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=12 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Journal1">{{cite journal|title=Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (1662–63), war experience of a Dutch sailor Heiden and Translator Glanius|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983619856149|last=Konwar|first=Paranan|journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher= Department of Economics, Sonari College, Assam, India.|year=2019|volume=46 |pages=41–54 |doi=10.1177/0376983619856149 |s2cid=200082670 |access-date=23 September 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="TFT2">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/19/persian-adventurer-in-india-ii/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=19 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to send his diamond miners back for agricultural works.<ref name="Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems; Jack Ogden">{{cite book |author1=Jack Ogden |title=Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems |date=8 May 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6NUDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300235517 |page=222 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Thevenot, 1687, 103}}</ref>

In the 1600s AD when mines were leased, an agreement—(called ''Qaul'') would be signed under the supervision of regional governors—miners were charged four ''Pagodas'' per day for 100 workers, while they will pay monthly rent based on the strength of the workers, provisions, and tobacco were provided with 50 percent extra excise duty while large and exclusive carat of diamonds would only be sold to the ruler with concessions, while [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] community—(a merchant and trading community in India) used to have the majority of holdings and during the early 1600 AD some Dutch miners of [[Dutch East India Company]] were granted mining rights. In 1621–22 AD when Golconda rulers learned about the demand and selling price for Golconda diamonds in Europe, the rulers seized all the mines and temporarily halt the mining process to increase the demand, due to which the price rises up to double. In 1627, seeing the high prices the Dutch traders stop purchasing, and utilizing this opportunity the British ([[East India Company]]) brought investment and purchased the diamonds.<ref name="Crider">{{cite journal|title=Diamond mining and trade in south India in the 17th Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147002|last=Alam|first=Ishrat|year=1998|pages=314–315|volume=59|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|jstor=44147002|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="coin">{{cite book|title=Urban Wage Earners in Seventeenth Century India: Artisans, Laborers, Service Providers and Entertainers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|last=Manzar|first=Nishat|year=2021|pages=348 and 400|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781000395372|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147002 Diamond mining and trade in South India in 17th Century, Ishrat Alam, 1998]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Gemstone}}

[[Category:Golconda diamonds|*]]

Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express

2026-05-02T13:27:36Z

MariskaFeari3794: new

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Goa]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|07|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}} (MAO)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Hapa}} (HAPA)
| distance = {{convert|1348|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22907 / 22908
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22907 / 22908 '''Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hapa}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22907/22908 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/86 "Monsoon Time Table on Konkan Rly from 10th June 2016"]</ref><ref>[http://www.konkanrailway.com/press/details/617 Traffic Block between Nagothane and Roha station]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Konkan-railway-timetable-out/articleshow/47007996.cms Konkan railway timetable out]</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper
* 1 Pantry Car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Service==

*The 22907/Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express has an average speed of 61 km/h and covers 1348 km in 22 hrs 15 mins.
*The 22908/Hapa–Madgaon Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1348 km in 23 hrs 20 mins.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22907 || MAO || Madgaon || 11:20 AM || Friday || Hapa || 09:35 AM || Saturday
|-
| 22908 || HAPA || Hapa || 21:40 PM || Wednesday || Madgaon || 21:00 PM || Thursday
|}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thivim}}
* {{stnlnk|Kudal}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratnagiri}}
* {{stnlnk|Khed}}
* {{stnlnk|Panvel}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Vapi}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hapa}}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive from Madgoan to Hapa and vice versa

== Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 19577/19578 [[Jamnagar Tirunelveli Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Hapa railway station]]
* [[Madgaon Junction railway station]]
* [[Jamnagar Tirunelveli Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/17025 22907/Madgaon–Hapa Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/17004 22908/Hapa–Madgaon Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madgaon-Hapa Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Margao]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Jog Biyog

2026-04-29T21:38:16Z

MariskaFeari3794: Made some page needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Short description|1953 Bengali novel}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Jog Biyog''''' ({{Translation|Addition and Subtraction}}) is an Indian [[Bengali language]] novel of [[Ashapurna Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upasana Ghosh |title=Kathasahityik Ashapurna (Bengali) |url=https://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/study_mat/1635244789_Doc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212073954/https://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/study_mat/1635244789_Doc.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=bhangarmahavidyalaya.in}}</ref> The story, initially named as ''Baje Khoroch'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=ট্রেনের জানলার পাশে বসে নাম দিলেন '‌প্রথম প্রতিশ্রুতি'‌ |url=https://aajkaal.in/news/robibasar/ashapurna-devis-birthday-8bfx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212072525/https://aajkaal.in/news/robibasar/ashapurna-devis-birthday-8bfx |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> was published by Calcutta Book Club in 1953<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashapurna Devi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298162 |title=Jog Biyog |date=1953}}</ref> and the plot is adapted into number of [[Indian films]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CinemaScope: David Dhawan, Govinda and their world of remakes |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-david-dhawan-govinda-and-their-world-of-remakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-david-dhawan-govinda-and-their-world-of-remakes |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves with the last life crisis of Jamini Mohan and his wife. After the retirement Jamini Mohan and his wife Santoshini continued to be despised in the family of their earning sons. At this time, Gobinda, an orphan of the distant relative, became their mental hope. After facing various humiliation from their blood relationship, Jamini Mohan died and as the mother of three sons, Santoshini became a burden to this family. Eventually Gobinda became Santoshini's absolute refuge.

== Adaptations ==
* ''Jog Biyog'' (1953)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jog Biyog (1953) |url=https://indiancine.ma/GVW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://indiancine.ma/GVW |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]'' (1960)<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Tamil cinema's bong connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ''[[Aatma Bandhuvu]]'' (1962)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=21 July 2016 |title=ATHMABANDHUVU (1962) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ATHMABANDHUVU-1962/article14500863.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ATHMABANDHUVU-1962/article14500863.ece |archive-date=13 February 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ''[[Mehrban]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Baala Bandana]]'' (1971)
* ''Jog Biyog'' (1984)<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Jog Biyog (1985) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/jog-biyog-1985-bengali-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/jog-biyog-1985-bengali-movie |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sur |first=Ansu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=Jog+Biyog+Ashapurna |title=Bengali Film Directory |date=1999 |publisher=Nandan, West Bengal Film Centre |language=en |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228070618/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=Jog+Biyog+Ashapurna |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Swarg]]'' (1990)<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Indra Bhavanam]]'' (1991)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swarg Movie & It's All Remakes – Indra Bhavanam, Annadata, Izzatdar, Mehrban {{!}} Govinda {{!}} Rajesh Khanna {{!}} Juhi Chawla |url=https://www.social18.in/2021/07/swarg-movie-facts-and-its-all-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212080419/https://www.social18.in/2021/07/swarg-movie-facts-and-its-all-remake.html |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
* ''Bhai Hela Bhagari'' (1994)
* ''[[Annadata (2002 film)|Annadata]]'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=Prosenjit didn't interfere with casting: 'Annadata' producer Ashok Dhanuka responds to Sreelekha's casting allegation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/prosenjit-didnt-interfere-with-casting-annadata-producer-ashok-dhanuka-responds-to-sreelekhas-casting-allegation/articleshow/76509267.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213130717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/prosenjit-didnt-interfere-with-casting-annadata-producer-ashok-dhanuka-responds-to-sreelekhas-casting-allegation/articleshow/76509267.cms |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Novels set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bengal]]
[[Category:1953 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by Ashapurna Devi]]

Gauranga Das

2026-04-23T19:01:36Z

MariskaFeari3794: new stub

{{Short description|Indian Hindu monk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Gauranga Das
| image = Gauranga Das.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gauranga Das in 2020
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy =
| honorific_prefix =
| sect = [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]])
| lineage = Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya
| temple = [[ISKCON]]
| other_name = Gauranga Prabhu
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_name = A.S.K. Anand
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|7|8|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| location =
| period =
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher =
| students =
| works = ''The Art of Resilience: 40 stories to uplift the mind and transform the heart,'' '' The Art of Focus: Through 40 Yoga Stories,'' '' The Art of Habits: 40 Stories to Uplift the Mind and Transform the Heart''
| ordination =
| initiation = [[Diksha]]
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post = Senior [[Brahmacharya|Brahmachari]]
| website =
| background = #FFC569
}}
'''Gauranga Das''' ({{IAST3|Gaurāṅga dāsa}}), also known as '''Gauranga Prabhu''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praharaj |first=Mansi |date=2023-10-03 |title=ISKCON's World Holy Name Week and Bhadra Poornima Celebration Concludes |url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/iskcons-world-holy-name-week-and-bhadra-poornima-celebration-concludes/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[Hindus|Hindu]] monk, [[spiritual leader]], and [[author]]. He serves as a governing body commissioner of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), the director of ISKCON Govardhan Ecovillage, a [[United Nations]] World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) ecovillage community accredited by multiple UN bodies.<ref name="p211">{{cite web | title=Integrating Vedic Wisdom into Policy and Practice to Nurture Global Equity | website=APN News | date=19 Apr 2024 | url=https://www.apnnews.com/integrating-vedic-wisdom-into-policy-and-practice-to-nurture-global-equity/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="e857">{{cite web | last=Praharaj | first=Mansi | title=ISKCON's World Holy Name Week and Bhadra Poornima Celebration Concludes | website=Business News This Week | date=3 Oct 2023 | url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/iskcons-world-holy-name-week-and-bhadra-poornima-celebration-concludes/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref> He also serves as UNEP's Faith for Earth Counsellor.<ref name="p424">{{cite web | title=Faith for Earth Councilors : Capacity Building and Development program | website=Brahma Kumaris Environment Initiative | date=20 Mar 2021 | url=https://eco.brahmakumaris.org/faith-for-earth-councilors/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="eo402">{{cite web | title=Faith for Earth Dialogue at UNEA 5.2 | website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme | date=2 Mar 2022 | url=https://www.unep.org/events/unep-event/faith-earth-dialogue-unea-52 | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref> Additionally, he is the administrative director of the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre (BRC) and a founding board member of [[Rishihood University]].<ref name=inex-gngp>{{cite web |title= Kartik Yatra 2023: Spiritual Journey to Jagannath Puri Unites Thousands Worldwide |url=https://odishastand.com/kartik-yatra-2023-spiritual-journey-to-jagannath-puri-unites-thousands-worldwide/ |access-date= |work=Odishastand.com|date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="j153">{{cite web | title=Gauranga Das Prabhu | website=Rishihood University, Delhi NCR | date=29 Apr 2024 | url=https://rishihood.edu.in/people/gauranga-das-prabhu/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="i137">{{cite web | last=Haribol | first=Thomas | title=15 Years Strong: The Bhaktivedanta Research Center Celebrates Anniversary | website=ISKCON News | date=3 Jul 2024 | url=https://iskconnews.org/15-years-strong-the-bhaktivedanta-research-center-celebrates-anniversary/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gauranga Das was born as A.S.K. Anand on July 8, 1971 in [[Mumbai]], to a South Indian family. Das completed his early education at English Medium Middle School, Sector 9, Bhilai, where he attended kindergarten through Class 8. He continued his secondary education at Delhi Public School (DPS) Bhilai, completing Classes 9 through 12. He then pursued a Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree at the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT) Bombay, graduating in 1993.<ref name="q298">{{cite web | title=Gauranga Dasa (RNS) | website=ISKCON Leaders | date=14 Feb 2012 | url=https://iskconleaders.com/gauranga-prabhu/ | access-date=14 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="m129">{{cite web | last=Kanetkar | first=Riddhima | title=Meet IIT Bombay graduate who left high paying job at Kirloskars to become a monk due to... | website=DNA India | date=31 Jan 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-iit-bombay-graduate-gauranga-das-who-left-high-paying-job-at-kirloskars-to-become-a-monk-due-to-3076314#google_vignette | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="a573">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Rahul | title=The Monk who used his IIT degree for Environmental Transformation | website=Connected to India News I Singapore l UAE l UK l USA l NRI | date=13 Nov 2018 | url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/the-monk-who-used-his-iit-degree-for-environmental-transformation/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1993, Gauranga Das started his career at Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd in Pune from August to November.<ref name="s737">{{cite web | last=A-Z | first=Authors | title=Gauranga Das | website=Penguin Random House India | date=12 Jul 2024 | url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/gauranga-das/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

Gauranga Das is the [[Director (business)|Director]] of Govardhan Ecovillage, a United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) ecovillage community accredited by multiple [[UN]] bodies, including UNEP, UNCCD, UN ECOSOC, and UN CBD.<ref name="z404">{{cite web | title=ISKCON's Govardhan eco village bags UN award | website=The Hindu | date=20 Jan 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISKCON%E2%80%99s-Govardhan-eco-village-bags-UN-award/article17068450.ece | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref> He also serves as UNEP's Faith for Earth Counsellor.<ref name="e402">{{cite web | title=Faith for Earth Dialogue at UNEA 5.2 | website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme | date=2 Mar 2022 | url=https://www.unep.org/events/unep-event/faith-earth-dialogue-unea-52 | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>
He is a member of ISKCON's Governing Body Commission (GBC), with global responsibilities for Human Resource Development and Capacity Building of ISKCON temples worldwide. He works on creating systems to foster a culture of care within ISKCON communities, enhancing the competence of ISKCON leadership through comprehensive training and development programs.<ref name="t879">{{cite web | title=Gauranga Dasa – International Society for Krishna Consciousness – Website of the Governing Body Commission | website=International Society for Krishna Consciousness – Website of the Governing Body Commission – The Official Website of the Governing Body Commission of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness | url=https://gbc.iskcon.org/gauranga-dasa/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

Gauranga Das holds several positions within ISKCON: Global Duty Officer for the [[ISKCON]] Governing Body Commission (GBC), Trustee of ISKCON GBC College, Active member of the GBC Organizational Development Committee, and Active member of the GBC Nominations Committee.<ref name="i062">{{cite web | title=Appointment of Global Duty Officers by the GBC | website=ISKCON News | date=7 Nov 2016 | url=https://iskconnews.org/appointment-of-global-duty-officers-by-the-gbc/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="b126">{{cite web | title=Board of Trustees | website=GBC College | url=https://gbc-college.com/board-of-trustees/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

He is the Co-facilitator for the Food Systems, Hunger, and Poverty Working Group in the C20 Brazil on behalf of India. During the C20 India 2023 events, he served as the Co-Ordinator of the Food and LiFE Sub Working Group and led the initiative to declare 2023–2033 as the decade of conscious food production and consumption.<ref name="g509">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Prasanna | title=News In Brief featuring Schneider, Gaurang Das prabhu and more | website=Saur Energy International | date=4 Apr 2024 | url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/news-in-brief-schneider-world-tour-ig-drones-vianode | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="q090">{{cite web | last=Praharaj | first=Mansi | title=Gauranga Das Prabhu represents India at G20 C20, Brazil | website=Business News This Week | date=5 Apr 2024 | url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/gauranga-das-prabhu-represents-india-at-g20-c20-brazil/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="m9">{{cite web | title=YOJAK's participation in C20 Brazil | website=yojak.org.in/ |url=https://yojak.org.in/news/yojaks-participation-in-c20-brazil/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

He serves as co-president of the ISKCON Chowpatty temple and as the administrative director of the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre (BRC) in [[Kolkata]]. He is involved in the development of the Ekatma Dham Project in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and is a founding board member of Rishihood University. He is a member of the High-Profile Advisory Committee of the [[Central Sanskrit University]] and a visiting faculty member at [[IIM Nagpur]].<ref name="j153"/><ref name="m29">{{cite web | last=Kanetkar | first=Riddhima | title=IIM Nagpur students take lessons in Life Management from Dr. Gauranga Das | website=thelivenagpur.com | date=4 November 2022 | url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/11/04/iim-nagpur-students-take-lessons-in-life-management-from-dr-gauranga-das/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="o497">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Shailendra | title=आध्यात्मिक गुरु गौरांग दास प्रभु अपने इस ज्ञान की वजह से सोशल मीडिया पर हो रहे हैं मशहूर, जानें वजह | website=Nai Dunia | date=8 Sep 2022 | url=https://www.naidunia.com/lite/national-spiritual-guru-gaurang-das-prabhu-is-becoming-famous-on-social-media-because-of-his-knowledge-know-the-reason-7806207?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16845526498005&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidunia.com%2Fnational-spiritual-guru-gaurang-das-prabhu-is-becoming-famous-on-social-media-because-of-his-knowledge-know-the-reason-7806207 | language=hi | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Gauranga Das launched a think tank, India House, co-founded by alumni and faculty of various IITs, and he acts as a mentor to the organization. <ref>{{cite web |title= India House {{!}} Team |url=https://theindiahouse.org/ourteam}}</ref>

==Published works==
*{{cite book | last=Das Prabhu | first=G. | title=The Art of Resilience: 40 stories to uplift the mind and transform the heart | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2021 | isbn=978-93-90914-99-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4QmEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book | last=Das | first=G. | title=The Art of Focus: Through 40 Yoga Stories | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2022 | isbn=978-93-5492-512-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-53EAAAQBAJ | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Das | first=G. | title=The Art of Habits: 40 Stories to Uplift the Mind and Transform the Heart | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2023 | isbn=978-93-5708-662-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4DyEAAAQBAJ | page=}}

==Awards and recognition==
Gauranga Das received the Dalmia Bharat Rural Development and Infrastructure – CSRBOX CSR Impact Award 2023 in Rural Development and Infrastructure.<ref name="i928">{{cite web | last=Admin | first=India Education Diary Bureau | title=Shri Gauranga Das Prabhu Wins Dalmia Bharat Rural Development and Infrastructure – CSRBOX CSR Impact Award 2023 | website=India Education | date=19 Oct 2023 | url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/shri-gauranga-das-prabhu-wins-dalmia-bharat-rural-development-and-infrastructure-csrbox-csr-impact-award-2023/#google_vignette | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>
He was awarded the 'Pride of India' Magna Award for his contributions to society through community service on 23 October 2023.<ref name="i157">{{cite web | title=Shri Gauranga Das Prabhu Ji Receives The Prestigious 'Pride of India' Magna Award For His Immense Contributions To Society Through Community Service | website=Passionate In Marketing | date=19 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/shri-gauranga-das-prabhu-ji-receives-the-prestigious-pride-of-india-magna-award-for-his-immense-contributions-to-society-through-community-service/#google_vignette | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>
He has been recognized as an IGBC Fellow by the Indian Green Building Council for his contributions to the green building movement.<ref name="p816">{{cite web | title=PRABHU GAURANGA DAS | website=Swasthyam | date=10 Apr 2023 | url=https://www.globalswasthyam.com/speakers/prabhu-gauranga-das/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>
He received an Honorary Doctorate from [[Kaziranga University]] in [[Assam]].<ref name="f458">{{cite web | title=Assam Kaziranga University convocation ceremony for graduating batches of 2020, 2021 | website=The News Mill | date=21 Sep 2022 | url=https://thenewsmill.com/2022/09/assam-kaziranga-university-convocation-ceremony-for-graduating-batches-of-2020-2021/ | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="n438">{{cite web | title=7th Convocation Ceremony Of Assam Kaziranga University Held | website=Guwahati News | date=20 Sep 2022 | url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/buzz/7th-convocation-ceremony-of-assam-kaziranga-university-held | access-date=19 Sep 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Gauranga}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindu monks]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh

2026-04-23T10:25:36Z

MariskaFeari3794: new initial biography first draft

{{Short description|Indian writer (1913–2008)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shitaljit Singh Rajkumar
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size = 220px
| alt = Shri Shitaljit Singh Rajkumar
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|08|18}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|06|08|1913|08|18}} 
| death_place = Keishamthong Top Leirak, Imphal
| death_cause =
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| awards = President's Medal for teaching Manipur Journalist Award Thoibi Devi Award for literature Writer of the Year – 2000 Manipur Journalist Award
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shitaljit Singh Rajkumar''', also known as "Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh" or "RK Shitaljit", was a noted writer,<ref name="Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/personalities/writersandpoets/rajkumar-shitaljit-singh|title=Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh}} Retrieved on 7 January 2019.</ref> scholar and educationalist of [[Manipur]].  He was born on 18 August 1913,<ref name="Birth Centenary Celebration of Rajkumar Shitaljit">{{cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/16373/16373-rajkumar-shitaljit-birth-centenary-celebration-begins/|title=Birth Centenary Celebration of Rajkumar Shitaljit}} Retrieved on 7 January 2019.</ref> and died at the age of 95 <ref name="Tributes to Shri Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh">{{cite web|url=https://rajkumar-shitaljit-singh.tributes.in|title=Tributes to Shri Rajkumar Shitaljit Singh}} Retrieved on 7 January 2019.</ref> at his residence at Keishamthong Top Leirak, [[Imphal]] on 8 June 2008.<ref name=E-Pao!>{{cite news|title=RK Shitaljit no more|work=E-Pao!|publisher=The Sangai Express|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..090608.jun08|date=8 June 2008|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref>

==Profession==
RK Shitaljit was a teacher and Headmaster of Ram Lal Paul High School, Imphal. Besides being a dedicated teacher and a noted writer, he was also a correspondent of the Amitra Bazar Patrika, [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] and [[Press Trust of India]]. He was the editor of a Manipuri newspaper the 'Manipur Matam' published by Tarun Press in 1937.<ref name=E-Pao! />

==Awards==
Shitaljit Singh Rajkumar had received many awards including the President of India's Medal for teaching (1967), the Thoibi Devi Award for literature (from [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], 1999) and the Writer of the Year award (from Naharol Sahitya Premi Samiti, 2000).<ref name=Chakra!>{{cite news|title=ISKCON Remembers R. K. Shitaljit|work=Chakra!|publisher=Imphal (Manipur) Free Press|url=http://www.chakra.org/news/newsJun13_08.html|date=13 June 2008|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref> Recognising his contribution to Manipuri literature, Manipur Sahitya Parishad honoured him with Sahitya Ratna in 2006. He received the Manipur Journalist Award<ref>{{cite web |url= http://manipur.nic.in/gom_directory/site/ipr/pw_service.html |title= Manipur State Journalist Awards|work=manipur.nic.in |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref> in 1995 and was offered a fellowship by Manipur State Kala Akademi in the same year.<ref name="Sampradaya Sun!">{{cite news|title=RK Shitaljit Condoled by ISKCON Fraternity|work= Sampradaya Sun!|publisher= Manipur (Free Press) |url= http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/news/06-08/news2047.htm |date=10 June 2008|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>

==Books==
Some of the books he translated from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to [[Manipuri language]] are the [[Gita Govinda]] and Padavali gi Shayan Shaikhan. In 1988, Swamy Prabhupada's "Bhagavad-gita As It Is" was translated into Manipuri by RK Shitaljit.<ref name=BackToGodhead!>{{cite news|title=Srila Prabhupada Movement in Manipur|work=Jivanuga Dasa!|publisher=Back To Godhead|url= https://backtogodhead.in/srila-prabhupadas-movement-in-manipur-by-jivanuga-dasa|date=1 November 1995|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref> He has also authored the Friends' English to Manipuri dictionary, 1962<ref>{{cite book |title= Friends' English to Manipuri dictionary|date=1 April 2008 |ol = 4912M}}</ref> and Friends' Pocket Dictionary (English-Manipuri), 1967.

== Manipuri literature contributions ==
He has written many poems and short stories in Manipuri, which are an important constituent of Manipuri literature. He wrote a book of short stories called Leikolnungda (In the Garden)<ref name="http://classic.kanglaonline.com/!">{{cite news|title=KanglaOnline K-Special|work=Tayenjam Bijoykumar Singh!|publisher=|url=http://classic.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=printkshow&kid=1607&Idoc_Session=1b22ddd2873ef8925aed15a52b69a133|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref> in 1946, a year before the [[India's independence]]. In the same year, he also published another collection of short stories called Leinungshi (Fragrance) and thus began a new era of short stories. Shitaljit can be credited as the father of Manipuri short stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contemporary Manipuri Short Stories|url=http://www.manipurresearchforum.org/ContemporaryManipuriShortStories.htm|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=Nahakpam Aruna}}</ref> His short story (a) Kamala Kamala is included in the Civil Service Exam Syllabus for [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) Main Exam – Manipuri,<ref name="IAS Main Syllabus Manipuri">{{cite web|url= http://www.technicalsymposium.com/ias_main_syllabus_Manipuri.doc |format=DOC|title= Civil Service Exam Syllabus for IAS Main Exam – Manipuri}}</ref> (b) Inthokpa in [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] syllabus for class IX Manipuri,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbseguess.com/syllabus/2021/ |title= CBSE Syllabus Class IX, X 2020-21 |work=cbseguess.com |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> (c) Ima in [[Guwahati University]] TDC Manipuri course<ref name="GU TDC Manipuri">{{cite web|url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/home/notice_pdf/mainpuri.pdf|title=Gauhati University T.D.C. Manipuri Syllabus}}</ref> and so on.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkumar, Shitaljit Singh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]

Ram Raghunath Chaudhary

2026-04-23T09:27:17Z

MariskaFeari3794: new initial details from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1936–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Raghunath Chaudhary
| office = Member of [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| image =
| predecessor = [[Bhanu Prakash Mirdha]]
| successor = [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
| birth_date = 1 January 1936
| birth_place = [[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| term_end = 2004
| term_start = 1999
| parents =
| office2 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1972
| term_end2 = 1985
| constituency1 =
| constituency2 = [[Degana Assembly constituency]]
| successor2 = Kalyan Singh
| death_date = 6 April 2007
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Ram Raghunath Chaudhary''' (1 January 1936 – 6 April 2007)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MLA Ram Raghunath Choudhary (MLA) |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/nagaur/assembly-5/57449/ram-raghunath-choudhary-mla |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[Nagaur|Nagaur, Rajasthan]]. He served as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] representing [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]] constituency for two terms from 1998 to 2004. He also served as member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Degana Assembly constituency|Degana]] constituency from 1972 to 1985. He was a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission Of India - General Elections 1999 25 - Nagaur Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/key/ElectionAnalysis/DetailedResults/GE1999/S20/const25.htm |website=Rajasthan State Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Rajasthan&lsno=12 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaur Lok Sabha Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nagaur-lok-sabha |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Rajasthan 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/rajasthan/3/14 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Rajasthan 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1980/rajasthan/32/14 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 1 January 1936 to Pusa Ram Chaudhary and Gauri Devi in [[Nagaur district]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Chaudhary was born in [[Degana]] village in [[Nagaur district]] of Rajasthan on 18 August 1933, his father, Poosaram Chaudhary was involved in the farmer movements headed by Baldev Ram Mirdha. From then on, Ram Raghunath Chaudhary became passionate about fighting for farmers' rights in politics. Following the establishment of the Panchayati Raj system in 1959, he started his political career at the panchayat level and become the first head of Degana. He was the head once more, this time from 1965 to 1972. After joining the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], he won three elections to the [[Degana Assembly constituency|Degana assembly constituency]] as an MLA. He subsequently advanced to Parliament after winning the Lok Sabha elections from 1998 to 2004.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He earned his degree from [[BITS Pilani|Pilani Birla College]]. Chaudhary finished a year-long program course from the International Youth Exchange platform in addition to taking part in the agricultural exchange program in the [[United States]]. Furthermore, he brought up matters concerning farmers' welfare in his capacity as president of the Rajasthan Youth Farmers Forum. [[Ajay Singh Kilak]], his son, is currently the minister of the same department; his father was the head of the Nagaur District Land Development Cooperative Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=वर्ष 1959 में डेगाना से पहले प्रधान बने थे रामरघुनाथ चौधरी, किसान हितों को लेकर संसद में भी उठाए मुद्दे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/in-the-year-1959-ramanagunath-chaudhary-who-was-the-first-head-of-the-degana-raised-issues-related-to-farmers39-interest-in-the-parliament-034033-2832300.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ram Raghunath}}
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]

Mayukh Singh Mahar

2026-04-23T06:32:16Z

MariskaFeari3794: new - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mayukh Singh Mahar
| image = File:Mayukh Mahar.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]]
| constituency = [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Prakash Pant]]
| successor1 = [[Prakash Pant]]
| constituency1 = [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Kashi Singh Airy]]
| successor2 = Constituency Abolished
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1 January 1956|df=y}}
| constituency2 = [[Kanalichhina Assembly constituency|Kanalichhina]]
| education = [[M.A.]] and [[B.S.]] from [[Kumaon University]]
}}
'''Mayukh Singh Mahar''' (born, 1 January 1956) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]] who is the current member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayukh Mahar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PITHORAGARH(PITHORAGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1|access-date=2022-03-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a three term member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] and is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Pithoragarh Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Mayukh Mahar of INC Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pithoragarh-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854059.html|access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref>

Ethnically, he is a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] and a [[Kshatriya]] Rajput. He was elected as MLA from Pithoragarh constituency for the first time in 2012, defeating [[Prakash Pant]] by a significant margin of 13,197 votes and polling 59.46% of the votes cast and winning by over 23.10%. This was the highest victory margin in terms of number of votes and percentage in the history of [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency]]. Then, in [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017 assembly elections]], he got defeated by [[Prakash Pant]] by a margin of 2,684 votes, securing 45.15% of the votes cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRAKASH PANT Won with 32941 votes - 2017 Pithoragarh - Uttarakhand Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, in [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Elections]], he again came to power, defeating [[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 6,054 votes and securing 47.48% of the votes cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayukh Singh Mahar wins Pithoragarh Election Result 2022 LIVE: Pithoragarh MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/pithoragarh-assembly-elections-uk-44/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was also elected in [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] from the now defunct [[Kanalichhina Assembly constituency]] in Pithoragarh district, defeating UKD chief [[Kashi Singh Airy]] by a margin of 4,473 votes by securing 42.21% of the votes cast.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||[[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||47.48%||[[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||38.84%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]||[[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||45.15%||[[Prakash Pant]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49.16%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Won}} || 59.46% || [[Prakash Pant]] || {{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}} || 36.37%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2012/Form20/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2012/Form20/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]||[[Kanalichhina Assembly constituency|Kanalichhina]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||42.21%||[[Kashi Singh Airy]]||{{party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}||27.59%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Pithoragarh Assembly constituency|Pithoragarh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||24.18%||[[Prakash Pant]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39.15%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahar, Mayukh Singh}}
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kumaun University alumni]]

{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

List of mountains peaks of West Bengal

2026-04-23T05:51:00Z

MariskaFeari3794: stub

{{Short description|Excellent description}}
This is a list page of the mountains and hills found in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It includes a list of the highest mountains in each of the constituent districts. Hills greater than 1,000 meter [[AMSL]] are categorized as Mountains and less than 300 meter AMSL are categorized as Hillocks. [[Sandakfu]] is the highest peak of the state located in the [[Singalila Ridge]] of [[Himalayas]] while [[Chemtaburu]] is the highest peak in the southern West Bengal on [[Ajodhya Hills]] of the extended [[Eastern Ghats]].

== Peaks ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ranking
! Peak
! Height (m)
|-
| 1
| [[Sandakphu]]
| 3636
|-
| 2
| [[Phalut]]
| 3600
|-
| 3
| Sabargram
| 3543
|-
| 4
| Rachela Danda
| 3170
|-
| 5
| [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]]
| 3036
|-
| 6
| [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling|Tiger Hill]]
| 2600
|-
| 7
| [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum Hill]]
| 2400
|-
|8
|Sanchuli
|1924
|-
|9
|Sinchula
|1795
|-
|10
| [[Deolo Hill]]
| 1704
|-
| 11
| [[Durpin Hill]]
| 1372
|-
|12
|[[ Chamtaburu]]
|712
|-
| 13
| [[Gorgaburu]]
|677
|}

== Mountains ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ranking
! Mountain
! Highest peak
! Height (m)
! Mountain range
! District
|-
| 1
| [[Singalila Ridge]]
| [[Sandakphu]] || 3636 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Darjeeling]]
|-
| 2
| Darjeeling-Kurseong range
| [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling|Tiger Hill]] || 2600 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Darjeeling]]
|-
| 3
| Sinchula range
| Sanchuli || 1924 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Alipurduar]]
|-
| 4
| Chola range
| [[Deolo Hill]] || 1704 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Kalimpong]]
|}

== Hills ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ranking
! Hill
! Highest peak
! Height (m)
!
! Mountain range
! District
|-
|1
| [[Ajodhya Hills Range]]
| [[Chamtaburu]] || 719
| ||[[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] || [[Purulia]]
|-
|2
| [[Ajodhya Hills Range]]
| [[Gorgaburu]] || 677
| ||[[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] || [[Purulia]]
|-
| 3
| [[Panchet Hill]]
| ||490
| ||[[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]||[[Purulia]]
|-
| 4
| [[Biharinath]]
| || 451
| ||[[Eastern Ghats]] || [[Bankura]]
|-
| 5
| [[Susunia]]
| || 448
| ||[[Eastern Ghats]] || [[Bankura]]
|}

== Hillocks ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ranking
! Hillock
! Height (m)
! Plateau/Range
! District
|-
| 1
| [[Mukutmanipur]]
| 200
| [[Dalma Hills]]
| [[Bankura]]
|-
| 2
| [[Mama Bhagne]]
| 105
| [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| [[Birbhum]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Joychandi Pahar]]
* [[Geography of West Bengal]]
* [[List of mountains in India]]

[[Category:Mountains of West Bengal|*]]
[[Category:Hills of West Bengal|*]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Mountains and hills]]
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India|West Bengal]]

K. S. Jayalakshmi

2026-04-22T06:45:44Z

MariskaFeari3794: Made some page w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. S. Jayalakshmi
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1976 – present
| notable_works =
}}

'''K. S. Jayalakshmi''' is an Indian actress who works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] and television industries. She has acted in comedy roles in movies. Jayalakshmi made her acting debut in a Kannada film before acting in the Tamil film ''Etharkum Thuninthavan'' released in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/131946-cinema-and-serial-actress-jayalakshmi-talks-about-her-acting-career|title=''டி.வியும் சினிமாவும் என்னை மறந்திடுச்சு!'' - `தென்றல்' ஜெயலட்சுமி|first=கு.|last=ஆனந்தராஜ்|trans-title=''TV and cinema have forgotten me!'' - `Thendral' Jayalakshmi|date=25 July 2018|access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
She has since then been featured in more than a hundred films, including [[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|''Agni Satchi'']], ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'', ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'', [[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|''Guru Sishyan'']], ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' and ''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

She was regularly cast in productions by [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Kavithalaya Productions]] and has acted in numerous films by [[K. Balachander]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= June 2022}}
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|1999||''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]''||Madhavi Devi|| rowspan="3" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2000–2001||''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''||
|-
|2001–2002||''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]''||Shakunthala
|-
| 2003 || ''Roja'' || Rajalakshmi || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2003–2004||''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''||Bhargavi || rowspan="4" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Manaivi''||Malashree's mother
|-
|2006–2008||''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]''|| Chamundeswari
|-
|2008–2010||''[[Athipookal]]''||
|-
|2009–2010||''[[Karunamanjari]]''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2010–2012||''[[Uravugal]]''||Meenakshi|| rowspan="5" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2011–2015||''[[Thendral]]''||Thamizh's mother
|-
|rowspan=2|2013–2015||''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''||Shanthi
|-
||''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]''||Krishnaveni
|-
|2013–2016||''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''||Bombay Maami
|-
|2014||''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2015–2016||''Chandralekha''||Tamilarasi|| rowspan="3" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2015–2017||''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]''||Solaiyamma
|-
|2019–2023||''[[Pandavar Illam]]''||Valli
|-
|2020–2021 || ''[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]''|| Samiyadi || rowspan="3" | [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021–2022 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''||Parimalam
|-
|2023 || ''[[Peranbu (TV series)|Peranbu]]'' ||
|-
|2024–2025
|''Veetuku Veedu Vaasapadi''
|Krishnaveni’s mother Meena
|[[Star Vijay]]
|}

;Reality shows
* ''Vaanam Vasapadum''
* ''Super Kudumbam'' Season 1
* ''Sooriya Vanakkam''
* ''Sollathan Ninaikiren''
* ''Sagara Sangama''
* ''Puthiya Paatukal''
* ''Poi Solla Porom''

=== Films ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= June 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1977
|''Etharkum Thuninthavan''
|
|Tamil debut as Heroine
|-
|1978
|''Adhirstakaran''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Moodu Pani]]''
|Prostitute
|
|-
|1981
|[[Ellam Inba Mayyam|''Ellam Inba Mayam'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|''Agni Satchi'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''
|Malini's mother
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|''Guru Sishyan'']]
|Call girl
|
|-
|''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''
|Parvathi
|
|-
|''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991
|''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]''
|Pannaiyar's wife
|
|-
|''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kurumbukkaran''
|
|
|-
|''[[Azhagan]]''
|Swapna's teacher
|
|-
|''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vaasal]]''
|Sivappu Rukmani
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
|Ambika
|
|-
|''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]''
|Lilly
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Ilaignar Ani]]''
|Pudina
|
|-
|''[[Vanaja Girija]]''
|Mary
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Witness (1995 film)|''Witness'']]
|Ashok's mother
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Sivasakthi]]''
|Kameswari
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|[[Love Today (1997 film)|''Love Today'']]
|Preethi's mother
|
|-
|''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]''
|Jack-an-Jill's mother
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[Kummi Paattu]]''
|Amaravathi's mother
|
|-
|''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Thithikkudhe]]'' || Film financier ||
|-
|2015
|''[[Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum]]''
|
|
|-
|2025 || ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' || Kalyanasundaram's mother-in-law ||
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|6360161}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalakshmi, K. S.}}
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Laxmi Rajwade

2026-04-20T00:04:36Z

MariskaFeari3794: new - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1992)}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Laxmi Rajwade
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Laxmi Rajwade
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = Thakur Ram Rajwade
| children = 2
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education =
| occupation = Politician, Agriculture
| footnotes =
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office = Minister of Women and Child Development [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 22 December 2023
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| predecessor = [[Anila Bhediya]]
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Bhatgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatgaon]]
}}

'''Laxmi Rajwade''' (born 10 November 1992) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She is the current Minister of Women and Child Development in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22|title= पहली बार की विधायक बनीं विष्णुदेव सरकार में मंत्री, क्यों लक्ष्मी राजवाड़े को मिला जिम्मा|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/chhattisgarh/story-modi-found-female-obc-face-from-surguja-who-is-lakshmi-rajwade-who-was-made-minister-9101689.amp.html |access-date=2024-07-01|website=Live Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref> She was elected [[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]] winning the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] in December 2023 from [[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=times of India|first=The|date=2023-12-22|title=At 31,Laxmi Rajwade is the Youngest Minister In Chhattisgarh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-31-laxmi-rajwade-is-the-youngest-minister-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/106214815.cms|access-date=2024-06-30|website=The times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title= BJP MLA Laxmi Rajwade Biography in Hindi|url=https://npg.news/politics/bjp-mla-laxmi-rajwade-biography-in-hindi-vidhayak-laxmi-rajwade-ka-jivan-parichay-1256311|access-date = 2024-06-30| website= npg| language= hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajwade is from [[Bhatgaon, Surajpur|Bhatgaon]], Surajpur District, Chhattisgarh. She married Thakur Prasad Rajwade and they have two children. She passed Class 12 and could not complete her B.A. as she discontinued after second year in 2022 at a college affiliated to [[Sant Gahira Guru University]], [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Rajwade(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHATGAON(SURAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=414 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajwade is the youngest minister in [[Vishnu Deo Sai ministry|Sai ministry]]. She won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party from Bhatgaon Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Rajwade, BJP Candidate from Bhatgaon Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh/laxmi-rajwade-assembly-candidate-s26aed2008a005e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> She polled 105,162 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Paras Nath Rajwade]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 43,962 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhatgaon Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Laxmi Rajwade defeats INC's Parasnath Rajwade with 43962 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bhatgaon-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470822-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhatgaon Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Laxmi Rajwade Wins From Bhatgaon |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bhatgaon-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647340 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajwade, Laxmi}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surajpur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kharsawan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:46Z

MariskaFeari3794: Made initial page v1

{{Short description|Electoral district in Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name =Kharsawan
| map_image =Kharsawan constituency map.svg
| state =[[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons =[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| district =[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla =[[Dashrath Gagrai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| established = 2000
| electors = {{formatnum:209017}}
| constituency_no =57}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Kharsawan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=50|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=50|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

==Overview==
As defined in the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Kharsawan Assembly constituency covers Kharsawan and Kuchai police stations and Seraikella police station (excluding Seraikella municipality and Govindpur, Para, Manik Bazar, Tangrani, Pathanmara, Jordiha Gurugudia and Badakakda gram panchayats), village 98-Dighi in Rajnagar police station, and Bhoya Keadchalam, Domra Parnia, Lota, Thakurgutu, Dopai-Gamhariya, Sarda, Matkamhatu, Khuntpani, Chiru and Rajabasa gram panchayats in Chaibasa Mufassil police station.

The constituency is reserved for members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]. Kharsawan Assembly constituency is within [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = West Singhbhum District Page 171, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Ujindra Lal Ho || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-67: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||Debilal Matisoy || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Chandra Mohan Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Gulab Singh Munda || {{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan="2"|Debilal Matisoy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Singh Soy]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Arjun Munda]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ||[[Arjun Munda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] ||Mangal Singh Soy<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2011^ ||[[Arjun Munda]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ||rowspan="3"|[[Dashrath Gagrai]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dashrath Gagrai]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=85,772 |percentage=47.24% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonaram Bodra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,157 |percentage=29.28% |change={{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandu Ram Haiburu |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=33,841 |percentage=18.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hiralal Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,350 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Jarika |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,356 |percentage=1.85% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,615 |percentage=17.96% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,81,571 |percentage=79.81% |change= {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,503 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dashrath Gagrai]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=73,341 |percentage=48.15% |change={{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Lal Banra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,546 |percentage=33.19% |change={{decrease}}7.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Jarika |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=9,451 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Honhaga |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,134 |percentage=2.06% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hiralal Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,589 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwat Prasad Majhi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,498 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunvar Sinh Banra |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,742 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,614 |percentage=1.06% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,795 |percentage=14.97% |change= {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,311 |percentage=72.87% |change= {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,09,017 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dashrath Gagrai]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=72,002 |percentage=49.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,036 |percentage=40.98% |change={{decrease}}14.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhotray Kisku |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,927 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradhan Pasingh Gundua |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,523 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangilal Purty |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,639 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kande Ram Kurli |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=993 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalji Ram Tiu |party=Independent politician |votes=852 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,746 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,966 |percentage=8.17% |change= {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,499 |percentage=77.76% |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,397 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 elections in India#Jharkhand|2011 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/|title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61,801 |percentage=55.34% |change={{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Gagrai |party= |votes=44,355 |percentage=39.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Orawn |party=Independent politician |votes=1,843 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Oraon |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,177 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram Kurli |party=Independent politician |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Jamuda |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,446 |percentage=15.62% |change= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,671 |percentage=72.10% |change= {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,880 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Singh Soy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,661 |percentage=47.02% |change={{decrease}}21.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basko Besra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,442 |percentage=22.71% |change={{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhotray Kisku |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=9,906 |percentage=8.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitima Bodra Bari |party=Rashtriya Deshaj Party |votes=6,035 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kande Ram Kurli |party=Independent politician |votes=3,574 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kujuri Honhaga |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,051 |percentage=1.83% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwat Prasad Majhi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,984 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,219 |percentage=24.30% |change= {{decrease}}26.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,007 |percentage=72.52% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,453 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=74,797 |percentage=68.43% |change={{increase}}17.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunti Soy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,453 |percentage=17.80% |change={{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=4,841 |percentage=4.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagu Charan Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,569 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gora Purti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,395 |percentage=1.28% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwat Prasad Majhi |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,305 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Bandra |party=Independent politician |votes=783 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,344 |percentage=50.63% |change= {{increase}}35.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,308 |percentage=66.59% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsawan<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,521 |percentage=50.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Soy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,847 |percentage=35.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh Leyangi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=6,771 |percentage=7.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Tiu |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,490 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhan Singh Hembrom |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,207 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhi Ram Majhi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=549 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jag Mohan Soy |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,674 |percentage=15.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,679 |percentage=62.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,272 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.782|85.821|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Jajpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:41Z

MariskaFeari3794: Made a details initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jajpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jajpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 52
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sujata Sahu (politician)|Sujata Sahu]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,44,613{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Jajpur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=52|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303062423/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=52|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Jajpur (52) District : Jajpur|accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref>

The areas in this constituency include [[Jajpur]], 16 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Basudevpur, Beruda, Bhubaneswarpur, Bhuinpur, Bichitrapur, Chainipur, Jahanpur, Khairabad, Mala Anandapur, Markandapur, Nathasahi, Panasa, Maheswarpur, Shyamadaspur, Similia and Upparbaruhan) of Jajpur block and 16 GPs (Susua, Duduranta, Kanikapada, Mangalpur, Akarapada, Champeipal, Chhachina, Chittalo, Dasrathpur, Gopalpur, Kasapa, Katikata, Khandara, Mallikapur, Taliha and Tarpada) of Dasarathpur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp25.htm|title= 25 - Jajpur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.92}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|60.24}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|69.17}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.05}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.25}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.82}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|42.24}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|57.12}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|52.06}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|61.25}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1963. It was a 2-member constituency from 1952 to 1971.

List of members elected from Jajpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Jajpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jajpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jajpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Jajpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jajpur-constituency-result-18052 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sujata Sahu (politician)|Sujata Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
| rowspan="3" |[[Pranab Prakash Das]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Parameswar Sethi
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |Suryamani Jena
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagannath Mallik
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Niranjan Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |Jagannath Mallik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|-
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadai{{efn|from Jajpur West}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Santanu Kumar Das{{efn|from Jajpur East (SC)}}
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadai{{efn|from Jajpur West}}
|-
|1963 (bypoll){{efn|from Jajpur West}}{{efn|Death of Madan Mohan Patnaik}}
|Narayan Chandra Pati
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Santanu Kumar Das{{efn|from Jajpur East (SC)}}
|-
|Madan Mohan Patnaik{{efn|from Jajpur West}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Santanu Kumar Das
|-
|Gadadhar Dutta
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Santanu Kumar Das
|-
|Gadadhar Dutta
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sujata Sahu (politician)|Sujata Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Goutam Ray by 2,564 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Jajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sujata Sahu (politician)|Sujata Sahu]]
|votes = 86,049
|percentage = 47.92
|change = {{decrease}}12.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Ray
|votes = 83,485
|percentage = 46.49
|change = {{increase}}10.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudip Kumar Kar
|votes = 6,477
|percentage = 3.61
|change = {{increase}}0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,230
|percentage = 0.68
|change ={{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,564
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 179,580
|percentage = 73.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In the 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pranab Prakash Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Goutam Ray by 40,656 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise Odisha Assembly Election Result 2019|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1852.htm?ac=52|publisher=Election Commission Of India|accessdate=23 May 2019}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pranab Prakash Das]]
|votes = 99,738
|percentage = 60.24
|change = -8.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Ray
|votes = 59,082
|percentage = 35.68
|change = 24.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Nanda
|votes = 4,745
|percentage = 2.87
|change = -10.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 866
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,656
|percentage = 24.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,572
|percentage = 70.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pranab Prakash Das]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Santosh Kumar Nanda by huge margin of 84,613 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise Odisha Assembly Election Result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jajpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Jajpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1852.htm?ac=52|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531144450/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1852.htm?ac=52|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Jajpur (52)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=52|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531163524/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=52|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pranab Prakash Das]]
|votes = 1,04,458
|percentage = 69.17
|change = 19.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Nanda
|votes = 19,845
|percentage = 13.14
|change = -12.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagannath Prasad Samal
|votes = 17,180
|percentage = 11.38
|change = -11.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None
|votes = 1,167
|percentage = 0.77
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 84,613
|percentage = 56.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,026
|percentage = 72.89
|change = 9.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pranab Prakash Das]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debabrata Kantha by 30,245 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=30245 |accessdate=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jajpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pranab Prakash Das]]
|votes = 61,712
|percentage = 50.05
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debabrata Kantha
|votes = 31,467
|percentage = 25.52
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Ray
|votes = 27,785
|percentage = 22.53
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,245
|percentage = 24.53{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,23,340
|percentage = 63.84
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jajpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.84|86.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Tana Hali Tara

2026-04-12T14:42:06Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tana Hali Tara
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| office = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Doimukh Assembly constituency|Doimukh]]
| assembly =
| majority =
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Nabam Rebia]]
| successor = [[Nabam Vivek]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Assam, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children =
| relatives =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| other_party =
}}
'''Tana Hali Tara''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He has been elected as Member of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election in [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] from [[Doimukh Assembly constituency|Doimukh constituency]] as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate.<ref name="election20193">{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/|access-date=13 October 2021|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>

He contested as BJP candidate in [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Elections]] and lost to [[People's Party of Arunachal|PPA]] candidate [[Nabam Vivek]] by a margin of 2,530 votes.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Doimukh">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0214.htm|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Doimukh|date=2 June 2024|work=|accessdate=19 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519170825/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0214.htm|archivedate=19 May 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doimukh (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/doimukh|title=Doimukh (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024|date=2 June 2024|accessdate=19 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519170812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/doimukh|archivedate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hali Tara, Tana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nagarkurnool district

2026-04-04T01:06:24Z

MariskaFeari3794: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagarkurnool district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Madhava Swamy Temple, Kollapur Telangana 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Madhava Swamy Temple, [[Kollapur]]
| image_map = Nagarkurnool in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Nagarkurnool district'''
|type=shape |id=Q28169773
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Nagarkurnool district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Nagarkurnool
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = 4
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nagarkurnool]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 22
| area_total_km2 = 6924
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 861766
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 54.38
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 968:1000
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Sri P Uaday Kumar IAS
| leader_title1 = [[India Parliament|Parliament]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = 1 (Nagarkurnool)
| leader_title2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = 4(Nagarkurnool, Achchampet, Kalwakurthy, kollapur)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–31<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://nagarkurnool.telangana.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Nagarkurnool district''' is a [[district]] in the southern region of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130552639243.Nagarkurnool.pdf|title=Nagarkurnool district|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119221638/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130552639243.Nagarkurnool.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New districts map|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/template1-assets/downloads/map.jpg|website=newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2016}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The town of [[Nagarkurnool]] is the district headquarters. The district shares boundaries with [[Nalgonda]], [[Rangareddy]], [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Wanaparthy]] districts and with the state boundary of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== History ==
The Nagarkurnool district is historically, traditionally ruled by several empires in past. The evidence of monuments and inscriptions found near confluence of rivers [[Krishna River]] and [[Tungabhadra River]] reveals that it was an inhabited place since the Stone Age. Many places of this district have legendary history. The history of the district is divided into four periods, from [[Badami Chalukya]] till the [[Muslim invasion]]. [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] ruled Nandi vardhamana puram by making capital. Its near Village of [[Nagarkurnool]]. [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] was the secret agent of Rani [[Rudrama Devi]].

Early Western [[Chalukya]] period lasting from about A.D. 535 to about A.D.757. Rastrakuta period from A.D. 757 to A.D.973, and Eruva [[cholas]] also ruled. The River Krishna was southern boundary for [[Kakatiya Empire]] and later was under [[Deccan sultanates]].

== Geography ==

The district is spread over an area of {{convert|6545.00|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the 3rd largest district by area.

== Geography and climate ==

Nagarkurnool is located at {{Coord|18.0|N|79.58|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 458 metres (1503 feet).It is settled in the central [[Deccan Plateau]] and northern part of [[Nallamalla Hills]] made up of granite rocks and hill formations. Most of the region is occupied by [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]] and [[Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] towards the southern region of the district. The region falls under semi arid climate which left the region barren making the cultivation dependent on seasonal rainfall.
[[Krishna]] river flows from southern border of district and additionally the district has many interlinked chains of lakes and ponds that drain into "Dindubi" river. Located in the semi-arid region of Telangana, Nagarkurnool has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summer starts in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the {{convert|42|C|F}} range. The [[monsoon]] arrives in June and lasts until September with about {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in October and lasts until early February, when there is little humidity and average temperatures in the {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} range. Many hill rocks and lakes are located throughout district.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nagarkurnool district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.44}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.70}}
}}

As per the 2011 Census of India, Nagarkurnool district had a population of 861,766, of which 107,459 (12.47%) were children under the age of six. The district recorded a sex ratio of 968 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 54.38%. A total of 87,830 people (10.19%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes numbered 183,769 (21.32%) and Scheduled Tribes 106,880 (12.40%).<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Nagar Kurnool District Census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_A_DCHB_MAHABUBNAGAR.pdf |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Census of India |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

The population of the district increased from 772,807 in 2001 to 861,766 in 2011, marking a growth rate of 11.5% over the decade.<ref name="census2011" />

In terms of language, 84.32% of the population reported Telugu as their mother tongue, followed by Lambadi (9.54%) and Urdu (5.48%).<ref name="census2011" />

By religion, Hindus formed the majority at 93.16%, while Muslims accounted for 5.70% and Christians 0.44%; other religions or not stated comprised 0.70%.<ref name="census2011" />

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Nagarkurnool District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|280px|Nagarkurnool District Revenue divisions]]
The district has four [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]] of Achampet, [[Nagarkurnool]], [[Kalwakurthy]] and [[Kollapur]] and is sub-divided into 20 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="newdist" /><ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=Clipping of Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily – Hyderabad|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|website=Andhra Jyothy|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185052/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandal&Villages – THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF NAGARKURNOOL DISTRICT|url=http://nagarkurnool.telangana.gov.in/mandalvillages/|access-date=2020-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Sri P Uaday Kumar IAS is the present collector of the district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who {{!}} Nagarkurnool District, Telangana {{!}} India|url=https://nagarkurnool.telangana.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/|access-date=2020-09-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Mandals in District
|-
|1
|[[Nagarkurnool]]
|-
|2
|[[Tadoor]]
|-
|3
|Pentlavelli
|-
|4
|[[Kollapur]]
|-
|5
|Kodair
|-
|6
|[[Kalwakurthy]]
|-
|7
|[[Urkondapeta|Urkonda]]
|-
|8
|[[Charakonda]]
|-
|9
|[[Vangoor]]
|-
|10
|[[Veldanda]]
|-
|11
|[[Achampet, Nagarkurnool District|Achampet]]
|-
|12
|Uppununthala
|-
|13
|[[Amrabad]]
|-
|14
|[[Bijinapalle]]
|-
|15
|Telkapally
|-
|16
|Thimmajipet
|-
|17
|Peddakothapally
|-
|18
|Balmoor
|-
|19
|Padra
|-
|20
|Lingala
|}

== Politics ==
The district includes the [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which was represented in the 17th Lok Sabha by [[Pothuganti Ramulu]] of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi. In the 2024 Indian general election, [[Mallu Ravi]] of the Indian National Congress was elected from the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2912.htm |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy, with a majority of the population engaged in farming and allied activities. Major crops cultivated include paddy, maize, and pulses, along with cotton and groundnut in some areas. The district also has a significant presence of horticulture, particularly mango and citrus plantations. Irrigation support is provided by projects such as the Kalwakurthy Lift Irrigation Scheme, which has improved agricultural productivity in parts of the district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2022 |title=Kalwakurthy Lift Irrigation boosts agriculture in Nagarkurnool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kalwakurthy-lift-irrigation-boosts-agriculture/article65649789.ece |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Apart from agriculture, the district’s economy includes small-scale industries such as rice mills, seed processing units, and handloom weaving. Employment in the government sector, education, and services also contributes to local livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2021 |title=Nagarkurnool district profile |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nagarkurnool-district-profile |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Roadway ===
There are two national highways that connect the district, NH765 Hyderabad to Srisailam connects Kalwakurthy town and Mannanur village in Nallamala hills and runs through the forests of Amrabad to reach srisailam. NH167 Bellary to Kodad connects Kalwakurthy with Mahaboobnagar, Jadcherla to the west and Devarakonda towards the east. SH20 starts from Mahboobnagar connects Nagarkurnool, Achampet to join NH765 at foothills of Nallamala.
A proposed new national highway 167k from Hyderabad to Nandyal is expected to connect towns of Kalwakurthy, Nagarkurnool and Kollapur with Atmakur, Nandyal in [[Nandyal]] district of Andhra Pradhesh.

The district is well connected within neighbor towns and cities by bus. [[TSRTC]] operates bus services from 4 major towns of Nagarkurnool, Kalwakurthy, Achampet and Kollapur with nearby villages and major towns such as Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar and Kurnool.

=== Railway ===
There are no railway lines in the district, the nearest railway station is [[Jadcherla]]. A proposed railway line from Gadwal to Macherla that is expected to link Nagarkurnool and Kalwakurthy towns of the district. However, the project is on due for approval for several years.<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/no-gadwal-macharla-rail-line-yet-again {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
The '''Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation''' is a state government agency identified and developed several places of Interest throughout the district.

===Religious tourism===

* [[Umamaheshwaram]]
* Saleswaram
* [[Somasila|Lalitha Someswara Swamy Temple]]
* [[Kollapur|Sri Madanagopalaswamy Temple]]
* [[Kollapur|Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy Temple]]
* [[Bijinapalle|Nandeeswara shaneeswara Temple]]
* [[Telkapalle|Ramagiri Temple]]
* [[Maddimadugu| Hanuman Temple]]
* [[Loddi Mallayya| Shivayya Temple]]

===Eco-tourism===

The forest regions at the southern boundaries of the district are part of [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]]. Telangana Tourism developed a jungle safari and trek at Farahbad forest checkpoint and river cottages at River Krishna near Eegalapenta towards Srisailam. The backwaters of Krishna river from Srisailam Reservoir at [[Somasila]] are developed under the state eco-tourism package with cottages, river cruising and trekking activities at the foothills of Nallamala.

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

* [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mahbubnagar district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://narayanpet.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Nagarkurnool district|state=expanded}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Nagarkurnool district
|North = [[Ranga Reddy district]]
|Northeast = [[Nalgonda district]]
|East = [[Nalgonda district]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest = [[Wanaparthy district]]
|West = [[Wanaparthy district]]
|Northwest = [[Mahabubnagar district]]
}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Nagarkurnool district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Shankargarh

2026-04-02T15:32:07Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting stub.

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shankargarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|11|N|81|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17785
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-70
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shankargarh''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Prayagraj district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is also known as Kasauta Shankargarh.

==History==
During the [[British Raj]], it was known as Kasuta Shankargarh Bara Rajya. Raja Kamlakar Singh was most known among all the emperors of the region because of a landmark established by him, the Raja Kamlakar Inter College. Later on in 2000, Raja Kamlakar Degree College was established by Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh. These two landmarks are leading the education in the area.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[Gupta Empire|Gupta Period]] historical place [[Garhwa Fort]] is situated near (5 km) from Shankargarh, approximately 50 km south of [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]. It was built in the year 1750, but it has few remains of structures of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty]] (240-605 CE).

==Demographics==
[[File:Garhwa fort temple.jpg|left|thumb|[[Garhwa Fort]] temple.]]
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Shankargarh had a total population of 17,785, of which 9,343 were males and 8,442 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 2,712. The total number of literates in Shankargarh was 11,442, which constituted 64.3% of the population with male literacy of 69.8% and female literacy of 58.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Shankargarh was 75.9%, of which male literacy rate was 83.2% and female literacy rate was 68.0%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 4,087 and 107 respectively. Shankargarh had 3095 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Shankargarh |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=187171 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} the India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Shankargarh had a population of 13,116. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Shankargarh has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 52%. In Shankargarh, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Region:
Shankargarh is Block in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] District of [[Uttar Pradesh]] State, [[India]]. Shankargarh Block Headquarters is Shankargarh town. It belongs to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] Division.
[[Prayagraj|Allahabad City]], [[Chitrakoot district|Citrakoot city]], [[Rewa district|Rewa City]], [[Varanasi|Varanasi City]] are the nearby Cities to Shankargarh. It is at the 145 m elevation(altitude).

[[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Varanasi]], [[Rewa district|Rewa]], [[Vindhyachal]], [[Satna district|Satna]] are the nearby Important tourist destinations to see.
[[Hindi]] is the Local Language here. Also People Speaks [[Urdu]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] .

==Industries==
Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited is a coal-based, 3*660MW, super critical thermal power plant located in Shankargarh (Bara Tehsil) in [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The power plant is owned by Renascent Power, a subsidiary of the [[Tata Power|Tata power]] Power. The total cost of the project was INR 12,000 crores.[1] In November 2019 Resurgent Power Ventures Pte. Limited (Resurgent Power) has announced closing the deal for acquiring 75 per cent stake in Jaiprakash Associates Ltd's Prayagraj Power.

BPCL also reassessing plan to build refinery in Shankargarh, [[Prayagraj]]

==River==
[[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] is lifeline for this region which is 20 km in radius from Shankargarh Block. Various irrigation projects are going on to make nearest areas more fertile and suitable for farming. Economy of this area depends mainly on agriculture and silica mining.

The [[Loni River|Loni river]] is the major river and is called the lifeline of Shankargarh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title=Loni river's revival gains momentum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/loni-rivers-revival-gains-momentum/articleshow/122303385.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Samajwadi Party|SP]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] are the major political parties in this area.
Shankargarh Block comes under Bara assembly constituency, current sitting MLA is Dr. Ajay Kumar contested and won from SP party
Shankargarh Block comes under Allahabad parliament constituency, current sitting MP is [[Ujjwal Raman Singh]] from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]

==Silica mines==
The main occupation of the local population is mining activity and stone quarrying, as the land is not very fertile. The Raja of Shankargarh has mining rights over 46 villages (covering an area of 150  km2) in perpetuity and gives the rights to contractors who in turn hire local labourers to extract minerals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/stories/sankalp.htm |title=Uttar Pradesh: Sankalp empowers the mineworkers of Shankargarh |publisher=India Together |date=12 March 2001 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1180357.ece Indian cave art saved from the wreckers]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} from The Times online dated 2002-10-31

{{Prayagraj district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Prayagraj district]]

Shiv K. Kumar

2026-03-28T08:02:26Z

MariskaFeari3794: quick update

{{short description|Indian poet (1921–2017)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''Shiv K. Kumar''' (16 August 1921, [[Lahore]], [[British India]] – 1 March 2017, [[Hyderabad]], [[India]])<ref name="Muse India 2017">{{cite web | title=Prof Shiv K Kumar no more | website=Welcome to Muse India | date=2017-03-02 | url=http://www.museindia.com/newsview.asp?id=189 | access-date=2017-03-28 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142108/http://www.museindia.com/newsview.asp?id=189 | archive-date=29 March 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> was an Indian English-language [[poet]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], and [[short story writer]].<ref>{{cite book|title=International Who's Who in Poetry 2005|year=2004|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-1857432695|page=889}}</ref> His grandfather late Tulsi Das Kumar was a school teacher and his father Bishan Das Kumar, was a retired headmaster. The letter 'K' stands for Krishna, i.e. Shiv Krishna Kumar.

==Early life and education==
Shiv K. Kumar was born in [[Lahore]], [[British India]], in 1921. He matriculated from [[Dayanand Anglo Vedic]] High School in 1937. He studied for his B.A. at [[Government College, Lahore]] and his M.A. at [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]] (1943).<ref name=passage>He was also tutored by the influential British critic [[F.R. Leavis]] during his stay in [[Cambridge]].
{{cite book
| title = A passage to Shiv K. Kumar: from agony to ecstasy
| author = Prabhat K. Singh
| publisher = Sarup & Sons, 2002, 348 pages
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8MaifFGMTa0C&pg=PA332
| isbn = 9788176252362
| year = 2001
}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1943, he joined D.A.V. College Lahore as a lecturer, but moved to Delhi during the [[Partition of India|partition]]. After brief stints as lecturer at [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi]], and as programme officer at the [[All India Radio]], [[Delhi]], he left India to join [[Fitzwilliam College]], [[Cambridge]] in 1950. In 1956, he received his PhD in [[English Literature]] from the [[University of Cambridge]]. The topic of his dissertation was 'Bergson and the Stream of Consciousness Novel'. His research supervisor was Professor [[David Daiches]]. He was also tutored by the influential British critic [[F.R. Leavis]] during his stay in Cambridge.

Shiv K. Kumar worked as a professor and chair of the department [[English literature]] at [[Osmania University]] Hyderabad primarily from 1959 to 1976 . Subsequently, he was the founder Head of the department of English at the [[University of Hyderabad]], acting as its vice - chancellor and first dean of humanities until his retirement in 1980 . He returned to serve as a UGC emeritus professor of English at Osmania University from 1984 to 1986 .During 1972–74, he was a UGC National Lecturer in English. He was the "Distinguished Visiting Professor" at the Universities of Oklahoma and Northern Iowa, and Visiting Professor at the Universities of Drake, Hofstra, Marshall, etc. He was also a visiting fulbright fellow at [[Yale University]].
He was nominated as a member of the Jury for the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]] (USA, 1981).

Several of his poems and short stories have been broadcast over the [[BBC]]—and published in Indian, British, American, Canadian and Australian journals and magazines. They have also been translated into several Indian and foreign languages.

In 1978, he was elected as a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]], London<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows|title = Royal Society of Literature All Fellows|publisher = Royal Society of Literature|access-date = 9 August 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305070326/http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows|archive-date = 5 March 2010|df = dmy-all}}</ref> during his stay in England as Commonwealth Visiting Professor of English at the [[University of Kent]] at [[Canterbury]]. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1987 for his collection of poems ''Trapfalls in the Sky''. In 2001, he was awarded with the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contribution to literature.

He lived in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and was married to Madhu and they had two children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chittaranjan Mishra: Metaphors of Double Vision : Shiv K. Kumar|url=http://www.museindia.com/regularcontent.asp?issid=45&id=3664#top|publisher=Muse India|access-date=25 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122709/http://www.museindia.com/regularcontent.asp?issid=45&id=3664#top|archive-date=14 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harimohanparuvu.blogspot.com/2010/11/shiv-k-kumar-chance-meeting-with-tall.html|title = Harimohan paruvu: Shiv K. Kumar - A Chance Meeting with a Tall Literary Figure|date = 28 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/08/06/stories/1306129x.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125183548/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/08/06/stories/1306129x.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|title = Love across religious divide |work= The Hindu|access-date= 8 August 2010}}</ref>

==Works==

His published works include:

'''As Poet''' :

* ''Articulate Silences'', [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]], 1970
* ''Cobwebs in the Sun'', [[Tata McGraw-Hill]], [[New Delhi]], 1974
* ''Subterfuges'', [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]], 1976 (includes the oft anthologised poem ''Indian Women'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/gatheredgrace029041mbp#page/n51/mode/2up|title = Gathered Grace|year = 1991|publisher = Sterling Publishers New Delhi}}</ref>
* ''Woodpeckers'', [[Sidgwick & Jackson]], [[London]], 1979
* ''Trapfalls in the Sky'', [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]], Madras, 1986 ([[Sahitya Akademi Award for English]], 1987; translated into Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.)
* ''Woolgathering'', [[Orient Longman]], [[Hyderabad]], 1995
* ''Thus Spake the Buddha'', UBSPD, [[New Delhi]], 2001
* ''Losing My Way'', Peacock Books, [[New Delhi]], 2008<ref>excerpts: [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/kumar-2008-losing-my-way.html book excerptise]</ref>
* ''Voice of Buddha: A Poetic Transcreation of The Dhammapada'', Atlantic, [[New Delhi]], 2008
* ''Intezar'' (A Collection of Poems in Urdu), Educational Publishing House, [[New Delhi]], 2009
* ''Tum Kaho Main Sunoon'' (A Collection of Poems in Urdu), Educational Publishing House, [[New Delhi]], 2010
* ''Which of My Selves Do You Wish to Speak to? Selected Poems'', [[Penguin Books]], [[New Delhi]], 2011
* ''Mujasma-e-Husn'' (A Collection of Poems in Urdu), (MS)
* ''Where Have the Dead Gone?'', (MS)
His individual poems have appeared in ''The New York Times'', ''Poetry Review'' (London), ''Ariel'', ''Southern Review'', ''Hemisphere Meanjin'', ''Western Humanities Review'', ''Trafika'' (Prague), etc.

'''As Playwright''':
* ''The Last Wedding Anniversary'', [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]], 1975. Produced by the Indian National Theatre, and also translated into Urdu as ''Shaadi Ki Akhri Saal Girah'', Shero Hikmat, [[Hyderabad]], 1977.

'''As Novelist''':
* ''The Bone's Prayer'', Arnold Heinemann, 1979. Also translated into Hindi as ''Atmahatya'', Rajpal & Sons, [[New Delhi]], 1980.
* ''Nude Before God'', Vanguard Press, [[New York City|New York]], 1983—and Penguin Books, [[New Delhi]], 1987
* ''A River with Three Banks'', UBSPD, [[New Delhi]], 1998—Translated into Hindi as ''Teen Kinaron Vali Nadi'', Saransh, [[New Delhi]], 1999
* ''Infatuation'', UBSPD, [[New Delhi]], 2000.
* ''Two Mirrors at the Ashram'', Penguin, [[New Delhi]], 2007
* ''Rough Passage to the Bodhi Tree'' (The Buddha: From Renunciation to Enlightenment), (MS)

'''As Short Story Writer''':
* ''Beyond Love & Other Stories'', Vikas, [[New Delhi]], 1980
* ''To Nun with Love & Other Stories'', Orient Longman, [[Hyderabad]], 2001
* ''Face Behind the Mirror & Other Stories'', (MS)

'''As Translator''':
* ''Selected Poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz'' (Urdu to English)

'''As Critic''':
* ''Bergson and the Stream of Consciousness Novel'', [[New York University Press]], [[New York City|New York]], 1963
* ''Critical Approaches to Fiction'' (edited in collaboration with Keith F. McKean), [[McGraw-Hill]], New York, 1969—and several other works of literary criticism.
His research papers have appeared in such scholarly journals as ''Modern Philology'', ''Modern Language Review'', ''Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism'', ''Modern Language Quarterly'', ''Modern Language Notes'', ''English Studies'', etc.

'''Miscellaneous''':
* ''The Mahabharata'', [[HarperCollins]], New Delhi, 2011. Also being translated into Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Bengali, Tamil, etc.
* ''Conversations with Celebrities'', (MS)

'''Critical Books on Shiv K. Kumar''':
* Prabhat K. Singh, ''A Passage to Shiv K. Kumar'' (Swarup & Sons), [[New Delhi]], 2001
* Bijay K. Das, ''Shiv K. Kumar as a Post-Colonial Poet'' (Atlantic), [[New Delhi]], 2001
* R. Shankar, ''Shiv K. Kumar's Poetry: Imagery and Symbolism'' (ABD), [[Jaipur]], 2010
* ''The Journal of South Asian Literature'' (Michigan) brought out a special issue on his writings in 1990.

== Appearances in the following poetry anthologies ==
* ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite journal |title= Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/82/67 |journal=Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature |date=15 June 2009 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |access-date=4 September 2018|last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta }}</ref>
* ''A New Book of Indian Poems In English'' (2000) ed. by [[Gopi Kottoor]] and published by [[Poetry Chain]] and [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]
* ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets'' (1976) ed. by [[R. Parthasarathy]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten 20th Century Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/parthasarathy-1976-ten-20th-century.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Indian English Literature]]
* [[Indian Writing in English]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal|title= "Beyond the empiric point": Poetry of Shiv K. Kumar}}
*[https://archive.today/20120523191940/http://www.flipkart.com/shiv-kumar-post-colonial-poet/8126900474-ou23f3p6de Shiv K. Kumar As A Post-Colonial Poet]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Shiv N}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets|Kumar, Shiv K]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Scholars of English literature]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]

Kilavikulam

2026-03-28T02:27:05Z

MariskaFeari3794:

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kilavikulam
| official_name =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| pushpin_relief1 =
| pushpin_overlay1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|21|37.4|N|77|35|08.3|E|display=inline}}
}}
'''Kilavikulam''' is a village in [[Rajapalayam]] Taluk in [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]] District of [[Tamil Nadu]] State in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located at 50 km from the District Headquarters of Virudhunagar and located 597 km from [[Chennai]] (Capital City of Tamil Nadu State).

== Climate ==
The village is a region of extreme hotness and low [[humidity]]. The north east [[monsoon]] provides the bulk of [[rainfall]] during the months of October and November. The north east monsoons, which starts in June and lasts until mid August makes the region relatively cooler than in other months.

== Economy ==
The local economy includes surgical cotton, polyspin industries as well as farming.

==Culture==
People follow orthodox Hinduism and the Thai pongal and Chithirai Pongal festivals are celebrated.

== Adjacent communities ==
{{Empty section|date=November 2021}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Kilavikulam
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

{{Virudhunagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Virudhunagar district]]

Ezra Pound

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MariskaFeari3794: typo fix

{{Short description|American poet and critic (1885–1972)}}
{{Redirect|William Atheling|the author who wrote under the pen name William Atheling Jr.|James Blish}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Ezra Pound by Alvin Langdon Coburn, 1913.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of Ezra H. Pound|Pound photographed in 1913 by [[Alvin Langdon Coburn]]]]


'''Ezra Weston Loomis Pound''' (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an [[List of poets from the United States|American poet]] and critic, a major figure in the early [[modernist poetry]] movement, and a [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborator]] in [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] and the [[Italian Social Republic|Salò Republic]] during [[World War II]]. His works include ''[[Ripostes]]'' (1912), ''[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]'' (1920), and ''[[The Cantos]]'' ({{circa|1915}}–1962).<ref>Stoicheff (1995), 6; Beach (2003), 32. The first cantos were published in 1917, and the final complete canto was published in 1962.</ref>

Pound's contribution to poetry began in the early 20th century with his role in developing [[Imagism]], a movement stressing precision and economy of language. Working in London as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, he helped to discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as [[H.D.]], [[Robert Frost]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], and [[James Joyce]]. He was responsible for the 1914 serialization of Joyce's ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'', the 1915 publication of Eliot's "[[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock]]", and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''. Hemingway wrote in 1932 that, for poets born in the late 19th or early 20th century, not to be influenced by Pound would be "like passing through a great blizzard and not feeling its cold".{{efn|name=Hemingway1932|On 21 November 1932 Hemingway wrote ("Statement on Ezra Pound", ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound: Some Testimonies'', New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933): "Any poet born in this century or in the last ten years of the preceding century who can honestly say that he has not been influenced by or learned greatly from the work of Ezra Pound deserves to be pitied rather than rebuked. It is as if a prose writer born in that time should not have learned from or been influenced by James Joyce or that a traveller should pass through a great blizzard and not have felt its cold or a sandstorm and not have felt the sand and the wind. The best of Pound's writing—and it is in the CANTOS—will last as long as there is any literature."<ref name="Hemingway2006pp24–25">Hemingway (2006), 24–25.</ref>}}

Angered by the carnage of [[World War I]], Pound blamed the war on [[finance capitalism]], which he called "[[usury]]".<ref name=Preda2005bp90>Preda (2005b), 90.</ref> He moved to [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in 1924 and through the 1930s and 1940s promoted an economic theory known as [[social credit]], wrote for publications owned by the British fascist [[Oswald Mosley]], embraced [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian fascism|fascism]], and expressed support for [[Adolf Hitler]]. During [[World War II]], Pound recorded hundreds of paid [[Ezra Pound's radio broadcasts, 1941–1945|radio propaganda broadcasts]] for the [[Fascist Italy|fascist Italian government]] and its later incarnation as a German [[Italian Social Republic|puppet state]], in which he attacked the United States government, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Britain, [[international finance]], the arms industry, Jews, and others as abettors and prolongers of the war. He also praised both [[eugenics]] and the [[Holocaust in Italy]], while urging American [[GIs]] to throw down their rifles and surrender. In 1945, Pound was captured by the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian Resistance]] and handed over to the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Counterintelligence Corps]], who held him pending extradition and prosecution based on an indictment for [[Treason in the United States|treason]]. He spent months in a U.S. military detention camp near [[Pisa]], including three weeks in an outdoor steel cage. Ruled [[non compos mentis|mentally unfit]] to stand trial, Pound was incarcerated for over 12 years at [[St. Elizabeths Hospital|St. Elizabeths Hospital]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

While in U.S. military custody in Italy, Pound continued work on ''The Cantos.'' This new work was published by [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]] in 1948 as ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]'', for which Pound was awarded the [[Bollingen Prize|Bollingen Prize for Poetry]] in 1949 by the American [[Library of Congress]], leading to enormous controversy. After a campaign by his fellow writers, he was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958 and returned to Italy, where he posed for the press giving the [[Fascist salute]] and called the United States "an insane asylum". Pound remained in Italy until his death in 1972. His economic and political views have ensured that his life and literary legacy remain highly controversial.

==Early life and education (1885–1908)==
===Family background===
[[File:Thaddeus C. Pound - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=photograph|[[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Coleman Pound]], Pound's paternal grandfather, in the late 1880s]]
Pound was born in 1885 in [[Homer Pound House|a two-story clapboard house]] in [[Hailey, Idaho|Hailey]] in the [[Idaho Territory]] as the only child of Homer Loomis Pound and Isabel Weston,<ref name=house/> who married in 1884.<ref name=Moody2007pxiii/> Homer had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the [[United States General Land Office]].<ref name=house>Moody (2007), 4; Wilson (2014), 14{{pb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ridler |first1=Keith |title=Poet's Idaho home is reborn |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2004430400_tridahopoet25.html |work=Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |date=25 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305185833/http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2004430400_tridahopoet25.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ezra Pound's paternal grandfather, [[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Coleman Pound]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and the 10th [[List of lieutenant governors of Wisconsin|lieutenant governor of Wisconsin]], had secured Homer the job. Homer had previously worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business.<ref name=":0">Kavka (1991), 145–148; Moody (2007), 4</ref>

Both sides of Pound's family had emigrated from [[England]] in the 17th century. On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a [[Quaker]] who had arrived from England around 1650.<ref name=Moody2007pxiii/> Ezra's paternal grandmother, [[Loomis Homestead|Susan Angevine Loomis]],<ref>Wilhelm (1985a), 14; Wilhelm (1985b), 380; Kavka (1991), 145–146</ref> married Thaddeus Coleman Pound.<ref name=":0"/> On his mother's side, Pound was descended from [[William Wadsworth (patriarch)|William Wadsworth]], a [[Puritanism|Puritan]] who had immigrated to [[Boston]] on the ''[[English ship Lion (1557)|Lion]]'' in 1632, whose son Joseph Wadsworth helped to write the [[Fundamental Orders of Connecticut|first Connecticut constitution]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 11</ref> The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York; Harding Weston and Mary Parker were Pound's maternal grandparents.<ref name=Moody2007pxiii>Moody (2007), xiii</ref> After serving in the military, Harding remained unemployed, so his brother Ezra Weston and Ezra's wife, Frances Amelia Wessells Freer (Aunt Frank), helped to look after Isabel, Pound's mother.<ref>Cockram (2005), 238; for Aunt Frank's name, Wallace (2010), 205</ref>

===Early education===
[[File:Ezra Pound and Isabel Pound (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|alt=photograph|In his Cheltenham Military Academy uniform with his mother, 1898]]

Isabel Pound was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old.<ref>Cockram (2005), 239; Moody (2007), 4.</ref> Her husband followed and found a job as an [[Metallurgical assay|assayer]] at the [[Philadelphia Mint]]. After a move to 417 Walnut Street in [[Jenkintown, Pennsylvania]], in 1893 the family bought a six-bedroom house at 166 Fernbrook Avenue in nearby [[Wyncote, Pennsylvania|Wyncote]].<ref name=Moody2007pxiii/> Pound's education began in [[dame school]]s: Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892 and the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893.<ref name=Moody2007pxiii/> Known as "Ra" (pronounced "Ray"), he attended Wyncote Public School from September 1894.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 26–27.</ref> His first publication was on 7 November 1896 in the ''Jenkintown Times-Chronicle'' ("by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years"), a [[Limerick (poetry)|limerick]] about [[William Jennings Bryan]], who had just lost the [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 presidential election]].{{efn|"There was a young man from the West, / He did what he could for what he thought best; / But election came round; / He found himself drowned, / And the papers will tell you the rest."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 36.</ref>}}

In 1897, aged 12, he transferred to Cheltenham Military Academy (CMA), where he wore an [[American Civil War]]-style uniform and was taught drilling and how to shoot.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 30.</ref> The following year he made his first trip overseas, a three-month tour with his mother and Aunt Frank, who took him to England, Belgium, [[German Empire|Germany]], Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Morocco.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 32–33; Moody (2007), 10.</ref> He attended CMA until 1900, at times as a boarder, but it seems he did not graduate.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 30, 33–34.</ref>{{efn|Pound may have attended [[Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Cheltenham Township]] High School for the school year 1900–1901.<ref>McDonald (2005), 91.</ref>}}

===University===
[[File:Hilda Doolittle, 1921 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|[[H.D.|Hilda Doolittle (H.D.)]], {{Circa|1921}}]]
In 1901, at 15 years old, Pound was admitted to the College of Liberal Arts at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Moody (2007), 14; Carpenter (1988), 35</ref> Years later he said his aim was to avoid drill at the military academy.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound |title = Hall (1962) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416003348/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His one distinction in first year was in geometry,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 37</ref> but otherwise his grades were mostly poor, including in Latin, his major; he achieved a B in English composition and a pass in English literature.<ref>Moody (2007), 15–16</ref> In his second year he switched from the degree course to "non-degree special student status", he said "to avoid irrelevant subjects".<ref>Moody (2007), 14, 15</ref>{{efn|In "How I Began", ''[[T. P. O'Connor|T.P.'s Weekly]]'' (6 June 1913), Pound wrote: "I resolved that at thirty I would know more about poetry than any man living, that I would know the dynamic content from the shell, that I would know what was accounted poetry everywhere, what part of poetry was 'indestructible', what part could ''not be lost'' by translation and—scarcely less important—what effects were obtainable in ''one'' language only and were utterly incapable of being translated.{{pb}}"In this search I learned more or less of nine languages, I read Oriental stuff in translations, I fought every University regulation and every professor who tried to make me learn anything except this, or who bothered me with 'requirements for degrees'."<ref>Pound (1974), 24–25</ref>}} He was not elected to a [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternity]] at Penn, but it seemed not to bother him.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 39</ref>

His parents and Aunt Frank took him on another three-month European tour in 1902, and the following year he transferred to [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] in [[Clinton, Oneida County, New York|Clinton, New York]], possibly because of his grades.<ref name=Moody2007p20>Moody (2007), 20</ref> Again he was not invited to join a fraternity, but this time he had hoped to do so, according to letters home, because he wanted to live in a [[fraternity house]], and by April 1904 he regarded the move as a mistake.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 47</ref> Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he appears to have avoided some classes; his transcript is short of credits.<ref name=Moody2007p20/> He studied the [[Provençal dialect]] of the [[Occitan Language]] and read [[Dante Alighieri]] and [[Anglo-Saxon poetry]], including ''[[Beowulf]]'' and the 8th-century [[Old English literature|Old English]] poem ''[[The Seafarer (poem)|The Seafarer]]''.<ref>Moody (2007), 21, 23–24</ref>

After graduating from Hamilton in 1905 with a [[Bachelor of Philosophy|PhB]], he returned to Penn, where he fell in love with Hilda Doolittle (who later wrote under the name "[[H.D.]]"). She was then a student at [[Bryn Mawr College]], and he hand-bound 25 of his poems for her, calling it ''Hilda's Book''.<ref>Doolittle (1979), 67–68; Tytell (1987), 24–27</ref> After receiving his M.A. in [[Romance languages]] in 1906, he registered to write a PhD thesis on the [[Gracioso|jesters]] in [[Lope de Vega]]'s plays; a two-year Harrison fellowship covered his tuition and a $500 grant, with which he sailed again to Europe.<ref>Moody (2007), 19, 28; Tytell (1987), 30; for the announcement of a fellowship to Ezra Weston Pound, see "Old Penn gives out honor list". ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', 10 June 1906, 2</ref> He spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including in the [[Royal Palace of Madrid#Royal Library|Royal Library]]. On 31 May 1906 he was standing outside the palace during [[Morral affair|the attempted assassination]] of [[King Alfonso XIII]] and left the city for fear of being mistaken for an anarchist.<ref>Moody (2007), 28</ref> After Spain he visited Paris and London, returning to the United States in July 1906.<ref>Moody (2007), 29</ref> His first essay, "Raphaelite Latin", was published in the ''Book News Monthly'' that September.<ref>"September Magazines". ''Reading Times'', 11 September 1906, 4; Moody (2007), 31; Slatin (1955), 75</ref> He took courses in English in 1907, where he fell out with just about everyone, including the department head, [[Felix Emanuel Schelling|Felix Schelling]], with silly remarks during lectures and by winding an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke.<ref>Moody (2007), 29–30</ref> In the spring of 1907 he learned that his fellowship would not be renewed.<ref name=Tytell1987p30>Tytell (1987), 30</ref> Schelling told him he was wasting everyone's time, and he left without finishing his doctorate.<ref>Moody (2007), 30</ref>

===Teaching===
{{Quote box
| width=350px
| align=right
| quoted=
| bgcolor=#FFF8E7
| salign=right
| style = padding:1.30em
| fontsize=94%
| title=In Durance
| quote=<poem>I am homesick after mine own kind,
Oh I know that there are folk about me, friendly faces,
But I am homesick after mine own kind.
</poem>
| source= — ''Personae of Ezra Pound'' (1909)<ref>Pound (1909), 40</ref> written in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 1907<ref>Carpenter (1988), 78; Moody (2007), 90</ref>
}}
From September 1907 Pound taught French and Spanish at [[Wabash College]],<ref>"Professor Pound goes to Wabash". ''The Indianapolis News'', 9 August 1907, 11.</ref> a [[Presbyterian]] college with 345 students in [[Crawfordsville, Indiana]],<ref>Carpenter (1988), 71–73; Moody (2007), 56</ref> which he called "the [[Inferno (Dante)#Sixth Circle (Heresy)|sixth circle of hell]]".<ref>Moody (2007), 59</ref> One former student remembered him as a breath of fresh air; another said he was "exhibitionist, egotistic, self-centered and self-indulgent".<ref>Carpenter (1988), 74</ref>

He was dismissed after a few months. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke [[cigarillo]]s in his room in the same corridor as the president's office.<ref>Moody (2007), 58</ref> He was asked to leave the college in January 1908 when his landladies, Ida and Belle Hall, found a woman in his room.<ref>Tytell (1987), 34; Carpenter (1988), 80–81; Moody (2007), 60–61</ref> Shocked at having been expelled,<ref>Tytell (1987), 34</ref> he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March on the [[RMS Slavonia|RMS ''Slavonia'']].<ref>Carpenter (1988), 83; Moody (2007), 62</ref>

==London (1908–1914)==
===''A Lume Spento''===
Pound arrived in [[Gibraltar]] on 23 March 1908, where he earned US$15 a day working as a guide for an American family there and in Spain.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 88; Moody (2007), 62</ref> After stops in [[Seville]], [[Granada]], and [[Genoa]], by the end of April he was in [[Venice]], living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 89; Moody (2007), 63; for the bakery, Tytell (1987), 36</ref> In the summer he decided to self-publish his first collection of 44 poems in the 72-page ''[[A Lume Spento]]'' ("With Tapers Quenched"), 150 copies of which were printed in July 1908.<ref>Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Moody (2007), 66</ref> The title is from the third canto of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Purgatorio]]'', alluding to the death of [[Manfred, King of Sicily]]. Pound dedicated the book to the Philadelphia artist [[William Brooke Smith]], a friend from university who had recently died of [[tuberculosis]].<ref>Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Wilhelm (1990), xiii, 299</ref>

In "Canto LXXVI" of ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]'', he records that he considered throwing the proofs into the [[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]], abandoning the book and poetry altogether: "by the soap-smooth stone posts where San Vio / meets with il Canal Grande / between Salviati and the house that was of Don Carlos / shd/I chuck the lot into the tide-water? / [[Galley proof|le bozze]] "A Lume Spento"/ / and by the column of Todero / shd/I shift to the other side / or wait 24 hours".<ref>Pound (1947); Pound (1996), 480; Pound (2003b), 38, lines 259–263; Terrell (1993), 398</ref>

===Move to London===
[[File:48 Langham Street, London W1.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|48 Langham Street, [[Fitzrovia]], London W1]]
In August 1908 Pound moved to London, carrying 60 copies of ''A Lume Spento''.<ref>Baumann (1984), 357</ref> English poets such as [[Maurice Hewlett]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], and [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]] had made a particular kind of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] verse—stirring, pompous, and propagandistic—popular. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as "versified moral essay"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience, the concrete rather than the abstract.<ref>Knapp (1979), 25–27</ref>

Pound at first stayed in a boarding house at 8 [[Duchess Street, London|Duchess Street]], near the [[British Museum Reading Room]]; he had met the landlady during his travels in Europe in 1906.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 3</ref> He soon moved to [[Islington]] (cheaper at [[£sd|12s 6d]] a week [[Room and board|board and lodging]]), but his father sent him £4, and he was able to move back into [[Central London]], to 48 Langham Street, near [[Great Titchfield Street]].<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 4</ref> The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in "Canto LXXX" (''The Pisan Cantos''), "concerning the landlady's ''doings'' / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Tichfield St. next door to the pub".<ref>Pound (2003b), 80, lines 334–336; Wilhelm (1990), 4</ref>

Pound persuaded the bookseller [[Charles Elkin Mathews|Elkin Mathews]] on [[Vigo Street]] to display ''A Lume Spento'', and in an unsigned article on 26 November 1908, Pound reviewed it himself in the ''[[Evening Standard]]'': "The unseizable magic of poetry is in this queer paper book; and words are no good in describing it."<ref>Tytell (1987), 38–39; for the ''Evening Standard'', Erkkila (2011), 3</ref> The following month he self-published a second collection, ''[[A Quinzaine for this Yule]]''.<ref>Witemeyer (2005b), 249</ref> It was his first book to have commercial success, and Elkin Matthews had another 100 copies printed.<ref name=Baumann1984p358/> In January and February 1909, after the death of [[John Churton Collins]] left a vacancy, Pound lectured for an hour a week in the evenings on "The Development of Literature in Southern Europe" at the [[University of Westminster|Regent Street Polytechnic]].<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 5–11; Baumann (1984), 360</ref>{{efn|Pound's advertised lectures were:
* 21 January 1909: "Introductory Lecture. The Search for the Essential Qualities of Literature".
* 28 January: The Rise of Song in Provence".
* 4 February: "Mediaeval Religious Feeling".
* 11 February: "Trade with the East".
* 18 February: "Latin Lyrists of the Renaissance".
* 25 February: "Books and Their Makers during the Middle Ages".<ref>Slatin (1955), 76</ref>}} Mornings might be spent in the British Museum Reading Room, followed by lunch at the [[Vienna Café]] on [[Oxford Street]], where Pound first met the painter and writer [[Wyndham Lewis]] in 1910.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 7</ref> "There were mysterious figures / that emerged from recondite recesses / and ate at the WIENER CAFÉ".<ref>Pound (2003), Canto 80, 84; Kenner (1971), 236</ref> [[Ford Madox Ford]] described Pound as "approach[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent":<ref>Ford (1931), 370; Moody (2007), 113</ref> "He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero, a flaming beard cut to a point, and a single, large blue earring."

===Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, ''Personae''===
[[File:DorothyPound.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|alt=photograph|Pound married [[Dorothy Shakespear]] in 1914.]]

At a literary [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] in 1909, Pound met the novelist [[Olivia Shakespear]]<ref>Carpenter (1988), 103</ref> and later at the Shakespears' home at 12 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, was introduced to her daughter, [[Dorothy Shakespear|Dorothy]], who became Pound's wife in 1914.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 103; Wilhelm (1990), 13–14</ref> The critic [[Iris Barry]] described her as "carrying herself delicately with the air, always, of a young Victorian lady out skating, and a profile as clear and lovely as that of a porcelain [[Guanyin|Kuan-yin]]".<ref>Crunden (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=qzC_Qehx_NAC&pg=PA272 272]</ref> "Listen to it—Ezra! Ezra!—And a third time—Ezra!", Dorothy wrote in her diary on 16 February 1909.<ref>Pound and Litz (1984), 3</ref>

Pound mixed with the cream of London's literary circle, including Hewlett, [[Laurence Binyon]], [[Frederic Manning]], [[Ernest Rhys]], [[May Sinclair]], [[Ellen Terry]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Hilaire Belloc]], [[T. E. Hulme]], and [[F. S. Flint]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 42–45</ref> Through the Shakespears, he was introduced to the poet [[W. B. Yeats]], Olivia Shakespear's former lover. He had already sent Yeats a copy of ''A Lume Spento'', and Yeats had apparently found it "charming".<ref>Tytell (1987), 46</ref> Pound wrote to [[William Carlos Williams]] on 3 February 1909: "Am by way of falling into the crowd that does things here. London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy."<ref>Pound (1971), 7</ref> According to [[Richard Aldington]], London found Pound amusing. The newspapers interviewed him,<ref>Aldington (1941), 105.</ref> and he was mentioned in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine, which on 23 June 1909 described "Mr. Ezekiel Ton" as "the most remarkable thing in poetry since [[Robert Browning]] ... [blending] the imagery of the unfettered West, the vocabulary of [[Wardour Street]], and the sinister abandon of Borgiac Italy".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/punchvol136a137lemouoft ''Punch'', 23 June 1909], 449; Nadel (2010), 159</ref>

{{Quote box
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| title=Erat Hora
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| quote=<poem>"Thank you, whatever comes." And then she turned
And, as the ray of sun on hanging flowers
Fades when the wind hath lifted them aside,
Went swiftly from me. Nay, whatever comes
One hour was sunlit and the most high gods
May not make boast of any better thing
Than to have watched that hour as it passed.
</poem>
|source= — ''Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound'' (1926)<ref>Pound (1990), 38; Pound (2003a), 148</ref>}}

In April 1909 Elkin Mathews published ''Personae of Ezra Pound'' (half the poems were from ''A Lume Spento'')<ref name=Baumann1984p358>Baumann (1984), 358</ref>{{efn|''Personae'' (1909) was dedicated to Mary Moore: "This book is for Mary Moore of Trenton, if she wants it."<ref>Pound (1909); [https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/25/archives/mary-moore-cross-92-dead-pound-dedicated-poems-to-her.html "Mary Moore Cross, 92, Dead; Pound Dedicated Poems to Her"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234616/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/25/archives/mary-moore-cross-92-dead-pound-dedicated-poems-to-her.html |date=15 August 2021 }}. ''The New York Times'', 25 December 1976.</ref> He asked Moore to marry him, but she turned him down.<ref name=Tytell1987pp28-29>Tytell (1987), 28–29</ref>}} and in October a further 27 poems (16 new) as ''Exultations''.<ref>Gery (2005), 114</ref> The British poet [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]] described ''Personae'' in ''English Review'' as "full of human passion and natural magic".<ref>Erkkila (2011), 10</ref> [[Rupert Brooke]] complained in the ''Cambridge Review'' that Pound had fallen under the influence of the American poet [[Walt Whitman]], writing in "unmetrical sprawling lengths that, in his hands, have nothing to commend them". But he did acknowledge that Pound had "great talents".<ref>Erkkila (2011), 14</ref>

In or around September, Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off [[Kensington High Street]], where he lived most of the time until 1914.<ref name="Moody 2007, 180">Moody (2007), 180</ref> He visited a friend, [[Walter Morse Rummel|Walter Rummel]], in Paris in March 1910 and was introduced to the American heiress and pianist Margaret Lanier Cravens. Although they had only just met, she offered to become a patron at $1,000 a year, and from then until her death in 1912 she apparently sent him money regularly.<ref>Spoo (2005), 67; Moody (2007), 124–125</ref>

===''The Spirit of Romance'', ''Canzoni'', the ''New Age''===
In June 1910 Pound returned for eight months to the United States; his arrival coincided with the publication in London of his first book of literary criticism, ''[[The Spirit of Romance]]'', based on his lecture notes from the polytechnic.<ref>Moody (2007), 117, 123</ref> ''Patria Mia'', his essays on the United States, were written at this time.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 64–65</ref> In August he moved to New York, renting rooms on [[Waverly Place]] and [[Park Avenue South]], facing [[Gramercy Park|Gramercy Square]].<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 57, 65</ref> Although he loved New York, he felt alienated by the commercialism and newcomers from Eastern and Southern Europe who were displacing the [[white Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 65</ref> The recently built [[New York Public Library Main Branch]] he found especially offensive.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 152; Wilhelm (1990), 65</ref> During this period his antisemitism became apparent; he referred in ''Patria Mia'' to the "detestable qualities" of Jews.<ref name=Surrette1999p242/> After persuading his parents to finance his passage back to Europe, he sailed from New York on the [[RMS Mauretania (1906)|RMS ''Mauretania'']] on 22 February 1911. It was nearly 30 years—April 1939—before he visited the U.S. again.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 65–66; Moody (2007), 150</ref>

[[File:Vienna Café, London, 1897.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|First floor of the [[Vienna Café]] with its mirrored ceiling, [[Oxford Street]], in 1897. The room became a meeting place for Pound, [[Wyndham Lewis]], and other writers.]]

After three days in London he went to Paris,<ref>Moody (2007), 150</ref> where he worked on a new collection of poetry, ''Canzoni'' (1911),<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 69–71</ref> panned by ''[[The Westminster Gazette]]'' as "affectation combined with pedantry".<ref>Erkkila (2011), 45</ref> He wrote in Ford Madox Ford's obituary that Ford had rolled on the floor with laughter at its "stilted language".<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 74</ref> When he returned to London in August, he rented a room in [[Marylebone]] at 2A Granville Place, then shared a house at 39 [[Addison Road, London|Addison Road North]], [[W postcode area|W11]].<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 76</ref> By November [[Alfred Richard Orage|A. R. Orage]], editor of the socialist journal ''[[The New Age]]'', had hired him to write a weekly column.<ref>Redman (1991), 17; for Fabian Society, Carswell (1978), 35</ref> Orage appears in ''The Cantos'' ([[Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats|Possum]] is T. S. Eliot): "but the lot of 'em, Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had."<ref>"Canto XCVIII", Pound (1996), 705; Wilhelm (1990), 84</ref>

Pound contributed to the ''New Age'' from 30 November 1911 to 13 January 1921,<ref name=Redman1991p17/> attending editorial meetings in the basement of a grimy [[Aerated Bread Company|ABC tearoom]] in [[Chancery Lane]].<ref>Hutchins (1965), 107, citing Pound's letter to her of August 1953; Wilhelm (1990), 83; Redman (1991), 17</ref> There and at other meetings he met [[Arnold Bennett]], [[Cecil Chesterton]], [[Beatrice Hastings]], [[S. G. Hobson]], Hulme, [[Katherine Mansfield]], and [[H. G. Wells]].<ref name=Redman1991p17/> In the ''New Age'' office in 1918, he also met [[C. H. Douglas]], a British engineer who was developing his economic theory of [[social credit]], which Pound found attractive.<ref name=Preda2005ap87/> Douglas reportedly believed that Jews were a problem and needed to abandon a [[Messianism|Messianic]] view of themselves as the "dominating race".<ref>Holmes (2015), 209, citing Douglas, C. H. (26 August 1938). "The Jews". ''Social Credit'', 8. Holmes also cites Finlay, J. L. (1972). ''Social Credit: The English Origins''. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.</ref> According to [[Colin Holmes (historian)|Colin Holmes]], ''The New Age'' itself published antisemitic material.<ref>Holmes (2015), 210</ref> It was within this environment, not in Italy, according to [[Tim Redman]], that Pound first encountered antisemitic ideas about "usury".<ref name=Redman1991p17>Redman (1991), 17</ref> "In Douglas's program," [[Christopher Hitchens]] wrote in 2008, "Pound had found his true muse: a blend of folkloric Celtic twilight with a paranoid hatred of the money economy and a dire suspicion about an ancient faith."<ref name=Hitchens2008>{{harvnb|Hitchens|2008}}</ref>

===''Poetry'' magazine, ''Ripostes'', Imagism===
[[File:EZRA POUND - 10 Kensington Church Walk Holland Park London W8 4NB.jpg|thumb|left|alt=photograph|10 Church Walk, [[Kensington]], London W8. Pound lived on the first floor (far left) in 1909–1910 and 1911–1914.{{efn|Pound lived on the first floor of 10 Church Walk, [[Kensington]], from September 1909 – June 1910 and November 1911 – April 1914. According to Moody, the two first-floor windows on the left were Pound's.<ref>Moody (2007), between 304 and 305</ref> According to [[Humphrey Carpenter]], Pound was on the top floor behind the window on the far left.<ref name=":2">Carpenter (1988), between 370 and 371</ref>}}]]

In May 1911, H.D. left Philadelphia for London. She was accompanied by the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September, H.D. stayed on. Pound introduced her to his friends, including Aldington, who became her husband in 1913. Before that, the three of them lived in Church Walk, Kensington—Pound at No. 10, Aldington at No. 8, and Doolittle at No. 6—and worked daily in the [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]] of the [[British Museum]].<ref name="Moody 2007, 180"/>

At the British Museum, Laurence Binyon introduced Pound to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts Pound used in his later poetry, including Japanese [[ukiyo-e]] prints.<ref>Arrowsmith (2011), 100, 106–107; Qian (2000), 101</ref> The visitors' book first shows Pound in the Prints and Drawings Students' Room (known as the Print Room)<ref>Arrowsmith (2011), 106–107</ref> on 9 February 1909, and later in 1912 and 1913, with Dorothy Shakespear, examining Chinese and Japanese art.<ref>Huang (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_xElDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108 108], note 4</ref> Pound was working at the time on the poems that became ''Ripostes'' (1912), trying to move away from his earlier work.<ref>Witemeyer (1981), 112.</ref> "I hadn't in 1910 made a language", he wrote years later. "I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in."{{efn|"What obfuscated me was not the Italian but the crust of dead English, the sediment present in my own available vocabulary, which I, let us hope, got rid of a few years later. You can't go round this sort of thing. It takes six or eight years to get educated in one's art, and another ten to get rid of that education.{{pb}}"Neither can anyone learn English, one can only learn a series of Englishes. Rossetti made his own language. I hadn't in 1910 made a language, I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in."<ref>Pound (1934), 399</ref>}}

In August 1912 [[Harriet Monroe]] hired Pound as foreign correspondent of ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry: A Magazine of Verse]]'', a new magazine in [[Chicago]].<ref>Carpenter (1988), 185; Moody (2007), 213</ref> The first edition, in October, featured two of his own poems—"To Whistler, American" and "Middle Aged". Also that month Stephen Swift and Co. in London published ''[[Ripostes|Ripostes of Ezra Pound]]'', a collection of 25 poems, including a contentious translation of ''The Seafarer'',<ref>For the original, see [http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr "The Seafarer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413051623/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr |date=13 April 2008 }}, Anglo-Saxons.net; for Pound's, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085717/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1664.html "The Seafarer"], University of Toronto.</ref> that demonstrate his shift toward minimalist language.<ref name="Moody 2007, 180"/> In addition to Pound's work, the collection contains five poems by Hulme.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ripostesofezrapo00pounrich Pound (1912)].</ref>

[[File:Poetry cover1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=book cover|First edition of ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'', October 1912]]

''Ripostes'' includes the first mention of ''Les Imagistes'': "As for the future, ''Les Imagistes'', the descendants of the forgotten school of 1909, have that in their keeping."<ref>Pound (1912), 59; Moody (2007), 180, 222</ref> While in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon with Doolittle and Aldington, Pound edited one of Doolittle's poems and wrote "H.D. Imagiste" underneath;<ref>Doolittle (1979), 18</ref> he described this later as the founding of a movement in poetry, ''[[Imagism]]e''.<ref>Moody (2007), 180, 222</ref>{{efn|Doolittle and Aldington said they had no recollection of this discussion.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 187</ref>}} In the spring or early summer of 1912, they agreed, Pound wrote in 1918, on three principles:<ref>Pound (1918), 95</ref>
{{blockquote|
# Direct treatment of the "thing" whether subjective or objective.
# To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
# As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.
}}

''Poetry'' published Pound's "A Few Don'ts by an Imagist" in March 1913. Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like "dim lands of peace". He wrote: "It dulls the image. It mixes an abstraction with the concrete. It comes from the writer's not realizing that the natural object is always the ''adequate'' symbol." Poets should "go in fear of abstractions".<ref>[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=1&issue=6&page=29 Pound (1913)], 201</ref> He wanted {{lang|fr|Imagisme}} "to stand for hard light, clear edges", he wrote later to [[Amy Lowell]].<ref>Thacker (2018), 5</ref>

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| quote=<poem>The apparition&emsp;of these faces&emsp;in the crowd:
Petals&emsp;on a wet, black&emsp;bough.</poem>
|source= — ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'' (April 1913)<ref>Pound (April 1913), [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=12675 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222223126/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=12675 |date=22 February 2021 }}; Pound (2003a), 287</ref>
}}

An example of Imagist poetry is Pound's "[[In a Station of the Metro]]", published in ''Poetry'' in April 1913 and inspired by an experience on the [[Paris Métro]]. "I got out of a train at, I think, [[Concorde (Paris Métro)|La Concorde]]", he wrote in "How I began" in ''[[T. P.'s Weekly]]'' on 6 June 1913, "and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel. ... I could get nothing but spots of colour." A year later he reduced it to its essence in the style of a Japanese [[haiku]].<ref>Pound (1974), 26</ref>
{{clear}}

===James Joyce, Pound's unpopularity===
[[File:Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=photograph|[[James Joyce]], {{circa|1918}}]]
In the summer of 1913 Pound became literary editor of ''[[The Egoist (periodical)|The Egoist]]'', a journal founded by [[Dora Marsden]], a [[suffragette]].<ref>Monk (2005), 94</ref> At the suggestion of [[W. B. Yeats]], Pound encouraged [[James Joyce]] in December of that year to submit his work.<ref>Pound (1970), 17–18; Carpenter (1988), 224</ref> The previous month Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, had rented Stone Cottage in [[Coleman's Hatch]], Sussex, inviting Pound to accompany him as his secretary, and it was during this visit that Yeats introduced Pound to Joyce's ''[[Chamber Music (poetry collection)|Chamber Music]]'' and his "I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land".<ref name=Carpenter1988p225>Carpenter (1988), 225; Moody (2007), 240</ref> This was the first of three winters Pound and Yeats spent at Stone Cottage, including two with Dorothy after she and Ezra married in 1914.<ref>Moody (2007), 240; Longenbach (1988); also see Longenbach (1990).</ref> "Canto LXXXIII" records a visit: "so that I recalled the noise in the chimney / as it were the wind in the chimney / but was in reality [[W. B. Yeats|Uncle William]] / downstairs composing / that had made a great Peeeeacock / in the proide ov his oiye."<ref>Pound (1996), 553–554; Borstein (2001), 26</ref>{{efn|[[W. B. Yeats]], "The Peacock": "What's riches to him / That has made a great peacock / With the pride of his eye?"}}

In his reply to Pound, Joyce gave permission to use "I hear an Army" and enclosed ''[[Dubliners]]'' and the first chapter of his novel ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]''.<ref name=Carpenter1988p225/> Pound wrote to Joyce that the novel was "damn fine stuff".<ref>Pound (1970), 24</ref> [[Harriet Shaw Weaver]] accepted it for ''The Egoist'', which serialized it from 2 February 1914, despite the printers objecting to words like "fart" and "ballocks", and fearing prosecution over [[Stephen Dedalus]]'s thoughts about prostitutes. On the basis of the serialization, the publisher that had rejected ''Dubliners'' reconsidered. Joyce wrote to Yeats: "I can never thank you enough for having brought me into relation with your friend Ezra Pound who is indeed a miracle worker."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 226–227</ref>

Around this time, Pound's articles in the ''New Age'' began to make him unpopular, to the alarm of Orage.<ref>Moody (2007), 209</ref> [[Samuel Putnam]] knew Pound in Paris in the 1920s and described him as stubborn, contrary, cantankerous, bossy, touchy, and "devoid of humor"; he was "an American small-towner", in Putnam's view. His attitude caused him trouble in both London and Paris.<ref>Putnam (1947), 150, 152</ref> English women, with their "preponderantly derivative" minds, were inferior to American women who had minds of their own, he wrote in the ''New Age''. The English sense of what was right was based on respect for property, not morality. "[P]erched on the rotten shell of a crumbling empire", London had lost its energy. England's best authors—[[Joseph Conrad]], [[William Henry Hudson]], [[Henry James]], and Yeats—were not English. English writers and critics were ignorant, he wrote in 1913.<ref>Moody (2007), 209, 210–211</ref>

===Marriage===
Ezra and Dorothy were married on 20 April 1914 at [[St Mary Abbots]] in Kensington,<ref>"Marriages of the Week". ''The Times''. Issue 40502, 20 April 1914, 11.</ref> the Shakespears' parish church, despite opposition from her parents, who worried about Ezra's income. His concession to marry in church had helped. Dorothy's annual income was £50, with another £150 from her family,<ref name=Moody2007pp246-249/> and Ezra's was £200.<ref>Tytell (1987), 74</ref> Her father, Henry Hope Shakespear, had him prepare a financial statement in 1911, which showed that his main source of income was his father.<ref>Wilhelm (1990), 81</ref> After the wedding the couple moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, Kensington, next door to the newly wed H.D. and Aldington.<ref name=Moody2007pp246-249>Moody (2007), 246–249</ref> This arrangement did not last. H.D. had been alarmed to find Ezra looking for a place to live outside the apartment building the day before his wedding. Once Dorothy and Ezra had moved into the building, Ezra would arrive unannounced at H.D.'s to discuss his writing, a habit that upset her, in part because his writing touched on private aspects of their relationship. She and Aldington decided to move several miles away to [[Hampstead]].<ref>Doyle (2016), 32–33; some details in Doolittle (1979), 5; for Pound arriving at the apartment unannounced, Doyle, 332, n. 27, cites "H.D. to Amy Lowell, 23 November 1914 (Harvard)".</ref>

===''Des Imagistes'', dispute with Amy Lowell===
[[File:Ezra Pound by Wyndham Lewis, 1919.jpeg|thumb|left|Pound by [[Wyndham Lewis]], 1919. The portrait is lost.]]

The appearance of ''[[Des Imagistes|Des Imagistes, An Anthology]]'' (1914), edited by Pound, "confirmed the importance" of ''Imagisme'', according to [[Ira Nadel]].<ref name=Nadel2001p2>Nadel (2001), 2</ref> Published in the American magazine ''[[The Glebe (literary magazine)|The Glebe]]'' in February 1914 and the following month as a book, it was the first of five Imagist anthologies and the only one to contain work by Pound.<ref>Thacker (2018), 3</ref> It included ten poems by [[Richard Aldington]], seven by H.D., followed by Flint, [[Skipwith Cannell]], Lowell, Carlos Williams, [[James Joyce]] ("I Hear an Army", not an example of Imagism), six by Pound, then Hueffer (as he was known as the time), [[Allen Upward]] and [[John Cournos]].<ref>Pound (1914), 5–6; for Joyce, see Thacker (2018), 5–6</ref>

Shortly after its publication, an advertisement for Lewis's new magazine, ''[[Blast (British magazine)|Blast]]'' promised it would cover "[[Cubism]], [[Futurism]], Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art."<ref>{{cite journal |title=BLAST |journal=Poetry: A Magazine of Verse |date=May 1914 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=Advertising Section |url=https://modjourn.org/issue/bdr459937/ |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> Described by Pound as "mostly a painter's magazine with me to do the poems,"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pound |first1=Ezra |title=Pound/Joyce; the Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce |date=1967 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=0811201597 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZMNYLgd5X4C |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> and bearing the heavy influence of Futurism,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lawrence |title=Institutions of Modernism |date=1998 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=0300070500 |pages=37–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW1tsJNrnfwC |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> ''Blast'' was the magazine of a London art movement formed by Lewis with Pound's collaboration. Pound named the movement [[Vorticism]].{{efn|Pound (1914): "The image is a radiant node or cluster ...by Pound. a VORTEX, from which, and through which, and into which, ideas are constantly rushing."<ref name=Moody2007p230>Moody (2007), 230, 256</ref> "All experience rushes into this vortex," he wrote in ''Blast'' in June 1914. "All the energized past ... RACE, RACE-MEMORY, instinct charging the PLACID, NON-ENERGIZED FUTURE."<ref>Pound (June 1914), 153</ref>}} Vorticism included all the arts, and in ''Blast'' "the Imagist propaganda merged into the Vorticist."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenner |first1=Hugh |title=The Pound Era |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn=0520024273 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFPWShhB7mkC |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
In the end, ''Blast'' was published only twice, in 1914 and 1915. In June 1914 ''The Times'' announced Lewis's new Rebel Arts Centre for Vorticist art at 38 [[Great Ormond Street]].<ref>"'Vorticist' Art". ''The Times''. 13 June 1914. Issue 40549, 5.</ref>  

Lowell, who was to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]] in 1926, was unhappy that only one of her poems had appeared in ''Des Imagistes''. She arrived in London in July 1914 to attend two dinners at the Dieudonné restaurant in Ryder Street, the first to celebrate the publication of ''Blast'' and the second, on 17 July, the publication of ''Des Imagistes''. At the second, Ford Madox Hueffer announced that he had been an Imagiste long before Lowell and Pound, and that he doubted their qualifications; only Aldington and H.D. could lay claim to the title, in his view. During the subsequent row, Pound left the table and returned with a tin bathtub on his head, suggesting it as a symbol of what he called ''Les Nagistes'', a school created by Lowell's poem "In a Garden", which ends with "Night, and the water, and you in your whiteness, bathing!" Apparently his behavior helped Lowell win people over to her point of view, as did her offer to fund future work.<ref>Doyle (2016), 31–32; Moody (2007), 225; for the line, Lowell (1955), 74</ref>

H.D. and Aldington were moving away from Pound's understanding of ''Imagisme'' anyway, as he aligned himself with Lewis's ideas.<ref>Aldington (1941), 139; Moody (2007), 223</ref> Lowell agreed to finance an annual anthology of ''Imagiste'' poets, but she insisted on democracy; according to Aldington, she "proposed a [[Boston Tea Party]] for Ezra" and an end to his despotic rule.<ref>Aldington (1941), 139; Thacker (2018), 6</ref> Upset at Lowell, Pound began to call ''Imagisme'' "Amygism";<ref>Moody (2007), 223</ref> he declared the movement dead and asked the group not to call themselves ''Imagistes''. Not accepting that it was Pound's invention, they refused and Anglicized the term.<ref>Moody (2007), 224; Thacker (2018), 2, 5–6</ref>

==World War I and leaving England (1914–1921)==
===Meeting Eliot, ''Cathay'', translation{{anchor|Translations from Japanese and Chinese}}===
{{further|Lost Generation}}
[[File:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=photograph|[[T. S. Eliot]], 1923]]
When [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|war was declared]] in August 1914, opportunities for writers were immediately reduced; poems were now expected to be patriotic.<ref>Aldington (1941), 165</ref> Pound's income from October 1914 to October 1915 was £42.10.0,<ref name="TPR">{{cite magazine |last1=Hall |first1=Donald |title=Ezra Pound, The Art of Poetry No. 5 |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound |website=The Paris Review |year=1962 |volume=Summer–Fall 1962 |issue=28 |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> apparently five times less than the year before.<ref>Tytell (1987), 120–121.</ref>

On 22 September 1914 T. S. Eliot traveled from [[Merton College, Oxford]], with an introduction from [[Conrad Aiken]], to have Pound read Eliot's unpublished "[[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock]]".<ref>Moody (2007), 319; Carpenter (1988), 258</ref> Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, editor of ''Poetry'', on 30 September to say that Eliot—who was at Oxford on a fellowship from [[Harvard University|Harvard]]—had "sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American ... He has actually trained himself ''and'' modernized himself ''on his own''."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 258</ref> Monroe did not like Prufrock's "very European world-weariness", according to [[Humphrey Carpenter]], but she published it anyway, in June 1915.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 260, 262; [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=44212 Eliot (1915)], 130–135</ref>

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| quote=<poem>At fourteen I married My Lord you.
I never laughed, being bashful.
Lowering my head, I looked at the wall.
Called to, a thousand times, I never looked back. 
At fifteen, I stopped scowling,
I desired my dust to be mingled with yours
Forever and forever and forever.
Why should I climb the look out?</poem>
|source= — "[[The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter]]" by [[Li Bai]], translated in ''[[Cathay (poetry collection)|Cathay]]'' (1915)<ref>Pound (1915), 11–12; Pound (2003a), 251–252</ref>}}

The 1915 poem ''[[Cathay (poetry collection)|Cathay]]'' contains 25 examples of [[Classical Chinese poetry]] that Pound translated into English based on the notes of the [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] [[Ernest Fenollosa]]. Fenollosa's widow, [[Sidney McCall|Mary McNeill Fenollosa]], had given Pound her husband's notes in 1913,<ref>Moody (2007), 239</ref> after Laurence Binyon introduced them.<ref>Qian (2000), 105</ref> [[Michael J. Alexander|Michael Alexander]] saw ''Cathay'' as the most attractive of Pound's work.<ref name=Alexander95>Alexander (1979), 95</ref> There is a debate about whether the poems should be viewed primarily as translations or as contributions to Imagism and the modernization of English poetry.<ref>Twitchell-Waas (2020), 157–158</ref> English professor Steven Yao argued that ''Cathay'' shows that translation does not need a thorough knowledge of the source language.{{efn|Steven Yao does not view Pound's lack of Chinese as an obstacle, and states that the poet's trawl through centuries of scholarly interpretations resulted in a genuine understanding of the original poem.<ref>Yao (2010), 36–39</ref> Chinese poet [[An Qi (poet)|An Qi]] acknowledged a debt to Pound in her poem "Pound or the Rib of Poetry".<ref>Ying (2010), 5</ref>}}

Pound's translations from Old English, Latin, Italian, French and Chinese were highly disputed. According to Alexander, they made him more unpopular in some circles than the treason charge.<ref name=Alexander1979p62>Alexander (1979), 62</ref> [[Robert Graves]] wrote in 1955: "[Pound] knew little Latin, yet he translated [[Propertius]]; and less Greek, but he translated [[Alcaeus]]; and still less Anglo-Saxon, yet he translated ''[[The Seafarer (poem)|The Seafarer]]''. I once asked [[Arthur Waley]] how much Chinese Pound knew; Waley shook his head despondently."<ref>Graves (1955), 138</ref>

Pound was devastated when [[Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]], from whom he had commissioned [[Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound|a sculpture of himself]] two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in June 1915. In response, he published ''Gaudier-Brzeska: A Memoir'' (1916), writing "A great spirit has been among us, and a great artist has gone."<ref>Pound (1916), 3; Redman (1991), 27</ref> Two months before he died, Gaudier-Brzeska had written to Pound to say that he kept ''Cathay'' in his pocket "to put courage in my fellows".<ref>Pound (1916), 76; Tytell (1987), 123</ref>

==="Three Cantos", resignation from ''Poetry''===
After the publication of ''Cathay'', Pound mentioned that he was working on a long poem. He described it in September 1915 as a "cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore".<ref>Pound to Milton Bronner, an American reporter, cited in Moody (2007), 306.</ref> In February 1916, when Pound was 30, the poet [[Carl Sandburg]] paid tribute to him in ''Poetry'' magazine. Pound "stains darkly and touches softly", he wrote:

[[File:EzraPound Pavannes.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=photograph|Pound by [[E. O. Hoppé]] on the cover of ''Pavannes and Divisions'' (1918)]]
<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">
All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned. ...{{pb}}In the cool and purple meantime, Pound goes ahead producing new poems having the slogan, "Guts and Efficiency," emblazoned above his daily program of work. His genius runs to various schools and styles. He acquires traits and then throws them away. One characteristic is that he has no characteristics. He is a new roamer of the beautiful, a new fetcher of wild shapes, in each new handful of writings offered us.<ref>Sandburg (1916)</ref></blockquote>

In June, July and August 1917 Pound had the first three cantos published, as "Three Cantos", in ''Poetry''.<ref name=Threecantos/><ref name=Moody2007p306>Moody (2007), 306–307</ref> He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for the ''New Age'' as William Atheling and art reviews as B. H. Dias.<ref>Tytell (1987), 71; Carpenter (1988), 314–316</ref> In May 1917 [[Margaret C. Anderson|Margaret Anderson]] hired him as foreign editor of ''[[The Little Review]]''.<ref>Moody The Little Review, 325</ref> He also wrote weekly pieces for ''The Egoist'' and ''The Little Review''; many of the latter complained about provincialism, which included the ringing of church bells.<ref>Moody (2007), 332–333</ref> (When Pound lived near St Mary Abbots he had "engaged in a fierce, guerrilla warfare of letters" about the bells with the vicar, Reverend R. E. Pennefather, according to Richard Aldington.)<ref>Aldington (1941), 103; for the vicar's name, Hutchins (1965), 82–83</ref> The volume of writing exhausted him.<ref>Moody (2007), 330–331, 342</ref> In 1918, after a bout of illness which was presumably the [[Spanish flu]],<ref>Moody (2007), 341</ref> he decided to stop writing for ''The Little Review''. He had asked the publisher for a raise to hire a typist, the 23-year-old [[Iseult Gonne]], causing rumors that they were having an affair, but he was turned down.<ref>Moody (2007), 339</ref>

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<poem>And the days are not full enough
And the nights are not full enough
And life slips by like a field mouse
Not shaking the grass.
</poem>
|source= — ''Personae'' (1926)<ref>Pound (1990), [https://books.google.com/books?id=IQvp1pKN2k0C&pg=PA82 82]; Pound (2003a), 1277</ref>
}}

A suspicion arose in June 1918 that Pound himself had written an article in ''The Egoist'' praising his own work, and it was clear from the response that he had acquired enemies. The poet [[F. S. Flint]] told ''The Egoist''{{'s}} editor that "we are all tired of Mr. Pound". British literary circles were "tired of his antics" and of him "puffing and swelling himself and his friends", Flint wrote. "His work has deteriorated from book to book; his manners have become more and more offensive; and we wish he would go back to America."<ref>Crunden (1993), 271</ref>

The March 1919 issue of ''Poetry'' published Pound's ''Poems from the Propertius Series'',<ref>Pound (1919)</ref> which appeared to be a translation of the Latin poet [[Sextus Propertius]].{{efn|In his next poetry collection in 1921, Pound renamed it ''Homage to Sextus Propertius'' in response to the criticism.}} Harriet Monroe, editor of ''Poetry'', published a letter in April 1919 from a professor of Latin, [[William Gardner Hale|W. G. Hale]], who found "about three-score errors" in the text; he said Pound was "incredibly ignorant of Latin", that "much of what he makes his author say is unintelligible", and that "If Mr. Pound were a professor of Latin, there would be nothing left for him but suicide" (adding "I do not counsel this").<ref>[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=59167 Hale (1919)], 52, 55; Kenner (1973), 286; Moody (2007), 353</ref> Pound replied to Monroe: "Cat-piss and porcupines!! The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Fitzgerald]]'s [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Omar]] is a translation." His letter ended "In final commiseration". Monroe interpreted his silence after that as his resignation from ''Poetry'' magazine.<ref>Kenner (1973), 286; Moody (2007), 354</ref>

===''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley''===
{{further|Hugh Selwyn Mauberley|Wikisource:Hugh Selwyn Mauberley}}
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----
<poem>[[File:Hugh Selwyn Mauberley initial F.png|80px|frameless|left|alt=F]]OR three years, out of key with his time,
He strove to resuscitate the dead art
Of poetry; to maintain "the sublime"
In the old sense. Wrong from the start—

No hardly, but, seeing he had been born
In a half savage country, out of date;
Bent resolutely on wringing lilies from the acorn;
[[Capaneus]]; trout for factitious bait;

Ἴδμεν γάρ τοι πάνθ', ὅσ' ἐνι Τροίῃ{{efn|[[Homer]], [[Odyssey]] 12.189: "For we know all that [happened] in Troy"{{refn|Tryphonopoulous and Dunton (2019), 68}}}}
Caught in the unstopped ear;
Giving the rocks small lee-way
The chopped seas held him, therefore, that year.
</poem>
|source= — ''[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]'' (1920)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/hughselwynmauber00pounrich Pound (1920)], 8 (8–13); Pound (2003a), 549 (549–563)</ref>}}
By 1919 Pound felt there was no reason to stay in England. He had become "violently hostile" to England, according to Aldington,<ref name=":3">Aldington (1941), 217</ref> feeling he was being "frozen out of everything" except the ''New Age'',<ref>Moody (2007), 399</ref> and concluding that the British were insensitive to "mental agility in any and every form".<ref>Moody (2007), 402</ref> He had "muffed his chances of becoming literary director of London—to which he undoubtedly aspired," Aldington wrote in 1941, "by his own enormous conceit, folly, and bad manners."<ref name=":3"/>

Published by [[John Rodker]]'s The Ovid Press in June 1920,<ref>Moody (2017), 378, note 2</ref> Pound's poem ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'' marked his farewell to London, and by December the Pounds were subletting their apartment and preparing to move to France.<ref>Moody (2007), 387, 409</ref> Consisting of 18 short parts, ''Mauberley'' describes a poet whose life has become sterile and meaningless. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene before turning to social criticism, economics, and the war. Here the word ''[[usury]]'' first appears in his work. Just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, Pound denied he was Mauberley.<ref>Adams (2005), 150</ref> In 1932 the critic [[F. R. Leavis]], then director of studies in English at [[Downing College, Cambridge]], called ''Mauberley'' "great poetry, at once traditional and original. Mr. Pound's standing as a poet rests on it, and rests securely".<ref>Leavis (1942), 150</ref>

On 13 January 1921 Orage wrote in the ''New Age'': "Mr. Pound has shaken the dust of London from his feet with not too emphatic a gesture of disgust, but, at least, without gratitude to this country. ... [He] has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture; and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self-sacrificing stimulus ..."<ref name=Orage1921/>

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">With all this, however, Mr. Pound, like so many others who have striven for advancement of intelligence and culture in England, has made more enemies than friends, and far more powerful enemies than friends. Much of the Press has been deliberately closed by cabal to him; his books have for some time been ignored or written down; and he himself has been compelled to live on much less than would support a navvy. His fate, as I have said, is not unusual ... Taken by and large, England hates men of culture until they are dead.<ref name=Orage1921>[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/ Orage (1921)], 126–127; Moody (2007), 410</ref>{{efn|On 13 January 1921, shortly before or after he left for France, the ''New Age'' published a long statement of Pound's philosophy, which he called his ''Axiomata'' and which included:

:(1) The intimate essence of the universe is ''not'' of the same nature as our own consciousness.
:(2) Our own consciousness is incapable of having produced the universe.
:(3) God, therefore exists. That is to say, there is no reason for not applying the term God, ''Theos'', to the intimate essence ...<ref>[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/ Pound (1921)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319074008/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/ |date=19 March 2022 }}; Witemeyer (1981), [https://archive.org/details/poetryofezrapoun0000wite_e2d2/page/25 25–26]</ref>}}</blockquote>

==Paris (1921–1924)==
===Meeting Hemingway, editing ''The Waste Land''===
[[File:Ezra Pound passport photograph undated.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|Pound's passport photograph, c. 1919<ref name=":2"/>]]

The Pounds settled in Paris around April 1921 and in December moved to an inexpensive ground-floor apartment at 70 ''bis'' {{ill|Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Paris|lt=Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs|fr|Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs}}.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 402–403; Wilhelm (1990), 287.</ref> Pound became friendly with [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Fernand Léger]], [[Tristan Tzara]], and others of the [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] movements, as well as [[Basil Bunting]].<ref name="Meyers 1985 70 74">Meyers (1985), 70–74</ref> He was introduced to the American writer [[Gertrude Stein]], who was living in Paris. She wrote years later that she liked him but did not find him amusing; he was "a village explainer, excellent if you were a village, but if you were not, not".<ref>Stein (1933), 246; Carpenter (1988), 400</ref>

Pound's collection ''Poems 1918–1921'' was published in New York by [[Boni & Liveright|Boni and Liveright]] in 1921. In December that year [[Ernest Hemingway]], then aged 22, moved to Paris with his wife, [[Hadley Richardson]], carrying letters of introduction from [[Sherwood Anderson]].<ref>Cohassey (2014), 6</ref> In February 1922 the Hemingways visited the Pounds for tea.<ref>Cohassey (2014), 7–8</ref> Although Pound was 14 years older, the men became friends; Hemingway assumed the status of pupil and asked Pound to edit his short stories.<ref>Meyers (1985), 74–75</ref> Pound introduced him to his contacts, including Lewis, Ford, [[John Peale Bishop]], [[Malcolm Cowley]], and [[Derek Patmore]], while Hemingway tried to teach Pound to box.<ref>Meyers (1985), 74</ref> Unlike Hemingway, Pound was not a drinker and preferred to spend his time in salons<ref>Cohassey (2014), 12</ref> or building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for [[Sylvia Beach]]'s [[Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)|Shakespeare and Company]] bookstore.<ref name=Bornstein2001p33/>

[[File:Olga Rudge advertisement.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=photograph|[[Olga Rudge]], 1920]]
Eliot sent Pound the manuscript of ''[[The Waste Land]]'' in 1922. Pound edited it with comments like "make up yr. mind",<ref name=Bornstein2001p33>Bornstein (2001), 33–34</ref> and reduced it by about half. Eliot wrote in 1946: "I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius."<ref>[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=68&issue=6&page=34 Eliot (1946)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013155225/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=68&issue=6&page=34 |date=13 October 2020 }}, 330</ref> His dedication in ''The Waste Land'' was "For Ezra Pound / ''il miglior fabbro''" (the "better craftsman"), from Canto 26 of Dante's ''Purgatorio''.<ref>Bornstein (2001), 34</ref>

===Meeting Olga Rudge===
Pound was 36 when he met the 26-year-old American violinist [[Olga Rudge]] in Paris in the summer of 1922.<ref>Cohassey (2014), 31</ref> They were introduced at a salon hosted by the American heiress [[Natalie Barney]] at her 300-year-old house at 20 Rue Jacob, near the [[Boulevard Saint-Germain]].<ref>Cohassey (2014), 30</ref> The two moved in different social circles: Rudge was the daughter of a wealthy [[Youngstown, Ohio]], steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the [[Rive Droite|Right Bank]], socializing with aristocrats, while Pound's friends were mostly impoverished writers of the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 180; Wilhelm (1990), [https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmBwzOT7hwC&pg=PA251 251]</ref>

===Restarting ''The Cantos''{{anchor|The Cantos}}===
{{main|The Cantos}}
{{further|List of cultural references in The Cantos}}

Twice the length of ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' and 50 times longer than ''The Waste Land'', Pound's 800-page ''The Cantos'' ("Canto I" to "Canto CXVI", c. 1917–1962) became his life's work.{{efn|name=Cantoslength|For around 23,000 lines, 800 pages, and the comparison to Milton and Eliot, see Beach (2003), 32; for 116 sections, see Stoicheff (1995), 6{{pb}}
For the years: the first cantos were published in 1917, and the final complete canto was first published in 1962. [[Peter Stoicheff]] regards the 1968 Stone Wall/New Directions/Faber & Faber volume as the first authorized edition.<ref>Stoicheff (1986), 78</ref>}} His obituary in ''The Times'' described it as not a great poem, because of the lack of structure, but a great improvisation: "[T]he exasperating form permits the occasional, and in the early ''Cantos'' and in ''The Pisan Cantos'' not so occasional, irruption of passages of great poetry, hot and burning lava breaking through the cracks in piles of boring [[scree]]."<ref name=LondonTimesobit>"Mr Ezra Pound: Poet who helped to create modernism". ''The Times''. Issue 58621, 2 November 1972, 18.</ref>

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| quote=<poem>I have brought the great ball of crystal;
:::::::Who can lift it?
Can you enter the great acorn of light?
:::But the beauty is not the madness
Tho' my errors and wrecks lie about me.
And I am not a demigod,{{efn|name=demigod}}
I cannot make it cohere.
</poem>
|source= — ''[[The Paris Review]]'', 1962{{efn|For the earliest version (with a line missing), [https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-ezra-pound Pound (1962)], 14–16. For more on Canto 116, Baumann (1983). For the publication history of the final sections, Stoicheff (1986) and Stoicheff (1995). Also see ''Drafts and Fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII'' (1969).<ref>Pound (1996), 815–816</ref>}}}}

The first three [[canto]]s had been published in ''Poetry'' magazine in June, July, and August 1917,<ref name=Threecantos>Bush (1976), 184; [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13723 Pound (June 1917)], 113–121]; [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764 Pound (July 1917)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319074017/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764 |date=19 March 2022 }}, 180–188; [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810 Pound (August 1917)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511145151/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810 |date=11 May 2020 }}, 248–254</ref> but in 1922 Pound abandoned most of his work and began again.<ref>Terrell (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Eok0KBk63z4C&pg=PR7 vii]; Albright (2001), 75</ref> The early cantos, the "Ur-Cantos", became "Canto I" of the new work.<ref name=ThreeCantos>[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/13764/canto-iii "Three Cantos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804074823/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/13764/canto-iii |date=4 August 2020 }}. Poetry Foundation.</ref> In letters to his father in 1924 and 1927, Pound said ''The Cantos'' was like the medley of voices you hear when you turn the radio dial,{{efn|[[Richard Sieburth]] (''Poetry'', 1979): "As early as 1924, in a letter to his father, Pound was comparing his ''Cantos'' to the medley of voices produced by tuning a radio dial. The speakers did not need to be identified, he explained, for 'you can tell who is talking by the noise they make'—all the reader needed to do was listen attentively as one timbre cut into another, sometimes with clean edge, sometimes with a burst."<ref>Sieburth (1979), 292</ref>}} and "[r]ather like or unlike subject and response and counter subject in [[fugue]]":

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">
:A.A. Live man goes down into world of Dead.
:C.B. The 'repeat in history'.
:B.C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust thru from quotidien into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods., etc.<ref>Terrell (1993), vii; also see [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ezra-pound "Ezra Pound"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062615/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ezra-pound |date=16 August 2017 }}. Poetry Foundation; Laughlin (1986), 13–14; Karachalios (1995), 95</ref></blockquote>

Alluding to American, European and Oriental art, history and literature, the work is also autobiographical.<ref>Beach (2003), 32–33; Bacigalupo (2020), 3</ref> In the view of Pound scholar Carroll F. Terrell, it is a great religious poem, describing humanity's journey from hell to paradise, a "revelation of how divinity is manifested in the universe ... the kind of intelligence that makes the cherrystone become a cherry tree."<ref>Terrell (1993), viii</ref> The poet [[Allen Tate]] argued in 1949 that it is "about nothing at all ... a voice but no subject".<ref name="Tate1955pp264–265">Tate (1955), 264–265</ref> Responding to ''A Draft of XXX Cantos'' (1930), [[F. R. Leavis]] criticized its "lack of form, grammar, principle and direction".<ref>Leavis (1942), 156</ref> The lack of form became a common criticism.<ref>Nadel (2001), 9</ref>{{efn|George Kearns wrote that Pound's love of its production is what held the work together; in his view, Pound is speaking to the poem itself in a final fragment: "M'amour, m'amour".<ref>Kearns (1989), 28–29</ref>}} Pound wrote in the final complete canto, "Canto CXVI" (116, first published in ''[[The Paris Review]]'' in 1962), that he could not "make it cohere",<ref>[https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-a-href-authors-3793-ezra-poundezra-pound-a Pound (1962)]; Pound (1996), 816</ref> although a few lines later, referring to the universe: "it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere."<ref>Pound (1962); Pound (1996), 817; Baumann (1983), 207–208; Nicholls (2001), 144; Dennis (2001), 282</ref> According to Pound scholar Walter Baumann, the [[demigod]] of "Canto CXVI"—"And I am not a demigod"—is [[Heracles]] of [[Sophocles]]'s ''[[Women of Trachis]]'' (450–425 BCE), who exclaims before he dies (based on Pound's translation): "SPLENDOUR, / IT ALL COHERES".{{efn|name=demigod|Walter Baumann (''Paideuma'', 1983): "... Eva Hesse has informed us, presumably on Pound's authority, that the word 'demigod' alludes to the [[Heracles]] of [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Women of Trachis]]''. The prominence Pound gave to the moment in the play when Heracles finally understands the full meaning of the oracles concerning him—that he is to be 'released from trouble,' not by a 'life of comfort,' but by death—is far more a revelation of his state of mind when making his version of the ''Trachiniae'' than of Sophocles' intentions, and the ad-libbing he allowed himself at the crucial point in the Sophoclean text is literally a shorthand anticipation of Canto 116: 'SPLENDOUR, / IT ALL COHERES{{'"}}.<ref>Baumann (1983), 207–208; also see Stoicheff (1995), 142–144</ref>}} "Canto CXVI" ends with the lines "a little light, like a [[rushlight]] / to lead back to splendour."<ref name=Pound1996p817>Pound (1996), 817</ref>

==Italy (1924–1939)==
===Birth of the children===
The Pounds were unhappy in Paris. Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor.<ref name=Tytell191>Tytell (1987), 191–192</ref> At one dinner in the [[Rue de l'Odéon|Place de l'Odéon]], a [[Surrealist]] guest high on drugs had tried to stab Pound in the back; [[Robert McAlmon]] had wrestled with the attacker, and the guests had managed to leave before the police arrived.<ref>Putnam (1947), 89–90; Tytell (1987), 193</ref> For Pound the event underlined that their time in France was over.<ref name=Tytell1987p193>Tytell (1987), 193</ref> They decided to move to a quieter place, leaving in October 1924 for the seaside town of [[Rapallo]] in northern Italy.<ref>Tytell (1987), 197–198; Nadel (2007), 13</ref> Hemingway wrote in a letter that Pound had "indulged in a small nervous breakdown" during the packing, leading to two days at the [[American Hospital of Paris]] in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly]].<ref>Baker (1981), 127</ref> During this period the Pounds lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock she had invested in.<ref>Tytell (1987), 225</ref>

[[File:Home of Olga Rudge, Venice.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Olga Rudge]]'s home in Venice, from 1928, at Calle Querini 252. The plaque can be translated as: Without ever stopping loving Venice, Ezra Pound, titan of poetry, lived in this house for half a century.]]
Pregnant by Pound, Olga Rudge followed the couple to Italy, and in July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, [[Mary de Rachewiltz|Maria]], in a hospital in [[Brixen]] (Italian : Bressanone). Rudge and Pound placed the baby with a German-speaking peasant woman in [[Gais, South Tyrol]], whose own child had died and who agreed to raise Maria for 200 lire a month.<ref>Tytell (1987), 198; Carpenter (1988), 448</ref> Pound reportedly believed that artists ought not to have children, because in his view motherhood ruined women. According to [[Hadley Richardson]], he took her aside before she and Hemingway left Paris for Toronto to have [[Jack Hemingway|their child]], telling her: "Well, I might as well say goodbye to you here and now because [the baby] is going to change you completely."<ref>Cohassey (2014), 48</ref>

At the end of December 1925 Dorothy went on holiday to Egypt, returning on 1 March,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 449–450</ref> and in May the Pounds and Olga Rudge left Rapallo for Paris to attend a semi-private concert performance at the [[Salle Pleyel]] of ''Le Testament de Villon'', a one-act opera Pound had composed ("nearly tuneless", according to Carpenter) with the musicians Agnes Bedford and [[George Antheil]].<ref>Carpenter (1988), 450–451; Moody (2014), 18, 23, 69</ref>{{efn|[[Richard Taruskin]] (2003): "Pound's musicking, like Wagner's, mainly took the form of idiosyncratic operas. The first, after [[François Villon|Villon]], was finished in 1923 and performed both in public and over the radio during Pound's lifetime. Two others, after [[Guido Cavalcanti|Cavalcanti]] and [[Catullus]], were planned and partly realized. But calling them operas was as idiosyncratic as everything else about them. They are medleys of poems tenuously connected by action, or by mere narration, based on events in the lives of the poets."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taruskin |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Taruskin |title=Ezra Pound, Musical Crackpot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/arts/music-ezra-pound-musical-crackpot.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823152643/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/arts/music-ezra-pound-musical-crackpot.html |archive-date=23 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Pound had hired two singers for the performance; Rudge was on violin, Pound played percussion, and Joyce, Eliot and Hemingway were in the audience.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 450–451; Moody (2014), 23</ref>

The couple stayed on in Paris after the performance; Dorothy was pregnant and wanted the baby to be born at the American hospital. Hemingway accompanied her there in a taxi for the birth of a son, [[Omar Pound]], on 10 September 1926.<ref name=Carpenter1988p452/> (Ezra was an admirer of [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Fitzgerald]]'s translation of [[Omar Khayyam]].)<ref>Conover, (2001), 68</ref> Ezra signed the birth certificate the following day at Neuilly town hall and wrote to his father, "next generation (male) arrived. Both D & it appear to be doing well."<ref name=Carpenter1988p452>Carpenter (1988), 452–453</ref> Ezra ended up in the American hospital himself for tests and, he told Olga, a "small operation".<ref>Moody (2014), 69</ref> Dorothy took Omar to England, where she stayed for a year and thereafter visited him every summer. He was sent to live at first in [[Felpham]], Sussex, with a former superintendent of [[Norland College]], which trains nannies,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 455–456</ref> and later became a boarder at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]].<ref>Carpenter (1988), 554</ref> When Dorothy was in England with Omar during the summers, Ezra would spend the time with Olga.<ref>Tytell (1987), 198; [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html Van Gelder (1996)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526165511/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html |date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> Olga's father helped her buy a house in Venice in 1928,<ref name=Conover2001p83>Conover (2001), 83</ref> and from 1930 she also rented the top floor of a house in Sant'Ambrogio, Caso 60, near the Pounds in Rapallo.<ref>Marsh (2011), 102</ref>

===''The Exile'', ''Dial'' poetry award===
[[File:Ezra Pound by EO Hoppe 1920.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Pound in 1920 by [[E. O. Hoppe]]]]
In 1925 a new literary magazine, ''This Quarter'', dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce.<ref>Tytell (1987), 201</ref> In Hemingway's contribution, "Homage to Ezra", he wrote that Pound "devotes perhaps one fifth of his working time to writing poetry and in this twenty per cent of effort writes a large and distinguished share of the really great poetry that has been written by any American living or dead—or any Englishman living or dead or any Irishman who ever wrote English."<ref name=Hemingway1925/>

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc;">
With the rest of his time he tries to advance the fortunes, both material and artistic, of his friends. He defends them when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. He loans them money. He sells their pictures. He arranges concerts for them. He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying and he witnesses their wills. He advances them hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide. And in the end a few of them refrain from knifing him at the first opportunity.<ref name=Hemingway1925>Hemingway (1925)</ref></blockquote>

Against Hemingway's positive view of Pound, Richard Aldington told Amy Lowell that year that Pound had been almost forgotten in England: "as the rest of us go up, he goes down", he wrote.<ref>Nadel (2007), 14</ref> In the U.S., Pound won the $2,000 ''[[The Dial|Dial]]'' poetry award in 1927<ref>Marsh (2011), 103</ref> for his translation of the [[Confucian classic]] ''[[Great Learning]]''.<ref>Moody (2014), xiv</ref> Using the prize money, he launched his own literary magazine, ''The Exile'', in March, but only four issues appeared. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, [[E. E. Cummings]], Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams, and [[Robert McAlmon]].<ref>Wilhelm (1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA22 22–24]</ref> Some of the poorest work consisted of Pound's rambling editorials on [[Confucianism]] or in praise of Lenin, according to biographer J. J. Wilhelm.<ref>Wilhelm (1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA24 24]</ref> His parents visited him in Rapallo that year, seeing him for the first time since 1914. His father had retired, so they moved to Rapallo themselves, taking a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.<ref>Tytell (1987), 215</ref>

===Antisemitism, social credit===
{{further|Economic antisemitism}}
Pound's [[antisemitism]] can be traced to at least 1910, when he wrote in ''Patria Mia'', his essays for the ''New Age'': "The Jew alone can retain his detestable qualities, despite climatic conditions." The sentence was removed from the 1950 edition.<ref name=Surrette1999p242>Surrette (1999), 242</ref> In 1922, he apparently disliked that so many Jews were contributing to ''[[The Dial]]'',<ref>Julius (1995), 182, citing Corrigan (1977), 466, and note 17, 479; Corrigan cites a letter from Pound to [[Jeanne Robert Foster]], 2 February 1922, Houghton Library, Harvard University.</ref> and, in 1939, when he read his poetry at [[Harvard]], he was said to have included antisemitic poems in the program because he believed there were Jews in the audience.<ref>Tytell (1987), 268–269</ref>{{efn|In 1939, according to [[Samuel Putnam]], Pound refused to enter [[Frances Steloff]]'s [[Gotham Book Mart]] in New York because she was Jewish, even though she had helped to sell his work. Writing in 1947, Putnam said he heard this directly from Steloff.<ref>Putnam (1947), 158.</ref> According to Carpenter, this did not happen. He says that Steloff called it "an absolute falsehood".<ref>Carpenter (1988), 561</ref>}}

A friend of Pound's, the writer Lina Caico, wrote to him in March 1937, asking him to use his musical contacts to help a German-Jewish pianist in Berlin who did not have enough money to live on because of the [[Nuremberg Laws]]. Normally willing to help fellow artists, Pound replied (at length): "You hit a nice sore spot ... Let her try Rothschild and some of the bastards who are murdering 10 million anglo saxons in England."<ref>Moody (2014), 242–243; Redman (1991), 177</ref> He nevertheless denied being an antisemite; he said he liked [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], and [[Alexander del Mar]]. "What I am driving at", he wrote to [[Jackson Mac Low]], "is that some [[kike]] might manage to pin an antisem lable on me IF he neglected the mass of my writing."<ref>Julius (1995), 184–185</ref>{{efn|Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library (2012): "Reading Pound's correspondence, researchers can delve in to his relationships with, and influence on, younger poets. Such is the case with Pound's letters to poet, composer, and performance artist Jackson Mac Low. In addition to discussing literature and politics, Pound defends himself from charges of anti-Semitism with the inflammatory remark that 'some kike might manage to pin an antisem lable on me IF he neglected the mass of my writing.{{'"}}<ref>[https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/article/ezra-pound-new-acquisitions "Ezra Pound–New Acquisitions"]. Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, 7 November 2012.</ref>}}

Pound came to believe that World War I had been caused by finance capitalism, which he called "usury",<ref name=Preda2005bp90/> and that the Jews had been to blame. He believed the solution lay in [[C. H. Douglas]]'s idea of [[social credit]].<ref name=Preda2005ap87>Preda (2005a), 87</ref> Pound several times used the term ''Leihkapital'' (loan capital), equating it with Jews.<ref>Casillo (1988), 193; Feldman (2013), 52</ref> Hitler had used the same term in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (1926).<ref>Feldman (2013), 52</ref>{{efn|''[[Mein Kampf]]'' was translated into English in full in 1939, but in 1931 [[Chatto & Windus]] published the book ''Hitler'', by Pound's friend [[Wyndham Lewis]], with translated fragments of ''Mein Kampf''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=W09KAAAAIAAJ Lewis (1931)]; Kimpel and Eaves (1983), 49; Feldman (2013), 52</ref> Lewis later turned against [[fascism]].<ref name=Hitchens2008/>}} "Your enemy is Das Leihkapital," Pound wrote, in a 1942 radio script aimed at the UK, "international, wandering Loan Capital. Your enemy is not Germany, your enemy is money on loan. And it would be better to be infected with typhus ... than to be infected with this blindness which prevents you from understanding HOW you are undermined ... The big Jew is so bound up with this Leihkapital that no one is able to unscramble that omelet."<ref>Doob (1978), 59</ref> The argument ran that without "usury" and Jews, there would be no class conflict.<ref>Casillo (1988), 193</ref>

In addition to presenting his economic ideas in hundreds of articles and in ''The Cantos'', Pound wrote more than 1,000 letters a year throughout the 1930s.<ref name=Tytell1987p254>Tytell (1987), 254; Julius (1995), 183</ref> From 1932, he wrote 180 articles for ''The New English Weekly'', a social-credit journal founded by A. R. Orage, and 60 for ''Il Mare'', a Rapallo newspaper.<ref>Tytell (1987), 227</ref> He wrote to [[Bill Bird]] that the press in Paris was controlled by the [[Comité des forges]]. He also came under the influence of [[Charles Maurras]], who led the far-right ''[[Action Française]]''.<ref>Tytell (1987), 228</ref>

In 1935, Pound wrote an essay, "What is Money For?" where he advocated for [[Silvio Gesell]]'s concept of [[Demurrage currency|free money]]. In the essay, he criticized usury and argued that "vegetable money" was necessary to put people whose livelihoods are dependent on producing food on an equal level playing field with people with already have plenty of money stored in banks.<ref name="baynham-2023">{{cite journal |url=https://www.noemamag.com/what-if-money-expired/ |title=What If Money Expired? |last=Baynham |first=Jacob |date=14 November 2023 |website=Noema Magazine |publisher=Berggruen Institute |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

===Meeting Mussolini===
{{further|Fascist Italy (1922–1943)}}
[[File:Benito Mussolini 1922.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|[[Benito Mussolini]] in 1922]]

In December 1932 Pound requested a meeting with [[Benito Mussolini]] after being hired to work on a film script about [[Italian fascism]]. Pound had asked to see Mussolini previously—Olga Rudge had played privately for Mussolini on 19 February 1927—but this time he was given an audience.<ref>Moody (2014), 129–130</ref> They met on 30 January 1933 at the [[Palazzo Venezia]] in Rome, the day [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany]].<ref>Moody (2014), 136–137</ref>

When Pound handed Mussolini a copy of ''A Draft of XXX Cantos'', Mussolini reportedly said of a passage Pound highlighted that it was not English. Pound said: "No, it's my idea of the way a continental Jew would speak English", to which Mussolini replied "How entertaining" (''divertente'').<ref name=Moody2014p137>Moody (2014), 137</ref> Pound tried to discuss an 18-point draft of his economic theories.<ref name=Moody2014p137/> (Daniel Swift writes that this story has been "told and retold, and in each version, the details shift".)<ref>Swift (2017), 216</ref> Pound recorded the meeting in "Canto XLI".<ref>Pound (1996), 202; Redman (1991), 95</ref>

Pound wrote to C. H. Douglas that he had "never met anyone who seemed to ''get'' my ideas so quickly as the boss".<ref name=Tytell1987p230>Tytell (1987), 230</ref> The meeting left him feeling that he had become a person of influence, Redman writes, someone who had been consulted by a head of state.<ref>Redman (1991), 98</ref> When he returned to Rapallo, he was greeted at the station by the town band.<ref name=Moody2014p137/>

{{Quote box
| width=380px
| align=right
| quoted=
| title=Canto XLI
| bgcolor= #FFF8E7
| salign=right
| style = padding:1.45em
| fontsize=93%
| quote=<poem>
:[[File:Handfull img initial m.png|frameless|50px|alt=M]]A QVESTO,"
:::::said [[Benito Mussolini|the Boss]], "è divertente."
:catching the point before the aesthetes had got
:::there;
Having [[Pontine Marshes#Bonifica integrale|drained off the muck]] by [[Vada, Rosignano Marittimo|Vada]]
From the marshes, by [[Mount Circeo|Circeo]], where no one else wd. have
::::drained it.
Waited 2000 years, ate grain from the marshes:
Water supply for ten million, another one million "''vani''"
that is rooms for people to live in.
:::XI of [[Era Fascista|our era]].
</poem>
|source=— On meeting Mussolini<ref>From ''Eleven New Cantos XXXI–XLI'' (1934); see Pound (1996), 202; Redman (1991), 95</ref>}}

Immediately after the meeting, Pound began writing ''The ABC of Economics'' and ''[[Jefferson and/or Mussolini|Jefferson and/or Mussolini: L'Idea Statale Fascism as I Have Seen It]]'' (1935). The latter was ready by the end of February,<ref>Redman (2001), 101, 256; Moody (2014), 137</ref> although he had trouble finding a publisher. In 1942, Pound told Italy's Royal Finance Office that he had written the book for propaganda purposes in Italy's interests.<ref>Feldman (2013), 115</ref> He wrote articles praising Mussolini and fascism for T. S. Eliot's ''[[The Criterion]]'' in July 1933, the ''[[New York World Telegram]]'' in November 1933, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' on 9 April 1934,<ref>Feldman (2013), 19</ref> and in 65 articles for the ''British-Italian Bulletin'', published by the Italian Embassy in London.<ref>Feldman (2013), 53, 115</ref>

Pound's antisemitism deepened with the introduction of the [[Italian racial laws]] in 1938,{{efn|[[Tim Redman]] (2001): "Pound's antisemitism, which had been sporadically in evidence since the publication of 'Patria Mia' in 1912, grew in virulence with that of the Italian regime. With the passage of the racial laws in 1938, the onset of the Second World War in 1939, and the foundation of the Salo Republic, Pound's antisemitic outbursts grew in viciousness and frequency until the end of the war, when public awareness of the Holocaust forced a realization of the horrific consequences of hateful speech."<ref>Redman (2001), 258</ref>}} preceded by the publication in July that year of the [[Manifesto of Race]]. Mussolini instituted restrictions against Jews, who had to register. Foreign Jews lost their Italian citizenship, and on 18 September 1938 Mussolini declared Judaism "an irreconcilable enemy of fascism".<ref>Sarfatti (2006), 138–139</ref>

===Visit to America===
When Olivia Shakespear died in October 1938 in London, Dorothy asked Ezra to organize the funeral, where he saw their 12-year-old son, Omar, for the first time in eight years. He visited Eliot and [[Wyndham Lewis]], who produced [[Ezra Pound (Lewis)|a famous portrait of Pound reclining]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 250</ref>

Believing he could stop America's involvement in World War II, Pound sailed for New York in April 1939 on the [[SS Rex|SS ''Rex'']] in a first-class suite.<ref name=Tytell1987p251/>{{efn|Tytell writes that the suite was said to have been paid for by the Italian government,<ref name=Tytell1987p251/> but Carpenter writes that Pound had simply decided to travel in style.<ref name=Carpenter1988p560/>}} Giving interviews on the deck in a tweed jacket, he told reporters that Mussolini wanted peace.<ref name=Tytell1987p251>Tytell (1987), 251</ref> In Washington, D.C., he attended a session of Congress, sitting in a section of the gallery reserved for relatives (because of [[Thaddeus Coleman Pound]]).<ref name=Carpenter1988p560>Carpenter (1988), 560</ref> He lobbied senators and congressmen,<ref>Tytell (1987), 252; Carpenter (1988), 560</ref> had lunch with the Polish ambassador, warning him not to trust the English or Winston Churchill,<ref name=":4">Tytell (1987), 254</ref> and asked to see the President but was told it could not be done.<ref name=Carpenter1988p560/>

He took part in a poetry reading at Harvard, where he agreed to be recorded by the Department of Speech,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 563</ref> and in July he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College, along with the radio commentator [[H. V. Kaltenborn]]. Kaltenborn, whom Pound referred to at the time as Kaltenstein, gave an anti-fascist speech after lunch ("dictatorships shall die, but democracies shall live"), which Pound interrupted loudly to the point where, according to one account, the college president had to intervene.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 565; also see Tytell (1987), 253</ref> Pound described this years later to Wyndham Lewis: "That was a music hall day, with a stage set/ only at a Kawledg Komencement wd/ one git in mouth-shot at that sort of wind-bag/ that fahrt Kaltenbourne."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 565</ref>{{efn|[[William Carlos Williams]], his friend since university, wrote to Pound's publisher, [[James Laughlin]], in June 1939: "The man is sunk, in my opinion, unless he can shake the fog of fascism out of his brain ...".<ref>Tytell (1987), 253; Carpenter (1988), 562</ref>}} Pound sailed back to Italy a few days later on the [[SS Conte di Savoia|SS ''Conte di Savoia'']].<ref>Carpenter (1988), 566</ref>

Between May and September 1939 Pound wrote 12 articles for the ''[[The Japan Times|Japan Times]]'' (he became their "Italian correspondent"),<ref>Corkill, Edan (28 March 2020). [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/28/national/history/our-man-mr-pound/ "Our man, Mr. Pound"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008154935/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/28/national/history/our-man-mr-pound/ |date=8 October 2020 }}. ''The Japan Times''.</ref> which included the claim that "Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a 'country run by Jews{{'"}}.<ref name=Tytell1987p257>Tytell (1987), 257</ref> He discussed the "essential fairness of Hitler's war aims" and wrote that Churchill was a senile front for the Rothschilds.<ref name=Tytell1987p259/>

==World War II and radio broadcasts (1939–1945)==
===Letter-writing campaign===
When [[World War II#War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)|war broke out]] in September 1939, Pound began a letter-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned months earlier.<ref>Tytell (1987), 257–258</ref> On 18 June 1940, after the [[Battle of France|fall of France]], he wrote to Senator [[Burton K. Wheeler]]: "I have read a regulation that only those foreigners are to be admitted to the U.S. who are deemed to be useful etc/. The dirtiest jews from Paris, [[Léon Blum|Blum]]??" He explained that they were all a pox.<ref>Redman (1991), 201–202</ref> To his publisher, [[James Laughlin]], he wrote that "Roosevelt represents Jewry" and signed off with "Heil Hitler".<ref name=":4"/> He began calling Roosevelt "Jewsfeldt" or "Stinky Rooosenstein".<ref name=Tytell1987p257/> In ''[[Meridiano di Roma]]'' he compared Hitler and Mussolini to [[Confucius]].<ref name=Tytell1987p259>Tytell (1987), 259</ref> In [[Oswald Mosley]]'s newspaper, ''[[Action (newspaper)|Action]]'', he wrote that the English were "a slave race governed by the [[Rothschild family|House of Rothschild]] since Waterloo".<ref name=Tytell1987p257/> By May 1940, according to the historian [[Matthew Feldman (historian)|Matthew Feldman]], the British government regarded Pound as "a principal supplier of information to the BUF {{bracket|[[British Union of Fascists]]}} from abroad".<ref>Feldman (2013), 4</ref> His literary agent in New York, [[John J. Slocum]], urged him to return to writing poetry and literary criticism; instead, Pound sent Slocum political manifestos, which he declined to attempt to publish in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slocum |first1=John J. |last2=Pound |first2=Dorothy |title=Remembering Ezra Pound |journal=[[Yale University Library Gazette]]|date=1982 |volume=57 |issue=1/2 |page=59 |jstor=40858806|issn=0044-0175}}</ref>

===Radio broadcasts===
{{main|Ezra Pound's radio broadcasts, 1941–1945}}
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| quote= You let in the Jew and the Jew rotted your Empire, and you yourselves are (doomed) by the Jew.
|source = — Ezra Pound, Radio Rome, 15 March 1942<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/ezra-pound-p1.pdf Pound radio broadcasts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017210110/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/ezra-pound-p1.pdf |date=17 October 2021 }}, United States Department of Justice (DOJ), 7.</ref>}}

Between 23 January 1941<ref>Feldman (2013), 94</ref> and 28 March 1945, including during the [[Holocaust in Italy]], Pound recorded or composed hundreds of broadcasts for Italian radio, mostly for [[Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche|EIAR]] (Radio Rome) and later for a radio station in the [[Italian Social Republic]], a [[puppet state]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in northern and central Italy.<ref>Feldman (2013), 99; Tytell (1987), 261</ref> Broadcast in English, and sometimes in Italian, German, and French,<ref>Feldman (2013), 83–84</ref> the EIAR program was transmitted to England, central Europe, and the United States.<ref>Tytell (1987), 261</ref>

Styling himself "Dr Ezra Pound" (his only doctorate was the honorary one from Hamilton College),<ref>Swift (2017), 232</ref> he attacked the United States, Roosevelt, Roosevelt's family, Churchill, and the Jews. He praised Hitler, recommended [[eugenics]] to "conserve the best of the race",<ref name=JusticeDeptp12>[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/ezra-pound-p1.pdf Pound radio broadcasts]. DOJ, 12–13.</ref> and referred to Jews as "filth".<ref>Tytell (1987), 266</ref> The broadcasts were monitored by the United States [[Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service]], and on 26 July 1943 the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] indicted Pound ''in absentia'' for [[Treason in the United States|treason]].<ref name=Tytell1987pp269-270>Tytell (1987), 269–270</ref> According to Feldman, the Pound archives at Yale contain receipts for 195 payments from the Italian [[Ministry of Popular Culture]] from 22 April 1941 to 26 January 1944. Over 33 months, Pound received 250,000 lire (then equivalent to $12,500; $185,000 as of 2013).<ref>Feldman (2013), 107</ref>

[[File:Italian-social-republic-and-civil-war.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Italian Social Republic]], September 1943 – May 1945]]
On 9–10 September 1943, the German [[Wehrmacht]] occupied northern and central Italy. Hitler appointed Mussolini head of a fascist puppet state, the [[Italian Social Republic]] or Salò Republic.<ref>Sarfatti (2006), 180</ref> Pound called it the "Republic of Utopia".<ref>Feldman (2013), 144</ref> [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officers began concentrating Jews in transit camps before deporting them to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]].<ref>Sarfatti (2006), 180–181</ref> In Rome when the German occupation began, Pound headed north to [[Gais, South Tyrol|Gais]], on foot and by train, to visit his daughter, a journey of about {{convert|450|mile}}.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 627</ref>{{efn|According to his daughter, it was during this visit that Pound first told her he had a wife in Rapallo and a son in England.<ref>Tytell (1987), 272–273; Carpenter (1988), 628–629; Moody (2015), 66–67</ref>}} On or around 23 November 1943, he met [[Fernando Mezzasoma]], the new Minister of Popular Culture, in [[Salò]]. Pound wrote to Dorothy from Salò asking if she could obtain a radio confiscated from the Jews to give to Rudge, so that Rudge could help with his work.<ref>Moody (2015), 72</ref>

From 1 December 1943 Pound began writing scripts for the state's new radio station.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 632–633; Tytell (1987), 274</ref> The following day he suggested to [[Alessandro Pavolini]], secretary of the [[Republican Fascist Party]], that book stores be legally obliged to showcase certain books, including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' (1903), an [[Okhrana]] hoax document purporting to be a Jewish plan to dominate the world. "The arrest of Jews will create a wave of useless mercy," Pound wrote, "thus the need to disseminate the Protocols. The intellectuals are capable of a passion more durable than emotional, but they need to understand the reasons for a conflict."<ref name=Feldman2013p159>Feldman (2013), 159; Moody (2015), 74</ref> On 26 January 1945, in a script called "Corpses of Course" for the program ''Jerry's Front Calling'', Pound wrote: "Why shouldn't there be one grand beano; wiping out Sieff and Kuhn and Loeb and Guggenheim and Stinkenfinger and the rest of the nazal bleaters?"<ref>Feldman (2013), 159</ref>

===Arrest for treason===
{{further|Death of Benito Mussolini}}

In May 1944 the German military, trying to secure the coast against the Allies, forced the Pounds to evacuate their seafront apartment in Rapallo. From then until the end of the war, the couple lived with Rudge in her home above Rapallo at Sant' Ambrogio.<ref>Moody (2015), 85</ref> There were food shortages, and no coffee, newspapers, telephones, or letters.<ref name=Tytell1987p272>Tytell (1987), 272</ref> According to Rudge, Ezra and Dorothy would spend their nights listening to the [[BBC World Service|BBC]].<ref>Conover (2001), 154; Moody (2015), 86</ref> In addition to the radio scripts, Pound was writing for the newspaper ''Il Popolo di Alessandria''. He wanted to write for the more reputable ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' in Milan, but the editor regarded his Italian as "incomprehensible".<ref>Moody (2015), 88</ref>

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Mussolini and his mistress, [[Clara Petacci]], were shot by Italian [[Italian resistance movement|partisans]] on 28 April 1945. Their bodies were displayed in the [[Piazzale Loreto]] in Milan, abused by the crowd, then left hanging upside down.<ref>Sieburth (2003), referenced in Canto LXXIV as ix</ref> Pound wrote in "Canto LXXIV" (''The Pisan Cantos''), "Thus Ben and la Clara ''a Milano'' / by the heels at Milano".<ref>"Canto LXXIV", Pound (2003b), 3, lines 4–5</ref> On 3 May armed partisans arrived at Rudge's home to find Pound alone. He picked up the Confucian text ''[[Four Books and Five Classics|Four Books]]'' and a Chinese–English dictionary and was taken to their headquarters in [[Zoagli]],<ref>Sieburth (2003), ix; Moody (2015), 100</ref> then at his request to the U.S. [[Counterintelligence Corps (United States Army)|Counter Intelligence Corps]] headquarters in [[Genoa]], where he was interrogated by FBI agent Frank L. Amprin.<ref>Tytell (1987), 276; Sieburth (2003), x</ref>

Pound asked to send a cable to [[Harry S. Truman]] to help negotiate a "just peace" with Japan. He wanted to make a final broadcast called "Ashes of Europe Calling", in which he would recommend not only peace with Japan, but American management of Italy, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref>Sieburth (2003), x</ref> A few days later Amprin removed over 7,000 letters, articles and other documents from Rudge's home as evidence.<ref>Tytell (1987), 276; Sieburth (2003), xii</ref> On 8 May, the day [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany surrendered]], Pound gave the Americans a further statement:

[[File:Toilet paper, Pisan Cantos.JPG|upright|thumb|left|alt=photograph|Toilet paper showing start of Canto LXXIV<ref>Sieburth (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TubCKx3F6UQC&pg=PR36 xxxvi]</ref>]]

{{blockquote|I am not anti-Semitic, and I distinguish between the Jewish usurer and the Jew who does an honest day's work for a living.{{pb}} Hitler and Mussolini were simple men from the country. I think that Hitler was a Saint, and wanted nothing for himself. I think that he was fooled into anti-Semitism and it ruined him. That was his mistake. When you see the "mess" that Italy gets into by bumping off Mussolini, you will see why someone could believe in some of his efforts.<ref>Feldman (2013), 5</ref>}}

Later that day he told an American reporter, Edd Johnson, that Hitler was "a [[Joan of Arc|Jeanne d'Arc]] ... Like many martyrs, he held extreme views". Mussolini was "a very human, imperfect character who lost his head".<ref>Johnson (1945); Sieburth (2003), xi; Moody (2007), 113–114</ref> On 24 May he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's {{convert|6|by|6|ft|m|adj=on}} outdoor steel cages, with tar paper covers, lit up at night by floodlights. Engineers reinforced his cage the night before he arrived in fear that fascist sympathizers might try to break him out.<ref name=Tytell1987p277>Tytell (1987), 277</ref>

Pound lived in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication, apart from daily access to the chaplain.<ref>Sieburth (2003), xiii</ref> After three weeks, he stopped eating.<ref name=Tytell1987p277/> He recorded what seemed to be a breakdown in "Canto LXXX", where [[Odysseus]] is saved from drowning by [[Leucothea]]: "hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me".<ref>Pound (1996), 533; Sieburth (2003), xiii</ref> Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On 14 and 15 June he was examined by psychiatrists, after which he was transferred to his own tent.<ref>Sieburth (2003), xiv</ref> He began to write, drafting what became known as ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]''.<ref>Sieburth (2003), xv</ref> The existence of two sheets of toilet paper showing the first ten lines of "Canto LXXIV" in pencil suggests he started it while in the cage.<ref>Kimpel and Eaves (1981), 474; Sieburth (2003), frontispiece; Moody (2015), 117–118</ref>

==United States (1945–1958)==
===St. Elizabeths Hospital===
{{further|Visits to St. Elizabeths}}
[[File:Center building at Saint Elizabeths, August 23, 2006.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=photograph|[[St. Elizabeths Hospital]] Center Building, [[Anacostia]], Washington, D.C., 2006]]

Pound arrived back in Washington, D.C., on 18 November 1945, two days before the start of the [[Nuremberg trials]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 284</ref> Lt. Col. P. V. Holder, one of the escorting officers, wrote in an affidavit that Pound was "an intellectual 'crackpot{{'"}} who intended to conduct his own defense.<ref>Kimpel and Eaves (1981), 475–476</ref> Dorothy would not allow it; Pound wrote in a letter: "Tell [[Omar Pound|Omar]] I favour a defender who has written a life of [[John Adams|J. Adams]] and translated [[Confucius]]. Otherwise how CAN he know what it is about?".<ref>Pound and Spoo (1999), 19–20; Moody (2015), 127</ref>

He was arraigned on 27 November on charges of treason,{{efn|The 19 counts consisted of broadcasts that had been witnessed by two technicians; the charge was that Pound had violated his allegiance to the United States by unlawfully supporting the Kingdom of Italy.<ref>Tytell (1987), 286–287</ref>}} and on 4 December he was placed in a locked room in the psychiatric ward of [[Gallinger Hospital]].<ref>Moody (2015), 185</ref> Three court-appointed psychiatrists, including [[Winfred Overholser]], superintendent of [[St. Elizabeths Hospital]], decided that he was mentally unfit to stand trial. They found him "abnormally [[Grandiosity|grandiose]] ... expansive and exuberant in manner, exhibiting [[pressure of speech]], [[Repetition (rhetorical device)|discursiveness]] and [[Distraction|distractibility]]."<ref>Moody (2015), 177–178</ref> A fourth psychiatrist appointed by Pound's lawyer initially thought he was a [[Psychopathy|psychopath]], which would have made him unfit to stand trial.<ref>Torrey (1992), 193 and 317, n. 54, citing "FBI interview with Dr. Wendell Muncie, February 20, 1956, in the FBI file on Pound"; Moody (2015), 179</ref>

On 21 December 1945, as case no. 58,102, he was transferred to Howard Hall, St. Elizabeths' maximum security ward, where he was held in a single cell with peepholes.<ref>Moody (2015), 192</ref> Visitors were admitted to the waiting room for 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming.<ref>Tytell (1987), 294; Moody (2015), 194</ref> A hearing on 13 February 1946 concluded that he was of "unsound mind"; he shouted in court: "I never did believe in Fascism, God damn it; I am opposed to Fascism."<ref>Moody (2015), 213.</ref> Pound's lawyer, [[Julien Cornell]], requested his release at a hearing in January 1947.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/07/obituaries/julien-cornell-83-the-defense-lawyer-in-ezra-pound-case.html "Julien Cornell, 83, The Defense Lawyer In Ezra Pound Case"]. ''The New York Times'', 7 December 1994; Moody (2015), 242</ref> As a compromise, Overholser moved him to the more comfortable Cedar Ward on the third floor of the east wing of St. Elizabeths' Center Building.<ref>Moody (2015), 244, 246; Swift (2017), 79</ref> In early 1948 he was moved again, this time to a larger room in Chestnut Ward.<ref>Moody (2015), 247</ref>

Tytell writes that Pound was in his element in Chestnut Ward.<ref name=Tytell302/> At last provided for, he was allowed to read, write, and receive visitors, including Dorothy for several hours a day.<ref name=Tytell1987p309/> (In October 1946 Dorothy had been placed in charge of his "person and property".<ref>Moody (2015), 234</ref>) His room had a typewriter, floor-to-ceiling book shelves, and bits of paper hanging on string from the ceiling with ideas for ''The Cantos''.<ref name=Tytell302/> He had turned a small alcove on the ward into his living room, where he entertained friends and literary figures.<ref name=Tytell1987p309>Tytell (1987), 309</ref>{{efn|Visitors included [[Conrad Aiken]], [[Elizabeth Bishop]], [[E. E. Cummings]], [[Guy Davenport]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Achilles Fang]], [[Edith Hamilton]], [[Hugh Kenner]], [[Robert Lowell]], [[Archibald MacLeish]], [[Marshall McLuhan]], [[H. L. Mencken]], [[Marianne Moore]], [[Norman Holmes Pearson]], [[Allen Tate]], [[Stephen Spender]], and [[William Carlos Williams]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 299–300; Torrey (1992), 219</ref> Another person who visited Pound on occasion and regularly corresponded with him was Elisabeth W. Schneider, a literature professor at [[Temple University]]; their correspondence is in the collection of the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], library.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Ezra Pound/Elisabeth W. Schneider Correspondence |url=https://oac4.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7w10063b/entire_text/ |via=[[Online Archive of California]]}}</ref>}} It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released.<ref>Kutler (1982), 81; Tytell (1987), 305</ref>

While in St. Elizabeths, Pound would often decline to talk to psychiatrists with names he deemed Jewish (he called psychiatrists "kikiatrists"),<ref>Cohassey (2014), 142</ref> and he apparently told [[Charles Olson]]: "I was a Zionist in Italy, but now I'm for pogroms, after what I've experienced in here (SLiz)."<ref>Olson (1991), 93</ref> He advised visitors to read the ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and he referred to any visitor he happened not to like as Jewish.<ref>Tytell (1987), 303–304</ref> In November 1953 he wrote to [[Olivia Rossetti Agresti]] that Hitler was "bit by dirty Jew mania for World Domination, as yu used to point out/ this WORST of German diseases was got from yr/ idiolized and filthy biblical bastards. Adolf clear on the baccilus of kikism/ that is on nearly all the other poisons.[sic] but failed to get a vaccine against that."<ref>Tryphonopoulous and Surette (1998), 131–132; Kimpel and Eaves (1983), 50</ref>

===''The Pisan Cantos'', Bollingen Prize===
{{further|The Pisan Cantos}}
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and [[the Serpentine]] will look just the same
and the gulls be as neat on the pond
and the sunken garden unchanged
and God knows what else is left of our London
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| source = — ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]'' (1948)<ref>Pound (1996), 536; Pound (2003b), 94; Alexander (1981), 227; Terrell (1993), 449</ref>
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[[James Laughlin]] of [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]] had Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV, known as ''The Pisan Cantos'', ready for publication in 1946 and gave Pound an advance copy,<ref>Tytell (1987), 293</ref> but Laughlin held back, waiting for the right time to publish. A group of Pound's friends—T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, [[W. H. Auden]], Allen Tate, and [[Joseph Cornell]]—met Laughlin in June 1948 to discuss how to get Pound released. They planned to have him awarded the first [[Bollingen Prize]], a new national poetry award with $1,000 prize money donated by the [[Mellon family]].<ref name=Tytell302>Tytell (1987), 302</ref>

The awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the [[Library of Congress]], including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, [[Katherine Anne Porter]], and [[Theodore Spencer]].{{efn|The Associated Press reported the list of judges as [[Conrad Aiken]], [[W. H. Auden]], [[Louise Bogan]], [[Katherine Garrison Chapin]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Paul Green (playwright)|Paul Green]], [[Robert Lowell]], [[Katherine Anne Porter]], [[Karl Shapiro]], [[Allen Tate]], [[Willard Thorp]], and [[Robert Penn Warren]]. Also on the list were [[Léonie Adams]], the Library of Congress's poetry consultant, and [[Theodore Spencer]], who died on 18 January 1949, just before the award was announced.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/02/20/84196391.pdf "Pound, in Mental Clinic, Wins Prize for Poetry Penned in Treason Cell"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Associated Press]], 19 February 1949.</ref>}} The idea was that the Justice Department would be in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released.<ref name=Tytell302/> Laughlin published ''The Pisan Cantos'' on 20 July 1948,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 787</ref> and the following February the prize went to Pound.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 791</ref>{{efn|"At their [the committee's first] meeting [in November 1948], and to no one's great surprise, given [Allen] Tate's behind-the-scenes maneuverings and the intimidating presence of recent Nobel Laureate T. S. Eliot, ''The Pisan Cantos'' emerged as the major contender ..."<ref>Sieburth (2003), xxxviii–xxxix</ref>}} There were two dissenting voices, [[Katherine Garrison Chapin]] and [[Karl Shapiro]]; the latter said he could not vote for an antisemite because he was Jewish himself.<ref name=Tytell303>Tytell (1987), 303</ref> Pound had apparently prepared a statement—"No comment from the Bug House"—but decided instead to stay silent.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 793</ref>

There was uproar.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 792</ref> The ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' quoted critics who said that poetry cannot "convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry".<ref>"Canto Controversy". ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', 22 August 1949, 6.</ref> [[Robert Hillyer]], a Pulitzer Prize winner and president of the [[Poetry Society of America]], attacked the committee in ''[[The Saturday Review of Literature]]'',<ref>Hillyer (11 June 1949 and 18 June 1949); Tytell (1987), 303; McGuire (2020), 213–214</ref> telling journalists that he "never saw anything to admire, not one line, in Pound".<ref>McGuire (2020), 212</ref> Congressman [[Jacob K. Javits]] demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the Library of Congress administered the prize.<ref name=Tytell303/>

===Diagnosis===
During a case conference at St. Elizabeths on 28 January 1946, six psychiatrists had concluded that Pound had [[psychopathic personality disorder]] but was not [[Psychosis|psychotic]]. Present during the meeting, he decided to lie on the floor while the psychiatrists interviewed him.<ref>Torrey (1992), 202–204</ref> In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association published its first ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-1), and St. Elizabeths began diagnosing patients according to its definitions. In July 1953 a psychiatrist added to Pound's notes that he probably had [[narcissistic personality disorder]]. The main feature of Pound's personality, he wrote, was his "profound, incredible, over-weaning ''(sic)'' narcissism". A [[personality disorder]], unlike conditions that give rise to psychosis, is not regarded as a [[mental illness]], and the diagnosis would have made Pound fit to stand trial. On 31 May 1955, at the request of the hospital's superintendent Winfred Overholser, the diagnosis was changed to "psychotic disorder, undifferentiated", which is classified as mental illness.<ref>Torrey (1992), 248–249</ref> In 1966, after his release from St. Elizabeths, Pound was diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name=Rossi2008pp145-146/>

===Political activities while hospitalized===
Pound struck up a friendship with [[Eustace Mullins]], apparently associated with the Aryan League of America and author of the 1961 biography ''This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound''.<ref>Tytell (1987), 304; Wilhelm (1994), 286, 306</ref> He was also visited in the hospital by American Nazi leader [[Matt Koehl]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Paul |title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate |last2=Šechovcov |first2=Anton |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-39621-1 |location=Basingstoke}}</ref> and befriended [[John Kasper]], a [[Ku Klux Klan]] member who, after ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision mandating racial desegregation in public schools), set up a [[Citizens' Council]] chapter, the Seaboard White Citizens' Council in Washington.<ref>Tytell (1987), 306; Barnhisel (1998), 283; Marsh (2015), 93</ref> Members had to be white, supportive of racial segregation, and believers in the divinity of Jesus.<ref>Marsh (2015), 135–136</ref> Kasper wrote to Pound after admiring him at university, and the two became friends.<ref name=":1">Tytell (1987), 306</ref> In 1953 Kasper opened a far-right bookstore, "Make it New", at 169 [[Bleecker Street]], [[Greenwich Village]],<ref>Swift (2017), 198</ref> that displayed Pound's work in the window.<ref>Tytell (1987), 307; Hickman (2005), 127</ref> With Pound's cooperation, he and another Pound admirer, T. David Horton, set up Square Dollar Series, a publishing imprint that reprinted Pound's books and others he approved of.<ref>Tytell (1987), 307; Barnhisel (1998), 276ff; Moody (2015), 295</ref>

It became increasingly clear that Pound was schooling Kasper in the latter's pro-segregation activism.<ref>Tytell (1987), 308</ref> In January and February 1957 the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' ran a series of articles on their relationship, after which the FBI began photographing Pound's visitors.<ref>Barnhisel (1998), 287–288; Moody (2017), 378</ref> One article alleged that some of Kasper's pamphlets had, as [[John Tytell]] put it, "a distinctly Poundian ring" to them.<ref>Tytell (1987), 306; {{cite news |last1=Bird |first1=Robert S. |title=Pound's Ideology Permeates Kasper Speeches, Writing |work=The Nashville Banner |agency=New York Herald Tribune News Service |date=31 January 1957 |page=3}}</ref>{{efn|For example, one flier was modeled on the 1914 ''[[Blast (British magazine)|Blast]]'' manifesto: "JAIL [[NAACP]], alien, unclean, unchristian / BLAST irrelevant ungodly LEADERS".<ref name=":1"/>}} Kasper was jailed in 1956 over a speech he made in Clinton, Tennessee,<ref>Tytell (1987), 308; [https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/02/archives/jail-term-upheld-for-bias-leader-kasper-foe-of-integration-loses.html "Jail term upheld for bias leader"]. ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1957</ref> and he was questioned about the [[Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing|1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School]] in Nashville.<ref>Tytell (1987), 308; Carpenter (1988), 829; Webb (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-dDQ6ZWRTzYC&pg=PA88 88–89]; Marsh (2015), 203; "Police Firmness in Nashville". ''Life'', 23 September 1957, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 34]</ref> After Pound left hospital in 1958, the men kept in touch; he wrote to Kasper on 17 April 1959: "Antisemitism is a card in the enemy program, don't play it. ... They RELY ON YOUR PLAYING IT."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 829; Marsh (2015), 229</ref>

===''New Times'' articles===
Between late 1955 and early 1957,<ref>Stock (1970), 442–443</ref> Pound wrote at least 80 unsigned or pseudonymous articles—"often ugly", Swift notes—for the ''New Times'' of Melbourne, a newspaper connected to the [[Douglas Credit Party|social-credit]] movement. Noel Stock, one of Pound's correspondents and early biographers, worked for the paper and published Pound's articles there.<ref>Swift (2017), 27, 199; Stock (1970), xiii, 443</ref> A 24-year-old radio reporter at the time, Stock first wrote to Pound in hospital after reading ''The Pisan Cantos''.<ref name=Carpenter1988p815>Carpenter (1988), 815</ref>

In the ''New Times'' in April 1956, Pound wrote: "Our Victorian forebears would have been greatly scandalized at the idea that one might not be free to study inherited racial characteristics," and "Some races are retentive, mainly of the least desirable bits of their barbaric past." There was a "Jewish-Communist plot", which he compared to syphilis. Equality was dismissed as "anti-biological nonsense".<ref name=Swift2017p200/> "There were no gas ovens in Italy", he wrote in April 1956; a month later he referred to the "fuss about Hitler".<ref>Swift (2017), 218</ref> On 10 August 1956: "It is perfectly well known that the fuss about 'de-segregation' in the United States has been started by Jews." Instead, America needed "race pride".<ref name=Swift2017p200>Swift (2017), 200</ref> Using pseudonyms, he sent his articles directly to Stock, so that the newspaper's editor may not have realized they had all been written by Pound. Stock sent Pound copies of the published articles, which he would distribute to his followers.<ref>Stock (1970), 443</ref> He contributed similar material to other publications, including ''Edge'',<ref>Swift (2017), 199</ref> which Stock founded in October 1956.<ref>Stock (1970), xiii, 443</ref> Stock called ''Edge'' the magazine of the "international Poundian underground".<ref name=Carpenter1988p815/>

===Release===
[[File:Ezra Pound 1963b.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Pound photographed on a walk in Venice, 1963]]

Pound's friends continued to try to get him out of St. Elizabeths. In 1948, in an effort to present his radio broadcasts as harmless, Olga Rudge self-published six of them (on cultural topics only) as ''[[If This Be Treason]]''.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 786; Gill (2005), 155</ref> She visited him twice, in 1952 and 1955, but could not convince him to be more assertive about his release.<ref name=Tytell1987p305>Tytell (1987), 305</ref> In 1950 she had written to Hemingway to complain that Pound's friends had not done enough. Hemingway and Rudge did not like each other.<ref name=Cohassey2014p147>Cohassey (2014), 147</ref> He told Dorothy in 1951 that "the person who makes least sense ...in all this is Olga Rudge".<ref>Baker (2003), 742</ref> In what John Cohassey called a "controlled, teeth-gritting response", Hemingway replied to Rudge that he would pardon Pound if he could, but that Pound had "made the rather serious mistake of being a traitor to his country, and temporarily he must lie in the bed he made". He ended by saying "To be even more blunt, I have always loved Dorothy, and still do."<ref name=Cohassey2014p147/>

Four years later, shortly after he won the [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1954, Hemingway told [[Time magazine|''Time'' magazine]] "I believe this would be a good year to release poets."<ref>"Books: An American Storyteller". ''Time'' magazine, 13 December 1954, [https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,935439-6,00.html 6/11]</ref> The poet [[Archibald MacLeish]] asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf. Hemingway believed Pound would not stop making inappropriate statements and friendships, but he signed MacLeish's letter anyway and pledged $1,500 to be handed to Pound upon his release.<ref>Reynolds (2000), 305</ref> In an interview for ''The Paris Review'' in early 1958, Hemingway said that Pound should be released and Kasper jailed.<ref>Plimpton (1958)</ref>

Several publications began campaigning in 1957. ''[[Le Figaro]]'' published an appeal titled "The Lunatic at St Elizabeths". ''The New Republic'', ''Esquire'', and ''The Nation'' followed suit. ''The Nation'' argued that Pound was a "sick and vicious old man", but that he had rights.<ref>Tytell (1987), 322</ref> In 1958 MacLeish hired [[Thurman Arnold]], a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit stating Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose.<ref>Tytell (1987), 325; Lewis (1958)</ref> The motion was heard on 18 April 1958 by Chief Judge [[Bolitha Laws]], who had committed Pound to St. Elizabeths in 1945. The Justice Department did not oppose the motion,<ref>Tytell (1987), 325–326</ref> and Pound was discharged on 7 May.<ref name=Swift2017p27>Swift (2017), 27</ref>

==Italy (1958–1972)==
===Depression===
[[File:Ezra Pound in 1958, with Usher Burdick 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=photograph|Pound with Congressman [[Usher Burdick]] just after his release from St. Elizabeth's in 1958. Burdick had helped to secure the release.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 832</ref>]]

Pound and Dorothy arrived in Naples on the {{SS|Cristoforo Colombo}} on 9 July 1958, where Pound was photographed giving a [[Roman salute#Italy|fascist salute]] to the waiting press.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 848</ref> When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: "I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum."<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E12FF3C5F117B93C2A8178CD85F4C8585F9 "Pound, in Italy, Gives Fascist Salute; Calls United States an 'Insane Asylum{{'"}}]. ''The New York Times'', 10 July 1958</ref> They were accompanied by a young teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, ostensibly acting as his secretary.<ref>Tytell (1987), 305, 327–328; Carpenter (1988), 848</ref> Disembarking at Genoa, the group arrived three days later at [[Schloss Brunnenburg]], near [[Merano]] in [[South Tyrol]], to live with his daughter Maria,<ref>Carpenter (1988), 848; Moody (2015), xxxvii</ref> where Pound met his grandchildren for the first time.<ref name=Tytell328>Tytell (1987), 328</ref>{{efn|The women soon fell out; "Canto CXIII" may have alluded to it: "Pride, jealousy and possessiveness / 3 pains of hell."<ref>Pound (1996), 807; Tytell (1987), 331</ref>}} Dorothy had usually ignored his affairs, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Spann was seen off, sent back to the United States in October 1959.<ref>Tytell (1987), 332; Stoicheff (1995), 40</ref>

By December 1959 Pound was mired in depression.<ref>Tytell (1987), 347</ref> According to the writer Michael Reck, who visited him several times at St. Elizabeths,<ref name=Reck1986>Reck (1986)</ref> Pound was a changed man; he said little and called his work "worthless".<ref>Reck (1968), 27</ref> In a 1960 interview in Rome with [[Donald Hall]] for ''The Paris Review'', he said: "You—find me—in fragments." He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he "doubted the value of everything he had done in his life".<ref>[https://archive.today/20130416003348/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound Hall (1962)]; Tytell (1987), 333</ref>

[[File:Tirol Brunnenburg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|In 1958 Ezra and Dorothy lived with Mary at [[Brunnenburg]].]]

Those close to him thought he had dementia, and in mid-1960 he spent time in a clinic when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by early 1961 he had a urinary tract infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went to live with Olga Rudge, first in Rapallo then in Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar.<ref name=Tytell1987p334>Tytell (1987), 334–335</ref> In 1961 Pound attended a meeting in Rome in honor of [[Oswald Mosley]], who was visiting Italy.<ref>Redman (2001), 260</ref>{{efn|According to [[John Tytell]] and [[Humphrey Carpenter]], he was photographed on May Day at the head of a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] [[Italian Social Movement|Movimento Sociale Italiano]] parade of 500 men.<ref>Tytell (1987), 334–335; Carpenter (1988), 873–874</ref> According to [[Tim Redman]] and A. David Moody, this did not happen, and no such photograph has emerged.<ref>Moody (2015), 424</ref>}}

In 1966 he was admitted to the [[University of Genoa|Genoa School of Medicine]]'s psychiatric hospital for an evaluation after prostate surgery. His notes said he had [[psychomotor retardation]], insomnia, depression, and he believed he had been "contaminated by microbes".<ref>Rossi (2008), 144</ref> According to a psychiatrist who treated him, Pound had previously been treated with [[electroconvulsive therapy]]. This time he was given [[imipramine]] and responded well. The doctors diagnosed [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name=Rossi2008pp145-146>Rossi (2008), 145–146</ref> Two years later he attended the opening of an exhibition in New York featuring his blue-inked version of Eliot's ''The Waste Land''.<ref name=Nadel2007p18>Nadel (2007), 18</ref> He went on to Hamilton College and received a standing ovation.<ref>Tytell (1987), 337</ref>

===Reck allegations===
Pound's biographer, Michael Reck, claimed to have had an encounter with Pound at the restaurant of the Pensione Cici in Venice in 1967,<ref name=Reck1986/> during which Pound told [[Allen Ginsberg]] and [[Peter Russell (poet)|Peter Russell]] that his own poems were "a lot of double talk" and made no sense, and that his writing was "a mess", "stupid and ignorant all the way through". Reck wrote about the meeting in ''[[Evergreen Review]]'' the following year. "At seventy I realized that instead of being a lunatic, I was a moron," Pound reportedly said. He "looked very morose" and barely spoke: "There is nothing harder than conversing with Pound nowadays," Reck wrote.<ref>Reck (1968), 28–29, 84.</ref>

Pound had offered a carefully worded rejection of his antisemitism, according to Reck. When Ginsberg reassured Pound that he had "shown us the way", he is said to have replied: "Any good I've done has been spoiled by bad intentions—the preoccupation with irrelevant and stupid things." Reck continued: "Then very slowly, with emphasis, surely conscious of Ginsberg's being Jewish: 'But the worst mistake I made was that stupid, suburban prejudice of anti-Semitism.{{'"}}<ref>Reck (1968), 29; Carpenter (1988), 898–899</ref>{{efn|In 1988 [[Christopher Ricks]] took issue with Pound's use of the word ''mistake'', which he wrote was "scarcely commensurate with the political and spiritual monstrosity" of Pound's antisemitism.<ref>Ricks (1988), 54</ref> [[Anthony Julius]] argued in 1995 that Pound's use of the term ''suburban'' was the result of "an arrogance that broods on the descent from an ideal of greatness rather than on the injury which that descent did to others".<ref>Julius (1995), 185.</ref>}}

===Death===
[[File:Gravesite of Ezra Pound & Olga Rudge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=photograph|left|The graves of Pound and Olga Rudge at [[San Michele Cemetery, Venice|San Michele cemetery]] on the [[Isola di San Michele]]]]
Shortly before his death in 1972, an [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] committee, which included his publisher James Laughlin, proposed that Pound be awarded the [[Emerson-Thoreau Medal]]. After a storm of protest, the academy's council opposed it by 13 to 9.<ref>Tytell (1987), 337–338; Carpenter (1988), 908</ref> In the foreword of a [[Faber & Faber]] volume of his prose, he wrote in July: "In sentences referring to groups or races 'they' should be used with great care. re USURY: / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE."<ref>Carpenter (1988), 909</ref>

On his 87th birthday, on 30 October 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night he was admitted to the San Giovanni e Paolo Civil Hospital in Venice, where he died in his sleep on 1 November of "sudden [[intestinal blockage|blockage of the intestine]]".<ref>Carpenter (1988), 910</ref> Alerted by telegram, Dorothy Pound, who was living in a care home near Cambridge, England, requested a Protestant funeral in Venice. Telegrams were sent via American embassies in Rome and London, and the consulate in Milan, but Rudge would not change the plans she had already made for the morning of 3 November. Omar Pound flew to Venice as soon as he could, with Peter du Sautoy of Faber & Faber, but he arrived too late.<ref>Moody (2015), 487–488; Swift (2017), 244</ref> Four [[gondolier]]s dressed in black rowed Pound's body to Venice's municipal cemetery, the [[San Michele Cemetery, Venice|San Michele cemetery]], where, after a Protestant service, he was buried in the Protestant section of the cemetery, near [[Sergei Diaghilev|Diaghilev]] and [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] who rest at the adjoining Orthodox section, with other non-Catholic Christians.<ref>Tytell (1987), 339; Carpenter (1988), 911; Cohassey (2014), 162; [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/11/02/79477128.pdf "Ezra Pound Dies in Venice at Age of 87"]. ''The New York Times'', 2 November 1972.</ref> According to [[Hugh Kenner]], Pound had wanted to be buried in Idaho with his bust by [[Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]] on his grave.<ref>Kenner (1973), 259; Carpenter (1988), 911</ref> Dorothy Pound died in England the following year, aged 87. Olga Rudge died in 1996, aged 100, and was buried next to Pound.<ref name=Nadel2007p18/>

==Critical reception==
===Rehabilitation efforts, scholarship===
{{further|New Criticism}}
After the Bollingen Prize in 1949, Pound's friends sought to rehabilitate him.<ref>Barnhisel (1998), 273–274; Erkkila (2011), xlvii</ref> James Laughlin's [[New Directions Publishing]] published his ''Selected Poems'', with an introduction by Eliot, and a censored selection of ''The Cantos''. [[Ralph Fletcher Seymour]] published ''Patria Mia'' (written around 1912) to show that Pound was an American patriot.<ref name=Erkila2011pxlvii/> In advertisements, magazine articles, and critical introductions, Pound's friends and publishers attributed his antisemitism and fascism to mental illness.<ref>Barnhisel (1998), 273–274</ref>

Literary scholar Betsy Erkkila writes that no one was more important to Pound's rehabilitation than [[Hugh Kenner]],<ref name=Erkkila2001pxlviii>Erkkila (2011), xlviii</ref> who was introduced to Pound by [[Marshall McLuhan]] in St. Elizabeths in May 1948, when Kenner was 25.<ref>Tremblay (1998), 110–111</ref> Kenner's ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound'' (1951) adopted a [[New Criticism|New Critical]] approach, where all that mattered was the work itself.<ref>Erkkila (2011), xliii</ref>

New Directions and [[Faber & Faber]] published ''Ezra Pound: Translations'' in 1953, introduced by Kenner, and the following year ''Literary Essays of Ezra Pound'', introduced by Eliot.<ref name=Erkila2011pxlvii>Erkkila (2011), xlvii</ref> The first PhD dissertation on Pound was completed in 1948, and by 1970 there were around ten a year. Kenner's ''[[The Pound Era]]'' (1971), which overlooked the fascism, antisemitism, World War II, treason, and the Bollingen Award, effectively equated Pound with modernism.<ref>Erkkila (2011), xlviii, liv</ref> Pound scholar Leon Surette argued that Kenner's approach was [[Hagiography|hagiographic]]. He included in this approach Caroll F. Terrell's ''Paideuma: A Journal Devoted to Ezra Pound Scholarship'',<ref name=Surette2005>Surette and Tryphonopoulos (2005)</ref> founded in 1972 and edited by Kenner and Eva Hesse (1925-2020)<ref>[https://www.makeitnew.ezrapoundsociety.org/en/volume-iv?view=article&id=271:in-memoriam&catid=39&showall=1 Eva Hesse Memoriam]</ref><ref name=Erkkila2001pxlviii/>{{efn|From 2001 ''Paideuma'' began publishing material about modernist poetry in general, not only Pound.<ref>Erkkila (2011), lvi–lvii</ref>}} and Terrell's two-volume ''A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound'' (1980–1984).<ref name=Surette2005/> In 1971 Terrell founded the [[National Poetry Foundation]] to focus on Pound, and organized conferences on Pound in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990.<ref name=Terrellobit>[https://obituaries.bowdoin.edu/carroll-franklin-terrell-38/ "Carroll Franklin Terrell '38"]. ''Bowdowin'' magazine, undated.</ref>

Following [[Eustace Mullins]]' biography, ''This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound'' (1961), was ''Life of Ezra Pound'' (1970) by Noel Stock. A former reporter, Stock was one of the publishers of Pound's newspaper articles in the 1950s, including his antisemitism.<ref>Nadel (2010), 162; Swift (2017), 199</ref> Ronald Bush's ''The Genesis of Ezra Pound's Cantos'' (1976) became the first critical study of ''The Cantos''.<ref name=Nadel2001p12>Nadel (2001), 12</ref> Several significant biographies appeared in the 1980s: J. J. Wilhelm's three-volume work (1985–1994), beginning with ''The American Roots of Ezra Pound''; [[John Tytell]]'s ''Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano'' (1987); and [[Humphrey Carpenter]]'s 1005-page ''A Serious Character'' (1988). A. David Moody's three-volume ''Ezra Pound: Poet'' (2007–2015) combines biography with literary criticism.<ref name=Nadel2010bp162>Nadel (2010), 162–165</ref>

Studies that examine Pound's relationships with the far right include Robert Casillo's ''The Genealogy of Demons'' (1988); [[Tim Redman]]'s ''Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism'' (1999); Leon Surette's ''Pound in Purgatory'' (1999);<ref>Coats (2009), 81</ref> [[Matthew Feldman (historian)|Matthew Feldman]]'s ''Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45'' (2013); and Alec Marsh's ''John Kasper and Ezra Pound'' (2015).

===Legacy===
{{Quote box
| width = 290px
| align = left
| quoted =
| title = Canto CXVI
| bgcolor = #FFF8E7
| salign = right
| style = padding:1em
| fontsize = 98%
| quote = <poem>
A little light, like a [[rushlight]]
:::::::To lead back to splendour.</poem>
| source = — Closing lines of ''[[The Cantos]]''<ref name=Pound1996p817/>
}}
Much of Pound's legacy lies in his advancement of some of the best-known modernist writers of the early 20th century, particularly between 1910 and 1925.<ref name=Menand2008>[https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error Menand (2008)]; [https://archive.today/20190903045718/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/02/archives/ezra-pound-a-man-of-contradictions.html Montgomery (1972)]</ref> In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway, H.D., Aldington, and Aiken, he befriended and helped Cummings, Bunting, Ford, [[Marianne Moore]], [[Louis Zukofsky]], [[Jacob Epstein]], [[Margaret C. Anderson|Margaret Anderson]], [[George Oppen]], and [[Charles Olson]].<ref>Bornstein (2001), 22–23; [https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error Menand (2008)]</ref>

[[File:Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound 01 (brightened).jpg|thumb|upright|Ezra Pound in marble by [[Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]] (1914)]]

Beyond this, his legacy is mixed. He was a strong lyricist with an "ear" for words;<ref>Ingham (2001), 236–237</ref> his ''Times'' obituary said he had a "faultless sense of [[cadence]]".<ref name=LondonTimesobit/> According to [[Ira Nadel]], he "overturned poetic meter, literary style, and the state of the long poem". Nadel cited the importance of Pound's editing of ''The Waste Land'', the publication of ''Ulysses'', and his role in developing of Imagism.<ref name=Nadel2005pix>Nadel (2005), ix</ref> Hugh Witemeyer argued that Imagism was "probably the most important single movement" in 20th-century English-language poetry, because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him.<ref>Witemeyer (2001), 48</ref> According to [[Hugh Kenner]] in 1951, although no great contemporary writer was less read than Pound, there was no one who could "over and over again appeal more surely, through sheer beauty of language" to people who would otherwise rather talk about poets than read them.<ref>Kenner (1951), 16</ref>

Against this, [[Robert Conquest]] argued in 1979 that critics were responsible for having promoted Pound despite his "minimal talent", which was "grossly exaggerated".<ref>Conquest (1979), 236</ref> "This is an accusation less against the fantastic arrogance of Pound", he wrote, "than against the narrow-minded obscurantism of the departments of English and the critical establishment who have set up a system of apologetics which the slyest Jesuit of the seventeenth century would have baulked at."<ref>Conquest (1979), 243</ref> According to [[Samuel Putnam]], those who respected Pound's poetry were less likely to respect his prose or work as a critic.<ref>Putnam (1947), 141</ref>

The outrage over his collaboration with the [[Axis powers]] was so deep that it dominated the discussion. "A greater calamity cannot befall the art", [[Arthur Miller]] wrote in December 1945, "than that Ezra Pound, the Mussolini mouthpiece, should be welcomed back as an arbiter of American letters ..."<ref>Bigsby (2009), 252</ref> Over the decades, according to Redman, critics argued that Pound was not really a poet or not really a fascist, or that he was a fascist but his poetry is not fascistic, or that there was an evil Pound and a good Pound.<ref>Redman (1991), 2–3</ref> The American poet [[Elizabeth Bishop]], 1956 [[Pulitzer Prize in Poetry|Pulitzer Prize]] winner and one of his hospital visitors—Pound called her "Liz Bish"—reflected the ambivalence in her poem "[[Visits to St. Elizabeths]]" (1957).<ref>Moody (2015), 251; Swift (2017), 14–15</ref> "This is the time / of the tragic man / that lies in the house of Bedlam." As the poem progresses, the tragic man, never named, becomes the talkative man; the honored man; the old, brave man; the cranky man; the cruel man; the busy man; the tedious man; the poet, the man; and, finally, the wretched man.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53008/visits-to-st-elizabeths| title = Bishop (1957)| date = 18 April 2022}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Selected works==
{{refbegin|26em}}
* (1908). ''[[A Lume Spento]]''. Venice: A. Antonini (poems, privately printed).
* (1908). ''A Quinzaine for This Yule''. London: Pollock (poems, privately printed); and [[Elkin Mathews]].
* (1909). ''Personae''. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).
* (1909). ''Exultations''. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).
* (1910). ''[[The Spirit of Romance]]''. London: [[J. M. Dent|J. M. Dent & Sons]] (prose).
* (1910). ''Provenca''. Boston: Small, Maynard and Company (poems).
* (1911). ''Canzoni''. London: Elkin Mathews (poems)
* (1912). ''The Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti'' Boston: Small, Maynard and Company (translations; cheaper edition destroyed by fire, London: Swift & Co).
* (1912). ''[[Ripostes]]''. S. Swift, London, (poems; first mention of Imagism)
* (1915). ''[[Cathay (poetry collection)|Cathay]]''. Elkin Mathews (poems; translations)
* (1916). ''Gaudier-Brzeska. A Memoir''. London: [[John Lane (publisher)|John Lane]] (prose).
* (1916). ''Certain Noble Plays of Japan: From the Manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa'', chosen by Ezra Pound.
* (1916) with [[Ernest Fenollosa]]. ''"Noh", or, Accomplishment: A Study of the Classical Stage of Japan''. London: Macmillan and Co.
* (1916). ''Lustra''. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).
* (1917). ''Twelve Dialogues of Fontenelle'' (translations).
* (1917). ''Lustra''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (poems, with the first "Three Cantos").
* (1918). ''Pavannes and Divisions'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf (prose).
* (1918). ''Quia Pauper Amavi'' London: Egoist Press (poems).
* (1919). ''The Fourth Canto''. London: Ovid Press (poem).
* (1920). ''[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]''. London: Ovid Press (poem).
* (1920). ''Umbra''. London: Elkin Mathews (poems and translations).
* (1920) with Ernest Fenollosa. ''Instigations: Together with an Essay on the Chinese Written Character''. New York: Boni & Liveright (prose).
* (1921). ''Poems, 1918–1921''. New York: Boni & Liveright.
* (1922). [[Remy de Gourmont]]: ''The Natural Philosophy of Love''. New York: Boni & Liveright (translation).
* (1923). ''Indiscretions, or, Une revue des deux mondes''. Paris: Three Mountains Press.
* (1924) as William Atheling. ''Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony''. Paris (essays).
* (1925). ''A Draft of XVI Cantos''. Paris: Three Mountains Press. The first collection of ''The Cantos''.
* (1926). ''Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound''. New York: Boni & Liveright.
* (1928). ''A Draft of the Cantos 17–27''. London: John Rodker.
* (1928). ''Selected Poems''. Edited and with an introduction by T. S. Eliot. London: Faber & Faber.
* (1928). ''Ta Hio: The Great Learning, newly rendered into the American language''. Seattle: University of Washington Bookstore (translation).
* (1930). ''A Draft of XXX Cantos''. Paris: Nancy Cunard's Hours Press.
* (1930). ''Imaginary Letters''. Paris: Black Sun Press. Eight essays from the ''Little Review'', 1917–18.
* (1931). ''How to Read''. Harmsworth (essays).
* (1932). ''Guido Cavalcanti Rime''. Genoa: Edizioni Marsano (translations).
* (1933). ''ABC of Economics''. London: Faber & Faber (essays).
* (1934). ''Eleven New Cantos: XXXI–XLI''. New York: Farrar & Rinehart (poems).
* (1934). ''Homage to Sextus Propertius''. London: Faber & Faber (poems).
* (1934). ''[[ABC of Reading]]''. New Haven: Yale University Press (essays).
* (1934). ''Make It New''. London: Faber & Faber (essays).
* (1935). ''Alfred Venison's Poems: Social Credit Themes by the Poet of Titchfield Street''. London: Stanley Nott, Ltd. ''Pamphlets on the New Economics'', No. 9 (essays).
* (1935). ''Jefferson and/or Mussolini''. London: Stanley Nott. (essays).
* (1935). ''Social Credit: An Impact''. London: Stanley Nott. (essays). Repr.: [[Peter Russell (poet)|Peter Russell]] (1951). ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 5, London.
* (1936) with Ernest Fenollosa. ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry''. London: Stanley Nott.
* (1937). ''The Fifth Decade of Cantos''. New York: Farrar & Rinehart (poems).
* (1937). ''Polite Essays''. London: Faber & Faber (essays).
* (1937). Confucius: ''Digest of the Analects'', edited and published by Giovanni Scheiwiller, (translations)
* (1938). ''Guide to Kulchur''. New York: New Directions.
* (1939). ''What Is Money For?''. Greater Britain Publications (essays). ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 3. London: Peter Russell.
* (1940). ''Cantos LXII–LXXI''. New Directions, New York (''John Adams'' Cantos 62–71).
* (1942). ''Carta da Visita di Ezra Pound''. Edizioni di lettere d'oggi. Rome. English translation by John Drummond: ''A Visiting Card''. ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 4. London: Peter Russell, 1952 (essays).
* (1944). ''L'America, Roosevelt e le cause della guerra presente''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari, Venice. English translation, by John Drummond: ''America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 6, Peter Russell, London 1951
* (1944). ''Introduzione alla Natura Economica degli S.U.A.''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari. Venice. English translation ''An Introduction to the Economic Nature of the United States'', by Carmine Amore. Repr.: Peter Russell, ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', London 1950 (essay)
* (1944). ''Orientamenti''. Casa editrice dalla edizioni popolari. Venice (prose)
* (1944). ''Oro et lavoro: alla memoria di Aurelio Baisi''. Moderna, Rapallo. English translation: ''Gold and Work'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 2, Peter Russell, London 1952 (essays)
* (1948). ''[[If This Be Treason]]''. Siena: privately printed for Olga Rudge by Tip Nuova (original drafts of six of Pound's Radio Rome broadcasts)
* (1948). ''The Pisan Cantos''. New York: New Directions Publishing (Cantos 74–84)
* (1948). ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound'' (includes ''The Pisan Cantos''). New Directions, poems
* (1949). ''Elektra'' (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming
* (1950). ''Seventy Cantos''. London: Faber & Faber. {{oclc|468875760}}
* (1950). ''Patria Mia''. Chicago: R. F. Seymour (reworked ''New Age'' articles, 1912–1913). {{oclc|230706458}}
* (1951). ''Confucius: The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot''. New York: New Directions (translation). {{oclc|334011927}}.<ref name=Kenner1952>{{cite web| url = https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=63781| title = Kenner 1952| date = 18 April 2022}}</ref> [[John Kasper|(John) Kaspar]] & (David) Horton, ''Square $ Series'', New York (translation)
* (1951). Confucius: ''Analects'' [[John Kasper|(John) Kaspar]] & (David) Horton, ''Square $ Series'', New York (translation).
* (1954). ''The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius''. Harvard University Press (translations)
* (1954). ''Lavoro ed Usura''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro. Milan (essays)
* (1955). ''Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los Cantares''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan (poems)
* (1956). ''Sophocles: The Women of Trachis. A Version by Ezra Pound''. Neville Spearman, London (translation)
* (1957). ''Brancusi''. Milan (essay)
* (1959). ''Thrones: 96–109 de los Cantares''. New York: New Directions (poems).
* (1968). ''Drafts and Fragments: Cantos CX–CXVII''. New York: New Directions (poems).<ref name=bib>{{cite web |title=Ezra Pound Bibliography |url=http://writing.upenn.edu/epc/authors/pound/pound-bib.html |publisher=The Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing, University of Pennsylvania |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200923055247/http://writing.upenn.edu/epc/authors/pound/pound-bib.html |archive-date=23 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{refend}}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|26em}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin|indent=yes|26em}}
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* [[A. R. Orage|Orage, A. R.]] as R.H.C. (31 January 1921). [https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/ "Readers and Writers"]. ''The New Age''. xxviii, 126–127.
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* Pound, Ezra (April 1913). [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=12675 "In a Station of the Metro"]. ''Poetry''. II(1), 40.
* Pound, Ezra (ed.) (1914). [https://archive.org/details/desimagistesanan00alberich ''Des Imagistes'']. New York: Albert and Charles Boni.
* Pound, Ezra (June 1914). [https://issuu.com/dylan_k/docs/blast_-_a_vorticist_journal_1/199 "Vortex"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319074008/https://issuu.com/dylan_k/docs/blast_-_a_vorticist_journal_1/199 |date=19 March 2022 }}. ''BLAST'', edited by [[Wyndham Lewis]], no. 1.
* Pound, Ezra (1915). ''[https://archive.org/details/cathayezrapound00pounrich Cathay]''. London: Elkin Mathews.
* Pound, Ezra (1916). ''[https://archive.org/details/gaudierbrzeskame00poun Gaudier-Brzeska: A Memoir]''. London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head.
* Pound, Ezra (June 1917). [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13723 "Three Cantos: I"]. ''Poetry''. X(III), 113–121.
* Pound, Ezra (July 1917). [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764 "Three Cantos: II"]. ''Poetry''. X(IV), 180–188.
* Pound, Ezra (August 1917)]. [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810 "Three Cantos: III"]. ''Poetry''. X(V), 248–254.
* Pound, Ezra (1918). "A Retrospect". ''[https://archive.org/details/pavannesdivision00poun Pavannes and Divisions]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 95–111.
* Pound, Ezra (1920). [https://archive.org/details/hughselwynmauber00pounrich "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley"]. London: The Ovid Press.
* Pound, Ezra (1934). "Cavalcanti". ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185999 Make It New]''. London: Faber & Faber, 345–407.
* Pound, Ezra (Jan–Mar 1947). "Canto LXXVI". ''The Sewanee Review''. 55(1), 56–67. {{JSTOR|27537713}}
* Pound, Ezra (Summer Fall 1962). [https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-a-href-authors-3793-ezra-poundezra-pound-a "Canto 116"]. ''The Paris Review''. 28, 14–16.
* Pound, Ezra (1970) [1967]. ''Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce''. Edited by Forrest Read. New York: New Directions Publishing. {{isbn|0-8112-0159-7}}
* Pound, Ezra (1974) [June 1914]. "How I Began". In Grace Schulman (ed.). ''[https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundcollect00schu Ezra Pound: A Collection of Criticism]''. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 23–26. {{isbn|0-07-055634-2}}
* Pound, Ezra (1990) [1926]. ''Personae: The Shorter Poems of Ezra Pound''. Revised edition. Edited by Lea Baechler and A. Walter Litz. New York: New Directions Publishing.
* Pound, Ezra (1996) [1970]. ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound''. New York: New Directions Publishing. {{isbn|978-0811203500}}
* Pound, Ezra (2003a). ''[https://archive.org/details/poemstranslation0000poun Poems and Translations]''. New York: Library of America. {{isbn|978-1931082419}}
* Pound, Ezra (2003b) [1948]. ''The Pisan Cantos''. Edited by [[Richard Sieburth]]. New York: New Directions Books. {{isbn|978-0-8112-1558-9}}
* [[Omar Pound|Pound, Omar]] and Litz, A. Walton (1984). ''Ezra Pound and Dorothy Shakespear. Their Letters: 1909–1914''. New York: New Directions Publishing. {{isbn|0-8112-0900-8}}
* Pound, Omar and [[Robert Spoo|Spoo, Robert]] (1999). ''Ezra and Dorothy Pound: Letters in Captivity, 1945–1946''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{isbn|978-0195107937}}
* Preda, Roxana (2005a). "Economics". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'']. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 87–89. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30448-4}}
* Preda, Roxana (2005b). "Economics: Usury". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'']. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 89–90. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30448-4}}
* [https://archive.org/details/punchvol136a137lemouoft ''Punch'' magazine] (January–June 1909). Volume 136.
* [[Samuel Putnam|Putnam, Samuel]] (1947). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80890 ''Paris Was Our Mistress: Memoirs of a Lost and Found Generation'']. New York: Viking Press. {{oclc|785825324}}
* Qian, Zhaoming (2000). "Pound and Chinese Art in the 'British Museum Era{{'"}}. In Dennis, Helen M. (ed). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BYCet6O78_sC ''Ezra Pound and Poetic Influence'']. The Official Proceedings of the 17th International Ezra Pound Conference. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, pp. 100–113. {{ISBN|978-90-420-1523-4}}
* Reck, Michael (June 1968). "A Conversation between Ezra Pound and Allen Ginsberg". ''[[Evergreen Review]]''. 12 (55): 27–29, 84.
* Reck, Michael (9 October 1986). [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/10/09/an-exchange-on-ezra-pound/ "An Exchange on Ezra Pound"]. ''The New York Review of Books''.
* [[Tim Redman|Redman, Tim]] (1991). ''Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-37305-0}}
* Redman, Tim (2001) [1999]. "Pound's politics and economics". In Ira Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 249–263. {{ISBN|978-0-521-64920-9}}
* Reynolds, Michael (2000) [1999]. ''Hemingway: The Final Years''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|978-0-393-04748-6}}
* [[Christopher Ricks|Ricks, Christopher]] (1988). [https://archive.org/details/tseliotprejudice0000rick_c6n8 ''T. S. Eliot and Prejudice'']. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. {{isbn|0-520-06578-6}}
* Rossi, Romolo (2008). [http://www.lcm.unige.it/ricerca/pub/15/09.pdf "A Psychiatrist's Recollections of Ezra Pound"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183530/http://www.lcm.unige.it/ricerca/pub/15/09.pdf |date=28 February 2021 }}. ''Quaderni di Palazzo Serra''. 15, 144–149.
* Sarfatti, Michele (2006). ''The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution''. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. {{isbn|978-0299217341}}
* Sandburg, Carl (February 1916). [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/articles/59005/the-work-of-ezra-pound "The Work of Ezra Pound"]. ''Poetry''.
* [[Richard Sieburth|Sieburth, Richard]] (August 1979). "Review: He Do the Enemy in Different Voices". ''Poetry''. 134(5), 292–302. {{JSTOR|20593569}}
* Sieburth, Richard (2003). "Introduction". In Ezra Pound. ''The Pisan Cantos''. New York: New Directions Books, ix–xliii. {{ISBN|978-0-8112-1558-9}}
* Slatin, Myles (October 1955). "More by Ezra Pound". ''The Yale University Library Gazette''. 30(2), 74–80. {{JSTOR|24467830}}
* Spoo, Robert (2005). "Cravens, Margaret (1881–1912)". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'']. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 67. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30448-4}}
* [[Gertrude Stein|Stein, Gertrude]] (1933). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.58613 The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas]''. New York: The Literary Guild. {{oclc|33340888}}
* [[Peter Stoicheff|Stoicheff, Peter]] (Spring 1986)."The Composition and Publication History of Ezra Pound's Drafts & Fragments"]. ''Twentieth Century Literature''. 32(1), 78–94. {{JSTOR|441307}}
* Stoicheff, Peter (1995). ''[https://archive.org/details/hallofmirrorsdra0000stoi The Hall of Mirrors: Drafts & Fragments and the End of Ezra Pound's Cantos]''. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. {{isbn|0-472-10526-4}}
* Stock, Noel (1970). [https://archive.org/details/lifeofezrapound0000unse ''The Life of Ezra Pound'']. New York: Pantheon Books. {{oclc|911707588}}
* Surette, Leon and Tryphonopoulos, Demetres (2005). [https://www.academia.edu/19430516/With_usura_hath_no_man_a_house_of_good_stone_and_quot_Pound_Canto_45_An_Interview_with_Leon_Surette "'With usura hath no man a house of good stone' (Pound, Canto 45): An Interview with Leon Surette"]. ''ESC: English Studies in Canada''.
* Swift, Daniel (2017). ''The Bughouse: The Poetry, Politics, and Madness of Ezra Pound''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{isbn|978-0-374-28404-6}}
* [[Allen Tate|Tate, Allen]] (1955). "Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Prize". In Allen Tate (ed.). ''The Man Of Letters In The Modern World''. New York: Meridian Books, 264–267.
* Terrell, Carroll F. (1993) [1980–1984]. ''A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-08287-8}}
* Thacker, Andrew (2018) [2010]. ''The Imagist Poets''. Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. {{isbn|978-0-7463-1002-1}}
* [[E. Fuller Torrey|Torrey, Edwin Fuller]] (1992) [1984]. ''[https://archive.org/details/rootsoftreasonez0000torr The Roots of Treason and the Secret of St. Elizabeths]''. Bethesda, MD: Lucas Books. {{ISBN|978-1-929636-01-3}}
* Tremblay, Tony (Fall & Winter 1998). "The Literary Occult in the Letters of Marshall McLuhan and Ezra Pound"]. ''Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics''. 27(2/3), 107–127. {{JSTOR|24726190}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Tryphonopoulous |editor1-first=Demetres |editor2-last=Surette |editor2-first=Leon |title='I Cease not to Yowl': Ezra Pound's Letters to Olivia Rossetti Agresti |date=1998 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-252-02410-8}}
* Tryphonopoulous, Demetres and Dunton, Sara (2019). "To Translate or Not To Translate? Pound's Prosodic Provocations in ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley''". In Lynn Kozak, Miranda Hickman (eds.). ''The Classics in Modernist Translation''. London and New York: Bloomsbury. {{isbn|978-1350177468}}
* {{cite book |last=Twitchell-Waas |first=Jeffrey |editor1-last=Byron |editor1-first=Mark |title=The New Ezra Pound Studies |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |chapter=Ezra Pound and Chinese Poetry |isbn=978-1-108-49901-9}}
* [[John Tytell|Tytell, John]] (1987). [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundsolitar00tyte_0 ''Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano'']. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0-385-19694-9}}
* {{cite news |last1=Van Gelder |first1=Lawrence |title=Olga Rudge, 101, Ezra Pound's Companion, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 March 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526165511/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html |archive-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live }}
* Wallace, Emily Mitchell (2010). "America". In Ira B. Nadel (ed.). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 202–220. {{ISBN|978-0-521-51507-8}}
* Webb, Clive (2011). ''Rabble Rousers: The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era''. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
* Wilhelm, James J. (1985a). [https://archive.org/details/americanrootsofe0000wilh ''The American Roots of Ezra Pound'']. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-8240-7500-2}}
* Wilhelm, James J. (1985b). "Pounds's four fascinating grandparents". ''Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics''. 14(2/3), Fall & Winter, 377–384. {{JSTOR|24725013}}
* Wilhelm, James J. (1990). ''Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-271-02798-2}}
* Wilhelm, James J. (1994). ''Ezra Pound: The Tragic Years 1925–1972''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. {{isbn|0-271-01082-7}}
* Wilson, Peter (2014) [1997]. ''A Preface to Ezra Pound''. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-582-25867-9}}
* Witemeyer, Hugh (1981) [1969]. [https://archive.org/details/poetryofezrapoun0000wite ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound: Forms and Renewal 1908–1920'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{isbn|0-520-04515-7}}
* Witemeyer, Hugh (2001) [1999]. "Early Poetry 1908–1920". In Ira Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 43–58. {{ISBN|978-0-521-64920-9}}
* Witemeyer, Hugh (2005a). "A Lume Spento". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'']. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 185–186. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30448-4}}
* Witemeyer, Hugh (2005b). "A Quinzaine for This Yule". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'']. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 249. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30448-4}}
* Yao, Steven G. (2010). "Translation", Ira B. Nadel (ed.) in ''Ezra Pound in Context''. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-51507-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ying |first=Li-hua |title=An Qi |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Modern Chinese Literature |year=2010 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Articles===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Christopher Caldwell (journalist)|Caldwell, Christopher]] (15 March 1999). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-poet-as-con-artist "The Poet as Con Artist"]. ''The Weekly Standard''.
* [[James Campbell (author)|Campbell, James]] (17 May 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 "Home from home"]. ''The Guardian''.
* Ellison, Michael (27 October 1999). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/27/michaelellison "Jew-hating Ezra Pound barred from poets' corner"]. ''The Guardian''.
* [[Matthew Feldman (historian)|Feldman, Matthew]] (2009). "Make It Crude: Ezra Pound's Antisemitic Propaganda for the BUF and PNF". ''Holocaust Studies''. 15(1–2), 59–77. {{doi|10.1080/17504902.2009.11087226}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hadjiyiannis |first1=Christos |title=We Need to Talk About Ezra: Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45 (review) |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |date=Fall 2015 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=112–126 |doi=10.2979/jmodelite.39.1.112|s2cid=159997010 |ref=none }}
* {{cite web |last1=James |first1=Clive |author-link=Clive James |title=The Arrow Has Not Two Points |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/articles/68978/the-arrow-has-not-two-points |website=Poetry |date=4 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829172517/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/articles/68978/the-arrow-has-not-two-points |archive-date=29 August 2020 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |last1=Kindley |first1=Evan |title=The Insanity Defense: Coming to terms with Ezra Pound's politics |date=23 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/coming-to-terms-with-ezra-pounds-politics/ |work=The Nation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180329073201/https://www.thenation.com/article/coming-to-terms-with-ezra-pounds-politics/ |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* Mertens, Richard (April 2001). [http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html "Letter by letter"]. ''University of Chicago Magazine''.
* Ormsby, Eric (7 July 2017). [https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/ezra-pound-daniel-swift/ "Bedlam salon"]. ''Times Literary Supplement''.
* [[George Orwell|Orwell, George]] (May 1949). "The Question of the Pound Award". ''The Partisan Review'', 517.
** Also in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Ian (eds.). (1968). ''[https://archive.org/details/infrontofyournos0000unse George Orwell: In Front of Your Nose: 1945–1950]''. Volume IV. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 490–491. {{isbn|0-15-618623-3}}
* Sokol, B. J. (December 1976). "What Went Wrong between Robert Frost and Ezra Pound". ''The New England Quarterly''. 49(4), 521–541. {{JSTOR|364732}}
* [[Fredric Wertham|Wertham, Fredric]] (Winter 2000) [1949]. [https://psychotherapy.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.1.102 "The Road to Rapallo: A Psychiatric Study"]. ''American Journal of Psychotherapy''. 54(1), 102–115.
* [[David Wheatley (poet)|Wheatley, David]] (13 May 2006). [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-vain-theories-of-a-village-explainer-1.1002751 "The vain theories of a village explainer"]. ''The Irish Times''.
{{div col end}}

===Audio and video===
* [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Pound.html Ezra Pound recordings]. PennSound. University of Pennsylvania.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021229075926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/pounde1.shtml "The Four Steps"] (recording of Pound). BBC Home Service, 21 June 1958.
* Hammer, Langdon (February 2007). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYQ7dWVI_I8 Lecture on Ezra Pound]. Yale University.
* [[Richard Sieburth|Sieburth, Richard]] (15 March 2013). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbNGjTwdktQ "The Voice in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"] (discusses recordings of Pound). Woodberry Poetry Room. Harvard University.
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] interviews Ezra Pound [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3v2t5LYP-8 Pasolini incontra Ezra Pound]

===Books===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aldington |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Aldington |last2=Doolittle |first2=Hilda |author2-link=H.D. |editor=Caroline Zilboorg |title=Richard Aldington and H.D.: Their Lives in Letters |date=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7190-5972-8 |ref=none}}
* Bronnikov, Andrei (Бронников, Андрей) (2023). ''В поисках рая. «Кантос» Эзры Паунда (In Search of Paradise: The Cantos of Ezra Pound)''. St. Petersburg, Russia: Владимир Даль. {{ISBN|978-5-93615-280-1}}
* [[Helen Carr|Carr, Helen]] (2009). ''The Verse Revolutionaries: Ezra Pound, H.D. and The Imagists''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|978-0-224-04030-3}}
* [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Desai, Meghnad]] (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/routeofallevilpo0000desa The Route of All Evil: The Political Economy of Ezra Pound]''. London: Faber & Faber. {{isbn|978-0571217731}}
* [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot, T. S.]] (1917). ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7275 Ezra Pound: His Metric and his Poetry]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{oclc|1131624479}}
* [[C. David Heymann|Heymann, C. David]] (1976). ''Ezra Pound: The Last Rower. A Political Profile''. London: Faber & Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-10782-7}}
* McDiarmid, Lucy (2014). ''Poets & the Peacock Dinner: The Literary History of a Meal''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{isbn|978-0-19-872278-6}}
* Russell, Peter (ed.) (1950). ''[https://archive.org/details/examinationofezr0000russ An Examination of Ezra Pound]''. New York: New Directions (essays by Eliot, Sitwell, Tate, Hemingway, and others).
* Surette, Leon (1999). ''Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti-Semitism''. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-02498-6}}
* Witemeyer, Hugh (ed.) (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiWN1zaoCgC&pg=PA123 ''Pound/Williams: Selected letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams'']. New York: New Directions. {{ISBN|978-0-8112-1301-1}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q163366|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|wikt=no|n=no|commons=Category:Ezra Pound|s=Author:Ezra Pound|b=no|v=no}}
* [http://ezrapoundsociety.org The Ezra Pound Society]
* {{Gutenberg author|id=2637}}
* {{cite web |title=Biographies, biographical accounts, and memoirs of Ezra Pound |url=http://ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/biographies-of-ezra-pound |publisher=The Ezra Pound Society |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201008235003/http://ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/biographies-of-ezra-pound |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Ezra Pound's letters |url=http://www.ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/volumes-of-correspondence |publisher=The Ezra Pound Society |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201008234626/http://www.ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/volumes-of-correspondence |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ezra Pound}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2398}}
* [https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/ezra-pound-papers Ezra Pound papers]; [http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=ezra+pound&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=genre_facet%3A%22Photographs%22 photographs]; and [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/1439 William Bird Ezra Pound papers]. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Yale University.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420000337/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/pound/radio.htm "Selected World War II Broadcasts"]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
* [http://atom.archives.sfu.ca/index.php/ezra-pound-collection "Ezra Pound collection"]. Simon Fraser University.
* [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zs8p "Ezra Pound collection, 1911–1920"]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}. Emory University.
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079578 Ezra Pound papers, 1915–1959]. Columbia University Libraries.
* [https://archive.org/details/EzraPoundFBI "Ezra Pound"]. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
* [https://www.justice.gov/criminal/foia/ezra-pound.html "Frequently requested records: Ezra Pound"]. United States Department of Justice.
* [https://modjourn.org/journal/new-age/ Archives of the ''New Age''].

{{Ezra Pound|state=uncollapse}}
{{Vorticism}}
{{Fascism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pound, Ezra}}
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[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Vorticists]]
[[Category:Wabash College faculty]]
[[Category:Wadsworth family]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Writers from Idaho]]
[[Category:Poets from Idaho]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]
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[[Category:20th-century American male composers]]

Tum Bin 2

2026-03-25T09:32:22Z

MariskaFeari3794: further refined citations per sources and updated info

{{short description|2016 film by Anubhav Sinha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tum Bin 2
| native_name =
| image = Tum Bin 2 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anubhav Sinha]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|[[Anubhav Sinha]]}}
| screenplay = [[Anubhav Sinha]]
| starring =[[Aashim Gulati ]] [[Neha Sharma]] [[Aditya Seal]]
| music = [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Nikhil-Vinay]] Gourov-Roshin [[Zack Knight]]
| cinematography = Ewan Mulligan
| editing =Farooq Hundekar
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] [[Benaras Media Works]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|11|18}}
| runtime =147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}12 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/force-2-tum-bin-2-1st-day-box-office-collection-john-abrahams-film-has-bigger-opening-neha-704583|title=Force 2, Tum Bin 2 1st day box office collection: John Abraham's film has bigger opening than Neha Sharma's movie|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|date=18 November 2016|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525014603/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/force-2-tum-bin-2-1st-day-box-office-collection-john-abrahams-film-has-bigger-opening-neha-704583|url-status=live}}</ref>
|gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}6.45  crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-tum-bin-2/|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Tum Bin 2 :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 November 2016|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919040229/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-tum-bin-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tum Bin 2''''' ({{Translation|Without you}}) is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]], written and directed by [[Anubhav Sinha]]. It was produced by Sinha and [[Bhushan Kumar]], under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] banner. It is a standalone sequel to the 2001 film, ''[[Tum Bin]]''.<ref name="Life of Kukku">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418700 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314190419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418700 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2016 |title=Tum Bin 2 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tum-Bin-2-cast-unveiled/articleshow/51596071.cms |title='Tum Bin' 2 cast unveiled |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2016 |accessdate=31 March 2016 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330090817/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tum-Bin-2-cast-unveiled/articleshow/51596071.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 18 November 2016 and it was disaster at the box office.

==Plot==
The film centers around the life of Taran ([[Neha Sharma]]), who loses her fiancé Amar ([[Aashim Gulati]]) in a skiing accident. Her life changes when she meets Shekhar Malhotra ([[Aditya Seal]]), whom she initially sees as a good friend but soon develops feelings for. Eventually, she shares a kiss with Shekhar, marking the start of her process of moving on with her life.

The plot takes a sudden twist when it is revealed that Amar has survived the accident and has been in a [[coma]] as an unidentified patient for the last eight months. He returns home after regaining consciousness. On learning of Amar's return, Shekhar decides to distance himself from Taran and her family. Eventually, Taran realizes that she continues to have feelings for Shekhar and tells Amar about what happened when he was away. Together they decide to break up and stay close friends. Taran goes back to dating Shekhar. What Amar does not tell Taran is that he is only pretending to be okay with the breakup. In reality, he is miserable without her. In the meantime, Shekhar starts to notice that though Taran is dating him, she too misses Amar. When he speaks to Taran about this, she confesses to having chosen him over Amar because "it was the right thing to do," especially after all Shekhar had done for her in Amar's absence. Once, when Taran runs off to help Amar, Shekhar gets very upset and refuses to speak to Taran for a number of days. Eventually, he calls Taran to inform her that he's leaving the country.

The plot takes another twist when, trying to find Shekhar, Taran, accompanied by Amar, and his father ([[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]) discover that Shekhar was responsible for Amar's accident. In a further twist, Amar's father confesses that he knew this all along. He also tells of Shekhar coming to him seeking forgiveness for the accident. And how he not only forgave Shekhar but also started seeing him as a son. He also confesses to having intentionally introduced Shekhar to Taran and her family in the hope of helping Taran overcome her grief.

On learning all of this, Taran, along with Amar and his father, hurry to the airport, where they spot Shekhar about to board a plane. Eventually, Shekhar prevails over Taran, explaining that dating him because "it was the right thing to do" is not enough and she should be with the one she loves the most. He eventually hugs both Taran and Amar and departs tearfully. Taran hugs Amar but looks tearfully at Shekhar departing.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Aashim Gulati]] as Amar
*[[Neha Sharma]] as Taran
*[[Aditya Seal]] as Shekhar Malhotra
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Amar's father
*[[Sonia Balani]] as Gurpreet Kaur
*[[Meher Vij]] as Manpreet Kaur
*[[Ishwak Singh]] as Harry
*Jaipreet Singh as Navjot
*[[Hardy Sandhu]] as himself in a special appearance for the song "Nachna Aonda Ni"
*[[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]] as himself in a special appearance for the song "Nachna Aonda Ni"
*[[Mouni Roy]] as herself in a special appearance for the song "Nachana Aonda Ni"
*[[Neha Kakkar]] as herself in a special appearance for the song "Nachana Aonda Ni"
*[[Sandali Sinha]] as Pia Varma (in a special appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Filming===
The official announcement of the film was in March 2016 and the principal photography commenced in April 2016. The film was released on 18 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemalytics.com/movie/06804612-Tum-Bin-2 |title=Tum Bin 2 release date |publisher=Cinemalytics |accessdate=4 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was shot mainly in [[Glasgow]] and other regions in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tum-bin-2-announced-bhushan-kumar-and-anubhav-sinha-come-together-after-15-years/ |title=Tum Bin 2 announced, Bhushan Kumar and Anubhav Sinha come together after 15 years |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2016 |accessdate=31 March 2016 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330164209/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tum-bin-2-announced-bhushan-kumar-and-anubhav-sinha-come-together-after-15-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmivartha.com/2016/09/15/the-high-stakes-on-tum-bin-2-first-look-and-trailer/ |title=The high stakes on Tum Bin 2 – first look and trailer |newspaper=Filmivartha |date=15 September 2016 |accessdate=15 September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the movie was composed by [[Ankit Tiwari]] with lyrics written by [[Manoj Muntashir]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redkar |first=Surabhi |date=15 November 2016 |title=Tum Bin 2 Music Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/tum-bin-2-music-review/ |website=Koimoi |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621192359/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/tum-bin-2-music-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nijhara |first=Apoorva |date=29 October 2016 |title=Tum Bin 2 Music Review: Arijit Singh, Tulsi Kumar and Ankit Tiwari pour their souls out for Anubhav Sinha's film! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/music/365271/tum-bin-2-music-review-arijit-singh-tulsi-kumar-and-ankit-tiwari-pour |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621192359/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/music/365271/tum-bin-2-music-review-arijit-singh-tulsi-kumar-and-ankit-tiwari-pour |url-status=live }}</ref> except for the track "Teri Fariyad" which was written by [[Shakeel Azmi]] based on the original [[ghazal]] by [[Faaiz Anwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |date=3 October 2016 |title=TERI FARIYAD Video Song {{!}} Tum Bin 2 {{!}} Neha Sharma, Aditya Seal, Aashim Gulati {{!}} Jagjit Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCfSQHtjHk0&ab_channel=T-Series |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622064710/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCfSQHtjHk0&ab_channel=T-Series |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Tum Bin 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 October 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 53:30
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Track listing===

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Teri Fariyad
| note1 =
| length1 = 03:06
| lyrics1 = [[Shakeel Azmi]] (Based on the original ghazal by [[Faaiz Anwar]])
| music1 = [[Ankit Tiwari]] (Original composition by [[Nikhil-Vinay]])
| extra1 = [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| title2 = Ishq Mubarak
| note2 =
| length2 = 04:56
| lyrics2 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music2 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shubhanshu Kesarwani ]][[Ankit Tiwari]]
| title3 = Dekh Lena
| note3 =
| length3 = 04:41
| lyrics3 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music3 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| writer3 =
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| title4 = Jaeger Bomb
| note4 =
| length4 = 03:42
| lyrics4 = [[Manoj Muntashir]] (English lyrics by Raool) 
| music4 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| writer4 =
| extra4 = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Harshi Mad]]
| title5 = Tum Bin
| length5 = 06:56
| lyrics5 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music5 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| extra5 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| title6 = Ki Kariye Nachna Aaonda Nahin
| note6 =
| length6 = 03:57
| lyrics6 = [[Kumaar]] (Rap lyrics by [[Raftaar]]) 
| music6 = Gourov-Roshin
| extra6 = [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Hardy Sandhu]], [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
| title7 = Teri Fariyaad – Extended Version
| note7 =
| length7 = 10:35
| lyrics7 = [[Shakeel Azmi]] (Based on the original ghazal by Faaiz Anwar)
| music7 = [[Ankit Tiwari]] (Original composition by Nikhil-Vinay)
| extra7 = [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| title8 = Masta
| length8 = 03:51
| lyrics8 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music8 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| extra8 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| title9 = Ishq Mubarak – Refix
| length9 = 03:32
| lyrics9 = [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Zack Knight]]
| music9 = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Zack Knight]]
| extra9 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Zack Knight]]
| title10 = Dekh Lena – Unplugged
| length10 = 04:48
| lyrics10 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music10 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| extra10 = [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| title11 = Dil Nawaziyaan
| length11 = 03:21
| lyrics11 = [[Manoj Muntashir]] (English lyrics by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]) 
| music11 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| extra11 = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Payal Dev]]
| total_length = 53:30
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5717110}}

{{Anubhav Sinha}}

[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Scotland]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Anganwadi

2026-03-25T01:47:32Z

MariskaFeari3794:

{{Short description|Type of rural child care in India}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Anganwadi
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
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| formation = 1975
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| founders =
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| type = Governmental organization
| tax_id = 
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| status = Governmental organization
| purpose = Combat hunger and malnutrition of children. 
| professional_title = 
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| origins = [[India]]
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}}

[[File:Anganwadi Kendra Kulei.jpg|thumb|Anganwadi Kendra Kulei]]
'''Anganwadi''' ({{IPA|hi|ãːɡɐnɐʋaːɖiː}}) is a type of rural child care centre in [[India]]. It was started by the Indian government in the state of Maharashtra in 1975 as part of the [[Integrated Child Development Services]] program to combat child hunger and [[malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services Scheme) |url=https://icds.gov.in/en/about-us |website=icds.gov.in/}}</ref> ''Anganwadi'' in Marathi means "courtyard shelter".[[File:Children at Nirappam kunnu Anganwadi Centre, Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat, Kozhikode.jpg|thumb|Children at Nirappam kunnu Anganwadi Centre]][[File:Birthday celebtration at Karunaram Anganwadi.jpg|thumb|Birthday celebration at Karunaram Anganwadi]]
[[File:Mid day meals Karunaram Anganwadi.jpg|thumb|Midday meals on a special day, at Karunaram Anganwadi]]

A typical Anganwadi center provides basic health care in a village. It is a part of the Indian public health care system. Basic health care activities include [[contraceptive]] counseling and supply, [[nutrition]] education and supplementation, as well as pre-school activities.<ref>[http://populationcommission.nic.in/npp_app1.htm National Population Policy 2000] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207010417/http://populationcommission.nic.in/npp_app1.htm |date=7 February 2012 }}, National Commission on Population website. Accessed 13 February 2008</ref> The centres may be used as depots for [[oral rehydration salts]], basic medicines and contraceptives.
{{As of|2013|01|31}}, as many as 1.33 million Anganwadi and mini-Anganwadi centres (AWCs/mini-AWCs) are operational out of 1.37 million sanctioned AWCs/mini-AWCs. These centres provide supplementary nutrition, non-formal pre-school education, nutrition, and health education, immunization, health check-up and referral services of which the last three are provided in convergence with public health systems.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=92848 | title=Anganwadi Centres}}</ref>

While as of latest 31 March 2021, 1.387 million Anganwadi and mini-Anganwadi centres (AWCs/mini-AWCs) are operational out of 1.399 million sanctioned AWCs|AWC/mini-AWCs with the following categorization in the quarterly report:

# State/UT wise details of growth monitoring in Anganwadi Centers - Total children:-0.89 milion
# Total No. of AWCs/Mini-AWCs with Drinking water facility:-1.19 million
# Total No. of AWCs/Mini-AWCs with toilet facility:-1 million
# Other miscellaneous on rented/govt. buildings, nutritional coverage, pre-school education, vacant/in-position/sanctioned posts of AWWs/AWHs/CDPOs/[[Supervisor]]s, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICDS Entitlements |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1743268 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Benefits ==
Despite decades of impressive growth, India has an acute shortage of doctors.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Amy Kazmin |title=Doctors are scapegoats for India's failing health system |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8053cef2-33d5-11e7-bce4-9023f8c0fd2e |access-date=7 November 2018 |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref> The doctor population ratio in 2019-20 was 1:1456; against the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] recommended level of 1:1000.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deo |first1=Madhav |title=Doctor population ratio for India - the reality |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=632–5 |pmid=23703329 |pmc=3724242 |year=2013 }}</ref> Through the Anganwadi system, the country is trying to meet its goal of providing affordable and accessible healthcare to local populations.

Anganwadi workers have the advantage over the physicians living in the same rural area, which gives them insight into the state of health in the locality and assists in identifying the cause of problems and in countering them. They also have better social skills and can therefore more easily interact with the local people.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} As locals, they know and are comfortable with the local language and ways, are acquainted with the people, and are trusted.<ref name="healthopine2001">{{cite web|url=http://healthopine.com/healthcare-infrastructure/the-anganwadi-workers-of-india-connecting-for-health-at-the-grassroots|title=The Anganwadi Workers of India|date=3 March 2011|work=Health Opine|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331041500/http://healthopine.com/healthcare-infrastructure/the-anganwadi-workers-of-india-connecting-for-health-at-the-grassroots|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Challenges and solutions==

Public policy discussions have taken place over whether to make Anganwadis universally available to all eligible children and mothers who want their children there. This would require significant increases in budgetary allocation and a rise in the number of Anganwadis to over 1.6 million.

The officers and their helpers who staff Anganwadis are typically women from poor families. The workers do not have permanent jobs with comprehensive retirement benefits like other government staff. Worker protests (by the All India Anganwadi Workers Federation) and public debates on this topic are ongoing. There are periodic reports of corruption and crimes against women in some Anganwadi centers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/2-held-6-booked-for-graft-in-rs-18-crore-anganwadi-tender/articleshow/64115895.cms |title=2 held, 6 booked for graft in Rs 18 crore anganwadi tender |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://odishasuntimes.com/anganwadi-worker-kidnapped-gangraped-in-odisha-3-detained/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913084831/http://odishasuntimes.com/anganwadi-worker-kidnapped-gangraped-in-odisha-3-detained/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 September 2018|title=Anganwadi worker kidnapped, gang-raped in Odisha; 3 detained |newspaper=Odisha Sun Times |access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> There are legal and societal issues when Anganwadi-serviced children fall sick or die.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Tragedy-strikes-anganwadi-again/articleshow/16304286.cms |title=Tragedy strikes anganwadi again |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2012-09-08 |access-date=2019-03-30 }}</ref>

In announcing the 2022 budget, then Indian Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] stated that salaries would be increased for Anganwadi workers to ₹20,105 per month and for helpers to ₹10,000 per month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2022-02-01 |title=Union Budget 2022 {{!}} Two lakh anganwadis to be upgraded |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2022-two-lakh-anganwadis-to-be-upgraded/article38358202.ece |access-date=2022-04-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> But with minuscule increment in the overall umbrella budget of just 0.7%. It has been allocated ₹20,263 crore for the next fiscal, as compared to last year’s allocation of ₹20,105 crore. As compared to revised estimate of ₹199999.55 crore there is a 1.3% increase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2022-02-01 |title=Union Budget 2022 {{!}} Two lakh anganwadis to be upgraded |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2022-two-lakh-anganwadis-to-be-upgraded/article38358202.ece |access-date=2022-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2008 there was debate about whether packaged foods (such as biscuits) should become part of the food served. Detractors, including Nobel Prize winner [[Amartya Sen]], argued against it, saying that it will become the only food consumed by the children. Options for increasing partnerships with the private sector are continuing.

In a major initiative, the work of Anganwadis is being digitized, starting with the 27 most economically disadvantaged districts in Uttar Pradesh: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. In March 2021, Anganwadis' workers were provided with a smartphone app to record data that will be integrated with the health ministry, which is involved in carrying out immunization, health check-ups, and nutrition education under [[Integrated Child Development Services (India)|Integrated Child Development Services]]. They were informed that failure to
upload digitally-entered records could result in salary and food suspension. Difficulties emerged with this smartphone app's reportedly being hard to use, being written in only English, and demanding more memory than cheap smartphones have. Anganwadi employees, mostly women who earn less than $150 a month, if they even have smartphones, experienced repeated crashes of this app or found that they do not understand enough English to use it. Many lack phone reception and electricity in their villages and ask why meticulously written ledgers, used for years, no longer suffice.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's high-tech governance risks leaving behind its poorest citizens |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/10/16/indias-high-tech-governance-risks-leaving-behind-its-poorest-citizens |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=19 October 2021 |location=paragraphs 2 & 3 |page=33 |format=web and print |date=16 October 2021 |quote=In March its workers, nearly all women paid less than $150 a month, were instructed to use a new, government-supplied smartphone app. Failure to up-load classroom data could result in suspension of wages and of food supplies, threatening a vital source of nutrition for India’s poorest children. ¶ The workers say the app is hard to use. It is only in English, which most do not understand, and takes up so much memory it crashes their cheap smartphones. Many do not even have a phone, or electricity or mobile reception in their villages. What was wrong with the old written ledgers they carefully kept for years, they ask? The change [sic] is that the government now wants more control and surveillance.}}</ref>

In order to ensure growth monitoring of children and home visits, an incentive of Rs. 500 and Rs. 250 is provided per month to Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) and Anganwadi Helpers (AWHs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICDS Entitlements |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1743268 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Integration with other official schemes ==

The Integrated Child Development Services scheme did not have provision for the construction of AWC buildings as this was envisaged to be provided by the community except for the North Eastern States. For them, financial support was provided for construction of AWC buildings since 2001-02 at a unit cost of ₹175,000.

As part of the strengthening and restructuring the ICDS scheme, the government approved a provision of construction of 200,000 Anganwadi centre buildings at a cost of ₹450,000 per unit during XII Plan period in a phased manner with a cost-sharing ratio of 75:25 between centre and states (other than the NER, where it will be at 90:10).

Further, construction of AWC has been notified as a permissible activity under the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MNREGA). The construction of AWC buildings can be taken up in convergence with MNREGA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anganwadi Centres|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=92848|publisher=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>

Planned renaming of few schemes under new umbrella term i.e. Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 includes anganwadi services, Poshan Abhiyan, scheme for adolescent girls, and national creche scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2022-02-01 |title=Union Budget 2022 {{!}} Two lakh anganwadis to be upgraded |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2022-two-lakh-anganwadis-to-be-upgraded/article38358202.ece |access-date=2022-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==International efforts==

[[UNICEF]] and the [[UN Millennium Development Goals]] of reducing infant mortality and improving maternal care are the impetus for increasing focus on the Anganwadis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/india/media/3801/file |title=Early Childhood Development in India|website=UNICEF|access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> Workers and helpers are expected to be trained per [[WHO]] standards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Onis |first1=Mercedes |last2=Garza |first2=Cutberto |last3=Victora |first3=Cesar G. |last4=Onyango |first4=Adelheid W. |last5=Frongillo |first5=Edward A. |last6=Martines |first6=Jose |date=January 2004 |title=The who Multicentre Growth Reference Study: Planning, Study Design, and Methodology |journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1_suppl_1 |pages=S15–S26 |doi=10.1177/15648265040251S104 |pmid=15069917 |s2cid=208063814 |issn=0379-5721|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The WHO Child Growth Standards |url=https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/standards |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Onyango |first1=Adelheid W |last2=Borghi |first2=Elaine |last3=de Onis |first3=Mercedes |last4=Frongillo |first4=Edward A |last5=Victora |first5=Cesar G |last6=Dewey |first6=Kathryn G |last7=Lartey |first7=Anna |last8=Bhandari |first8=Nita |last9=Baerug |first9=Anne |last10=Garza |first10=Cutberto |last11=for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group |date=2015-12-01 |title=Successive 1-Month Weight Increments in Infancy Can Be Used to Screen for Faltering Linear Growth |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=145 |issue=12 |pages=2725–2731 |doi=10.3945/jn.115.211896 |pmid=26468489 |issn=0022-3166|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Auxiliary nurse midwife]]
* [[Accredited Social Health Activist]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://icds-wcd.nic.in/ Official website]
* {{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/anganwadi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/anganwadi|archivedate=2013-07-29|title=Articles about Anganwadi|website=Times of India}}

{{Government schemes in India}}
{{Health in India}}

[[Category:Child care]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]
[[Category:Indian missions]]

Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple

2026-03-19T11:48:18Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting a place.

{{short description|Hindu temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple
| image = Sankat Mochan temple entrance, Varanasi - IRCTC 2017 (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption = The entrance to Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
| map_caption = Temple location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2821062|82.9999769|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = संकट मोचन हनुमान मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district =
| location = [[Varanasi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Hanuman]], [[Rama]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 16th century
| creator = [[Tulsidas]]
| website =
}}

The '''Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], in his form as s''ankat mochan'' (''saṅkaṭamocana''), meaning the "reliever from troubles".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=B. K. |title=Tulsidas (Mystics Saints of India) |date=31 December 2002 |publisher=Books For All |isbn=8173862508 |location=Allahabad}}</ref> The temple was established by the Hindu preacher and poet-saint [[Tulsidas]] in the early 16th century. It is situated on the banks of the Assi river.

==History==
It is believed that the temple built on the very spot where [[Tulsidas]] had a vision of Hanuman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Callewaert|first=Winand M. |title=Banaras: vision of a living ancient tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyTeRVRLiOYC&q=Sankat+Mochan+Temple%2C+Varanasi&pg=PA90|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=81-7010-302-9|page=90}}</ref> It was founded by Tulsidas who was the author of the ''[[Ramacharitamanasa]].'' Tradition promises that regular visitors to the temple will gain the special favor of Hanuman. Every Tuesday and Saturday thousands of people queue up in front of the temple to offer prayers to Hanuman. According to [[Vedic Astrology]], Hanuman saves human beings from the anger of the planet [[Shani]] (Saturn), and especially people who have an ill-placed Saturn in their horoscopes visit this temple for astrological remedies. This is supposed to be the most effective way for appeasing Shani. Some astrologers believe that worshiping Hanuman can neutralize the ill-effect of [[Mangala]] (Mars) and practically any planet that has an ill effect on human life. It is believed that Tulsidas is believed to have written most of the verses of ''Ramacharitamanasa'' in this temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=11}}</ref>

===Terrorist incident===
{{main|2006 Varanasi bombings}}
On 7 March 2006, one of three explosions hit the temple while the [[aarti]] was in progress in which numerous worshippers and wedding attendees were participating. The crowd helped each other in the rescue operation after the explosion. The next day a large number of devotees resumed their worship as usual.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/89192/|title=Blasts in Sankatmochan temple and railway station kill dozen, several injured|date=8 March 2006|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Temple today==
The temple still continues to be attended by thousands of Rama and Hanuman devotees who chant [[Hanuman Chalisa]] and [[Sundarkand]] (also provided in the form of a booklet in the temple for free). After the terrorist incident of 2006, a permanent police post was set up inside the temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post/396/|title=Varanasi temple gets permanent police post|date=14 March 2006|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Visiting Time <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankat Mochan Temple |url=https://www.hospesindia.com/topic/temples-of-kashi/sankat-mochan-temple |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Hospes India |language=en}}</ref> ==

* '''Temple Timings:''' Opens at 4:30 AM and closes at 10:30 PM. On Tuesday and Saturday, the temple stays open until midnight. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankat Mochan Temple |url=https://www.hospesindia.com/topic/temples-of-kashi/sankat-mochan-temple |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Hospes India |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Afternoon Closing''': Please note that Darshan is closed between 12:00 Noon and 3:00 PM daily.
* '''Facilities:''' The temple provides its own locker facility for mobile phones and cameras, as these are not allowed inside.
* '''Prashad:''' It is highly recommended to buy 'Besan Ke Laddu' (Prashad) from the shops located inside the temple premises for authenticity.

==Sankat Mochan Foundation==

{{main|Sankat Mochan Foundation}}

The [[Sankat Mochan Foundation]] (SMF) was established in 1982 by [[Veer Bhadra Mishra]], the Mahant (High priest) of the temple, and has been working for cleaning and protecting the [[Ganges river]]. Its projects are funded in part by aid from the U. S. and Swedish governments. Mishra was formerly former Head of the Civil Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi [IIT(BHU)]<ref>[[Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi]]</ref> and was awarded [[United Nations Environment Programme]] ([[UNEP]]) established the "[[Global 500 Roll of Honour]]" in [[Global 500 Roll of Honour#1992|1992]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.global500.org/ViewLaureate.asp?ID=246|title=Adult Award Winner in 1992: Veer Bhadra Mishra|publisher=[[Global 500 Roll of Honour]] website}}</ref> and later the ''[[TIME]]'' magazine's "Hero of the Planet" award in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Varanasi/Jai-Ganga-Maiyya/articleshow/4581002.cms|title=Jai Ganga Maiyya...|date=May 26, 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ti">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/reports/environment/heroes/heroesgallery/0,2967,mishra,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816092014/http://www.time.com/time/reports/environment/heroes/heroesgallery/0,2967,mishra,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2000|title=Holy War for "My Mother"|date=16 August 1999|magazine=[[TIME]]}}</ref>

The foundation has been working with Australia-based environmental group, Oz Greene, under a programme called "Swatcha Ganga Abhiyan" for over 25 years. It celebrated its silver jubilee on 3–4 November 2007, with two-day event which concluded at the Tulsi Ghat, on the Ganges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Centre-should-take-steps-to-clean-Ganga-river/235935/|title=Centre should take steps to clean Ganga river|date=5 Nov 2007|work=Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030615/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Centre-should-take-steps-to-clean-Ganga-river/235935/|archive-date=11 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh==

{{Main|Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh}}

Each year in the month of April, the temple organizes a classical music and dance concert festival titled "Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh", in which musicians and performers from all over India take part. The first festival was organized 88 years ago, and it has invited musicians and dancers including [[Odissi]] guru [[Kelucharan Mahapatra]], who was associated since its early days. In fact he was instrumental in starting women's participation in the festival with [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]], Swapna Sundari and [[Kankana Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/07/stories/2006040701270300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430131308/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/07/stories/2006040701270300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2008|title=Glimpses of eternity| location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 April 2006}}</ref>

In 2009, the six-day concert saw over 35 artists including, vocalist [[Jasraj]] and Kathak exponent [[Birju Maharaj]].<ref name=sm>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-from-April-13/articleshow/4375831.cms|title=Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh from April 13|date=8 Apr 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Varanasi/Jasraj-Birju-Maharaj-enthral-on-first-night/articleshow/4401273.cms|title=Jasraj, Birju Maharaj enthral on first night|date=14 Apr 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The 2010 concert was spread over five days, during which artists such as Jasraj, Sunanda Patnaik, [[Channulal Mishra]], [[Rajan-Sajan Mishra]] and Amar Nath Mishra performed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-music-concert-begins/articleshow/5760763.cms|title=Sankat Mochan music concert begins|date=4 Apr 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2015 concert [[Pakistan]]i-ghazal singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] performed at Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh.<ref name="Sports 2015">{{cite web | author=Sports | title=Buzz in Varanasi as Ghulam Ali performs at Sankat Mochan | website=The Indian Express | date=9 April 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/buzz-in-varanasi-as-ghulam-ali-performs-at-sankat-mochan-2/ | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web | title=Modi to miss Ghulam Ali musical treat at Shankat Mochan temple | website=Firstpost | date=8 April 2015 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/modi-miss-ghulam-ali-musical-treat-shankat-mochan-temple-2189439.html | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Binay | title=Pakisntan's Ghulam Ali to enchant Kashi's Sankat Mochan Hanuman with ghazals | website=The Times of India | date=2 April 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/Pakisntans-Ghulam-Ali-to-enchant-Kashis-Sankat-Mochan-Hanuman-with-ghazals/articleshow/46780995.cms | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla]]
*[[Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Varanasi}}
* [http://www.webindia123.com/city/up/varanasi/attra.htm?cat=Places%20of%20Interest Web India - Places of interest in Varanasi]
* [http://www.sankatmochanfoundationonline.org Sankat Mochan Foundation, Official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4783646.stm BBC - High priest horrified by blast] ''[[BBC News]]''
;Images
* [http://vayusutha.in/vs4/sankatamochan.jpg Image of the main gate of temple]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717184839/http://www.varanasi-hotels.com/sankatmochan.jpg interior view]

{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

Anurag Kashyap

2026-03-14T08:24:39Z

MariskaFeari3794: quick expand references for clarity further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1970)}}
{{for|the contestant|Anurag Kashyap (contestant)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Rinku Singh <ref>{{cite news |title= बॉलीवुड का रिंकू सिंह, भारत में लगे आपातकाल के बाद अनुराग कश्यप का नाम क्यों बदला गया था?|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/entertainment-photos/anurag-kashyap-birthday-special-know-director-real-name-rinku-singh-3475146.html/amp|access-date= 25 September 2025|work= TV9 Hindi|date= 10 September 2025}}</ref>
| name = Anurag Kashyap
| image = Anurag Kashyap 02.jpg
| caption = Anurag at [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK 2022]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|09|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc0e8e8a8|title=Anurag Kashyap|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107050811/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc0e8e8a8|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Aarti Bajaj]]|1997|2009|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Kalki Koechlin]]|2011|2015|reason=divorced}}
}}
| children = 1<ref name="Anurag Kashyap's deep bond with daughter Aaliyah Khan: 'Making me pose like a teenager'">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Anurag Kashyap's deep bond with daughter Aaliyah Kashyap: 'Making me pose like a teenager' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-birthday-photos-videos-with-daughter-aaliyah-kashyap-7499019/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616110111/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-birthday-photos-videos-with-daughter-aaliyah-kashyap-7499019/ |archive-date=16 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood shows up to Aaliyah Kashyap and Shane Gregoire's wedding reception: Sobhita Dhulipala and Naga Chaitanya make first appearance as newlyweds">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Bollywood shows up to Aaliyah Kashyap and Shane Gregoire's wedding reception: Sobhita Dhulipala and Naga Chaitanya make first appearance as newlyweds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-shows-up-to-aaliyah-kashyap-and-shane-gregoires-wedding-reception-sobhita-dhulipala-and-naga-chaitanya-make-first-appearance-as-newlyweds/article68976137.ece |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216043810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-shows-up-to-aaliyah-kashyap-and-shane-gregoires-wedding-reception-sobhita-dhulipala-and-naga-chaitanya-make-first-appearance-as-newlyweds/article68976137.ece |archive-date=16 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]] ([[Zoology]]) [[Scindia School]], [[Gwalior]] Hillgrange Preparatory School [[Dehradun]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|film producer|screenwriter|actor}}
| works = [[Anurag Kashyap filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Abhinav Kashyap]] (brother)}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]]|[[Yash Bharti Award]]}}
}}

'''Anurag Kashyap''' (born 10 September 1972) is an Indian filmmaker and actor known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is the recipient of four [[Filmfare Awards]]. The [[Government of France]] made him a Knight of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] in 2013.

Kashyap got his major break as a co-writer in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s crime drama ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998) and made his directorial debut with ''[[Paanch]]'', which never had a theatrical release due to censorship issues. He then went on to direct ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004), a film based on the [[Black Friday: The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts|namesake book]] by [[Hussain Zaidi]] about the [[1993 Bombay bombings]]. Its release was held up for two years by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|District Board of Film Certification]] because of the pending verdict of the case at that time but was released in 2007 to critical appreciation. Kashyap's follow-up, ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007) met with mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box-office. His next venture ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009), a modern adaptation of [[Devdas]] received positive reviews and was a commercial success; followed by the socio-political drama ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' (2009), and the thriller ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' (2011).

Kashyap's prominence increased with the two-part [[Crime film|crime drama]], ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012), which received worldwide critical acclaim and moderate box office success and considered a cult film now. Kashyap subsequently co-produced the critically acclaimed drama ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2013), and the biographical drama ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' (2012), the former earned him a [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]] nomination. His next acclaimed films were the anthology ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' (2013), the drama ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2014), ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'', a film inspired by the serial killer [[Raman Raghav]] (2016) and ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' (2018). He also co-directed India's first [[Netflix#Original programming|Netflix Original series]], the crime thriller ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', based on [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s [[Sacred Games (novel)|novel of the same name]] and the romantic drama ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-11 |title=10 essential modern Indian film directors |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-essential-modern-indian-film-directors |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kashyap was born on 10 September 1972 to ''Gaharwar'' [[Rajput]]<ref>{{cite news |title= रिंकू सिंह कैसे बने अनुराग कश्यप, किस जाति के हैं ब्राह्मणों पर टिप्पणी करने वाले फिल्म मेकर?|url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-belong-to-kshatriya-varna-know-how-rinku-singh-of-up-became-anurag-kashyap-1194647.html|access-date= 25 September 2025|work= Nav Bharat|date= 21 April 2024}}</ref> family in [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-birthday-special-the-unlucky-love-life-of-the-renowned-filmmaker/1134615|title=Anurag Kashyap birthday special: The unlucky love life of the renowned filmmaker|last=Sonar|first=Mamta|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=10 September 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107002508/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-birthday-special-the-unlucky-love-life-of-the-renowned-filmmaker/1134615|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap turns 41; finds birthday wishes awkward |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 September 2013 |access-date=10 July 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-turns-41-finds-birthday-wishes-awkward-1886989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024160837/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-turns-41-finds-birthday-wishes-awkward-1886989 |archive-date=24 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anurag Kashyap, the Godfather |author=Parul Khanna |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/anurag-kashyap-the-godfather/story-SW0CUzKTN8ElmqC7WKjPxL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211852/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/anurag-kashyap-the-godfather/story-SW0CUzKTN8ElmqC7WKjPxL.html |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> His father Prakash Singh is a retired Chief Engineer of the [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited]] and was posted in [[Obra Thermal Power Station]] in [[Sonbhadra district]] near [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clear light of day |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main8.asp?filename=hub112704clear_light.asp |work=[[Tehelka]] |date=27 November 2004 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023929/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main8.asp?filename=hub112704clear_light.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

He did his primary schooling from Hillgrange Preparatory School in Dehradun, and grade seven onwards, from the [[Scindia School]] in [[Gwalior]].

Some of the locations used in ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur (film series)|Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' are also influenced from his own old house where he himself lived with his parents, sister, Anubhuti Kashyap, and brother, [[Abhinav Kashyap]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090125/jsp/graphiti/story_10436021.jsp |title=Moving beyond art |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724095940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090125/jsp/graphiti/story_10436021.jsp |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="tehelka">{{cite news|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main20.asp?filename=hub100706Catcher.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716183447/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main20.asp?filename=hub100706Catcher.asp |archive-date=16 July 2015 |title=Catcher in the Rye |author=Shoma Chaudhury |work=Tehelka |date=7 October 2006 |access-date=23 June 2010}}</ref> Abhinav is also a filmmaker, who made his directorial debut with the [[masala (film genre)|masala]] blockbuster, ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010). Anubhuti has been his assistant in most of his films.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sister Act |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20130610-anurag-kashyap-sister-anubhuti-to-venture-into-filmmaking-763933-1999-11-29 |work=[[India Today]] |author=Suhani singh |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092708/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/anurag-kashyap-sister-anubhuti-to-venture-into-filmmaking/1/277757.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> She made her directorial debut with ''[[Doctor G]]'' (2022), a medical campus comedy, starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Shefali Shah]] and [[Sheeba Chaddha]].

Owing to his desire to become a scientist, Kashyap went to [[Delhi]] for his higher studies and enrolled himself into a zoology course at the [[Hansraj College]] ([[University of Delhi]]); he graduated in 1993.<ref name="ie">{{cite news|last=Akbar|first=Irena|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/%3Cb%3EWHY-SICA-MOVED-PATNA%3C/b%3E/322391/|title=Why Sica Moved Patna|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 June 2008|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120918/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/%3Cb%3EWHY-SICA-MOVED-PATNA%3C/b%3E/322391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rediff-2005-apr">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/05anurag.htm |title=Black Friday is based on facts! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603110641/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/05anurag.htm/ |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="juneja-1">{{cite web |url=http://sakshijuneja.com/blog/2007/01/03/interview-anurag-kashyap-part-1-a-man-with-a-vision/ |title=Interview Anurag Kashyap (Part 1) : A Man with a Vision |publisher=sakhijuneja.com |author=Saakshi Juneja |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112054000/http://sakshijuneja.com/blog/2007/01/03/interview-anurag-kashyap-part-1-a-man-with-a-vision/ |archive-date=12 November 2014 }}</ref> He then eventually joined the street theatre group, [[Jana Natya Manch]]; and did many street plays.<ref name="tehelka"/><ref name="juneja-1" /><ref name="pahli-seedi">[http://chavannichap.blogspot.com/2008/11/0-1993-0-0-0-1993-0-1995-0-0-0-0-0-0.html The 'Pahli Seedi' Anurag Kashyap Interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320003334/http://chavannichap.blogspot.com/2008/11/0-1993-0-0-0-1993-0-1995-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |date=20 March 2009 }}, excerpts from the interview (in Hindi) conducted by Pravesh Bhardwaj and Ajay Brahmatmaj</ref> The same year, couple of his friends "urged [him] to catch a [[Vittorio De Sica|de Sica]] retrospective" at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="telegraph" /><ref name="tehelka"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/director/anurag-kashyap/ |title=Anurag Kashyap's Biography |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518013304/http://www.koimoi.com/director/anurag-kashyap/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> In ten days, he saw 55 films at the festival, and [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' was the film that influenced him the most.<ref name="juneja-1" /><ref name="dna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1226649 |title=Anurag Kashyap is jinxed no more |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Aniruddha Guha |date=1 February 2009 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203171338/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1226649 |archive-date= 3 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Career==
{{quote box|bgcolor=|align=right|width=25%|quote="As a 19-year-old student of [[zoology]] at Delhi's [[Hansraj College]], I had no desire to be a filmmaker. Till I watched ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'', a 1948 Italian film directed by [[Vittorio De Sica]], at a film festival in Delhi in 1993. After the film got over, I decided to chuck it all and leave bag-and-baggage for Bombay to be a filmmaker."|source=—Kashyap on how one film changed his life.<ref name="ie"/>}}

After the de Sica experience, Kashyap arrived in [[Mumbai]] in 1993 with [[Indian rupee|INR]] 5,000 in his pocket.<ref name="pahli-seedi" /><ref name="fe">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/audacious-irreverent-yet-refreshingly-original/177107/0 |title=Audacious, irreverent, yet refreshingly original |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=10 September 2006 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051403/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/audacious-irreverent-yet-refreshingly-original/177107/0 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> Soon the money ran out, and he spent months on the streets, staying in lofts, "sleeping on beaches," "under a water tank and in the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's [college] boys hostel]]."<ref name="tehelka"/> He then managed to find work at [[Prithvi Theatre]], but his first play remained incomplete because the director died.<ref name="rediff-2005-apr" />

===Writer and director===

====1990–1999====
In 1995, an acquaintance introduced Kashyap to [[Shivam Nair]]. The day they met, Kashyap watched ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976) at Nair's place, and the film inspired him to "write something". The team of [[Sriram Raghavan]], Sridhar Raghavan and Shiv Subramaniam were working on two projects, one of which was a short TV series, ''Auto Narayan'', based on the life of [[serial killer]] [[Auto Shankar]]; the second one was a film scripted by Kashyap.<ref name="juneja-1" /> ''Auto Narayan'' got delayed because the script written by Subramaniam was not "working". Kashyap rewrote the script and got credit for the same, but it was scrapped.<ref name="pahli-seedi" /><ref name="dna" /> In 1997, he wrote the screenplay of [[Hansal Mehta]]'s first film, ''Jayate'' which failed to find a theatrical release;<ref>{{cite news|title=Not all those who wander are lost: A filmmaker's conviction is vindicated |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/not-all-those-who-wander-are-lost-a-filmmakers-conviction-is-vindicated |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191637/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/not-all-those-who-wander-are-lost-a-filmmakers-conviction-is-vindicated |archive-date= 2 June 2015 }}</ref> and episodes of the TV series ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (1997).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/B-Towners-who-made-a-splash-on-TV-in-2014/articleshow/45571100.cms |title=B-Towners who made a splash on TV in 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227165257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/B-Towners-who-made-a-splash-on-TV-in-2014/articleshow/45571100.cms |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref>

In 1998, actor [[Manoj Bajpayee]] suggested his name to [[Ram Gopal Varma]] to write a film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-see-Ram-Gopal-Varmas-films-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/15476406.cms |title=I don't see Ram Gopal Varma's films: Anurag Kashyap |last=Gupta |first=Priya |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720145208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-see-Ram-Gopal-Varmas-films-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/15476406.cms |archive-date=20 July 2015 }}</ref> Varma liked Kashyap's ''Auto Narayan'' and hired him, alongside [[Saurabh Shukla]] to write the script for his crime film, ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998).<ref name="rediff-2005-apr" /><ref name="pahli-seedi" /> ''Satya'' was a critical and commercial success,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://geocities.com/rgv_shiva/rgvfilmreviews.htm |title=Nothing but the truth |author=Khalid Mohammed |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202005645/http://geocities.com/rgv_shiva/rgvfilmreviews.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1998 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072524/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=4 May 2015 }}</ref> and is regarded as one of the best films of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527|title=Behind The Scenes|author=Rachel Dwyer|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=30 May 2005|access-date=18 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021210045/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527|archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-11.html |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234427/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-11.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> He later collaborated with Varma in scripting ''[[Kaun (film)|Kaun]]'' (1999) and writing dialogues for ''[[Shool]]'' (1999). In 1999, he made a short film, titled ''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]'' for television.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/ |title=The myth of Paanch is bigger than the film |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Dipti Nagpaul D'souza |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121944/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/ |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>

====2000–2009====
While working with Nair, Kashyap came across files related to the [[Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders]] that took place in [[Pune]] in 1976, which became the inspiration for his directorial debut ''[[Paanch]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Total Knockout: A Censor Punch For Paanch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Total-KnockPaanch/articleshow/1859229684.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2001 |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127023018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Total-Knockout-A-Censor-Punch-For-Paanch/articleshow/1859229684.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="paanch">{{cite news|title=Total recall |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20011022-censor-board-refusal-to-clear-paanch-ignites-debate-over-artistic-freedom-774478-2001-10-21 |work=India Today |author=Sandeep Unnithan |date=22 October 2001 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062039/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/censor-board-refusal-to-clear-paanch-ignites-debate-over-artistic-freedom/1/231496.html |archive-date= 5 May 2015 }}</ref> A [[crime thriller]] about a group of five friends of a rock band who turn into criminals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paanch: Holding up a mirror |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/archives/paanch-holding-up-a-mirror/article1-7621.aspx |work=Hindutan Times |date=29 July 2003 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518125630/http://www.hindustantimes.com/archives/paanch-holding-up-a-mirror/article1-7621.aspx |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> The film faced trouble with the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I'll fight to the finish |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/13paanch.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=13 October 2001 |access-date=30 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130427/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/13paanch.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> because the board felt that it dealt unapologetically with sex, drugs and celebrated violence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wigBDgAAQBAJ&q=parinda+pigeons+film&pg=PT134|title=Behind the Scenes: Contemporary Bollywood Directors and Their Cinema|last1=John|first1=Vimal Mohan|last2=Viswamohan|first2=Ayusha Iqbal|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2017|isbn=978-93-86062-40-6|page=134|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073130/https://books.google.com/books?id=wigBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134&cad=3#v=onepage&q=parinda%20pigeons%20film|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
It was cleared by the Board in 2001,<ref>{{cite news|title=Censor clearance, for Paanch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Censor-clearance-for-Paanch/articleshow/512840451.cms?from=mdr|last=Kapoor|first=Pankaj|work=The Times of India|date=3 December 2001|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028054631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Censor-clearance-for-Paanch/articleshow/512840451.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> but remains unreleased due to some problems faced by the producer.<ref name="dna"/> In these years, he also wrote dialogues for many films including ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'' (2004), [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Yuva]]'' (2004), the Canadian film ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005), ''[[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]'' (2005) and ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]'' (2006).

After a failed attempt to make ''Allwyn Kalicharan'' in 2003,<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap: He's India's Man at Cannes |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/markets-festivals/anurag-kashyap-hes-indias-man-at-cannes-1200486071/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |author=Shalini Dore |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906214018/http://variety.com/2013/film/markets-festivals/anurag-kashyap-hes-indias-man-at-cannes-1200486071/ |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref> Kashyap started working on ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'', a film based on the [[Black Friday: The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts|namesake book]] by [[Hussain Zaidi]] about the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=3892405d-96ca-4f2f-b932-d35f0328e03d|title=I just can't be politically correct: Anurag Kashyap|work=Hindustan Times|author=Hiren Kotwani|date=23 February 2007|access-date=10 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We consciously kept Sanjay Dutt out of Black Friday: Anurag Kashyap |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/we-consciously-kept-sanjay-dutt-out-of-black-friday-anurag-kashyap/17222 |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124906/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/we-consciously-kept-sanjay-dutt-out-of-black-friday-anurag-kashyap/17222 |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref> The Bombay high court put a stay on the release of the film, until the judgement in the bomb blasts case was delivered. It was decided after a petition filed by a group of 1993 bomb blasts accused, challenging the release of the film based on their case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/31black.htm |title=No Black Friday till blasts case verdict |publisher=Rediff |date=31 March 2005 |access-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031233/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/31black.htm |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> The film got censorship clearance in 2007, and was released after two years meeting universal acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Controversial Black Friday finally cleared for release in India |url=http://www.screendaily.com/controversial-black-friday-finally-cleared-for-release-in-india/4030691.article |work=[[Screen International]] |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511161219/http://www.screendaily.com/controversial-black-friday-finally-cleared-for-release-in-india/4030691.article |archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|id=10008022-black_friday|title=Black Friday}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] gave the film a three star out of five rating and mentioned: "It was indeed a difficult film to make, yet the director has managed to grapple with all the loose threads and put them together in a composite whole. So much so, the film moves like a taut thriller, without ideology coloring the sepia frames."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Black-Friday/movie-review/1587135.cms |title=Black Friday Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2007 |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614041015/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Black-Friday/movie-review/1587135.cms |archive-date=14 June 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:anurag kashyap.jpg|thumb|left|Kashyap attending the [[Rome Film Festival]] in 2007]]
The same year, Kashyap adapted [[Stephen King]]'s short story "[[Quitters, Inc.]]" into ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''. A [[surrealistic]] thriller about a [[chain-smoker]] who gets trapped in the maze of a person who guarantees will make him quit smoking.<ref>{{cite web|title=No Smoking |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/09/no_smoking_preview.shtml |publisher=BBC |first=Manish |last=Gajjar |access-date=9 August 2012 |date=10 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/09/no_smoking_preview.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> The film starring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Ranvir Shorey]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] in the leads with music by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], premiered at the [[Rome Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=No Smoking in Rome |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/25john.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=14 August 2012 |date=25 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016200807/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/25john.htm |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> ''No Smoking'' received an overwhelming negative reception and failed at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: No Smoking |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-No-Smoking/Article1-254292.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |author=Khalid Mohamed |access-date=9 August 2012 |date=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121084409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-No-Smoking/Article1-254292.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2012 |author-link=Khalid Mohamed }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=No Smoking box-office report |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/no_smoking |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084902/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/no_smoking |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> CNN-IBN's [[Rajeev Masand]] called it a "colossal disappointment".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: No Smoking is a colossal disappointment |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-no-smoking-is-a-colossal-disappointment/ |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]] |access-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521020009/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-no-smoking-is-a-colossal-disappointment/ |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref> His final release of the year was ''[[Return of Hanuman]]'', an animation film about adventures of the Hindu god [[Hanuman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Return of Hanuman (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508592/Return%20of%20Hanuman |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref>

In 2009, Kashyap had two releases. ''[[Dev.D]]'', a contemporary takes on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel ''[[Devdas]]''. It was the twelfth film adaptation of the Bengali novel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dev.D Overview |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/451513/Dev-D/overview |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008023421/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/451513/Dev-D/overview |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Jason Buchanan |date=2013 |archive-date= 8 October 2013 }}</ref> Starring [[Abhay Deol]] who actually pitched the original idea of the film to Kashyap, with [[Mahie Gill]] and newcomer [[Kalki Koechlin]] portraying the characters of "Paro" and [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dev D is inspired by 'rich city brats' |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/EHUorKoEQAY93fAydkRrMN/Dev-D-is-inspired-by-8216rich-city-brats8217.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929044341/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/EHUorKoEQAY93fAydkRrMN/Dev-D-is-inspired-by-8216rich-city-brats8217.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 }}</ref> The film met with generally positive reviews and strong box office results.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/06review-dev-d.htm |title=Dev D review |publisher=Rediff |last=Sen |first=Raja |author-link=Raja Sen |date=6 February 2009 |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601044801/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/06review-dev-d.htm |archive-date= 1 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |title=Dev D {{!}} Style, substance (and length) |url=https://www.livemint.com/2009/02/05183439/Dev-D--Style-substance-and.html |work=Mint |access-date=13 November 2011 |date=6 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618040040/http://livemint.com/2009/02/05183439/Dev-D--Style-substance-and.html |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/dev-d-strikes-gold-at-box-office-39307-2009-02-09 |title=Dev D strikes gold at box office |work=India Today |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520124007/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Dev%2BD%2Bstrikes%2Bgold%2Bat%2Bbox%2Boffice/1/28529.html |archive-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Gulaal]]'', a political drama, was his final release of that year. Kashyap started working on the film in 2005 and had finished 70–80 per cent of the film in 2006, when its producer fell ill. Later on, Zee Motion Pictures took over the project and was finally finished in 2008 and released on 13 March 2009.<ref name="dna"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/13review-gulaal.htm |title=Gulaal is a compelling watch |author=Raja Sen |date=13 March 2009 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415015248/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/13review-gulaal.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film three stars and referred to Kashyap as "the Anti-[[Yash Chopra]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/gulaal-383 |title=Gulaal movie review |author=Anupama Chopra |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=13 March 2009 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193812/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/gulaal-383 |archive-date= 4 May 2015 |author-link=Anupama Chopra }}</ref> Despite positive reviews, the film underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/gulaal |title=Gulaal box-office report |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084900/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/gulaal |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

====2010s====
''[[Mumbai Cutting]]'' (2010), an [[anthology film]], was his next directorial venture. It consisted of eleven short films made by eleven directors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ode-to-mumbai/article1434140.ece|title=Ode to Mumbai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2008|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120920/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Ode-to-Mumbai/article15398546.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He directed one of the short films. It premiered at the 2008 [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumbai/20080411.htm |title=Fine directors get together in Mumbai Cutting |publisher=Rediff |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092041/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumbai/20080411.htm |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:Anurag Kashyap Udaan Press meet.jpg|thumb|right|Kashyap at a press meet for ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'', 2010.]]
In 2011, Kashyap directed ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'', a thriller starring [[Kalki Koechlin]] who also co-wrote the film with him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-anurag-kashyap/20110902.htm |title=Yellow Boots is my last film with Kalki |publisher=Rediff |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603143243/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-anurag-kashyap/20110902.htm |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref> The film was screened at many festivals including [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival]], [[67th Venice International Film Festival]], [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] and the [[London Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girl in Yellow Boots goes to US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-Girl-In-Yellow-Boots-goes-to-US/articleshow/9525676.cms |date=8 August 2011 |access-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106055926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/news-interviews/29863895_1_satellite-rights-distributors-film |archive-date=6 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Girl in Yellow Boots my first worldwide release: Anurag Kashyap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/That-Girl-in-Yellow-Boots-my-first-worldwide-release-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/9540717.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 August 2011|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/That-Girl-in-Yellow-Boots-my-first-worldwide-release-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/9540717.cms|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Shot in thirteen days, the film was released in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'That Girl in Yellow Boots': A Must-See Film You'll Wish You Could Forget |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/26/anurag-kashyap-that-girl-in-yellow-boots_n_937445.html |date=26 August 2011 |work=HuffPost|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125003507/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/26/anurag-kashyap-that-girl-in-yellow-boots_n_937445.html |archive-date=25 January 2015 }}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the character-driven film and the portrayal of its lead alongside the city compared to most Hindi films: " a film like this provides a radically different view of India than you can find in the pleasures and excesses of Bollywood".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20111214/REVIEWS/111219990/0/COMMENTARY |title=That Girl in Yellow Boots review |publisher=rogerebert.com |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |author=Roger Ebert |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309100449/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20111214%2FREVIEWS%2F111219990%2F0%2FCOMMENTARY |archive-date= 9 March 2012 }}</ref>

In 2012, Kashyap came up with his ambitious directorial venture ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'', which screened at the 2012 [[Cannes]] [[Directors' Fortnight]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur: World premiere at Cannes |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html |access-date=24 April 2012 |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425212045/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> [[London Indian Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-opens-london-indian-film-fest_115764.htm|title='Gangs of Wasseypur' opens London Indian Film Fest|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=22 July 2012|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120928/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-gangs-of-wasseypur-opens-london-indian-film-fest_115764.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2012 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto film festival]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/entertainment/Wasseypur-Shanghai-Peddlers-at-Toronto-film-fest/articleshow/15310537.cms|title='Wasseypur', 'Shanghai', 'Peddlers' at Toronto film fest|date=1 August 2012|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028054641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/entertainment/Wasseypur-Shanghai-Peddlers-at-Toronto-film-fest/articleshow/15310537.cms|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs of wasseypur to be screened at the Sundance Film Festival |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-to-be-screened-at-the-sundance-film-festival/308190-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203035834/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-to-be-screened-at-the-sundance-film-festival/308190-8-66.html |archive-date= 3 December 2012 }}</ref> The film with an ensemble cast, was a two-part crime saga centered on the [[Mafia Raj|coal mafia of Dhanbad]] with the story spanning from the early 1940s to 2009. The first part was released on 22 June, and the second on 8 August 2012, both receiving appreciation from Indian and international critics alike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gangs-of-wasseypur/critic-reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105060720/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gangs-of-wasseypur/critic-reviews |archive-date= 5 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Taran Adarsh Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/553285 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 August 2012 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524030747/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/553285 |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lee |first=Maggie |title=Gangs of Wasseypur Review |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/gangs-of-wasseypur-1117947719/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092502/http://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/gangs-of-wasseypur-1117947719/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marshall |first=Lee |title=Gangs of Wasseypur Review |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-latest/-gangs-of-wasseypur/5042672.article |work=[[Screen International]] |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628112312/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-latest/-gangs-of-wasseypur/5042672.article |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> The combined budget of the two films allowed it to be a box-office success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=541 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur 3rd week box-office collection |publisher=boxofficecapsule.com |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202135155/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=541 |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=638 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur 2 2nd week box-office collection |publisher=boxofficecapsule.com |date=26 August 2012 |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202153836/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/breaking-news.aspx?news_id=638 |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref>

In 2013, Kashyap directed ''[[That Day After Everyday]]'', a 20-minute short film that was released on [[YouTube]]; starring [[Radhika Apte]], [[Geetanjali Thapa]] and [[Sandhya Mridul]]. It showed the story of three working women facing troubles every day, both inside and outside their houses and how they overcome them. Dealing with issues like [[eve teasing]] and public molestation, the video got four lakh hits in two days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-that-day-after-everyday-gets-over-4-lakh-hits-in-2-days/article1-1146141.aspx |title=Anurag Kashyap's short film gets over 4 lakh hits in 2 days |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217070547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-that-day-after-everyday-gets-over-4-lakh-hits-in-2-days/article1-1146141.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> Speaking about the purpose of the project, Kashyap showed his intention to make people feel angry without offering a solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f84yE8mDg8g |title=I want the audiences to feel angry: Anurag Kashyap |date=21 September 2013 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311013515/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f84yE8mDg8g |archive-date=11 March 2016 }}</ref> The same year he teamed up with [[Dibakar Banerjee]], [[Zoya Akhtar]] and [[Karan Johar]] to direct "Murabba", one of the four segments of anthology film ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''. It was made to celebrate the 100 years of Indian cinema,<ref>{{cite news|last=Dubey|first=Bharati|title=Film industry to mark Phalke centenary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Film-industry-to-mark-Phalke-centenary/articleshow/18165999.cms|date=25 January 2012|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419031257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/news-interviews/36527754_1_film-industry-dadasaheb-phalke-indian-cinema|archive-date=19 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood directors join hands to pay homage to Indian cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-directors-join-hands-to-pay-homage-to-Indian-cinema/articleshow/13020569.cms|date=7 May 2012|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622040500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-07/news-interviews/31599052_1_cinema-karan-johar-indian-films|archive-date=22 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> and was screened at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/59652.html |title=Cannes 2013 official selection |work=Festival de Cannes |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212064729/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/59652.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box office,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/bombay_talkies |title=Bombay Talkies Box office report |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317215806/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/bombay_talkies |archive-date=17 March 2015 }}</ref> but was well received by critics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Bombay Talkies Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/588998 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504065247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/588998 |archive-date= 4 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Bombay Talkies |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Bombay-Talkies/Article1-1054502.aspx |access-date=4 May 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504010958/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Bombay-Talkies/Article1-1054502.aspx |archive-date= 4 May 2013 }}</ref>

His next film was ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2014), a thriller about the kidnapping of a struggling actor's daughter, and the events followed by it. It was screened in the [[Directors' Fortnight]] section at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]], receiving a [[standing ovation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/ugly-receives-a-standing-ovation-at-cannes-3210.html |title=Ugly receives a standing ovation |work=Filmfare |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603105218/http://www.filmfare.com/news/ugly-receives-a-standing-ovation-at-cannes-3210.html |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref> The film's theatrical release was halted for over a year regarding censorship issues over depiction of smoking in it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap's Files Petition |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Anurag-Kashyap-files-petition-against-using-non-smoking-warning-in-Ugly/articleshow/26423382.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103012004/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Anurag-Kashyap-files-petition-against-using-non-smoking-warning-in-Ugly/articleshow/26423382.cms |archive-date= 3 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap's Ugly Will Release with Smoking Ads |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/ugly-to-release-with-anti-smoking-ad/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605021525/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/ugly-to-release-with-anti-smoking-ad/ |archive-date= 5 June 2014 }}</ref> Though it was released on 26 December 2014 to generally positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ugly Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/ugly-review/ |publisher=Koimoi |author=Surabhi Redkar |date=26 December 2014 |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141226233543/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/ugly-review/ |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ugly-review-anurag-kashyap-back-best-film-since-black-friday-2013015.html |title=Ugly review: Anurag Kashyap is back, with his best film since Black Friday |date=24 December 2014 |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=25 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224091254/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ugly-review-anurag-kashyap-back-best-film-since-black-friday-2013015.html |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Anurag kashyap second trailer.jpg|thumb|left|Kashyap at the second trailer launch of ''Bombay Velvet''.]]
Kashyap's next release was ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015), a [[historical drama|period film]] set in Bombay in the 1960s, based on [[Princeton University]] Historian [[Gyan Prakash]]'s book ''Mumbai Fables''. It stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]] and Karan Johar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bombay-velvet-first-look-karan-johar-villain-ranbir-anushka-starrer-photos-622856 |title='Bombay Velvet': First Look of Karan Johar as Villain in Ranbir-Anushka Starrer |last=Sen |first=Sushmita |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324034433/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bombay-velvet-first-look-karan-johar-villain-ranbir-anushka-starrer-photos-622856 |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> The film was co-edited by the [[Academy Award]] winner editor [[Thelma Schoonmaker]], who is known for her collaboration with [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bombay-Velvet-All-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/46051560.cms |title=Bombay Velvet: All you need to know about the film |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223233532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bombay-Velvet-All-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/46051560.cms |archive-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> Released on 15 May 2015, some critics appreciated its retro-look, performances, styling and music, but criticized its faltered storytelling.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay Velvet review by Anupama Chopra: It's a glorious mess |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bombay-velvet-review-by-anupama-chopra-it-s-a-glorious-mess/article1-1347859.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |author=Anupama Chopra |date=15 May 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517092631/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bombay-velvet-review-by-anupama-chopra-it-s-a-glorious-mess/article1-1347859.aspx |archive-date=17 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Film Review: The Great Gatsby meets the Goodfellas in Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 May 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518050843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> It also emerged as a box-office failure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-bombay-velvet-anurag-kashyap-253566-2015-05-18 |title=Bombay Velvet is Ranbir Kapoor's biggest career disaster |work=India Today |date=19 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520012114/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-bombay-velvet-anurag-kashyap/1/438837.html |archive-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bombay-velvet-fades-against-piku/article7224212.ece?w=ma446|title='Bombay Velvet' fades against 'Piku'|work=The Hindu|date=19 May 2015|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928205305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bombay-velvet-fades-against-piku/article7224212.ece?w=ma446|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bombay Velvet'' was Kashyap's dream project and its failure was a huge disappointment to him. In an interview with critic [[Rajeev Masand]], Kashyap stated that at one point he wanted to leave India because he felt that people here did not understand his films but then realized that he did not manage the budget of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crc7SyMBq74|title=Rajeev Masand interview with Anurag Kashyap|website=[[YouTube]]|date=13 May 2016|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928205304/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crc7SyMBq74|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Kashyap co-wrote and directed ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'', a thriller inspired by the notorious serial killer [[Raman Raghav]]. It starred [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as the title character along with [[Vicky Kaushal]]. The film premiered at the 2016 [[Sydney Film Festival]] and the [[2016 Cannes Film Festival]], in the Director's Fortnight section to a positive response.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/raman-raghav-20-to-compete-at-sydney-film-festival/article8590299.ece|title=Raman Raghav 2.0 to compete at Sydney Film Festival|work=The Hindu|date=12 May 2016|access-date=19 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411072311/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/raman-raghav-20-to-compete-at-sydney-film-festival/article8590299.ece|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-s-raman-raghav-2-0-lands-a-big-punch-in-cannes/story-3zEr4grsXrd7d2dGHL7ZhN.html |title=Anurag Kashyap's Raman Raghav 2.0 lands a big punch in Cannes |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518103756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-s-raman-raghav-2-0-lands-a-big-punch-in-cannes/story-3zEr4grsXrd7d2dGHL7ZhN.html |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref>

After working on ''Raman Raghav 2.0'', Kashyap received a script from Vineet Kumar Singh of ''[[Mukkabaaz]]''. He did not like the initial script but was excited by a "10-minute chunk" that he had not come across before.<ref name=mukka>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mukkabaaz-is-a-throwback-to-the-storytelling-prevelant-in-the-70s-says-anurag-kashyap-4296951.html|title=Mukkabaaz is a throwback to the storytelling {{sic|preve|lant|nolink=y}} in the 70s, says Anurag Kashyap|last=Srivastav|first=Abhishek|publisher=Firstpost|date=10 January 2018|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110162910/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mukkabaaz-is-a-throwback-to-the-storytelling-prevelant-in-the-70s-says-anurag-kashyap-4296951.html|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He then rewrote the script with his team having the 10-minute as a base.<ref name=mukka/> Singh trained himself for six months for the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/ringside-view/868071/|title=Ringside view|last=Khan|first=Faizal|work=The Financial Express|date=24 September 2017|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140145/http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/ringside-view/868071/|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was screened at [[2017 Toronto International Film Festival]], the [[Mumbai Film Festival]]
and was released theatrically on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukkabaaz-premieres-at-toronto-anurag-kashyap-s-new-film-tackles-cow-vigilantism-provokes-reaction/story-HhLrnpF4LhiLyJmXTib5TM.html|title=Mukkabaaz premieres at Toronto: Anurag Kashyap's new film tackles cow vigilantism, provokes reaction|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 September 2017|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121020145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukkabaaz-premieres-at-toronto-anurag-kashyap-s-new-film-tackles-cow-vigilantism-provokes-reaction/story-HhLrnpF4LhiLyJmXTib5TM.html|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] called it "one of the more important films to have come out of the Mumbai movie industry in recent times."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mukkabaaz-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-punches-back-with-riveting-boxing-film-1798637|title=Mukkabaaz Movie Review: Anurag Kashyap Punches Back With Riveting Boxing Film|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=NDTV|date=11 January 2018|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111039/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mukkabaaz-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-punches-back-with-riveting-boxing-film-1798637|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Kashyap again collaborated with Banerjee, Akhtar and Johar for the anthology film ''[[Lust Stories]]''. Based on the theme of lust, it had stories told from the female perspective.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lust-stories-trailer-netflix-5182062/|title=Lust Stories trailer: Netflix original film promises tales of love and desire from the female perspective|last=Rawat|first=Kshitij|work=The Indian Express|date=18 May 2018|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518160217/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lust-stories-trailer-netflix-5182062/|archive-date=18 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kashyap's story had [[Radhika Apte]] and Akash Thosar. The film was released on [[Netflix]] on 15 June 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lust-stories-movie-review-netflix-anthology-is-another-step-forward-in-bollywoods-sexual-awakening-4510967.html|title=Lust Stories movie review: Netflix anthology is another step forward in Bollywood's sexual awakening|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Swetha|publisher=Firstpost|date=15 June 2018|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113233/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lust-stories-movie-review-netflix-anthology-is-another-step-forward-in-bollywoods-sexual-awakening-4510967.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was followed by India's first [[Netflix#Original programming|Netflix Original series]], the crime thriller ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', based on [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s [[Sacred Games (novel)|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|author=Choudhary, Vidhi|title=Sacred Games: How India's first Netflix original came together|date=7 July 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|archive-date=15 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kashyap co-directed the series with [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]. The show received critical acclaim,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sacred-games-review-saif-ali-khans-netflix-series-garners-positive-reviews-worldwide/1313176|title='Sacred Games' review: Saif Ali Khan's Netflix series garners positive reviews worldwide|work=The Free Press Journal|date=10 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713183045/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sacred-games-review-saif-ali-khans-netflix-series-garners-positive-reviews-worldwide/1313176|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sacred-games-first-netflix-original-from-india-reviews-rotten-tomatoes-2018-7|last=Lynch|first=John|title=Netflix's first original series from India, 'Sacred Games,' is an addictive crime thriller with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|date=9 July 2018|work=Business Insider|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071835/https://www.businessinsider.com/sacred-games-first-netflix-original-from-india-reviews-rotten-tomatoes-2018-7|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> with Lincoln Michel of ''[[GQ]]'' calling it the "best Netflix original in years."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gq.com/story/sacred-games-is-the-best-new-show-on-netflix-you-arent-watching|title=Sacred Games Is the Best New Show on Netflix You Aren't Watching|last=Michel|first=Lincoln|work=GQ|date=21 July 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813143458/https://www.gq.com/story/sacred-games-is-the-best-new-show-on-netflix-you-arent-watching|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His final directorial venture of the year was ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'', a love triangle set in [[Punjab]], starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Tapsee Pannu]] and Vicky Kaushal. Written by [[Kanika Dhillon]], the film was premiered at the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]] and was released in India on 16 September to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-toronto-abhishek-bachchan-is-husband-material-1875169.html|title=Abhishek Bachchan is 'Husband Material' According to TIFF, Here's Why|last=Mukherjee|first=Raka|publisher=CNN-News18|date=12 September 2018|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913123528/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-toronto-abhishek-bachchan-is-husband-material-1875169.html|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manmarziyan-movie-review-critics-verdict-rating-anurag-kashyap-film-780418|title=Manmarziyan movie review: Critics' verdict and rating of Anurag Kashyap film|last=Sarkar|first=Suparno|work=International Business Times|date=14 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105335/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manmarziyan-movie-review-critics-verdict-rating-anurag-kashyap-film-780418|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, Kashyap launched the audio web-series titled ''Thriller Factory'' which he directed for [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s Audible Suno application. It features voices of [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|title=Anurag Kashyap ropes in Tabu and Nawazuddin Siddiqui for Thriller Factory|last=Deshmukh|first=Ashwini|work=Filmfare|date=13 December 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213812/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|archive-date=14 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2020s====

The next year, Kashyap reunited with his ''Lust Stories'' team to direct the horror anthology film ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''. His story was about a pregnant woman going through anxiety. It was released on Netflix on 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghost-stories-movie-review-dibakar-banerjees-political-short-film-elevates-an-otherwise-bland-anthology-that-just-isnt-scary-7848051.html|title=Ghost Stories movie review: Dibakar Banerjee's political short film elevates an otherwise bland anthology that just isn't scary|date=2 January 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102043926/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghost-stories-movie-review-dibakar-banerjees-political-short-film-elevates-an-otherwise-bland-anthology-that-just-isnt-scary-7848051.html|archive-date=2 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued his association with Netflix and released his directorial venture ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' (2020) on the same. Starring [[Saiyami Kher]] and [[Roshan Mathew]], the film tells the story of a bank cashier who finds a stash of cash hidden in her kitchen sink.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-examines-balance-between-truth-power-and-money/22792242|title=Anurag Kashyap: Examines Balance Between Truth, Power And Money|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=19 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525181129/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-examines-balance-between-truth-power-and-money/22792242|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Kashyap directed the science fiction thriller ''[[Dobaaraa]]''. The film is an official remake of the 2018 Spanish film ''[[Mirage (2018 film)|Mirage]]''; it opened at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] and was released theatrically on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/anurag-kashyap-dobaaraa-london-indian-film-festival-1235261978|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Dobaaraa' to Open London Indian Film Festival (EXCLUSIVE)|date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> ''Dobaaraa'' met with mostly positive reviews with Tanul Thakur of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' writing: "A sharp adaptation, the film is deeper than it cares to admit and never slips into an instructional mode."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/dobaaraa-anurag-kashyap-film-review|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Dobaaraa' Confounds, Confuses, Beguiles – Yet Stays in Your Head|last=Thakur|first=Tanul|work=The Wire|date=19 August 2022|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref>

Just months after releasing ''Dobaara'', Kashyap released another directorial venture titled ''[[Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat]]''. The musical romantic drama starred [[Alaya F]] and debutant Karan Mehta. It had its world premiere at the 2022 [[Marrakech International Film Festival]] and the film was released theatrically on 3 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-almost-pyaar-with-dj-mohabbat-world-premiere-at-marrakech-film-festival-8272447/|title=Anurag Kashyap's Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat set for world premiere at Marrakech Film Festival|work=The Indian Express|date=16 November 2022|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Kashyap wrote and directed the thriller film ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]''. He initially wanted to cast [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and had named the film after Vikram's real name. However, they could not work together because of some miscommunication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chiyaan-vikram-anurag-kashyap-clear-the-air-on-kennedy-casting/article66880619.ece|title=Chiyaan Vikram, Anurag Kashyap clear the air on 'Kennedy' casting|work=The Hindu|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=3 June 2023}}</ref> The role eventually went to [[Rahul Bhat]]; [[Sunny Leone]] also appears in a pivotal role. The film had its world premiere at the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/kennedy-film-review-anurag-kashyap-sunny-leone-cannes-1235380803/|title='Kennedy' Review: Anurag Kashyap's Mumbai Thriller Is Enjoyably Grim, But Weighed Down By Detail – Cannes Film Festival|last=Bunbury|first=Stephanie|website=Deadline|date=26 May 2023|accessdate=3 June 2023}}</ref>

His next directorial venture, ''Bandar'', starring [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]] in pivotal roles, is set to premiere at the [[2025 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Bandar' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-kashyap-bandar-toronto-international-film-festival-premiere/article69842068.ece |access-date=July 26, 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Producer===
Kashyap found his production company [[Anurag Kashyap Films]] in 2009, which is managed by [[Guneet Monga]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |title=Guneet Monga: Sealing the deal |work=Mint |date=26 October 2012 |access-date=26 May 2013 |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021508/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cannes: India's New Wave Producer Guneet Monga |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-indias-new-wave-producer-524945 |date=22 May 2013 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609022133/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-indias-new-wave-producer-524945 |archive-date= 9 June 2013 }}</ref> The companies' first film was the critical hit [[Udaan (2010 film)|''Udaan'']] (2010), which was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] category at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Cannes-Calling/607444 |title=Cannes Calling |date=17 April 2010 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422124109/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Cannes-Calling/607444 |archive-date=22 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/11023221/year/2010.html |title=Official Selection of Festival 2010: Udaan |publisher=Festival De Cannes |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224132804/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/11023221/year/2010.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> Since then, he has produced a number of projects including ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]'' (2011), ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' (2012), ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' (2012), ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'' (2012) and ''[[Shorts (2013 film)|Shorts]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|title=With over a dozen films in the pipeline, the very offbeat Anurag Kashyap has emerged as an unlikely big player in Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/anurag-kashyap-films-director-120443-2012-11-02 |date=3 November 2012 |work=India Today |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203152643/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/anurag-kashyap-films-director/1/227481.html |archive-date= 3 February 2013 }}</ref> He has also co-produced a number of films that have gone on to film festivals, but are yet to release theatrically, including ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]'', ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]'' and ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap is playing a positive role |url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/32884 |work=[[Forbes India]] |author=Abhishek Raghunath |date=9 May 2012 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626114626/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/32884 |archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2012, Kashyap produced ''The Last Act'', India's first collaborative feature film from twelve directors to make ten-minute short films, with each film being a part of a larger story written by him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-roped-in-twelve-directors-for-The-Last-Act/articleshow/17531844.cms|title=Anurag Kashyap roped-in twelve directors for 'The Last Act'|work=The Times of India|date=8 December 2012|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928205304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-roped-in-twelve-directors-for-The-Last-Act/articleshow/17531844.cms|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, his company co-produced the critically acclaimed drama ''[[The Lunchbox]]'', which was nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]; along with the biographical drama ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAFTA: 'Boyhood' wins top honours, 'The Lunchbox' misses award |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-boyhood-wins-top-honours-the-lunchbox-misses-award_1543627.html |publisher=Zee News |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235117/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-boyhood-wins-top-honours-the-lunchbox-misses-award_1543627.html |archive-date= 9 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap's film at Toronto Film Festival |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/020812-Anurag-Kashyaps-film-at-Toronto-Film-Festival.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820002212/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/020812-Anurag-Kashyaps-film-at-Toronto-Film-Festival.htm |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> The same year Kashyap, with [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] co-produced five short films with the theme of 'India is Visual Journey'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap co-produces short film project on youtube |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indian-director-anurag-kashyap-produces-562450 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184837/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indian-director-anurag-kashyap-produces-562450 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> The short films were ''Moi Marjaani'', ''Chai'', ''Hidden Cricket'', ''Geek Out'' and ''The Epiphany''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/060613-anurag-kashyap-to-mentor-and-co-produce-another-string-of-short-films.htm |title=Anurag Kashyap to mentor and co-produce another string of short films |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=6 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102907/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/060613-anurag-kashyap-to-mentor-and-co-produce-another-string-of-short-films.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> He also served as the [[creative director]] in the [[Amitabh Bachchan]] starrer TV series ''[[Yudh (TV series)|Yudh]]'' (2014),<ref>{{cite news|title=Yudh to replace Bade Achhe Lagte Hain |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/yudh-to-replace-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/article1-1236645.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706013147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/yudh-to-replace-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/article1-1236645.aspx |archive-date= 6 July 2014 }}</ref> and subsequently presented two [[documentary film]]'s, ''[[The World Before Her]]'' (2012) and ''[[Katiyabaaz]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-the-world-before-her-must-be-seen-across-india-638853 |title=Anurag Kashyap: The World Before Her must be seen across India |publisher=NDTV |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519203711/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-the-world-before-her-must-be-seen-across-india-638853 |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="katiya">{{cite news|title='Katiyabaaz': A documentary maker challenges mainstream space |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826170221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>

In 2011 Kashyap co-founded his director-driven production company [[Phantom Films]] with partnership from [[Vikas Bahl]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] and [[Madhu Mantena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/phantom-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/ |title=Phantom in conversation with team box office India |publisher=Box Office India |date=4 October 2013 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421122612/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/phantom-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/ |archive-date=21 April 2015 }}</ref> The companies first film was the period romance ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013), starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]]. Based [[O. Henry]]'s short story, ''[[The Last Leaf]]'', the film was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Lootera-a-slow-pace-romantic-saga-worth-watching-say-critics/Article1-1087457.aspx |title=Lootera: a slow pace romantic saga worth watching, say critics |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112201259/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/bollywood/Lootera-a-slow-pace-romantic-saga-worth-watching-say-critics/Article1-1087457.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Anurag Kashyap at the Imaikaa Nodigal Success Meet.jpg|thumb|right|Kashyap at the success meet of ''Imaikaa Nodigal'' in 2018.]]

He then went on to collaborate with Karan Johar's [[Dharma Productions]] to produce the romantic comedy ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'' (2014). The film starring [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]] was directed by the debutant [[Vinil Mathew]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie review: Parineeti Chopra re-defines Bollywood heroine in Hasee Toh Phasee |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-hasee-toh-phasee-is-an-experimental-rom-com/article1-1181343.aspx |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207035359/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-hasee-toh-phasee-is-an-experimental-rom-com/article1-1181343.aspx |archive-date= 7 February 2014 }}</ref> Kashyap then co-edited and co-produced the comedy drama ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'', starring [[Kangana Ranaut]]. The film was a critical and commercial success, it also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta |first=Ankita |title='Queen' Review Roundup: Watch it for Kangana's Superb Performance |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/542085/20140306/queen-movie-reviews-critics-kangana-ranaut-songs.htm |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=6 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310011304/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/542085/20140306/queen-movie-reviews-critics-kangana-ranaut-songs.htm |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2014 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=8 May 2014 |date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150134/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014 |archive-date= 8 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015, Kashyap co-produced Anushka Sharma's production debut ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'', and the sex comedy ''[[Hunterrr]]''. Both films proved to be successes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-producer-with-nh-10-1204737.html |title=Anushka Sharma turns producer with NH10 |publisher=Firstpost |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103304/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-producer-with-nh-10-1204737.html |archive-date= 5 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |title=Hunterrr and NH10 score well |work=Filmfare |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104025/http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Masaan]]'', was Phantom's fourth release of the year. The film won the [[FIPRESCI Award]] and the Promising Future award at the [[2015 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/masaan-to-release-in-india-on-july-24/article7255001.ece|title='Masaan' to release in India on July 24|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2015|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> The final release of Phantom of 2015 was ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]'', which proved to be a box-office flop.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pyaar-ka-punchnama-still-raking-in-moolah/ |title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama still raking in moolah |work=The Free Press Journal |date=31 October 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122152546/http://www.freepressjournal.in/pyaar-ka-punchnama-still-raking-in-moolah |archive-date=22 January 2016 }}</ref> In October the same year, Kashyap teamed up with [[Ridley Scott]] and [[Richie Mehta]] for [[Google]], as the executive producer for the documentary ''India in a Day''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/ridley-scott-google-richie-mehta-anurag-kashyap-india-in-a-day-1201563394/ |title=Ridley Scott And Google Team Up With Richie Mehta And Anurag Kashyap For 'India In A Day' |last=Jaafar |first=Ali |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004040310/http://deadline.com/2015/10/ridley-scott-google-richie-mehta-anurag-kashyap-india-in-a-day-1201563394/ |archive-date= 4 October 2015 }}</ref> The project was for people across India to film a snapshot of their day and upload it on Google's official website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/google-ridley-scott-anurag-kashyap-team-for-india-in-a-day-1201606860/ |title=Google, Ridley Scott, Anurag Kashyap Team for 'India in a Day' |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005033055/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/google-ridley-scott-anurag-kashyap-team-for-india-in-a-day-1201606860/ |archive-date= 5 October 2015 }}</ref>

The following year, Kashyap collaborated again with Ekta Kapoor to produce ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016), a crime drama by the director [[Abhishek Chaubey]] that documents the [[substance abuse]] endemic in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. ''Udta Punjab'' generated controversy when the Central Board of Film Certification demanded extensive [[censorship in India|censorship]] before its theatrical release, citing that the portrayal of Punjab in it was negative.<ref name="freedom">{{cite news|last=Parussini |first=Gabriele |title=How the Movie Udta Punjab Sparked a Debate About Drug Use in India |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/09/how-the-movie-udta-punjab-sparked-a-debate-about-drug-use-in-india/ |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619081944/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/09/how-the-movie-udta-punjab-sparked-a-debate-about-drug-use-in-india/ |archive-date=19 June 2016 }}</ref> After Kashyap filed a lawsuit against the board, the [[Mumbai High Court]] cleared the film for exhibition with a single scene cut.<ref>{{cite news|title=Udta Punjab row: Bombay HC clears film with just one cut, tells CBFC not to act like grandmother |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/udta-punjab-censor-board-cuss-word-cbfc-bombay-high-court-anurag-kashyap2850443/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627103545/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/udta-punjab-censor-board-cuss-word-cbfc-bombay-high-court-anurag-kashyap2850443/ |archive-date=27 June 2016 }}</ref> His company, Phantom Films, also produced a [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] ''[[Wrong Side Raju]]'', that same year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gujarati-film-industry-still-a-work-in-progress/article14585070.ece |title=Gujarati film industry, still a work in progress |last=Narayan |first=Hari |work=Mint |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085455/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gujarati-film-industry-still-a-work-in-progress/article14585070.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Kashyap co-produced ''[[Haraamkhor]]'' (2017), the survival drama ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]'' (2016) and the superhero film ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]'' (2018).

Phantom Films was dissolved in October 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-anurag-kashyap-vikramaditya-motwane-vikas-bahl-and-madhu-mantena-dissolve-their-production-company/articleshow/66092937.cms|title=EXCLUSIVE! Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl and Madhu Mantena dissolve their production company|last=Shaikh|first=Samina|work=The Times of India|date=6 October 2018|access-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005202707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-anurag-kashyap-vikramaditya-motwane-vikas-bahl-and-madhu-mantena-dissolve-their-production-company/articleshow/66092937.cms|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> largely in response to the sexual assault allegation on Vikas Bahl by a former Phantom employee, which was reported in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/10/06/queen-director-vikas-bahl-sexually-assaulted-me-phantom-films-did-nothing-survivor-speaks-out_a_23552623/|title='Queen' Director Vikas Bahl Sexually Assaulted Me, Phantom Films Did Nothing: Survivor Speaks Out|last=Pathak|first=Ankur|work=HuffPost|date=6 October 2018|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235055/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/10/06/queen-director-vikas-bahl-sexually-assaulted-me-phantom-films-did-nothing-survivor-speaks-out_a_23552623/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kashyap, and the other three founders issued statements on Twitter confirming the company's disbanding and moving on to independent projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/phantom-films-dissolved-anurag-kashyap-says-all-dreams-come-to-an-end-278047.html|title=Phantom Films Dissolved; Anurag Kashyap Says, 'All Dreams Come To An End'!|date=6 October 2018|website=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902191031/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/phantom-films-dissolved-anurag-kashyap-says-all-dreams-come-to-an-end-278047.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2020, Kashyap launched another production company titled Good Bad Films with partnership from Dhruv Jagasia and Akshay Thakker. Their maiden production was ''Choked.''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashayp-forms-new-production-company-6437094/|title=Anurag Kashyap launches new production company|work=The Indian Express|date=2 June 2020|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609114155/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashayp-forms-new-production-company-6437094/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Actor===
Kashyap has made cameo appearances in his films and those of others, including ''Black Friday'', ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)]]'', ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Johnny]]'' (2008), ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009), ''Dev.D'', ''Gulaal'', ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]'' (2011), ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]'' (2011), ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]'' (2014), ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014) and ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' (2010), playing a [[child abuser]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Birthday special: Meet Anurag Kashyap – The Actor |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/birthday-special-meet-anurag-kashyap---the-actor/16523242 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004160728/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/birthday-special-meet-anurag-kashyap---the-actor/16523242 |archive-date= 4 October 2015 }}</ref> The same year, he played a police officer in the short film ''Encounter'' (2010), co-starring [[Nimrat Kaur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnX4dOWx85A |title=The Front Row Breakout Star- Nimrat Kaur |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310105146/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnX4dOWx85A |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2011, he playing the full-fledged role of the antagonist Bunty Bhaiya in [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s crime thriller ''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Shagird/movie-review/8273318.cms |title=Shagird Movie Review |author=Nikhat Kazmi |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821000131/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Shagird/movie-review/8273318.cms |archive-date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>

In 2016, Kashyap starred in [[AR Murugadoss]]'s ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'', starring [[Sonakshi Sinha]]; where he played the role of a corrupt police officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anurag-kashyap-injures-himself-during-akira-shoot-115062000540_1.html |title=Anurag Kashyap injures himself during 'Akira' shoot |work=Business Standard |date=20 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170108/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anurag-kashyap-injures-himself-during-akira-shoot-115062000540_1.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2017, he acted in the short film titled ''Chhuri'', alongside [[Tisca Chopra]] and Surveen Chawla.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhuri-review-tisca-chopra-anurag-kashyaps-short-film-is-sharp-but-not-as-powerful-as-chutney-4267299.html|title=Chhuri review: Tisca Chopra, Anurag Kashyap's short film is sharp but not as powerful as Chutney|last=Kashyap|first=Archita|publisher=Firstpost|date=20 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010835/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhuri-review-tisca-chopra-anurag-kashyaps-short-film-is-sharp-but-not-as-powerful-as-chutney-4267299.html|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He also played the role of the antagonist in the Tamil-language thriller ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' (2018) directed by [[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/imaikka-nodigal-reviewthe-film-benefits-from-actors-who-play-the-lead-roles-review-tamil-si4pfgbihdadc.html|title=Imaikka Nodigal review:The film benefits from the exceptional actors who play the lead roles|website=[[Sify]]|date=30 August 2018|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142301/http://www.sify.com/movies/imaikka-nodigal-reviewthe-film-benefits-from-actors-who-play-the-lead-roles-review-tamil-si4pfgbihdadc.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, Kashyap played an exaggerated version of himself in ''[[AK vs AK]]'' directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, opposite [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ak-vs-ak-movie-review-anil-kapoor-unleashes-inner-chembur-against-anurag-kashyap-in-inventive-but-inconsistent-netflix-film/story-PU2XSzNzSeqZaj4mg5ygcJ.html|title=AK vs AK movie review: Anil Kapoor unleashes inner Chembur against Anurag Kashyap in inventive but inconsistent Netflix film|last=Naahar|first=Rohan|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 December 2020|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228131015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ak-vs-ak-movie-review-anil-kapoor-unleashes-inner-chembur-against-anurag-kashyap-in-inventive-but-inconsistent-netflix-film/story-PU2XSzNzSeqZaj4mg5ygcJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also wrote the dialogues and served as one of the executive producers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/ak-vs-ak-netflix-movie-review|title=AK vs AK's Audacious Premise and Self-Awareness About Bollywood Ultimately Falls Short|last=Thakur|first=Tanul|website=The Wire|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229192650/https://thewire.in/film/ak-vs-ak-netflix-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, Kashyap played the role of villain Kazbe in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s [[Bad Cop (TV series)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Anurag Kashyap calls his character Kazbe in Bad Cop 'very contrasting': He may be the villain but he's not the bad guy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-calls-his-character-kazbe-in-bad-cop-very-contrasting-he-may-be-the-villain-but-hes-not-the-bad-guy-101717813896945.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, Kashyap starred as Selvam in the Tamil movie ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' alongside [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Saminathan |first=Nithilan |title=Maharaja |date=2024-06-13 |type=Action, Crime, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26548265/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |others=Vijay Sethupathi, Anurag Kashyap, Mamta Mohandas |publisher=Passion Studios, The Route}}</ref> He received widespread critical acclaim for essaying a layered negative role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=2024-06-14 |title=Maharaja Review: A Flawed Yet Gripping Human Drama In Which Storytelling Is The Hero |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maharaja-review-a-gripping-flawed-human-drama-in-which-writing-is-the-hero-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> His performance also garnered international attention with director [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Alejandro Gonzales Innaritu]] offering Kashyap a role in his upcoming project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-15 |title=Alejandro Iñárritu offers Anurag Kashyap a role after watching 'Maharaja' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alejandro-i%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu-offers-anurag-kashyap-a-role-after-watching-maharaja/article69099361.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Kalki and anurag at filmfare.jpg|thumb|Kashyap, with his then-wife [[Kalki Koechlin]] at the [[55th Filmfare Awards|2009 Filmfare Awards]]]]
Kashyap was first married to film editor [[Aarti Bajaj]], with whom he has a daughter, Aaliyah Kashyap.<ref name="ugly" /> They divorced in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-my-life-has-always-been-controlled-by-women-611899 |title=Anurag Kashyap: My life has always been controlled by women |publisher=NDTV |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518031352/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-my-life-has-always-been-controlled-by-women-611899 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> He later married actress [[Kalki Koechlin]], whom he first met during the making of ''Dev D'', at her maternal home in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-mr-and-mrs-anurag-kashyap/20110502.htm |title=Anurag kashyap married to kalki |publisher=Rediff |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403235843/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-mr-and-mrs-anurag-kashyap/20110502.htm |archive-date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-girlfriend-kalki-news-bollywood-kkfsz3hccfa.html |title=Anurag Kashyap's girlfriend Kalki |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 January 2009 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103213/http://www.sify.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-girlfriend-kalki-news-bollywood-kkfsz3hccfa.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> In 2013, Kashyap and Koechlin announced that: "they are taking time apart from their more than two-year-old marriage."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=817179 |title=Kashyap & Kalki Separating |work=Outlook |date=13 November 2013 |access-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227070038/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=817179 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> In May 2015, they were divorced at the [[Bandra]] family court in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Conscious-uncoupling/articleshow/47336207.cms |title=Conscious Uncoupling |author=Ankur Pathak & Sharmeen Hakim Indorewala |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=19 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520132123/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Conscious-uncoupling/articleshow/47336207.cms |archive-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref>

When asked about his religious views, Kashyap replied: "I am an atheist. Cinema is the only religion I believe in."<ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap is atheist|date=4 July 2013 |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1hmhnx/anurag_kashyap_here_ask_me_anything_begins_3_pm/cavr2lz|publisher=[[Reddit]]|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616010912/http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1hmhnx/anurag_kashyap_here_ask_me_anything_begins_3_pm/cavr2lz|archive-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

On 3 March 2021, the Income Tax Department raided 28 locations in Mumbai and Pune in connection with tax evasion by firm [[Phantom Films]] connected to Anurag Kashyap. [[Income Tax Department]] said it found a discrepancy of around ₹300 crore which the Kashyap company official has not been able to explain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Found discrepancy, manipulation in income worth ₹650 crore|date=4 March 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/found-discrepancy-manipulation-in-income-worth-rs-650-crore-says-i-t-dept-after-raids-on-anurag-kashyap-taapsee-pannu-101614862392768.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210313180520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/found-discrepancy-manipulation-in-income-worth-rs-650-crore-says-i-t-dept-after-raids-on-anurag-kashyap-taapsee-pannu-101614862392768.html|archive-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web|title=Over Rs 650 cr discrepancies found after raids on Pannu, Kashyap|date=4 March 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-rs-650-cr-discrepancies-found-after-raids-on-pannu-kashyap-and-others-claims-it-dept-7214527/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=5 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210313180613/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-rs-650-cr-discrepancies-found-after-raids-on-pannu-kashyap-and-others-claims-it-dept-7214527/|archive-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

==Style, themes and influences==
Kashyap is regarded as an [[Auteur theory|auteur]] and is credited for pioneering India's indie scene in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsjfCwAAQBAJ&q=anurag+kashyap+auteur&pg=PA287|title=The Global Auteur: The Politics of Authorship in 21st Century Cinema|last1=Szaniawski|first1=Jeremi|last2=Jeong|first2=Seung-hoon|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781501312656|page=287|year=2016|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130810/https://books.google.com/books?id=JsjfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287#v=onepage&q=anurag%20kashyap%20auteur|archive-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28122756|title=How India's film festival boom is boosting indie cinema|last=Francis|first=Alys|publisher=BBC|date=16 July 2014|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216224343/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28122756|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> While promoting ''Bombay Talkies'' in [[Anupama Chopra]]'s show, [[Dibakar Banerjee]] described Kashyap's [[aesthetics]] as "purely new age or purely Indian"; projecting "modern post independence India" in his films.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7PRBgAAQBAJ&q=front+row+book+anupama+chopra|title=The Front Row: Conversations on Cinema|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2015|isbn=9789351770022|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029193917/https://books.google.com/books?id=l7PRBgAAQBAJ&q=front+row+book+anupama+chopra|url-status=live}}</ref> He prefers shooting on real locations by employing [[guerrilla filmmaking|guerrilla-filmmaking]] techniques with hidden cameras,<ref>{{cite web|title=We shot Black Friday with hidden cams: Anurag Kashyap |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/07anurag.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=7 February 2007 |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227205755/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/07anurag.htm |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> and often makes his actors improvise their dialogues on set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24anurag.htm |title=Our cinema is immature |work=Rediff.com |date=24 October 2007 |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144449/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24anurag.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bore">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/anurag-kashyap-says-he-is-bored-with-his-own-ideas/ |title=Anurag Kashyap says he is bored with his own ideas |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190835/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/anurag-kashyap-says-he-is-bored-with-his-own-ideas/ |archive-date= 4 January 2015 }}</ref> In ''Ugly'', he did not show the script to any of the lead actors.<ref name="bore"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/true-to-its-title-ugly-portrays-awful-side-of-india/article4728292.ece |title=True to its title, Ugly portrays awful side of India |work=The Hindu |date=19 May 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215041031/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/true-to-its-title-ugly-portrays-awful-side-of-india/article4728292.ece |archive-date=15 February 2014 }}</ref> He frequently uses [[hand-held camera]] and experimental soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Gangs of Wasseypur is a brilliant soundtrack |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-is-a-brilliant-soundtrack/20120601.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621040423/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-is-a-brilliant-soundtrack/20120601.htm |archive-date=21 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-the-bombay-velvet-album-is-experimental/20150503.htm |title=Bombay Velvet album is experimental |work=Rediff.com |date=3 May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505185853/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-the-bombay-velvet-album-is-experimental/20150503.htm |archive-date= 5 May 2015 }}</ref>

Film maker Zoya Akhtar wrote: "He has a very strong storytelling style and he proved that you could tell a great story with not a lot of money."<ref name="runaway">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150525-anurag-kashyap-bombay-velvet-819653-2015-05-14 |title=Anurag Kashyap: The Runaway Director |last=Jayaraman |first=Gayatri |work=India Today |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128005415/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/anurag-kashyap-bombay-velvet/1/438119.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref> Actor Ranbir Kapoor said, "All his films may not be big money spinners but the impact Anurag has, his contribution to Indian cinema, is immense."<ref name="runaway"/> Canadian film critic and festival programmer [[Cameron Bailey]] has called Kashyap as "one of the most knowledgeable filmmaker".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cameron-bailey-kashyap-one-of-the-most-knowledgeable-filmmakers/articleshow/61767906.cms|title=Cameron Bailey: Anurag Kashyap one of the most knowledgeable filmmakers|work=The Times of India|date=23 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228210244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cameron-bailey-kashyap-one-of-the-most-knowledgeable-filmmakers/articleshow/61767906.cms|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The protagonists of his films often deal with excessive drug, smoke or alcohol consumption, personal guilt, extreme rage and arrogance which leads them into self-shattering situations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/why-end-of-drugs-will-only-leave-anurag-kashyap-at-a-loss/|title=Why end of drugs will only leave Anurag Kashyap at a loss|last=Shekhar|first=Nishant|work=The Indian Express|date=22 June 2016|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025454/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/why-end-of-drugs-will-only-leave-anurag-kashyap-at-a-loss/|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Often portrays small but strong female characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/27522-10-times-anurag-kashyap-proved-he-is-the-most-badass-celebrity-in-bollywood.html |title=10 Times Anurag Kashyap Proved He Is The Most Badass Celebrity in Bollywood |last=Kataria |first=Naina |publisher=MensXP.com |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905005701/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/27522-10-times-anurag-kashyap-proved-he-is-the-most-badass-celebrity-in-bollywood.html |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref> Most of his films deal with realistic scenarios and take clues from real incidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-inspiration-behind-anurag-kashyap-films/20120621.htm#1 |title=The Inspiration Behind Anurag Kashyap's films |work=Rediff.com |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928013700/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-inspiration-behind-anurag-kashyap-films/20120621.htm |archive-date=28 September 2015 }}</ref> Like the 1976–77 [[Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders]] reference in ''Paanch'',<ref name="paanch"/> the [[1993 Mumbai bombing]] in ''Black Friday'',<ref name="rediff-2005-apr"/> the [[1999 Delhi hit-and-run case]] and [[DPS MMS Scandal]] in ''Dev.D''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/interview/in-conversation-with-anurag-kashyap/4028 |title=In conversation with Anurag kashyap |publisher=Dear Cinema.com |date=8 February 2009 |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154514/http://dearcinema.com/interview/in-conversation-with-anurag-kashyap/4028 |archive-date= 2 February 2015 }}</ref> and the depiction of real life gang wars in ''Gangs of Wasseypur''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/23-anurag-kashyap-1111.asp |last=Sheth |first=Rachana |title=Mumbai mafia is more {{sic|glamo|urous|nolink=y}} |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625115045/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/23-anurag-kashyap-1111.asp |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> ''Ugly'' came from his "personal guilt" of not spending enough time with his daughter and the fear of losing her. With several real-life incidents like IAS officer whose wife filed a case of brutality against him.<ref name="ugly">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-Ugly-comes-from-personal-guilt/articleshow/45615096.cms |title=Ugly comes from personal guilt |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305052111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-Ugly-comes-from-personal-guilt/articleshow/45615096.cms |archive-date= 5 March 2015 }}</ref> A song "Sylvia" in ''Bombay Velvet'' was named after the [[K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra|Nanavati case]], where Sylvia Nanavati was K. M. Nanavati's wife.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sylvia-inspired-by-nanavati-case-anurag-kashyap/ |title=Sylvia inspired by nanavati case |work=The Indian Express |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518141640/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sylvia-inspired-by-nanavati-case-anurag-kashyap/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

Kashyap's work inspired British director [[Danny Boyle]], who has cited ''Black Friday'' and ''Satya'' as the inspirations for his Academy Award-winning film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008). Boyle stated that a chase in one of the opening scenes of ''Slumdog Millionaire'' was based on a "12-minute police chase through the crowded [[Dharavi]] slum" in ''Black Friday''.<ref name="Vanityfair">{{cite news|author=Amitava Kumar |title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=23 December 2008 |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143319/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref> He also described ''Satya''{{'s}} "slick, often mesmerizing" portrayal of the [[The Indian Mafia|Mumbai underworld]], which included gritty and realistic "brutality and urban violence," directly influenced the portrayal of the Mumbai underworld in ''Slumdog Millionaire''.<ref name="Vanityfair"/>

Kashyap has expressed dissatisfaction at the current state of Hindi cinema, citing a "toxic" environment focused on high-grossing films at the expense of creativity. He has relocated from Mumbai to [[Bengaluru]] and is exploring opportunities in South Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title='Chhaava' director Laxman Utekar tells 'Chale Jao Beshak, koi zabardasti nahi hai,' as he reacts to Anurag Kashyap's statement about leaving Bollywood: 'Aap wahin atke huye ho' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chhaava-director-laxman-utekar-tells-chale-jao-beshak-koi-zabardasti-nahi-hai-as-he-reacts-to-anurag-kashyaps-statement-about-leaving-bollywood-aap-wahin-atke-huye-ho/articleshow/121530768.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:Jury du 66ème Festival du Cinéma de Venise (Mostra).jpg|thumb|left|Kashyap (''left'') along with
[[Sandrine Bonnaire]], [[Joe Dante]], [[Ang Lee]], [[Liliana Cavani]], [[Sergei Bodrov]] and [[Luciano Ligabue]] at the [[2009 Venice Film Festival]]]]
On 20 May 2013, Kashyap was made a Knight of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] by the [[French government]] at [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]], when India was the guest country of the festival to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|title=French distinction conferred on Anurag Kashyap at Cannes, 20 May 2013 |url=http://www.ambafrance-in.org/French-distinction-to-be-conferred |website=France in India (French Embassy in India) |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310215216/http://www.ambafrance-in.org/French-distinction-to-be-conferred |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>

He has also served as one of the jury members at many film festivals including the [[2009 Venice Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap on the Venice Film Festival jury |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-on-the-venice-film-festival-jury-1278398 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203141414/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-on-the-venice-film-festival-jury-1278398 |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}</ref> [[2013 Sundance Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap part of Sundance film festival jury |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-part-of-Sundance-film-festival-jury/articleshow/17693827.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723092758/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-part-of-Sundance-film-festival-jury/articleshow/17693827.cms |archive-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Marrakech International Film Festival|13th Marrakech Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap to be a part of Marrakech International Film Festival 2013|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anurag-kashyap-to-be-a-part-of-marrakech-international-film-festival-2013/1189721/|work=The Indian Express|date=1 November 2013|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120930/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anurag-kashyap-to-be-a-part-of-marrakech-international-film-festival-2013/1189721/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[20th Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap in Busan Film Festival's jury |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-in-busan-film-festivals-jury/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820204522/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-in-busan-film-festivals-jury/ |archive-date=20 August 2015 }}</ref> In 2016, Kashyap was awarded with [[Yash Bharti Award]] by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] for his contribution in the field of cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anurag-kashyap-arunima-sinha-among-others-honoured-with-yash-bharti-award/articleshow/51496163.cms |title=Anurag Kashyap, Arunima Sinha among others honoured with Yash Bharti award |work=The Economic Times |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324090232/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anurag-kashyap-arunima-sinha-among-others-honoured-with-yash-bharti-award/articleshow/51496163.cms |archive-date=24 March 2016 }}</ref>

In 1999, Kashyap shared the [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay]], along with [[Saurabh Shukla]] for ''Satya''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saurabh-shukla-makes-theatre-comeback-with-red-hot/745101/|title=Saurabh Shukla makes comeback with red hot|work=The Indian Express|date=2 February 2011|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120933/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saurabh-shukla-makes-theatre-comeback-with-red-hot/745101/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, his short film ''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]'' won the [[Star Screen Award Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] at the same awards. His feature film debut ''Black Friday'' won the ''Grand Jury Prize'' at the 3rd Annual [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2005/film05.html |title=Grand Jury Award for ''Black Friday'' |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505054926/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2005/film05.html |archive-date= 5 May 2015 }}</ref> and was a nominee for the Golden Leopard (Best Film) Award at the 57th [[Locarno International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13476924 |title=Mid Day's Black Friday reaches Locarno |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 May 2004 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909005136/http://www.sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13476924 |archive-date= 9 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=filmDetails&oc=75901&l4=en |title=Black Friday |publisher=Pardo.ch |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095253/http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=filmDetails&oc=75901&l4=en |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

In 2011, Kashyap shared the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] Award at the [[56th Filmfare Awards]] with Vikramaditya Motwane for ''Udaan''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 56th Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/winners-of-56th-filmfare-awards-2011-news-bollywood-lb4j5zjacfesi.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 January 2011 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911132242/http://www.sify.com/movies/winners-of-56th-filmfare-awards-2011-news-bollywood-lb4j5zjacfesi.html |archive-date=11 September 2015 }}</ref> The next year he shared the [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]] with [[Zeishan Quadri]], Sachin Ladia and Akhilesh Jaiswal for ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' at the [[58th Filmfare Awards]]; the film also won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Critics Award Best Movie]] at the same award show.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123055038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> At the [[60th Filmfare Awards]], Kashyap won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]] with [[Abhijit Kokate]] for ''Queen''.<ref>{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}</ref>

In 2025, he won [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] in Tamil film ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2025 full list of winners: The Goat Life, Amaran win big; Sai Pallavi, Prithviraj Sukumaran win acting honours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/siima-2025-full-list-of-winners-the-goat-life-amaran-win-big-sai-pallavi-prithviraj-sukumaran-win-acting-honours-101757212413134.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Anurag Kashyap filmography}}

'''Directed features'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Paanch]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004)
* ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Return of Hanuman]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' (2009)
* ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur 2]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Madly (2016 film)|Madly]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Dobaaraa]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Nishaanchi]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'' (2026)
* ''[[Bandar (film)|Bandar]]'' (2026)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestEditing}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}

{{Authority control}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Anurag}}
[[Category:Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Scindia School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]

Padmanabhapuram

2026-03-13T22:57:49Z

MariskaFeari3794: refine intro for clarity further and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date= October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padmanabhapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = File:Padmanabha Puram Palace (5007897789).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Padmanabhapuram, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|8.244600|N|77.336700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Padmanabhapuram Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 66
| population_total = 21,342
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census/>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629175
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04651
| registration_plate = TN-75 & TN-74
| website = https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/
| footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Spoken
| demographics2_info1 = Tamil, Malayalam
| demographics1_info1 = Tamil, English
}}
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Palace.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Padmanabhapuram Palace]]
'''Padmanabhapuram''' ({{IPA|ml|pɐd̪mɐnaːbʰɐpuɾɐm|lang|}}) is a town and a [[municipality]] near [[Thuckalay]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in the [[India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of 2011, the town had a population of 21,342. Padmanabhapuram was the capital of Travancore state in the past. In 1795, the King of Travancore, Rama Varma (known as Dharma Raja moved the capital from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. At that time the boundaries of Travancore state included half the area of modem Kerala state. In 1947, after independence, Padmanabhapuram became part of Travancore-Cochin state When Indian states ware reorganized on the basis of language. In 1957, Padmanabhapuram along with other Tamil-speaking areas were ceded to Madras State, while the Malayalam-speaking areas became part of Kerala. Later the name of Madras State was changed to Tamil Nadu.

==History==
Padmanabhapuram was the erstwhile capital of the [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (now part of [[India]]). The Travancore King, [[Dharma Raja Rama Varma|Rama Varma]], who was popularly known as [[Dharma Raja]], shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. At that time, the boundaries of the Travancore had extended to less than half of the present day Indian state of Kerala. Up to 1957, Padmanabhapuram formed part of the Travancore Kingdom and subsequently the [[Travancore-Cochin]] State. It was when the states were divided on linguistic basis that [[Kalkulam]] (including Padmanabhapuram), [[Vilavancode]], [[Thovala]] and [[Agastheeswaram]] Taluks of erstwhile [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] of [[Travancore-Cochin]] State were included in the [[Madras State]] (later renamed as Tamil Nadu) as [[Kanyakumari District]].{{cn|date=February 2022}}

==Geography==
Padmanabhapuram is located at {{Coord|8.23|N|77.33|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Padmanabhapuram.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Padmanabhapuram |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2011-07-04}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 15 metres (49 feet).

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Padmanabhapuram had a population of 21,342 with a gender-ratio of 1,029 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 2,120 were under the age of six, constituting 1,084 males and 1,036 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 10.61% and .% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of : 5549 households. There were a total of 7,036 workers, comprising 54 cultivators, 388 main agricultural labourers, 87 in house hold industries, 5,481 other workers, 1,026 marginal workers, 16 marginal cultivators, 73 marginal agricultural labourers, 54 marginal workers in household industries and 883 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Kalkulam(05882)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=704221|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Tourism==

The popular [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]], the old palace of the Travancore kings, is also located here. It is spread over an area of {{convert|6|acre|m2}}. The palace is known for its antiques, including the armory of the royal family. The woodwork in this palace is intricate. This palace is maintained by the Government of Kerala's Archaeology Department. According to ancient records, this centuries old palace was built in the Kalkulam forts by Iravi Varma Kulasekharan in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abraham|first=Sharon|date=2021-08-21|title=Padmanabhapuram palace: An ornate marvel made of wood|url=https://mittaistories.com/2021/08/padmanabhapuram-palace/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Mittai Stories|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182724/https://mittaistories.com/2021/08/padmanabhapuram-palace/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other tourist locations include [[Thirparappu Waterfalls]], Hanging Bridge in Mathoor, Ancient [[Jain Temple]] in [[Chitharal]] (a small village situated at a distance of 8 km from Marthandam.) [[Thiruvalluvar]] Statue in Kanniyakumari.

One can take a bus from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] or [[Nagercoil]] and get down at [[Thuckalay]], which is two kilometres away from Padmanabhapuram.

The nearest places around this old capital city of South Travancore is Marunthukottai (It is a very old fort having weapons storage facility), Saralvilai, Kumarakovil (Lord Murugan Temple), [[Moolachel]], Charode, Manali and Udaygiri fort.

==Temple==
There are many temples around Padmnanbhapuram Palace: Padmanabhapuram Madan-Ishakkiamman Temple, Padmanabhapuram Bhuththan Temple, Padmanabhapuram Pillayar Temple, Padmanabhapuram Murgan Temple, Ramaswamy Temple, Padmanabhapuram Sarswathy Amman Temple, Perumal Temple, Neelakandaswamy Temple and '''Padmanabhapuram Chettu Samudhaya Mutharamman Temple'''

Thirukarthikai is the famous festival celebrated at Padmanabhapuram Chettu Samudhaya Mutharamman Temple.

<gallery>
File:Elur_chetty_padmanabhapuram_temple.jpg|Padmanabhapuram Mutharamman Temple.
File:Elur_chetty_padmanabhapuram_madan_ishakkiamman_temple.jpg|Padmanabhapuram Madan-Ishakkiamman Temple.
File:Elur_chetty_padmanabhapuram_bhuththan_temple.jpg|Padmanabhapuram Bhuthathan Temple.jpg
</gallery>

==Politics==
Padmanabhapuram assembly constituency is part of [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-13
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 31 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{District of Kanyakumari}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Mahyavanshi

2026-03-11T23:57:35Z

MariskaFeari3794: created - done

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Mahyavanshi''' are a [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|schedule caste]] in [[India]] that were previously known as the [[Dhed]] and [[Vankar]] [[caste]]s. They formed as the result of the successful '''Mahyavanshi movement''', which aimed to increase the social position of these groups.

==Mahyavanshi movement==
The new nomenclature of ''Mahyavanshi'' was given to a large number of the Meyavat Rajput community in South Gujarat<ref name="shah">{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in Honor of David G. Mandelbaum |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Hockings |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1987 |isbn=978-3-11084-685-0 |page=502 |first=A. M. |last=Shah |authorlink=A. M. Shah |chapter=Untouchability, the Untouchables and Social Change in Gujarat |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERQp5YCXiWsC&pg=PA502}}</ref> via a Government of India circular in 1939. This was due largely to the efforts of [[K. M. Munshi]], then Home Minister of [[Bombay Presidency]], and Dr. Purshottam Solanki, representative of the Depressed Classes of Gujarat, who stressed that its members were descendants of ancient rulers known as Meyavats. Later, in 1968, after the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|Indian annexation of Daman]] from the Portuguese, the community in [[Daman and Diu|Daman]] were given the same status.<ref name=Daman>{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=B. R. Solanki|author3=N. K. Sinha |author4=Jaime F. Pereira |title=Daman and Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRhkT8SjhD8C&pg=PA127|accessdate=26 July 2011|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-761-6|pages=127–}}</ref><ref name=M>{{cite book|author=Y. A. Parmar|title=The Mahyavanshi: the success story of a scheduled caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&pg=PA87 |year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=87–|id=GGKEY:KEQ4SL0H0RJ}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}<ref name=L>{{cite book|author=Sarat Chandra Roy (Ral Bahadur)|title=Man in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qs4AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2011|year=1982|publisher=A. K. Bose}}</ref>

In the 1930s-40s, many [[Dalit|depressed classes]] and communities were active in trying to change their caste name and elevate their social status to that of Rajput. These included the [[Khalpa]], who wanted to be known as ''[[Rohit (caste)|Rohit]]'' and the [[Bhangi]]s desire to be known as ''Rishi'', as well as the Dhed/Vankar claim to Mahyavanshi status. Of these, only the Mahyavanshi claim was successful in gaining official recognition from the [[British Raj]] administration.<ref name="yagnik"/> In some cases, they had a history of working as [[butler]]s for members of the various European [[East India Company (disambiguation)|East India Companies]] in [[Surat]] since probably the 17th century<ref name="shah"/> and their success came because they were able to mobilise public opinion and procure support for their cause from both from British and Indian leaders and through books detailing their [[Invention of tradition|claimed history]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Y. A. |last=Parmar |title=The Mahyavanshi: The Success Story of a Scheduled Caste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&pg=PA92 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=92}}</ref> The sociologist [[A. M. Shah]] says that the Mahyavanshi "have an elaborate mythology, caste journals, and written "laws" to regulate the affairs of the caste".<ref name="shah"/>

A prominent figure in re-writing the history of the Mahyavanshi was [[Makanji Kuber Makwana]], who wrote several works on their putative ancient history and genealogy that linked them to the Mahyavat [[Rajput]]s, a branch of the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara]] clan who had ruled in eastern [[Bengal]]. He is regarded as the spearhead of the "Mahyavat Rajput Movement", which was the name given to the campaign to "regain" their Rajput status.<ref name="parmar86">{{cite book|first=Y. A. |last=Parmar |title=The Mahyavanshi: The Success Story of a Scheduled Caste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&pg=PA86 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=86}}</ref> Books of historical research concerning the Mahayavanshi were mainly published around the first decade of 20th century. These books included Makwana's ''Mayavat Rajput Prakash'' (1908) (A Light on Mayavat Rajputs), ''Mayavat Rajputoday'' (1911) (The Rise of Mayavat Rajput) and ''Mahyavanshi Atle Shu?'' (1911) (Who is a Mahyavanshi?)<ref name="yagnik">{{cite book |editor-first=Takashi |editor-last=Shinoda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZNfS7mikMoC&pg=PA27 |title=The Other Gujarat |first=Achyut |last=Yagnik |chapter=Search for Dalit Self Identity in Gujarat |page=27 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-17154-874-3}}</ref> as well as [[Phakir Jeevan Mevashi]]'s ''Mayavat Ranshingu arthat Khudarano Karta''.

In a 1931 lecture, Munshi stressed that the Mahyavanshi were the descendants of the [[Heheya Kingdom|Hattiavanshi]] king [[Kartavirya Arjuna|Arjuna]], arguing that it was because of the slaughter of [[Parashurama]] that they had been relegated to a lower caste status.<ref name="parmar87">{{cite book|first=Y. A. |last=Parmar |title=The Mahyavanshi: The Success Story of a Scheduled Caste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&pg=PA87 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=87}}</ref> Also Purshottam Solanki, in a speech given in [[Bombay Legislative Council]], vehemently stressed that Mahars were martial races and their occupation was military too in past. He further said, thau were not drags of society but have been rulers of Gujarat and other areas of India in past and were descendants of Kshatriya or Rajput clans and should therefore be legitimized as a Kshatriya clan.<ref name=M/>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

Others involved in this affirming this identity were [[Garibdasji Ramdasji]] and other [[Mahant]]s of [[Ramanandi]] sect, [[Phakir Jeevan Mevasi]], besides several of their community leaders spread across [[Bombay State]] (present day [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]), [[Sindh]] ( [[Karachi]] and [[Raban, Pakistan|Raban]] ), [[Portuguese India]] ( [[Daman district, India|Nani and Moti Daman]] ) and also from [[South Africa]], where their population was living in cities like [[Johannesburg]] and [[Pretoria]], who in unison impressed upon the government for revision of their social status.<ref name=M/>

==Subdivisions==
The Mahyavanshis are primarily divided into [[exogamy|exogamous]] clans like Mathariya, Aatekar Pardinar, Damania, Kantharia, Barodia, Chaseia, Surti, Kosadia, Khanvanshi, [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]], [[Rana (caste)|Rana]], [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]], Gohel, [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]], Tawdia and Vaghela.<ref name=Daman/>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

==Distribution==
The community members are mainly located in regions of Gujarat, other than [[Kutch]],<ref name="parmar21"/> and in [[Daman District, India|Daman]].<ref name=Daman/> There are some in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=L/> The population is particularly numerous in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Dahod]], Mumbai and [[Surat]].<ref name="parmar21">{{cite book|first=Y. A. |last=Parmar |title=The Mahyavanshi: The Success Story of a Scheduled Caste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&pg=PA21 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sanskritisation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Gujarat]]

Enthada Saji

2026-03-05T19:07:59Z

MariskaFeari3794: new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Enthada Saji poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Godfy Xavier Babu
| writer = Godfy Xavier Babu
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Listin Stephen]]
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Kunchacko Boban]]
| [[Nivetha Thomas]]
| [[Jayasurya]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Ratheesh Raj
| music = William Francis
| studio = Magic Frames
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|08}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 3 crore
| gross =
}}
'''''Enthada Saji''''' ({{translation|What is it, Saji}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Godfy Xavier Babu. The film features [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] in the title role, and [[Jayasurya]] in leading roles. It is produced by [[Listin Stephen]] under the banner of [[Magic Frames]]. This film marks [[Nivetha Thomas]]' return to Malayalam cinema after a 9-year hiatus.

== Plot ==
Sajimol is a lazy and spoiled young woman often teased about her single status. One day, after praying in the chapel, she hears the voice of [[Saint Roch]] and talks to him through his statue. She requests a personal meeting, and he agrees on the condition that she attends daily mass. Sajimol complies, meeting and conversing with him daily, and he helps transform her life. She adopts a stray dog, rekindles her romance with her old crush Roy, who has returned to Kerala, and Saint Roch promises to ensure her marriage goes smoothly.

Sajimol proposes to Roy in a cemetery, and he accepts. Their happiness is short-lived when the statue of Saint Roch is stolen. Sajimol reports it, but the locals dismiss it as the statue holds no significant value, deciding to replace it with a new one. The church allocates funds for the new statue, but the money is misappropriated and divided among members. Cleetus's son donates money to buy the statue to have his name inscribed on it, but Sajimol discovers that this new statue does not speak to her.

Determined to recover the original, Sajimol and her friend Minimol search for it. In a dream, Saint Roch reveals that her adopted dog is his. When the dog goes missing but is later found, Sajimol reads the [[Bible]] for clues and locates the statue in an abandoned house, only for it to be stolen again. Sajimol pursues the thieves on her bicycle and retrieves the statue. The chapel rewards her with the statue, and a few months later, Sajimol marries Roy.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as [[Saint Roch|Saint Rocky]] (St.Roch)
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Sajimol Thomas
* [[Jayasurya]] as Roy Augustine
*[[Prayaga Martin]] as Annie
*[[Senthil Krishna]] as Vishnu "Minnal"
*[[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Maliyekkal Thomas, Sajimol's father
*[[Sidhartha Siva]] as Priest
*[[Arya (actress)|Arya Rohit]] as Minimol
*[[Prem Prakash]] as Puthenpurayil Augustine, Roy's father
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Cleetus
*[[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Puthenpurayil Kunjukunju, Augustine's younger brother
*[[Benny P Nayarambalam]] as the Parish Clerk
}}

== Production ==
Principal photography began on 1 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoot begins for Kunchacko Boban-Jayasurya film Enthada Saji |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/01/shoot-begins-for-kunchacko-boban-jayasurya-film-enthada-saji-30617.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412151812/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/01/shoot-begins-for-kunchacko-boban-jayasurya-film-enthada-saji-30617.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This film marks the director's debut.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban - Jayasurya starrer 'Enthada Saji' starts rolling |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-jayasurya-starrer-enthada-saji-starts-rolling/articleshow/90586774.cms |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331161927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-jayasurya-starrer-enthada-saji-starts-rolling/articleshow/90586774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was released on 6 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban as St. Rocky; watch the trailer for 'Enthada Saji' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-as-st-rocky-watch-the-trailer-for-enthada-saji/articleshow/99294442.cms |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411021729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-as-st-rocky-watch-the-trailer-for-enthada-saji/articleshow/99294442.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film, which received mixed reviews, was released in theatres on 8 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayasurya-Kunchacko Boban film Enthada Saji censored |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/03/jayasurya-kunchacko-boban-film-enthada-saji-censored-41872.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122117/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/03/jayasurya-kunchacko-boban-film-enthada-saji-censored-41872.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack album for ''Enthada Saji'' was composed by William Francis, while the original background score was created by Jakes Bejoy. The songs "Neehaaram" and "Athmavil, Doorangal" were composed by William Francis.

== Reception ==
Vignesh Madhu, critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'', wrote that "Watching ''Enthada Saji'' feels like attending a prayer session as the makers indulge in plenty of preachiness, told mostly through Bible verses," and gave it 2.25 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enthada Saji Movie Review: Only real divine intervention could've saved this film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/08/enthada-saji-movie-review-only-real-divine-intervention-couldve-saved-this-film-42100.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412151521/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/08/enthada-saji-movie-review-only-real-divine-intervention-couldve-saved-this-film-42100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan, critic of ''[[OTTPlay]]'', gave it 3 out of 5 and stated that "''Enthada Saji'' is simple and pleasing, elevated by some warm moments and delightful performances of its cast".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enthada Saji review: Nivetha Thomas' feel-good film is a passable Easter treat |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/enthada-saji-review-nivetha-thomas-kunchackos-feel-good-film-is-a-passable-easter-treat-for-family-audience/242283d336384 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415064618/https://www.ottplay.com/review/enthada-saji-review-nivetha-thomas-kunchackos-feel-good-film-is-a-passable-easter-treat-for-family-audience/242283d336384 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' gave it a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=അലസയായ സജിക്ക് ഉത്തരവാദിത്തബോധം വന്നതെങ്ങനെ? ഈ പുണ്യാളൻ തരും അതിനുള്ള ഉത്തരം{{!}} Enthada Saji Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/enthada-saji-movie-review-nivetha-thomas-and-kunchacko-boban-movie-jayasurya-1.8467474 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412082337/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/enthada-saji-movie-review-nivetha-thomas-and-kunchacko-boban-movie-jayasurya-1.8467474 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres on 7 April 2023.

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights of ''Enthada Saji'' were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].{{fact|date=February 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|15826290}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
* [[Saint Roch]]

Khazanchi (1958 film)

2026-03-04T04:04:56Z

MariskaFeari3794: expanded content

{{for|1941 (pre-partition) film|Khazanchi (1941 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Khazanchi
| image = Khazanchi 1958.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Prem Narayan Arora
| producer = M. L. Arora
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Balraj Sahni]] [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1958}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Khazanchi''' ({{langx|hi|ख़ज़ांची}}) is a 1958 Bollywood film, directed by Prem Narayan Arora, starring [[Balraj Sahni]] in the title role and [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] are in the other lead roles.

==Cast==
*[[Balraj Sahni]] as Radhe Mohan (Khazanchi)
*[[Rajendra Kumar]] as Harish Mohan
*[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Usha
*[[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]] as Geeta
*[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Usha's Stepmother
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Roma
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer
*[[Minoo Mumtaz]] as Courtesan

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] and lyrics written by [[Rajinder Krishan]], with playback singers [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Tum Samne Aakar Jis Dam Jalwa Sa Dikha Jaate Ho"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Meri Akhiyon Mein Jhoome"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aankhon Aankhon Mein"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Zulam Leke Aaya"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aayi Diwali Aayi"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Talam Tol Kare"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|0154731|Khazanchi (1958)}}

[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Madhavayyagari Manavadu

2026-03-03T18:23:41Z

MariskaFeari3794: done - done

{{unreliable sources|date=July 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Madhavayyagari Manavadu
| image =
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = VMC Unit Bhisetty {{small|(main story)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A4STYf5uDo |title=Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (Main Story) |work=Youtube}}</ref>
| screenplay = Muthyala Subbaiah
| producer = [[V. Doraswamy Raju]]
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = Gowtham Raju
| studio = [[VMC Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2771698/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_21 |title=Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|2|24}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Madhavayyagari Manavadu''''' ({{translation|Madhavayya's Grandson}}) is a 1992 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] under the [[VMC Productions]] banner and directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/madhavaiahgari-manavadu-1992-telugu-movie |title=Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (Direction) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] and music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/madhavaiahgari-manavadu-movie/18097 |title=Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Madhavayya, a millionaire, is benevolent & flirtatious. He leads a delightful life with his ideal wife, Madhavi, and grandson, Vamsi Krishna, who is reared under their pampering as an innocent who loves him boundlessly. As Vamsi is the only heir to Madhavayya, he is surrounded by so many relatives who plot to usurp his wealth. Once Madhavayya discovers Vamsi is seriously ill, he immediately takes him to Bombay for treatment with his brother's son, Dr. Satyam. Amid, awfully, Vamsi dies in an accident, which Madhavayya hides from Madhavi as he does not want to lose her too. After a few days, Madhavi arranges a warm welcome, assuming it is the day of Vamsi's arrival. At that juncture, perturbed Madhavayya is about to break up when, staggeringly, a person who resembles Vamsi comes in. Right now, Madhavayya is in a dichotomy. He maintains silence to shield his wife and tries to discover the reality but fails. Parallelly, duplicate Vamsi is brilliant & intelligent, does all good works, encounters evildoers in the house & office, and makes Madhavayya proud. Now, Madhavayya starts liking him, ready to flourish his affection, but requests for the fact, and then he reacts. The reason behind his homecoming is to take revenge against him. After that, they challenge; unfortunately, Madhavi overhears the conversation and pleads like Vamsi not to suffer her husband. There, he declares himself as their son's first wife's son, Vamsi Mohan, who has been renounced due to the depravity of Madhavayya. Eventually, Madhavayya also learns veracity. On the other side, Satyam divulges the secret to the remaining black hats, and they intrigue Vamsi Mohan when Madhavayya cleverly safeguards him and ceases baddies. Here, Vamsi understands the virtue of his grandfather and seeks pardon from him. Finally, the movie ends happily, with Madhavayya affirming Vamsi Mohan as his grandson.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Madhavayya
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Madhavi
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] as Vamsi Krishna & Vamsi Mohan (Dual role)
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Arjuna Rao
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Dr. Satyam
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Manager Ananda Rao
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Srimannarayana
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Madhavayya's servant
*Nandini as Radha
*Chandrika
*Saraswathi as Sakuntala
*Jaya Shanthi as Pushpa

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madhavayya gari Manavadu
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:02
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = Kalikaalam
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]
| next_year = 1992
}}

Music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on LEO Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/4272/Madhavaiah%20Gari%20Manavadu%20(1992)/ |title=Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:02
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Govardhanaala Konda
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:47

| title2 = Nee Choopu Suprabhatham
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:30

| title3 = Adarale Pilla
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:15

| title4 = Raaraa Maa Intidaka
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:23

| title5 = Yamma Yamma
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 4:07

| title6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Sahib Singh of Patiala

2026-03-02T18:29:44Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting bio

{{Short description|Third ruler and the Raja-e-Rajgan of Patiala (r.1781–1813)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sahib Singh
| title = [[Raja]]-e-Rajgan
| image = Detail of Sahib Singh of Patiala State from a painting depicting a meeting between Sahib Singh of Patiala State, Jodh Singh of Kalsia State, Lal Singh of Kaithal State, Mehak Singh, and Raja Jaswant Rao Holkar, ca.1805 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sahib Singh, detail from a painting, {{circa|1805}}
| succession = [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
| reign = 1781–1813
| predecessor = [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]]
| regent = [[Dewan]] Nandu Mal (1781–1790)
| successor = [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1773|8|18|df=y}}
| death_date = 1813
| spouse = Rattan Kaur
| issue = Karam Singh
| father = Amar Singh
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| dynasty = [[Phulkian dynasty]]
}}

'''Sahib Singh''' (1773–1813) was the third ruler and the [[Raja]]-e-Rajgan (King of Kings) of the [[Patiala State|Patiala]]. Singh's reign was noted for the power and influence wielded by his sister, [[Bibi Sahib Kaur|Sahib Kaur]], who served as his Prime Minister and the General of Patiala's army.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manraj Grewal |date=28 April 2022 |title=The Sikh warriors through the ages: From Sahib Kaur to Hari Singh Nalwa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-warriors-sahib-kaur-hari-singh-nalwa-7940700/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> He was also a member of the [[Phulkian dynasty]]. In 1809, Singh allied with and pledged loyalty to the [[British Empire]].<ref name=":32" />

== Early life ==
Sahib Singh was born on 18 August 1773 and succeeded his father, [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]], as the [[Raja]]-e-Rajgan (King of Kings) of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] in 1781 at the age of 7.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume19Part1 |title=The Punjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1985 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |series=Part 1 |volume=19 |location=Patiala |pages=32–36 |language=English}}</ref>

== Reign ==

=== Regency ===
Singh acceded to the throne in 1781 when he was seven years old. From 1781 to 1790, the prime minister of Patiala, [[Dewan]] Nandu Mal, was the [[regent]] of Patiala and his grandmother, Rani Hukman also played a key role in the state's administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlEaAAAAYAAJ |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |date=1993 |publisher=Indian Coin Society |page=206 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808224654/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Coins_of_the_Sikhs/AlEaAAAAYAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> During his regency, Singh faced rebellion from several family members, which Mal successfully suppressed. [[Bibi Rajindar Kaur|Rajindar Kaur]], a relative of Singh's family and the granddaughter of [[Ala Singh]], the first [[Maharaja of Patiala|Raja of Patiala]], also assisted him during the regency.<ref name=":1" /> From December 1785 to January 1786, Rajindar Kaur, with the help of the [[Maratha Empire]], reconquered Patiala's lost territory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume01Part2 |title=The Punjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1967 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |series=II |volume=1 |location=Patiala |pages=340-342 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1787, he married Rattan Kaur and in 1790, the regency in Patiala ended and Singh removed Mal as prime minister by exiling him from the state.<ref name=":0" />

=== Rule and administration ===
[[File:Mural of Sahib Singh of Patiala State from the Sheesh Mahal of the Qila Mubarak.jpg|thumb|Mural of Sahib Singh holding ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' from the Sheesh Mahal of the [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak]], ca.1845–62]]
After Singh took full control of Patiala State in 1790, he appointed his sister [[Bibi Sahib Kaur|Sahib Kaur]], as his Prime Minister and the leader of his armies.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wooZAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 |volume=XX |location=Oxford |pages=35–36 |language=en |access-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710130731/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/wooZAAAAYAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |page=121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manraj Grewal |date=28 April 2022 |title=The Sikh warriors through the ages: From Sahib Kaur to Hari Singh Nalwa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-warriors-sahib-kaur-hari-singh-nalwa-7940700/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 1794, the Maratha Empire invaded Patiala; however, Kaur managed to successfully repel the Marathas.<ref name=":6" /> Kaur was later dismissed from her offices after a quarrel with Singh.<ref name=":6" /> In 1809, Singh and the rulers of the other the [[Cis-Sutlej states]], pledged their loyalty to the British Empire, in return for protection from [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Sir Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZleAAAAcAAJ |title=The Rajas of the Punjab: Being the History of the Principal States in the Punjab and Their Political Relations with the British Government |date=1870 |publisher=Punjab Printing Company |location=Lahore |pages=105–107 |language=en |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727100308/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Rajas_of_the_Punjab/LZleAAAAcAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=27 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=B.R. |url=http://archive.org/details/gazzeteer-of-punjab-sangrur |title=Gazzeteer Of Punjab Sangrur |date=1984 |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |location=Chandigarh |pages=30–32}}</ref> In 1810, he was bestowed with the title of ''[[maharaja]]'' by the British for his loyalty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |title=Piety and Splendour: Sikh Heritage in Art |publisher=National Museum |year=2000 |location=Delhi |pages=156–157}}</ref>

== Death and succession ==
Singh died in 1813 and was succeeded by his son [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]], who was a minor at the time.<ref name=":722" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sahib}}

[[Category:1773 births]]
[[Category:1813 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Patiala State]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]
[[Category:Sikh monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Zain Imam

2026-03-02T03:50:02Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting a pg.

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zain Imam
| image = Zain Imam in 2023.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Imam in 2023
| birth_name = Syed Zain Imam
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|df=yes|1988|05|18}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Model}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = {{Plainlist|

* ''[[Naamkarann]]''
* ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
* ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''}}
| awards = [[Gold Awards]] (For Best Actor in Negative Role and Most Stylish Actor)
}}

'''Zain Imam''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] television. He is best known for his portrayal of Neil Khanna in ''[[Star Plus]]'' show ''[[Naamkaran ]]'' and Yuvraj Luthra in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]'' which earned him [[Gold Awards]] for Best Actor in Negative Role. He is also known for his role as Agastya Raichand in ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''. In 2019, Imam participated in [[Colors TV]]'s stunt-based reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9|Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''.

==Career==
=== Early career and success (2014–2017) ===
Imam started his career as a model, working for agencies such as [[Aldo Group]], and also did few TV commercials before debuting in [[Television in India|Hindi television]]. His first work as an actor came with [[MTV India]] television series ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]'' where he played Abhimanyu Thakkar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Zain-Imam-If-you-arent-talented-you-cant-survive-competition/articleshow/48332777.cms|title=Zain Imam: If you aren't talented, you can't survive competition|work=Times of India|date=4 August 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

From 2015 to 2016, he played a grey-shaded character of Yuvraj Luthra in [[Zee TV]]'s [[love triangle]] ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]'' opposite [[Jasmin Bhasin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Five-shades-of-grey-for-Zain-in-five-months/articleshow/50203411.cms|title=Five shades of grey for Zain in Tashan-E-Ishq|work=Times of India|date=17 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/PICS-Zain-Imams-new-look-in-Tashan-E-Ishq/articleshow/53657117.cms|title=PICS: Zain Imam's new look in Tashan-E-Ishq|work=Times of India|date=11 August 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> The show proved a [[Breakout role|breakout]] for him, he won the [[Gold Awards|Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tashan-E-Ishq-to-end-on-September-16/articleshow/53845276.cms|title='Tashan-E-Ishq' to end on September 16|work=Times of India|date=25 August 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

Then, he was cast as Abir Dharmadhikari, new male lead of Zee TV's ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' when it took a large leap, from October 2016 to January 2017.

===Establishment and other projects (2017–2021)===
[[File:Zain Imam On Sajid Shahid's Photoshoot (43183849194).jpg|thumb|upright]]
Imam got his biggest success when he was introduced as ACP Neil Khanna in [[StarPlus]]'s romantic-drama ''[[Naamkarann]] along with'' [[Aditi Rathore]] after a generation leap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/zain-imam-wants-to-marry-his-naamkarann-co-star-aditi-rathore-here-what-he-said/212875|title=Zain Imam wants to marry his Naamkarann co-star Aditi Rathore. Here's what he said|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=April 2018 }}</ref> The show wrapped up in May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkaran-goes-off-air-see-pics-from-the-last-day-of-shoot/articleshow/64123750.cms|title=Naamkaran goes off air; see pics from the last day of shoot|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date= May 11, 2018}}</ref>

After doing an episodic in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' with [[Mahhi Vij]]. Imam entered the popular [[StarPlus]]'s series ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' as Mohit Malhotra, a full-fledged [[antagonist]] in September 2018.

Venturing into reality shows, Imam made his debut in reality with participated in the adventure stunt-based show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'' in 2019 where he finished at 9th place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zain-imam-khatron-ke-khiladi-5235671/|title=Zain Imam on his preparation for Khatron Ke Khiladi: I am working a lot on my strength|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

His subsequent fictional role as Kabir Mittal, a former [[army officer]] in StarPlus' mystery revenge drama ''[[Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna|Ek Bhram Sarvagun Sampanna]]'' failed to impress audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-pinkvilla-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-zain-imam-his-character-ek-bhram-sarvagun-sampanna-being-secure-actor-web-series-447405?amp=&usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=EXCLUSIVE: Zain Imam on his character in Ek Bhram Sarvagun Sampanna, being secure as an actor & web series|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426022913/https://www-pinkvilla-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-zain-imam-his-character-ek-bhram-sarvagun-sampanna-being-secure-actor-web-series-447405?amp=&usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was next seen in the music video ''Tanhaai'' by [[Tulsi Kumar]] under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramsay |first1=Amit |title=Tulsi Kumar elated as 'Tanhaai' crosses 100 million views on YouTube |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/tulsi-kumar-elated-as-tanhaai-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube-2344706.html |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=Zee News |date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Imam progressed into digital platform with the [[web series]] ''[[Crashh]]'' portrayed Dr. Rishabh Sachdeva co-starring [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]], Kunj Anand, [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] and [[Anushka Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barve|first=Ameya|date=2020-12-24|title=First look of 'Crashh': Saga of sibling love and pain of being separated|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/first-look-of-crashh-saga-of-sibling-love-and-pain-of-being-separated-673736|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Television comeback (2022–present) ===
Imam returned to television after a long break of 3 years with his role of Agastya Raichand an obsessive/possessive lover, the main protagonist in [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] production ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' on [[Colors TV]] opposite [[Reem Shaikh]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zain Imam to play the anti-hero in Dipti Kalwani's Fanaa, Akshit Sukhija and Reem Shaikh join the cast too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zain-imam-to-play-the-anti-hero-in-gul-khans-fanaa-akshit-sukhija-and-reem-shaikh-join-the-cast-too/articleshow/88294041.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Times of India|date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Zain Imam and Reem Shaikh start shooting for Gul Khan's next|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-zain-imam-and-reem-shaikh-start-shooting-for-gul-khan-s-next-hot-news-1499919|access-date=2021-12-15|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> for which he received praise from audience. The show ended on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan-to-end-on-august-5/articleshow/92974092.cms|title=Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan to end on August 5; to move to the channel's OTT platform|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date= July 19, 2022}}</ref> In March 2023, he made a brief appearance in ''[[Bekaboo]]'' as Pratham Raichand opposite [[Shivangi Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Zain Imam and Shivangi Joshi's appearances in Bekaboo leave netizens stunned |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bekaboo-new-promo-out-zain-imam-and-shivangi-joshis-appearances-leave-netizens-stunned-watch-1212300 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711044147/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bekaboo-new-promo-out-zain-imam-and-shivangi-joshis-appearances-leave-netizens-stunned-watch-1212300 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From September 2024 to April 2025, Imam portrayed Teerth Mittal in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Suman Indori]]''.

== In the media ==
He appeared in the [[Times of India]]'s Top 20 "Most Desirable Men" list rank at No. 5 in 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-televisions-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/69268331.cms|title=Meet television's most desirable dudes|website=The Times of India|date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and at No. 15 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/sidharth-shukla-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-on-tv-201920200903095305/?amp=1|title=Sidharth Shukla is The Times Most Desirable Man on TV 2019|website=ANI|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030032928/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/sidharth-shukla-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-on-tv-201920200903095305/?amp=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2014–2015
| ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]''
| Abhimanyu Thakkar
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Zain Imam, Dishank Arrora and Karan Jotwani were a part of MTV Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan?|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/did-you-know-zain-imam-dishank-arrora-and-karan-jotwani-were-part-of-mtv-kaisi-yeh|access-date=1 July 2023| website=Telly Chakkar| language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2016
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
| Yuvraj "Yuvi" Luthra
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tashan-E-Ishq gave me everything that a newbie ever wants: Zain Imam|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/tashan-e-ishq-gave-me-everything-newbie-ever-wants-zain-imam-200812|access-date=1 July 2023| website=Telly Chakkar|date=10 August 2020 | language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
| ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''
| Abir Dharmadhikari
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zain Imam to romance Sonal Vengurlekar on Yeh Vaada Raha post leap|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zain-imam-to-romance-sonal-vengurlekar-on-yeh-vaada-raha-post-leap-841812/|access-date=1 July 2023| website=Bollywood Life|date=25 November 2016 | language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Naamkarann]]''
| [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Neil Khanna
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/naamkarann-couple-aditi-rathore-and-zain-imam-we-share-a-special-chocolate-bond/19153172 |title=Naamkarann Couple Aditi Rathore And Zain Imam: We Share A Special Chocolate Bond |website=Mid Day|date=6 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| Mohit Malhotra
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandana Karimi to Zain Imam: Entry of these actors to bring major twists in TV shows|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/mandana-karimi-to-zain-imam-entry-of-these-actors-to-bring-major-twists-in-tv-shows-1326391-2018-08-29/4|access-date=1 July 2023| website=India Today| language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Arjun
|Episode: "Raatrani"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Zain Imam to do a Cameo in Colors titled Beqaboo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/naamkarann-actor-zain-imam-will-be-seen-in-this-show-next-1262358-2018-06-17 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9|Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''
| Contestant
| 10th place
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zain Imam on Khatron Ke Khiladi 9: Rohit Shetty motivated us to perform better |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zain-imam-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-rohit-shetty-5541467/ |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna|Ek Bhram Sarvagun Sampanna]]''
| Kabir Mittal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2019-06-18|title=CONFIRMED! Zain Imam's 'Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna' heroine Tanvi Dogra LEAVES the show!|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/confirmed-zain-imams-ek-bhramsarvagun-sampanna-heroine-tanvi-dogra-leaves-the-show-1015433|access-date=2021-02-19|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| Agastya Raichand / Arjun "Vicky" Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zain Imam to play the anti-hero in Dipti Kalwani's Fanaa, Akshit Sukhija and Reem Shaikh join the cast too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zain-imam-to-play-the-anti-hero-in-gul-khans-fanaa-akshit-sukhija-and-reem-shaikh-join-the-cast-too/articleshow/88294041.cms |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Bekaboo]]''
|Pratham Raichand
|Special appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Zain Imam to do a Cameo in Colors titled Beqaboo |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-zain-imam-to-do-a-cameo-in-shalin-bhanot-and-eisha-singhs-new-show-beqaboo-report-1210243 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319152403/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-zain-imam-to-do-a-cameo-in-shalin-bhanot-and-eisha-singhs-new-show-beqaboo-report-1210243 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Suman Indori]]''
| Teerth Mittal
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Anita Hassanandani and Zain Imam finalised for Prateek Sharma's next show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anita-hassanandani-and-zain-imam-finalised-for-prateek-sharmas-next-show/articleshow/110638181.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2|2020
| ''Never Kiss Your Bestfriend - Lockdown Special''
| Zayed
|
|<ref>{{cite news| title=Never Kiss Your Best Friend: Lockdown Special Season 2 Review : It's a light and easy-breezy watch |language=en |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/never-kiss-your-best-friend-lockdown-special/seasonreview/76450248.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Poison 2|Poison]]''
| Harshvardhan Oberoi
| Season 2
|<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2022 |title=I enjoy playing dark characters without any apprehension: Zain Imam |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-enjoy-playing-dark-characters-without-any-apprehension-zain-imam-101644584082304.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Crashh]]''
| Dr. Rishabh Sachdeva
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crashh cast details revealed; |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-first-look-of-crashh-190063
|access-date=2021-02-03|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan|Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan: Aakhri Imtihaan]]''
| Agastya Raichand / Arjun "Vicky" Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Keshri|first=Shweta|date=2 August 2022|title=Zain Imam, Reem Shaikh's Fanna Ishq Mein Marjawan to stream on Voot from August 8|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zain-imam-reem-shaikh-s-fanna-ishq-mein-marjawan-to-stream-on-voot-from-august-8-1982763-2022-08-02|access-date=26 May 2024|work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Lady Boss Returns''
| Randhir
| [[Microdrama]]
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Yaara 2''
| rowspan="2" |[[Mamta Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-05|title=I hope a vaccine is found soon, and everyone's life goes back to normal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-hope-a-vaccine-is-found-soon-and-everyone-s-life-goes-back-to-normal-mamta-sharma/story-lQB3YG55sVY2PNjFOhH2HI.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Yaariyan''
|-
|''Tanhaai''
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Video - 'Tanhaai' Sung By Tulsi Kumar Featuring Zain Imam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-tanhaai-sung-by-tulsi-kumar-featuring-zain-imam/videoshow/78949986.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Mujhko Mana Lena''
|[[Alka Yagnik]], Ashok Ojha
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Zain Imam: "Alka Yagnik ji is a LEGEND and when I came to know that..." {{!}} Mujhko Mana Lena - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/zain-imam-alka-yagnik-ji-is-a-legend-and-when-i-came-to-know-that-mujhko-mana-lena/|access-date=2021-12-15|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ishqiya''
|Shubham Singh Rajput
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Ishqiya|date=2021-10-06|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3nxqy7W5GD2hRHNAePNgqn|language=en|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>
|-
|''Promise''
|Ayaana Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-01|title=Zain Imam and Ayaana Khan on launch party of their song 'Promise' {{!}} SBS|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-zain-imam-and-ayaana-khan-on-launch-party-of-their-song-promise-sbs-1490973|access-date=2021-12-15|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''Puri Bottle Ve''
|Ayaana Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Zain Imam features in new music video 'Puri Bottle Ve' {{!}} SBS Originals |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/zain-imam-features-in-new-music-video-puri-bottle-ve-sbs-originals-1511892 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mulaqaat''
|Sumit Bhalla
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/zain-imam-goes-shirtless-in-towel-at-dubai-see-viral-footage/2023/02/18 | title=Zain Imam goes shirtless in towel at Dubai, see viral footage | date=18 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|''Mukuraa Lena Tum''
|[[Palak Muchhal]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Muskuraa Lena Tum' is a love ballad for those nursing a broken heart - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/muskuraa-lena-tum-is-a-love-ballad-for-those-nursing-a-broken-heart/articleshow/93000415.cms |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Times of India |date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Humko Tumse Pyaar Hua''
|Soham Naik
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Zain Imam and Reem Sameer Shaikh feature in 'Humko Tumse Pyaar Hua' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/melodious-note-426791 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Bahut Bewafa Hai Wo''
|[[Javed Ali]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/snippets/first-look-zain-imam-and-reem-shaikh-to-romance-in-new-music-video-bhaut-bewafa-hai-wo/2022/11/16 | title=First Look: Zain Imam and Reem Shaikh to romance in new music video Bhaut Bewafa Hai Wo | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Jo Haal Dil Ka''
|[[Dev Negi]], [[Priya Saraiya]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jo Haal Dil Ka {{!}} Zain Imam, Reem Sameer Sheikh {{!}} Dev Negi, Priya Saraiya {{!}} Tips Official |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xreT6V3PlkU |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Actor In Negative Role (Critics)
|''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10|title=Gold Awards 2016: List of Winners|work=India Today|date=9 June 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Most Stylish Actor
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2019/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-helly-shah-zain-imam-hina-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-others-win-big/articlecontent-pf301634-290724.html|title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners: Helly Shah, Zain Imam, Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan & Others Win Big|first=Nagarathna|last=A|date=12 October 2019|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan=2|Best Actor (Popular)
|rowspan=3|''[[Naamkarann]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|2018
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best On-screen Couple (with [[Aditi Rathore]])
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|2020
|[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
|Hotstepper (Male) TV
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama|Best Actor (Popular)]]
|rowspan=3|''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|2023
|rowspan="4"|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldawards.in/|access-date=23 July 2022
|work=Gold Awards |title=14th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2022: Check Out The List Of Nominees}}</ref>
|-
|Best Jodi (with [[Reem Shaikh]])
|-
|Most Fit Actor
|{{N/A}}
|-
|Style Icon
|{{N/A}}
|-
|2025
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Fan Favorite Star - Colors TV
|''[[Suman Indori]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|8370302}}
*{{Instagram|zainimam_official}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imam, Zain}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Forensic (2022 film)

2026-03-02T01:10:17Z

MariskaFeari3794: typo fix

{{Short description|2022 hindi film directed by Vishal Furia}}
{{Long plot|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Forensic
| image = Forensic Hindi film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Vishal Furia
| screenplay = Ajit Jagtap Vishal Kapoor Adhir Bhat
| story = Mansi Bagla
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' (Malayalam) by Akhil Paul-Anas Khan}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Deepak Mukut
*Mansi Bagla
*Varun Bagla
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vikrant Massey]]
*[[Radhika Apte]]
*[[Rohit Roy]]
*[[Prachi Desai]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anshul Chobey
| editing = Abhijit Deshpande
| music = Amol Shrivastava Abhishek Talented
| studio = Mini Films Soham Rockstar Entertainment
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|06|24|}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Forensic: The Truth Lies Within''''', also known as '''''Forensic''''', is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language [[psychological]] [[Thriller film|crime thriller]] film directed by Vishal Furia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/forensic-teaser-vikrant-massey-radhika-apte-watch-7928210/lite/ |title=Forensic teaser: Vikrant Massey, Radhika Apte try to solve mystery around missing girls in the thriller |date=20 May 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2020 Malayalam film [[Forensic (2020 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikrant-massey-to-feature-in-hindi-remake-of-malayalam-thriller-forensic/article33313556.ece |title=Vikrant Massey to feature in Hindi remake of Malayalam thriller 'Forensic' |date=12 December 2020 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The film stars [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Rohit Roy]] and Harbanddana Kaur.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/forensic-radhika-apte-vikrant-massey-zee5-1235224955/ |title=India's 'Forensic' With Radhika Apte, Vikrant Massey Set for ZEE5 Debut |date=5 April 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/forensic-trailer-video-vikrant-massey-and-radhika-apte-starrer-forensic-official-trailer-video/videoshow/91766937.cms |title='Forensic' Trailer: Vikrant Massey and Radhika Apte starrer 'Forensic' Official Trailer |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> The story, set in [[Mussoorie]], follows a police officer and forensic specialist who are on the trail together to find a serial killer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 'Forensic' With Radhika Apte, Vikrant Massey Set for ZEE5 Debut |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/india-forensic-radhika-apte-vikrant-100719180.html |access-date=15 June 2022 |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |date=5 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was released on [[ZEE5]] on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/23/hindi-remake-forensic-release-june-24.html |title=Hindi remake of 'Forensic' to release on June 24, trailer out |publisher=onmanorama |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A young boy is beaten by his father for watching his sister celebrate her birthday. Later that night, he sneaks into his sister's bedroom holding a knife.

In [[Dehradun]], Johnny Khanna, a forensic specialist, is called to a crime scene where a wife has been murdered and the husband is in cardiac distress. He finds evidence that proves the husband killed his wife.

In a schoolgirl walks into a church and sees a group of children singing a birthday song to a girl named Jennifer. The birthday girl offers the school girl a sweet. The next morning, SI Megha Sharma is called to a crime scene, where girl's body has been discovered. Following a [[post-mortem]], the victim is revealed to be the birthday girl.

Megha is assigned to the case, and assisting her is her ex-boyfriend Johnny. Johnny's elder brother Abhay was married to Megha's elder sister Divya, and the couple had twins, Aanya and Aadhya. After the deaths of Aadhya and Divya, Abhay loses custody of Aanya who is taken away by Megha. She reviews [[CCTV]] footage and sees Jennifer being lured to a mysterious person before getting kidnapped. Megha deduces that Jennifer might of known her killer. Johnny uses evidence and locates where Jennifer hit her head. Johnny concludes that the killer is left-handed because of the angles of her stab wounds. He also deduces that the killer is a child who is around the same height as Jennifer. Megha believes that the killer may be an adult with [[dwarfism]] and arrests a performer named Charlie. However, he is released due to his footprint not matching with the killer's.

Aditi, the daughter of an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is kidnapped at her birthday party, and after finding a blood sample, Johnny believes that the killer is a male between the ages of 10 and 12 because of his footprint. Megha gets a statement from a man who saw the killer murdering one of his victims. After distributing a sketch of the killer, Megha gets a call from a mental asylum in [[Rishikesh]], in which a young boy named Rohan, was brought to the asylum after killing his parents 3 years ago. He escaped from the asylum 3 months ago and is assumed to now be 11. Megha appeals to the people of Mussoorie to inform the police if they see him anywhere.

Aanya has been undergoing counselling by psychologist, Dr. Ranjana, to overcome the trauma of losing her mother and twin sister. Megha receives call from Ranjana that Aanya has gone missing, and upon reaching Ranjana's house, she finds her playing with Rohan. After taking away Rohan, she discovers Aditi's body from a terrace. The case is solved and Rohan is convicted as the killer. However, Johhny believes that Rohan did not commit the murders, as Rohan is right-handed, and the killer is left-handed. Another girl, Bindiya Pandit goes missing and Aanya is shown pushing a cart with Aditi's dead body. In a flashback 5 years ago, Aadhya went missing at a fair and her dead body is discovered by Aanya. Out of grief, Divya committed suicide and Abhay is blamed for their deaths.

Megha asks Ranjana to extract information from Rohan and he confesses to hearing a young girl's voice inside his head to commit the murders. A news report then shows footage of Aanya pushing a cart with Bindiya's dead body, framing her as the killer. Megha is taken off the case and is suspended until further notice; she is also placed on house-arrest until Aanya is located. After receiving a tip from an unknown caller, Bindiya's body is found. Johnny sneaks into Megha's home, and helps her prove Aanya's innocence. He admits to finding Bindiya's body and comes to the conclusion is in fact an adult, who has been manipulating Rohan and Aanya to commit the murders. Johnny had discovered a derelict house containing Bindiya's DNA, and believes that killer will only kill her after 3 days, which will be her birthday. Through some drawings that Aanya made, Johnny and Megha go to the supposed location where they find Abhay with Aanya. Aanya has been seeing Abhay for more than a year, unbeknownst to Megha. After seeing Aanya on the news, Abhay brings her to his villa, afraid that the killer might be after her. Fearing for her safety, Megha lets Aanya stay with Abhay.

Megha's theory is proven to be correct, when similar cases of girls reported missing occurred in Rishikesh, 5 years earlier. Johnny's mentor, Dr. Solanki suggests that they should do [[DNA phenotyping]], to find out the age and appearance of the killer. They learn that the Rishikesh victims had a common psychiatrist, Dr. Ramesh Gupta. A neighbor informs them that Gupta had been diagnosed with cancer, and that his adopted son Shashi, committed suicide. Since the other victims were discovered on train tracks, Megha deduces that Gupta was recreating his son's death using the victims. Upon recalling Gupta's appearance, she learns that Gupta is none other than Ranjana's mentor. Believing that Ranjana and Aanya's lives are in danger, she and Johnny rush to Mussoorie.

Abhay finds Aanya having a seizure, and calls Ranjana. Megha and Johnny arrive at Ranjana's home, and finds Gupta who reveals that he had adopted Shashi from a juvenile home when he was a child. As he grew elder, he wanted to be a child psychiatrist like his father, but after hearing about his father's cancer diagnoses, he goes on a killing spree. Megha and Johnny are also informed that the phenotype shows the DNA of Shashi. Moreover, they discover that Shashi faked his death and is disguised as Ranjana. Once Shashi arrives at Abhay's villa, she stabs him and hypnotises Aanya, like she did with Rohan.

Johnny receives a call from Abhay who tells him that Aanya has been kidnapped by Shashi. Johnny and Megha are able to locate Aanya, who has been held hostage by Shashi. A fight ensues between Megha and Shashi, and Johnny frees Aanya. As Shashi is about to win against Megha, Johnny shoots her. In the end, Aanya visits her father in hospital along with Johnny and Megha, who are shown to be together again. Megha and Johnny both receive calls to investigate a series of murders in [[Goa]], excited to work with each other again.

==Cast==
*[[Vikrant Massey]] as Johnny Khanna, A forensic surgeon and Abhay's younger brother
*[[Radhika Apte]] as SI Megha Sharma, Divya's younger sister
*[[Prachi Desai]] as Dr. Ranjana / Shashi Ramesh Gupta, a therapist
*[[Rohit Roy]] as Abhay Khanna, Johnny's elder brother and Divya's husband
*[[Anant Mahadevan]] as Dr. Ramesh Gupta
*[[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]] as Dr. Solanki, Johnny's mentor
*Harbandana Kaur as Aanya Khanna, Abhay and Divya's daughter
*[[Vindu Dara Singh]] as Constable Rawat
*[[Subrat Dutta]] as Inspector Ved Prakash Mathur
*Zeba Sherriff as Divya, Aanya's mother and Megha's elder sister

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15121860}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/forensic/0-0-1z5149852 Forensic]'' at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]

Dinajpur

2026-03-01T16:48:02Z

MariskaFeari3794: revised

{{Short description|City in Dinajpur District, Rangpur Division}}
{{About|the city in Bangladesh|the other uses|Dinajpur (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[City]] and [[Paurashava|Municipality]]
| official_name = Dinajpur
| other_name =
| native_name = দিনাজপুর
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 270
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Fishing in Ramsagor.jpg
| image2 = Library Building.JPG
| image3 = Dinajpur DinajpurMondir 11Oct12 IMG 3627.jpg
| image4 = Eid Congregation 07.jpg
| image5 = Dinajpur Rail-station.jpg
| footer =
}}
| nickname =
| imagesize =
| image_caption = {{ubl|''Clockwise from the top:''|[[Ramsagar National Park]], Dinajpur Rajbari Temple, Dinajpur Railway Station, Gor-e-Shahid Eidgah and [[Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University]]}}
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| pushpin_map = Bangladesh Rangpur division#Bangladesh
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| coordinates = {{Coord|25.629|N|88.637|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Upazila]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dinajpur Sadar Upazila|Dinajpur Sadar]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = Dinajpur Municipality
| leader_title = [[Mayor|Paura Mayor]]
| leader_name = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinajpur.gov.bd/site/page/7354ee40-18fd-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE|title= Mayor Dinajpur city's civic body-Dinajpur Municipality |access-date= 12 September 2019}}</ref>
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| established_title2 = Municipality
| established_date2 =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 22.8
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| population_total = 212275
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2022census"/>
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| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank1 = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]
| population_blank2_title = Religions
| timezone = [[India Standard Time|Bangladesh Time]]
| utc_offset = +6
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in India|Postal code]]
| postal_code =
| blank_name = [[Telephone numbers in India|National Dialing Code]]
| blank_info = +880
| blank1_name = [[Telephone numbers in India|Local Dialing Code]]
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| name =
| website = {{URL|www.dinajpur.gov.bd}}
}}

'''Dinajpur''' ({{langx|bn|দিনাজপুর}} {{IPA|bn|dinad͡ʒpur|}}) is a city and the district headquarters of [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]] situated in [[Rangpur Division]], [[Bangladesh]]. It was founded in 1786. It is located 413 km north-west of [[Dhaka]]. It is bounded on the north by Suihari, Katapara, Bangi Bechapara, Pulhat, and Koshba on the south; on the east by Shekpura; and by the river [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]] on the west. About 213,000 people live here which makes this city the [[List of cities and towns in Bangladesh|21st largest city]] in [[Bangladesh]].

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Winter morning in Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|left|Winter morning in Dinajpur]]
Dinajpur is located in the north-western part of the country. It covers an area of 20.7 square kilometers (8.0 sq mi).

It is situated at 25°37′N 88°39′E on the eastern bank of the [[Punarbhaba River|river Punarbhaba]]. Dinajpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa) that borders a [[tropical climate]] and has humid, hot summers, characterized monsoon season and mild, dry winters.

{{Dinajpur weatherbox}}

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dinajpur Paurashava (2022)<ref name="2022census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|86.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|12.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 Bangladesh census]], Dinajpur Paurashava had 51,479 households and a population of 212,288. Dinajpur had a literacy rate of 88.79%: 90.79% for males and 86.70% for females, and a sex ratio of 104.67 males per 100 females. 7.30% of the population was under 5 years of age. Ethnic population was 2,097 (0.99%) of which 1242 were [[Santal people|Santal]] and 501 [[Kurukh people|Oraon]].<ref name="2022census">{{Cite book |url=http://203.112.218.101/storage/files/1/Publications/PHC_2021%20Community%20Report/RANGPUR%20DIVISION/Community%20Report%20Dinajpur.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 - Community Report: Dinajpur |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-475-326-6 |series=Community Report |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages= }}</ref>

According to the [[2011 Bangladeshi census|2011 Bangladesh census]], Dinajpur city had 40,929 households and a population of 186,727. 31,320 (16.77%) were under 10 years of age. Dinajpur had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 75.37%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 942 females per 1,000 males. The ethnic population was 2,402 (1.29%), of which 1,385 were [[Santal people|Santal]] and 777 [[Kurukh people|Oraon]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population & Housing Census 2011 (Zila Series & Community Series) |url=https://bbs.gov.bd/site/page/47856ad0-7e1c-4aab-bd78-892733bc06eb/- |website= |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

== Education ==
Over the last 25 years, Dinajpur has attracted some prominent educational institutions, all of which are government financed. They are as follows:

[[Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University]] is located 13 km north of Dinajpur town and is one of the prominent institutions in North Bengal. It offers various undergraduate programs such as computer science, BBA, agriculture, fisheries, veterinary medicine and postgraduate programs like agronomy, horticulture and soil science.

Established in 1992, M Abdur Rahim Medical College (former Dinajpur Medical College) is one of the 36 government financed medical institutions located at historical Ananda sagar area in Dinajpur City. Currently, it offers a five-year MBBS Program, along with a one-year compulsory post-graduation internship program. In 2009, Dinajpur city began an English version of education. Some notable English Version schools are: Bethel Int'l School, Dinajpur Ridge School, Dinajpur Laboratory School, Dinajpur Public School, South Point School and Green International School. [[Dinajpur Polytechnic Institute]], Textile Institute Dinajpur, Saint Philip's High School & College, Saint Joseph School Dinajpur, [[Dinajpur Zila School|Dinajpur Zilla school]], Dinajpur Govt. Girls High School, Dinajpur High School, Dinajpur Police Line School, Dinajpur Collectorate School & College, Dinajpur Govt. College, is one of the best institutions in Dinajpur.

Tenth educational board of Bangladesh has been established in Dinajpur in 2007. From 2009 S.S.C. (Secondary School Certificate) and H.S.C. (Higher Secondary School Certificate) exams have been started to be taken. In S.S.C. exam for the first time it stood 2nd in the country in the G.P.A. 5 list.

== History ==
At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a town committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time. Later in 1868, the 'District Town Act' commissioned a chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a District Magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869. Now present Mayor is Syed Jahangir Alam. It is indicative of how the demography of Dinajpur is largely diversified. People from Maldah, Bihar, Jalpaiguri and Rajsthan state of India can be easily seen sattled here throughout the district and city as well.<ref>Mehrab Ali, "History of Dinajpur Pourasava"</ref>

== Agriculture ==
Dinajpur is famous for agriculture. Specially Dinajpur is famous for its [[Lychee|Litchi]] and aromatic rice (Katarivog).
==Sister towns==
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Pembroke Park, Florida]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=নিউজ |first=সময় |title=দিনাজপুর পৌরসভা ও যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ফ্লোরিডার পার্ক পেমব্রোক সিটির চুক্তি {{!}} বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-07-31/ATRCYtGS |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Somoy News |language=bn}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* Air Vice-Marshal [[Momtaz Uddin Ahmed]], Seventh Chief of Air Staff of Bangladesh Air Force
* [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]], novelist, poet, essayist, and short-story writer
* [[Haji Mohammad Danesh]], politician and communist activist
* [[Swami Atmasthananda]], fifteenth president of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission
* [[Debojyoti Mishra]], Indian music director and film composer
* [[Liton Das]], cricketer
* [[Shawkat Ali (novelist)|Shawkat Ali]], Prominent novelist
* [[Mohammad Farhad]], popularly known as "Comrade Farhad", guerrilla force commander during the Bangladesh independence war, and the President of [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] and former member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The lonely cyclist.jpg|Sukh Sagor
File:Matasagor, Dinajpur.jpg|Matasagor
File:Vigorous touch of the morning, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.JPG|Bangibechar Hat
File:Dinajpur Railway Bridge.jpg|Dinajpur Railway Bridge
File:Punorvoba River.jpg|Punarbhaba River
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Dinajpur}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.dinajpurmunicipality.com|name= Website of Dinajpur Municipality}}

{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dinajpur District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Populated places in Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:1786 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1786 establishments in India]]

Shambhala

2026-02-25T12:05:40Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting new stub.

{{Short description|Mythical kingdom in Tibetan Buddhist and Hindu tradition}}
{{About|the mythical kingdom in Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism||Shambhala (disambiguation)}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Buddhism}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Shambhala''' ({{langx|sa|शम्भल}}, {{IAST3|Śambhala}}),<ref name="MW">Śambhala m. (also written Sambhala): Name of a town (situated between the Rathaprā and [[Ganges]], and identified by some with [[Sambhal]] in [[Moradabad]]; the town or district of Śambhala is fabled to be the place where [[Kalki]], the last incarnation of [[Vishnu]], is to appear in the family of a [[Brahmin|Brahman]] named Vishnu Yash) [[Mahabharata|MBh.]] [[Harivaṃśa|Hariv. Pur.]] ([[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]], ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', 1899).</ref> also spelled ''Shambala'' or ''Shamballa'' ({{bo|t=བདེ་འབྱུང|w=Bde'byung}}; {{zh|c=[[wikt:香巴拉|香巴拉]]|p=Xiāngbālā}}), is a [[spirituality|spiritual]] kingdom in [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] tradition. Shambhala is mentioned in the [[Kalachakra|''Kalachakra Tantra'']].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url= https://www.abundanceadvice.com/david-chandler-the-shambala-secret-review/ |year=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34050-0 |pages=217–218}}</ref><ref>The Tantra by Victor M. Fic, Abhinav Publications, 2003, p.49.</ref>  The [[Bon]] scriptures speak of a closely related land called Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring.<ref>The Bon Religion of Tibet by Per Kavǣrne, Shambhala, 1996</ref>

The Sanskrit name is taken from the name of a city near the [[Ganges]], sometimes identified with [[Sambhal]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], as mentioned in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Purana]]s.<ref name=MW/> The mythological relevance of the place originates with a prophecy in ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (4.24) according to which Shambhala will be the birthplace of [[Kalki]], the next incarnation of [[Vishnu]], who will usher in a new age ([[Satya Yuga]]);<ref name=MW/><ref name=Hindu>{{cite book |last=LePage |first=Victoria |title=Shambhala: The Fascinating Truth Behind the Myth of Shangri-La |year=1996 |publisher= Quest Books |isbn=978-0835607506 |pages=125–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUIum8H_9qgC}}</ref> and the prophesied ruling Kingdom of [[Maitreya]], the future [[Buddha]].<ref name=arch/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia800908.us.archive.org/2/items/SHAMBHALA/SHAMBHALA_text.pdf|title=Shambala: Oasis of Light|first1=Andrew|last1=Tomas|year=1977|location=Manchester|publisher=The Philips Park Press}}</ref>

== Kalachakra tantra==
{{Main|Kalachakra}}
[[File:Rigdan Tagpa.jpg|thumb|[[Manjushrikirti|Manjuśrīkīrti]], King of Shambhala]]

Shambhala is ruled by the future Buddha [[Maitreya]].<ref name=arch>{{cite book |title=Arch. orient |date=2003 |publisher=Nakl. Ceskoslovenské akademie věd. |pages=254, 261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb4TAQAAMAAJ&q=maitreya+shambhala |access-date=11 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Sh>{{cite book |last1=Roerich |first1=Nicholas |title=Shambhala |date=2003 |publisher=Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd |isbn=978-81-7936-012-5 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRDUA5ZpNJsC&q=maitreya+shambhala&pg=PA65 |access-date=11 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Shambhala narrative is found in the ''Kalachakra tantra'', a text of the group of the [[Anuttarayoga Tantra]]s. Kalachakra Buddhism was presumably introduced to [[Tibet]] in the 11th century, the epoch of the [[Tibetan calendar|Tibetan Kalachakra calendar]]. The oldest known teachers of Kalachakra are [[Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen]] (d. 1361) and [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] (d. 1364).{{cn|date=November 2024}}

In the narrative, King Manjuśrīkīrti is said to have been born in 159 BC and ruled over a kingdom of 300,510 followers of the [[Mlechha]] religion, some of whom worshiped the Sun. He is said to have expelled 20,000 people from his domain who clung to Surya Samadhi (solar worship) rather than convert to Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) Buddhism. 
After realizing these were the wisest and best of his people and how much he was in need of them, he later asked them to return, and some did.<ref>Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). ''Contributions to the Religion and History of Tibet'', in ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–2.</ref><ref>Edwin Bernbaum "The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom Beyond the Himalayas" 1980 & Albert Grünwedel "Der Weg nach Shambhala" 1915</ref>

Those who did not return are said to have set up the city of Shambhala. Manjuśrīkīrti initiated the preaching of the ''Kalachakra'' teachings in order to try to convert those who returned and were still under his rule. In 59 BC he abdicated his throne to his son, Puṇḍārika, and died soon afterward, entering the [[Sambhogakaya]] of Buddhahood.<ref>Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). ''Contributions to the Religion and History of Tibet'', in ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–2.</ref><ref>Edwin Bernbaum "The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom Beyond the Himalayas" 1980 & Albert Grünwedel "Der Weg nach Shambhala" 1915</ref>

[[File:Alti-Himalayan Shaman -1812-1813.jpg|thumb|Portrait of an Alti Himalian Shaman. Detail from "A Sorceress from Tungusy" 1812–1813 by: E. Karnejeff]]

The Kalachakra tantra prophesies that when the world declines into war and greed, and all is lost, the 25th Kalki king [[Maitreya]] will emerge from Shambhala,<ref name=arch/><ref name=Sh/> with a huge army to vanquish Dark Forces and usher in a worldwide [[Golden Age]]. This final battle is prophesied for the year [[25th century|2424 or 2425]] (in the 3304th year after the death of [[Gautama Buddha#Mahaparinirvana (death)|the Buddha]]). Thereafter, Buddhism would survive another 1,800 years.<ref>Alexander Berzin, ''Taking the Kalachakra Initiation'' (1997), p. 33.
Lubosh Belka, "The Shambhala Myth in Buryatia and Mongolia", in: Tomasz Gacek, Jadwiga Pstrusińska (eds.), ''Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies'', Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2009), pp. 19–30
([https://books.google.com/books?id=afQZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 p. 20f]).</ref>

==Western reception==
Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism were largely unknown in the West prior to the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>Lopez, Donald S. Jr. ''Prisoners of Shangri~La, Tibetan Buddhism and the West'', The University of Chicago Press, 1998</ref> The name itself, however, was reported as early as the 17th century, by way of [[Estêvão Cacella]], the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Catholic missions|missionary]] who had heard about Shambhala (transcribed as ''Xembala''), and thought it was another name for [[Cathay]] or China. Cacella in 1627 headed to [[Tashilhunpo]], the seat of the [[Panchen Lama]] and, discovering his mistake, returned to India.<ref>Bernbaum, Edwin. (1980). ''The Way to Shambhala'', pp. 18–19. Reprint: (1989). Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles. {{ISBN|0-87477-518-3}}.</ref>

===Neo-Theosophy===

Later [[Western esotericism|esoteric]] writers further emphasized and elaborated on the concept of a hidden land inhabited by a [[Masters of the Ancient Wisdom|hidden mystic brotherhood]] whose members labor for the good of humanity. [[Alice A. Bailey]] claims Shamballa (her spelling) is an extra-dimensional or spiritual reality on the [[astral plane]], a spiritual centre where the governing [[deity]] of [[Earth]], [[Four Kumaras|Sanat Kumara]], dwells as the highest [[Avatar]] of the Planetary [[Logos]] of Earth, and is said to be an expression of the Will of God.<ref>Bailey, Alice A, ''A Treatise on Cosmic Fire'' 1932 Lucis Trust. 1925, p 753</ref>{{bsn|date=January 2024}}

===Expeditions and location hypotheses===
[[Nicholas Roerich|Nicholas]] and [[Helena Roerich]] led a 1924–1928 expedition aimed at Shambhala. They also believed that [[Belukha Mountain]] in the [[Altai Mountains]] was an entrance to Shambhala, a common belief in that region.<ref>Archer, Kenneth. ''Roerich East & West''. Parkstone Press 1999, p.94</ref> They led a second expedition to look for Shambhala in Mongolia between 1934 and 1935.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Boyd |author-first=James |date=January 2012 |title=In Search of Shambhala? Nicholas Roerich's 1934–5 Inner Mongolian Expedition |journal=Inner Asia |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–277 |doi=10.1163/22105018-90000004 |issn=2210-5018 |jstor=24572064}}</ref>

Inspired by [[Theosophy (disambiguation)|Theosophical]] lore and several visiting Mongol lamas, [[Gleb Bokii]], the chief Bolshevik [[cryptographer]] and one of the bosses of the [[Soviet secret police]], along with his writer friend Alexander Barchenko, embarked on a quest for Shambhala, in an attempt to merge Kalachakra-tantra and ideas of Communism in the 1920s. In a secret laboratory affiliated with the secret police, Bokii and Barchenko experimented with Buddhist spiritual techniques to try to find a key for engineering perfect communist human beings.<ref name="Znamenski">Znamenski (2011)</ref>

They contemplated a special expedition to Inner Asia to retrieve the wisdom of Shambhala – the project fell through as a result of intrigues within the Soviet intelligence service, as well as rival efforts of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Commissariat]] that sent its own expedition to Tibet in 1924.

French Buddhist [[Alexandra David-Néel]] associated Shambhala with [[Balkh]] in present-day Afghanistan, also offering the Persian ''Sham-i-Bala'', "elevated candle" as an etymology of its name.<ref>David-Néel, A. ''[[Les Nouvelles littéraires]]'' ;1954, p.1</ref>
In a similar vein, the [[Gurdjieff]]ian [[J. G. Bennett]] published speculation that Shambalha was ''Shams-i-Balkh'', a [[Bactria]]n sun temple.<ref>Bennett, J.G: "Gurdjieff: Making a New World". Bennett notes [[Idries Shah]] as the source of the suggestion.</ref>

=== Shangri-La ===
Shambhala may have been the inspiration for [[Shangri-La]], a fictional paradise on Earth, hidden in a Tibetan valley, which features in the 1933 novel ''[[Lost Horizon]]'' by British author [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]].<ref name="Wood11">{{cite news|last1=Wood|first1=Michael|title=BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Shangri-La|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/shangri_la_01.shtml|access-date=28 February 2018|work=BBC|date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Agartha]]
* [[Himavanta]]
* [[Kingdom of God]]
* [[Kumari Kandam]]
* [[Lost city]]
* [[Sagala]]
* [[Shambala (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shangri-La]]
* [[Kalki 2898 AD]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. (1999). ''The Search for [[Shangri-La]]: A Journey into Tibetan History''. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: Abacus, London. 2000. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.
* [[Edwin Bernbaum|Bernbaum, Edwin]]. (1980). ''The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom Beyond the Himalayas''. Reprint: (1989) St. Martin's Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-87477-518-3}}.
* [[Alexander Berzin (scholar)|Berzin, Alexander]] (2003). Study Buddhism. ''[http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/shambhala/mistaken-foreign-myths-about-shambhala Mistaken Foreign Myths About Shambhala]''.
* D'Montford, Dr. S. (2004). ''Tibetan Buddhist Atrocities and Propaganda''. Sydney: Happy Medium Publishing.
* Martin, Dean (1999). "{{'}}Ol-mo-lung-ring, the Original Holy Place". Huber, Toni, ed. ''Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays''. pp. 125–153. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. {{ISBN|81-86470-22-0}}.
* Meurois, Daniel, and Anne Givaudan (1987). ''Le Voyage a Shambhalla. Un pèlerinage vers soi''. Ed. Le Passe-Monde.
* [[Meyer, Karl Ernest]] and [[Brysac, Shareen Blair]] (2006) ''Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia''. {{ISBN|0-465-04576-6}}.
* Rock song "Halls of Shambala" by [[B. W. Stevenson]], covered and popularized by the rock band [[Three Dog Night]] in "[[Shambala (song)|Shambala]]".
* Symmes, Patrick. (2007). "The Kingdom of the Lotus" in ''[[Outside (magazine)|Outside]]'', 30th Anniversary Special Edition, pp. 148–187. Mariah Media, Inc., Red Oak, Iowa.
* [[Chogyam Trungpa|Trungpa, Chogyam]]. ''Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior''. [[Shambhala Publications]]. {{ISBN|0-87773-264-7}}
* Znamenski, Andrei (2011). ''Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia''. Quest Books, Wheaton, IL (2011) {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0891-6}}.
* Znamenski, Andrei. ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0835608913 Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia]''. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0891-6}}.
* Rock opera [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017110134/http://szambalia.pl/ ''Szambalia''] (''Shambhala''; 2014). Official premiere in Poland, Warsaw (24 June 2014).
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Asia in mythology]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Places in Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries]]
[[Category:Pure lands]]
[[Category:Sambhal]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhism]]
[[Category:Shambhala vision]]

Ram Karthik

2026-02-25T01:13:53Z

MariskaFeari3794: new the details more to come

{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Notability|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Karthik
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1992|08|02}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
}}

'''Ram Karthik'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title="Veekshanam" Movie will Impress you Ram Karthik |url=https://tfja.in/english/veekshanam-movie-will-impress-you-ram-karthik/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=TFJA |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].

== Early life and education ==
Ram Karthik was born in [[Hyderabad]]. He completed his post graduate studies from [[Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: IIMV - Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam :: |url=https://www.iimv.ac.in/admission/view/student-directory-emba-2024 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.iimv.ac.in}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Dhruva (2016 film)|''Dhruva'']]
|Kamal
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-19 |title=Ram Charan Teja's Dhruva to release on December 9 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charan-tejas-dhruva-to-release-on-december-9-4384190/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dhrusyakavyam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''Iddari Madhya 18''
|Mahi
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/iddari-madhya-18/movieshow/61305565.cms |title=Iddari Madhya 18 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-07-17 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Mama O Chandamma''
|Chanti
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2017-12-15 |title=Mama O Chandamama Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Mama O Chandamama Movie Review {{!}} Latest Telugu Movie News, Reviews, OTT, OTT Reviews, Ratings |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/reviews/mama-o-chandamama-movie-review-in-telugu.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Manchukurisevelalo''
|Anand
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='మంచు కురిసే వేళలో' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Manchu kurise Velalo Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/manchu-kurise-velalo-telugu-movie-review-1147953 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Where Is the Venkatalakshmi]]''
|Shekar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two releases for young hero Ram Karthik on the same day - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/two-releases-for-young-hero-ram-karthik-on-the-same-day/articleshow/68388594.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428050454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/two-releases-for-young-hero-ram-karthik-on-the-same-day/articleshow/68388594.cms |archive-date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Akkadokaduntadu''
|Karthik
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-31 |title=Three Telugu movies to compete for numbers at the regional Box Office this week |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/telugu-movies-releasing-this-week-2-98061/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''Mouname Ishtam''
|Varun
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Rajababu |date=2019-03-15 |title=మౌనమే ఇష్టం మూవీ రివ్యూ అండ్ రేటింగ్ |url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/reviews/mouname-ishtam-movie-review-rating-074420.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=telugu.filmibeat.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Ram Asur|''Ram Asur'']]
|Ram
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-19 |title=Ram Asur movie review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191121/ram-asur-movie-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114133607/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191121/ram-asur-movie-review.html |archive-date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]''
|Karthik
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-02-11 |title=Raam Karthik gets talking about FCUK |url=https://telanganatoday.com/raam-karthik-gets-talking-about-fcuk |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[The Great Indian Suicide|''The Great Indian Suicide'']]
|Hemanth
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2023-10-08 |title=Why making sense of the Burari deaths depends on your streamer subscription |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1057251/why-making-sense-of-the-burari-deaths-depends-on-your-streamer-subscription |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Veekshanam''
|Arvin
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Veekshanam Review: వీక్షణం మూవీ రివ్యూ.. పక్కోడి లైఫ్‌లోకి తొంగిచూస్తే.. తెలుగు సస్పెన్స్ థ్రిల్లర్ ఆకట్టుకుందా? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/veekshanam-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu-telugu-suspense-thriller-veekshanam-review-starrer-ram-karthik-kashvi-121729222012142.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Geetha Subhramanyam''
|Subhramanyam
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-06-16 |title=Director Siva Sai Vardhan discusses the web series 'Geetha Subramanyam 2020', a reboot of his earlier YouTube series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siva-sai-vardhan-geetha-subramanyam-2020-is-a-family-friendly-live-in-relationship-drama/article31840622.ece |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anaganaga]]''
|Vamsi Acharya
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Web Series Anaganaga {{!}} Released on Zee 5 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/telugu/web-series/anaganaga |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''U and I''
|Kalyan
|[[ETV Win]]
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{imdbname|9562694}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Bhalswa landfill

2026-02-24T20:45:14Z

MariskaFeari3794: created some data more to come

{{short description|Landfill in India}}
__NOTOC__
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

'''Bhalswa landfill''' is an overfilled [[landfill waste dumping site]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]]; it is over {{convert|60|m|ft}} high. The site opened in 1994 and was declared overfilled in 2006, but remains in use, receiving more than 2,300 tons dumped daily in 2021.<ref name="delhidilemma">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=William |title=Delhi's dilemma: What to do with its tonnes of waste? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2016/11/29/delhis-dilemma-what-to-do-with-its-tonnes-of-waste |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cleanworld">{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Aniruddha |title=Vital to a clean world, scavengers left to plead for vaccine |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-mar-31-2021-4526240/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=The Frederick News Post |agency=AP |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> In 2022, the heap measured over 62 meters (203 feet).<ref name="cnnlandfill">{{cite web |last1=Goel |first1=Vedika Sud, Rhea Mogul, Rishabh Pratap, Arpit |title=A trash heap 62 meters high shows the scale of India's climate challenge |url=https://cnn.com/2022/12/10/india/india-bhalswa-landfill-pollution-climate-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |website=CNN |language=en |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>

The [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD) has set a target to completely flatten and clear the Bhalswa site by December 2026 as part of its broader plan to eliminate Delhi's major landfills, alongside [[Okhla landfill|Okhla]] and [[Ghazipur landfill|Ghazipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=MCD seeks proposals for reuse of reclaimed landfill sites|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcd-seeks-proposals-for-reuse-of-reclaimed-landfill-sites/articleshow/124005182.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-09-20|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=MCD's Biggest 2026 Challenge: Flattening Of 2 Of Its 3 Landfills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcds-biggest-2026-challenge-flattening-of-2-of-its-3-landfills/articleshow/126293831.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2026-01-02|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Recent [[biomining]] operations at Bhalswa have been described as "rapid transformation" with the site's daily processing capacity increasing significantly as part of efforts to reclaim the land from the accumulated solid waste.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhalswa Landfill: Speedy Bio-Mining Advances Towards Landmark Transformation {{!}} Science-Environment|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/science-environment/3766971-bhalswa-landfill-speedy-bio-mining-advances-towards-landmark-transformation|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> In addition to clearing legacy waste, the site has been designated as an emerging pollution hotspot, prompting intensified dust control and monitoring directives from city authorities to address environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sood flags Bhalswa as emerging pollution hot spot, orders urgent dust control|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/sood-flags-bhalswa-as-emerging-pollution-hot-spot-orders-urgent-dust-control-101763058369019.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> The MCD has also invited proposals for the future use of land reclaimed from Bhalswa and other landfill sites, including potential development of parks, gaming zones, and other public or commercial facilities once remediation is complete.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaming zones, parks: What MCD plans to do after legacy landfill sites are cleared in Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gaming-zones-parks-what-mcd-plans-to-do-after-legacy-landfill-sites-are-cleared-in-delhi-10273857/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-09-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> The Delhi government and the MCD are also considering developing a new [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|Inter-State Bus Terminus]] (ISBT) on reclaimed land at the Bhalswa landfill. A feasibility study is being prepared to assess the proposal, which aims to reduce congestion at the [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Kashmiri Gate ISBT]] and improve inter-state bus operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=Delhi govt, MCD look into ISBT at reclaimed Bhalswa landfill site |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-govt-mcd-look-into-isbt-at-reclaimed-bhalswa-landfill-site-101769971272853.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact==
The site is a major source of environmental pollution, fire hazards, and public health and safety issues.<ref>{{Citation |author=Mistry, J. |author2=Thomas, A. |author3=Patel, R. |author4=Derhgawen, S. | year=2022 | title=Bachaikari of Bhalswa: Narratives of Waste Pickers from a Delhi Landfill | url=https://thewire.in/rights/bachaikari-of-bhalswa-narratives-of-waste-pickers-from-delhis-bhalswa-landfill |website=The Wire India | access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Kapoor, C. | year=2022 | title=India's Mountains of Biomedical Waste |website= Global Health NOW | url=https://globalhealthnow.org/2022-12/indias-mountains-biomedical-waste | access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="methane">{{cite news |title=Satellite data finds landfills are methane 'super emitters' |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-11-2022-4526243/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Traverse City Record Eagle |agency=AP |date=11 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A 2022 study of groundwater surrounding the nearby Bhalswa Lake found none of the water was fit for consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dagar |first1=Sumit |last2=S.K. |first2=Singh |last3=Shan |first3=Vandana |title=Physicochemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Bhalswa Lake in North West Delhi, India |journal=Journal of Engineering Research |date=15 March 2022 |doi=10.36909/jer.ICAPIE.15051|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] has included removal of landfills in India's [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Clean India Mission]].<ref name="cnnlandfill"/>

==See also==
* [[Ghazipur landfill]]
* [[Mavallipura]]
* [[Waste management in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
;Journals
* Chhibber, B. (2015). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505234 Challenges And Policy Responses To Hazardous Waste Management]. ''World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues'', '''19'''(2), 86–99.
* Schindler, S., Demaria, F., & Pandit, S. B. (2012). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720261 Delhi's Waste Conflict]. ''Economic and Political Weekly'', '''47'''(42), 18–21.
;News
* {{Citation |author=Bali, A. N. | year=2022 | title=People living near Bhalswa landfill wait for clean streets to walk | work=The Sunday Guardian Live | url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/people-living-near-bhalswa-landfill-wait-clean-streets-walk | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |author=Harigovind, A. | year=2022 | title=Express Investigation: In groundwater near a Delhi landfill, heavy metals like lead and cadmium | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/express-investigation-in-groundwater-near-a-delhi-landfill-heavy-metals-like-lead-and-cadmium-8186569/ | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |author=Now I, M. | year=2022 | title=Delhi: Massive fire breaks out in Bhalswa landfill; locals report breathing problem | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-massive-fire-breaks-out-in-bhalswa-landfill-locals-report-breathing-problem/videoshow/91116463.cms | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |author=Tewari, S. | year=2022 | title=Bhalswa landfill: a scar on residents' lives | work=The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bhalswa-landfill-a-scar-on-residents-lives/article65510563.ece | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |author=Tewari, S. | year=2022 | title=Landfill shatters hopes of Bhalswa's men to find brides | work=The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/how-the-landfill-has-shattered-hopes-of-bhalswas-men-to-find-brides/article65679385.ece | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |author=Tiwari, A. | date=May 5, 2022 | title=In Pics: Residents Continue To Gasp For Clean Air As Bhalswa Landfill Site Remains On Fire |website=India Times | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-bhalswa-landfill-site-still-on-fire-photos-568827.html | access-date=23 December 2022}}
* {{Citation | year=2022 | title=9 days on, Delhi's Bhalswa landfill still on fire, DFS says longest operation yet | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/9-days-on-delhis-bhalswa-landfill-still-on-fire-dfs-says-longest-operation-yet-7901842/ | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation | year=2022 | title=Bhalswa Landfill Symbolises BJP's "Mountain Of Failure" | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bhalswa-landfill-symbolises-bjp-s-mountain-of-failure-click-a-selfie-as-it-will-soon-disappear-manish-sisodia-tells-people-news-240558 | access-date=12 December 2022}}
* {{Citation | year=2022 | title=Delhi: Bhalswa fire releases toxic chemicals; locals demand landfill removal | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-bhalswa-fire-releases-toxic-chemicals-locals-demand-landfill-removal-11654311866396.html |website=Live Mint | access-date=23 December 2022}}
;Video
* {{Citation | year=2022 |website=CNN | title=Video: 15-stories-tall trash heap shows scale of India's waste crisis | url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2022/12/09/india-bhalswa-landfill-pollution-climate-contd-intl-ldn-vpx.cnn | access-date=23 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |website=The Wire |date=November 16, 2022 | title=Bachaikari of Bhalswa: Narratives of Waste Pickers from a Delhi Landfill | url=https://thewire.in/rights/bachaikari-of-bhalswa-narratives-of-waste-pickers-from-delhis-bhalswa-landfill | access-date=23 December 2022}}
* {{Citation |website=NBC News |date=December 22, 2022 | title=Fire shrouds huge New Delhi landfill in smoke | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/fire-burns-at-bhalswa-landfill-in-new-delhi-india-138723909716 | access-date=23 December 2022}}

==External links==
* S. Goswami and S. Basak. (May 27, 2021). [https://wri-india.org/blog/living-near-urban-landfills-india Living Near Urban Landfills in India].

{{Landfills in india}}
{{Pollution}}
{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalswa landfill}}
[[Category:Environmental issues in India]]
[[Category:Waste management in India]]
[[Category:Landfills in India]]

{{delhi-geo-stub}}

The 1947 Partition Archive

2026-02-22T08:45:45Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting stub.

{{Short description|Indian and American oral history initiative}}
{{Infobox archive
| name = The 1947 Partition Archive
| established = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| type = Oral history initiative
| founder = Dr [[Guneeta Singh Bhalla]]
| location = [[Berkeley, California]], [[United States]]
| collection_size = 12,000+ video interviews (as of {{date|June 2025}})
| website = {{URL|1947partitionarchive.org}}
}}

'''The 1947 Partition Archive''' is a [[501(c) organization#501.28c.29.283.29|501(c)(3)]] [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] [[oral history]] organization in [[Berkeley, California]], and a registered trust in [[Delhi, India]] founded by [[Guneeta Singh Bhalla]] that collects, preserves, and shares first-hand accounts of the [[Partition of India|Partition of India in 1947]].<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/arts/potent-memories-from-a-divided-india.html?_r=0|title=The New York Times|date=13 August 2013 |accessdate=2014-07-13|last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini }}</ref>

Given the sensitive relationship between Partition stories and Hindu–Muslim relations, a small portion of the Archive's collection has been released to the public via online streaming in collaboration with [[Stanford University Libraries]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=Now an archive that collects stories of Partition |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/now-an-archive-that-collects-stories-of-partition/ |accessdate=2014-07-13 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> Currently, online access to the full collection of stories is granted on a case-by-case basis to scholars for academic research. Access to the full collection is also available to the public by appointment at The 1947 Partition Archive's headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition|title=Explore the Personal Stories of Partition|date=May 22, 2017|website=The 1947 Partition Archive - Spotlight Exhibits}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1947partitionarchive.org/archive_access/|title=Archive Access – 1947 partition archive}}</ref>

On July 27, 2021, the organization collaborated with the [[Berkeley, California|City of Berkeley, California]], to declare June 3 as the Partition Remembrance Day because it was on this day in 1947 that the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]] declared the [[Partition of India#June 1947 plan|Mountbatten Plan]] to divide India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-05 |title=First Partition remembrance day marked in US, India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/first-partition-remembrance-day-marked-in-us-india/articleshow/92011939.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiacurrents.com/city-of-berkeley-proclaims-partition-remembrance-day/|title=City of Berkeley Proclaims 'Partition Remembrance Day'|first=Staff|last=Writer|date=August 9, 2021|website=India Currents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailycal.org/archives/berkeley-city-council-names-june-3-as-annual-partition-remembrance-day-to-honor-india-pakistan/article_665dd672-f127-50ae-8dbd-581a7839d44e.html|title=Berkeley City Council names June 3 as annual 'Partition Remembrance Day' to honor India-Pakistan Partition|first=Kavya|last=Gupta|date=August 2, 2021|website=www.dailycal.org}}</ref> On August 8, 2024, the organization released its book, ''[[10,000 Memories|10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition, Independence and World War II in South Asia]]'', featuring nearly 300 oral testimonies and 1,000 photographs illustrating the voices of the partition survivors spread across various countries in South Asia and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-09 |title=Partition archive' inaugural book 10,000 Memories, a lived history of partition set to release on Friday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/partition-archive-inaugural-book-10000-memories-a-lived-history-of-partition-set-to-release-on-friday/articleshow/98523248.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/gripping-storytelling-session-busts-many-myths-surrounding-partition-101678734398356.html|title=Gripping storytelling session busts many myths surrounding Partition |first=Jyoti |last=Punwani |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10000memories.com/|title=10000 Memories – To know where we are going, we must know where we have come from.}}</ref>

== History ==
The organization started in 2010 when Dr Guneeta Singh Bhalla<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh Bhalla |first=Guneeta |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Why we gave up our careers to bring you stories of Partition |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/in-depth/partition/comment/why-we-gave-up-our-careers-to-bring-you-stories-of-partition-guneeta-singh-bhalla/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=August 12, 2022 |title=75 years of India partition: How tech is opening window into past |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/12/75-years-of-india-partition-how-tech-is-opening-window-into-past}}</ref> began recording video interviews with elder Partition witnesses throughout the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and was formalized in 2011. The creation of the 1947 Partition Archive was inspired by the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial]] and the work of various [[Holocaust]] memorials.<ref name="indianexpress" />

== Organization ==
The 1947 Partition Archive [[Crowdsourcing|crowd-sources]] the collection of [[Partition of India|Partition]] witness interviews and conducts free classes, in the form of an online [[Oral history|Oral History Workshop]], to train volunteers in story-collection and interviewing techniques.<ref name="thenews">{{cite web |title=Archiving memories of shared, partitioned past |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-14-210979-Archiving-memories-of-shared,-partitioned-past |accessdate=2014-07-13 |publisher=thenews.com.pk}}</ref> As of June 2025, over 12,000 interviews have been collected from more than 450 cities and villages in 14 countries including [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Israel]] among others.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |title=1947 beyond the tracks |date=25 January 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/1947-beyond-the-tracks-1640044-2020-01-25 |accessdate=2020-02-19 |publisher=indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref name="1947PA">{{cite web |title=The 1947 Partition Archive website |url=https://www.1947partitionarchive.org |accessdate=June 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand Chawla |first=Noor |date=July 30, 2022 |title=RECORDING STORIES OF PARTITION SURVIVORS FROM AROUND THE WORLD |work=The Sunday Guardian |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/recording-stories-partition-survivors-around-world}}</ref> These interviews are documented in diverse languages and dialects. The Archive's website includes a Story Map that shows the migration patterns of each interviewee.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite journal |title=U.S. group preserves memories of partition |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/us-group-preserves-memories-of-partition/article5767488.ece#comments |journal=The Hindu |date=9 March 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com |accessdate=2014-07-13}}</ref>

The Archive's methods of crowdsourcing story collection include Story Scholars, a fellowship program in which individuals are chosen based on academic merit and prior experience to conduct interviews in a selected region, and Citizen Historians, a program in which volunteers can contribute Partition stories to the organization's website.<ref>{{cite web |title=1947 Partition Archive Project Director Interview |url=http://calhum.org/news/blog/1947-partition-archive-project-director-interview |accessdate=2017-03-07 |work=California Humanities Blog |publisher=calhum.org |archive-date=2017-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308141446/http://calhum.org/news/blog/1947-partition-archive-project-director-interview |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on the Archive's digital media platforms, ordinary citizens across the globe are "invited to join free oral history webinar workshops to learn the basic techniques for documenting oral histories, as outlined by the [[Oral History Association]] and [[Baylor University|Baylor University’s]] open-source online resources."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Singh Bhalla |first=Guneeta |date=May 19, 2023 |title=The 1947 Partition Archive: A Living, Evolving Crowdsourced Archive on India's 1947 Partition |url=http://www.thirdtext.org/livingarchives-singhbhalla |journal=Third Text: Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Art and Culture}}</ref> According to Dr Bhalla, "workshop attendees who successfully submit their first oral history interview, and it matches The Archive’s standards with its nine-point criteria, are certified as ‘Citizen Historian’ volunteers."<ref name=":0" />

The Archive has previously offered funding for a one-month immersive residency to university faculties and students to research on Partition, known as the [[Tata Trusts]] Partition Archive Research Grants, in association with the [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], [[Ashoka University]], and [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]. The primary objective of the Archive is to collect the "vanishing history of [[Punjab]] and [[South Asia]] through crowdsourced lived memories."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh Bhalla |first=Guneeta |date=2021 |title=Gathering the Vanishing History of Punjab and South Asia Through Crowdsourced Lived Memories |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/SRJ_V6N1_Spring2021.pdf |journal=Sikh Research Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.62307/srj.v6i1.62 |via=Sikh Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Neha |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Legacy of India's Partition was reduced to a minor event. After 75 years, community groups are bringing private pain to the fore |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-indian-pakistan-partition-legacy}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Partition Museum|The Partition Museum, Amritsar]]
* [[Partition Museum, Delhi|The Partition Museum, Delhi]]
* [[Kolkata Partition Museum]]
* [[Opposition to the partition of India]]
* [[Violence against women during the partition of India]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.1947partitionarchive.org/ Official site (current version)]
* [https://www2.1947partitionarchive.org/ Official site (older version)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1947 Partition Archive}}
[[Category:Organizations based in Berkeley, California]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in California]]

Jhansi High School

2026-02-21T07:29:49Z

MariskaFeari3794: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jhansi High School
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| address = Near Manjula Residency, Jhansi Lane, Mallapur
| city = Secunderabad
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postal_code = 500076
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4446261|N|78.5656849|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1980
| founder = 
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal =
| staff =
| grades = Nursery to 10th Class
| years =
| gender =
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams =
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jhansi High School''' is in [[Mallapur]], Telangana, India.

==History==
The school was established in 1980 and has classes from nursery to 10th Class through the English medium and 1st to 10th Class in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

The school took part in the training programmes on [[Rainwater harvesting|water harvesting]], in 2002.<ref>[http://www.appcb.org/soe_ap/wat_harv/report%20on%20rwhs.htm "Water Harvesting], Hyderabad Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board</ref> The school is used as a [[Polling place|polling station]] for parliamentary elections.<ref>[http://www.ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2004/PC_219.pdf "Elections to House of Parliament, 219-Medchal Assembly Segement Within 32-Siddipet Parliamentary constituency"]</ref>


==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Telangana-school-stub}}

Black Warrant (TV series)

2026-02-15T07:43:29Z

MariskaFeari3794: new page

{{Short description|Indian streaming television series}}
{{Other uses|Black Warrant (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Black Warrant Poster.jpeg
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Crime drama]]
* [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
}}
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
* Satyanshu Singh
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Arkesh Ajay
* Satyanshu Singh
}}
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Black Warrant (book)|Black Warrant]]''|[[Sunetra Choudhury]] and Sunil Gupta}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Vikramaditya Motwane
* Satyanshu Singh
* Arkesh Ajay
* Rohin Raveendran Nair
* Ambiecka Pandit
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zahan Kapoor]]
* [[Rahul Bhat]]
* Paramvir Singh Cheema
* Anurag Thakur
}}
| narrator =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Tanya Chhabria
| cinematography = Saumyananda Sahi
| music = Ajay Jayanthi
| runtime = 38–50 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Applause Entertainment]]
* Andolan Films
* Confluence Media
}}
| budget =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Black Warrant''''' is 2025 Indian Hindi-language [[crime drama]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] television series based on the 2019 non-fiction book ''[[Black Warrant (book)|Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer]]'' by Sunil Gupta and [[Sunetra Choudhury]], about Gupta's time as a jailer at [[Tihar Prisons]]. Created by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] and Satyanshu Singh, it stars [[Zahan Kapoor]] as Gupta, alongside [[Rahul Bhat]], Paramvir Singh Cheema, and Anurag Thakur.

The series, consisting of seven episodes, was released on [[Netflix]] on 10 January 2025.

==Premise==
Beginning in the early 1980s, ''Black Warrant'' is based on historical events told from the perspective of Sunil Gupta, who was a jailer for 35 years at [[Tihar Prisons]]. The first season covers Gupta's experiences until 1984, and features real-life criminals, including [[Charles Sobhraj]] and [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case|Ranga-Billa]].<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="variety1">{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/netflix-black-warrant-tihar-jail-1236272459/ |title=Inside Tihar Prison: How Netflix’s ‘Black Warrant’ Brings India’s Most Infamous Jail to Life |author=Ramachandran, Naman |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Variety |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210033222/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/netflix-black-warrant-tihar-jail-1236272459/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Zahan Kapoor]] as Sunil Gupta
* [[Rahul Bhat]] as DSP Rajesh Tomar
* Paramvir Singh Cheema as Shivraj Singh Mangat
* Anurag Thakur as Vipin Dahiya

===Recurring===
* [[Sidhant Gupta]] as [[Charles Sobhraj]]
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as SP JP Singh
* [[Tota Roy Choudhury]] as SP Mukhopadhyay
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Saini Saab
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as [[Maqbool Bhat]]
* [[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Pratibha Sen
* Saamya Jainn as Priya
* [[Megha Burman]] as Seema
* Kamal Batra as Garvit Duggal
* Shivani Dubey as Kavita Soni
* Neelu Dogra as Sunil's mother
* Priya Chauhan as Shalini Tomar
* Puran Gabbi as Ranga

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=#C08D0C|overall=5|title=22|director=20|writer=20|airdate=18|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Snake (''Saanp'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
|WrittenBy = Satyanshu Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10||df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sunil Gupta lands a job as a jailer at [[Tihar Prisons]] in 1981. Other new joinees are the [[Sikh]] Shivraj Singh Mangat and the hot-headed [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] Vipin Dahiya. Gupta, naive and idealistic, immediately clashes with his belligerent superior DSP Rajesh Tomar. A murdered snake in the prison leads Gupta to unravel the workings of the prison, chiefly the warring Tyagi and Haddi gangs. Gupta also meets the serial killer [[Charles Sobhraj]], who seemingly takes a liking to him.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Gallows (''Phaansi Kothi'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
|WrittenBy = Arkesh Ajay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The criminals Billa and Ranga, accused of the [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case|Geeta and Sanjay Chopra murder]], are issued a [[black warrant]] for their [[Capital punishment|execution]]. Gupta is handed the responsibility of overseeing their hanging and dealing with the media. An idealistic journalist Pratibha Sen seeks to interview them.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Macho (''Dhaakad'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Rohin Raveendran
|WrittenBy = Satyanshu Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Around 200 students of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] are arrested for political dissent. They stage a [[jailbreak]], and the responsibility falls on Mangat to figure out how. Meanwhile, Gupta, termed meek by his co-workers, attempts to change his ways.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Team Player
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Ambiecka Pandit
|WrittenBy = Arkesh Ajay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Dahiya begins an affair with Seema, the lonely wife of SP Mukhopadhyay. Gupta discovers their secret, but is urged by Dahiya to help him, as he has now agreed to an [[arranged marriage]]. Gupta buys earrings on Dahiya's behalf, as a parting gift for Seema. Mukhopadhyay discovers the earrings and suspects Gupta as Seema's lover. When questioned and threatened by him, Gupta discloses the truth about Dahiya. Mukhopadhyay seeks a transfer away from Tihar, and Seema, beaten by her husband, publicly expresses her love for Dahiya. An angered Dahiya, discovering Gupta's betrayal, berates him for not being a team player.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Prison Food (''Jail Ka Khana'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Satyanshu Singh
|WrittenBy = Satyanshu Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Gupta attempts to help poor prisoners by setting up a [[legal aid]] for them, but clashes with his corrupt superiors. An audit leads to Tomar and his aids manipulating the numbers, and the blame for stealing money from prison funds falls on Gupta. A disillusioned Gupta is blackmailed by Tomar to join them in stealing funds so he can eventually pay off the fine that he now owes & Prisoners Kartar and Ujagar Singh are Executed
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Blanket (''Kambal'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Arkesh Ajay
|WrittenBy = Arkesh Ajay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During a cold spell, the prisoners stage a [[hunger strike]] due to a lack of blankets. Gupta discovers that Tomar and SP JP Singh are stealing money meant for the prisoners. Disillusioned by past experiences, he does not pursue it, dismissing the accountant Saini's offer to help. Saini sets out by himself to report them, but is mocked and blackmailed by them. He kills himself by suicide, and a distraught Gupta discovers his body. Meanwhile, the political prisoner, [[Maqbool Bhat]] is executed.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Double Life Sentence (''Double Umar Qaid'')
|NativeTitle =
|DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
|WrittenBy = Satyanshu Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After [[Indira Gandhi's assassination]], nationwide riots break out, particularly targetting the Sikhs. All Sikh officers, including Mangat, are transferred by Tomar. To deal with the increasing gang-related violence in the prison, Gupta plots a plan with Dahiya, Mangat and Tomar, to separate the gangs by bribing and dividing key members of each gang. Having restored some peace to the prison, Gupta spots a [[peacock]] in the courtyard. Meanwhile, Sobhraj escapes by feeding spiked sweets to the prison guards.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Production==
In June 2020, it was announced that [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] will be adapting the 2019 non-fiction book ''[[Black Warrant (book)|Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer]]'' by Sunil Gupta and [[Sunetra Choudhury]] into a streaming series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane to adapt Black Warrant into series, to bring unheard Tihar Jail stories on screen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vikramaditya-motwane-to-adapt-black-warrant-into-series-to-bring-unheard-tihar-jail-stories-on-screen-1685874-2020-06-05 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikramaditya Motwane all set to direct Black Warrant and Indi(r)a's Emergency|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vikramaditya-motwane-all-set-to-direct-black-warrant-and-indiras-emergency-60114.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Filmfare |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230134845/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vikramaditya-motwane-all-set-to-direct-black-warrant-and-indiras-emergency-60114.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Motwane's production company Andolan Films and journalist [[Josy Joseph]]'s company Confluence Media acquired the rights for the adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=5 June 2020 |title=Sacred Games creator Vikramaditya Motwane to now tell Tihar tales with 'Black Warrant' series |url=https://theprint.in/india/sacred-games-creator-vikramaditya-motwane-to-now-tell-tihar-tales-with-black-warrant-series/436244/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230134846/https://theprint.in/india/sacred-games-creator-vikramaditya-motwane-to-now-tell-tihar-tales-with-black-warrant-series/436244/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, [[Applause Entertainment]] acquired the rights and entered production for two and a half-years, before selling the finished product to [[Netflix]].<ref name="deadline">{{Cite web |last=Whittock|first=Jesse|date=28 January 2025 |title=Bollywood Director Kabir Khan Strikes Two-Pic Deal With ‘Black Warrant’ Maker Applause Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/kabir-khan-applause-entertainment-film-deal-1236270358/|access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

Motwane said that [[Zahan Kapoor]] was cast in the lead role of Sunil Gupta after a blind audition process while [[Rahul Bhat]] was cast after he saw his performance in ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'' (2023).<ref name="variety1"/> Apart from Gupta's character, the other jailers shown in the series were fictional or composites of characters from the book.<ref name="itint">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2025 |title=Black Warrant makers on honest portrayal of Ranga-Billa case, and the peacock scene |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/black-warrant-makers-on-honest-portrayal-of-ranga-billa-case-and-the-peacock-scene-exclusive-interview-vikramaditya-motwane-2671825-2025-01-31|access-date=11 February 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Release==
The series began streaming on Netflix on 10 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The teaser of 'Black Warrant' packs a solid punch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/netflix-shares-black-warrant-teaser-created-by-vikramaditya-motwane-satyanshu-singh-around-life-in-tihar-jail/cid/2072468}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the "series goes the full yard in attempting to unpack the intricate power structure and showcasing caste-and-religious hierarchies in rough-tough Tihar Jail".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Black Warrant review: Insider account of Tihar Jail is gritty, as real as possible|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/black-warrant-review-insider-account-of-tihar-jail-is-gritty-as-real-as-possible-9771268/|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=10 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110830/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/black-warrant-review-insider-account-of-tihar-jail-is-gritty-as-real-as-possible-9771268/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]]'s Nandini Ramnath considered it a "grim show" about the "brutalities of prison life". She appreciated the work of cinematographer Saumyananda Sahi and production designer Mukund Gupta, as well as the performance of Rahul Bhat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Black Warrant' review: Grim show about Tihar jailers rarely lets up|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1077635/black-warrant-review-grim-show-about-tihar-prison-life-rarely-lets-up|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025|website=[[Scroll.in]]|archive-date=11 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111003830/https://scroll.in/reel/1077635/black-warrant-review-grim-show-about-tihar-prison-life-rarely-lets-up|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] opined, "As a piercing look at Tihar, an absorbing story of a baptism by fire and an insightful snapshot of an era in the life of a nation, ''Black Warrant'' warrants bingeing on". He was particularly impressed by the portrayal of "a male protagonist who upends notions of belligerence that popular films perpetuate".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|title=Black Warrant Review: Firmly Focussed Series Warrants Bingeing On|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/black-warrant-review-firmly-focussed-series-warrants-bingeing-on-3-stars-7441918|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025|website=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=10 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110094025/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/black-warrant-review-firmly-focussed-series-warrants-bingeing-on-3-stars-7441918|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'', Rahul Desai termed it "skilfully written, performed and crafted" and took note of its ability to subverse "easy tropes and resolutions".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Rahul|title=‘Black Warrant’ Series Review: A Smart, Subversive And Self-Contained Jailhouse Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/black-warrant-series-review-a-smart-subversive-and-self-contained-jailhouse-drama|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 February 2025|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|archive-date=30 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130172342/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/black-warrant-series-review-a-smart-subversive-and-self-contained-jailhouse-drama|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} Shilajit Mitra wrote, "''Black Warrant'' is a grim, discomfiting series, and the flashes of levity and camaraderie only serve to reinforce the tone." He was also appreciative of the performances of Bhat, Zahan Kapoor, and Rajendra Gupta.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitra|first=Shilajit|title=‘Black Warrant’ series review: Scenes from a prison|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/black-warrant-series-review-scenes-from-a-prison/article69085859.ece|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 February 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Shajin Shrijith of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' considered its quality to be in the same league as the shows ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' and ''[[Kohrra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrijith|first=Shajin|title='Black Warrant' review: Vikramaditya Motwane and team deliver a superbly acted, meticulously crafted true-crime drama|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/01/14/black-warrant-review-vikramaditya-motwane-and-team-deliver-a-superbly-acted-meticulously-crafted-true-crime-drama.html|date=10 January 2025|access-date=10 February 2025 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

===Audience viewership===
According to data released by Netflix, ''Black Warrant'' was streamed by 2.3 million viewers in its first three days.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Netflix Top 10: India’s ‘Rifle Club’, ‘Black Warrant’ On Global List |website=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2025/01/23/netflix-top-10-indias-rifle-club-black-warrant-on-global-list/ |accessdate=12 February 2025 }}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | [[Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | [[2025 International Streaming Festival|2025]]
| Best Creative
| ''Black Warrant''
| {{pending}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Jin-yeong |date=2025-07-22|script-title=ko:박보검·주지훈→박은빈·박보영·아이유, 글로벌OTT어워즈 후보 |trans-title= Park Bo-gum·Joo Ji-hoon→Park Eun-bin·Park Bo-young·IU, Global OTT Awards Nominees |url=https://m.joynews24.com/v/1868355 |access-date=23 July 2025|website=Joynews24 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| Best Newcomer Actor
| [[Zahan Kapoor]]
| {{pending}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=35064818}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/title/81971071 ''Black Warrant''] on [[Netflix]]

{{Netflix original current series}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s prison television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1981]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1982]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1983]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1984]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Fiction about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]

2019 Bihar floods

2026-02-02T07:54:03Z

MariskaFeari3794: created new stub initial version!

{{Short description|Natural disasters in India}}
The '''2019 Bihar floods''' affected 13 districts of [[North Bihar]], India, causing 130 deaths by the end of July.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/flood-situation-in-assam-bihar-grim-death-toll-reaches-209-4257211.html|title=Flood situation in Assam, Bihar grim; death toll reaches 209|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref name="PatnaJuly 16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-flood-2-5-million-people-affected-1569878-2019-07-16|title=Over 2.5 million affected due to floods in Bihar|date=July 16, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/floods-continue-to-pile-agony-on-people-of-bihar-assam-1563555902100.html|title=Floods continue to pile agony on people of Bihar, Assam|date=2019-07-19|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/death-toll-in-assam-bihar-floods-reaches-197-around-124-crore-people-affected/story/367569.html|title=Death toll in Assam, Bihar floods reaches 197; around 1.24 crore people affected|website=businesstoday.in|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-floods-death-toll-climbs-to-130-1575354-2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804071703/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-floods-death-toll-climbs-to-130-1575354-2019-07-30|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-08-04|title=Bihar floods death toll climbs to 130 - India News|date=2019-08-04|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> 1269 [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] (settlement councils) under 92 blocks of 13 districts of Northern Bihar were severely affected in the flood.<ref name="PatnaJuly 16"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/daily%20flood%20report%202019/02082019.pdf|last=|first=|date=2019-08-04|title=Flood/Heavy Rain Fall Report|publisher=Bihar Disaster Management Department, Government of Bihar|publication-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804073418/http://www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/daily%20flood%20report%202019/02082019.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-08-04|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> Around 88.46 [[lakh]]s (8.846 million) people were affected.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/floods-in-bihar-assam-claim-209-live-iaf-deploys-two-helicopters-for-relief-work-19-ndrf-teams-assist-in-rescue-operation-7072131.html|title=Floods in Bihar, Assam claim 209 live; IAF deploys two helicopters for relief work, 19 NDRF teams assist in rescue operation|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref>

== Events ==

=== 13 Affected districts ===
[[Araria district|Araria]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]], [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]].<ref name=":1" />

=== District wise human lives lost. ===
As per Bihar Disaster Management Department, no death was reported from West Champaran and Katihar from the flood-hit districts.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Districts
!Death Toll
|-
|Sitamarhi
|37
|-
|Madhubani
|30
|-
|Darbhangah
|14
|-T6UG76BJ7Uhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwnTmWDt8IV0Vk5P57C8knQV6VRJVCYJYCNV
|Araria
|12
|-
|Sheohar
|10
|-
|Purnia
|9
|-
|Kishanganj
|7
|-
|Supaul
|4
|-
|Muzaffarpur
|4
|-
|East Champaran
|2
|-
|Saharsa
|1
|}

===2019 Patna floods===
There was heavy waterlogging in [[Patna]] in August-September 2019. More than 30 people lost their lives due to floods, heavy rains and water logging. The [[flash flood]]ing in Patna was the result of Ganga River overflowing following heavy monsoon rains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/worst-monsoon-in-25-years-kills-over-100-across-india-floods-rains-in-patna-10-points-1604967-2019-10-01|title=Worst monsoon in 25 years kills 148 across India, floods ravage Patna}}</ref> Patna city was filled with water for several days even after the rain stopped due to a sewer blockage. In many areas of Patna, 6 to 7 feet of water has accumulated on the roads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/3-officers-including-former-budco-md-suspended-in-patna-floods-case-of-2019/articleshow/74136207.cms|title=पटना बाढ़ 2019: छह महीने बाद ऐक्शन, बुडको के पूर्व एमडी समेत तीन अधिकारी सस्पेंड}}</ref> This was the worst flood in Patna since 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/07/archives/patna-floods-recede-death-toll-of-least-17.html|title=Patna Floods Recede; Death Toll at Least 17}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Floods in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N17Zt8PERoY Patna Floods In Rain Fury]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_SsmTRHdhQ Bihar, Eastern UP Flooded After Heavy Rain]

{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Weather|Water}}
[[Category:Floods in Bihar]]
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]

K. M. Doddi

2026-01-23T02:32:52Z

MariskaFeari3794:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = K. M. Doddi
| official_name = K. M. Doddi
| native_name = Kalamuddana Doddi
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| area_total_km2 = 1.97
| population_total = 6393
| population_as_of = 2011
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Annur Gudigere k m Doddi Bharathi Nagara
| coordinates = {{coord|12.48200|77.03476|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''571422'''
}}
'''Kala Muddana Doddi''' or simply '''K. M. Doddi''' is a [[Census town]] in [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] taluk of [[Mandya district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. As per census survey 2011, its location code number is 614653.

==Location==
K. M. Doddi is located between [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] and [[Malavalli]], about 18 km away from the district centre of [[Mandya]],33 km away from [[Channapatna]] and about 100 km away from the state capital, [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://codepin.in/k-m-doddi-pin-code|title=K. M. Doddi Pin Code: K. M. Doddi, Maddur, Mandya, Mandya Post Office Code & Address with Map}}</ref>

==Education==
Bharathi Education trust in Bharathinagara is an institution of higher learning located in a rural and socially backward sector (as notified by the UGC) situated in Mandya District in Karnataka. It is an integrated First Grade College permanently affiliated to the University of Mysore, Established in 1970. It is the dream child of [[G. Made Gowda]] a veteran legislator parliamentarian, Gandhian statesman and an educational administrator gifted with foresight and vision. [[G. Made Gowda]] founded the Bharathi Education Trust in 1961 with the lofty object of providing higher education to empower rural students in a backward hinterland of Mandya.

==Economy==
This small town is agrarian in nature. There are several nationalized bank branches such as [[State Bank of India]], Bank of Baroda,[[Karnataka Bank]], Canara Bank, Karnataka ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ,ಡಿಸಿಸಿ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್, Chamundeswari Sugar's sugar factory, Several mini and micro finance services such as IIFL, Muthoot, Manapuram.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandya district]]

{{Mandya-geo-stub}}

White House Compound (Gaya)

2026-01-20T22:10:27Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting stub

{{Distinguish|White House}}
{{Notability|Geography|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = White House Compound
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| other_name =
| postal_code = 823001
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|47|20|N|84|59|29|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = File:White House Compound, Gaya.jpg
| caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = City
| official_name =
| founder =
| native_name = {{native name|hi|व्हाइट हाउस कंपाउंड}} {{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|وائٹ ہاؤس کمپاؤنڈ}}}}
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| p1 =
| governing_body = Gaya Nagar Nigam
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magadhi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
}}
'''White House Compound''' ({{Langx|hi|व्हाइट हाउस कंपाउंड}}, {{Langx|ur|وائٹ ہاؤس کمپاؤنڈ}}) is a residential locality in Judges Colony under the Rampur [[thana]] jurisdiction of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-30|title=महोबा में महाकौशल एक्सप्रेस के 7 डिब्बे पटरी से उतरे हेल्‍प लाइन नंबर और 45 घायलों की सूची जारी|url=https://www.inextlive.com/mahakaushal-express-seven-coaches-derails-in-mahoba-45-people-injured-201703300002|access-date=2022-01-24|website=inextlive|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-01|title=बिग बाजार माल के कैश काउंटर से 7 लाख की चोरी|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-14615745.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-05|title=कुर्की के डर से नबील हत्याकांड के आरोपितों ने किया सरेंडर|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-accused-of-murder-surrender-in-court-1997186.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=परियोजना प्रबंधक के पदों पर नियुक्ति हेतु (प्रारंभिक) प्रतियोगिता परीक्षा के सफल आयोजन एवं कदाचार रहित संचालन हेतु सभागार में बैठक। – JAN JOSH NEWS|url=http://janjoshnews.in/?p=107263|access-date=2022-01-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> It serves the [[Mirza Ghalib College]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-22|title=गया में 35 केंद्रों पर 41,892 अभ्यर्थी देंगे परीक्षा|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-41892-candidates-to-appear-in-35-centers-in-gaya-19866003.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=परियोजना प्रबंधकों की नियुक्ति के लिए आज चार केंद्रों पर होगी परीक्षा|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-examination-will-be-held-at-four-centers-today-for-the-appointment-of-project-managers-21889800.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> and Smart Bazaar earlier Big Bazaar Mall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कुर्की के डर से नबील हत्याकांड के आरोपितों ने किया सरेंडर|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-accused-of-murder-surrender-in-court-1997186.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Bihar]]

{{Gaya-geo-stub}}

Manmeet Kaur (basketball)

2026-01-05T22:13:20Z

MariskaFeari3794: new

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Manmeet Kaur''' (born 11 November 2005)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Manmeet Kaur - (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/318068-manmeet-kaur--#achievements |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian basketball player from [[Punjab]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a center. She plays for Punjab in the domestic tournaments.

== Early life and career ==
Kaur is from [[Ludhiana]], Punjab.

Kaur was selected to play the second Junior NBA Global Championship, [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], Florida, USA in August 2019. The selections for the 20-member Indian girls team were held at the [[NBA Academy|NBA academy]] in Delhi in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-05 |title=Ludhiana girl Manmeet Kaur to play in Junior NBA Global Championship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ludhiana-girl-to-play-in-junior-nba-global-championship-5876598/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, she is selected for the Indian team to play the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025]] qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025. The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]]. She played both the matches, and the final against Maldives, at Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref>

In January 2025, she was also part of the Punjab team<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=Punjab teams announced for National Basketball Championship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-teams-announced-for-national-basketball-championship-101735747753156.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amjyot, Shabnum to lead Punjab teams in Senior National Basketball Championship |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/amjyot-shabnum-to-lead-punjab-teams-in-senior-national-basketball-championship/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> that finished fourth in the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship losing the bronze medal match to Karnataka by 76–77.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2025-02-02 |title=Basketball |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games/article69172570.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also played for the Punjab team that reached the semifinals in the [[National Games of India|National Games]] in [[Uttarakhand]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=NATIONAL GAMES {{!}} Punjab men, Kerala women enter basketball semifinals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games-punjab-men-kerala-women-enter-basketball-semifinals/article69159784.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Earlier in 2022, she played the [[FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship|FIBA Under 18 Women's Asian Championship]] 2022 Division A and the [[FIBA Under-16 Women's Asian Championship|FIBA Under 16 Women's Asian Championship]] 2021 Division A. She was also part of the [[Ludhiana]] 3x3 teams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA.Basketball - 3x3 Confirmed Profile -Manmeet Kaur |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/0445171b-bcbd-4190-8d1a-bfb0210aadf9/activity |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=FIBA3x3.com}}</ref>

She also represented India at the 2022 Asian Games but as a junior player did not get enough minutes on the court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Manmeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

VGM Gastro Centre

2026-01-01T05:56:58Z

MariskaFeari3794: Starting a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
|name=VGM Gastro Centre
|org_group=
|logo=
|logo_size=
|image=
|caption=VGM Gastro Centre
|image_alt=
|pushpin_map=
|coordinates={{coord|10.998423|N|77.0122203|E|display=inline,title|name=VGM Gastro Centre}}
|location=[[Coimbatore]]
|region=
|state=Tamil Nadu
|country=India
|healthcare=
|funding=
|type=
|affiliation=
|patron=
|network=
|standards=
|emergency=Yes
|beds=150
|speciality=
|founded=2009
|closed=
|website=[https://www.vgmgastrocentre.com/ www.vgmgastrocentre.com]
}}

The '''VGM Gastro Centre''' is a specialist gastroenterology and emerging multi‑specialty hospital located in [[Singanallur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]. Founded in 2009 as India’s first NABH-accredited gastroenterology-only hospital, VGM Gastro Centre began with a 150-bed facility focused on digestive and liver care. In 2012, the foundation stone for a new advanced gastroenterology block was laid by Tamil Nadu Governor [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/detection-important-for-proper-treatment/article3757079.ece|title='Detection important for proper treatment'|author=Staff Reporter|date=2012-08-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In March 2025, the hospital expanded into a six-storey, multi‑specialty facility (~150 beds) adding services such as liver and kidney transplantation, advanced cardiology with a cath lab, liver ICU, dialysis centre, interventional radiology, and dedicated inpatient rooms. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/world-class-vgm-multispecialty-hospital-in-coimbatore-march-16-sunday/|title=World-Class VGM Multispecialty Hospital in Coimbatore|work=The Covai Post|access-date=2025-03-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Specialities ==
The specialties services offered at the hospital are:
* Medical gastroenterology
* Surgical gastroenterology
* [[Oncology]]
* Critical Care
* (HPB) and liver transplantation
* [[Endoscopy]]

== Projects ==
To safeguard children aged between four and twelve in poor families against [[Hepatitis B]] infection that could damage the liver will be given one free dose of vaccination and two more doses at Rs.50 a dose under a project<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/rotary-club-city-hospital-team-up-for-hepatitis-b-vaccination-project/article5589546.ece|title=Free Hepatitis B Vaccination Project|work=The Hindu|access-date=2014-01-18|language=en}}</ref> led by Dr. V.G. Mohan Prasad which is jointly organized by Rotary Club of Coimbatore East and VGM Hospital, [[Coimbatore]].

== Public awareness ==
In October 2010 V.G.M. Hospital and [[The Hindu]] teamed up to generate awareness among the people on hepatitis<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Spreading-awareness-on-hepatitis/article15769840.ece|title=Spreading awareness on hepatitis|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en}}</ref> in [[Coimbatore]].

VGM Hospital, Coimbatore, have launched a free check-up and investigations at an affordable price for cancer screening<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/srior-launches-mobile-cancer-awareness-initiative/article26181447.ece|title=Observance of World Cancer Day|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-05|language=en}}</ref> on the observance of [[World Cancer Day]] until February 11, 2019. The chairman of the hospital, Dr V.G. Mohan Prasad, said that 2-4 cases of cancer are diagnosed every day at the hospital.

== Awards ==
City-based gastroenterologist Dr V G Mohan Prasad received the state government's ‘Best Doctor’ award<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/work-in-liver-diseases-field-earns-city-gastroenterologist-best-doctor-award/articleshow/70794853.cms|title=Work in liver diseases field earns city gastroenterologist 'Best Doctor' Award|work=Times Of India|access-date=2019-08-23|language=en}}</ref> from health minister Dr.C.Vijayabaskar in Chennai on August 22, 2019, for his work in the field of liver diseases.

== Academic & Training Programs ==
* Offers Fellowships in Minimal Access Surgery and Therapeutic Endoscopy, affiliated with Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University.
* Hosts the EASIE Animal-Model Training Workshop, recognized by the Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India (SGEI)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.vgmgastrocentre.com/ Official Website]

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Coimbatore]]

Nagindas Sanghavi

2025-12-31T08:00:54Z

MariskaFeari3794: cleanup formatting for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian political writer and columnist (1920–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nagindas Sanghavi
| image = 5saptember2019 Shri Nagindas Sanghavi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Nagindas Sanghavi, September 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1920|3|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|07|12|1920|3|10}}
| death_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = political professor, author and columnist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| residence =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = 
| children =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
}}

'''Nagindas Sanghavi''' (10 March 1920 – 12 July 2020)<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Critic, columnist Sanghvi dies at 100 | website=The Indian Express | date=13 July 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/critic-columnist-sanghvi-dies-at-100-6502845/ | access-date=13 July 2020 | archive-date=12 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712225631/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/critic-columnist-sanghvi-dies-at-100-6502845/ | url-status=live }}</ref> was an Indian political professor, author and columnist writing in English, Hindi and Gujarati. He received [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour in 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/six-from-gujarat-among-padma-shri-recipients/articleshow/67695468.cms | title=Six from Gujarat among Padma Shri recipients | newspaper=Times of India | date=26 January 2019 | access-date=5 July 2022 | archive-date=12 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212093037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/six-from-gujarat-among-padma-shri-recipients/articleshow/67695468.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{expand section|date=July 2020}}
He was popularly known as "Naginbapa" (Bapa=Grand Father).<ref name="Chitralekha">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 July 2020|title=અમારા માટે નગીનદાસ એટલે...|url=https://chitralekha.com/features/tribute/tributes-poured-on-nagindas-sanghavi/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202054934/https://chitralekha.com/features/tribute/tributes-poured-on-nagindas-sanghavi/|archive-date=2021-02-02|access-date=2021-01-26|website=chitralekha.com}}</ref> He was born in [[Bhavnagar]] and obtained his education there. After completing his education he started his career as typist in an advertising company on monthly salary of Rupees 30. After couple of other jobs he turned to education.<ref name="Chitralekha1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 July 2020|title=હું તો મારા વિદ્યાર્થીઓને હાથે ટોંચાઈ ટોંચાઈ ને ઘડાયો છું : નગીનદાસ સંઘવી|url=https://chitralekha.com/features/tribute/nagindas-sanghavi-interview-by-hiren-mehta-senior-journalist-of-chitralekha/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130161054/https://chitralekha.com/features/tribute/nagindas-sanghavi-interview-by-hiren-mehta-senior-journalist-of-chitralekha/|archive-date=2021-01-30|access-date=2021-01-26|website=chitralekha.com}}</ref> Sanghavi started his teaching career (1951–80) at [[Bhavan's College]], Andheri. He later moved to [[Ruparel College]], Mahim and [[Mithibai College]], Vile Parle teaching political science and History.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdzdAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Nagindas+Sanghavi%22&pg=PT35|title=Gujarat Beyond Gandhi: Identity, Society and Conflict|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1317988342|editor-last=Nalin Mehta|editor-last2=Mona G. Mehta|access-date=2020-12-01|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722040415/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdzdAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Nagindas+Sanghavi%22&pg=PT35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/city-columns/nagindas-sanghavi-the-oldest-columnist-anywhere/articleshow/64456583.cms | title=Nagindas Sanghavi: The oldest columnist anywhere | publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=5 June 2018 | access-date=11 February 2019 | author=Ramanathan, Ramu | archive-date=8 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208064219/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/city-columns/nagindas-sanghavi-the-oldest-columnist-anywhere/articleshow/64456583.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> While teaching at college he had started writing in Newspaper. Post retirement he used to get pension of Rupees 700 which was not sufficient for living and he continued to write.<ref name="Chitralekha1"/>

== Selected works ==
Sanghavi has written overall 29 books in Gujarati and English. He used to write political column in Gujarati Magazine ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]''.<ref name="Chitralekha1"/>

* ''Gujarat: A Political Analysis''; (1996) Centre for Social Studies
* ''Gandhi: The Agony of Arrival - The South Africa Years''; (2006) Rupa Publications India
* ''Gujarat At Cross-Roads''; (2010) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan {{ISBN|8172764375}}
* ''A Brief History of Yoga''; (2012) Kinnard Publishing, {{ISBN|0615650643}}
* ''Mahamanav Shrikrushna''; (2012) R.R. Seth & Sons {{ISBN|9382503080}}
* ''Narendra Modi''; (2017) Navbharat
* ''Geeta Vimarsh''; (2017) Diamond Books {{ISBN|9386343142}}
* ''Sardar Patel - Ek Samarpit Jivan''; (2017) Navajivan Trust
* ''Osho: Vidroh Ane Vivadoni Aaroaar'' (2021) K Books Rajkot {{ISBN|9788195366675}}

==Awards==
In 2019, Sanghavi had received India's fourth highest civilian honor, [[Padma Shri]] in 2019 for his contributions in the field of literature.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=13 Jul 2020|title=Surat columnist Nagindas Sanghavi dies at 100 {{!}} Surat News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-columnist-nagindas-sanghavi-dies-at-100/articleshow/76929298.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214155243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-columnist-nagindas-sanghavi-dies-at-100/articleshow/76929298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also received Vaju Kotak Gold Medal.<ref name="Chitralekha"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gbooks-author|Nagindas H. Sanghavi}}
{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanghavi, Nagindas}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Maha Mrityunjay Temple

2025-12-17T01:21:05Z

MariskaFeari3794:

{{short description|Hindu temple in Nagaon, Assam, India}}
{{orphan|date=July 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Maha Mrityunjay Temple
| image =Mahamrityunjoy mandir nagon.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Mahamrityunjay Temple in [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| map_type = India Assam#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Assam]]
| coordinates ={{coord|26.3430|92.7761|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| locale = [[Nagaon]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = February 2021
| creator =
| website =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
''' Maha Mrityunjay Temple ''' is a [[Hindu Temple]] dedicated to Hindu God [[Shiva]], situated in [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah talks of making Assam, northeast biggest contributor to India's GDP|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/amit-shah-talks-of-making-assam-northeast-biggest-contributor-to-indias-gdp-955150.html|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=Deccan Herald|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref> This Temple is special in its architectural sense as it is built in a form a [[Shivling]]. It is the World's largest [[Shivling|Shivalinga]], at the height of 126 foot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah ने असम के महामृत्युंजय मंदिर में की पूजा, देखें 126 फीट ऊंचे शिवलिंग की PHOTOS|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/photo-gallery-assam-union-home-minister-amit-shah-worshiped-at-the-mahamrityunjaya-mandir-in-nagaon-see-photos/855333|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=[[Zee News]]|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=महामृत्युंजय मंदिर: यहां बना दुनिया का सबसे ऊंचा शिवलिंग, अब बरसेगी शिव की कृपा|url=https://newstrack.com/india/maha-mrityunjay-temple-in-nagaon-assam-see-photos-home-minister-amit-shah-worshiped-786847.html|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=Newstrack|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of the Maha Mrityunjay Temple, Nagaon, Assam|url=https://14cosmicsecrets.com/blogs/spirituality/significance-of-the-maha-mrityunjay-temple-nagaon-assam|website=14cosmicsecrets.com}}</ref> This feature is made it unique and very attractive for the devotees.<ref>{{cite news |title=প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰিব বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ লিংগাকাৰ মহামৃত্যুঞ্জয় মন্দিৰ|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/pm-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-mahamrityunjay-mandir-in-nagaon-tv-hemanta-skd-96821.html|accessdate=31 Jan 2021 |work=News18 Assam|date=Jan 31, 2021}}</ref>

==History==
Construction of temple was initiated in 2003 by Acharya Bhrigu Giri Maharaj, this place is where he used to meditate and is the location where [[Guru]] [[Shukracharya]] performed [[Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra]]. Basis of this thought Acharya Bhrigu Giri Maharajas had chosen this place for temple construction (Pran Pratishta). The initial planning for the construction started in the year 2003 but after several attempts by other architects and engineers, the final engineering and design work was carried by Er. Narayan Sharma. The temple is also very significant due to reflection of mastery in engineering.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah Visited the Maha Mrityunjay Temple in Nagaon, Assam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/amit-shah-visited-the-maha-mriyunjay-temple-in-nagaon-assam-526076|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=The Sentinel|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MAHA MRITYUNJAY TEMPLE, NAGAON: THINGS TO KNOW|url=https://newslivetv.com/maha-mrityunjay-temple-nagaon-things-to-know/|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=News Live|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref>

==Inauguration and Pran Pratishta Mahotsav ==
The Temple Inauguration was done by Pran Pratishta Mahotsav, [[worship]] (Puja) was started on 22 Feb and ended on 25 Feb 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Amit Shah visits Maha Mrityunjay Temple for 'Pran Pratishtha Mahotsav'|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/2021/02/25/assam-amit-shah-visits-maha-mrityunjay-temple-for-pran-pratishtha-mahotsav/|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=Northeast Live |date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref> As special guest the Union [[Home Minister]] Mr. [[Amit Shah]], Minister of [[Health]] and [[Education]] in Assam [[Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma]] and Ex. [[Chief Minister]] of Assam Mr. [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] had participated the puja and [[Yagna]] of Maha Mrityunjay Temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Amit Shah takes part in 'Pran Pratishtha Mahotsav' at Maha Mrityunjay Temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/assam-amit-shah-takes-part-in-pran-pratishtha-mahotsav-at-maha-mrityunjay-temple/videoshow/81214125.cms|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=[[Times Of India]]|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amit Shah takes part in 'Pran Pratishtha Mahotsav' at Maha Mrityunjay Temple|url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/amit-shah-takes-part-pran-pratishtha-mahotsav-maha-mrityunjay-temple/|accessdate=25 Feb 2021|work=[[ANI News]]|date=Feb 25, 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182023/https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/amit-shah-takes-part-pran-pratishtha-mahotsav-maha-mrityunjay-temple/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 108 [[Yagna]] Kundas was established for the [[Yagna]] and around 250 priests came from Tamil Nadu to perform the Pran Pratishta Yagna.<ref>{{cite news |title=MAHA MRITYUNJAY TEMPLE, NAGAON: THINGS TO KNOW|url=https://newslivetv.com/maha-mrityunjay-temple-nagaon-things-to-know/|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=News Live|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref> After completion of Pran Pratishta Yagna the Temple was opened for devotees from 26 Feb 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's Maha Mrityunjay Temple:Things to know about the World's Largest Shivling|url=https://guwahatitimes.com/assams-maha-mrityunjay-temple-things-to-know-about-the-worlds-largest-shivling/|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=Guwahati Times |date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref>

==Location==
Maha Mrityunjay [[Temple]] is situated in Bherbheri Gaon, [[Barhampur]], Puranigudam [[Nagaon]], Assam around 120 km far from heart city of [[Assam]] [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Only BJP-led coalition can ensure illegal immigrant-free Assam: Amit Shah|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/assam-assembly-election/only-bjp-led-coalition-can-ensure-illegal-immigrant-free-assam-amit-shah-101614246412656.html|accessdate=25 Feb 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=Feb 25, 2021}}</ref>

==Earthquake effects==
A massive [[earthquake]] reported on 28 April 2021 in [[Assam]] and NE Region measured 6.7 on the Richter scale. Due to that jolt a minor crack was observed in the upper part of 126 feet of temple which can be termed as ornamental damage and no structural damage has occurred.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam earthquake: The strong quake leaves Nagaon's Maha Mrityunjay Temple damaged|url=https://www.insidene.com/assam-earthquake-the-strong-quake-leaves-nagaons-maha-mrityunjay-temple-damaged/amp/|accessdate=28 Apr 2021 |work=Insidene|date=Apr 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Maha Mrityunjay Temple in Nagaon damaged in earthquake
|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-maha-mrityunjay-temple-in-nagaon-damaged-in-earthquake.html|accessdate=28 Apr 2021 |work=Northeast Now|date=Apr 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Maha Mrityunjay Temple Damaged after Earthquake
|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/assam-maha-mrityunjay-temple-damaged-after-earthquake|accessdate=28 Apr 2021 |work=G Plus News|date=Apr 28, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sukreswar Temple]]
* [[Kamakhya Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindu temples in Assam}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Architecture}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Facebook|Maha-Mrityunjay-Temple-104350035041927}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu temples]]

Ramanath Cowsik

2025-11-25T07:13:22Z

MariskaFeari3794: new initial details initial version.

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
[[File:CowsikPadmaShri.jpg|thumb|Prof Cowsik receiving the [[Padma Shri]] Award from the [[President of India|President]] of India.|267x267px]]
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ramanath Cowsik
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1940
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Astrophysicist]]
| yearsactive = Since 1961
| employer = [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
| known for = [[Astroparticle physics]]
| spouse = Sudha
| domesticpartner =
| children = Siddhartha Aditya
| parents =
| doctoral_students = [[Subir Sarkar]]
| website = {{url|http://physics.wustl.edu/people/cowsik_ram|Profile}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Shri Hari Om Prerit [[Vikram Sarabhai]] Award [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] [[NASA]] Public Service Group Achievement Award [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] [[Vainu Bappu]] Memorial Medal M. P. Birla Award [[TWAS Prize]] [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] [[S. N. Bose]] Birth Centenary Award
}}
'''Ramanath Cowsik''' is an Indian astrophysicist<ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N86-0929 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813000338/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N86-0929 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=INSA | publisher=INSA | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis ">{{cite web | url=http://physics.wustl.edu/people/cowsik_ram | title=Washington University in St. Louis | publisher=Washington University in St. Louis | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> and the James S. McDonnell Professor of Space Sciences at [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref name="James S. McDonnell Professor">{{cite web | url=http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/25974.aspx | title=James S. McDonnell Professor | publisher=WUSTL | date=15 October 2013 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=11 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711193317/http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/25974.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is considered by many as the father of [[astroparticle physics]].<ref name="James S. McDonnell Professor" /><ref name="Newsroom">{{cite web | url=http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/4768.aspx | title=Newsroom | publisher=Washington University in St Louis | date=25 February 2005 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=7 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081620/http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/4768.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> A recipient of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]],<ref name="Mani Bhaumik and Ramanath Cowsik">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRYXpETRdss | title=Mani Bhaumik and Ramanath Cowsik | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=26 January 2015 | author=Sangeeta Menon}}</ref> Cowsik was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2002, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2015 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Tifr main.jpg|thumb|left|[[TIFR]] main campus]]
Ramanath Cowsik was born in 1940<ref name="INSA" /> in [[Nagpur]],<ref name="John Templeton Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://humbleapproach.templeton.org/Spiritual_Information/participants/cowsik.html | title=John Templeton Foundation | publisher=John Templeton Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=25 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225004553/http://humbleapproach.templeton.org/Spiritual_Information/participants/cowsik.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Newsroom" /> He did his schooling in [[Karnataka]] which he completed before turning 14 and graduated from [[Mysore University]] in 1958,<ref name="INSA" /> with physics, chemistry and biology as the optional subjects, at the age of 17.<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> He continued his master's studies at the Karnatak university in [[Dharwar]],<ref name="RG Info">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramanath_Cowsik/info | title=RG Info | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> to secure the degree in physics in 1960, aged 19<ref name="Newsroom" /> and joined the Atomic Energy Establishment Training School,<ref name="HBNI">{{cite web | url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/about/thebgng.html | title=HBNI | publisher=HBNI | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025234/http://www.hbni.ac.in/about/thebgng.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> present day [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]], [[Trombay]] where he did a post graduate course.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> He started his career as a member of faculty of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR)<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> in 1961, simultaneously pursuing his doctoral studies to secure a PhD from [[Bombay University]] in 1968,<ref name="RG Info" /> researching under the guidance of Professor [[Yash Pal]].<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> He taught at TIFR for over forty years, growing over the years as a fellow, a reader, an associate professor, a professor, a senior professor,<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> and reaching the status of a distinguished professor of the institute.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> He also worked as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19980216-iia-director-ramanath-cowsik-handles-his-job-through-faxes-and-telephone-calls-from-us-825721-1998-02-15 | title=India Today | publisher=India Today | date=16 February 1998 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> on deputation from TIFR, during the period from 1992 to 2003,<ref name="INSA" /> where he has been a Vainu Bappu Distinguished Professor.<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> On invitation from [[P. Buford Price]], Cowsik also worked as an assistant professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] from 1970 to 1973.<ref name="Newsroom" />

In December 2002, he moved to [[Washington University in St. Louis]] and serves at the McDonnell Centre for the Space Sciences<ref name="MCSS">{{cite web | url=http://www.mathnet.ru/php/organisation.phtml?option_lang=eng&orgid=7250 | title=MCSS | publisher=Mathnet | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> as the Professor of Physics and Director.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="RG Info" /><ref name="ISSR">{{cite web | url=http://www.issr.org.uk/meet-issr-members/ | title=ISSR | publisher=ISSR | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=18 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118073144/http://www.issr.org.uk/meet-issr-members/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the James S. McDonnell Professor of Space Sciences<ref name="WUSTL">{{cite web | url=http://news.wustl.edu/people/Pages/CowsikRamanath.aspx | title=WUSTL | publisher=WUSTL | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=10 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710004040/http://news.wustl.edu/people/Pages/CowsikRamanath.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> of the institute since 2013.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" /> A former research fellow of the [[University of Chicago]], Cowsik is a visiting professor at the [[University of California]] and a visiting fellow at the [[Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics]], Munich. He has also served as a member of the governing council of the [[International Cosmic Ray Conference|Commission on Cosmic Rays]] of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]].<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> He is a member of the [[International Society for Science and Religion]] and sits in the board of advisors of ''Forgiveness Research'', a community of forgiveness.<ref name="Forgiving">{{cite web | url=http://www.forgiving.org/ | title=Forgiving | publisher=Forgiving | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=15 June 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615102050/http://www.forgiving.org/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Cowsik, who is known to be proficient in languages such as Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Sanskrit, English, German and French,<ref name="Newsroom" /> is married to Sudha, a research instructor and a doctoral degree (PhD) holder, associated with the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics of the Washington University in St. Louis.<ref name="Biochem">{{cite web | url=http://biochem.wustl.edu/directory/people#C | title=Biochem | publisher=Biochem Wustl | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Cowsik has two sons, Sasha and Aditya, and resides in the city of [[St. Louis]].<ref name="Newsroom" />

==Legacy==
{{quotebox|align = left|width=21em|''Ram Cowsik has the attributes I most admire in a scientist. Throughout his entire career, he has thought broadly and creatively about unsolved puzzles at the forefront of physics,'' says [[P. Buford Price]], renowned physicist.<ref name="Newsroom" />}}
[[File:CL0024+17.jpg|thumb|''Dark matter'' is invisible. Based on the effect of [[gravitational lensing]], a ring of ''dark matter'' has been detected in this image of a galaxy cluster ([[CL0024+17]]) and is represented in blue.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/17/image/a/|title = Hubble Finds Dark Matter Ring in Galaxy Cluster}}</ref>|263x263px]]

Ramanath Cowsik is known for his theories related to the [[Big Bang]] origin of the universe. He argued that, post the Big Bang, ''gravitationally dominant relicts'' were formed from the particles with finite rest mass, resulting in the formation of ''halos of [[dark matter]]'' with galaxies embedded within.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /><ref name="CTNS">{{cite web | url=http://ctns.org/ssq/physics_bios.html | title=CTNS | publisher=CTNS | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> He postulated that this would limit the sums of masses of [[neutrinos]],<ref name="Newsroom" /> a phenomenon known in the scientific world as the ''Cowsik-McClelland bound''.<ref name="Neutrino Cosmology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um6TyAv3pTwC&q=Cowsik-McClelland+bound&pg=PA104 | title=Neutrino Cosmology | publisher=Cambridge University Press |author1=Gianpiero Mangano |author2=Gennaro Miele |author3=Sergio Pastor | year=2013 | pages=378 | isbn=9781107013957}}</ref> These theories are said to have explained the [[velocity dispersion]] of particles of dark matter and reproduced the ''luminosity profiles'' and ratified the ''[[rotation curves]] of galaxies''.<ref name="INSA" />

Cowsik is credited with the invention of ''leaky box'' and ''nested leaky box'' models<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="WUSTL" /><ref name="ISSR Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.issr.org.uk/meet-issr-members/member/?member_id=118 | title=ISSR Profile | publisher=ISSR | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicrayspartic0000gais | url-access=registration | quote='leaky box' wiki. | title=Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=1990 | access-date=26 January 2015 | author=Thomas K. Gaisser | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicrayspartic0000gais/page/279 279]| isbn=9780521339315 }}</ref> for the observation of optical and infrared wavelength bands of [[cosmic rays]]<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> and employing these models, he is known to have established an [[observatory]] for [[optical astronomy]] in Hanle, [[Ladakh]], at an altitude of 15,000 feet, reported to be the highest observatory in the world.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="CTNS" /><ref name="ISSR Profile" /> The observatory is controlled remotely from Bangalore and is operational year round.<ref name="Newsroom" /> He is involved in experiments related to [[Grand Unified Theory]] and attempts to ''probe violations of the inverse square law of gravity at sub-millimeter scales''. His scientific paper on the role of [[neutrinos]] was included by the [[American Physical Society]] and the ''Physics Review''<ref name="Physics Review">{{cite web | url=http://www.physrev.york.ac.uk/ | title=Physics Review | publisher=Physics Review | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=13 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613231650/http://www.physrev.york.ac.uk/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> magazine, in their selection of 1000 most important scientific papers of the century.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" />

Cowsik has reported contributions towards understanding ''highly energetic phenomena in astrophysics such as [[cosmic ray]], [[pulsar]], [[supernova remnant]], [[gamma ray burst]], [[active galactic nucleus]] and other similar sources powered by accretion flows''.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /><ref name="WUSTL" /><ref name="ISSR Profile" /> His studies cover the diffuse non thermal radiations found all over space as well as radiations from ''discrete astronomical sources''.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> His experiments are known to be interdisciplinary in nature and bridge the gap between universal phenomena and experimental physics.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" /> He has conducted extensive research on pre-solar grains of [[aluminum oxide]] found in [[meteorites]] and has devised a methodology to assess the age of the universe from them.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /><ref name="ISSR Profile" />

Ramanath Cowsik is credited with the first detailed calculations on neutrino fluxes generated atmospheric cosmic ray interactions and observations of the same in underground detectors.<ref name="ISSR Profile" /> These findings have been known to have assisted in the discovery of neutrino oscillations at [[Super-Kamiokande]] observatory in Japan.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="ISSR Profile" /> He is also known to have made the longest [[half-life]] measured in the world which related to that of ''[[double beta decay]] of Te-128, as 7.7 x 1024 years''.<ref name="CTNS" /><ref name="ISSR Profile" /> He has also conducted studies on finite temperature corrections to the [[Casimir forces]] occur at large separations.<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="ISSR Profile" /> Cowsik has developed a sensitive [[torsion balance]] using which he conducted the first laboratory experiment for the so-called [[fifth force]].<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> He is involved in the development of a more sensitive torsion balance for probing the violations of the [[Inverse-square law]] of gravity at millimeter scales,<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /><ref name="WUSTL" />

Cowsik, who has drawn comparison with the renowned physicist, [[Enrico Fermi]] for his achievements in theoretical and experimental physics,<ref name="Newsroom" /> has published his experiments and observations in several scientific papers<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> published in peer reviewed journals<ref name="Publications">{{cite web | url=http://physics.wustl.edu/nd/fac/cowsikPubList.pdf | title=Publications | publisher=Washington University in St. Louis | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015 | archive-date=10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910011623/http://physics.wustl.edu/nd/fac/cowsikPubList.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramanath_Cowsik | title=ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ACowsik+Ramanath | title=WorldCat | publisher=WorldCat | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository has listed 193 of them.<ref name="ResearchGate"/> He has attended several seminars and conferences and has delivered keynote addresses<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UddDDtMF20C&q=Cowsik+Amazon&pg=PA34 | title=New Scientist | journal=Reed Business Information |date=June 1987 | volume=114 | issue=1566 | pages=34 | issn=0262-4079| last1=Information | first1=Reed Business }}</ref> on astrophysics and the relationship between religion and science.<ref name="Newsroom" /> He has edited three books,<ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> including "Cosmic Pathways", a collection of essays in physics and astrophysics.<ref name="Cosmic pathways">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE62AAAAIAAJ | title=Cosmic pathways | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co | author=Badanaval Venkata Sreekantan, R. Cowsik (editors) | year=1986 | pages=411| isbn=9780074515679 }}</ref> He has also assisted other scientists in ratifying their experiments by acting as a reference point; his involvement in the [[OPERA experiment]], a [[CERN]], Geneva and the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]], [[Gran Sasso]] collaboration was one such instance.<ref name="Universe Today">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/92214/slower-than-light-neutrinos/ | title=Universe Today | publisher=Universe Today | date=30 December 2011 | access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Ramanath Cowsik is an elected Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],{{cn|date=February 2020}} [[Indian Geophysical Union]] and [[The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World]].<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> He is a ''Foreign Associate'' of the [[National Academy of Sciences]], USA,<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> a life member of the [[American Physical Society]] and a member of the [[International Astronomical Union]].<ref name="INSA" />

Cowsik received the Shri Hari Om Prerit [[Vikram Sarabhai]] Award in 1981, followed by [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 1984.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> [[NASA]] awarded him the Public Service Group Achievement Award in 1986<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /><ref name="Newsroom" /> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] awarded him the [[Vainu Bappu]] Memorial Medal in 1997.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 2002<ref name="Newsroom" /><ref name="Padma Awards" /><ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> and he received the M. P. Birla Award in 2007.<ref name="INSA" /> In 2009 he was awarded the [[Cormac Ó Ceallaigh|Ó Ceallaigh]] Medal by the IUPAP Cosmic Ray Commission.<ref name=DIAS>{{cite web |date=2025 |title=O’Ceallaigh Medal |url=https://www.dias.ie/2013/07/05/oceallaigh-medal/ |website=www.dias.ie |location=Dublin |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> He is also a recipient of [[TWAS Prize]]<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> and the [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] [[S. N. Bose]] Birth Centenary Award <ref name="John Templeton Foundation" /> and has delivered the [[Sir C. V. Raman]] Memorial Award Lecture (1996)<ref name="Washington University in St. Louis " /> and the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award Lecture (2002).<ref name="INSA" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Astroparticle physics]]
* [[Neutrino]]
* [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
* [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
* [[Dark matter]]
* [[Grand Unified Theory]]
* [[Fifth Force]]
* [[Optical astronomy]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRYXpETRdss | title=Mani Bhaumik and Ramanath Cowsik | publisher=[[YouTube]] | work=Video | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=26 January 2015 | author=Sangeeta Menon}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramanath_Cowsik | title=ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ACowsik+Ramanath | title=WorldCat | publisher=WorldCat | date=2015 | access-date=26 January 2015}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowsik, Ramanath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Missouri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]

Takshaka

2025-11-04T12:08:20Z

MariskaFeari3794: fixed issues

{{for|the executive passenger train in Indonesia| Taksaka}}
{{Short description|Indian mythological serpent}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Taxaka Statue.jpg
| caption = [[Cult image|Idol]] of Takshaka at Taxakeshwar temple
| name = Takshaka
| Devanagari = तक्षक
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Takṣaka
| Tamil_script =
| script_name = 
| script = 
| affiliation = [[Nāga]]
| god_of =
| abode = Indrapuri
| mantra =
| weapon =
| children = Ashvasena
| consort = Unnamed Nāgini
| mount =
| siblings =
| mother =
}}

'''Takshaka''' ({{langx|sa|तक्षक}}, {{IAST|Takṣaka}}) is a [[Nagaraja]] in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. He is mentioned in the [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' as well as in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. He is described to be a king of the [[Nāga|Nagas]].

Takshaka are also known in Chinese and Japanese mythology as being one of the "eight Great Dragon Kings" (八大龍王 Hachi-dai Ryuu-ou),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Eight_great_dragon_kings|title=Eight great dragon kings - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia}}</ref> they are the only snakes which can fly and also mentioned as the most venomous snakes, amongst Nanda (Nagaraja), Upananda, Sagara (Shakara), Vasuki, Balavan, Anavatapta and Utpala.

==Hinduism==

=== The King of the Nagas ===
Takshaka is mentioned as a King of the [[Nāga|Nagas]] at (1,3).

{{Full citations needed|date=August 2024}}

Takshaka is mentioned as the friend of Indra, the king of gods, at (1-225,227,230). Takshaka, formerly dwelt in [[Kurukshetra]] and the forest of [[Khandava Forest|Khandava]] (modern-day [[Delhi]]) (1,3). Takshaka and Ashvasena were constant companions who lived in Kurukshetra on the banks of the Ikshumati (1,3). Srutasena, the younger brother of Takshaka, resided at the holy place called Mahadyumna with a view to obtaining the chiefship of the serpents (1,3). He was 4th king of [[Kamyaka]].

=== Legend ===

According to the [[Shrimad Bhagavatam]], Takshaka belonged to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. He was a descendant of [[Rama]]. The name of Takshaka's son was [[Brihadbala]], who was killed in battle by [[Abhimanyu]], the son of [[Arjuna]].

Takshaka lived in the Khandava forest (1,225). Nagas lived there with other tribes like the [[Pishacha|Pisachas]], [[Rakshasa Kingdom|Rakshasas]] and [[Daitya]]s and [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]]s (clans of [[Asuras]]) (1,227). [[Arjuna]] burned that forest at the behest of Agni. At that time the Naga chief Takshaka was not there, having gone to [[Kurukshetra]]. But Ashvasena, the mighty son of Takshaka, was there. Arjuna slew Takshaka's wife, the mother of Ashvasena. But Ashvasena escaped (1-229,230) (4,2). To revenge upon the slaughter of his mother, Ashvasena attacked Arjuna during [[Kurukshetra War]] (8,90) (9,61), while he was battling with [[Karna]]. Ashvasena is mentioned here as born in the race of [[Airavata]] (8,90). The asura architect [[Mayasura]] who came there after Shiva warned him of the fall of [[Tripurasura|Tripura]] is mentioned as escaping from the abode of Takshaka when [[Khandava Forest]] was burned (1,230) though some stories portray him as coming out to bow before Krishna and then guiding the Pandavas to a cave where an ancient treasure horde that also had the [[gandiva]] bow in it.

=== Revenge on Pandavas ===
[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|The snake sacrifice of [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] as Astika tries to stop it]] When Parikshit was cursed by a sage's son to die by a snake bite for insulting his father, Takshaka came to fulfil the curse. Takshaka did the deed by approaching in disguise (1,50) and biting Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna and thus slaying him, while he was meditating on Lord [[Vishnu]]. He also prevented the possibility of getting any medical aid to the king, by bribing a priest in the [[Kasyapa]] clan, who was an expert in curing people from snake-poisoning (1,43).
[[File:Kashyapa alive tree what is burnt by Takshak ( near Pond ) and parikshit bitten by Takshak.jpg|thumb|Kashyapa alive tree what is burnt by Takshak (near Pond) and parikshit bitten by Takshak, folio from Birla razmnama]]
Later King [[Janamejaya]], the son of Parikshit, fought a war at [[Takshasila]] (1,3) and expelled the Nagas headed by Takshaka from there too.

Utanka soon became another victim while he was passing through the domain of Takshaka. By visiting Janamejaya, Utanka invoked the ire of that [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] king, which was directed at its full force, towards Takshaka and the Naga race. Janamejaya started a campaign at Takshasila where he massacred the Nagas, with the intent of exterminating the Naga race (1,52). Takshaka left his territory and escaped to the Deva territory where he sought protection from Deva king Indra (1,53). But Janamejaya's men traced him and brought him as a prisoner in order to execute him along with the other Naga chiefs (1,56). At that time, a learned sage named [[Astika (mythology)|Astika]], a boy in age, came and interfered. His mother [[Manasa]] was a Naga and father was a [[Brahmin]]. Janamejaya had to listen to the words of the learned Astika and set Takshaka free. He also stopped the massacre of the Nagas and ended all the enmity with them (1,56). From then on, the Nagas and Kurus lived in peace. Janamejaya became a peace-loving king as well.

== Other references ==
Takshaka, disguised as a beggar, stole the earrings of [[Kalmashapada|Paushya]] king's queen, which she had given as a gift to a [[Brahmin]] named Uttanka. [[Uttanka]] managed to get it back with the help of others. He wished to revenge on Takshaka and proceeded towards [[Hastinapura]], the capital of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king Janamejaya, the great-grandson of Arjuna. Uttanka then waited upon King Janamejaya who had some time before returned victorious from Takshashila. Uttanka reminded the king of his father Parikshit's death, at the hands of Takshaka (1,3).

''In the chapters (14-53 to 58) Uttanka's history is repeated where the ear-rings were mentioned to be of queen Madayanti, the wife of king [[Saudasa]] (an Ikshwaku king) (14,57). A Naga in the race of Airavata is said to steal away the ear-rings (14,58).''

*A king named Riksha in the race of [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] (a branch of [[Lunar Dynasty]]) is mentioned as marrying the daughter of a Naga in the race of Takshaka (1,95).
*[[Bhishma]] is compared in prowess to Naga Takshaka at (6,108).
*Takshaka snake means [[Chrysopelea|gliding snake]] in [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvJZ-HWHX9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/fvJZ-HWHX9c |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title= Takshak-the flying snake|website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=17 August 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Nāgas]]

List of deputy speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly

2025-11-01T16:26:06Z

MariskaFeari3794: Created redirect page

#redirect [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]