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Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi

2026-05-15T13:21:52Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| writer = [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]] (dialogues)
| studio = Arun Prasad Movies
| editing = R. Devarajan
| cinematography = A. Somasundaram
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1979|11|16|ref1=}}
| starring = [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Shoba]] [[Rati Agnihotri|Rati]]
| story = Navatha Arts
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi''''' ({{translation|Every house has a doorstep}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=Star Vijay launches Veetukku Veedu Vasappadi |url=https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-veetukku-veedu-vasappadi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022615/https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-veetukku-veedu-vasappadi/ |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Chennai Vision |language=en}}</ref> is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[P. Madhavan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Shoba]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]] in lead roles. The soundtrack was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]]. The film was released on 16 November 1979. It is a remake of the 1979 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[:te:ఇంటింటి రామాయణం|Intinti Ramayanam]]''.<ref name="an" />

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Jagan
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Mohan
*[[Shoba]] as Latha
*[[Rati Agnihotri|Rati]] as Jaya
*[[Suruli Rajan]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Panchali
*[[Nagesh]] as Latha's father
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Latha's mother
*[[Peeli Sivam]]
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Rajan Nagendra |url=https://mossymart.com/product/veettukku-veedu-vasappadi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-rajan-nagendra-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526151524/https://mossymart.com/product/veettukku-veedu-vasappadi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-rajan-nagendra-2/ |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veetukku Veedu Vasappadi |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/veettukku-veedu-vasappadi_15054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812105706/https://www.saregama.com/album/veettukku-veedu-vasappadi_15054 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=[[Saregama]]|language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Veettukku Veedu
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| title2 = Aadal Paadal
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| title3 = Patta Kashtam
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| title4 = Thogai Kannil
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| title6 =
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| length7 =
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| title8 =
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}}

== Release and reception ==
''Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi'' was released on 16 November 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veetukku Veedu Vasappadi (1979) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/veettukku-veedu-vasapadi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526145005/https://screen4screen.com/movies/veettukku-veedu-vasapadi |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Screen4Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veettukku veedu vasappadi ( 1979 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=veettukku%20veedu%20vasappadi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221052922/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=veettukku%20veedu%20vasappadi |archive-date=21 December 2010 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of the cast, Mouli's dialogues, Somasundaram's dialogues, Rajan–Nagendra's music and Madhavan's direction.<ref name="an">{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=18 November 1979 |title=வீட்டுக்கு வீடு வாசப்படி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_33/4.jp2/full/1000,1362/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526145811/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_33/4.jp2/full/1000,1362/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Kausikan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Vijayakumar, Suman, Shoba but panned the acting of Rati Agnihotri. He praised Soman's cinematography and Madhavan's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கௌசிகன் |date=2 December 1979 |title=வீட்டுக்கு வீடு வாசப்படி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-12-02/page/n33/mode/2up |access-date=26 May 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=34 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1979 drama films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)

2026-05-06T14:42:00Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Made new entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader}}
{{other people|Ravi Shankar}}
{{EngvarB |date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ravi Shankar
| image = Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar_-_new.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|5|13}}
| birth_place = [[Papanasam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| birth_name = Ravi Shankar
| nationality =
| honors = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| organization = [[Art of Living Foundation]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's University, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] ([[B. Sc.]])
| works = Notes for the Journey Within: Essentials of the Art of Living, ''Celebrating Silence'', ''An Intimate Note to the Sincere Seeker'', ''God Loves Fun'', "Astavakra Gita(Commentary)", "Commentary on Narada Bhakti Sutra"
| signature =
| website = [https://www.srisriravishankar.org/ Official website]
}}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2016.jpg|261px|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], presenting the [[Padma Vibhushan]] to Shankar at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]

'''Ravi Shankar''' (born 13 May 1956) is an Indian [[guru]] and spiritual leader. He is also referred to by the [[Honorific|honorifics]] [[Shri|Sri Sri]] and Gurudev.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Venkataramani |first=Swetha |date=2025-11-06 |title=Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Receives 2025 World Leader for Peace and Security Award |url=https://southasianherald.com/gurudev-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-receives-2025-world-leader-for-peace-and-security-award/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=South Asian Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> From the mid-1970s, he worked as an apprentice under [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], the founder of [[Transcendental Meditation]], before founding the [[Art of Living Foundation]] in 1981.<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Stephen |title=The Art of Living Foundation: Spirituality and Wellbeing in the Global Context |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1472412683 |page=68}}</ref>

His work has included programmes related to meditation, yoga, and stress-management practices, and he is associated with the development of [[Kriyā|Sudarshan Kriya]], a breathing technique taught as part of the Art of Living Foundation's activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chhajer |first1=Raina |last2=Dagar |first2=Chirag |date=2024-03-05 |title=Examining the impact of a restorative breath-based intervention "Sudarshan Kriya Yoga" at work: a field experiment |journal= Frontiers in Psychology|language=English |volume=15 |article-number=1327119 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327119 |doi-access=free |pmid=38505368 |pmc=10949861 |issn=1664-1078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zope |first1=Sameer A. |last2=Zope |first2=Rakesh A. |date= 2013|title=Sudarshan kriya yoga: Breathing for health |journal=International Journal of Yoga |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.4103/0973-6131.105935 |doi-access=free |issn=0973-6131 |pmc=3573542 |pmid=23440614 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Kriya Yoga Breathing and a Meditation Program for Burnout Among Physicians |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2814344 |website=[[JAMA]]}}</ref>

Shankar has also been involved in international peace mediation, including the [[Colombian peace process]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Hindol |date=2016-10-05 |title=The mediator |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-mediator/100266 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Ayodhya dispute]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=Explained: Sri Sri's (unsuccessful) attempt at settling Ayodhya dispute began in 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mediation-in-ayodhya-dispute-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-5617045/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=A. Faizur |date=2019-03-11 |title=A compromise is still possible: on Ayodhya dispute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-compromise-is-still-possible/article26502542.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Supreme Court orders mediation over disputed Ayodhya site |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/8/indias-supreme-court-orders-mediation-over-disputed-ayodhya-site |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Kanchan |date=2019-03-08 |title=Mediation in #AyodhyaDispute will provide a big breather for the BJP |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/03/08/mediation-in-ayodhyadispute-will-provide-a-big-breather-for-the-bjp |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramani |first=Kalyan |date=2016-02-03 |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar possible nominee for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-possible-nominee-for-nobel-peace-prize/story-XE8THp117HHzELnqmVcGoL.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards-2014 |url=https://xn--i1b5bzbybhfo5c8b4bxh.xn--11b7cb3a6a.xn--h2brj9c/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2017-pdfs/rs-15032017/1506.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref>

== Life ==
Shankar was born on 13 May 1956 in [[Papanasam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to Vishalakshi and R.S.Venkat Ratnam. He was named "[[Surya|Ravi]]" (an Indian name which means "sun") because his birth was on a Sunday, and "Shankar" after the eighth-century Hindu saint, [[Adi Shankara]], whose birthday was the same day as Shankar's.<ref name=nytimesbliss>{{cite news |title=Seeking Bliss Among the Honks and Hisses |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/seeking-bliss-among-the-honks-and-hisses/ |first=Corey |last=Kilgannon |date=11 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

His first teacher was [[Sudhakar Chaturvedi]], an Indian Vedic Scholar and a close associate of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="journalofdharma">{{cite journal |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00430542/PDF/AVDEEFF_Alexis_-_2004_-_Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar_and_the_Art_of_Spreading_awareness_over_the_World.pdf |first=Alexis |last=Avdeeff |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and the Art of Spreading Awareness over the World |journal=Journal of Dharma |date=2004 |volume=XXIX |number=3 |pages=321–335 |issn=0253-7222 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pandit gifted wheelchair on birthday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Pandit-gifted-wheelchair-on-birthday/articleshow/7705520.cms?referral=PM |date=15 March 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> He completed his graduation in [[Physics]] from [[St. Joseph's University, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scan of Degree Certificate |url=http://bawandinesh.name/look-what-we-found/ |website=Bawandinesh.name |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629085320/http://bawandinesh.name/look-what-we-found |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sjc.ac.in/alumni.php |title=Distinguished Alumni |website=St Joseph's College |access-date=25 April 2026 }}</ref> After graduation, he travelled with his second teacher, [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]],<ref name="ToI-Yogi-cremated">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-cremated-in-Allahabad/articleshow/2774934.cms |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi cremated in Allahabad |first=Rajiv |last=Mani |date=12 February 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> giving talks and arranging conferences on Vedic science, and setting up [[Transcendental Meditation]] and [[Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health|Ayurveda]] centers.{{sfnp|Gautier|2008|p=36}}{{sfnp|Fischman|2010}}

In the 1980s, he initiated a series of practical and experiential courses in spirituality around the globe. He says that his rhythmic breathing practice, [[Sudarshan Kriya]], came to him in 1982, "like a poem, an inspiration", after a ten-day period of silence on the banks of the [[Bhadra River]] in [[Shivamogga]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], adding, "I learned it and started teaching it".<ref name=RD>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/other/facetoface_feb07.asp |title=Face to Face: Stress Free with Sri Sri |last=Mahadevan |first=Ashok |date=February 2007 |magazine=[[Reader's Digest]] |access-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012144/http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/other/facetoface_feb07.asp |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

In 1983, he held the first Art of Living course in [[Switzerland]]. In 1986, he travelled to [[Apple Valley, California]], in the US to conduct the first course to be held in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Art of living founder Ravi Shankar – First Indian to receive the Crans Montana Forum Award |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/art-of-living-founder-ravi-shankar-first-indian-to-receive-the-crans-montana-forum-award-1309324614-1 |first=Srimoyee |last=Pandit |website=Jagran Josh |date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

==Philosophy and teachings==

===Spirituality===
He believes spirituality is that which enhances human values such as love, compassion and enthusiasm. It is not limited to any one religion or culture. Hence it is open to all people. According to him, the spiritual bond we share as part of the human family is more important than nationality, gender, religion, profession, or other identities that separate us.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shankar |first=Sri Sri Ravi |title=Bang on the Door |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=Art of Living Foundation |year=1995 |isbn=1-885289-31-6}}</ref>

According to him, science and spirituality are linked and compatible, both springing from the urge to know. The question, "Who am I?" leads to spirituality; the question, "What is this?" leads to science. Emphasizing that joy is only available in the present moment, his stated vision is to create a world free of stress and violence. His programs are said to offer practical tools to help accomplish this.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} He sees breath as the link between body and mind, and a tool to relax the mind, emphasising the importance of both meditation/spiritual practice and service to others. In his view, "Truth is spherical rather than linear; so it has to be contradictory."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/04/AR2007070401609.html |title=Take a Deep Breath |last=Copeland |first=Libby |date=5 July 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

== Art of Living Foundation ==
Shankar founded the [[Art of Living Foundation]] in 1981, a volunteer-based [[non-governmental organization]] that runs programmes in yoga, meditation, and breath-based practices. The foundation has held [[consultative status]] with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGOs in consultative status with ECOSOC |url=https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/mgroups/808_ngo_list.pdf |website=www.un.org}}</ref> Its programmes include [[Kriyā|Sudarshan Kriya]], a breathing-based meditation practice that has been the subject of clinical research examining stress and anxiety, with studies reporting mixed results and noting limitations related to study size and duration.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-27 |title=To improve students’ mental health, Yale study finds, teach them to breathe {{!}} Yale News |url=https://news.yale.edu/2020/07/27/improve-students-mental-health-yale-study-finds-teach-them-breathe |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=news.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toschi-Dias |first=Edgar |last2=Tobaldini |first2=Eleonora |last3=Solbiati |first3=Monica |last4=Costantino |first4=Giorgio |last5=Sanlorenzo |first5=Roberto |last6=Doria |first6=Stefania |last7=Irtelli |first7=Floriana |last8=Mencacci |first8=Claudio |last9=Montano |first9=Nicola |date=2017-05-01 |title=Sudarshan Kriya Yoga improves cardiac autonomic control in patients with anxiety-depression disorders |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716316020 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=214 |pages=74–80 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.017 |issn=0165-0327|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The foundation has also been involved in humanitarian initiatives, including disaster relief, and rural development activities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Ipsita |date=2017-12-06 |title=Reviving water bodies is an Art of Living now |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/reviving-water-bodies-is-an-art-of-living-now/articleshow/61945110.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Social and humanitarian initiatives ==
Shankar founded the International Association for Human Values (IAHV) and the Art of Living Foundation, which coordinate social programs in education, environmental conservation, and rehabilitation.

=== Education and rural development ===
Through the IAHV's Care for Children program, the foundation claims to provide educational support in rural India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGOs in consultative status with ECOSOC|url=https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/mgroups/808_ngo_list.pdf|website=www.un.org}}</ref> reporting a presence in over 700 schools as of 2023. For higher education, the organization's YesPlus stress management modules have been implemented at various institutions, including [[Yale University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-27|title=To improve students’ mental health, Yale study finds, teach them to breathe {{!}} Yale News|url=https://news.yale.edu/2020/07/27/improve-students-mental-health-yale-study-finds-teach-them-breathe|access-date=2026-01-07|website=news.yale.edu|language=en}}</ref> Independent academic reviews have noted that while these modules are widely adopted, published evidence regarding their efficacy at the university level relies largely on qualitative data rather than longitudinal quantitative studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toschi-Dias|first=Edgar|last2=Tobaldini|first2=Eleonora|last3=Solbiati|first3=Monica|last4=Costantino|first4=Giorgio|last5=Sanlorenzo|first5=Roberto|last6=Doria|first6=Stefania|last7=Irtelli|first7=Floriana|last8=Mencacci|first8=Claudio|last9=Montano|first9=Nicola|date=2017-05-01|title=Sudarshan Kriya Yoga improves cardiac autonomic control in patients with anxiety-depression disorders|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716316020|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=214|pages=74–80|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.017|issn=0165-0327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=B Chandramana|first=Sudeep|date=|title=Sustainable Rural Development through empowerment at the Base of Pyramid|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2019_Nov_JGRS_SRDP_IAHV_pdf/13323164|journal=Journal of The Gujarat Research Society|pages=576220 Bytes|doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.13323164}}</ref>

=== Environmental projects ===
Since 2013, the foundation has conducted river rejuvenation and groundwater recharge projects in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Combating Drought with a Haphazard Measure: A Story of Manjara River Rejuvenation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321530265_Combating_Drought_with_a_Haphazard_Measure_A_Story_of_Manjara_River_Rejuvenation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu|first=Ipsita|date=2017-12-06|title=Reviving water bodies is an Art of Living now|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/reviving-water-bodies-is-an-art-of-living-now/articleshow/61945110.cms|access-date=2026-01-12|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> involving reforestation and the construction of check dams.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sequeira|first=Aditi|date=2016-05-08|title=Kumudvathi, a river on the path to recovery|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kumudvathi-a-river-on-the-path-to-recovery/articleshow/52179169.cms|access-date=2026-01-30|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While these efforts received recognition from the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]], they have also faced scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra|first=Manoj|date=2016-02-26|title=Will a mega Art of Living celebration on the banks of the Yamuna help kill the river?|url=http://scroll.in/article/804044/will-a-mega-art-of-living-celebration-on-the-banks-of-the-yamuna-help-kill-the-river|access-date=2026-01-30|website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref> Notably, the 2016 [[World Cultural Festival|World Culture Festival]] was criticized by environmental activists, and the [[National Green Tribunal]] subsequently investigated the event's impact on the [[Yamuna|Yamuna river]] floodplains.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-10|title=Why India's huge 'spiritual' festival has run into trouble|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35770615|access-date=2026-01-31|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-14|title=India guru Sri Sri Ravishankar, "Art of Living" irk environmental activists over Yamuna River festival - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-guru-sri-sri-ravishankar-art-of-living-yamuna-river-festival/|access-date=2026-01-31|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-30|title=Art of Living should not be allowed to get away with damaging the Yamuna|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/art-of-living-should-not-be-allowed-to-get-away-with-damaging-the-yamuna/story-24K1mrooap3lWreAf3K2nI.html|access-date=2026-01-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Institutional programs and rehabilitation ===
The Prison S.M.A.R.T. program, established in 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDINA|first=MARISOL|date=2015-12-15|title=Silence behind bars: Retreat helps Homestead inmates defuse anger|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/homestead/article49818475.html|website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-24|title=South African prisoners embrace yoga|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7777912.stm|access-date=2026-02-05|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South African prisoners embrace yoga |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7777912.stm |website=BBC News |date=24 December 2008 |first=Andrew |last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |title=Pravin Mahajan 'n D's brother sing together - Express India |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=85731 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113142607/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=85731 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=expressindia.indianexpress.com}}</ref> provides yoga and meditation training in correctional facilities across India, the United States, and Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lintowska|first=Agnieszka|last2=Seń|first2=Mariola|last3=Klisowska|first3=Iwona|date=2022-09-19|title=Psychosocial Peacebuilding Approach of International Association for Human Values (IAHV) - now, the first step is available online|url=https://e-methodology.eu/index.php/e-methodology/article/view/1445|journal=E-methodology|volume=8|issue=8|pages=25–32|doi=10.15503/emet2021.25.32|issn=2392-0688}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandya|first=Samta P.|date=2016-03-14|title=Sudarshan Kriya of the Art of Living Foundation: Applications to Social Work Practice|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09503153.2015.1053856|journal=Practice|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=133–154|doi=10.1080/09503153.2015.1053856|issn=0950-3153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prison SMART|url=https://news.wttw.com/2012/08/14/prison-smart|access-date=2026-01-30|website=WTTW News}}</ref>

==Peace efforts==

===Pakistan===
He visited Pakistan in 2004 on a [[Goodwill tour|goodwill mission]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/788657.cms |title=There's dignity of religion in Pakistan |date=23 July 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> and again in 2012 when he inaugurated Art of Living centers in [[Islamabad]] and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar tells Lahore about his 'Art of Living' |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/349068/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-tells-lahore-about-his-art-of-living/ |first=Aroosa |last=Shaukat |date=12 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> The Islamabad center was burned down by armed men in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/art-of-living-center-torched-in-islamabad/ |title=Art of Living Center Torched in Islamabad |date=10 March 2014 |website=[[Newsweek Pakistan]] |access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Did Pakistan TV Debate Prompt Burning of Yoga Center? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/did-pakistan-tv-debate-prompt-burning-yoga-center-n49036 |date=10 March 2014 |website=NBC News |access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>

===Iraq===
During his visits to Iraq, at the invitation of Prime Minister [[Nouri al Maliki]], in 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/art-of-living-guru-in-iraq-to-talk-peace/41193-3.html?xml |title=Art of Living guru in Iraq to talk peace |date=24 May 2007 |website=[[IBNlive.com]] |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155651/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/art-of-living-guru-in-iraq-to-talk-peace/41193-3.html?xml |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and again in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar visits Iraq |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/22sri-ravi-shankar-visits-iraq.htm |date=22 December 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> he met with political and religious leaders to promote global peace. In November 2014, Shankar visited the relief camps in [[Erbil]], Iraq. He also hosted a conference to address the dire condition of [[Yazidis]] and other non-Muslims in the region.<ref name=huff-erbil-conf>{{cite web |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Spiritual Leader and Activist, Travels To Iraq To Promote Yazidi Rights |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/19/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-iraq_n_6178316.html |first=Antonia |last=Blumberg |date=19 November 2014 |website=Huffington Post |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian spiritual leader steps up relief work for refugees in northern Iraq |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1643903/indian-spiritual-leaders-ngo-steps-relief-work-refugees-northern-iraq |date=19 November 2014 |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

===Colombia and FARC===
In June 2015, Shankar met with the delegations of [[Colombia]]n government and the [[FARC]] who were negotiating [[Colombian peace process|the resolution to Colombian conflict]] in [[Havana]]. He urged FARC leaders to follow the [[Gandhism|Gandhian principle of non-violence]] to attain their political objectives and social justice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Words from the Peace Delegation of the FARC-EP to Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=http://farc-epeace.org/index.php/communiques/communiques-peace-delegation/item/774-words-from-the-peace-delegation-of-the-farc-ep-to-sri-sri-ravi-shankar.html |website=Official website of the Peace Delegation of the FARC-EP (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army) |access-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722150121/http://farc-epeace.org/index.php/communiques/communiques-peace-delegation/item/774-words-from-the-peace-delegation-of-the-farc-ep-to-sri-sri-ravi-shankar.html |archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> For his efforts, Colombia's House of Representatives awarded him the [[:es:Orden de la Democracia Simón Bolívar|Simón Bolívar Order of Democracy]], Knight Cross grade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi congratulates Sri Sri Ravi Shankar for Colombia honour |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/modi-congratulates-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-for-colombia-honour-115062500223_1.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India |agency=IANS |date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

===Venezuela===
In 2019, Shankar met with [[Venezuela]]n leaders from both sides to encourage dialogue, end the political conflict and restore peace and stability in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar in Venezuela for peace talks |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-in-venezuela-for-peace-talks-755563.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=20 August 2019 |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela receives visit from humanitarian leader and peace ambassador Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=http://mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/07/08/venezuela-humanitarian-leader-peace-ambassador-sri-sri-ravi-shankar/ |website=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717062831/http://mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/07/08/venezuela-humanitarian-leader-peace-ambassador-sri-sri-ravi-shankar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President Maduro meets with Ambassador of Peace Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar in Miraflores |url=http://mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/07/08/president-maduro-ambassador-peace-gurudev-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-miraflores/ |website=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207063752/http://www.mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/07/08/president-maduro-ambassador-peace-gurudev-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-miraflores/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Kashmir===
The South Asian Forum for Peace was launched in November 2016 at a conference titled "Kashmir Back to Paradise" in [[Jammu]]. According to Shankar, 90% of people in [[Kashmir]] want peace but are neglected. He added, "The solution to the Kashmir problem can only come from the Kashmiris". This forum is intended to bring together eight South Asian countries to cooperate in areas such as entrepreneurship, skill development, cultural exchange, educational partnerships and women's empowerment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Solution to Kashmir problem can only come from Kashmiris: Sri Sri |url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/solution-to-kashmir-problem-can-only-come-from-kashmiris-sri-sri/234395.html |first=Yogesh |last=Sagotra |date=24 November 2016 |newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]] |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015218/https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/solution-to-kashmir-problem-can-only-come-from-kashmiris-sri-sri/234395.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir: 90 per cent of people want peace |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-90-per-cent-of-people-want-peace-says-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-4392410/ |date=24 November 2016 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmiri separatists, militants are 'cash cows' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/241116/kashmiri-separatists-militants-are-cash-cows-says-sri-sri-ravi-shankar.html |access-date=22 February 2017 |first=Yusuf |last=Jameel |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AOL to launch regional peace platform for South Asia |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8107837_AOL-to-launch-regional-peace-platform-for-South-Asia.html |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

===Northeast India===
68 militants from 11 militant outfits surrendered to the government in Manipur on the eve of India's 71st Independence Day in August 2017. The Chief Minister of Manipur, [[N. Biren Singh]], lauded Shankar for his efforts in making this happen and "bringing peace in troubled areas". Shankar organization has been working in Manipur for the last 15 years.<ref name="statesman">{{cite news |title=CM Biren lauds Sri Sri Ravi Shankar for peace efforts in Manipur |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cm-biren-lauds-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-peace-efforts-manipur-1502438102.html |date=15 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="india today">{{cite news |title=Manipur: 68 members of 6 terror cadres, including 4 women cadres, surrender before CM Biren Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-terrorist-cadres-surrender-n-biren-singh-1029598-2017-08-14 |date=14 August 2017 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

In September 2017, at the "Strength in Diversity – North East Indigenous People's Conference", Shankar claimed that another 500 militants were waiting to "lay down weapons and join the peace process". The conference was attended by representatives from 67 rebel outfits from the Northeast. Expressing his willingness to facilitate the peaceful transition of any rebel group wanting to join the mainstream, Shankar claimed that his organization has been working for this for the last 10–12 years and "will continue to work until the last gun is laid down".<ref name="nie">{{cite news |title=North East militants waiting to make peace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/08/north-east-militants-waiting-to-make-peace-1653912.html |first=Prasanta |last=Mazumdar |date=8 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Former ULFA General Secretary, [[Anup Chetia]], who was also the convenor of the conference, appreciated Shankar's interest and efforts for peace in the region.<ref name="NorthEast India24">{{cite web |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar expressed willingness to rehabilitate militants back into Mainstream |url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-expressed-willingness-to-rehabilitate-militants-back-into-mainstream/ |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=NorthEast India24 |date=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal24.in">{{cite news |title=We Will Not Stop till the Last Gun is Laid Down: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=http://arunachal24.in/we-will-not-stop-till-the-last-gun-is-laid-down-sri-sri-ravi-shankar/ |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=Arunachal24 |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

===Ayodhya Ram Mandir dispute===
Shankar's efforts at mediation in the [[Ayodhya dispute]] in 2017 received a mixed response from both Hindu and Muslim leaders. Based on [[Supreme Court of India]]'s suggestion for an out-of-court settlement,<ref>{{cite news |title=SC calls for out-of-court settlement in Ayodhya case |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-row-supreme-court-suggests-out-of-court-settlement/article17551285.ece |access-date=9 April 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 March 2017}}</ref> he proposed a mutual compromise where both communities "gift" neighbouring pieces of land to each other. This proposal was met with a lot of skepticism and resistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shia Waqf Board chief meets Sri Sri, favours Ram Temple at disputed site |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shia-waqf-board-chief-meets-sri-sri-favours-ram-temple-at-disputed-site/story-K8Bsa4mChdgPxDZhCpZ2hL.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In a bid to solve Ayodhya issue, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar meets Nirmohi Akhara and Muslim law board members |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-a-bid-to-solve-ayodhya-issue-sri-sri-ravishankar-meets-nirmohi-akhara-and-muslim-law-board-members/story-3UUrLCkuSfSlVqD2CHW8iI.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar meets expelled AIMPLB member Nadvi |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-meets-expelled-aimplb-member-nadvi/551713.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082901/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-meets-expelled-aimplb-member-nadvi/551713.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solution to Ayodhya dispute not possible in Supreme Court: Sri Sri Ravishankar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/solution-to-ayodhya-dispute-not-possible-in-supreme-court-sri-sri-ravishankar-2085347.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |website=[[Zee News]] |date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya dispute: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar gives fresh mediation push, meets UP CM Yogi Adityanath in Gorakhpur |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/28/ayodhya-dispute-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-gives-fresh-mediation-push-meets-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-in-gor-1779847.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=28 February 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082946/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/28/ayodhya-dispute-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-gives-fresh-mediation-push-meets-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-in-gor-1779847.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Reactions Live Updates: BJD, TMC, maintain silence on judgement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-babri-masjid-ram-temple-reactions-live-updates-6111086/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2019, he was appointed by the Supreme Court of India to a 3-member mediation committee tasked with finding a resolution for the case in 8 weeks.<ref name="theweek">{{cite web |title=Ayodhya dispute: Supreme Court appoints 3-member mediation team |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/08/ayodhya-dispute-supreme-court-mediation.html |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Ayodhya land dispute case: SC-named panel to complete mediation in 8 weeks |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 March 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-refers-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-for-mediation/articleshow/68314177.cms |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite news |title=Ayodhya land dispute: SC-appointed mediation panel holds first sitting in Faizabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ayodhya-land-dispute-sc-appointed-mediation-panel-holds-first-sitting-in-faizabad-119031400690_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> In its final [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|verdict]], the [[Supreme Court of India]] assigned the disputed land to a trust for building a temple and an alternate piece of land nearby to build a mosque.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya verdict: Indian top court gives holy site to Hindus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775 |access-date=10 February 2022 |agency=BBC |date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

===Interfaith dialogue===
Shankar is involved in [[interfaith dialogue]] and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the [[Elijah Interfaith Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders of Religions of India |url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/index.php?id=731 |website=Elijah Interfaith Institute |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Indian religious leaders back new declaration of peace in Europe – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/indian-religious-leaders-back-new-declaration-of-peace-in-europe/articleshow/65969104.cms |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Through interfaith summits in 2008 and 2010, he has been engaging faith-based leaders for collective action against HIV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spiritual healing for HIV-infected in Bangalore |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1444431/report-spiritual-healing-for-hiv-infected-in-bangalore |access-date=30 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=28 September 2010}}</ref> In July 2013 at a meeting in [[UNAIDS]] headquarters in Geneva, issues including HIV prevention, gender based violence, stigma and discrimination were discussed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Science, spirituality and health in the AIDS response |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2013/july/20130703srisrishankar/ |website=UNAIDS |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
*[[Honorary Order of the Yellow Star]] (Grand Cordon), Suriname's highest civilian honour.<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-first-asia-receive-surinames-highest-civilian-honour-details-850412 Sri Sri Ravi Shankar first in Asia to receive Suriname's highest civilian honour ] - website ibtimes.co.in</ref>
*[[Order of Fiji]], (Officer) Fiji's highest civilian honour<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-27 |title=Republic of Fiji honours Sri Sri Ravi Shankar with its highest Civilian Award |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/republic-of-fiji-honours-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-with-its-highest-civilian-award/articleshow/114650300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*[[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honour, January 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-awards-announced/article8151257.ece |title=Padma Vibhushan for Rajinikanth, Dhirubhai Ambani, Jagmohan |access-date=28 February 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
*Dr. Nagendra Singh International Peace Award, India, November 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravishankar gets international peace prize |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sri-Sri-Ravishankar-gets-international-peace-prize/articleshow/55529251.cms |access-date=10 December 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 November 2016}}</ref>
*Medalla de la Integración (Grand Officer), Peru<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar conferred with Peru's highest award 'Grand Officer' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-conferred-with-peru-s-highest-award-grand-officer-2100609 |access-date=22 July 2015 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 July 2015}}</ref>
*Orden de la Democracia Simón Bolívar, Colombia<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sri Sri Conferred With Colombia's Highest Civilian Award |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/sri-sri-conferred-with-colombias-highest-civilian-award/903924 |access-date=22 July 2015 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spiritual Leader Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Conferred With Colombia's Highest Civilian Award |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/spiritual-leader-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-conferred-with-colombias-highest-civilian-award-775342 |access-date=22 July 2015 |agency=Press Trust of India |website=[[NDTV]] |date=25 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[Gandhi, King, Ikeda Community Builders Prize]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar to Speak at Morehouse's Martin Luther King International Chapel |url=http://www.atlantadailyworld.com/201304024956/Praise/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-to-speak-at-morehouse-s-martin-luther-king-international-chapel |access-date=4 April 2013 |newspaper=[[Atlanta Daily World]] |date=2 April 2013}}</ref>
*Orden Nacional al Mérito de Comuneros, Paraguay, 13 September 2012<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar gets Paraguay's highest civilian award |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33863046_1_federico-franco-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-paraguayan-senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325090517/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33863046_1_federico-franco-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-paraguayan-senate |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2013 |access-date=22 March 2013 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo/89279-condecoraran-al-dr-sri-sri-ravi-shankar.html |title=Condecorarán al Dr. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |date=7 September 2012 |newspaper=[[La Nación]] |language=es |access-date=22 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325085420/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo/89279-condecoraran-al-dr-sri-sri-ravi-shankar.html |archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>
*Illustrious citizen by the Paraguayan Municipality, 12 September 2012<ref name="lite.epaper.timesofindia.com">{{cite news |title=Sri Sri gets Paraguays Highest Civilian Award |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=ETD&mydateHid=15-09-2012&pubname=Economic+Times+-+Delhi&edname=&articleid=Ar00501&publabel=ET |access-date=22 March 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 September 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113152359/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=ETD&mydateHid=15-09-2012&pubname=Economic+Times+-+Delhi&edname=&articleid=Ar00501&publabel=ET |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Illustrious guest of the city of Asunción, Paraguay, 12 September 2012<ref name="lite.epaper.timesofindia.com"/>
*Tiradentes Medal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 September 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alerjln1.alerj.rj.gov.br/scpro1115.nsf/10d6d451b00fd42b832566ec0018d836/94736f5cf68f67fc832579c80070979c?OpenDocument |title=Concede Medalha Tiradentes e Respectivo Diploma ao Ilustre Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |website=Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro |language=es |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113152328/http://alerjln1.alerj.rj.gov.br/scpro1115.nsf/10d6d451b00fd42b832566ec0018d836/94736f5cf68f67fc832579c80070979c?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Sivananda World Peace award, Sivananda Foundation, South Africa, 26 August 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Sivananda Peace Pillar presented to Ravi Shankar |url=http://sivanandapeacepillars.com/blog/2012/10/08/sivananda-peace-pillar-presented-to-ravi-shankar/ |website=Sivananda Peace Pillars.com |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref>
*Crans Montana Forum Award, Brussels, 24 June 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmf.ch/awards/LISTE-PRIX-58.pdf |title=Prix De La Fondation |website=Crans Montana Forum |access-date=14 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113152331/http://www.cmf.ch/awards/LISTE-PRIX-58.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Shankar 1st Indian to get Crans Montana award |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ravi-shankar-1st-indian-to-get-crans-montana-award/809703 |access-date=22 March 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2011}}</ref>
*In 2009, Ravi Shankar was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine as the fifth most powerful leader in India.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=9 November 2009 |title=Editor's Picks: The Seven Most Powerful People in India – No. 5: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/gandhi-singh-tata-leadership-power-09-india_slide_6.html |access-date=21 March 2013 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref>
*Culture in Balance Award, World Culture Forum, Dresden Germany, 10 October 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar conferred award by German organisation |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29982/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-conferred.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=11 October 2009}}</ref>
*Phoenix Award, Atlanta, USA, 2008<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar honoured by three US cities |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mobile/report.php?n=1202527 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 November 2008}}</ref>
*Honorary Citizenship and Goodwill Ambassador, Houston, USA, 2008<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>
*Proclamation of Commendation, New Jersey, USA 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Sri teaches Art of Living to New Jersey |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/07sld04.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=7 July 2008}}</ref>
*Sant Shri Dnyaneshwara World Peace Prize, Pune, India, 11 January 2007<ref>{{cite news |title=Give me your worries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Give-me-your-worries/articleshow/1140347.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331080811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-11/pune/27876788_1_sri-sri-ravi-shankar-organic-farming-art-of-living-founder |url-status=live |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 January 2007}}</ref>
*[[Order of the Polar Star (Mongolia)|Order of the Polar Star]], Mongolia, 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=Mongolia's top civilian honour for Sri Sri Ravishankar |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/24sri.htm |website=Rediff.com |date=24 August 2006}}</ref>
*Bharat Shiromani Award, New Delhi, India, 2005<ref>{{cite news |title=Of oneness, spirituality and unity |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-21/india/27848023_1_spirituality-time-and-space-pranab-mukherjee |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-21/india/27848023_1_spirituality-time-and-space-pranab-mukherjee |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 April 2005}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorates from – Universidad Autónoma de Asunción of Paraguay,<ref name="The Economic Times"/> Buenos Aires University, Argentina; Siglo XXI University Campus, Cordoba, Argentina; Nyenrode Business University, Netherlands;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyenrode.nl/News/Pages/Sri-Sri-Ravi-Shankar-receives-Honorary-Doctorate-from-Nyenrode-Business-Universiteit-.aspx |title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar receives Honorary Doctorate from Nyenrode Business Universiteit |date=4 June 2012 |website=Nyenrode Business Universiteit |access-date=14 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607215524/http://www.nyenrode.nl/News/Pages/Sri-Sri-Ravi-Shankar-receives-Honorary-Doctorate-from-Nyenrode-Business-Universiteit-.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur<ref name="Gyan Vihar convocation">{{cite web |title=Gyan Vihar convocation |url=http://gyanvihar.org/pg11.aspx |website=Gyan Vihar University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319001518/http://gyanvihar.org/pg11.aspx |archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Criticism section|date=August 2025}}
In 2012, Shankar, while attending a function in [[Jaipur]], claimed that some Indian government schools are breeding grounds for [[Naxalite|Naxalism]], a movement of militant communist groups in India declared to be terrorist organisations. "All government schools and colleges should be privatised. The government should not run any school. It's often found that children from government schools get into Naxalism and violence. Children from private schools don't get into this," he was quoted as saying by media reports, his comments were condemned by educationists and ministers as "unfortunate, illogical", and termed it as a "bizarre logic for privatisation" <ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-28 |title=The art of schooling |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-art-of-schooling/article3255114.ece |access-date=2023-11-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt schools breeding grounds for Naxalism: Sri Sri Ravishankar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sri-sri-ravishankar-government-schools-naxalism-96699-2012-03-20 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=India Today |date=21 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title=Sri Sri Ravishankar says government should not run schools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sri-sri-ravishankar-says-government-should-not-run-schools/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, he issued a clarification that he didn't mean that all government schools breed Naxalism. More clarification followed on his Twitter account: "I specifically referred to sick government schools in Naxal affected areas. Many who have turned to Naxalism have come from these schools. I did not say all Govt schools (where [[lakhs]] study) breed Naxalism. Great talents have emerged from these schools & I would never generalize."<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2012 |title=Protest against Sri Sri Ravi Shankar for his remarks on government schools |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Protest-against-Sri-Sri-Ravi-Shankar-for-his-remarks-on-government-schools/articleshow/12362498.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2012 |title=Didn't say all govt schools breed Naxalism: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/didnt-say-all-govt-schools-breed-naxalism-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-472654 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

In March 2018, he faced criticism from political leaders for his commentary, where he said, India will turn into Syria if the [[Ayodhya dispute|Ram temple issue]] is not resolved soon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-babri-dispute-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-likens-india-to-syria-gets-slammed-top-10-highlights-118030600962_1.html|title=Sri Sri Ravi Shankar likens India to Syria, gets trolled: Top 10 highlights|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=2018-03-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-29}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''An Intimate Note to the Sincere Seeker''; Vol. 1: {{ISBN|1-885289-29-4}}, Vol. 2: {{ISBN|1-885289-30-8}}, Vol. 3: {{ISBN|1-885289-33-2}}, Vol. 4: {{ISBN|1-885289-36-7}}, Vol. 5: {{ISBN|1-885289-38-3}}, Vol. 6: {{ISBN|1-885289-40-5}}, Vol. 7: {{ISBN|1-885289-41-3}}
* ''Buddha: manifestation of silence'', {{ISBN|81-89291-91-2}}
* 1999 – ''Be A Witness: The Wisdom of the Upanishads'', 106 pp. {{ISBN|81-7621-063-3}}
* 2000 – ''God Loves Fun'', 138 pp. {{ISBN|1-885289-05-7}}
* 2001 – ''Celebrating Silence: Excerpts from Five Years of Weekly Knowledge 1995–2000'', 206 pp. {{ISBN|1-885289-39-1}}
* ''Celebrating Love'' {{ISBN|1-885289-42-1}}
* 2005 – ''Narada Bhakti Sutra'', 129 pp. {{ISBN|81-7811-029-6}}
*''Hinduism & Islam, the common thread'', 34 pp, 2002
* ''Secrets of Relationships'', Arktos, 2014
* ''Patanjali Yoga Sutras'', Arktos, 2014
* ''Ashtavakra Gita'', 2010, {{ISBN|9380592833}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Ashtavakra Gita |date=2010 |publisher=Sri Sri Publications Trust |location=Bangalore |isbn=978-9380592831}}</ref>
* ''Management Mantras'', Arktos, 2014
* ''Know Your Child: The Art of Raising Children'', Arktos, 2014
* ''Notes for the Journey Within: Essentials of the Art of Living.'' {{ISBN|979-8886450675}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Notes for the Journey Within: Essentials of the Art of Living |date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group Press |isbn=979-8886450675}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Gautier |first=François |title=The Guru of Joy: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar & the art of living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGQqAAAAYAAJ |edition=Revised & updated |location=New York |publisher=[[Hay House]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-8-19056-559-2}} (First edition: India, Books Today, 2002. {{ISBN|81-87478-42-X}})
* {{cite book |first=Michael |last=Fischman |title=Stumbling into Infinity: An Ordinary Man in the Sphere of Enlightenment |publisher=Morgan James Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60037-648-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Frederique |last=Lebelley |title=Walking the Path : Narrative of an experience with H.H. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |location=Bangalore |publisher=Sri Sri Publications Trust |date=March 2010 |isbn=978-9-07784-076-4}}

==See also==
* [[List of peace activists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}

* {{official website|http://srisriravishankar.org/}}

{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Hinduism|Society|Philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Ravi}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian public speakers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Neo-Advaita teachers]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:The Speaking Tree writers]]
[[Category:Transcendental Meditation exponents]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]

India–Pakistan naval war of 1971

2026-05-03T10:05:32Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new a stub

{{short description|Overview of naval operations during the India–Pakistan war of 1971}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
The '''India–Pakistan naval war of 1971''' refers to the maritime military engagements between the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Pakistan Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The series of naval operations began with the Indian Navy's exertion of pressure on Pakistan from the Indian Ocean, while the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] moved in to choke Pakistani forces operating in East Pakistan on land. Indian naval operations comprised [[Maritime interdiction|naval interdiction]], air defence, ground support, and logistics missions.

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = India–Pakistan naval war of 1971
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 2–16 December 1971
| place = Indian Ocean:
* [[Bay of Bengal]] {{small|(Eastern Front)}}
* [[Arabian Sea]] {{small|(Western Front)}}
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Eastern front: 
* [[Secession]] of [[East Pakistan]] from [[Pakistan]] as the independent [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]]
Western front: 
*Territory captured in Kashmir retained by both sides, [[Line of Control]] defined
*All other captured territory returned to India and Pakistan
| result = Indian victory<ref name="The Shelling of Dwarka">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1150-dwarka.html |title=The Shelling of Dwarka |website=bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918212958/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1150-dwarka.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Surrender of the Pakistani Eastern Armed Forces Command]]
Eastern Front:
* [[Pakistan Navy|Pakistan Naval]] fleet in [[East Pakistan|East]] is destroyed
* Total [[blockade]]
Western Front:
* Significant damage to [[Karachi Harbour]]
* Partial [[blockade]]
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|India}}
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Vice Admiral.svg}} [[Muzaffar Hassan]]
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Rear Admiral.svg}} [[Rashid Ahmed]]
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Rear Admiral.svg}} [[Mohammad Shariff|Moh'd Shariff]]{{Surrendered}}
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Rear Admiral.svg}} [[Leslie Mungavin]]{{Surrendered}}
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Commodore.svg|border=}} Patrick J. Simpson
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Rear Admiral.svg}} [[Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi|M. A. K. Lodhi]]
* {{flagicon image|Pakistan Navy Commodore.svg|border=}} David R. Felix{{Surrendered}}
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|S. M. Nanda]]
* {{flagicon image|Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
* {{flagicon image|Vice_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[Nilakanta Krishnan]]
* {{flagicon image|Vice_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[V. A. Kamath]]
* {{flagicon image|Vice_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila|Chandy Kuruvila]]
* {{flagicon image|Vice_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg}} [[S. H. Sarma]]
}}
| units1 = {{unbulletedlist|{{navy|Pakistan}}}}
| units2 = {{unbulletedlist|{{navy|India}}}}
| strength1 = 1 [[PNS Babur (1956)|light cruiser]] 5 destroyers 2 frigates 4 submarines (3 {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|4}} and 1 {{sclass|Tench|submarine|4}}) 6 midget submarines 8 minesweepers 1 [[USNS Mission Santa Clara|fleet tanker]] Two ex Royal Saudi Navy {{sclass|Jaguar|fast attack craft|1}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|page=130|author=GM Hiranandani|year=2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9781897829721}}</ref> At least 1 Indonesian naval vessel<ref>{{cite web|author=Rakesh Krishnan Simha |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041 |title=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy | Russia & India Report |publisher=In.rbth.com |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref> [[US 7th Fleet]]
| strength2 = 1 [[INS Vikrant (1961)|light aircraft carrier]] 2 light cruisers 4 submarines (4 ''Kalvari'' class) 3 destroyers 14 frigates 5 [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] frigates 6 [[Osa-class missile boat|missile boats]] 2 tankers 1 [[repair ship]] 2 [[Polnocny-class landing ship|landing ships]] 2 groups of Soviet cruisers and destroyers 1 Soviet submarine<ref name="theworldreporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html|title=1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain|work=The World Reporter|date=30 October 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> 1 Soviet nuclear submarine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |title=Cold war games |work=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |archive-date=15 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 Birth of a nation]. Indianexpress.com (11 December 2009). Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref>
| casualties1 = 450 killed in action{{KIA}} 1,413 captured{{POW}} 
* 2 [[destroyer]]s ([[HMS Cadiz (D79)|PNS ''Khaibar'']] and [[HMS Charity (R29)|PNS ''Shah Jahan'']])<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/> 1 [[PNS Muhafiz|minesweeper]]<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/>
* 1 [[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|frigate]] (damaged beyond repair and later scrapped by [[friendly fire]] from aircraft of the [[Pakistan Air Force]])
* 1 [[PNS Ghazi|submarine]]<ref name="BR">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html|title=The Sinking of the Ghazi|work=Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2)|access-date=20 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128104709/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html|archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> 
 3 [[Merchant vessel|Merchant Navy ships]] captured<ref name="irfc-nausena.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/39_transfer%20of%20ships1.htm |title=Utilisation of Pakistan merchant ships seized during the 1971 war |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301204938/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/39_transfer%20of%20ships1.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref> 10 [[Merchant vessel|small vessels]] captured<ref name=Orbat>{{cite web|title=Damage {{sic|Asse|sment|nolink=y}} – 1971 Indo-Pak Naval War |work=B. Harry |url=http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030235952/http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills%281971%29-2.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2005 }}</ref>
*[[Port of Chittagong|Widespread damage to Chittagong Harbour]]
* Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged/fuel tanks destroyed<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm
|title=How west was won...on the waterfront
|publisher=Tribuneindia.com
|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 194 killed in action{{KIA}} 1 frigate ({{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}) 1 aircraft ([[Bréguet 1050 Alizé|Alizé 203]])<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in"/><ref name="orbat.com"/> 2 [[gunboat]]s<ref name=":0" /> 
*Okha harbour damaged/fuel tanks destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/air-force-combat.htm|title=Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience|quote=Pakistan retaliated by causing extensive damage through a single B-57 attack on Indian naval base Okha. The bombs scored direct hits on fuel dumps, ammunition dump and the missile boats jetty.|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|date=9 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. He Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manish Raj Singh|title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|page=117|publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd), 2017|date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Col Y Udaya Chandar (Retd)|title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars|publisher=Notion Press, 2018|date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
}}

{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}

==Background==
{{Main|India–Pakistan war of 1965|Operation Dwarka}}
The Indian Navy did not play a major role during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] as the war focused on land-based conflict. On 7 September, a [[flotilla]] of the Pakistan Navy under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar carried out a bombardment, Operation Dwarka, of the Indian Navy's radar station of Dwarka, {{convert|200|mi|km}} south of the Pakistani port of [[Karachi]]. While there was no damage to the radar station,<ref name="The Shelling of Dwarka" /> this operation caused the Indian Navy to undergo a rapid modernization and expansion. Consequently, the Indian Navy budget grew from {{INR}} 350 million to {{INR}} 1.15 billion.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} The Indian Navy added a [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] to its combatant fleet by acquiring six {{sclass2|Osa|missile boat|1}}s from the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] was also strengthened.

=== Pakistani Navy in East Pakistan ===
[[File:Banair71a.PNG|230px|right|thumb|Locations of Pakistan Navy's Combatant forces in December 1971 in and around East Pakistan. Some unit locations are not shown. Map not to exact scale.]]
{{Main|Operation Searchlight|Operation Barisal|East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971}}

The [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Eastern Command]] was established in 1969 and Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] (later four-star Admiral) was made naval commander in that region. Admiral Shariff administratively ran the Navy, and was credited for leading the administrative operations. Under his command, [[Special Service Group Navy|SSG(N)]], [[Pakistan Marines]] and SEAL teams were established, running both covert and overt operations in the Eastern Command and were assumed command by [[Commander]] David R. Felix.During the conflict, East Pakistan's naval ports were left defenceless as the Eastern Command of Pakistan had decided to fight the war without the navy. Faced with overwhelming opposition, the navy planned to remain in the ports when war broke out.<ref>[[Salik, Siddiq]], ''Witness to Surrender'', p 135</ref>

The Pakistan Naval Forces had inadequate ships to challenge the [[Indian Navy]] on both fronts, and the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) was unable to protect these ships from the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and Indian Naval Air Arm. Furthermore, [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of Pakistan Navy, Vice-Admiral [[Muzaffar Hassan]], had ordered the navy to deploy all naval power on the [[West Pakistan|Western Front]]. Most of the Pakistan Navy's combatant vessels were deployed in West Pakistan and only one destroyer, PNS ''Sylhet'', was assigned in East Pakistan, on the personal request of Admiral Shariff. faced with a hopeless task against overwhelming odds, the Navy planned to remain in port when war broke out.<ref name="Salik1997p135">{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=135}}</ref><ref name="Salik, Siddiq p123">{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=123}}</ref>

In the eastern wing, the Pakistan Navy heavily depended on her gun boat squadron.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness To Surrender'', p134</ref> The Pakistan's Eastern Naval Command was in direct command of Flag Officer Commanding (FOC) Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] who also served as the right-hand of Lieutenant-General Niazi. The Pakistan Navy had four gunboats (PNS ''Jessore'', ''Rajshahi'', ''Comilla'', and ''Sylhet''). All were 345 ton vessels, capable of attaining a maximum speed of 20 knots, crewed by 29 sailors, and fitted with 40/60 mm. cannons and machine guns.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness To Surrender'', p135</ref>One additional patrol boat (PNS ''Balaghat'') and 17 armed boats (armed with 12.7mm./20mm. guns and/or .50 or .303 Browning machine guns) were also employed, in addition to numerous civilian-owned boats requisitioned and armed with various weapons by Pakistani forces, were also part of the Pakistani naval contingent.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=133}}</ref>

This flotilla of improvised armed boats were adequate for patrolling and anti-insurgency operations, but hopelessly out of place in conventional warfare. Before the start of hostilities in December, PNS ''Jessore'' was in Khulna with 4 other boats, PNS ''Rajshahi'', PNS ''Comilla'', and PNS ''Balaghat'' were at Chittagong, and PNS ''Sylhet'' was undergoing repairs at a dry-dock near Dhaka. The outbreak of hostilities on 3 December found most of these boats scattered around the province.<ref name="Salik1997p134">{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=134}}</ref>

==Commencement of naval hostilities==
{{Main|Operation Trident (1971)|}}

On 4 December, three [[Indian Navy]] missile boats, equipped with [[P-15 Termit]] anti-ship missiles, launched [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971)|Operation Trident]] against the port of [[Karachi]]. In 1971, Karachi not only housed the headquarters of the [[Pakistan Navy]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karim|first=Afsir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltOgS1FjiR4C&q=Royal+Pakistan+Naval+Headquarters&pg=PA68|title=Indo-Pak Relations: Viewpoints, 1989–1996|publisher=Lancer Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-1-897829-23-3|location=New Delhi|pages=68|language=en}}</ref> but was also the backbone of [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistan's economy]], as it served as the hub of Pakistan's [[maritime trade]], meaning that any potential blockade of Karachi would be disastrous for Pakistan's economy. The defence of Karachi harbour was therefore paramount to the Pakistani High Command and it was heavily defended against any airstrikes or naval strikes.<ref name="book">{{cite web| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm|title=How west was won…on the waterfront|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune – Books |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The Pakistani Navy had launched submarine operations to gather intelligence on Indian naval efforts. Even so, with multiple intelligence reports by the submarines, the Navy had failed to divert the naval attacks, due to misleading intelligence and communications.

The Indian Navy's [[preemptive strike]] resulted in an ultimate success. The Indian missile vessels, of the ''25th missile boat squadron'', successfully sunk the minesweeper {{ship|PNS|Muhafiz}},<ref name="GlobalSecurity" /><ref name="Orbat" /><ref name="hrnd">{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=G. M.|title=Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy|year=1965–1975|publisher=Barnes&Noble|isbn=9781897829721|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&q=venus%20challenger&pg=PA187}}</ref><ref name="brHarry">{{cite web|last=Harry |first=B. |title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html |work=Pages from History |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207060927/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> the destroyer {{ship|PNS|Khaibar|1956|6}}<ref name="GlobalSecurity" /><ref name="Orbat" /><ref name="hrnd" /><ref name="brHarry" /><ref name="Petrie">{{cite book|last=Petrie|first=John N.|title=American Neutrality in the 20th Century: The Impossible Dream|date=December 1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=110|isbn=9780788136825|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfOcfi1VK0YC&q=%22Venus%20challenger%22&pg=PA110}}</ref> and MV ''Venus Challenger''<ref name="hrnd" /><ref name="ausair">{{cite journal|title=Anti-Shipping Strike Combat Losses – Post 1966|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/Warship-Hits.html|journal=Warship Vulnerability|date=5 July 2005 |pages=1 |access-date=27 October 2011 |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo }}</ref><ref name="indiannavy101971">{{cite web|title=NAVAL OPERATIONS IN THE WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |publisher=Indian Navy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114211740/http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> which, according to Indian sources, was carrying ammunition for Pakistan from the United States forces in [[Saigon]].<ref name="brHarry" /><ref name="indiannavy101971" /><ref name="idr1971">{{cite web|title=1971 War: The First Missile Attack on Karachi|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlight/1971-War-The-First-Missile-Attack-on-Karachi.html|publisher=Indian Defence Review|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> The destroyer {{ship|PNS|Shah Jahan|DD-962|6}} was damaged beyond repair.<ref name="GlobalSecurity" /><ref name="hrnd" /><ref name="brHarry" /><ref name="Petrie" /><ref name="ausair" /> The missile ships also bombed the [[Kiamari Town|Kemari oil storage tanks]] of the port which were burnt and destroyed causing massive loss to the Karachi Harbour.<ref name="GlobalSecurity" /> Operation Trident was an enormous success with no physical damage to any of the ships in the Indian task group, which returned safely to their garrison.<ref name="GlobalSecurity" />

Pakistan's Airforce retaliated by bombing [[Okha, India|Okha harbour]], scoring direct hits on fuelling facilities for missile boats, ammunition dump and the missile boats jetty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paffalcons.com/gallery/aviation-art/syed-hussaini/trauma-and-reconstruction.php|title=PAF Falcons – Picture Gallery – Aviation Art by Group Captain Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830105254/http://www.paffalcons.com/gallery/aviation-art/syed-hussaini/trauma-and-reconstruction.php|archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/air-force-combat.htm|title=Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience|author=John Pike|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> Though India had anticipated this assault and moved their missile boats to other locations prior thus preventing any losses,<ref name="indiannavy101971" /> the destruction of the special fuel tank prevented any further incursions until [[Operation Python]].<ref name="indiannavy101971" /> On the way back from the bombing the PAF aircraft encountered an [[Breguet Alizé|Alizé 203]] Indian aircraft and shot it down.<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in">[http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114211740/http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm|date=14 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="orbat.com">{{cite web|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html|title=Damage Assessment – 1971 Indo-Pak Naval War|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319212243/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
==Naval operations in the Eastern theatre==
{{Main|PNS Ghazi|Sinking of PNS Ghazi|Operation Jackpot}}

[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) with a Sea King helicopter during Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.jpg|thumbnail|right|Indian carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|2}} played a key role in enforcing a naval blockade over East Pakistan]]

On 4 December 1971, the aircraft carrier ''Vikrant'' was also deployed and its [[Hawker Sea Hawk]] attack aircraft contributed to [[East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971|Air Operations]] in East Pakistan. The aircraft successfully attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and [[Cox's Bazar]]. The continuous attacks later destroyed the PAF's capability to retaliate.<ref>IAF claim of PAF Losses</ref>
[[File:Ussdiablo.jpg|thumb|Pakistan's {{ship|PNS|Ghazi||2}} was the only long range submarine used during the conflict]]The [[Pakistan Navy]] responded by deploying her ageing long-range submarine, PNS ''Ghazi'', to counter the threat as the Naval Command had overruled the objections by her officers. ''Ghazi'', under the command of Commander [[Zafar Muhammad Khan]], was assigned to locate ''Vikrant'', but when it was not able to locate, decided to mine the port of [[Visakhapatnam]] – the headquarters of Eastern Naval Command.<ref>Mihir K. Roy (1995) War in the Indian Ocean, Spantech & Lancer. {{ISBN|978-1-897829-11-0}}</ref> The Indian Navy's Naval Intelligence laid a trap to sink the submarine by giving fake reports about the aircraft carrier. At around midnight of 3–4 December, ''Ghazi'' began its operation of laying mines. The Indian Navy dispatched {{INS|Rajput|D141|6}} to counter the threat.

''Rajput''{{'}}s sonar radar reported the disturbance underwater and two depth charges were released.<ref>{{cite web
| title =End of an era: INS Vikrant's final farewell
| year =2009
| url =http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/09vikran.htm
| access-date = 2 August 2016 }}</ref> The deadly game ended when the submarine sank mysteriously while laying a mine with all 92 hands on board around midnight on 3 December 1971 off the Visakhapatnam coast.<ref>Till, Geoffrey (2004). Seapower: a guide for the twenty-first century. Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 179. {{ISBN|0-7146-8436-8}}. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</ref><ref name="brghazi">{{cite web| last =Harry| first =B.| title =The Sinking of PNS Ghazi: The bait is taken.| publisher =Bharat Rakhsak| year =2001| url =http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111128104709/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html| archive-date =28 November 2011}}</ref>The [[Sinking of PNS Ghazi|sinking]] of ''Ghazi'' turned out to be a major blow and setback for Pakistani naval operations in East Pakistan.<ref>Shariff, Admiral (retired) Mohammad, Admiral's Diary, p140</ref>

On 5/6 December 1971, naval air operations were carried out Chittagong, Khulna, and Mangla harbours, and at ships in the Pussur river. The oil installations were destroyed at Chittagong, and the Greek merchant ship ''Thetic Charlie'' was sunk at the outer anchorage. On 7/8 December, the airfields of PAF were destroyed, and the campaign continued until 9 December. On 12 December, Pakistan Navy laid [[naval mine]]s on amphibious landing approaches to Chittagong. This proved a useful trap for some time, and it had denied any direct access to Chittagong port for a long time, even after the instrument of surrender had been signed. The Indian Navy therefore decided to carry out an amphibious landing at [[Cox's Bazar]] with the aim cutting off the line of retreat for Pakistan Army troops. On 12 December, an additional amphibious battalion was aboard {{INS|Vishwa Vijaya}} was sailed from Calcutta port. On the night of 15/16 December, the amphibious landing was carried out, immediately after IAF bombardment of the beach a day earlier. After fighting for days, the human cost was very high for Pakistani forces, and no opposition or resistance was offered by Pakistani forces to Indian forces. During this episode Eastern theatre Indian forces suffered only 2 deaths in the operation. Meanwhile, Pakistani forces were reported to have suffered hundreds of deaths. By the dawn of 17 December, the Indian Navy was free to operate at will in the Bay of Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

=== Elimination of gunboat threats ===
Indian carrier-borne aircraft attacked the ''Rajshahi'' and ''Comilla'' near Chittagong on 4 December, with the ''Rajshahi'' damaged and the ''Comilla'' sunk.<ref name="Salik1997p135" /> The ''Balaghat'', which was not attacked, rescued the Comilla crew and returned to Chittagong with the surviving ships. On 5 December, Indian planes sank two patrol boats in Khulna. The PNS ''Sylhet'' was destroyed on 6 December and the ''Balaghat'' on 9 December by Indian aircraft.

The 39th Division (under General Rahim Khan) Headquarters at [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]] had requested evacuation by river on 8 December. Under the escort of a gunboat, the flotilla, made up of local launches, sailed in the early hours of 10 December. The IAF spotted and bombed the ships, and PNS ''Jessore'', which had withdrawn from Khulna to Dhaka, was destroyed escorting boats evacuating Pakistani troops from Chandpur while other boats were either sunk or beached themselves and failed to reach Dhaka.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=175–176}}</ref> The survivors later were evacuated by ships and helicopters operating at night. PNS ''Rajshahi'' was repaired, and under the command of Lt. Commander Sikander Hayat, managed to evade the Indian blockade and reach Malaysia before the surrender on 16 December. From there, it sailed to Karachi and continued to serve in the Pakistan navy.

==Sinking of INS ''Khukri''==
{{Main|PNS Hangor (S131)|INS Khukri (1958)}}

[[File:INS Khukri (F149).jpg|thumbnail|INS ''Khukri'']]
As the Indian military offensive in East Pakistan increased, the Pakistan Navy had dispatched her entire submarine squadron on both fronts. Codename "''Operation Falcon''", the Pakistan Navy began their reconnaissance submarine operations by deploying {{PNS|Hangor|S131|6}}, a {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|1}}, near the coastal water of West-Pakistan, and PNS ''Ghazi'', a {{sclass|Tench|submarine|0}} long range submarine, near the coastal areas of East-Pakistan.
[[File:Hangorsail.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Pakistan Navy submarine PNS ''Hangor'' sank the Indian ASW frigate INS ''Khukri''.<ref name="Shark">{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Till|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_RZHwXnsCEC&pg=PA171|date=21 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25555-7|page=171}}</ref>]]

According to the Lieutenant R. Qadri, an electrical engineer officer aboard ''Hangor'' during the time, the assigned mission was considered quite difficult and highly dangerous, with the submarine squadron sailing under the assumption that the dangerous nature of this mission meant a great mortal risk to the submarine and her crew.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} On the midnight of 21 November 1971, PNS ''Hangor'', under the command of Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]], began her reconnaissance operations. Both PNS ''Ghazi'' and PNS ''Hangor'' maintained coordination and communication throughout patrol operations. On 2 and 3 December, ''Hangor'' had detected a large formation of ships from Indian Navy's Western fleet which included cruiser {{INS|Mysore|1957|6}}. ''Hangor'' had passed an intelligence to Pakistan naval forces of a possible attack by the observed [[Western Naval Command|Indian Armada]] near Karachi. The Indian Naval Intelligence intercepted these transmissions, and dispatched two [[anti-submarine warfare]] [[frigate]]s, {{INS|Khukri|1958|6}} and INS ''Kirpan'' of 14th Squadron – Western Naval Command.

On 9 December 1971, at 1957 hours, ''Hangor'' sunk ''Khukri'' with two homing torpedoes. According to her commander, the frigate sank within the matter of two minutes.<ref>{{Cite book
| last =Till
| first = Geoffry
| title =Sea Power: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
| publisher =Frank Class Publishers
| year =2004
| page =179
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&q=PNS+Ghazi&pg=PA179
| isbn =0-7146-5542-2 }}</ref> The frigate sank with 192 hands on board. ''Hangor'' also attacked INS ''Kirpan'' on two separate occasions, but the torpedoes had missed their target. ''Kirpan'' quickly disengaged and successfully evaded the fired torpedoes.

== Khulna incident ==
Indian Army Eastern Command had ordered Bangladesh Navy gunboats BNS ''Palash'' and BNS ''Padma'', accompanied by [[INS Panvel|INS ''Panvel'']] (CO: Lt. Commander J. P. A. Noronha, Indian Navy) and under the overall command of Commander M. N. Samant of Indian Navy, to sail to the port at [[Mongla Upazila|Mongla]] in an anti-shipping mission.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=G. M. |author-link=Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PG154 |title=Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |publisher=Director Personnel Services (DPS) |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-897829-72-1 |location=New Delhi |page=154}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mohan|Chopra|2013|p=271}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Navy]] ships flew the national ensign, carried Bengali seamen and Indian command crews, and, under the advice of Indian Eastern Air command, had painted their superstructure yellow to avoid misidentification and fixed 15 feet by 10 feet yellow cloths on their bridges to identify them as friendly crafts to the IAF. This had been reported back to Eastern Air Command.<ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|2004|p=92}}</ref> This task force ("Alpha Force"), accompanied by BST craft ''Chitrangada'' sailed from Hasnabad on 6 December, entered Mongla at 7:30 AM on 10 December, and took over the abandoned port facility. Commander Samant then decided to sail towards [[Khulna]], which was 70 miles east of [[Dum Dum]] airport, lay north of the bomb line and a designated target of IAF planes. This was not part of the mission but Commander Samant decided to push on anyway, leaving ''Chitrangada'' at Mongla.

The flotilla sailed along the [[Pasur River|Pasur]] river was closing on [[Khulna Shipyard]] by 11:45 AM, ''Panvel'' in the lead, followed by and ''Palash'' when three [[Folland Gnat|Gnats]] dived on them. Commander Samant on INS Panvel recognized the IAF planes and ordered all the ships to hold fire. The Gnats hit [[Bangladesh Navy Ship|BNS]] ''Padma'' with rockets, which caught fire and sank. ''Palash'' was hit next, her captain refused to open fire on the Gnats and beached the ship, where it was again attacked. Bengali engine room artificer [[Mohammad Ruhul Amin|Muhammad Ruhul Amin]] was critically wounded, while trying to keep the ship operational although others were abandoning the ship. ''Panvel'' opened up on the IAF planes, then beached on the riverbank and made smoke to appear critically damaged. After the IAF planes departed, ''Panvel'' rescued some of the survivors and returned to Indian territory. The incident cost the lives of three Bengali naval commandos and 7 Bengali sailors including Muhibullah [[Bir Bikrom]], while 6 naval commandos, 1 BSF JCO, 3 Indian officers, and 7 Bengali seamen were injured. Twenty one Indian and Bengali sailors became POWs.<ref>Rahman, Md. Khalilur, ''Muktijuddhay Nou Obhijan'', p234, {{ISBN|984-465-449-1}}</ref>

The Indian Navy gave 13 awards (including 3 [[Maha Vir Chakra|Maha Vir Chakras]] and 5 [[Vir Chakra|Vir Chakras]]) to the Indian rank-and-file involved in this incident.<ref>Rahman, Md. Khalilur, ''Muktijuddhay Nou Obhijan'', p235, {{ISBN|984-465-449-1}}</ref> Bengali engine room artificer [[Mohammad Ruhul Amin|Muhammad Ruhul Amin]], who tried to save BNS Palash despite being wounded and ordered to abandon ship, and who later died under torture after being taken captive, was awarded the [[Bir Sreshtho]] medal by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].

== Succesive Indian missile boat strikes ==
{{See also|Operation Python}}
On 6 December, a false alarm by a Pakistani [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker]] aircraft carrying naval observers caused a [[friendly fire]] confrontation between Pakistan's Navy and Air Force. A PAF jet mistakenly strafed the frigate PNS ''Zulfikar'', breaking off shortly after the ship got itself recognised by frantic efforts. The crew suffered some casualties besides the damage to ship. The ship was taken back to port for repair.<ref name="brkarachi">{{cite web
|last=Harry
|first=B.
|title=Operation Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi
|work=History 1971 India-Pakistan War
|publisher=Bharat Rakhsak
|date=7 July 2004
|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html
|archive-date=26 September 2009
}}</ref>[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) launches an Alize aircraft during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.jpg|thumbnail|right|An [[Breguet Alizé|Alizé]] aircraft takes off from Indian carrier ''Vikrant'']]The Indian Navy launched a second large-scale operation on the midnight of 8 and 9 December 1971. The operation, codenamed [[Operation Python]], was commenced under the command of [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy]] Admiral S.M. Nanda.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Nadkarni
| first =Admiral (retd) J. G.
| title =Our superiority will prevail
| publisher =In.rediff.com
| url =http://in.rediff.com/news/2002/jan/09nad.htm
| access-date = 31 May 2015}}</ref> {{INS|Vinash|K85|6}}, a missile boat, and two multipurpose frigates, {{INS|Talwar|F140|6}} and {{INS|Trishul|F143|6}} participated in the operation. The attack squadron approached Karachi and fired four missiles. During the raid, the Panamanian vessel ''Gulf Star'' and the British ship SS ''Harmattan'' were sunk and Pakistan Navy's fleet tanker {{ship|PNS|Dacca|A41|6}} received heavy damage.<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name=Orbat/><ref name="brHarry"/><ref name=brKarachi>{{cite web|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html?start=1|work=History 1971 India-Pakistan War|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak|access-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> More than 50% of Karachi's total fuel reserves were destroyed in the attack.<ref name="GlobalSecurity">{{cite web
| title =Bangladeshi War of Independence and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
| publisher =GlobalSecurity.org
| year =2000
| url =http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm
| access-date = 2 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name=brkarachi/> More than $3 billion<ref name=brkarachi/> worth of economic and social sector damage was inflicted by the Indian Navy. Most of Karachi's oil reserves were lost and warehouses and naval workshops destroyed.<ref name=brkarachi/> The operation damaged the Pakistani economy and hindered the Pakistan Navy's operations along the western coast.<ref name=atimesGC04>{{cite news|title=China's pearl in Pakistan's waters|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC04Df06.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305034609/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC04Df06.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=5 March 2005|access-date=27 October 2011|newspaper=Asia Times|date=4 March 2005}}</ref><ref name="brbanerjee">{{cite web|title=Blockade From the Seas|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Banerjee.html|access-date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615143601/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Banerjee.html|archive-date=15 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Conclusion==
[[File:1971 Indian Aero-Naval Operations.png|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] imposed successful [[blockade]] in Eastern theatre meanwhile the Airforce bombed [[Chittagong]]]]After the successful operations by Indian Navy, India controlled the Persian Gulf and Pakistani oil route.<ref name="spectrum">{{cite news|title=Spectrum|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=The Tribune|date=11 January 2004}}</ref> The Pakistani Navy's main ships were either destroyed or forced to remain in port. A partial naval blockade was imposed by the Indian Navy on the port of Karachi and no merchant ship could approach Karachi.<ref name="atimesGC04" /><ref name="lancer">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sukhwant|title=India's Wars Since Independence|year=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-13-8|page=480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VawuyUS-cC&q=Well%20old%20boy%2C%20this%20happens%20in%20war.%20I%20am%20sorry%20your%20ships%20have%20been%20sunk&pg=PA480}}</ref><ref name="idfnavy">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.indiandefence.com/indian-navy/|work=Indian Navy|publisher=Indian Defence|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924163538/http://www.indiandefence.com/indian-navy/|archive-date=24 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shipping traffic to and from Karachi, Pakistan's only major port at that time, ceased. Within a few days after the attacks on Karachi, the Eastern fleet of Indian Navy had success over the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan.<ref name="brbanerjee" />Furthermore, the successful Indian Air Operations and Operation Jackpot, led by the Bengali units with the support of Indian Army, undermined the operational capability of Pakistan Navy. Many naval officers (mostly Bengalis) had defected from the Navy and fought against the Pakistan Navy.<ref>Operation Jackpot, Mahmud, Sezan, p 14</ref>

The War ended for both the fronts after the ''[[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]]'' of Pakistani forces stationed in East Pakistan was signed at [[Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka]] at 16.31 IST on 16 December 1971, by Lieutenant General [[A. A. K. Niazi]], Commander of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and accepted by [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora]], General Officer Commanding-in-chief of Eastern Command of the Indian Army.

On 16 December, at 16:13hrs, Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] surrendered his Naval Command to Vice-Admiral [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] Commander-in-Chief of the [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Admiral Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|year=1995|publisher=Lancer's Publishers and Distributions|location=United States|isbn=1-897829-11-6|pages=218–230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&q=admiral+mohammad+shariff&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions(1)">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Mihir K. |date=1995 |title=War in the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA218 |location=United States |publisher=Lancer Publishers |pages=218–230 |isbn=978-1-897829-11-0}}</ref> Sharif surrendered his [[TT pistol]] to Krishnan at 1631 hrs saying ''"Admiral Krishnan, Sir, soon I will be disarmed. Your Navy fought magnificently and had us cornered everywhere. There is no one I would like to surrender my arms to other than the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Fleet."''<ref>{{cite web |title=Touching Naval Surrender |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1971-SEPT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1971-12-18_339.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=18 December 1971}}</ref> <ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions(1)" /> His TT Pistol is still placed in "[[cover glass]]" where his name is printed in big golden letters at the [[Indian Military Academy]]'s Museum.<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions" /> In 1972, [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s [[Chief of Naval Operations|Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)]] and Indian Navy's Chief of Naval Staff Admiral [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]] also paid him a visit with basket of fruits and cakes which initially surprised him, and was concern of his health.<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions" /> While meeting with them, Admiral Shariff summed up that:{{blockquote|text=At the end of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|conflict]].... We [Navy] had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night.... |sign=Admiral Mohammad Sharif telling Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt|Zumwalt]] in 1971|source=<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions"/>}}

Admiral Shariff wrote in a 2010 thesis that "the generals in Air Force and Army, were blaming each other for their failure whilst each of them projected them as hero of the war who fought well and inflicted heavy casualties on the advancing Indians".<ref name="Dawn Newspapers and Admiral's Diary">{{cite web|author= |title=Excerpt: How the East was lost: Excerpted with permission from|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/575480/excerpt-how-the-east-was-lost|work=Dawn Newspapers (Admira's Diary)|publisher=Dawn Newspapers and Admiral's Diary|access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> At the end, each general officers in the Air Force and Army placed General Niazi's incompetency and failure as responsible for causing the war, Sharif concluded.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers and Admiral's Diary" /> Sharif also noted that:

{{blockquote|text=The initial military success (''[[Operation Searchlight|Searchlight]]'' and ''[[Operation Barisal|Barisal]]'') in regaining the law and order situation in East-Pakistan in March of 1971 was misunderstood as a complete success.... In actuality, the law and order situation deteriorated with time, particularly after September of the same year when the population turned increasingly against the [Pakistan] Armed Forces as well as the [Yahya's military] government. The rapid increase in the number of troops though bloated the overall strength, however, [it] did not add to our fighting strength to the extent that was required. A sizeable proportion of the new additions were too old, inexperienced or unwilling....|sign=Rear Admiral Mohammad Sharif, Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Naval Command (Pakistan)|source=<ref name="Dawn Newspapers and Admiral's Diary"/>}}

=== Casualities ===
The damage inflicted on the Pakistani Navy stood at 7 [[gunboat]]s, 1 [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]], 1 [[PNS Ghazi|submarine]], 2 [[destroyers]], 3 patrol craft belonging to the [[coast guard]], 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships – ''Anwarbaksh'', ''Pasni'' and ''Madhumathi'' –<ref name="irfc-nausena.nic.in" /> and ten smaller vessels were captured.<ref name="Orbat" /> Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="losses">{{cite web|title=Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War |work=Venik |url=http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020225045411/http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2002 |access-date=30 May 2005 }}</ref> According to one Pakistan scholar, [[Tariq Ali]], the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tariq Ali|author-link=Tariq Ali| title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-14-022401-6}}</ref>The damage inflicted on the Indian Navy stood at 1 [[frigate]], 1 [[minesweeper]], 3 [[patrol boat]], 1 Navel Aircraft additionally 2 [[Mukti Bahini]] [[gunboats]] destroyed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2q6SgAACAAJ |title=An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh |date=2003 |publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Fazal Muqueem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh4NAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership |date=1973 |publisher=National Book Foundation |isbn=978-0-88386-302-2 |pages=251 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[List of military disasters]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=J. F. R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |title=Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation |publisher=The University Press Limited |year=2004 |isbn=984-05-1532-2 |orig-year=First published 1997}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=P V S Jagan |title=Eagles over Bangladesh: The Indian Air Force in the 1971 Liberation War |last2=Chopra |first2=Samir |publisher=Harper Collins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-5136-163-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Salik |first1=Siddiq |author-link=Siddique Salik |title=Witness to Surrender |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=81-7062-108-9 |orig-year=First published 1977}}

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}
[[Category:Naval battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Military operations of the India–Pakistan war of 1971|Naval War]]
[[Category:Anti-submarine warfare]]
[[Category:Submarine warfare]]
[[Category:Naval aviation operations and battles]]
[[Category:Naval history of India]]
[[Category:Naval history of Pakistan]]

C. G. Somiah

2026-04-24T10:19:25Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting new article

{{Short description|Comptroller of India (1931–2010)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = '''C G Somiah'''
| image =
| office = 8th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India ]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 1996
| president =
| predecessor = [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
| successor = [[V. K. Shunglu]]
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|3|11}}<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kodagu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|09|13|1931|03|11}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]] (1953–1996)
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[University of Madras]] [[University of Oxford]]
| awards =
| spouse = Indira Somiah
}}

'''C. G. Somiah''' served as the eighth [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] who was known for his honesty and for his impeccable career record. He wrote a best-seller autobiography 'The honest always stand alone'.<ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He had a long career as an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer first in the state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and next in five central ministries (defense, finance, company affairs, planning and home affairs) of [[India]].<ref name="confident">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=A K|title=The confidential bureaucrat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-confidential-bureaucrat-110090900070_1.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 September 2010}}</ref>

==Orissa cadre==

Somiah was first posted as [[Assistant commissioner (revenue)|Assistant commissioner]] in Orissa.<ref name="firm">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100919/spectrum/book4.htm|title=He stood firm against pressure|last=Anand|first=V. Eshwar|date=19 September 2010|newspaper=The Tribune, India|accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref>

In Orissa as State Forest Secretary, he took a principled stand against granting concessions to contractors of the ''Kendu'' leaf (a minor forest produce used for wrapping beedis) commodity.<ref name="firm"/><ref name="loner">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=A. S.|title=A lucky loner in the corridors of power|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/a-lucky-loner-in-the-corridors-of-power/article590514.ece|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="confident">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=A K|title=The confidential bureaucrat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-confidential-bureaucrat-110090900070_1.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="truth">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?266450|title=On The Half-Tones of Truth|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=R|date=9 August 2010|newspaper=Outlook India|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103220624/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?266450|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Union Government==

Somiah was deputed to the Central Government in New Delhi where he had an uninterrupted 15-year stint in various ''Bhavans'' (Government houses and offices) on Raisina Hill until 1996.<ref name="confident">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=A K|title=The confidential bureaucrat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-confidential-bureaucrat-110090900070_1.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 September 2010}}</ref> Somiah worked in association with policy makers including [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala|Nani Palkivala]] and [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]. Once [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] tried to test his integrity by offering him some shares in [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] out of the promoter's quota. Somiah bluntly refused him.<ref name="firm"/>

He was the financial controller of the Asian Games Organising committee in the 1982 Asian Games held in New Delhi.<ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1983 he was appointed Secretary Department of Company Affairs and Chairman of the [[Company Law Board]].<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>

While he had a stint in the department of Company Affairs, the exemption limit under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was raised. So accordingly, when Somiah later became the Home Secretary he found his office room was bugged. He summoned the individual responsible for this and chastised him.<ref name="loner">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=A. S.|title=A lucky loner in the corridors of power|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/a-lucky-loner-in-the-corridors-of-power/article590514.ece|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2010}}</ref>

Later when India purchased Czech pistols, Somiah found them to be defective. He worked through the diplomatic channels and got the price refunded from the foreign seller. But he was unnecessarily suspected and a probe was instituted after which he was found to be innocent.<ref name="loner">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=A. S.|title=A lucky loner in the corridors of power|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/a-lucky-loner-in-the-corridors-of-power/article590514.ece|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2010}}</ref>

===Planning Commission===

He was made Secretary of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] when [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] was its chairman. He was the [[Home Secretary]] under [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He had advised the Central Government during the formulation of the Seventh [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plan]] and in deciding the allocation of financial resources for the various State Plans.<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>

===Home Secretary===

He was later made Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs. As Home Secretary, he led a delegation to [[Pakistan]] in 1987 to discuss [[counter terrorism]] and the control of [[narcotics]].<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>

He was also involved in [[Operation Black Thunder]], in fighting terrorism in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and in flushing out terrorists from the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]. He later paid a visit to the Golden Temple with his wife, to pray and to pay his respects, while his superiors supposedly overlooked the need to do so. His act helped assuage the tense situation in Amritsar.<ref name="truth"/>

He was also involved in controlling the disturbances that occurred in [[Darjeeling]]. He was closely involved in signing the [[Punjabis|Punjab]], Assam, [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Gorkhaland]] accords.<ref name="firm"/> On 22 August 1988, the [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] Treaty was signed inside the throne room in [[Kolkata]]'s [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] by [[Subhash Ghising]] (GNLF Chief) on behalf of [[Darjeeling]] [[Gorkhas]], C. G. Somiah (Central Home Secretary) on behalf of the Indian Union and Rathindranath Sengupta (Chief Secretary of West Bengal) on behalf the [[West Bengal]] State. [[Home Minister]] [[Buta Singh]] and West Bengal Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] stood as witnesses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Surajit Kumar|title=West Bengal's Jyoti Basu: A Political Profile|year=1992|publisher=Gyan Books|location=New Delhi|page=75|isbn=9788121204200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7QI4eOM18cC&q=somiah+gorkhaland&pg=PA75}}</ref> In October 1988, Somiah was made the [[Central Vigilance Commission]]er.

When he was part of the home ministry, he rejected the suggestion to ban the religious right of the Coorgs (Kodavas) and the people of Coorg (Kodagu) to possess guns. This religious right is similar to that of the [[Sikhs]] to hold the [[kirpans]].<ref name="truth"/>

Somiah was as renowned for his modesty as he was for his uprightness. He would dine modestly with his family and drive his personal Maruthi car while not flaunting his status as home secretary. When he once missed a red signal once, he promptly paid the fine on the spot to the constable without making any fuss.<ref name="truth"/>

===CAG===

He was sworn in by the [[President of India]] in 1990 to serve a six-year term as [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG). He served as the CAG between 27 March 1990 and 11 March 1996. The CAG is ranked 9th in India according to the [[Indian order of precedence]] and has the same status as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. As CAG he headed the financial audits of the Central Government, the 26 States and 5 Union Territories of India.<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>

===Chairman of the UN Board of Auditors===

Between 1993 and 1996, he was the Chairman of Asian Organisation of Supreme Audit Institution (ASOSAI). He was also elected to the United Nations Board of Auditors for a three-year term from July 1993. In January 1995, he became the Chairman of the UN Board of Auditors or the UN Audit Committee (the first Indian to become so).<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref><ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Retirement==

He retired in 1996. In November 2000, the [[Karnataka]] state honoured him with the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] (Rajyotsava award).<ref name="rmaf">{{cite web |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103202032/http://saiindia.gov.in/english../home/about_us/history/1990-2007/Vol_1/cag_photos.pdf |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} CAG of India.</ref>

==Autobiography==

His autobiography 'The honest always stand alone', by Niyogi Publishers, was launched by former [[President of India]] Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on 15 July 2010.<ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C.G. Somaiah's Book to be launched|url=http://www.coorg.com/c-g-somaiahs-book-to-be-launched/|work=COFFEELAND|publisher=Coorg.com|accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="honest">{{cite web|title=The honest always stand alone|url=http://www.flipkart.com/honest-always-stand-alone/p/itmdyv5d74kncyaz|work=Flipkart|accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The honest always stand alone|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8888968-the-honest-always-stand-alone|work=Goodreads|accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref>

==Death==

He died on 13 September 2010 after a brief illness.<ref name="family">{{cite news|last=Kumar M (TNN)|first=Anil|title=Former CAG dead|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-CAG-dies-of-illness/speednewsbytopic/keyid-422926.cms|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of India, Bangalore|date=14 September 2010}}</ref> His funeral was attended by several fans, well-wishers and relatives.<ref name="death">{{cite web|title=Former CAG C G Somaiah passes away|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|work=Mangalorean.com|publisher=Mangalore Media Company|accessdate=3 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103184935/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=197397&newstype=local|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Family==

He was survived by his wife Indira, son Anand and daughter Pria Alva (the daughter-in-law of [[Margaret Alva]]).<ref name="family"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somiah, C. G.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the Planning Commission of India]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Kanodiya Purohitan

2026-04-23T01:21:26Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanodia Purohitan
| other_name = Kanodiya Purohitan
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|43|28|N|72|21|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tahsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Balesar tehsil|Balesar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 25
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3862
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Literacy
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 2928
| registration_plate = RJ-19
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India#subtropical desert|Dry]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Climatic regions of India#subtropical desert|reason= }} [[Köppen climate classification#Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates|(Köppen: BSh)]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Temperature
| blank3_info_sec1 = Summer: 50°C (122°F) Winter: 0°C (32°F)
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Shergarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shergarh]]
| website = {{URL|www.kanodiapurohitan.com}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Kanodiya Purohitan'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanodiya Purohitan Village Population - Shergarh - Jodhpur, Rajasthan|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/85108-kanodiya-purohitan-rajasthan.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> is a [[panchayat village]]<ref>2011 Village Panchayat Code for Kanodiya Purohitan = 35605, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Balesar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=721&parenttype=B&ptype=V|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200850/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=721&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archivedate=2013-05-14}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="censusindia">2001 Census Village code for Kanodiya Purohitan = 01973800, {{Cite web|title=2001 Census of India: List of Villages by Tehsil: Rajasthan|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=392|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/DIR-08r.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113194734/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/DIR-08r.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011">2011 Census Village code for Kanodiya Purohitan = 085111, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: List of Census Villages mapped for: Kanodiya Purohitan Gram Panchayat, Balesar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=35605&rlbtype=V|access-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516034552/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=35605&rlbtype=V|archive-date=16 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is situated on [[Jaisalmer]] [[Highway]] ([[National Highway 125 (India)|NH-125]]), 120 km from [[Jodhpur]].

== History ==
It is one of the oldest villages of the [[Rajpurohit]]s. Historically, it was awarded to Dharayatji Rajpurohit. Prior to 2009, Kanodia was part of [[ILRC]] Balesar within [[Shergarh tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India |page=359|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Jodh-Admin-2002">{{Cite web|title=Administrative Setup|publisher=Jodhpur District|year=2002|url=http://www.jodhpur.nic.in/as.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021225084134/http://www.jodhpur.nic.in/as.htm|archivedate=25 December 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Newer villages include Chatar Singh nagar and Tikam Singh nagar[[Hastinapur]] (named for late Hasti singh Rajpurohit) and Shree Ratneshwar Nagar (named for Jhunjaar Shree Dadosa Ratan Singh Ji).

== Economy ==
It is a three-crop village. Half of the population is engaged in [[agriculture]], and the rest are either in the [[armed forces]] or in [[business]].

== Geography ==
It is surrounded by [[sand dunes]] with much [[Foliage|greenery]].

Kanodia is divided into three parts, one each for Dedaji, Raghoji and Netoji.

== Religion ==
Dadoji Ratan Singhji Jhunjharji temple is owned by the whole village and is worshiped by [[Castes|all castes]]. Major decisions are made there, and on every [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]], the whole village gathers.

A society named Bothiya Nagar is nearby.

== Demographics ==
In the 2001 [[census]], the village of Kanodiya Purohitan had 3,862 [[inhabitants]], with 2,028 males (52.5%) and 1,834 females (47.5%), for a sex ratio of 904 females per thousand males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Rajasthan: Jodhpur: Shergarh: Kanodiya Purohitan|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=876631&category=VILLAGE|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516055951/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=876631&category=VILLAGE|archivedate=16 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]
{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Malhargarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:22Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting some post more to come.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malhargarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 225
| map_image = 225-Malhargarh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = DCM Jagdish Dewda.jpeg
| mla = [[Jagdish Devda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Malhargarh''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It was created in 2008 and it comprises [[Malhargarh tehsil]] and parts of Mandsour tehsil, both in [[Mandsaur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, its representative is [[Jagdish Devda]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who is a deputy CM of Madhya Pradesh.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|[[Jagdish Devda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhargarh<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagdish Devda]]
|votes = {{formatnum:115498}}
|percentage = 54.2
|change = +3.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamlal Jokchand
|votes = {{formatnum:56474}}
|percentage = 26.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parshuram Sisodiya
|votes = {{formatnum:36163}}
|percentage = 16.97
|change = -27.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1730}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:59024}}
|percentage = 27.7
|change = +21.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213094}}
|percentage = 86.73
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhargarh<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jagdish Devda]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:99839}}
|percentage = 51.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parshuram Sisodiya
|votes = {{formatnum:87967}}
|percentage = 44.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1848}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11872}}
|percentage = 6.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195652}}
|percentage = 86.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malhargarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.28|74.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kapadvanj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:08:31Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new new article

{{Short description|Former constituency in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kapadvanj
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Gujarat
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kapadvanj''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Gujarat]], India, within the [[Kheda district]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was abolished in 2009.

After the reorganisation of Lok Sabha constituencies in 2008, Kapadvanj seat ceased to exist and most/all of its area became part of the new Panchmahal Lok Sabha seat.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
*1952: [[Maniben Vallabhbhai Patel]], INC ( as Khira South Seat )
*1952: [[F. R. D. Thakor]], MJP ( as Khira North Seat )
*1957: [[F. R. D. Thakor]], MJP ( as Khira Seat )
*1962: [[Pravinsinh Solanki]], Indian National Congress ( as Khira Seat )
*1967: [[Pravinsinh Solanki]], Indian National Congress ( as Khira Seat )
*1971: [[Dharamsinh Dadubhai Desai]], [[Indian National Congress]] ( as Khira Seat )
*1977: [[Dharamsinh Dadubhai Desai]], [[Indian National Congress]] ( as Khira Seat )
*1977: [[Shankersinh Vaghela]],<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Natwarsinh Solanki]], [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
*1984: [[Natwarsinh Solanki]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Gabhaji Mangaji Thakor]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1991: Gabhaji Mangaji Thakor, Bharatiya Janata Party
*1996: [[Jaysinhji Chauhan]], Bharatiya Janata Party
*1998: [[Jaysinhji Chauhan]], Bharatiya Janata Party
*1999: Shankersinh Vaghela,<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> Indian National Congress
*2004: Shankarsinh Vaghela,<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref> Indian National Congress<ref name="6ls">{{cite web |title=Sixth Lok Sabha -State wise Details -Gujarat |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Gujarat&lsno=6 |website=164.100.47.194 |accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kapadvanj]]
* [[Godhra Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|23.0|73.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapadvanj Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Kheda district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Cyclone Asna

2026-04-17T06:22:03Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Cyclone Ana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Cyclonic Storm Asna
| image = Asna 2024-08-30 0830Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Asna moving offshore from [[India]] on 30 August
| formed = 25 August 2024
| dissipated = 2 September 2024
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 40
| pressure = 990
| gusts =
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 40
| pressure = 987
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2024
| damages = $30 million (2024 [[USD]])<ref name=":5"/>
| fatalities = 73
| missing =
| injuries =
| affected = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]; India [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]; Pakistan
| ibtracs =
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Cyclonic Storm Asna'''{{efn|The name ''Asna'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: اسنا, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[ɑːsnɑː]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and is a feminine given name meaning "praised" in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Manmath |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Cyclone Asna: How cyclonic storms are named and what's its meaning — All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/cyclone-asna-how-cyclonic-storms-are-named-and-what-s-its-meaning-all-you-need-to-know-2024-08-30-949585 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=India TV News |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903023326/https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/cyclone-asna-how-cyclonic-storms-are-named-and-what-s-its-meaning-all-you-need-to-know-2024-08-30-949585 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} was a [[tropical cyclone]] that affected the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]], as well as southern [[Pakistan]] from 25 August to 2 September 2024. It formed as deep depression over land, intensified in the cyclone and moved into [[Arabian Sea]]. The heavy rains from deep depression caused widespread flooding across Gujarat and Sindh, leading to the deaths of 49 people in India and 24 in Pakistan, while also inflicting significant damage to [[infrastructure]], [[private property]], and agricultural lands.

==Meteorological history==
{{update section|date=September 2024}}
{{storm path|Asna 2024 path.png|colors=new}}
Strong easterly winds over southern India, combined with a monsoonal event called the [[Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation]] (BSISO), have created the conditions for the formation of low-pressure system which later turned into the depression.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangomla |first=Akshit |date=2024-08-29 |title=Cyclone Asna formation due to unusual monsoon wind system: Expert |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cyclone-asna-formation-due-to-unusual-monsoon-wind-system-expert?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Down To Earth |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908164645/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cyclone-asna-formation-due-to-unusual-monsoon-wind-system-expert?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |url-status=live }}</ref> The land depression likely intensified due to moisture received from the Arabian Sea and the soil soaked by previous rains.<ref name=":4" />

A low-pressure system formed in the northwest [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] on 16 August. On 24 August, a well-marked low-pressure system formed over Madhya and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Early the next day, on 25 August, the IMD noted that it had developed into a land depression over [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_0600_UTC_of_25_08_2024.pdf |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=August 25, 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=August 25, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906165716/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_0600_UTC_of_25_08_2024.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Asna Set to Become Fourth of Its Kind in 80 Years; Know the Previous Three! {{!}} Weather.com |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2024-08-30-cyclone-asna-set-to-become-fourth-of-its-kind-in-80-years-know-the |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908164646/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2024-08-30-cyclone-asna-set-to-become-fourth-of-its-kind-in-80-years-know-the |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that day, the depression intensified into a deep depression southeast of [[Udaipur]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_1800_UTC_of_25_08_2024.pdf |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=August 25, 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=August 25, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907072848/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_WEATHER_OUTLOOK_based_on_1800_UTC_of_25_08_2024.pdf }}</ref> On 27 August, the JTWC began tracking the deep depression, noting that it was in a marginal environment for development.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=27 August 2024|type=abio|designation=|time=18Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240827205110/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> Two days later, on 29 August when it reached Gujarat,<ref name=":3" /> they issued a TCFA on the developing depression,<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=29 August 2024|type=tcfa|designation=90A|name=LAND 03|time=03Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9124web.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240829110411/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9124web.txt|archive-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> prior to designating it as ''Tropical Cyclone 02A'' early the next day.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=30 August 2024|type=prog|designation=02A|name=Two|time=03Z|category=TC|no=1|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9124web.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240830052902/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0224prog.txt|archive-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Later that same day, on 30 August, the IMD upgraded it into a cyclonic storm, naming it Asna.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_CYCLONE_ADVISORY_NO_3_based_on_1200_UTC_of_30_08_2024.pdf |title=Tropical Weather Outlook |date=August 25, 2024 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=August 25, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905225434/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/TROPICAL_CYCLONE_ADVISORY_NO_3_based_on_1200_UTC_of_30_08_2024.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/deep-depression-over-arabian-sea-intensifies-into-cyclone-asna/article68585329.ece |title=Cyclone Asna forms over Kutch; rain continues in Gujarat |date=August 30, 2024 |work=The Hindu |access-date=August 30, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240903191116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/deep-depression-over-arabian-sea-intensifies-into-cyclone-asna/article68585329.ece }}</ref>
It then moved into the northeastern [[Arabian Sea]], but subsequently shifted southwestward, away from the coasts of [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], weakening into a deep depression as it continued west-southwest towards [[Oman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Heavy rain claimed 49 lives in August last week, 37,000 people rescued across state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/heavy-rain-claimed-49-lives-in-august-last-week-37000-people-rescued-across-state-9550772/#:~:text=Heavy%20downpour%20in%20August%20last,Kumar%20Pandey%20said%20on%20Wednesday. |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908055022/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/heavy-rain-claimed-49-lives-in-august-last-week-37000-people-rescued-across-state-9550772/#:~:text=Heavy%20downpour%20in%20August%20last,Kumar%20Pandey%20said%20on%20Wednesday. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Imtiaz |title=Cyclone Asna moves further southwestward, but more rains still likely in Karachi next week: PMD |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1856181 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=1 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910171012/https://www.dawn.com/news/1856181 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 September, Asna was stripped of any convection due to dry air entrainment and degenerated to a remnant low.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ananda Munar |date=2 September 2024 |title=mausam.imd.gov.in |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/51.%20National%20Bulletin%20No%2051-02Sep2024_1730IST.pdf |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906181136/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/51.%20National%20Bulletin%20No%2051-02Sep2024_1730IST.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cyclone Asna was a rare occurrence, in that it formed over land as a depression, intensified into a cyclone and moved into the Arabian Sea in the month of August. Only three similar incidents have happened since 1891; in [[1976 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Storm Six (06B)|1976]], [[1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Cyclonic Storm Five|1964]] and 1944.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Nandi |first1=Jayashree |last2=Pathak |first2=Maulik |date=2024-08-31 |title=Originated over land, cyclone over sea: A rare storm gains strength off Gujarat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/originated-over-land-cyclone-over-sea-a-rare-storm-gains-strength-off-gujarat-101725043334662.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908072559/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/originated-over-land-cyclone-over-sea-a-rare-storm-gains-strength-off-gujarat-101725043334662.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sangomla |first=Akshit |date=2024-08-28 |title=A rare atmospheric phenomena is behind extreme rainfall, floods in Gujarat — and it's fuelled by soil moisture |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/a-rare-atmospheric-phenomena-is-behind-extreme-rainfall-floods-in-gujarat-and-its-fuelled-by-soil-moisture |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Down To Earth |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908164645/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/a-rare-atmospheric-phenomena-is-behind-extreme-rainfall-floods-in-gujarat-and-its-fuelled-by-soil-moisture |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Effects ==

=== India ===
Many parts of [[Gujarat]] and Madhya Pradesh were flooded due to heavy rains from the storm. Up to {{cvt|260|mm|in}} of rain fell in [[Vadodara]] and [[Ahmedabad]] recorded {{cvt|120|mm|in}} of rainfall on 25–26 August.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2024 |title=8 Dead, 7 Missing in Gujarat Floods; State on Red Alert as Deep Depression to Dump Heavy Rains Until Aug 30 |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2024-08-27-gujarat-floods-3-dead-7-missing-state-on-red-alert-as-heavy-rains |access-date=27 August 2024 |publisher=[[The Weather Channel]] |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905223233/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2024-08-27-gujarat-floods-3-dead-7-missing-state-on-red-alert-as-heavy-rains |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Gujarat sees massive flooding after heavy rain, 15 dead, 20,000 evacuated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-floods-heavy-rain-vadodara-surat-ahmedabad-narmada-tapi-over-safety-mark-2589089-2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240828055004/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-floods-heavy-rain-vadodara-surat-ahmedabad-narmada-tapi-over-safety-mark-2589089-2024-08-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 3 September 2024, Gujarat received almost 118% of the rainfall of the season. [[Kutch]] recorded more than 180% of the rainfall, while North Gujarat was around 94%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=Rains cause extensive damage to standing crop, claim 49 lives in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/rains-cause-extensive-damage-to-standing-crop-claim-49-lives-in-gujarat/article68605899.ece |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909132640/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/rains-cause-extensive-damage-to-standing-crop-claim-49-lives-in-gujarat/article68605899.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vadodara]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Dwarka]], [[Rajkot]], [[Morbi]] and [[Bhuj]] cities were affected. Vadodara was heavily flooded due to rapid rise in the [[Vishwamitri River|Vishwamitri river]]. [[Jamkhambhaliya|Khambhaliya]] recorded 944 mm of rainfall in 25–31 August.<ref name=":2" /> Of 206 reservoirs in the state, 115 were at full storage capacity; 45 were between 70% and full capacity; and 17 were between 50% and 70%, following the rains. The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] reached 81% of the capacity. The total 86% of the all reservoir combined was filled. Several dams released waters to maintain the safe level of the waters in their reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Gujarat's dams overflowing: 55% at full capacity after monsoon deluge |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/environment/story/gujarats-dams-overflowing-55-at-full-capacity-after-monsoon-deluge-2593449-2024-09-04 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911104224/https://www.indiatoday.in/environment/story/gujarats-dams-overflowing-55-at-full-capacity-after-monsoon-deluge-2593449-2024-09-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Flooding in Gujarat killed 49 people between 25 and 31 August. The flooding also resulted in the death of 2,618 livestock.<ref name=":0" /> Crops were destroyed in several districts in Kutch and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions. In Vadodara and elsewhere, there was extensive damage to houses, shops and businesses.<ref name=":1" /> 4,173 km of roads were damaged.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat incurs ₹250 cr loss over damage to public properties in heavy rains |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-incurs-rupees-250-crore-loss-over-damage-to-public-properties-in-heavy-rains |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115512/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-incurs-rupees-250-crore-loss-over-damage-to-public-properties-in-heavy-rains |url-status=live }}</ref> Total 6,931 villages and 17 cities were affected by the loss of electricity. Total 88 substations were shut down during the flooding.<ref name=":0" /> An old bridge between [[Bodeli]] and [[Chhota Udaipur|Chhota Udepur]] on the national highway collapsed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Central Gujarat brough to a standstill, bridge on highway to MP collapses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bridge-collapse-in-central-gujarat-leads-to-chaos-and-casualties/articleshow/112850343.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908065556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bridge-collapse-in-central-gujarat-leads-to-chaos-and-casualties/articleshow/112850343.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> An initial survey reported that the Government of Gujarat suffered damages worth more than ₹250 crore (US$30 million) to government properties and public infrastructure.<ref name=":5" />

A study conducted by scientists at the [[IIT Gandhinagar|Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar]] attributed that flooding in certain areas of the state to extreme weather and the impact of urban development. The study indicated that the changes in elevation and disruption of drainage systems caused by urbanization contributed to the flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Floods, Deaths, Destructions In Andhra, Telangana, Gujarat {{!}} The Not-So-Joyous Rains In Detail |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/floods-deaths-destructions-in-andhra-telangana-gujarat-the-not-so-joyous-rains-in-detail |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140608/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/floods-deaths-destructions-in-andhra-telangana-gujarat-the-not-so-joyous-rains-in-detail/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
Meanwhile, in [[Pakistan]], heavy rainfall accompanied by lightning was recorded across the [[Karachi Division|Karachi division]] on September 2 and 3. Other affected areas included [[Sukkur]], [[Larkana]], [[Khairpur]], [[Dadu, Sindh|Dadu]], [[Jacobabad]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Thatta]], [[Badin]], [[Tando Allahyar District|Tando Allahyar]], [[Tando Muhammad Khan District|Tando Muhammad Khan]], [[Tharparkar]], [[Mirpur Khas District|Mirpurkhas]], [[Umerkot]], and [[Sanghar]]. At least 24 people have reportedly lost their lives in rain and wind-related incidents across the coastal regions of Sindh and Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 24 deaths reported as cyclone Asna moves away from Karachi |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2492440/at-least-24-deaths-in-coastal-areas-as-cyclone-asna-closes-in-at-120-km |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=tribune.com.pk |publisher=The Express Tribune |date=31 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901083909/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2492440/at-least-24-deaths-in-coastal-areas-as-cyclone-asna-closes-in-at-120-km |url-status=live }}</ref> Schools were closed in Karachi and Hyderabad, while several flights to Karachi were either cancelled or delayed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Imtiaz |title=Sindh braces for rains as Cyclone Asna only 120km south of Karachi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1855716 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=dawn.com |agency=Reuters |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=30 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907165200/https://www.dawn.com/news/1855716 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flights delayed from Karachi amid Cyclone Asna and severe weather |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/31-Aug-2024/flights-delayed-from-karachi-amid-cyclone-asna-and-severe-weather |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=nation.com.pk |publisher=The Nation |date=31 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901205220/https://www.nation.com.pk/31-Aug-2024/flights-delayed-from-karachi-amid-cyclone-asna-and-severe-weather |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Total 17 teams of [[National Disaster Response Force]], 27 teams of the State Disaster Response Force, nine columns from the [[Indian Army]] and additional teams of the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]] were deployed for relief and rescue efforts. They rescued 37,050 people and relocated 42,083 people to safety. Total 53 people were airlifted.<ref name=":0" />

The state government deployed total 1,120 teams to report the damages across the several districts of the state. The families of the deceased were provided the compensation of {{INRconvert|4|l}} each by the government. It also compensated for the death of livestock and distributed {{INRconvert|1.78|c}}. By 3 September 2024, the government also provided the cash relief to 1.69 lakh people; the assistance for household items to 50,111 families and the owners of 4,673 damaged houses and huts. Total {{INRconvert|700|c}} were allocated to the municipalities for road repairs.<ref name=":0" />

As Vishwamitri river overflowed, the crocodiles from the river entered the city of [[Vadodara]]. Total 42 crocodiles and more than 80 snakes were rescued from the city in a week preceding 3 September.<ref>{{Cite news |title=42 crocs rescued from city in week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/42-crocs-rescued-from-city-in-a-week-vadodara-flood-rescue-operations/articleshow/113007010.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903184923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/42-crocs-rescued-from-city-in-a-week-vadodara-flood-rescue-operations/amp_articleshow/113007010.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The state government provided financial help to 64,360 families in the city and 20,610 families in the [[Vadodara district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Vadodara deluge: State govt requests insurers to consider repairs of heavily submerged vehicles |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vadodara-deluge-state-govt-requests-insurers-to-consider-repairs-of-heavily-submerged-vehicles-9546940/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909085526/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vadodara-deluge-state-govt-requests-insurers-to-consider-repairs-of-heavily-submerged-vehicles-9546940/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2024, the government of Gujarat announced a relief package of {{INRconvert|1419.62|c}} for crop loss to farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Gujarat announces Rs 1,400 crore as farmers' relief package for crop damage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-farmers-relief-package-bhupendra-patel-government-rs-1400-crore-crop-damage-rain-2622181-2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarat tropical cyclones]]
* [[Weather of 2024]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in 2024]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240910063731/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc24/IO/02A.ASNA/ 02A.ASNA] from the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]

{{Portalbar|Tropical cyclones|India|Pakistan}}
{{2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asna}}
[[Category:2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]
[[Category:September 2024 in India]]
[[Category:August 2024 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:September 2024 in Pakistan]]

Longai Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:59Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting new data initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Longai
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 14,443
| mla = Hangshadhwaz Dewan
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Longai''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Hangshadhwaz Dewan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Longai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangshadhwaz Dewan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,690 |percentage=46.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indu Madhav Chakma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,156 |percentage=27.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram Talukdhar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,105 |percentage=26.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,534 |percentage=19.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,951 |percentage=57.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,443 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.966|92.277|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:constituency, Longai Assembly}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Moondram Pirai

2026-04-11T21:31:11Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting some pg w/ sources

{{short description|1982 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moondram Pirai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[T. G. Thyagarajan|G. Thyagarajan]]|G. Saravanan}}
| writer = Balu Mahendra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Sridevi]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = D. Vasu
| studio = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| distributor = Sathya Jyothi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|2|19}}
| runtime = 143 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=455}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}33 [[lakh]]<ref name="toi" />
| gross = 
}}

'''''Moondram Pirai''''' ({{translation|The third crescent}}){{efn|In Tamil, Moondram Pirai or the third crescent refers to the crescent seen on the third day following new moon day.}} is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written, directed and filmed by [[Balu Mahendra]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]], while [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Silk Smitha]] and [[Poornam Viswanathan]] played supporting roles. It revolves around a school teacher who rescues a woman with [[retrograde amnesia]], from a brothel, and protects her in his house located in [[Ketti]]. The rest of the film shows how the woman recovers her memory with the teacher's help.

''Moondram Pirai'' is the first film produced by [[T. G. Thyagarajan|G. Thyagarajan]] and G. Saravanan's [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]. It was predominantly shot in [[Ooty]] and [[Ketti]], with further shooting also taking place in [[Bangalore]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Kannadasan]], [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Gangai Amaran]]. It also featured the last song written by Kannadasan to be recorded before his death in 1981.

''Moondram Pirai'' was released on 19 February 1982 and received critical acclaim. It was a box office success and had a theatrical run of over a year. The film won two [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Kamal Haasan, and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] for Balu Mahendra. It also won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]] award for Balu Mahendra at the [[Filmfare Awards South]], and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (third prize), [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kamal) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Sridevi). Mahendra remade the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Sadma]]'' (1983), with Kamal Haasan, Sridevi and Smitha reprising their roles.
{{toclimit}}

== Plot ==
Bhagyalakshmi, a young woman, has a car accident while returning from a party and is hospitalised with severe head injuries. When she recovers, she is diagnosed with [[retrograde amnesia]] and she fails to recognise her own parents. She mentally regresses to the state of a child. While she is undergoing treatment, she is kidnapped and sold to the madam of a brothel. R. Srinivas, also known as Cheenu, comes to [[Chennai|Madras]] to meet his old friend. Together, they visit the brothel for services rendered. The madam sends Bhagyalakshmi, renamed Vijaya, to his room. Cheenu realises that she is mentally still a child and pities her. He learns that she is from a cultured family, and that she was kidnapped and forced into prostitution.

Cheenu returns the next day and, after paying a huge sum to the madam, takes Vijaya out, supposedly on a pleasure trip. He takes her away to [[Ketti]], where he is working as a school teacher. He takes her to his residence, where he protects her and also looks after her like a child. Viji, as she is called by Cheenu, has completely forgotten her past and becomes very close to him. When Viji accidentally spills ink over Cheenu's documents, angering him, their relationship is threatened, but they reconcile. Later, a local woodcutter named Natarajan lusts for Viji and nearly assaults her, but she manages to save herself. When she tells Cheenu about it, he becomes enraged and almost kills Natarajan, but is stopped by his neighbours who were informed of the incident by Viji. Meanwhile, the wife of Cheenu's headmaster is attracted to Cheenu, but he does not reciprocate her feelings.

Viji's father Vedachalam, who was searching for her through the police, releases a newspaper advertisement about his lost daughter. A co-passenger who had travelled with Cheenu and Viji from Madras to Ooty by train gives them a lead. Cheenu takes Viji to an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] practitioner and leaves her there for a day's treatment. In his absence, the police come to his house searching for Viji. Finally, the police learn that Viji is getting treated at the doctor's place and reach there. Cheenu is unable to come as he is afraid of police action. The treatment goes through successfully. Viji regains her memory, but completely forgets about the period between her accident and recovery. From the doctor, Vedachalam learns that the person who had brought her there had been taking good care of their daughter; he withdraws his police complaint and they begin their journey to Madras with Viji.

After the police leave, Cheenu comes running after the car in which Viji is travelling. He follows them to the railway station and tries to gain Viji's attention, but she is unable to recognise him. Cheenu acts like a dancing monkey that Viji developed a liking for, but Viji, unable to comprehend, thinks he is insane and begging for food. Cheenu continues his futile attempts to gain her attention, and the train eventually leaves with Viji not recognising him. Cheenu, who was injured while chasing her car and trying to get her attention, walks away, heartbroken.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as R. Srinivas "Cheenu"
* [[Sridevi]] as Bhagyalaksmi / Vijaya "Viji"
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Srinivas's friend{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}
* [[Silk Smitha]] as Mrs. Viswanathan
* [[Gandhimathi]] as the madam of the brothel{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Mr. Viswanathan
* S. R. Veeraraghavan as Vedachalam{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}
* [[J. V. Ramana Murthi]] as the [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] practitioner{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}
* [[K. Natraj]] as Natarajan, the woodcutter
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Moondram Pirai'' was the first film produced by [[T. G. Thyagarajan|G. Thyagarajan]] and G. Saravanan's production company, [[Sathya Jyothi Films]].<ref name="toi" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=15 September 2006 |title=A saga of success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-saga-of-success/article3230655.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213112143/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-saga-of-success/article3230655.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Thyagarajan, who was looking after Sathya Movies owned by his father-in-law [[R. M. Veerappan]], started Sathya Jyothi Films on his own to make "slightly offbeat films". [[Mani Ratnam]] and Thyagarajan had been friends since childhood as both their fathers were partners of Venus Movies.<ref name="toi" /> Ratnam introduced the director and cinematographer [[Balu Mahendra]] to Thyagarajan as Ratnam felt Thyagarajan would be the right person to produce the film that would later become ''Moondram Pirai''.<ref name="toi" /> After hearing Mahendra's story, Thyagarajan's father liked the plot and asked him to proceed.<ref name="toi" />

After the project was finalised, Mahendra took one month time to complete the script and he worked on the budget alongside film's production manager Govind. The budget was fixed at {{INRConvert|33|l|year=1981}}.<ref name="toi" /> A. Ramaswamy and D. Vasu were in charge of art direction and editing respectively.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}

=== Casting ===
While discussing the casting, Mahendra suggested [[Kamal Haasan]] as the lead actor as he "would do excellent work".<ref name="toi" /> Haasan has stated that, when Mahendra narrated the story of ''Moondram Pirai'' to him, he listened to Mahendra for about twenty minutes before accepting the role of the male lead Cheenu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=14 February 2014 |title=Kamal Haasan's tribute to Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/kamal-haasans-tribute-to-balu-mahendra/article5688417.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213075430/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/kamal-haasans-tribute-to-balu-mahendra/article5688417.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> The role of Bhagyalakshmi / Viji was initially offered to [[Sripriya]], who could not accept the role due to her prior commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=25 January 2014 |title=Eighties Flavour Keen to Leave Imprint |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Eighties-Flavour-Keen-to-Leave-Imprint/2014/01/25/article2016445.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213101510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Eighties-Flavour-Keen-to-Leave-Imprint/2014/01/25/article2016445.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Did you know, Sridevi was not the first choice for the classic hit film 'Moondram Pirai'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-sridevi-was-not-the-first-choice-for-the-classic-hit-film-moondram-pirai/articleshow/76173787.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103213158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-sridevi-was-not-the-first-choice-for-the-classic-hit-film-moondram-pirai/articleshow/76173787.cms |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was Haasan who successfully suggested [[Sridevi]] for the role.<ref name="toi" />

[[Silk Smitha]], who had done around 20 films by then and was considered only for performing [[item number]]s, was cast as the headmaster's sexually excited wife,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bobb |first1=Dilip |last2=Pillai |first2=Sreedhar |date=15 July 1983 |title=Smitha: The silken touch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19830715-silk-smitha-becomes-a-sensation-overnight-outstrips-stars-like-kamalahasan-and-rajnikant-770838-2013-07-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207104212/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/silk-smitha-becomes-a-sensation-overnight-outstrips-stars-like-kamalahasan-and-rajnikant/1/371775.html |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> as Mahendra wanted a woman who was "sexy and at the same time a rustic beauty". [[Poornam Viswanathan]] was initially reluctant to portray the headmaster as it deviated from the character roles he was then known for, but after convincing by Mahendra, agreed.<ref name="toi" />

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at [[Prasad Studios]].<ref name="firstpost" /> ''Moondram Pirai'' was predominantly shot in [[Ooty]] and [[Ketti]], a small town situated close to the former.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="BalkiMoondramPirai" /> Shooting also took place in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="toi" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunanya |date=12 October 2017 |title=My fondest memory of Bengaluru is the shoot for Sadma: Sridevi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-fondest-memory-of-bengaluru-is-the-shoot-for-sadma-sridevi/articleshow/61038606.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180217155233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-fondest-memory-of-bengaluru-is-the-shoot-for-sadma-sridevi/articleshow/61038606.cms |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mahendra shot the montage shots for the songs "Poongatru" and "Kanne Kalaimaane" simultaneously. The interior shots of "Kanne Kalaimaane" were shot within two days with Mahendra "would shoot the exterior portions while we were moving from one location to another".<ref name="toi" />

For a minor fight scene involving Cheenu and Natarajan ([[K. Natraj]]), Haasan and Mahendra told the stunt choreographer that it shouldn look like a street brawl, rather than a "regular movie fight". Natraj and Haasan performed their own stunts by jumping into a stream water.<ref name="toi" /> Haasan ensured he looked fit in the song "Ponmeni Uruguthey" and worked out to get a "sculpted physique". This was the film's only song to have rehearsals for one week in Madras (later renamed [[Chennai]]).<ref name="toi" /> Mahendra did not want to shoot the song in "flat light"; he shot it "in the early morning, from 6am to 8am, then we'd take a break, and then, we'd assemble again by 4.30pm, and then shoot from 5pm to 7pm, as the sun was setting" and managed to finish the song in five days.<ref name="toi" /> In April 2006, Mahendra said that the inclusion of the song was "absolutely unnecessary"; the sole reason for its inclusion was the presence of Smitha in the song to help promote the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=25 April 2006 |title='Don't let the fire die out' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dont-let-the-fire-die-out/article3191416.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213100933/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dont-let-the-fire-die-out/article3191416.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]|author-link=Sudhish Kamath}}</ref>

Mahendra did not find hiring a train expensive at that time; as a result, he hired a train for the film's scene where Cheenu and Viji depart for Ketti, and another train for the climax which was shot at the [[Ketti railway station]]. Although it was raining on the day the climax was shot, Mahendra decided to continue shooting the scene even though the rain was not part of the film's script.<ref name="firstpost" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=K. Dinesh |date=2 January 2014 |title=Kollywood's romance with trains unstoppable |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kollywoods-romance-with-trains-unstoppable/article5528542.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213170518/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kollywoods-romance-with-trains-unstoppable/article5528542.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It took nearly five days to film the climax.<ref name="oo" />{{efn|In a 2018 article, ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that the climax scene took three days to complete.<ref name="oo" /> However, Thyagarajan stated in 2022 that the scene was finished within five days.<ref name="toi" />}} The scene where Cheenu hits himself on the pole while walking towards the train was not planned; Haasan performed it in the middle of the shot. To shoot that scene, Mahendra sat on the steps of the train with a rope tied around his waist with crew holding and preventing him from falling down. Despite being in such a "precarious position", he managed to get the shot right and approved it in a single take.<ref name="toi" /> Haasan refused to use a [[Double (occupation)|double]], and strove to make Cheenu's injuries look real,<ref name="politics" /> including giving the character a [[black eye]] and swollen lips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan's Significant Ten |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec19/cover2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526014135/http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec19/cover2.htm |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

In the post-production phase, Smitha's voice was dubbed by Anuradha. Mahendra supervised Anuradha's dubbing session and taught her the methods to emote the dialogues for Smitha in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=7 August 2014 |title=When voices do the acting |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dubbing-artistes-of-tamil-cinema-when-voices-do-the-acting/article6291877.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213082907/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dubbing-artistes-of-tamil-cinema-when-voices-do-the-acting/article6291877.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While the film was under production the team was scoffed at for making a film about a youth falling in love with an amnesiac, and that the film would not be a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2012 |title=Stalwarts to zoom in on creative, commercial secrets of celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/stalwarts-to-zoom-in-on-creative-commercial-secrets-of-celluloid/article3959847.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214060159/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/stalwarts-to-zoom-in-on-creative-commercial-secrets-of-celluloid/article3959847.ece |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film uses intense [[violin]] music in both its opening and closing credits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=21 February 2014 |title=Marketplace art |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/marketplace-art/article5713341.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213083645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/marketplace-art/article5713341.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref=none}}</ref> The final length of the film was roughly {{Convert|3918|metres|feet}}.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=272}}

== Themes and influences ==
''Moondram Pirai'' depicts a young woman whose mental state regresses to that of a child following an accident. Sexuality and the repression of desire are dominant motifs, similar to Balu Mahendra's previous film ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980).<ref name="firstpost" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hariharan |first=K. |date=15 February 2014 |title=The uncompromising spirit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-uncompromising-spirit/article5690444.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216034317/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-uncompromising-spirit/article5690444.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film also explores the possibility of unresolved sexual tension between the protagonists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 November 2014 |title=A collage from a movie critic's scrapbook |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/a-collage-from-a-movie-critics-scrapbook/article6631492.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216034614/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/a-collage-from-a-movie-critics-scrapbook/article6631492.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> When asked about the reason amnesia was chosen for a disability, Mahendra said the disorder is used as a camouflage and as an excuse to portray relationships in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=11 February 2006 |title=In an imperfect world |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-an-imperfect-world/article3187181.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207101346/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-an-imperfect-world/article3187181.ece |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] finds the sequence where Cheenu narrates the story of [[the Blue Jackal]] to Viji to be a distant echo of the arc negotiated by Cheenu: "He is, after all, a nobody [like the jackal] who, through a salubrious twist of fate, becomes the ruler of a woman's life, until he is restored, at the end, to the nobody he was, a fraudulent claimant to her emotions."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=9 March 2012 |title=Lights, Camera, Conversation... — The awakening of unconsciousness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lights-camera-conversation-the-awakening-of-unconsciousness/article2977909.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216040427/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lights-camera-conversation-the-awakening-of-unconsciousness/article2977909.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref=none}}</ref>

In his book ''Dispatches from the wall corner: A journey through Indian cinema'', Rangan says that although Haasan is inspired by [[Marlon Brando]], the scene where Haasan burns himself while cooking and vents his anger on Sridevi, is reminiscent of the acting style of [[Marcel Marceau]].{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|pages=251–252}} In another book of Rangan, ''Conversations with Mani Ratnam'', he states that in the scene where Cheenu enters Bhagyalakshmi's room in the brothel, there was fumbling and embarrassment, whereas in another Haasan film ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), his character, Velu Nayakar, behaves as if he has visited a brothel before. ''Nayakan''{{'}}s director [[Mani Ratnam]] replied that the two scenes are very different from one another and that it "can't be played the same way".{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pages=50–51}} Rangan called ''Moondram Pirai'' "The apotheosis of [Balu Mahendra's] art".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=14 February 2014 |title=Naturalism was his signature |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687343.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215165906/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687343.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref=none}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath, writing for the website [[Scroll.in]], noted that ''Moondram Pirai'' contains elements common in Balu Mahendra's other films: "realism, evocative and naturalistic cinematography, strong performances, and psychosexual themes that drive the characters to make unusual and often tragic choices."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=10 April 2017 |title=Picture the song: Fragments of an idyllic romance in 'Poongatru Puthiraanathu' from 'Moondram Pirai' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/834182/picture-the-song-fragments-of-an-idyllic-romance-in-poongatru-puthiraanathu-from-moondram-pirai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170519112353/https://thereel.scroll.in/834182/picture-the-song-fragments-of-an-idyllic-romance-in-poongatru-puthiraanathu-from-moondram-pirai |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Hari Narayan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said Cheenu "looks like a melange of [[John Keats|[John] Keats]]' tragedy and [[Sigmund Freud|[Sigmund] Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis]]." Narayan explains the idea of Cheenu keeping Bhagyalaskhmi with him not only as an act of sympathy and love, but also with the intention to preserve her like a portrait. Narayan also states that when Bhagyalakshmi recovers her memory and forgets him, Cheenu is hesitant to come back to his quiet existence, realising that in reality, dreams feel like its [[antithesis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=17 February 2014 |title=La Belle Dame sans Merci |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5699273.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215023217/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5699273.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' considers the usage of a railway station in the climax scene to reflect the Tamil cinema trope of "Turning points, crucial interludes and significant twists" taking place in such places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 April 2001 |title=Suited to every sequence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0920022b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215163944/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0920022b.htm |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'', the climax of the film was a clear allusion to Mahendra's then wife [[Shoba]]'s death.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=6 February 2014 |title=More than meaning |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/more-than-meaning/article5660261.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213075317/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/more-than-meaning/article5660261.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Thyagarajan denied this, saying Mahendra narrated the story to him much before, and Shoba's death occurred only once the project was being finalised.<ref name="politics" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Moondram Pirai (soundtrack)}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The soundtrack was released through the record label Agi Music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondram Pirai – (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/moondram-pirai-original-motion/id739496278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215035200/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/moondram-pirai-original-motion/id739496278 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2014 |title=HC restrains firms from selling Ilayaraja's songs |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/HC-restrains-firms-from-selling-Ilayarajas-songs/articleshow/44843589.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217164459/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/HC-restrains-firms-from-selling-Ilayarajas-songs/articleshow/44843589.cms |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The number "Kannae Kalaimane", which is based on the ''[[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]'' [[raga]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2012 |title=Notes that intrigue |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/notes-that-intrigue/article4174187.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128035051/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/notes-that-intrigue/article4174187.ece |archive-date=28 November 2014 |access-date=13 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> was written by [[Kannadasan]] in "about two minutes" time, after listening to the film's story and the situation for the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 July 2005 |title=Of a poet unsurpassed |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103810500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004655/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103810500.htm |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=16 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to his daughter Kalaiselvi, the song was written with his wife in mind.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2018 |title=A daughter takes a trip down Kannadasan lane |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-daughter-takes-a-trip-down-kannadasan-lane/articleshow/63887576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180502065959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-daughter-takes-a-trip-down-kannadasan-lane/articleshow/63887576.cms |archive-date=2 May 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kannadasan was present at the recording session of the song, which took place in September 1981.<ref name="Musings" /> It was the last recorded song which Kannadasan wrote before his death in October 1981.<ref name="Musings" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=11 October 2011 |title=Remembering Poet Kannadasan (1927–1981) On his 30th death anniversary |url=http://sangam.org/2011/10/Remembering_Kannadasan.php?uid=4481 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512125428/http://www.sangam.org/2011/10/Remembering_Kannadasan.php?uid=4481 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=13 October 2015 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> "Poongatru" was based on the ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213163350/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
{{quote box
| quote = Do you know that ''Moondram Pirai'' got an 'A' certificate? ... So, even if I make a very simple film, chances are I might end up with an 'A' certificate. These 'A's and 'U's mean a damn to me. I make a film and that is it. I cannot talk about other filmmakers, but this rule doesn't stop me. If I want to make a film on a subject I have thought of, I will do it. Whether it gets an 'A' or a 'U', I'm least bothered. I'm not interested in its rating. I have my own code of conduct and I stick to that.
| source = Balu Mahendra on the certification of his film, in January 2014<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=13 January 2014 |title=It is immaterial whether you are working with a star or a non-star |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/It-is-immaterial-whether-you-are-working-with-a-star-or-a-non-star/articleshow/28706448.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/It-is-immaterial-whether-you-are-working-with-a-star-or-a-non-star/articleshow/28706448.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}

''Moondram Pirai'' was given an [[A certificate|"A" (adults only) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2012 |title='Don't judge a film by its Censor certificate' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1299771.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214072613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1299771.ece |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> According to Anand Mathew of ''[[The Quint]]'', this was done so because of Smitha who "saunters into the film now and then striking [[Khajuraho]] inspired poses with Kamal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Anand |date=7 November 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan Stuns and Stings As the Entertainer Par Excellence |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/11/07/kamal-haasan-stuns-and-stings-as-the-entertainer-par-excellence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604060438/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/11/07/kamal-haasan-stuns-and-stings-as-the-entertainer-par-excellence |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=2 June 2016 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

When the film was screened to distributors at AVM Mena Hall, they were not happy about the film; however one distributor remarked that the film affected him emotionally, giving confidence to the filmmakers.<ref name="toi" /> The film was released on 19 February 1982,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2016 |title=கமல் 25 : பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |trans-title=Kamal 25: Birthday Special |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52826/cinema/Kollywood/Kamal-25-Birthday-special.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170214042048/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52826/cinema/Kollywood/Kamal-25-Birthday-special.htm |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=14 February 2017 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> in 45 theatres in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=22 February 2019 |title='Viswasam' is my biggest hit, says producer Thyagarajan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathya-jyothi-thyagarajan-interview/article26337613.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125104814/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathya-jyothi-thyagarajan-interview/article26337613.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Due to Haasan's popularity, the crowd came in during the first day of the release; however since it was "a slow-moving film", business on the second day was "only OK. The third day was better. Monday was also just OK".<ref name="toi" /> The later picked up due to positive word-of-mouth, it became a "[[silver jubilee hit]] in many centres" and ran for more than a year in Subam theatre in Madras.<ref name="toi" /> According to Sathya Jyothi Films, ''Moondram Pirai'' received its highest distributor share in Madras and Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 March 2016 |title=Chennai: Cinema-crazy city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chennai-despite-being-the-smallest-region-continues-to-set-the-trends-in-kollywood/article8399308.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329014214/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chennai-despite-being-the-smallest-region-continues-to-set-the-trends-in-kollywood/article8399308.ece |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was also screened at FILCA, a film festival held at Thiruvananthapuram in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheerath |first=Bhawani |date=18 September 2014 |title=A toast to fine cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-toast-to-fine-cinema/article6419242.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215070432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-toast-to-fine-cinema/article6419242.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''Moondram Pirai'' was dubbed into [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] under the title ''Vasantha Kokila''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 November 2015 |title=When the Heroine Rides a Donkey... |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-29/When-the-heroine-rides-a-donkey/189567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207094703/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-29/When-the-heroine-rides-a-donkey/189567 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Sadma]]'' (1983), with Mahendra again directing while Haasan, Sridevi and Smitha reprised their roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=23 February 2019 |title='Moondram Pirai' revisited: How well does Sridevi's child-woman act hold up? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913046/moondram-pirai-revisited-how-well-does-sridevis-child-woman-act-hold-up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919045420/https://scroll.in/reel/913046/moondram-pirai-revisited-how-well-does-sridevis-child-woman-act-hold-up |archive-date=19 September 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===

''Moondram Pirai'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2012 |title='Moondram Pirai' team was 'ridiculed' during making: Kamal Hassan |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moondram-pirai-team-was-ridiculed-during-making-kamal-hassan/1010844/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207103549/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moondram-pirai-team-was-ridiculed-during-making-kamal-hassan/1010844/ |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its original review of the film, dated 7 March 1982, praised the performances of Haasan and Sridevi, Ilaiyaraaja's background score and songs and the photography by Balu Mahendra, and gave the film 53 marks out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 1982 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: மூன்றாம் பிறை |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Moondram Pirai'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36787--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221050508/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36787--2 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]''{{'s}} critic wrote that in ''Moondram Pirai'', Mahendra "does not narrate a story in the traditional sense of the term. What embellish the film are not incidents or characters as they are commonly understood. He presents a whole fascinating array of vignetes and couches them in such endearing cinematic terms that it turns out to be a significant achievement not only for himself but also for the ethos he represents."<ref>{{Cite news |year=1982 |title='Moonram Pirai' Balu's best yet |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1262416766723973123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518181332/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1262416766723973123 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated ''Moondram Pirai'' as a rare film where the lead actress was able to outshine Haasan in acting. The critic also liked the way the story of the Blue Jackal was incorporated into the screenplay, appreciated Mahendra's cinematography, and concluded that the film was as perfect as a [[full moon]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 March 1982 |title=மூன்றாம் பிறை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/mar/07-03-1982/p59.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220803101353/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/mar/07-03-1982/p59.jpg |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta}}</ref> ''Saavi''' praised the acting of Sridevi and gave an impression of the film being completely her film and praised Kamal's acting and his co-operation to let Sridevi shine. The critic also praised Mahendra's cinematography capturing Ooty beautifully.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1982 |title=மூன்றாம் பிறை |url=https://archive.org/details/kna.sovie19820000unse/page/n261/mode/2up |access-date=10 December 2024 |magazine=Saavi |page=62 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Aside (magazine)|Aside]]'' gave a less favourable review, calling the film "a neon moon" and said, "There was at one time a brooding, premonitory quality about Balu Mahendra's movies ... but (he) has now gone into the trade of picture postcards and [[Panipuri|pani puri]]." After a brief word of praise for Haasan's performance in the climax ("darkly luminescent, like a rain drenched monsoon night") the reviewer added, "Kamal makes a very amusing monkey, but should he not rather be playing a human character?"{{Sfn|Lakshmi|2004|page=46}}

=== Accolades ===
According to Thyagarajan, Sridevi was a strong contender for the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]], but lost to [[Shabana Azmi]] because of politics: "The makers of ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' had lobbied for Shabana Azmi to make her win. By the time we got to know this, it was too late".<ref name="politics" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[30th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=30th National Film Festival (1983) |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216074858/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30NFA.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=8–11}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Balu Mahendra]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="1" |[[30th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| Balu Mahendra
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=488 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=21 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |Tamil Nadu State Film Awards – 1982
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (third prize)
|''Moondram Pirai''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=273}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Kamal Haasan
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Sridevi]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[S. Janaki]]
|}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Moondram Pirai Climax Scene.png|thumb|The climax scene of the film became popular and was referred to and parodied by many films.]]

''Moondram Pirai'' attained [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema for its "unique amalgamation of high emotional quotient and film-making style".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2017 |title=70 iconic films of Indian cinema |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217162108/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html?utm_source=scroll&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=scroll |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> The climax scene where Haasan's character, Cheenu, runs after Sridevi's character, Bhagyalakshmi, who has recovered her memory but forgets the incidents that occur between her accident and recovery completely, and Cheenu trying desperately to make Bhagyalakshmi remember the time she spent with him, to no effect, became popular and was parodied many times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=20 May 2008 |title=The best of Kamal Haasan – Moondram Pirai (1982) |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/20sli4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417043213/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/20sli4.htm |archive-date=17 April 2009 |access-date=15 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra's best work |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/balu-mahendra-s-best-work/story-4jzPmN3hiFOUcIuWGt3xGM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422042146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/balu-mahendra-s-best-work/article1-1183629.aspx |archive-date=22 April 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The dialogue told by Smitha's character to Cheenu, "You haave a verrry strrong physique, you know", also attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanmugam |first=Kavitha |date=4 May 2017 |title='We act with our throats': Meet the women who dub for Tamil film actresses |url=https://scroll.in/reel/836513/we-act-with-our-throats-meet-the-women-who-dub-for-tamil-film-actresses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170519112214/https://thereel.scroll.in/836513/we-act-with-our-throats-meet-the-women-who-dub-for-tamil-film-actresses |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> A. P. Thiruvadi, in his obituary of Balu Mahendra, called him "The ''Moondram Pirai'' of Indian cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thiruvadi |first=A. P. |date=15 February 2014 |title=Complete film-maker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/complete-filmmaker/article5690386.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215170155/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/complete-filmmaker/article5690386.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> When S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'' suggested to Balu Mahendra that the film's ending lacked logic, Mahendra said, "Believe me there's no logic in life."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=21 February 2014 |title=In restless search |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-restless-search/article5710789.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215171242/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-restless-search/article5710789.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In November 2004, critics compared the plot of the Kannada film ''[[Nalla]]'' to ''Moondram Pirai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2004 |title=Nalla |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nalla-review-kannada-pclvCXgehfefe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504070422/https://www.sify.com/movies/nalla-review-kannada-pclvCXgehfefe.html |archive-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In March 2005, [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], in an interview with Rediff, listed ''Moondram Pirai'' among her favourite films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=3 March 2005 |title=I have not changed! |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/03sneha1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215105544/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/03sneha1.htm |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; two of them – Mani Ratnam and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] – named ''Moondram Pirai''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In September 2009, singer [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], in an interview with ''The Hindu'', said that her favourite song is "Kanne Kalaimane".<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2009 |title=Star fall on Friday night |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/star-fall-on-friday-night/article632335.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215110651/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/star-fall-on-friday-night/article632335.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In February 2010, director [[R. Balki]], in an interview with ''[[Forbes India]]'', called ''Moondram Pirai'' as his favourite film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2010 |title=Songs Differentiate Indian Cinema |url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/10392 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215041747/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/10392 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> In February 2015, ''Moondram Pirai'' topped Indumathy Sukanya of ''[[The New Indian Express]]''<nowiki/>' list of "Top 5 Tamil Romances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sukanya |first=Indumathy |date=12 February 2015 |title=Top 5 Tamil Romances |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Top-5-Tamil-Romances/2015/02/12/article2664008.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115082714/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Top-5-Tamil-Romances/2015/02/12/article2664008.ece |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan opined that the film was "a superb example of how the presence of a commercially viable plot and the participation of commercially viable actors and technicians can result in art."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=24 February 2014 |title=A blend of the commercial and artistic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-blend-of-the-commercial-and-artistic/article5720116.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215170731/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-blend-of-the-commercial-and-artistic/article5720116.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref=none}}</ref>

In July 2011, [[Janani Iyer]] said she considered a role like Sridevi's character, Bhagyalakshmi, as "really challenging."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=23 July 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy – Well begun is... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/itsy-bitsy/article2287657.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215072233/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/itsy-bitsy/article2287657.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In March 2013, S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'' compared the climax of ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999) to the climax in ''Moondram Pirai''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=21 March 2013 |title=A ray of hope |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-ray-of-hope/article4533657.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215110358/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-ray-of-hope/article4533657.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In November 2013, S. Saraswathi of Rediff included ''Moondram Pirai'' in her list of the "10 best Films of Kamal Haasan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=7 November 2013 |title=The 10 BEST Films of Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-10-best-films-of-kamal-haasan-south/20131107.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214073232/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-10-best-films-of-kamal-haasan-south/20131107.htm#1 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In February 2014, [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] said she "would love to play a role like Sridevi's in ''Moondram Pirai''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=3 February 2014 |title=I've Already Got my Dream Role, Says Arundhati |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ive-Already-Got-my-Dream-Role-Says-Arundhati/2014/02/03/article2034088.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215104211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ive-Already-Got-my-Dream-Role-Says-Arundhati/2014/02/03/article2034088.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sridevi's performance in the film was included in ''The Times of India''{{'}}s 2015 list, "Sridevi: 5 times the actress bowled us with her performance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2015 |title=Sridevi: 5 times the actress bowled us with her performance – 01 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Sridevi-5-times-the-actress-bowled-us-with-her-performance/photostory/48450810.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817000800/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Sridevi-5-times-the-actress-bowled-us-with-her-performance/photostory/48450810.cms |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=31 January 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Although no print of ''Moondram Pirai'' has survived,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Kathik |date=7 December 2013 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan gets digitally enhanced |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830061946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |archive-date=30 August 2015 |access-date=30 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> the film is still available on home video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description – MOONDRAM PIRAI Tamil DVD |url=https://www.njmtv.com/poorna_moondram-pirai-tamil-dvd_kamal-haasan,sridevi-kapoor,silk-smitha,poornam-vishwanathan-3986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091816/https://www.njmtv.com/poorna_moondram-pirai-tamil-dvd_kamal-haasan,sridevi-kapoor,silk-smitha,poornam-vishwanathan-3986.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=njmtv.com}}</ref> Balki mentioned in an April 2016 interview with [[Indo-Asian News Service]], that ''Moondram Pirai'' "tremendously influenced" him as a filmmaker.<ref name="BalkiMoondramPirai" /> Writer [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] stated that he got the idea to write the story of the Telugu film ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003) while watching ''Moondram Pirai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2017 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vijayendra Prasad explains how 'Simhadri' was conceived |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/exclusive-vijayendra-prasad-explains-how-simhadri-was-conceived-telugu-news-191672 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731062355/http://www.indiaglitz.com/exclusive-vijayendra-prasad-explains-how-simhadri-was-conceived-telugu-news-191672 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Balu Mahendra's Telugu film ''[[Nireekshana]]'' (1982) was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Kanne Kalaimane''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=18 July 2015 |title=Risking life and liberty |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/meenakshi-shedde-looks-at-how-filmmakers-responded-to-the-emergency-with-hardhitting-cinema/article7429522.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508024206/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/meenakshi-shedde-looks-at-how-filmmakers-responded-to-the-emergency-with-hardhitting-cinema/article7429522.ece |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' (2001), Valayapathi ([[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]) pretends to have lost both his hands. His lover then promises to take care of him. The song "Kanne Kalaimane" is heard as the background music for the scene.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Manathai Thirudivittai |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=K. R. G. Movies International |year=2001 |time=1:45:55 to 1:47:25 |time-caption=From}}</ref> In a comedy scene from ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002), Mohan (Vivek) imitates Haasan's mannerisms from the climax scene in ''Moondram Pirai'' to make his friend Shiva ([[R. Madhavan]]) recognise him but fails.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Run |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Surya Movies |year=2002 |time=1:27:49 to 1:28:19 |time-caption=From}}</ref>

Mahendra described his 2003 directorial venture ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' as an inverse of ''Moondram Pirai'' as it was about "a mad woman who has a normal man in her house".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=4 March 2003 |title=Julie Ganapathy was a big risk |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/04balu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213104702/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/04balu.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan, in her review of ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011) said, "Probably because the scene of action is Ooty, the main character is mentally challenged, and the story-telling sequence with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and the kid is familiar, at times [''Deiva Thirumagal''] reminds you of Balu Mahendra's inimitable ''Moondraam Pirai''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 July 2011 |title=Deiva Thirumagal: a sensitive poem on celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/deiva-thirumagal-a-sensitive-poem-on-celluloid/article2233163.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215043204/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/deiva-thirumagal-a-sensitive-poem-on-celluloid/article2233163.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan compares a scene in ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012), where Barfi ([[Ranbir Kapoor]]) goes after Shruti ([[Ileana D'Cruz]]) and stumbles, to that of ''Moondram Pirai'''s climax scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 September 2012 |title="Barfi!"... Sweet memories |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2012/09/16/barfi-sweet-memories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116012218/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2012/09/16/barfi-sweet-memories/ |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=16 November 2015 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |ref=none}}</ref>

In the 2023 film ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'', when the main character, Parthiban, adopts a [[spotted hyena]], he names it “Subramani” a homage to the dog that Sridevi's character holds in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=6 November 2023 |title=Leo and beyond, Lokesh Kanagaraj isn't just another mass movie director: Why his worlds appear more alluring than his peers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-and-beyond-lokesh-kanagaraj-isnt-just-another-mass-movie-director-why-his-worlds-appear-more-alluring-than-those-of-his-peers-8996360/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902205456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-and-beyond-lokesh-kanagaraj-isnt-just-another-mass-movie-director-why-his-worlds-appear-more-alluring-than-those-of-his-peers-8996360/ |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=19 February 2022 |title=40 Years Of Moondram Pirai — Balu Mahendra, Kamal Haasan, Sridevi & Ilaiyaraaja's classic film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/40-years-of-moondram-pirai-balu-mahendra-kamal-haasan-sridevi-ilaiyaraajas-classic-film/articleshow/89669992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219075810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/40-years-of-moondram-pirai-balu-mahendra-kamal-haasan-sridevi-ilaiyaraajas-classic-film/articleshow/89669992.cms |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=19 February 2022 |title=Forty years of Moondram Pirai: A poignant look at loss, love and desire |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/forty-years-of-moondram-pirai-a-poignant-look-at-loss-love-and-desire-10388501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318175133/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/forty-years-of-moondram-pirai-a-poignant-look-at-loss-love-and-desire-10388501.html |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BalkiMoondramPirai">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title='Moondram Pirai' tremendously influences me: R. Balki |url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Moondram_Pirai_tremendously_influences_me_R_Balki-507031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508002406/http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FMoondram_Pirai_tremendously_influences_me_R_Balki-507031 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>
<ref name="oo">{{Cite news |date=28 February 2018 |title=Ooty residents still gush about climax scene of Moondram Pirai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ooty-residents-still-gush-about-climax-scene-of-moondram-pirai/articleshow/63102282.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180228103311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ooty-residents-still-gush-about-climax-scene-of-moondram-pirai/articleshow/63102282.cms |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
<ref name="politics">{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2 March 2022 |title=Sathyajyothi Thyagarajan: Sridevi lost her National Award for Moondram Pirai because of politics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/mar/02/sathyajyothi-thyagarajansridevi-lost-her-national-award-for-moondram-pirai-because-of-politics-30050.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307220454/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/mar/02/sathyajyothi-thyagarajansridevi-lost-her-national-award-for-moondram-pirai-because-of-politics-30050.html |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Musings">{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=13 September 2009 |title=Kavignar Kannadasan |url=http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/09/kavignar-kannadasan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802235300/http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/09/kavignar-kannadasan.html |archive-date=2 August 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016 |website=Mohan's Musings}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lakshmi |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-303026-3 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Dispatches from the Wall Corner : A Journey through Indian Cinema |publisher=Tranquebar Press, Westland Ltd. |year=2014 |isbn=978-9384030568}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Portal bar|Film|1980s|India}}
{{Balu Mahendra}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Gaddalakonda Ganesh (soundtrack)

2026-04-07T06:17:55Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Gaddalakonda Ganesh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover = Gaddalakonda Ganesh album cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 7 August 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio = * Audible Studios, [[New York City]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:10
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]] [[Saregama]] (one song)
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Iddari Lokam Okate]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc =
{{Singles
| name = Gaddalakonda Ganesh
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Jarra Jarra
| single1date = 21 July 2018
| single2 = Gagana Veedhilo
| single2date = 23 July 2018
| single3 = Waka Waka
| single3date = 26 July 2018
| single4 = [[Elluvochi Godaramma]]
| single4date = 28 July 2018
}}
}}

'''''Gaddalakonda Ganesh''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] for the 2018 Telugu-language [[action comedy film]] [[Gaddalakonda Ganesh|of the same name]] starring [[Varun Tej]], [[Atharvaa]], [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Mirnalini Ravi]] in lead roles, directed by [[Harish Shankar]]. The film marks Meyer's second collaboration with Harish after ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2014). The film featured four tracks with lyrics written by [[Bhaskarabhatla]], [[Vanamali]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]. The soundtrack album was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 2 August 2018. The initial release contained only three tracks; the fourth one was excluded as it was released under the record label [[Saregama]]. The release coincided with a promotional event held in [[Hyderabad]] to promote film's fourth single "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]".

The soundtrack received positive reviews from the critics, who were appreciative of the lyrics and Meyer's instrumentation in tune with the film's setting. Upon the release, the song "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]" topped the charts and increased the buzz for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-hit-songs-gopikamma-elluvochi-godaramma-bathukamma-butta-bomma-pooja-excels-with-her-dance-and-graceful-expressions-85624|title=గోపికమ్మ... ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ... ఇప్పుడు బతుకమ్మ - బుట్ట బొమ్మ హిట్ సాంగ్స్!|first=Satya|last=Pulagam|date=1 April 2023|website=telugu.abplive.com|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609075946/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-hit-songs-gopikamma-elluvochi-godaramma-bathukamma-butta-bomma-pooja-excels-with-her-dance-and-graceful-expressions-85624|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==
In January 2019, it was reported that [[Devi Sri Prasad]] would score the music in his third collaboration with [[Harish Shankar]], after ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012) and ''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' (2017); and second collaboration with [[Varun Tej]] after ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' (2019). But later [[Mickey J. Meyer]] was roped in to compose music and background score of the film. This marked his second collaboration with both Harish and Tej after ''[[Subramanyam For Sale]]'' (2015) ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]'' (2017). Lyricists [[Bhaskarabhatla]], [[Vanamali]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]] were signed to write lyrics of the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/harish-shankar-brings-chandrabose-and-bhaskarabhatla-on-board-for-valmiki/articleshow/70755605.cms|title=Harish Shankar brings Chandrabose and Bhaskarabhatla on-board for 'Valmiki'|date=20 August 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/harish-shankar-brings-chandrabose-and-bhaskarabhatla-on-board-for-valmiki/articleshow/70755605.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio rights were bagged by [[Sony Music India]]. In an interview Harish Shankar said "Apart from the remix of [[Elluvachi Godaramma|Velluvachhi Godaramma]], the film has four more songs and all of them have been composed well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/i-hope-people-who-watched-jigarthanda-like-vamliki-director-harish-shankar-805636|title=I hope people who watched Jigarthanda like Vamliki: Director Harish Shankar|first=Bhavana|last=Sharma|date=18 September 2019|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091858/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/i-hope-people-who-watched-jigarthanda-like-vamliki-director-harish-shankar-805636|url-status=live}}</ref> In late August 2019, Harish revealed that Meyer is working on the background score of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegdes-role-in-valmiki-revealed/articleshow/70838878.cms|title=Pooja Hegde's look in 'Valmiki' revealed|date=26 August 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829011025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegdes-role-in-valmiki-revealed/articleshow/70838878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Having done ''Subrahmanyam For Sale'' with him, I know he can be better. After watching ''Mahanati'', I became a fan of his music for the movie. He has gone massy with ''Valmiki'' and superbly so.|author=Harish Shankar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valmiki-has-strong-content-performances-harish-shankar---news-244373|title='Valmiki' has strong content, performances: Harish Shankar - News|date=September 16, 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=May 22, 2024|archive-date=May 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091913/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valmiki-has-strong-content-performances-harish-shankar---news-244373|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Composition ==
The first track "Jarra Jarra" was sung by [[Anurag Kulkarni]] and Uma Neha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/valmikis-ultra-mass-jarra-jarra-enthralls-music-lovers.html|title=Valmiki's ultra mass Jarra Jarra enthralls music lovers | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=21 August 2019|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701042014/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/valmikis-ultra-mass-jarra-jarra-enthralls-music-lovers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24188/jarra-jarra--song-from-varun-tej-pooja-hedge-starrer-valmiki|title=Jarra Jarra song from Varun Tej's Valmiki|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091915/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24188/jarra-jarra--song-from-varun-tej-pooja-hedge-starrer-valmiki|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrics for the song was written by [[Bhaskarabhatla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bhaskarabatla-posts-handwritten-lyrics-of-jarra-jarra-song-from-valmiki/articleshow/70819521.cms|title=Bhaskarabatla posts handwritten lyrics of 'Jarra Jarra' song from Valmiki|date=24 August 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909021818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bhaskarabatla-posts-handwritten-lyrics-of-jarra-jarra-song-from-valmiki/articleshow/70819521.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/valmiki/jarra-jarra/11718|title=Listen to 'Jarra Jarra' from 'valmiki' telugu|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091832/https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/valmiki/jarra-jarra/11718|url-status=live}}</ref> When he was writing the song, his mother died. "He wrote the song nevertheless, saying that doing his work would give him consolation in times of pain", Harish said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/wish-strongly-for-a-pawan-kalyan-film-it-will-happen-harish-shankar-telugu-news-244342|title=Wish strongly for a Pawan Kalyan film, it will happen: Harish Shankar - Telugu News|date=16 September 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091914/https://www.indiaglitz.com/wish-strongly-for-a-pawan-kalyan-film-it-will-happen-harish-shankar-telugu-news-244342|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second song "Gagana Veedhilo" was penned by [[Vanamali]], and<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/valmiki-telugu-movie-gagana-veedhilo-lyrical-song/videoshow/71022840.cms|title=Valmiki 'గగన వీధిలో..' మెలోడీ సాంగ్|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021132829/https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/valmiki-telugu-movie-gagana-veedhilo-lyrical-song/videoshow/71022840.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was recorded by [[Anurag Kulkarni]], and Sweta Subramanian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki/gagana-veedhilo/11760|title=Listen to 'Gagana Veedhilo' from 'gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki' telugu|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091915/https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki/gagana-veedhilo/11760|url-status=live}}</ref> The third song "Waka Waka" was sung by Anurag Kulkarni, and Mickey J Meyer himself, with the lyrics penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki/waka-waka/11796|title=Listen to 'Waka Waka' from 'gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki' telugu|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522091956/https://www.moviecrow.com/listen/4026/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki/waka-waka/11796|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meyer remixed the song "[[Elluvachi Godaramma]]" from 1982 Telugu film ''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]'' and was used in the film with the title "Elluvochi Godaramma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010919/pooja-hegde-to-groove-to-sridevis-song.html|title=Pooja Hegde to groove to Srideviâ€™s song|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=1 September 2019|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521134753/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010919/pooja-hegde-to-groove-to-sridevis-song.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was penned by lyricist [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms|title=Sridevi's song to be remixed for Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde's 'Valmiki'?|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/amp_articleshow/70911312.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] gave his voice for the song, while the voice of [[P. Susheela]] was retained from the original version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-his-youthful-voice-to-live-in-more-than-40000-songs/articleshow/78312094.cms|title=SP Balasubrahmanyam dies; his youthful voice to live in more than 40,000 songs|date=25 September 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928000853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-his-youthful-voice-to-live-in-more-than-40000-songs/articleshow/78312094.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The first single "Jarra Jarra" was released on 21 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/first-single-jarra-jarra-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/70772317.cms|title=First single 'Jarra Jarra' from 'Valmiki' released|date=21 August 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112033039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/first-single-jarra-jarra-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/70772317.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, its video teaser was unveiled on Wednesday 22 August, on the occasion of [[Chiranjeevi]]'s birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/jarra-jarra-video-song-promo-released-from-varun-tejs-valmiki-movie/articleshow/70783280.cms|title=Valmiki Song: 'జర్ర జర్ర' సాంగ్ ప్రోమో.. సూపర్ హిట్టు నో డౌటు!|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092319/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/jarra-jarra-video-song-promo-released-from-varun-tejs-valmiki-movie/articleshow/70783280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 August 2018, makers unveiled that the second single would release on the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/gagana-veedhilo-song-from-valmiki-will-be-released-tomorrow/articleshow/70979386.cms|title=Gagana Veedhilo song from Valmiki will be released tomorrow|date=4 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112033011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/gagana-veedhilo-song-from-valmiki-will-be-released-tomorrow/articleshow/70979386.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Gagana Veedhilo" was released on 5 July 2018 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/valmiki-gagana-veedhilo-song-another-melodious-romantic-track-by-mickey-j-meyer-1473734/|title=Valmiki Gagana Veedhilo song: Another melodious romantic track by Mickey J Meyer|date=5 September 2019|website=Bollywood Life|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804094106/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/valmiki-gagana-veedhilo-song-another-melodious-romantic-track-by-mickey-j-meyer-1473734/|url-status=live}}</ref> On Saturday 11 August, it was announced that third single would release soon and the song titled "Wala Waka" was released on 12 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/waka-waka-from-varun-tejs-valmiki-released/articleshow/71098927.cms|title=Waka Waka from Varun Tej's Valmiki released|date=12 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/waka-waka-from-varun-tejs-valmiki-released/articleshow/71098927.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/music/waka-waka-lyrical-song-from-varun-tej-s-valmiki-080532.html|title=వాల్మీకి అప్‌డేట్.. గద్దల కొండ గణేష్ ఎలాంటి వాడంటే.. దడ దడ దంచుడే! | Waka Waka Lyrical song From Varun Tej's Valmiki - Telugu Filmibeat|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092241/https://telugu.filmibeat.com/music/waka-waka-lyrical-song-from-varun-tej-s-valmiki-080532.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers unveiled the making video of song "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]" on 15 September, on the film's pre-release event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-video-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/71146384.cms|title='Velluvachi Godaramma' song making video from 'Valmiki' released|date=16 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112033052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-video-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/71146384.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single "Elluvochi Godaramma" was released on 17 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-video-promo-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-try-hard-to-recreate-the-magic-of-sobhan-babu-and-sridevi/articleshow/71169731.cms|title=Elluvochi Godaramma video promo: Varun Tej Konidela and Pooja Hegde try hard to recreate the magic of Sobhan Babu and Sridevi|date=17 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705152509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-video-promo-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-try-hard-to-recreate-the-magic-of-sobhan-babu-and-sridevi/articleshow/71169731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song launch event was held on the same in Hyderabad, with ''Devatha'' film's director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] gracing the event as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch/articleshow/71172357.cms|title=K Raghavendra Rao: పూజా నడుంపై పెట్టిన ఆ బిందె నాక్కావాలి.. ఆ పండుతో కొడ్తా: రాఘవేంద్రరావు|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092336/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch/articleshow/71172357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch-py09xd|title=పూజాహెగ్డే నడుముపై రాఘవేంద్రరావు కామెంట్స్!|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085511/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch-py09xd|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music videos ==
The music video of "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]" featuring Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde was released on 3 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-teja-s-valmiki-elluvachi-godaramma-song-remix-pxnrvf|title='వాల్మీకి' సీక్రెట్ : శోభన్ బాబు సాంగ్ రీమిక్స్ కి కారణం.!|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2021-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923025443/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-teja-s-valmiki-elluvachi-godaramma-song-remix-pxnrvf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/varun-tej-latest-movie-song-released-in-youtube--32891|title=సాయి పల్లవిని బీట్ చేయనున్న వరుణ్ తేజ్..|date=2 November 2019|website=www.hmtvlive.com|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729132650/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/varun-tej-latest-movie-song-released-in-youtube--32891|url-status=live}}</ref> Hegde was highly praised upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-is-ecstatic-over-the-massive-response-to-elluvochi-godaramma/articleshow/71230179.cms|title=Pooja Hegde is ecstatic over the massive response to Elluvochi Godaramma|date=21 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101070719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-is-ecstatic-over-the-massive-response-to-elluvochi-godaramma/articleshow/71230179.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Choreographed by [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]], music video was shot in late-August 2019 on the banks of [[Godavari River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms|title=Sridevi's song to be remixed for Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde's 'Valmiki'?|date=30 August 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112153914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Jarra Jarra" song's video was released on 6 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jarra-jarra-video-promo-varun-tejs-rugged-looks-and-dimple-hayathis-sexy-moves/articleshow/70786685.cms|title=Jarra Jarra video promo: Varun Tej's rugged looks and Dimple Hayathi's sexy moves|date=22 August 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007020012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jarra-jarra-video-promo-varun-tejs-rugged-looks-and-dimple-hayathis-sexy-moves/articleshow/70786685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Music video choreographed by Sekhar and was filmed in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/valmiki-dimple-hayathi-to-shake-a-leg-with-varun-tej-and-atharvaa-in-the-film/articleshow/70376932.cms|title=Valmiki: Dimple Hayathi to shake a leg with Varun Tej and Atharvaa in the film|date=25 July 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430073131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/valmiki-dimple-hayathi-to-shake-a-leg-with-varun-tej-and-atharvaa-in-the-film/articleshow/70376932.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Video of songs "Gagana Veedhilo" and "Waka Waka", choreographed by Bhanu was released on 1 January 2018.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu
| total_length = 13:10
| title1 = Jarra Jarra
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Uma Neha
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| length1 = 3:01
| title2 = Gagana Veedhilo
| length2 = 3:15
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Sweta Subramanian
| lyrics2 = [[Vanamali]]
| title3 = Waka Waka
| length3 = 3:27
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Mickey J Meyer
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| title4 = [[Elluvochi Godaramma]]
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 3:27
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Hindi
| title1 = Waka Waka
| extra1 = Prudhvi Chandra, Mickey J Meyer
| length1 = 3:27
| lyrics1 = Raqueeb Alam
}}

== Reception ==
Reviewing the soundtrack album, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The album of Gaddalakonda Ganesh is a clear winner, with Mickey J Meyer delivering two songs that completely surprise you, because it’s not the kind of work you expect from the composer of classy tunes from films like Mahanati and Kotha Bangaru Lokam. While Gagana Veedhilo is typical of his work, it’s still a good enough listen. But Waka Waka is our definite pick from this album."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-gaddalakonda-ganesh/articleshow/71219473.cms|title=Music Review: Gaddalakonda Ganesh|date=20 September 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506231931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-gaddalakonda-ganesh/articleshow/71219473.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote "Music by Mickey J Meyer is truly an asset for this film. Not only his songs, but also the background score given by Mickey J Meyer helped the movie a lot."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki-movie-review-rating-35-64213|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh (Valmiki) Movie Review & Rating {3/5}|date=20 September 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

''[[123 Telugu]]'' noted "Mickey J Meyer and his music score are impressive but his BGM was best in recent times."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/gaddalakonda-ganesh-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh Telugu Movie Review|date=21 September 2019|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521135738/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/gaddalakonda-ganesh-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' described the music as "good" and wrote "Background music makes an impact. [[Velluvachi Godaramma]] song and Jarra Jarra songs are entertaining. We shall appreciate both the director and the music director for not murdering the original song from ''Devatha''. It is one of the most pleasant remixes in Telugu cinema."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/gaddalakondaganesh.html|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh (Valmiki) review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2024-05-22|archive-date=2024-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043127/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/gaddalakondaganesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The song "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]" had approximately 10 million views on [[YouTube]] within its release, which helped in the marketing of the film.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ravi, Murali|date=17 September 2019|title=Varun-Pooja Hedge Track will be the highlight of Valmiki|url=https://www.tollywood.net/varun-pooja-hedge-track-will-be-the-highlight-of-valmiki/|access-date=2 October 2019|work=Tollywood.net|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225085622/https://www.tollywood.net/varun-pooja-hedge-track-will-be-the-highlight-of-valmiki/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-18|title='VALMIKI' team delighted with response for 'Elluvochi Godaramma'|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valmiki-team-delighted-with-response-for-elluvochi-godaramma-telugu-news-244484|access-date=2019-12-03|website=IndiaGlitz|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092243/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valmiki-team-delighted-with-response-for-elluvochi-godaramma-telugu-news-244484|url-status=live}}</ref> Various versions of the song were uploaded by amateur singers, guitarists and DJs on social networking sites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pooja-hegdes-recreation-sridevi-song-elluvochi-godaramma-receive-enormous-love-fans-186060/|title=Pooja Hegde's recreation of Sridevi in the song 'Elluvochi Godaramma' receive enormous love from fans|date=23 September 2019|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093342/https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pooja-hegdes-recreation-sridevi-song-elluvochi-godaramma-receive-enormous-love-fans-186060/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Gaddalakonda Ganesh'' had less than 3 weeks for the promotion, unlike other Telugu films which indulge in months of promotion. However, it was "[[Elluvochi Godaramma]]" which became a rage and created instant buzz for the film in the market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/music/remixed-telugu-classic-elluvochi-godaramma-song-breaks-youtube-record-137124|title=Remixed Telugu Classic Elluvochi Godaramma Song Breaks YouTube Record|date=16 June 2021|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093245/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/music/remixed-telugu-classic-elluvochi-godaramma-song-breaks-youtube-record-137124|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/five-reasons-to-watch-varun-tejs-valmiki-18628|title=Exclusive: Five reasons to watch Valmiki|date=19 September 2019|website=TeluguBulletin.com|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093341/https://www.telugubulletin.com/five-reasons-to-watch-varun-tejs-valmiki-18628|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video on YouTube has garnered over 110 million views very shortly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elluvochi Godaramma: Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde's song garners 100 million views - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/elluvochi-godaramma-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-song-garners-100-million-views/articleshow/83565557.cms|access-date=2021-10-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731133531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/elluvochi-godaramma-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-song-garners-100-million-views/articleshow/83565557.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed it as one of the five best remix songs in Tollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-to-andam-hindolam-top-5-remix-songs-in-tollywood/photostory/79114458.cms?picid=79114502|title='Elluvochi Godaramma' to 'Andam Hindolam,' Top 5 Remix Songs in Tollywood|date=9 November 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-to-andam-hindolam-top-5-remix-songs-in-tollywood/photostory/79114458.cms?picid=79114502|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Album credits ==

=== Songwriter(s) ===
* [[Mickey J. Meyer]] (Composer, Arranger)

=== Performer(s) ===
* [[Music Composer|Composition]], [[Music Production|production]], [[musical arrangements]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboards]] – [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
* [[Lyrics]] – [[Bhaskarabhatla]], [[Vanamali]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]], Raqueeb Alam
* [[Singers]] – [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Uma Neha, Sweta Subramanian, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], Prudhvi Chandra
* [[Chorus (song)|Chorus]] – [[Ramya Behara]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]

=== Instruments ===
* [[Bass Guitar]] – Charles Berthoud
* [[Rhythm]]s – Venkatesh Patvari
* [[Violin]] – Sandilya Pisapati
* [[Rhythm|Indian Rhythms]] – Santhosh
* [[Mastering (audio)|Mastering]] – Darren Vermaas

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="1"|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[20th Santosham Film Awards|14 November 2021]]
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawards2021/index.html|title=Santosham film awards 2021|website=Idlebrain}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9670480/soundtrack/ ''Gaddalakonda Ganesh'' (soundtrack)] at [[IMDb]]
{{Mickey J. Meyer}}
{{authority control}}
{{Jigarthanda (2014 film)}}
[[Category:2019 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Mickey J. Meyer soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Crime film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

Savithiri (1941 film)

2026-04-05T10:40:39Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Added basic pg w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Savithri
| image = Savithri 1941 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Y. V. Rao]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = T. C. Vadivelu Nayakar
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|[[Savitri and Satyavan]] a story from [[Mahabharata]]}}
| starring = [[Shanta Apte]] [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] [[Y. V. Rao]] V. A. Chellappa
| narrator =
| music = M. Rajagopala Sharma Kamal Das Gupta
| cinematography = Yusuf Mulji
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| studio = [[New Theatres]] Studio
| distributor = Rayal Talkie Distributors of Madura
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1941|9|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Savithiri''''' is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Y. V. Rao]]. The film featured himself as Satyavan and [[Shanta Apte]] as [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 March 2010 |title=Savithiri (1941) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/savithiri-1941/article3020665.ece |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307135901/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/savithiri-1941/article3020665.ece |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Savithiri is a beautiful and chaste princess. Princes in the neighbouring Kingdoms are intimidated by her beauty and purity and no one wants to marry her. Savithiri's father King [[Madra Kingdom#King Aswapati|Aswapati]] tells her to go out and find her own husband. She finds a young man, Sathyavan, who is the son of a blind king now living in the forest in exile. Savithiri brings the young man to her Kingdom. In the meantime, [[Narada]] tells Asvapati that Savithiri has made a bad choice because Sathyavan is destined to die in one year. However, Savithiri insists on marrying Sathyavan. The king finally agrees and they are married. Savithiri goes to live with her husband in the forest. She takes to a life of austerities. On the day Sathyavan is to die, she accompanies him into the forest to cut firewood. While he was cutting a tree, Sathyavan collapses. Yama comes and takes his soul. Savithiri follows Yama but Yama tells her not to follow him. But she insists and talks about Dharma with Yama. Finally, Yama is impressed by her talks and tells her to ask any boon except the life of Sathyavan. First she asks for eyesight to her father-in-law and the restoration of his Kingdom. Then she asks for an heir to her father's Kingdom and finally she asks for 100 children to herself. This places Yama in a dilemma. If she is to have 100 children, then Sathiyavan must live to give her those children. Fully impressed by this virtuous woman's arguments, Yama returns the life of Sathyawan.

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from the film titles (See External links)
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast
*[[Y. V. Rao]] {{small|as}} Sathyavan
*V. A. Chellappa {{small|as}} Yamadarman
*[[K. Sarangapani]] {{small|as}} Sumali
*K. Doraisamy {{small|as}} Thyumathsenan
*P. Sundar Rao {{small|as}} Aswapathi
*[[T. S. Durairaj]] {{small|as}} Santhana Sharma
*Shripada Shankar {{small|as}} Minister
*M. R. Durairaj {{small|as}} Kadakethu
*P. S. Ramudu {{small|as}} Mannar Chetty
*Jaganatha Iyengar {{small|as}} Chitraguptan
*Sriramulu, Anandan {{small|as}} Sage's Sons
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Female cast
*[[Shanta Apte]] {{small|as}} Savithiri
*[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] {{small|as}} [[Narada]]
*[[P. Bhanumathi]] {{small|as}} Malavi Devi
*{{small|Golden}} Saradambal {{small|as}} Padmavathi Devi
*T. S. Krishnaveni {{small|as}} Madanika
*S. R. Lakshmi {{small|as}} Nirmala
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
Shanta Apte was a popular Marathi and Hindi star. She did not know Tamil, but insisted that she will learn the language and lend her own voice in the film. She studied under a tutor in Pune for one year and became proficient in the language.<ref name=hindu /> M. S. Subbulakshmi was cast in the role of [[Narada]], a male Vedic Sage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sai |first=Veejay |date=29 September 2015 |title=Celebrating a legend: A century of MS Subbulakshmi through 10 songs |url=https://scroll.in/article/758042/celebrating-a-legend-a-century-of-ms-subbulakshmi-through-10-songs |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170321043517/https://scroll.in/article/758042/celebrating-a-legend-a-century-of-ms-subbulakshmi-through-10-songs |archivedate=21 March 2017}}</ref> The film was produced in ''New Theatres Studio'' in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P.V. |date=20 February 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples: Movie Studios (Part 1) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/02/20/filmy-ripples-movie-studios-part-1/ |url-status=live |accessdate=15 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210615102320/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/02/20/filmy-ripples-movie-studios-part-1/ |archivedate=15 June 2021 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by M. Rajagopala Sharma while Kamal Das Gupta was in charge of orchestration. "Bruhi Muhundeti" is a [[Kriti (music)|kriti]] by [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]]. Other lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! S/N !! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Bruhi Mukundethi Rasane" || rowspan=7|M. S. Subbulakshmi || 02:17
|-
| 2 || "Maname Kanamum" || 01:55
|-
| 3 || "Aggini Endrariyayo Karpudaya Mangayarai" || 02:34
|-
| 4 || "Deviyai Poojai Seivay" || 02:08
|-
| 5 || "Mangalamum Peruvar" || 02:10
|-
| 6 || "Sollu Kulandaai" || 03:21
|-
| 7 || "Deviyai Poojai Seivai" || 03:30
|-
| 8 || "Jayadeviye Jagadambike Karunaiyai Arulvai Devi" || rowspan=5|Shanta Apte || 02:17
|-
| 9 || "Anandamaana Ullasamudan Villaiyaduvom Paduvom Paattugalai" || 01:54
|-
| 10 || "Ado Devi, Ado Pogiran.. Iha Para Sukhamum" ||02:43
|-
| 11 || "Maaye, Yenadu Thaye" || 01:59
|-
| 12 || "Kulamigu Piraviyin" || 02:19
|-
| 13 || "Naadhan Uyirkku Mandraadum" || V. A. Chellappa || 02:54
|}

== Release ==
''Savithiri'' was released on 4 September 1941 at Madurai, Trichy and Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 1941 |title=Savithiri |pages=2 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410830&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Madras it was released on 17 October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1941 |title=Savithiri |pages=4 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19411018&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film did not fare well in the box-office. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] said the film is remembered for "the fine performances of MS, Rao, Chellappa and Shantha Apte, and MS's songs many of which became hits."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0265706}}
*{{youTube|ZTKtaSQzQ0Q|Savithiri}} - Full-length film

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1941 drama films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. Rao]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]

Sehban Azim

2026-04-03T12:43:05Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Not to be confused with|Shabana Azmi}}{{short description|Indian television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sehban Azim
| image = Sehban Azim.jpg
| image_caption = Sehban Azim at the success bash of the web series Smoke
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990
|02|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="college"/>
| alma mater = Dayal Singh College
| occupation = Actor
| known_for = ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Sehban Azim''' (born 26 February 1990) is an Indian television actor, having worked in TV shows like ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'', ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]],'' ''[[Humsafars]]'', ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]'', ''[[Bepannah|Bepannaah]]'' and ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/dill-mill-gaye-success-bash/moulshree-sachdeva/articleshow/5374052.cms |title='Dill Mill Gayye' success bash |newspaper=Times of India |location=Mumbai |date= 24 December 2009}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Delhi]] to a writer mother and painter father Abdul, Azim did studentship at [[Dyal Singh College (Delhi)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sehban-Azim-The-way-people-stare-at-girls-in-Delhi-is-unnerving/articleshow/45779639.cms|title=Sehban Azim: The way people stare at girls in Delhi is unnerving - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=college>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Master-of-his-destiny-Sheban/articleshow/6167288.cms|title=Master of his destiny: Sheban|work=The Times of India}}</ref> During college days he did small jobs like promoter or coordinator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/iqbal-khan-nausheen-ali-sardar-tv-celebs-eid-mubarak-lifetv-984861-2017-06-26|title=Iqbal Khan to Tejasswi Prakash: TV celebs wish Eid Mubarak!|publisher=|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> Azim moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue his acting career. He is a poet as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/This-actor-is-a-poet-too/articleshow/50672166.cms|title=This actor is a poet, too - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> He's a practicing [[Muslims|Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2025 |title=Exclusive- Sehban Azim on Ramadan 2025: I feel fasting helps in getting closer to Allah by practicing self-discipline, patience, and mindfulness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sehban-azim-on-ramadan-2025-i-feel-fasting-helps-in-getting-closer-to-allah-by-practicing-self-discipline-patience-and-mindfulness/articleshow/118720937.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Media ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[The Times of India|The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television]]
|-
!Ranking
!Year
!Ref
|-
|10th
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet television's most desirable dudes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-televisions-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/69268331.cms |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|19th
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE TIMES 20 MOST DESIRABLE MEN ON TELEVISION 2019 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2019/articleshow/77917069.cms |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|14th
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/83403113.cms |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Stations''
|Unknown
|Cameo
|
|-
|''[[Karma (2008 Indian film)|Karma]]''
|Rocky
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=I want to start afresh with a new project soon: Sehban Azim|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-want-to-start-afresh-with-a-new-project-soon-sehban-azim-101627653253008.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''Tequila Nights''
|Unknown
|
|
|-
|2012
|''64 Panne''
|Unknown
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-28|title=Sehban Azim is back with bang - Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Sehban-Azim-is-back-with-bang/articleshow/12291857.cms|access-date=2021-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428174930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/tv/31200645_1_lady-luck-international-festival-circuits-bang|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Have You Met You''
|Karan Wahi
| rowspan="3" |Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karan Wahi has a question, 'Have You met You'.|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/webcast-news/news/24110/Karan-Wahi-has-a-question-Have-You-met-You-Find-your-answer.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Banjar''
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-04|title=TV star Sehban Azim to be seen in short film Banjar|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tv-star-sehban-azim-to-be-seen-in-short-film-banjar/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=EasternEye|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Soulsathi''
|Rajat
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Eros Now Original Launches 'Soulsathi', Short Film Starring Adah Sharma|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/eros-now-original-launches-soulsathi-short-film-starring-adah-sharma/article_3793f4fe-f532-11ea-be75-f77bee9d7564.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=India West|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717140326/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/eros-now-original-launches-soulsathi-short-film-starring-adah-sharma/article_3793f4fe-f532-11ea-be75-f77bee9d7564.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|''Jaageer''
|
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krystle D’Souza Is ‘Truly Indebt’ Of Her Jaageer Team, Shares A Moving Note |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/krystle-dsouza-is-truly-indebt-of-her-jaageer-team-shares-a-moving-note-aa-9341514.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2009–2010
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|Dr. Yuvraj Oberoi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2015/04/sid-and-riddhima-reunite/|title=Sid and Riddhima reunite! - Urban Asian|date=21 April 2015|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2013
|''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
| Karan Singh Shekhawat
|
|<ref name="ekhazaaron">{{cite web|title=Sehban Azim returns to TV with EK Hazaaron..?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Sehban-Azim-returns-to-TV-with-EK-Hazaaron-/articleshow/16884804.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/tv/34605623_1_sehban-azim-ek-hazaaron-production-house|archive-date=2014-02-02|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Neel
|Season 1; Episode 14
|
|-
|''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]''
| Aditya Khurana
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Pyaar Ka The End''
| Suraj Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover love's different side on Pyaar Ka The End - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/discover-loves-different-side-on-pyaar-ka-the-end/articleshow/40194804.cms|access-date=2021-08-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
|''[[Humsafars]]''
| Zaki Chaudhary
|
|<ref name="zaki">{{cite web|title=Sehban Azim: Flirt like on-screen character Zaki|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sehban-Azim-Flirt-like-on-screen-character-Zaki/articleshow/43914001.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Karan Singh
|
|<ref name="ptkk">{{cite web|title=Sehban Azim to do an episodic of Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya?|url=http://urbanasian.com/featured/2015/05/sehban-azim-to-do-an-episodic-of-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/|work=UrbanAsian|date=16 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MTV Webbed]]''
| Rohit Kapoor
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Silsila Pyaar Ka]]''
|Akshay Singh Bansal
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-being-bumped-off-Sehban-to-re-enter-Silsila-Pyaar-Ka/articleshow/52076256.cms|title=After being bumped off, Sehban to re-enter 'Silsila Pyaar Ka'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Nick
|Season 4; Episode 12
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''
| Kabir Katyal
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sehban-Azim-is-the-new-hero-in-Thapki-Pyar-Ki/articleshow/55456388.cms|title=Sehban Azim is the new hero in 'Thapki Pyar Ki'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 Nov 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|Inspector Ajay Khurana
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/09/sehban-azim-admits-hesitant-part-udaan/|title=Sehban Azim admits he was hesitant to be a part of Udaan - Urban Asian|date=15 September 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Bepannah|Bepannaah]]''
|Yash Arora
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/after-beyhadh-jennifer-winget-to-feature-in-bepanah/articleshow/61774846.cms|title=After Beyhadh, Jennifer Winget to feature in Bepanah - Mumbai Mirror -|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018–2021
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''
|ACP Malhar Rane
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sehban-azim-cant-survive-without-hitting-the-gym/articleshow/65919900.cms|title=Sehban Azim can't survive without hitting the gym|work=The times of India|accessdate=23 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Shera Choudhary
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=I had sleepless nights while learning Haryanvi accent for Tujhse Hai Raabta: Sehban Azim|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-had-sleepless-nights-while-learning-haryanvi-accent-for-tujhse-hai-raabta-sehban-azim/articleshow/80150929.cms|access-date=2022-01-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kitchen Champion]]''
| Himself/Contestant
|Episode 22
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kitchen Champion - Sehban Azim VS Aishwariya Sakhuja - Episode 22 - JioCinema - Watch|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/watch/tv/kitchen-champion-2019/1/1/1551122799817/21ec50304fb911e992abebd4ad55a55f/0|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.jiocinema.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Spy Bahu]]''
| Yohan Nanda
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=I would recommend a solo trip to everyone at least once in life: Sehban Azim on his life-changing experience & his new TV show Spy Bahu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-would-recommend-a-solo-trip-to-everyone-at-least-once-in-life-sehban-azim-on-his-life-changing-experience-his-new-tv-show-spy-bahu/articleshow/89112943.cms|access-date=2022-02-19|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Dear Ishq]]''
| Abhimanyu Razdan
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sehban-azim-niyati-fitnani-come-together-new-show-titled-dear-ishq/ | title=Sehban Azim and Niyati Fitnani come together for a new show titled Dear Ishq : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Tera Ishq Mera Fitoor''
|Raghav
|
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Main Tenu Samjhawan (Reprise)''
|[[Pawni Pandey]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-14 |title=Sehban Azim romances Barkha Bisht on reprised version of Main Tenu Samjhawan |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/sehban-azim-romances-barkha-bisht-on-reprised-version-of-main-tenu-samjhawan-19318150 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Mid-Day |language=}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Yaad Aayega''
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], R. Naaz
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Hindi Song 2020 'Yaad Aayega' Sung By Abhay Jodhpurkar & R Naaz {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-2020-yaad-aayega-sung-by-abhay-jodhpurkar-r-naaz/videoshow/74889389.cms|access-date=2021-10-21|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Jeev Jhala Mogra''
|Chinmay Hulyalkar, Sayee Gangan
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=आई कुठे... फेम संजनाला मिळाला नवा प्रोजेक्ट, मालिकेबद्दल घेतला हा निर्णय|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/tujhse-hai-raabta-fame-sehban-azim-and-rupali-bhosale-comes-together-for-a-marathi-music-video-titled-jeev-zala-mogra-update-sp-655081.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=News18 Lokmat|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Minnatein''
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehban Azim and Reem Sameer reunite for love ballad 'Minnatein' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-reem-sameer-and-sehban-azim-reunite-for-love-ballad-minnatein |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ishq Paudiyan''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishq Paudiyan sung by Mohammed Irfan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-latest-punjabi-song-music-video-ishq-paudiyan-sung-by-mohammed-irfan/videoshow/92073923.cms |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons Category}}
*{{IMDb name|2961568}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azim, Sehban}}
[[Category:Apeejay School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Soham Chakrabarty

2026-04-03T04:46:49Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Distinguish|Soham Chakraborty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| caption =
| name = Soham S Chakravarty
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = Singer
| birth_name =
| origin =
| genre =
| years_active = 2000–present
}}

'''Soham S Chakravarty''' is a playback singer who has sung many songs for Bollywood movies as well as for Bengali movies.<ref name="Singer soham">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/09soham.htm | title=Singer Soham Chakrabarty | publisher=Rediff | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> He was declared the winner of Zee's "Sa-re-ga-ma"(A musical competition) in the year 2000 (at the age of 20). Till now his big hit is ''"In Dino"'' song from the movie ''[[Life in A... Metro]]'' and ''"Khudaya Khair"'' from the movie ''[[Billu Barber]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/filmography/58105/soham-chakraborty | title=New gen Singer soham | publisher=Movietalkies | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==

Soham is a Bengali, who started singing at the age of ten. He is trained in Hindustani classical music under the guidance of ''Acharya Jayanta Bose'', Ustad ''Mohammed Sagaruddin Khan' saab , ''Sukhdev Sengupta', and , [[Ajoy Das]]. Music directors [[Bappi Lahiri]] and [[O P Nayyar]] suggested to him that if he wanted to pursue singing as a career, he'd have to shift base to Mumbai. Since then he started living in [[Mumbai]]. He came to Mumbai in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://myswar.com/artist/soham-chakraborty | title=Singer soham | publisher=myswar | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

==Career==

He has been through a lot of struggle. He sang for ''Ada'' and ''Dil Samander'' (Garam Masala) ads though that was finally dubbed by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[KK (singer)|KK]], respectively.
He has done several ad jingles like ''Emami'' and ''Mc Donalds'' with music director [[Pritam]].
T-Series gave him his first break in 13 languages including Telugu, Tamil, Bhojpuri and Assamese. He has sung many Hindi and Bengali songs for Bollywood movies and Bengali movies, respectively. He has also sung devotional songs<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://songsjumbo.co/38465/aaya-bhawano-se-sandesh-devi-bhajan-soham-chakraborty-sonmaa-rooth-na-jana-bhakton-se-mp3-download|title=Aaya Bhawano Se Sandesh Devi Bhajan Soham Chakraborty Son-maa Rooth Na Jana Bhakton Se – mp3 Download|work=SongsJumbo|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> with popular singers like Debashish, Preeti, Pinky, [[Javed Ali]], Charanjeet Singh Sondhi, Kalpana, Priya Bhattacharya, etc.

==Filmography==

===Hindi Songs===

* Reference:<ref name="list of song2">{{cite web | url=http://www.saavn.com/s/artist/soham-chakraborty-albums/yqsq,RjFvVQ_ | title=List of songs sung by Soham | publisher=Saavn | accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>

==== 2006 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| "Dil Laga Na"
| [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|}

==== 2007 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Life in A... Metro]]''
| "In Dino"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]''
| "Kahan Kho Gaya – Reprise"
|
|-
| "Kahaan Kho Gaya Hai Dil Mera"
|
|-
| ''[[Dhol (film)|Dhol]]''
| "O Yaara Dhol Bajaake"
| Sohail Kaul
|}

==== 2009 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
| "[[Tu Jaane Na (song)|Tu Jaane Na]] (Reprise)"
|
|-
| ''[[Bolo Raam]]''
| "Do Dil Hai Janwa "
| [[Monali Thakur]]
|-
| ''3 Nights 4 Days''
| "Har Mausam"
| [[Akriti Kakar]]
|-
| ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
| "All the best"
| [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|''Shaabash! You Can Do It''
| "You Can Do It Shaabash"
|
|-
| "Lagta Nahi Dil"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Life Partner]]''
| "Teri Meri Yeh Zindagi"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| "Aage Aage"
| [[Mika Singh]], [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
| ''[[Billu]]''
| "Khudaya khair"
| [[Monali Thakur]], [[Akriti Kakar]]
|}

==== 2010 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]''
| "Karle Mujhse Pyaar – Remix"
| [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
|-
| ''Do Dilon Ke Khel Mein''
| "Ajnabee Ehsas Ko"
|
|-
| ''[[Chance Pe Dance]]''
| "Pal Mein Hi"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|}

==== 2012 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Love Possible''
| "Pehli Dafa Hai (Unplugged)"
|
|-
| "Pehli Dafa Hai"
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Khula Aasmaan]]''
| "Tum Mile"
| [[Gayatri Ganjawala]]
|}

==== 2025 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Saira Khan Case]]''
| "Dagabaaz Piya"
|
|}

===Bengali songs===
* Reference:<ref name="list of song">{{cite web | url=http://www.gomolo.com/soham-chakraborty-songs-list/13985 | title=List of songs sung by Soham | publisher=Gomolo | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

==== 2002 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2002 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| "Jaago Bhai Notun Kore"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Priya Bhattacharya]]
|}

==== 2006 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''Agni Pariksha''
| "Jeo Na Amay Chhere"
|
|-
| ''[[Eri Naam Prem]]''
| "Bhalobashar Ei Jibon"
| Shreya Ghoshal
|}

==== 2007 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''Jiban Sathi''
| "Aaj Tomake Tomar Theke"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|}

==== 2008 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]''
| "Saiyaan (Male)"
|
|-
| "Baba Aamar Biye Hobe Na"
|
|-
|
| "Tomake Na Lekha Chithita"
|-
| ''Love''
| "Prithibi Onek Boro"
| [[Monali Thakur]]
|}

==== 2009 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''Bhalobasa Jindabad''
| "Aamar Bhalobasa Jitbei"
| [[Anweshaa]]
|-
| "Tumi Samne Achho"
| [[June Banerjee]]
|-
| "O Golap Tumi Aaj Gandho Dio"
| [[June Banerjee]]
|-
|}

==== 2010 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Bondhu Eso Tumi]]''
| "Ei Mon Shono Na Kichhu Katha Bolchhe"
| [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]
|-
| ''[[Mon Niye]]''
| "Jonaki Mon"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
| ''[[Love Circus]]''
| "Tomake Chai"
| [[Pamela Jain]]
|}

==== 2011 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''Bindas Prem''
| "Ki Aagun Jele Dile"
| [[Sneha Pant]]
|-
| "Ei Duniyai Koto Kichi Hoy"
| [[June Banerjee]]
|-
| ''Achena Prem''
| "Kar Monete Ki Swapno"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Shotru]]''
| "Ore O Baul Mon"
| [[Monali Thakur]], [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| "Rakhe Hori"
| [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|''Fight 1:1''
| "Let's Go"
| [[Anweshaa]]
|-
| "Tumi Haat Barale"
| [[Anweshaa]]
|-
| "Eka Hote Chai"
|
|-
| ''Fighter: Marbo Noy Morbo''
| "Nana Ronge (Sad)"
|
|-
|}

==== 2012 ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" |'''Film'''
! scope="col" |'''Song'''
! scope="col" |'''Co-singer(s)'''
|-
| ''[[Passport (2012 film)]]''
| Jibonta Rekhe Baji
|
|}

==2025 Film Saira Khan Case Song Dagabaaz Piya==

==Accolades==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2000
| Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma 2000
| Winner in Grand Finale
|
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2008
| Screen Award 2008
| Screen Award for Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Life in A... Metro]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/life-in-a-metro/awards.html | title=Winner of best playback singer screen award | publisher=filmibeat | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm5766516|name=Soham Chakrabarty}}

{{ScreenAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarty, Soham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]

Sadiq (town)

2026-04-01T04:47:14Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{short description|Town in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sadiq
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.707911|N|74.582511|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 7384
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151212
| area_code = +91-
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest places
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ghuduwala]], [[Jand Sahib]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
}}
'''Sadiq''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਸਾਦਿਕ) is a town and a sub-tehsil in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab]]. It is {{cvt|18|km}} from [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot City]], {{cvt|26|km}} from [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]], {{cvt|27|km}}from [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] and {{cvt|20|km}} from [[Guru Har Sahai]]. This tehsil includes 71 villages.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35509-sadiq-punjab.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721065914/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35509-sadiq-punjab.html |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> it had a population of 7,384, of which 3,852 were males and 3,532 were females, with total 1,435 families residing. The total geographical area of village is 1287 hectares. Its pin code is 151212.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce

2026-03-24T16:42:33Z

MarisaBlackwelde: added info

{{Short description|Undergraduate college in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce
| logo = ruparel seal.jpg
| established = {{start date and age|1952}}<ref name="Ruparel webpage home">{{cite web|url=http://www.ruparel.edu/index.php|title= Homepage |access-date = 28 September 2011}}</ref>
| motto = ''For the spread of light''<ref name="mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.ruparel.edu/mission.php |title=Mission |access-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903005619/http://www.ruparel.edu/mission.php |archive-date=3 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| type = [[Public]]
| grades = NAAC 'B+' grade
| head_label = Principal
| head = Dr. Dilip S. Maske <ref name="introduction">{{cite web |url=http://www.ruparel.edu/intro.php |title=Introduction |access-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902091637/http://www.ruparel.edu/intro.php |archive-date=2 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| head_name2 = Vice Principal
| head2 = Dr. Vaishali Jawlekar
Prof. Dr. Krishnakant Waghmode
| location = Senapati Bapat Marg, Opposite Matunga Road Railway Stn. [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]] 400016.
| coordinates = {{coord|19.028042| 72.845149|type:edu_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]] [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|ruparel.edu}}
}}
'''Doongasree Gangji Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce''', known as '''Ruparel College''', is an undergraduate college in [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It is run by the Modern Education Society, [[Pune]] and is affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="Ruparel webpage home"/>

==History==
Doongasree Gangji Ruparel College, simply known as Ruparel College, was founded in 1952 by the Modern Education Society, Pune and endowed by businessman Doongasree Gangji Ruparel. The campus is located in [[Matunga]], a suburb of [[Mumbai]] known for educational institutes. It offers [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and graduate degrees, including [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] programs in [[Botany]], [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]], and [[Zoology]]. With an enrollment of around 1,500 students, the campus features professional landscaping, including a [[botanical garden]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://educationtimes.indiatimes.com/campus/ruparel.htm|title=D G Ruparel College|access-date=2007-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030606120651/http://educationtimes.indiatimes.com/campus/ruparel.htm|archive-date=6 June 2003|url-status=dead|work=The Times of India|df=dmy}}</ref>

Ruparel College has been visited by several historical figures, including [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] (former [[President of India]]), [[P.C. Alexander]] (former [[governor of Maharashtra]]), and Ram Kapse (former Lt. Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands).

==Certifications==
In its most recent assessment in 2010, Ruparel College was certified as an A grade college, indicating an institutional score of 85–90 on a 100-point scale, by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] of [[India]].<ref name="Ruparel webpage home"/> Ruparel College has 64 permanent teachers and 23 ad-hoc teachers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Of its permanent teachers, 22 hold PhD degrees. Several faculty members are engaged in research in [[economics]], [[English language|English]], [[philosophy]], [[psychology]], [[chemistry]], [[botany]], [[physics]], [[mathematics]], and [[zoology]].<ref name="naac">{{cite web|url=http://www.naac-india.com/Reports/D.G.%20RUPAREL%20COLLEGE%20OF%20ARTS,%20COMMERCE%20AND%20SCIENCE,%20MUMBAI-48.doc|title=Drft Report on the Institutional Accreditation of the D.G. Ruparel College of Arts, Commerce, and Science, Mumbai|last=Upadhyaya|first=K.C.|author2=Sundararajan, N.|date=23 August 2003|work=Peer Team Report|publisher=National Assessment And Accreditation Council|pages=15|format=DOC|access-date=7 May 2006|author3=Miglani, K.L.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516143039/http://www.naac-india.com/Reports/D.G.%20RUPAREL%20COLLEGE%20OF%20ARTS,%20COMMERCE%20AND%20SCIENCE,%20MUMBAI-48.doc|archive-date=16 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Accomplishments==
Ruparel attracted attention when it began producing a string of merit list winners beginning in the early 1980s. In 2005, three of the top ten student merit list winners and three of the top ten faculty merit list winners for the [[Maharashtra State]] Mumbai division were from Ruparel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahresult.nic.in/hsc2005/Mumbai.htm |title=2005 HSC Results |access-date=September 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420004549/http://mahresult.nic.in/hsc2005/Mumbai.htm |archive-date=20 April 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The school has a reputable sports program and has produced several winners of the [[Arjuna award]] and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Award, and several [[cricket]] stars. It also has strong extracurricular programmes in [[chess]] and [[yoga]], and its junior [[Kho Kho]] team has won the state trophy 17 times.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

The college [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] Unit has an equally prestigious history. The unit is attached to the 3 Mah Bn NCC and has produced over 40 NCC cadets who went on to join the [[Armed Forces of India|Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruparel.edu/ncc.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903005624/http://www.ruparel.edu/ncc.php|title=NCC|archive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref>

==Initiatives==
The D. G. Ruparel College has been known for pioneering several initiatives over the years. The college was one of the first in [[India]] to provide a [[Women in India|Women's Development]] Cell, to focus on providing support specifically for female students and faculty.<ref name="naac"/> In January 2011, it initiated the 'Chai and Why' sessions in association with the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] Mumbai on the lines of [[Café Scientifique]] in order to make science interesting and accessible to the general public.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ruparel-college-takes-science-to-laypeople-with-discussions-over-tea_1488651 | title = Ruparel College takes science to laypeople with discussions over tea | date = 1 January 2011 | access-date = 4 December 2011 | publisher = DNA Mumbai}}</ref> Later that year, the college became the first one in Mumbai to introduce ICT (information and communication technology) in daily learning and teaching, by allowing its students to take online topic-wise tests and using online software to show different experiments in science courses.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Students-may-take-online-exams-at-Ruparel-College/articleshow/9449617.cms| archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707213313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-02/education/29842013_1_online-testing-online-exams-college-exams| url-status= live| archive-date= 7 July 2012| title = Students may take online exams at D.G. Ruparel College| date = 2 August 2011 | work= [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 4 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=February 2019}}
* [[Viral Acharya]] (RBI Deputy Governor)
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] (Actress, second year onwards)
* [[Kaushal Inamdar]] (Music Composer, Author, Speaker)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-26 |title=About |url=https://kaushalsinamdar.in/about/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Kaushal S Inamdar |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Ajit Agarkar]] (Cricketer)
* [[Shivani Baokar]] (Actress)
* [[Amol Dighe]] (Scientist)
* [[Anil Kakodkar]] (Scientist)
* [[Antara Mali]] (Actress)
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] (Actor)
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] (Actor)
* [[Ashok Hande]] (Producer, Performer)
* [[Disha Vakani]] (Actress)
* [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] (Actress)
* [[Rajani Pandit]] (Detective)
* [[Ram Kapse]] (Politician and Lt Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
* [[Ramakant Desai]] (Cricketer)
* [[Ramesh Powar]] (Cricketer)
* [[Shridhar Phadke]] (Musician)
* [[Siddarth Jadhav]] (Actor)
* [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]] ([[Minister of Railways (India)]])
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] (Actress)
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] (Actress)
* [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] (Actress)
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]] (Actor)
* [[Ajit Parab]] (Music composer)
* [[Atul Parchure]] (Actor)
* [[Sharvari Wagh]] (Actress)
* [[Seema Shinde]] (Actress)
* [[Alizeh Agnihotri]] (Actress)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ruparel.edu/ Official website]

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1952]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bombay State]]

Muslim Jamaat

2026-03-23T16:58:57Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|Islamic organisation based in Kerala, India}}
{{notability|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Kerala Muslim Jamaath''' is a [[Kerala]]-based Islamic organization in [[India]], under the supervision of the [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]].<ref name=KhaleejTimes/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrants from Kerala stranded in state demand train, bus services|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/migrants-from-kerala-stranded-in-state-demand-train-bus-services/story-pMbnboe8lRv2HeXsrY1adL.html|date=2020-05-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2020|The sources do not directly support the supervision of the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]]}} This body acts as an apex body of various other organization and institutions following the ideologies of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KERALA MUSLIM JAMATH – Official Website|url=https://keralamuslimjamaath.org/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

==Party's ideology and mission==
"This is not a political party. We will not take any direct political role. Other than politics, we have lots of things to do for society. All should contribute for nation building," '''Muslim Jamaat''' leader [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] said when he announced the launch of the '''Kerala Muslim Jamaath''' in Malappuram Municipal Town Hall on 10 October 2015.
[[Grand Mufti of India]] and a social activist, [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] has been elected as the President of the ''Kerala Muslim Jamaat''. He also often says that education is the most powerful weapon in the fight against terrorism and was the first religious Muslim leader in India to issue a ''fatwa'' (religious decree) against the terror group ''Daesh''.<ref name=KhaleejTimes>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/fight-terror-with-education Fight terror with education], ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' (newspaper), Updated 22 June 2016, Retrieved 6 September 2017</ref>

The organization rejects the Islamic extremism<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-10-20|title=Kerala Muslim Jamaath to organise meetings against terrorism|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-muslim-jamaath-to-organise-meetings-against-terrorism-116102001142_1.html|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Johny|first=Stanly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls1SDwAAQBAJ&q=muslim+jamaath&pg=PT93|title=The ISIS Caliphate: From Syria to the Doorsteps of India|date=2018-04-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-87471-57-3|language=en}}</ref> Jamat was in the broadcast regarding its strong opposes to the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with citizen amendment act.

In an act of communal amity, the Cheravally Muslim Jamaath Committee, Kayamkulam, on January 19 hosted a Hindu marriage on the mosque premises.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=Sam|date=2020-01-19|title=Kerala mosque hosts a Hindu wedding|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-mosque-hosts-a-hindu-wedding/article30602110.ece|access-date=2020-05-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The origin of the term ''Jamaat'' is from the Arabic language: جماعتِ (meaning assembly).

==Programmes==
* On January 19, 2022, the Kerala Muslim Jamath organized a conference in the city of Malappuram, Kerala to explain and promote the Sunni Islamic ideology against Salafism. During the conference, the organizers criticized the Salafi ideology and highlighted the problems they believe it poses. The conference drew a large crowd of attendees and received significant media coverage in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-01-20 |title=Correct yourselves, Kerala Muslim Jamaath tells Mujahid groups |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/correct-yourselves-kerala-muslim-jamaath-tells-mujahid-groups/article66414252.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The Organization has publicly opposed the state government's revenue recovery procedures. The organization claims that the government's actions, which were ordered by the Kerala High Court,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-01-22 |title=IUML, Muslim Jamat lash out at govt. for non-PFI revenue recovery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iuml-muslim-jamat-lash-out-at-govt-for-non-pfi-revenue-recovery/article66421069.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> have targeted non-members of the Popular Front of India (PFI) and are a mistake. The Jamath argues that the government's actions are unjust and have caused financial hardships for innocent individuals. The organization has called for the government to review its policy and for the release of those who have been falsely accused.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=നിരപരാധികളുടെ സ്വത്ത് കണ്ടുകെട്ടൽ; പ്രതിഷേധിച്ച് കേരള മുസ്‌ലിം ജമാഅത്ത് - Malabar News - Most Reliable & Dependable News Portal |url=https://www.malabarnews.com/confiscation-of-property-of-innocent-persons-kerala-muslim-jamaath-in-protest/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Malabar News - Most Reliable & Dependable News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Muslim Jamaat| ]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]]

2010 Indian Federation Cup final

2026-03-21T18:32:33Z

MarisaBlackwelde: creating data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2010 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[2010 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 2 October 2010
| stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]]
| city = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Reisangmei Vashum]]
| referee = Dinesh Nair<ref name="report">{{cite news |title=East Bengal beat Mohun Bagan to win 32nd Federation Cup and gets AFC ticket.|url= http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct2ndpart_2010.html#mohunbagan_eastbengal_fed_final |work=Kolkata Football |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=5 November 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005220319/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct2ndpart_2010.html#mohunbagan_eastbengal_fed_final |url-status=live }}</ref>
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup final|2009–10]]
| next = [[2011 Indian Federation Cup final|2011]]
}}

The '''2010 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 32nd final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between arch-rivals [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 2 October 2010.

East Bengal won the final 1–0, to successfully retain and claim their seventh Federation Cup title. [[Reisangmei Vashum]] scored the solitary goal for the Red and Gold brigade in the 53rd minute from [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]'s lay-off pass.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2010/10/02/2147343/federation-cup-east-bengal-down-mohun-bagan-to-retain-their|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal Down Mohun Bagan To Retain Their Federation Cup Crown|work=Goal|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|2010 Indian Federation Cup}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;font-size:90%;"

!scope=col width="50" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 21 September 2010
| [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
| 3–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 23 September 2010
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 25 September 2010
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]]
| 1–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| 29 September 2010
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 1–0
|}
East Bengal entered the [[2010 Indian Federation Cup]] automatically as they were already in the [[I-League]]. They were placed in Group A along with [[Air India F.C.|Air India]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]], and [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]] and their matches were played in [[Cuttack]]. The tournament got off to a great start for East Bengal as they defeated Air India in their opening match by 3–1 with [[Tolgay Ozbey]] scoring a brace and [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] scoring the third. Bijith Setty scored a consolation goal in the 89th minute for Air India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2010/09/21/2129742/federation-cup-group-a-match-day-one-east-bengal-down-air|title=Federation Cup: Group A Match Day One - East Bengal Down Air India, Pune FC Succumb To HAL|work=Goal|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> In the second match, East Bengal came from behind to defeat HAL by 2–1 with [[Penn Orji]] and Tolgay Ozbey finding the back of the net in the 13th and 33rd minute respectively after Hamza put HAL ahead in the 9th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gh.soccerway.com/matches/2010/09/23/india/federation-cup/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1039519/|title=HINDUSTAN AERO VS. EAST BENGAL 1 - 2|work=Soccerway|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> In the last game of the group stages, East Bengal pipped Pune FC by 1–0 with Penn Orji finding the back of the net once again in the 67th minute as the Red and Gold brigade confirmed the top spot in the group with 3 wins and progressed to the Semi-finals where they would face [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. Tolgay Ozbey's 11th-minute strike was enough for [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]]'s men to reach the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-entered-the-final-of-Federation-Cup-after-they-overcame-a-spiritied-Churchill-Brothers-1-0-in-the-semifinals-at-Barabati-Stadium-on-Wednesday-They-will-play-the-winners-of-the-other-semifinal-between-Mohun-Bagan-and-Dempo-Sports-Club-/articleshow/6652964.cms|title=East Bengal entered the final of Federation Cup after they overcame a spirited Churchill Brothers 1-0 in the semifinals at Barabati Stadium on Wednesday. They will play the winners of the other semifinal between Mohun Bagan and Dempo Sports Club.|work=Times of India|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="50" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 22 September 2010
| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| 1–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 24 September 2010
| [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai FC]]
| 0–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| 26 September 2010
| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 6–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| 30 September 2010
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 1–1 (5–3 pen)
|}

Mohun Bagan entered the [[2010 Indian Federation Cup]] automatically as they were already in the [[I-League]]. They were placed in Group D along with [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]], [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] and their matches were played in [[Cuttack]].The tournament got off to a mix start as well for Bagan as they won against Shillong Lajong 1–0 in their first match with [[Muritala Ali]] scoring the winner for Bagan and then drew goalless with Mumbai FC in their second match. In the last game of the group they required a win against Salgaocar to qualify and Bagan thrashed the Goan club by 6–1 with [[José Ramirez Barreto]] and Muritala Ali scoring hattricks each.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/mohun-bagan-thrash-salgaocar-6-1-to-enter-semis_657803.html|title=Mohun Bagan thrash Salgaocar 6-1 to enter semis|work=Zee News|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> In the semi-finals Mohun Bagan took on [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] and the game ended 1–1 after 120 minutes. [[Ranti Martins]] put Dempo ahead in the 2nd minute while [[Chidi Edeh]] scored the equaliser in the 66th minute for Bagan. In the penalty shootout, [[Sangram Mukherjee]] saved [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna]]'s shot as they won 5–3 to reach the finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mohun-bagan-cruise-into-federation-cup-final/695414|title=Mohun Bagan Cruise Into Federation Cup Final|work=Outlook India|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref>

==Match==

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=2 October 2010
|time=18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1 – 0
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2010/10/02/2147343/federation-cup-east-bengal-down-mohun-bagan-to-retain-their Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|53}}
|goals2= [[Muritala Ali]] {{sent off|2|70|88}}
|stadium=[[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance=10,000 (est.)
|referee=Dinesh Nair
}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _mbaway_1213
| pattern_sh = _mbaway_1213
| pattern_so = _mbaway_1213
| leftarm = 104010
| body =
| rightarm = 8B0917
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''24'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]
|-
|LB ||'''29'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saumik Dey]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirmal Chettri]]
|-
|CB ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Uga Okpara]]
|-
|RB ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naoba Singh]]
|-
|RM ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] || || {{suboff|88}}
|-
|CM ||'''14'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|-
|CM ||'''18'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Penn Orji]]
|-
|LM ||'''12'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Reisangmei Vashum]] || || {{suboff|79}}
|-
|ST ||'''23'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] || || {{suboff|80}}
|-
|ST ||'''20'''||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tolgay Ozbey]] || || {{suboff|77}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]] || || {{subon|88}}
|-
|MF ||'''17'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushanth Mathew]] || || {{subon|80}}
|-
|FW ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ekene Ikenwa]] || || {{subon|77}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''31'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton Paul]]
|-
|RB ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|IND}} S.K. Azim
|-
|CB ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|-
|CB ||'''34'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Sagram Mandi
|-
|LB ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Radhakrishnan Dhanarajan|R Dhanarajan]]
|-
|DM ||'''16'''||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Okwy Diamondstar]] || {{suboff|60}}
|-
|CM ||'''14'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manish Maithani]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|MF ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Snehasish Chakraborty]]
|-
|ST ||'''12'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] || {{suboff|74}}
|-
|ST ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[José Ramirez Barreto]]
|-
|ST ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Muritala Ali]] || {{sent off|2|70|88}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayanta Sen]] || || {{subon|70}}
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chidi Edeh]] || || {{subon|60}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stanley Rozario]]
|}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2010-11 in Indian football}}
{{2010 in Asian Football (AFC)}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

[[Category:2012 Indian Federation Cup|1]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]

Mangalkot Assembly constituency

2026-03-18T02:51:10Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalkot
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Mangalkot.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mangalkot Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Apurba Chowdhury]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| constituency_no = 272
| established = 1951
| electors = 202,581
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Mangalkot Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 272 Mangalkot assembly constituency covers [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]] community development block and Saragram, Gidhgram and Alampur gram panchayats of [[Katwa I (community development block)|Katwa I]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Mangalkot assembly constituency is part of No. 41 [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Bhakta Chandra Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!colspan="3"|''No seat''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Narayandas Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. Sattar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jyotirmoy Mojumdar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Samar Baora
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Sadhana Mallick
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Sahajahan Choudhary
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Apurba Chowdhury|Apurba Chowdhury (Achal)]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalkot}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Miraj Alam Sk|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalkot<ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mangalkot-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Mangalkot Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date = 18 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25272.htm?ac=272| title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Mongalkote | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= [[Apurba Chowdhury]] (Achal) |votes=107,596|percentage=49.51|change=+20.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Rana Protap Goswami |votes=85,259|percentage=39.23|change=+310.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sahajahan Chowdhury |votes=16,783|percentage= 7.72|change=-78.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Abdus Sabur Sk. |votes=2,476|percentage=1.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)||candidate= Rasik Saren|votes=1,389|percentage=0.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,826|percentage=1.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=217,329 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Mangalkot constituency<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2016 |date=16 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/894-Mangalkotassembly_election_result_2016.html| title = Mangalkot| work = Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date = 18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
|votes = 89,812
|percentage = 45.87
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sahajahan Chowdhury
|votes = 77,938
|percentage = 39.81
|change = -6.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopal Chattopadhyay
|votes = 20,780
|percentage = 10.61
|change = +6.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramkrishna Malik
|votes = 3,315
|percentage = 1.69
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,210
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Rasik Saren
|votes = 1,731
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,786
|percentage = 85.75
|change = -1.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Mangalkot<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25272.htm |title = Mangalkot |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120247/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25272.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=272| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223220/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=272| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Mangalkot| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Mangalkot |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sajahan Choudhury
|votes = 81,316
|percentage = 46.22
|change = -13.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Apurba Chaudhuri
|votes = 81,190
|percentage = 46.15
|change = +9.01#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Taranga Goswami
|votes = 7,224
|percentage = 4.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Mardi
|votes = 3,567
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sukumar Malik
|votes = 2,630
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 175,927
|percentage = 86.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -22.03#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===1977-2006===
Sadhana Mallik of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Mangalkot assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, and 1996 defeating Abdul Based Shekh of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, Chandranath Mukherjee of Trinamool Congress in 2001, and Absar Nurul Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Samar Baora of CPI(M) defeated Hriday Kishan Sar of Congress in 1991. [[Nikhilananda Sar]] of CPI(M) defeated Jagadish Dutta of in 1987, Seikh Borshed of Congress in 1982, and Madan Chowdhury of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp281.htm | title = 281 - Mangalkot Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2009-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Jyotirmoy Majumder of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won in 1972. Nikhilananda Sar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971 and 1969. N.Sattar of Congress won in 1967. Narayan Das of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. The Mangalkot seat was not there in 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Bhakta Chandra Roy of Congress won the Mangalkot seat.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp
|title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections
|access-date=2010-10-30
|work=General Election Results and Statistics
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
|archive-date=2010-10-05
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

M. C. Sampath

2026-03-17T11:29:50Z

MarisaBlackwelde: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. C. Sampath
| image = M._C._SAMPTH.jpg
| office1 = [[ Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2016
| term_end1 = 6 May 2021
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] [[O. Panneerselvam]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor1 = [[P. Thangamani]]
| successor1 = [[T. R. B. Rajaa]]
| office2 = [[ Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu) & Nutritious Noon Meal]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office3 = [[ Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office4 = [[ Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration (Tamil Nadu)]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 2013
| term_end3 = 2016
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office5 = [[ Minister for Environment]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2011
| term_end5 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office6 = [[Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start6 = 2002
| term_end6 = 2004
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|07|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Melkumaramangalam]],[[Panruti]], [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}
'''M. C. Sampath''' is an Indian politician and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore constituency]]. He is the former Minister for [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)]], [[Govt. of Tamil Nadu]]. He represents [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from T|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402043414/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers, Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825063610/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html |archivedate=2011-08-25 }}</ref>

Sampath was Minister for [[Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)]] until November 2011 when a cabinet reshuffle by [[Jayalalithaa]] resulted in him becoming Minister for Rural Industries, where he replaced [[C. Shanmugavelu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa sacks six Tamil Nadu ministers |agency=PTI |date=4 November 2011 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-sacks-six-tamil-nadu-ministers-572958 |work=NDTV |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Cuddalore Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cuddalore Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cuddalore Assembly constituency|2016}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cuddalore Assembly constituency|2011}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency|2001}}}}

=== 2009 General Elections ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. S. Alagiri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,20,473 |percentage=42.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Sampath |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,96,941 |percentage=39.67% |change=4.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Dhamotharan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=93,172 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vasanthi |party=Independent politician |votes=13,400 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Arokiyadoss |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,269 |percentage=1.10% |change=0.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Parthiban |party=Independent politician |votes=5,492 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kamaraj |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=5,045 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,532 |percentage=3.14% |change=-14.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,48,594 |percentage=76.04% |change= 12.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,86,030 |change =-18.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampath, M. C.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Maithil cuisine

2026-03-14T16:22:52Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{short description|Ethnic cuisine of the Maithil people}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2017}}
{{Indian cuisine}}{{Culture of Nepal}}
{{Infobox cuisine
| image = Maithili New Year or Jur Sital, taruwa thali - 20200414.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = [[Tarua]], a popular Maithil dish}}
'''Maithil cuisine''', also known as '''Mithila cuisine''', is the traditional cooking style of [[Maithils]] residing in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |title=People of India. Bihar, including Jharkhand |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-302-3 |location=Calcutta |pages=XXIX |oclc=299081992 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[Nepalese cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रधानमन्त्री ओलीलाई जनकपुरमा 'मिथिला भोजन'ले स्वागत गरिने |trans-title=Prime minister Oli will be welcomed in Janakpur by Mithila cuisine |url=http://www.nepalsamaya.com/news/3373 |website=Nepal Samaya |language=ne |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516085506/https://www.nepalsamaya.com/news/3373 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Maithil cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat, fish and meat dishes and the use of various spices, herbs and natural edibles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha, Shailendra Mohan, 1929- |title=Hari Mohan Jha |date=1994 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-652-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=18 |oclc=43122155 }}</ref> The cuisine is categorized by types of food for various events, from banquets, to weddings and parties, festival foods, and travel foods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doing street food right in Janakpur |url=https://kathmandupost.com/food/2019/10/11/doing-street-food-right-in-janakpur |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |author=Sweksha Karna |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807173501/https://kathmandupost.com/food/2019/10/11/doing-street-food-right-in-janakpur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्वपिच्छे फरक स्वाद |trans-title=Different taste in different festivals |url=https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2019/04/17/155547194004421510.html |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310192118/https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2019/04/17/155547194004421510.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The service style of the cuisine has little similarity with that of the French ''[[table d'hôte]]''; all preparations are served together on a platter and consumed at once. The staple food is bhat (boiled rice), [[dal]], [[roti]], [[tarkari]] and [[South Asian pickle|achar]], prepared from rice, lentils, wheat flour, vegetables, and pickles. The traditional cooking medium is mustard oil. [[Panch phoron|Panchforan]] is a common blend of five spices: {{Lang|mai|jeer}}, {{Lang|mai|ajwain}}, {{Lang|mai|mangrail}}, {{Lang|mai|sounf}} and {{Lang|mai|methi}}, and is akin to the panchforan of Bengal.

== Types of meat ==
Mutton and fish are the traditional non-vegetarian items. Chicken is also consumed, but it is seen as an inferior option. Mutton and fish have religious and cultural significance in the Mithila region as sacrificial offerings to [[Durga|goddess Durga]] and [[Kali]].The [[Maithil Brahmin]] community of Mithila is one of the few non-vegetarian [[Brahmin]] communities in India, which otherwise is seen as a strictly vegetarian caste within Hinduism. It is strictly not allowed in hinduism.

== Vegetarian ==
Vegetarian food like {{Lang|mai|saagak jhor}} (leafy vegetables with very thin gravy), as well as vegetables such as [[bitter gourd]], [[Okra|ladyfinger]], are eaten. Due to the large amount of [[root vegetables]] grown such as potato, yam, and {{Lang|mai|khamarua}}, they are used in a number of preparations such as {{Lang|mai|sanna}} (mashed vegetables, particularly root vegetables), bhajia (fried vegetables in mustard oil with salt, turmeric powder and green chillies or chilli powder), and [[tarua]] (marinated or coated deep-fried vegetables). {{Lang|mai|Daail-jhimni}} consists of fried ribbed gourd cooked with lentil and cereals. {{Lang|mai|Thadia saagak teeman}} is a simple meal with [[red spinach]] and lentils eaten with chapati or rice. Similar to a puree, {{Lang|mai|teeman}} is made through the process of {{Lang|mai|ghontod}}, manual churning. It can also be made with [[paneer]] or in a non-vegetarian style with [[shrimp]] added.

== Seafood ==
{{Lang|mai|Machh-bhat}} is a fish curry served with steamed rice. [[Machher Jhol|Machhak jhor]] is a traditional fish curry used in many events with the exception of some religious festivals.

== Sauces and curries ==
Dried mango strips are widely used to give tartness in various gravies. Some sauces and gravies include:

* {{Lang|mai|Jhor}} — a thin mustard and coriander-based gravy with chilli
* {{Lang|mai|Bari}} — fried soft dumplings made of [[besan]], gram flour, cooked in spicy gravy
* {{Lang|mai|Maus}} — generally mutton or chicken or quail ({{Lang|mai|tittar}} or {{Lang|mai|battair}}, a small game bird), or sometimes [[Game (hunting)|game]] in spicy gravy. Generally enjoyed with [[malpua]], {{Lang|mai|sohari}} ([[Chapati|chapatti]]) {{Lang|mai|puri}}, or steamed rice.
* {{Lang|mai|Dokak jhor}} — commonly an oyster stew cooked with onion gravy
* {{Lang|mai|Arikanchanak tarkari}} — a preparation of marinated sun-dried [[colocasia]] leaves, steamed and cooked in mustard gravy
* {{Lang|mai|Goidila}} — a sauce prepared from green peas and flavouring, generally eaten with rice or rotis
* {{Lang|mai|Kadhi bari}} — fried soft dumplings made of besan cooked in a spicy gravy of yogurt
* {{Lang|mai|Sakrauri}}

== Breakfast ==
They would often start their day with a cup of steaming hot [[Tea|chai]] served with {{Lang|mai|chura}} and ghugni ( black grams sautèed with onions, green chillies and other spices).

Poori – [[Dum Aloo|aloo dum]], a potato dish, is a breakfast item common to have along with a sweet dish, {{Lang|mai|jilebi}} (also known as {{Lang|mai|jalewi}}, roundels of deep-fried fermented flour batter dipped in sugar syrup). Apart from that there are several other items that are common for breakfast including {{Lang|mai|chini wala roti}}, {{Lang|mai|pua}}, {{Lang|mai|pachhua pu}} (flour pancake), and {{Lang|mai|suzi ke halwa}} (semolina porridge), {{Lang|mai|mith makhaan}}, {{Lang|mai|makhan ke bhooja}} (salted makhan).

== Snacks and desserts ==
Some snacks include:

* {{Lang|mai|Chure ka bhujia}} (beaten rice fried with sliced onion, chopped green chillies and green peas)
* {{Lang|mai|Makai ke lawa}} (popped corn)
* {{Lang|mai|Masalgar murhi}} (rice pops mixed with chopped green chillies, onion, coriander leaf, salt and a few drops of mustard oil)
* {{Lang|mai|Jhilli}} ([[jalebi]]-like salted batter made of besan flour)
* [[Samosa|Samosas]] ({{Lang|mai|singhara}})
* [[Lobongo lotika|Launglati]] ({{Lang|mai|langlatti}})
* {{Lang|mai|Kachari}}
* {{ Lang|mai|Pyaaji}}
Sweet foods are also popular. Varieties of [[kheer]] are a common dessert, including {{Lang|mai|makhank kheer}} which is prepared with [[Lotus seed|lotus seeds]], milk and dried nuts. [[Malpua]] is popular and has a traditional Mithila preparation that differs from that of north India. Both are prepared from a flour batter; in north India after deep frying they are dipped in sugar syrup, while in Mithila the batter itself is sweetened and it is a dry preparation which can be stored for two to three days. There are also sweet [[Fruit preserves|preserves]] made out of fruit pulps such as {{Lang|mai|ammath}} (layered mango pulp sun-dried and cut into small chunks), {{Lang|mai|kumhar ke murabba}}, {{Lang|mai|papita ke murabba}}, and {{Lang|mai|dhatrikak murabba}}. [[Laddu|Laddoo]], [[khaja]], [[Chandrakala (dessert)|chandrakala]], [[rasgulla]], and other desserts are common.

==Traditional dishes==
Some traditional Maithil dishes are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/59768-68289-1.html |title=Details |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2019-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224081509/http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/59768-68289-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/home/mithila/maithilcusine.htm |title=Maithil Cuisine |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2017-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715122410/http://www.angelfire.com/home/mithila/maithilcusine.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakwangali.in/sweet-recipes/how-to-make-bagiya-sweet-snacks-recipe-in-hindi/article/971505.html |title=सर्दी में बनने वाले खास स्नैक्स में से एक है यह गुड़ की बगिया - How to make bagiya sweet snacks recipe in hindi |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226112058/https://www.pakwangali.in/sweet-recipes/how-to-make-bagiya-sweet-snacks-recipe-in-hindi/article/971505.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Curd|Dahi]]-[[Flattened rice|Chura]]
*[[Vegetable]] of Arikanch
*[[Kadhi bari]]
*[[Ghugni|Ghooghni]]
*[[Tarua]]
*[[Tilkor Tarua]]
*Bada
*Badee
*[[Fish as food|Maachh]]
*[[Mutton]]
*Irhar
*Purakiya
*Makhan Payas
*[[Anarsa|Anarasa]]
*[[Bagiya]]
*Sattuwa varal puri
*[[Bhuswa]]
*Khaja(especially Pipra,[[Supaul district]])

== See also ==

* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Murabba]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]

Shaniwar Wada

2026-03-09T11:13:30Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|Historical fortification in the city of Pune, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Shaniwar Wada
| image = Front view of Shaniwar Wada illuminated.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shaniwar Wada illuminated in Indian tricolour
| location = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| built = {{start date and age|1732|01|22|df=y}}
| architect =
| architecture = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha architecture]]
| owner = *{{flag|Maratha Confederacy}} (1732–1818)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (1818–1858)
*{{flagdeco|Indian Empire}} [[British Raj|British India]] (1858–1947)
*{{flagdeco|India}} [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] (1947–1950)
*{{flagdeco|India}} [[Republic of India]] (1950–present)
| locmapin =
| map_caption =
}}
'''Shaniwar Wada''' is a historical [[fortification]] in the city of [[Pune]], [[India]]. Built in 1732,<ref name="gajrani">{{Cite book |last= Gajrani |first=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |volume=III |year=2004 |page=255 |isbn=978-81-8205-062-4}}</ref> it was the seat of the [[Peshwa]]s of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] until 1818. The fort itself was largely destroyed in 1828 by an unexplained fire, but the surviving structures are now maintained as a tourist site.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Power, conspiracy and murder - Shaniwar Wada in Pune reflects infamy or pride of the Marathas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/power-conspiracy-and-murder-shaniwar-wada-in-pune-reflects-infamy-or-pride-of-the-marathas/cid/2028962 |access-date=10 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=22 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bajirao Peshwa Statue, Pune.jpg|thumb|280x280px|An equestrian statue of [[Peshwa]] [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]], Prime Minister of the [[Maratha Empire]], in the Shaniwar Wada complex. He was the first resident of the fortified palace.]]
The Shaniwar Wada was normally
the seven-story capital building of the [[Peshwa]]s of the [[Maratha Empire]]. It was supposed to be made entirely of stone. However, after the completion of the base floor or the first story, the people of [[Satara district|Satara]] (the national capital) complained to the [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shahu]] saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and built only by the Chhatrapati himself and not the [[Peshwa]]s. Following this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone.

By 1758, at least a thousand people lived in the fort. In 1773, [[Narayanrao]], who was the fifth and ruling Peshwa then, was murdered by guards on orders of his uncle [[Raghunathrao]] and aunt [[Anandibai]]. A popular legend has it that Narayanrao's ghost still calls for help on full moon nights. Various people, working around the area, have allegedly reported the cries of "Kaka mala vachava" (Uncle, save me) by Narayanrao Peshwa after his death. The book, '''Assassination of the Peshwa''', written in English and Marathi, covers this incident in detail.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chaudhary |first=Ankur |title=Assassination of the Peshwa |publisher=Srishti Publishers |url=http://srishti.pub/peshwa |year=2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Rangan"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/top-10-most-haunted-places-india_39.html |title=Top 10 most haunted places in India |publisher=[[Zee News]] |author=Preeti Panwar |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5090271538838429700&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20111031&NewsTitle=Going%20ghost%20hunting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093822/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5090271538838429700&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20111031&NewsTitle=Going%20ghost%20hunting |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Going ghost hunting |newspaper=[[Sakal]] |author=Huned Contractor |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

In June 1818, the [[Peshwa]], [[Bajirao II]], abdicated his ''Gaadi'' (throne) to Sir [[John Malcolm]] of the [[British East India Company]] and went into political exile at [[Bithoor]], near [[Kanpur]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. On 27 February 1828, a great fire started inside the palace complex. The conflagration raged for seven days. Only the heavy granite ramparts, strong teak gateways and deep foundations and ruins of the buildings within the fort survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/travel-pune-and-its-ghosts/20150719.htm |title=Pune and its ghosts |date=19 July 2015 |publisher=[[Rediff]] | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

According to Haricharitramrutsagar, a biographical text of [[Swaminarayan|Bhagwan Swaminarayan]], he had visited Shaniwarwada on the insistence of Bajirao II in 1799.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/punes-iconic-dance-festival-held-at-shaniwarwada/articleshow/63158060.cms|title=Pune's iconic Dance Festival held at Shaniwarwada - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/punes-pride-shaniwarwada/as23046375.cms|title=Pune's pride: Shaniwarwada|work=Times of India Travel|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/amenities-elude-visitors-at-iconic-shaniwarwada/articleshow/60980518.cms|title=Amenities elude visitors at iconic Shaniwarwada - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/academy-moves-forward-with-details-on-standards-of-conduct/articleshow/63831201.cms|title=Shaniwar Wada to be recreated for 'Panipat' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/know-why-you-should-avoid-visiting-punes-shaniwarwada-fort-on-full-moon-nights/as63998053.cms|title=Know why you should avoid visiting Pune's Shaniwarwada Fort on full moon nights|last=Sengar|first=Resham|work=Times of India Travel|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>
[[File:Shaniwar Wada Main Entrance.jpg|left|thumb|Shaniwar Wada Main Entrance]]

==Construction==
[[File:Shaniwarwada 1860.jpg|thumb|right|The imposing walls of the Shaniwar Wada, in an 1860 photograph]]
Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]], prime minister to [[Chattrapati Shahu]], laid the ceremonial foundation of his own residence on Saturday, 10 January 1730. It was named ''Shaniwar Wada'' from the Marathi words ''Shaniwar'' (Saturday) and ''Wada'' (a general term for any residence complex). [[Teak]] was imported from the jungles of [[Junnar]], stone was brought from the nearby quarries of [[Chinchwad]], and [[Lime (mineral)]] was brought from the lime-belts of [[Jejuri]]. Shaniwarwada was completed in 1732, at a total cost of Rs. 16,110, a very large sum at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=288 years of Shaniwarwada: No battle cry from this historic Pune fort, only a cry for restoration|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/288-years-of-shaniwarwada-no-battle-cry-from-this-historic-pune-fort-only-a-cry-for-restoration/story-zsd8CznZJAgJbXfHxjGgxI.html|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The opening ceremony was performed according to religious customs, on 22 January 1732, another Saturday chosen for being a particularly auspicious day.

Later the Peshwas made several additions, including the fortification walls, with bastions and gates; court halls and other buildings; fountains and reservoirs. Currently, the perimeter fortification wall has five gateways and nine bastion towers, enclosing a garden complex with the foundations of the original buildings.
It is situated near the [[Mula-Mutha River]], in [[Kasba Peth, Pune|Kasba Peth]].

==Fort complex==
===Gates===
[[File:Narayan Gate Information Plaque, Shaniwar Wada.jpg|left|thumb|Narayan Gate Information Plaque, Shaniwar Wada]]
[[File:DelhiDarwazaShaniwarWada.png|thumb|Shaniwar Wada palace's Delhi Gate or ''Delhi Darwaza,'' with its original decorations,1820]]
[[File:Shaniwar Wada palace fountain.JPG|thumb|Shaniwar Wada palace fountain, the Hazari Karanje]]
[[File:Shaniwar Wada by Kshitij.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Jharokha]]s'' at the Shaniwar wada.]]
[[File:ShaniwarWada Hall.JPG|thumb|right|A hall in the first floor above ''dilli darwaja'' (Delhi Gate)]]
[[File:Ruins of Shaniwar Wada.jpg|alt=The Gardens of Shaniwar Wada are seen. The foundations of many structures as well as fountains are also present.|thumb|240x240px|Gardens of Shaniwar Wada]]
Shaniwar Wada has five gates:<ref name="Rangan"/>
* ''Delhi Darwaza''
:The ''Delhi Darwaza'' is the main gate of the complex, and faces north towards [[Delhi]]. In fact, Shaniwar Wada is the only fort structure in India to have its main gate facing Delhi, the medieval imperial capital of [[Mughal Empire]]. Even [[Chhatrapati Shahu]] is said to have considered the north-facing fort an indication of Baji Rao's ambitions against the Mughal Empire, and suggested that the main gate should be made of ''chhaatiiche, maatiche naahi!'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] for "of the chests of brave soldiers, not made of mud").

:The strongly built ''Delhi Darwaza'' gatehouse has massive doors, large enough to admit elephants outfitted with [[howdah]]s (seating canopies). To discourage elephants charging the gates, each pane of the gate has seventy-two sharp twelve-inch steel spikes arranged in a nine by eight grid, at approximately the height of the forehead of a battle-elephant. Each pane was also fortified with steel cross members, and borders were bolted with steel bolts having sharpened cone heads. The bastions flanking the gatehouse has arrow-loops and [[machicolation]] chutes through which boiling oil could be poured onto offending raiders. The right pane has a small man-sized door for usual entries and exits, too small to allow an army to enter rapidly. Shaniwar Wada was built by a contractor from Rajasthan known as 'Kumawat' of the [[Rajput]] Sub-caste, after completing construction they were given the name 'Naik' by the Peshwa.

:Even if the main gates were to be forced open, a charging army would need to turn sharply right, then sharply left, to pass through the gateway and into the central complex. This would provide a defending army with another chance to attack the incoming army, and to launch a counterattack to recapture the gateway.

:As the ceremonial gate of the fort, military campaigns would set out from and be received back here, with appropriate religious ceremonies.

* ''Mastani Darwaza'' (Mastani's Gate) or ''Aliibahadur Darwaja'', facing north
:This gate was the entrance leading to [[Bajirao I]]'s wife [[Mastani]]'s palace and was used by her while travelling out of the palace's perimeter wall.<ref name="Deccan Herald"/>

*''Khidki Darwaza'' (Window Gate), facing east
:[[File:Khidki Darwaja Shaniwar Wada.jpg|thumb|Khidki Darwaja (Window Gate)]]The ''Khidki Darwaja'' is named for an armoured window it contains.

*''Ganesh Darwaza'' ([[Ganesh]] Gate), facing south-east
:Named for the Ganesh Rang Mahal, which used to stand near this door. It was used by ladies at the fort to visit the nearby [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple.<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite news |last= Podder|first= Tanushree|date=18 March 2017|title=In Bajirao's backyard|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/602037/in-bajiraos-backyard.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

*''Jambhul Darwaza'' or ''Narayan Darwaja'' (Narayan's Gate), facing south
:This gate was used by concubines to enter and leave the fort. It obtained its second name after [[Narayanrao Peshwa]]'s corpse was removed from the fort for cremation through this gate.<ref name="Deccan Herald"/> He is said to have been assassinated at this gate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadre |first=Vivek |date=June 20, 2022 |title=Narayan Darwaja |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/narayan-darwaja |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>

===Palaces===
The important buildings in the palace includes the ''Thorlya Rayancha Diwankhana'' (Marathi: the court reception hall of the eldest royal, meaning Baji Rao I), ''Naachacha Diwankhana'' (Dance Hall), and ''Juna Arsa Mahal'' (Old Mirror Hall).

Since the buildings were destroyed in the fire of 1828, only descriptions of the living areas of the fort are available. All the state halls in the buildings are said to have doorways with exquisitely carved teak arches, with ornamental teardrop teak pillars shaped like ''Suru'' ([[Cupressaceae|cypress]] tree) trunks supporting the ceilings, which were covered with beautiful teak tracery, carved creepers and flowers. Exquisite glass chandeliers hung from the ceilings. The floors were made of highly polished [[marble]], arranged in a [[mosaic]] pattern and adorned with rich [[Persian rug]]s. The walls contained paintings with scenes from the [[Hindu epic]]s, the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]].

The buildings are said to have been designed and constructed by well-known artisans, including Shivaram Krishna Khasgiwale, Devaji Sutar, Kondaji Sutar, Morarji Patharwat Bhojraja (an inlay-work expert from [[Jaipur]]) and Ragho (a painter).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Uday S. |title=The Era of Bajirao |publisher=Mula Mutha Publishers |isbn=9788192108094 |page=133}}</ref>

It is said that the Shaniwarwada complex was seven storeys high. On the top floor was the residence of the Peshwa which was called Meghadambari. It is said that the spire of [[Jñāneśvar]] temple at [[Alandi]], 17 km away, could be seen from there.

===The Fountain===
The complex had an impressive [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]-shaped fountain: the ''Hazari Karanje'' (Fountain of a thousand jets). It was constructed for the pleasure of the infant [[Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao]]. It was designed as a sixteen petal lotus; each petal had sixteen jets with an eighty-foot arch. It was the most complicated and intricate fountain of its time.<ref name="Rangan"/>

Shrimant Anandrao Rudrajirao Dhulap-More (an admiral of [[Maratha Navy|Maratha navy]] in 18th century) who visited the Shaniwarwada in 1791 described it as "very magnificent. A hundred dancers can dance here at a time. In one corner is a marble [[Ganapati]] statue and the palace is flanked by a fountain and a flower garden.".

==Popular culture==
*In 2008, Shaniwar Wada was featured on ''[[The Amazing Race Asia 3]]''. In the game show, one participant from each team of two had to find the correct [[Turban|pheta]] (turban) from among those worn by 50 men within the Wada.
*It was featured in 2014 Marathi historical drama ''[[Rama Madhav]]''.
*Shaniwar Wada featured in the 2015 Hindi historical film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''.
*Shaniwar Wada featured in the 2019 Hindi historical film ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]''.
*Shaniwar Wada featured in 2019 Marathi TV Series Swamini on [[Colors Marathi]] where grand set of Shaniwar wada was constructed in [[Mumbai]] [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Shaniwar Wada during sunset.jpg|Shaniwar Wada during sunset
File:View of garden.jpg| Inside Shaniwar Wada
File:Shaniwarwada(Pune).jpg|Statue of [[Bajirao I]]
File:स्वातंत्र्यदिनाच्या अमृत महौत्सवानिमित्त सजविलेला पुणे येथील शनिवारवाडा.jpg|Wada during [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]] celebrations.
File:Shaniwar Wada Top View of Water Storage Space.jpg|Water Storage Space
File:Pointed gates of shanivar wada.jpg|Pointed main gates.
File:Shanivarwada front.jpg|Top view of entrance to wada
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Museum, Kolhapur|New Palace, Kolhapur]] of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Chhatrapati]]s
*[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara]] of the [[Gaekwad]]s
*[[Jai Vilas Mahal|Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior]] of the [[Scindias]]
*[[Bhor Rajwada]] of [[Pant Sachiv]]s
*[[Rajwada|Rajwada, Indore]] of [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s
*[[Thanjavur Maratha palace]] of the [[Bhonsle]]s
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shaniwar Wada}}
*https://www.greatravellers.com/2019/08/top-5-places-to-visit-in-mumbai.html Top 5 Places to visit in Mumbai
*https://lifeonweekends.com/2017/02/08/the-burnt-broken-shaniwarwada-pune/ The burnt & broken: Shaniwarwada, Pune

{{Pune topics}}
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|18|31|8.67|N|73|51|19.62|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1732]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

Rajgram, West Bengal

2026-03-08T10:06:11Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|Town in West Bengal, Birbhum }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajgram
| native_name = Rajgram bazar
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.542789|N|87.849471|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = INDIA
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchyat
| governing_body = Rajgram nagar panchyat
| leader_title =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,378
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Vojpuri ]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731222 (Rajgram)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03465
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Murarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murarai]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajgram''' is a village and [[Nagar panchayat]] in [[Murarai I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|20|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bishnupur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Nalhati]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rampurhat]] (M)|label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Lohapur]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= Rajgram (R)|shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
[[Murarai]], the CD block headquarters, is 9 km away from Rajgram. [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], the district headquarters, is 103 km away.<ref name=village>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/birbhum/murarai-i/rajgram.html| title = Indian Village Directory|work= Rajgram |publisher = villageinfo.in |accessdate = 6 February 2018}}</ref>

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Rajgram [[gram panchayat]] are: Ambhua, Banarampur, [[Barua Gopalpur]], Bhadrakali, Rajgram and Santoshpur.<ref name=village/>

===Overview===
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 January 2018}}</ref>96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajgram had a total population of 8,378 of which 4,284 (51%) were males and 4,094 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,596. The total number of literates in Rajgram was 3,238 (47.74% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Sahibganj loop|collapse=yes}}
[[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|State Highway 7]], running from Rajgram to Midnapore, originates from Rajgram.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 8 February 2018}}</ref> A road links Rajgram to Kanupur on [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[Rajgram railway station]] is on the [[Sahibganj loop]]. It is the last station in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-barharwa-passenger-53063/14297/2/1381 | title= 53063 Bardhaman-Barharwa Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | accessdate = 8 February 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Rajgram has a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] with 20 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 8 February 2018 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Birbhum district]]

Spacecraft

2026-03-04T16:24:21Z

MarisaBlackwelde: added info

{{Short description|Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Redirect-multi|2|Orbiter|Orbital vehicle}}
{{Distinguish|Spaceplane}}
}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024|find=Spacecraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg|thumb|[[List of Soyuz missions|More than 140]] Soviet and Russian crewed [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft ([[Soyuz TMA|TMA]] version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the [[International Space Station]].]]
{{Spaceflight sidebar}}

A '''spacecraft''' is a vehicle that is designed [[Flight|to fly]] and operate in [[outer space]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Spacecraft {{!}} Definition, Types, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/spacecraft |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including [[Telecommunications|communications]], [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]], [[Weather satellite|meteorology]], [[navigation]], [[space colonization]], [[Planetary science|planetary exploration]], and [[Space transport|transportation]] of [[Human spaceflight|humans]] and [[cargo spacecraft|cargo]]. All spacecraft except [[single-stage-to-orbit]] vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a [[launch vehicle]] (carrier rocket).

On a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]], a [[space vehicle]] enters space and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]]. For [[orbital spaceflight]]s, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the [[Earth]] or around other [[Astronomical object|celestial bodies]]. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit ([[space station]]s) only, whereas those used for [[robotic space mission]]s operate either [[autonomous robot|autonomously]] or [[telerobotics|telerobotically]]. [[Robotic spacecraft]] used to support scientific research are [[space probe]]s. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial [[satellite]]s. To date, only a handful of [[interstellar probe]]s, such as ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' and ''[[Pioneer 11|11]]'', ''[[Voyager 1]]'' and ''[[Voyager 2|2]]'', and ''[[New Horizons]],'' are on trajectories that leave the [[Solar System]].

Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by a method of [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]] to Earth into non-winged [[space capsule]]s and winged [[spaceplane]]s. Recoverable spacecraft may be [[reusable spacecraft|reusable]] (can be launched again or several times, like the [[SpaceX Dragon]] and the [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]s) or expendable (like the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]]). In recent years, more space agencies are tending towards reusable spacecraft.

Humanity has achieved space flight, but [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches]]: [[Russia]] ([[Roscosmos State Corporation|Roscosmos]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Russia is back on the lunar path. A rocket blasts off on its first moon mission in nearly 50 years |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-launch-moon-mission-50-years-286bf3d8d3b30790591efc113438e216 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>, the [[United States]] ([[NASA]])<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Elise |last2=Wattles |first2=Jackie |date=2024-02-22 |title=Odysseus becomes first US spacecraft to land on moon in over 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/nasa-odysseus-moon-landing-intuitive-machines-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>, the member states of the [[European Space Agency]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euclid |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> [[Japan]] ([[JAXA]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan becomes the fifth country to land a spacecraft on the moon |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-moon-landing-jaxa-probe-slim-845d4868636df5ced2e1818c588f29a4 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>, [[China]] ([[CNSA]])<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Robert Lea |date=2024-06-03 |title=Watch China's Chang'e 6 probe land on far side of the moon in dramatic video |url=https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-6-lunar-far-side-video |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>, [[India]] ([[ISRO]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spacecraft Missions |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SpacecraftMissions.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>, [[Taiwan]] ([[National Space Organization|TSA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3349525|title=Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... – Taiwan News|publisher=Taiwan News|date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21837/Taiwan_To_Upgrade____Cloud_Peak____Medium_range_Missiles_For_Micro_Satellites_Launch|title=Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch|website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacewatch.global/2018/01/taiwans-new-ballistic-missile-capable-launching-microsatellites/|title=Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites – SpaceWatch.Global|first=John|last=Sheldon|website=spacewatch.global|date=30 January 2018}}</ref>, [[Israel]] ([[Israel Space Agency|ISA]]), [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]]), and [[North Korea]] ([[National Aerospace Development Administration|NATA]]). In addition, [[private spaceflight|several private companies]] have [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country#Other launches and projects|developed or are developing]] the technology for orbital launches independently from government agencies. Two prominent examples of such companies are [[SpaceX]] and [[Blue Origin]].

== History ==
{{see also|History of spaceflight}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The first artificial satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], launched by the [[Soviet Union]]]]

A German [[V-2]], co-designed by [[Wernher von Braun]], became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in [[Peenemünde]], Germany.<ref>''Peenemünde (Dokumentation)'' Berlin: Moewig, 1984.{{ISBN|3-8118-4341-9}}.</ref> [[Sputnik 1]] was the first [[artificial satellite]]. It was launched into an elliptical [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) by the [[Soviet Union]] on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the [[Space Age]].<ref name="nasa-sputnik-60">{{cite web |editor-last1=Garcia |editor-first1=Mark |title=60 years ago, the Space Age began |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/60-years-ago-the-space-age-began |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122182320/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/60-years-ago-the-space-age-began/ |archive-date=22 January 2023 |date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury|quote=On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.|last1=Swenson|first1=L. Jr.|last2=Grimwood|first2=J. M.|last3=Alexander|first3=C. C.|pages=66–62424}}</ref> Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper [[Earth's atmosphere#Temperature|atmospheric layer]]'s density, by measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on [[radio]]-signal distribution in the [[ionosphere]]. Pressurized [[nitrogen]] in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for [[meteoroid]] detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the [[International Geophysical Year]] from [[Gagarin's Start|Site No.1/5]], at the 5th [[Tyuratam]] range, in [[Kazakh SSR]] (now at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]). The satellite travelled at {{convert|29,000|kph}}, taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 [[MHz]]

While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other human-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the [[Kármán line]]. In particular, in the 1940s there were [[List of V-2 test launches|several test launches]] of the [[V-2 rocket]], some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.

== Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft ==

=== Crewed spacecraft ===
{{See also|List of crewed spacecraft|human spaceflight}}
[[File:Apollo 17 Command Module AS17-145-22261HR.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo 17]] Command Module ''America'' in lunar orbit]]
As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China.
The first crewed spacecraft was [[Vostok 1]], which carried Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a [[Vostok spacecraft]].<ref name=EA-vostok>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|title=Vostok|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092837/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|archive-date=2011-06-29}}</ref> The second crewed spacecraft was named [[Mercury-Redstone 3|''Freedom 7'']], and it performed a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] in 1961 carrying American astronaut [[Alan Shepard]] to an altitude of just over {{convert|187|km|sp=us}}. There were five other crewed missions using [[Project Mercury|Mercury spacecraft]].

Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the [[Voskhod spacecraft|Voskhod]], [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]], flown uncrewed as [[Soyuz 7K-L1|Zond/L1]], [[Soyuz 7K-L3|L3]], [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]], and the [[Salyut program|Salyut]] and ''[[Mir]]'' crewed [[space station]]s. Other American crewed spacecraft include the [[Project Gemini|Gemini spacecraft]], the [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo spacecraft]] including the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], the [[Skylab]] space station, the [[Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle]] with undetached European [[Spacelab]] and private US [[Spacehab]] space stations-modules, and the SpaceX Crew Dragon configuration of their [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]. US company [[Boeing]] also developed and flown a spacecraft of their own, the [[Boeing Starliner|CST-100]], commonly referred to as [[Boeing Starliner|Starliner]], but a crewed flight is yet to occur. China developed, but did not fly [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]], and is currently using [[Shenzhou program|Shenzhou]] (its first crewed mission was in 2003).

Except for the Space Shuttle and the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran spaceplane]] of the Soviet Union, the latter of which only ever had one uncrewed test flight, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were [[space capsule]]s.

<gallery class="center" caption="Crewed spacecraft">
File:NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|alt=Drawings of Mercury, Gemini capsules and Apollo spacecraft, with their launch vehicles|American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
File:Vostok Spacecraft Diagram.svg|Soviet Vostok capsule
File:Voskhod 1 and 2.svg|alt=Line drawing of Voskhod capsules|Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
File:Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing.svg|alt=Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing|1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
File:Post S-7 Shenzhou spacecraft.png|alt=Drawing of Shenzhou spacecraft|Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft
</gallery>

The [[International Space Station]], crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.

=== Uncrewed spacecraft ===
{{Main|Uncrewed spacecraft|satellite|space telescope|cargo spacecraft}}
{{See also|Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes|list of Solar System probes|list of space telescopes}}
[[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]]]]
[[File:Iss016e034191.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jules Verne ATV|Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)]] approaches the [[International Space Station]] on Monday, March 31, 2008.]]

Uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input; they may be [[Remotely operated vehicle|remote controlled]], remote guided or even [[autonomous vehicle|autonomous]], meaning they have a pre-programmed list of operations, which they will execute unless otherwise instructed.

Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than [[Human spaceflight|crewed]] operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as [[Venus]] or the vicinity of [[Jupiter]] are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], and [[Neptune]] are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes were sent to study Moon, the planets, the Sun, multiple small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).

Special class of uncrewed spacecraft is [[space telescope]]s, a [[telescope]] in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. The first operational telescopes were the American [[Orbiting Astronomical Observatory]], [[OAO-2]] launched in 1968, and the Soviet [[Orion (space telescope)|Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope]] aboard space station [[Salyut 1]] in 1971. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion ([[Scintillation (astronomy)|scintillation]]) of [[electromagnetic radiation]] which they observe, and avoid [[light pollution]] which [[Observatory#Ground-based observatories|ground-based observatories]] encounter. The best-known examples are [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and [[James Webb Space Telescope]].

[[Cargo spacecraft]] are designed to carry [[cargo]], possibly to support [[space station]]s' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced [[Salyut 6]], [[Salyut 7]], [[Mir]], the [[International Space Station]] and [[Tiangong program|Tiangong]] space station.

=== Other ===
Some spacecraft can operate as both a crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. For example, the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran spaceplane]] could operate autonomously but also had manual controls, though it never flew with crew onboard.<ref name="manipulator">{{cite web |url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/bighand.htm |title=Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист" |website=Buran.ru |language=ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430105409/http://www.buran.ru/htm/bighand.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rtc">{{cite web |url=https://rtc.ru/history/ |title=История ЦНИИ РТК |trans-title=History of the Central Research Institute of RTK |website=RTC.ru |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513144601/https://rtc.ru/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other dual crewed/uncrewed spacecrafts include: [[SpaceX Dragon 2]],<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bridenstine |first=Jim|user=JimBridenstine|number=1251178705633841167|date=17 April 2020|title=BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI|access-date=17 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1265739654810091520|date=27 May 2020|title=Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=nasa-20190206>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|work=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|date=6 February 2019|access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302204511/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE|title=Crew Demo-1 | Launch|website=[[YouTube]]|date=2 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308142733/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dream Chaser]],<ref name=sn20200114>{{cite web |title=Sierra Nevada explores other uses of Dream Chaser |url=https://spacenews.com/sierra-nevada-explores-other-uses-of-dream-chaser/ |first=Jeff |last=Foust |website=spacenews.com |date=14 January 2020|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="americaspaceshootingstarcontract">{{cite web |last1=Ben |first1=Evans |title=SNC Shooting Star Wins Contract for Unmanned Orbital Outpost |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2020/07/17/snc-shooting-star-wins-contract-for-unmanned-orbital-outpost/ |website=AmericaSpace |date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> and [[Tianzhou (spacecraft)|Tianzhou]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/tianzhou/|title=Tianzhou Spacecraft Overview|work=Space Flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/tianzhou-4-undocks-china-tiangong-space-station|author=Andrew Jones|date=November 10, 2022
|title=Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft undocks from China's Tiangong space station (video)|work=Space.com}}</ref>

== Types of spacecraft ==

=== Communications satellite ===
{{Main|Communications satellite}}

A communications satellite is an [[artificial satellite]] that relays and amplifies [[radio]] telecommunication signals via a [[Transponder (satellite communications)|transponder]]; it creates a [[communication channel]] between a source [[transmitter]] and a [[Radio receiver|receiver]] at different locations on [[Earth]]. Communications satellites are used for [[television]], [[telephone]], [[radio]], [[internet]], and [[military]] applications.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=satellite communication |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication |access-date=2016-02-10 |last=Labrador |first=Virgil |date=2015-02-19}}</ref> Many communications satellites are in [[geostationary orbit]] {{convert|22,300|mi|km}} above the [[equator]], so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the [[satellite dish]] antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form [[satellite constellation]]s in [[low Earth orbit]], where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently.

The high frequency [[radio wave]]s used for telecommunications links travel by [[Line-of-sight propagation|line of sight]] and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellites - Communication Satellites |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |access-date=2016-02-10 |publisher=Satellites.spacesim.org}}</ref> Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and [[microwave]] [[frequencies]]. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.<ref name="aerospace.org">{{cite web |date=2010-04-01 |title=Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation |url=http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/ |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=Aerospace}}</ref>

=== Cargo spacecraft ===
{{Further|Comparison of space station cargo vehicles}}
[[File:Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV Cyngus Cygnus-extended Collage.jpg|thumb|A collage of automated cargo spacecraft used in the past or present to resupply the [[International Space Station]]]]
Cargo or resupply spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed specifically to carry [[cargo]], possibly to support [[space station]]s' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies.

Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced [[Salyut 6]], [[Salyut 7]], [[Mir]], the [[International Space Station]] and [[Tiangong program|Tiangong]] space station.

As of 2023, three different cargo spacecraft are used to supply the [[International Space Station]]: Russian ''[[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]]'', American [[SpaceX Dragon 2]] and [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]]. Chinese ''[[Tianzhou (spacecraft)|Tianzhou]]'' is used to supply [[Tiangong space station]].

=== Space probes ===
{{Main|Space probe}}
Space probes are robotic spacecraft that are sent to explore deep space, or [[Astronomical object|astronomical bodies]] other than Earth. They are distinguished from [[Lander (spacecraft)|landers]] by the fact that they work in open space, not on planetary surfaces or in planetary atmospheres. Being robotic eliminates the need for expensive, heavy life-support systems (the [[Apollo program|Apollo]] crewed Moon landings required the use of the [[Saturn V]] rocket that cost over a billion dollars per launch, adjusted for inflation) and so allows for lighter, less expensive rockets. Space probes have visited every planet in the Solar System and [[Pluto]], and the [[Parker Solar Probe]] has an orbit that, at its closest point, is in the [[Chromosphere|Sun's chromosphere]]. There are five space probes that are [[Parabolic trajectory|escaping the Solar System]], these are ''[[Voyager 1]]'', ''[[Voyager 2]]'', ''[[Pioneer 10]]'', ''[[Pioneer 11]]'', and ''[[New Horizons]]''.

==== Voyager program ====
{{Main|Voyager program}}
The identical [[Voyager program|Voyager probes]], weighing {{convert|721.9|kg|lb}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voyager 1 - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager-1/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=science.nasa.gov |date=6 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a rare alignment of [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] that would allow a spacecraft to visit all four planets in one mission, and get to each destination faster by using [[gravity assist]]. In fact, the rocket that launched the probes (the [[Titan IIIE]]) could not even send the probes to the orbit of [[Saturn]], yet ''[[Voyager 1]]'' is travelling at roughly {{convert|17|km/s|sp=us|mi/s|abbr=unit}} and ''[[Voyager 2]]'' moves at about {{convert|15|km/s|sp=us|mi/s|abbr=unit}} kilometres per second as of 2023. In 2012, ''Voyager 1'' exited the heliosphere, followed by ''Voyager 2'' in 2018. ''Voyager 1'' actually launched 16 days after ''Voyager 2'' but it reached Jupiter sooner because ''Voyager 2'' was taking a longer route that allowed it to visit Uranus and Neptune, whereas ''Voyager 1'' did not visit Uranus or Neptune, instead choosing to fly past Saturn’s satellite [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. As of August 2023, ''Voyager 1'' has passed 160 [[astronomical unit]]s, which means it is over 160 times farther from the [[Sun]] than Earth is. This makes it the farthest spacecraft from the Sun. ''Voyager 2'' is 134 AU away from the Sun as of August 2023. NASA provides real time data of their distances and data from the probe’s cosmic ray detectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Status |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/}}</ref> Because of the probe’s declining power output and degradation of the [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|RTGs]] over time, [[NASA]] has had to shut down certain instruments to conserve power. The probes may still have some scientific instruments on until the mid-2020s or perhaps the 2030s. After 2036, they will both be out of range of the [[Deep Space Network]].

=== Space telescopes ===
{{Main|Space telescope}}
A space telescope or space observatory is a [[telescope]] in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion of [[electromagnetic radiation]] which they observe, and avoid [[light pollution]] which [[Observatory#Ground-based observatories|ground-based observatories]] encounter. They are divided into two types: satellites which map the entire sky ([[astronomical survey]]), and satellites which focus on selected [[astronomical object]]s or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from [[Earth imaging satellite]]s, which point toward Earth for [[satellite imaging]], applied for [[Weather satellite|weather analysis]], [[Reconnaissance satellite|espionage]], and [[Remote sensing|other types of information gathering]].

=== Landers ===
{{Main|Lander (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Apollo 16 LM.jpg|thumb|The [[Apollo 16]] Extended [[Apollo Lunar Module]], a lunar lander]]
A lander is a type of spacecraft that makes a soft landing on the surface of an [[astronomical body]] other than [[Earth]]. Some landers, such as ''[[Philae (spacecraft)|Philae]]'' and the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], land entirely by using their fuel supply, however many landers (and landings of spacecraft on [[Earth]]) use [[aerobraking]], especially for more distant destinations. This involves the spacecraft using a fuel burn to change its trajectory so it will pass through a planet (or a moon's) atmosphere. [[Drag (physics)|Drag]] caused by the spacecraft hitting the atmosphere enables it to slow down without using fuel, however this generates very high temperatures and so adds a requirement for a [[heat shield]] of some sort.

=== Space capsules ===
{{Main|Space capsule}}
Space capsules are a type of spacecraft that can return from space at least once. They have a blunt shape, do not usually contain much more fuel than needed, and they do not possess wings unlike [[spaceplanes]]. They are the simplest form of recoverable spacecraft, and so the most commonly used. The first such capsule was the [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok]] capsule built by the Soviet Union, that carried the first person in space, [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Other examples include the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] capsules, built by the Soviet Union and [[NASA]], respectively.

=== Spaceplanes ===
{{Main|Spaceplane}}
[[File:STS-73 landing.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' orbiter landing]]
Spaceplanes are spacecraft that are built in the shape of, and function as, [[airplane]]s. The first example of such was the [[North American X-15]] spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over {{convert|100|km|mi}} in the 1960s. This first reusable spacecraft was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.

The first reusable orbital spaceplane was the [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]. The first orbiter to fly in space, the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']], was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|Boeing 747 SCA]] and gliding to deadstick landings at [[Edwards AFB, California]]. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', followed by ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''. ''Endeavour'' was built to replace ''Challenger'' when it was [[STS-51-L|lost]] in January 1986. ''Columbia'' [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|broke up]] during reentry in February 2003.

The first autonomous reusable spaceplane was the [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class shuttle]], launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This [[spaceplane]] was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the [[dissolution of the USSR]], prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.

Per the [[Vision for Space Exploration]], the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 mainly due to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by [[SpaceX]]'s [[SpaceX Dragon 2]] and [[Boeing]]'s [[CST-100 Starliner]]. Dragon 2's first crewed flight occurred on May 30, 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1266812530833240064|date=30 May 2020|title=Liftoff!|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the [[Space Launch System]] and [[United Launch Alliance|ULA]]'s [[Vulcan (rocket)|Vulcan]] rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.

[[Scaled Composites]]' [[SpaceShipOne]] was a reusable suborbital [[spaceplane]] that carried pilots [[Mike Melvill]] and [[Brian Binnie]] on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the [[Ansari X Prize]]. [[The Spaceship Company]] built a successor [[SpaceShipTwo]]. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by [[Virgin Galactic]] was planned to begin reusable [[private spaceflight]] carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the [[VSS Enterprise crash|crash of VSS ''Enterprise'']].

==== Space Shuttle ====
{{Main|Space Shuttle}}
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|US [[Space Shuttle]] flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting [[Mir]], the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and the [[International Space Station]]. (''Columbia''{{'s}} [[STS-1|maiden launch]], which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission]]
The [[Space Shuttle]] is a retired reusable Low Earth Orbital launch system. It consisted of [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|two reusable Solid Rocket Boosters]] that landed by parachute, were recovered at sea, and were the most powerful rocket motors ever made until they were superseded by those of [[NASA|NASA’s]] [[Space Launch System|SLS]] rocket, with a liftoff thrust of {{convert|2,800,000|lbf|MN}}, which soon increased to {{convert|3,300,000|lbf|MN}} per booster,<ref name=braeunig>{{cite web|url=http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/shuttle.htm|title=Space Launchers - Space Shuttle|website=www.braeunig.us|access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> and were fueled by a combination of [[Polybutadiene acrylonitrile|PBAN]] and [[Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant|APCP]], the [[Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle Orbiter]], with 3 [[RS-25]] engines that used a [[liquid oxygen]]/[[liquid hydrogen]] propellant combination, and the bright orange throwaway [[Space Shuttle external tank]] from which the RS-25 engines sourced their fuel. The orbiter was a spaceplane that was launched at NASA’s [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy Space Centre]] and landed mainly at the [[Shuttle Landing Facility]], which is part of Kennedy Space Centre. A second launch site, [[Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6]] in [[California]], was revamped so it could be used to launch the shuttles, but it was never used. The launch system could lift about {{convert|29|tonnes|lb}} into an eastward [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth Orbit]]. Each orbiter weighed roughly {{convert|78|tonnes|lb}}, however the different orbiters had differing weights and thus payloads, with ''Columbia'' being the heaviest orbiter, ''Challenger'' being lighter than ''Columbia but'' still heavier than the other three. The orbiter structure was mostly composed of aluminium alloy. The orbiter had seven seats for crew members, though on [[STS-61-A]] the launch took place with 8 crew onboard. The orbiters had {{convert|4.6|m|ft}} wide by {{convert|18|m|ft}} long payload bays and also were equipped with a {{convert|15.2|m|ft}} [[Canadarm|CanadaArm1]], an upgraded version of which is used on the [[International Space Station]]. The heat shield (or [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system|Thermal Protection System]]) of the orbiter, used to protect it from extreme levels of heat during [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric reentry]] and the cold of space, was made up of different materials depending on weight and how much heating a particular area on the shuttle would receive during reentry, which ranged from over {{convert|1600|C|F|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}} to under {{convert|370|C|F|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The orbiter was manually operated, though an autonomous landing system was added while the shuttle was still on service. It had an in orbit maneouvreing system known as the Orbital Manoeuvring System, which used the hypergolic propellants [[Monomethylhydrazine|monomethylhydrazine (MMH)]] and [[dinitrogen tetroxide]], which was used for orbital insertion, changes to orbits and the deorbit burn.
[[File:SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg|thumb|right|Refurbishing the orbiters and the solid rocket boosters after flight was very complex, expensive and slow. The shortest time between landing and reflight for a Space Shuttle was 54 days for the Space Shuttle [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]].]]
{{main|Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program}}
Though the shuttle’s goals were to drastically decrease launch costs, it did not do so, ending up being much more expensive than similar expendable launchers. This was due to expensive refurbishment costs and the external tank being expended. Once a landing had occurred, the SRBs and many parts of the orbiter had to be disassembled for inspection, which was long and arduous. Furthermore, the RS-25 engines had to be replaced every few flights. Each of the heat shielding tiles had to go in one specific area on the orbiter, increasing complexity more. Adding to this, the shuttle was a rather dangerous system, with fragile heat shielding tiles, some being so fragile that one could easily scrape it off by hand, often having been damaged in many flights. After 30 years in service from 1981 to 2011 and 135 flights, the shuttle was retired from service due to the cost of maintaining the shuttles, and the 3 remaining orbiters (the other two were destroyed in accidents) were prepared to be displayed in museums.

=== Other ===
Some spacecraft do not fit particularly well into any of the general spacecraft categories. This is a list of these spacecraft.

==== SpaceX Starship ====
{{Main|SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)}}
Starship is a spacecraft and [[Upper stage|second stage]]<ref name="StarshipHomepage">{{cite web |title=SpaceX - Starship |url=https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=[[SpaceX]] |quote=Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.}}</ref> under development by American aerospace company [[SpaceX]]. Stacked atop its booster, [[SpaceX Super Heavy|Super Heavy]], it composes the identically named [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle|super heavy-lift]] [[space vehicle]]. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars, and potentially beyond. It is intended to enable long duration [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary]] flights for a crew of up to 100 people.<ref name="StarshipHomepage" /> It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, the spacecraft will be used to [[Orbital propellant depot|refuel]] other Starship vehicles to allow them to reach higher orbits to and other space destinations. [[Elon Musk]], the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in [[low Earth orbit]], extrapolating this from Starship's payload to orbit and how much fuel a fully fueled Starship contains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4) |date=18 August 2021 |url=https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/}}</ref> To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines and thrusters to slow down.<ref name="Foust-2021">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=6 January 2021 |title=SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129041255/https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mission Extension Vehicle ====
{{Main|Mission Extension Vehicle}}
The Mission Extension Vehicle is a robotic spacecraft designed to prolong the life on another spacecraft. It works by docking to its target spacecraft, then correcting its orientation or orbit. This also allows it to rescue a satellite which is in the wrong orbit by using its own fuel to move its target to the correct orbit. The project is currently managed by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. As of 2023, 2 have been launched. The first launched on a [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] rocket on 9 October 2019, and did a rendezvous with [[Intelsat 901|Intelsat-901]] on 25 February 2020. It will remain with the satellite until 2025 before the satellite is moved to a final graveyard orbit and the vehicle does a rendezvous with another satellite. The other one launched on an [[Ariane 5]] rocket on 15 August 2020.

== Subsystems ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=November 2022}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024|find=Astrionics}}
{{Main|Astrionics}}
A spacecraft [[astrionics]] system comprises different subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems are mounted in the [[satellite bus]] and may include [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude determination and control]] (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), [[guidance, navigation and control]] (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), [[spacecraft thermal control|thermal control]] (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically [[payload]]s.

; Life support
: Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a [[life-support system]] for the crew.

[[File:Shuttle front RCS.jpg|thumb|[[Reaction control system]] thrusters on the front of the U.S. [[Space Shuttle]]]]

; Attitude control
: A spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to [[Spacecraft detumbling|detumble]], be correctly oriented in space and respond to external [[torque]]s and forces properly. This may use [[reaction wheel]]s or it may use small rocket thrusters. The attitude control subsystem consists of [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and Earth pointing for communications.

; GNC
: Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's [[orbital elements]] or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.

; Command and data handling
: The C&DH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a [[data recorder]] or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.
{{further|On-Board Data Handling}}

; Communications
: Spacecraft, both [[Robotic spacecraft|robotic]] and [[Human spaceflight|crewed]], have various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations and for [[inter-satellite service]]. Technologies include [[space radio station]] and [[Free-space optical communication|optical]] communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground [[Commsat|communication]] using [[Bent pipe|receiver/retransmitter]] electronic technologies.

; Power
: Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the [[Sun]], [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example [[Jupiter]], might employ a [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]] (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is [[eclipsed]] by Earth.

; Thermal control
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and the [[space environment]]. They must operate in a [[vacuum]] with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees [[Celsius]] as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as [[beryllium]] and [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) [[tungsten]] or [[Ablation|ablative]] carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The [[thermal control subsystem]] can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain [[actuators]] such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.

; [[Spacecraft propulsion]]
: Spacecraft may or may not have a [[Spacecraft propulsion|propulsion]] subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The [[Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|''Swift'']] spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and [[inclination]] adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and [[Rocket engine|thruster]]s. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.

; Structures
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere of another planetary body]], and landing on the surface of another planetary body.

; Payload
: The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments ([[camera]]s, [[telescope]]s, or [[particle detector]]s, for example), cargo, or a [[Human spaceflight|human crew]].

== Supporting logistics ==
; Ground segment
{{main|Ground segment}}
: The [[ground segment]] is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, [[Earth station|ground stations]] to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.<ref name="Rosettaground">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |title=The Rosetta ground segment |work=ESA.int |date=2004-02-17 |access-date=2008-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184637/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |archive-date=2008-03-11 }}</ref>

; Launch vehicle
: The [[launch vehicle]] propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the [[atmosphere]], and into an [[orbit]], the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] or [[Reusable launch system|reusable]]. In a [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single stage to orbit]] rocket, the rocket can be considered a spacecraft itself.

== Spacecraft records ==
=== Fastest spacecraft ===
*[[Parker Solar Probe]] (estimated {{convert|343,000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at first sun close pass, will reach {{convert|700000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at final perihelion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html|title=NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!|last1=Bartels|first1=Meghan|date=6 November 2018|website=Space.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
*[[Helios probes|Helios]] I and II ''Solar Probes'' ({{convert|252792|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}})

=== Furthest spacecraft from the Sun ===

* ''[[Voyager 1]]'' at 156.13 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of April 2022, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.58|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT|title=Spacecraft escaping the Solar System|website=www.heavens-above.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' at 122.48 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.52|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Voyager 2]]'' at 122.82 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of January 2020, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.24|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Pioneer 11]]'' at 101.17 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.37|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astrionics]]
* [[Commercial astronaut]]
* [[Flying saucer]]
* [[List of crewed spacecraft]]
* [[List of fictional spacecraft]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Spacecraft design]]
* [[Space exploration]]
* [[Space launch]]
* [[Space suit]]
* [[List of spaceflight records]]
* [[Starship]]
* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
* [[U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |url = http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623 |title = Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself |journal = New Scientist |first = Will |last = Knight |date = January 23, 2006 |access-date = February 11, 2008 }}
* {{cite book |title = Space Mission Analysis and Design |publisher = Microcosm |location = Torrance, California |first1 = James |last1 = Wertz |last2 = Larson |first2 = Wiley J. |edition = 3rd |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-1-881883-10-4 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Spacecraft|v=no|q=no|b=no|s=no|n=no}}
*[http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108232330/http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html |date=2005-11-08 }}
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form]
*[https://archive.today/20060323034258/http://www.planet-surveyor.com/content-cat-1.html Early History of Spacecraft]
*[http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/ Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech]
*[http://ismuseum.org/ International Spaceflight Museum]

{{Spaceflight|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spacecraft| ]]
[[Category:Astronautics]]
[[Category:Pressure vessels]]

Manjha

2026-03-04T09:42:50Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting basic post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manjha
| image = Manjha Official Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster of Manjha
| director = Jatin Wagle
| producer = Trilok Malhotra K R Harish
| writer = Jatin Wagle
| starring = [[Ashwini Bhave]] [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]] [[Rohit Phalke]] [[Shivani Tanksale]]
| music = Shail-Pritesh
| cinematography = Fasahat Khan
| editing = Charu Shree Roy
| studio = India Stories Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Manjha''''' (IPA: /maːɲdʒʱaː/) is a 2017 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[psychological drama]] film, directed by Jatin Wagle and produced by Trilok Malhotra and KR Harish under the banner of India Stories Productions. It was released on 21 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/poster-of-manjha-is-out/articleshow/56574844.cms|title=Poster of Ashvini Bhave's ‘Manjha’ is out - Times of India|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/ashwini-bhaves-upcoming-movie-manjha-teaser-poster-1384026/|title=अश्विनी भावेच्या ‘मांजा’चा टिझर पोस्टर|date=14 January 2017|work=loksatta.com|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/marathi/entertainment/teaser-poster-of-manjha-is-out/|title=Teaser poster of ‘Manjha’ is out - आगामी चित्रपट ‘मांजा’चा टिझर पोस्टर प्रदर्शित|first=Dakshata|last=Thasale|work=india.com|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarunbharat.com/?p=447461|title=अभिनेत्री अश्विनी भावेचा मांजा - तरुण भारत|date=19 January 2017|work=tarunbharat.com|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is set in [[Lonavala]], Maharashtra. Jaideep, a teenage boy and Samidha, his mother arrive in town. Samidha has got a job in a hotel run by her best friend Veena and her husband. They help Jaideep get admission in a school cum hostel. Samidha is divorced and has got away from an abusive relationship.

In the school, Jaideep befriends a boy called Vikram a.k.a. Vicky, who is the school's Prefect and stays at the hostel. Vicky protects Jaideep from being bullied, but he also dominates him. He talks to Jaideep about raping Veena's daughter; when Jaideep tells him not to treat women in that way, Vicky threatens to throw him from a bridge on a highway. Vicky also claims to have killed many people by throwing stones on speeding cars from the bridge. When Jaideep refuses to bring Veena's daughter to a secluded spot for Vicky to have sex with her, Vicky threatens to commit suicide from the same bridge and frame Jaideep.

Samidha notices the change in Jaideep's behaviour and convinces him to tell her what is going on. She reports Vicky's actions to the Principal, who brushes her off, saying that Vicky's character is impeccable. Samidha consults a psychiatrist, who tells her that Jaideep is probably telling the truth.

Samidha decides to leave Lonavala, but changes her mind, telling Jaideep that she does not want to run away from yet another abusive person. Jaideep returns to school as if nothing has happened, and tells Vicky that he will bring the girl to the secluded spot. The girl's father is watching the area to catch Vicky in the act of assaulting his daughter. Vicky doesn't turn up, since he has gone to Samidha's house in order to rape her. She has predicted this, and Veena and the school's principal are in hiding to witness Vicky's behaviour. He is arrested and taken away by the police, and Jaideep and his mother feel that the worst is behind them.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Role
|-
| [[Ashwini Bhave]] || Samidha
|-
| [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]] || Vikram a.k.a. Vicky
|-
| [[Rohit Phalke]] || Jaideep
|-
| [[Apoorva Arora]] || Maya
|-
| [[Shivani Tanksale]] || Veena
|-
| [[Mohan Kapur]] || Veena's Husband
|-
| [[Denzil Smith]] || Principal
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6963912}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lonavala]]

Arunagirinathar (film)

2026-03-04T05:13:33Z

MarisaBlackwelde: formatting fix

{{short description|1964 film by T. R. Ramanna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Arunagirinathar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]
| producer = B. S. Moorthy<ref name="release" />
| starring = [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] [[B. S. Saroja]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu<ref name="release" />
| editing = D. K. Shankar<ref name="release" />
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]] [[T. R. Pappa]]
| studio = Baba Art Productions
| distributor = Sarathy Pictures
| released = {{film date|1964|8|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Arunagirinathar''''' ({{IPA|ta|aɾ̪uɳaɡiɾ̪in̪aːt̪aɾ̪|pron}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[biographical film]], directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]] and written by [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]. Based on the life of 15th century Tamil poet of [[Arunagirinathar|the same name]], the film stars [[T. M. Soundararajan]], supported by [[M. R. Radha]], [[B. S. Saroja]], [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] and Master Raghunath.<ref name="thehindu1" /> It was released on 7 August 1964.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Arunagirinathar was born in the town of [[Tiruvannamalai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Arunagiri is portrayed as attracted to the pleasures of the flesh and spent his youth pursuing a life of debauchery. He frequently visited his sneaky link, the prostitute Maragatham. His sister, Aadhilakshmi, wants to reform her brother, so she arranges his marriage with Gnanavalli. However, he is unhappy with his life, neglects his wife and continues his bad ways. He persuades his sister to sell all their property and their house to get money for his dissipation. Despite his sister giving him the money she earns, he reduces himself, his wife, and his sister to dire poverty. He contracts [[leprosy]], and people avoid him.

Eventually Aadhilakshmi is unable to meet his demands for money to support his depraved life. Arunagiri says he will end his life because of this. To prevent Arunagiri from killing himself, his sister says that he should sell her to have money for his debauchery and gambling. However, as Arunagiri has leprosy, prostitutes avoid him. Aadhilakshmi offers herself to him to stop Arunagiri from committing suicide. This deeply shocks Arunagiri, and he realises the consequences his actions have had on his family. Arunagiri feels guilty and attempts suicide by jumping off a temple tower, but Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] himself, disguised as a pious young man, saves him. Murugan cures his leprosy, shows him a path of religious devotion, and initiates his composition of the [[Thiruppugal]], an anthology of songs dedicated to Murugan. With this, Arunagiri composes his first song ''Muthaitharu patthith thirunagai'', in praise of Murugan.

== Cast ==
* [[T. M. Soundararajan]] as [[Arunagirinathar]]
* [[Master Sridhar]] as young Arunagirinathar
* [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as Gnanavalli
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as Aadhilakshmi
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Samanthandam
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] as Maragatham
* [[R. S. Manohar|R. Manohar]] as Tamil Pandit
* [[C. R. Parthiban]] as Vedan Lord Murugan (@Viralimalai)
* Master Raghunath as Lord Murugan
* Angamuthu as Maragatham's mother
* N. S. Kolappan as Annamalai

== Production ==
''Arunagirinathar'' is based on the life of the poet of [[Arunagirinathar|the same name]] who created Thirupugazh. This is the third film to be produced on this theme. B. S. Moorthy produced the film for Baba Art Productions. The script was written by [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]].<ref name="thehindu1" /><ref name="review" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]] and [[T. R. Pappa]]. The lyrics were by T. K. Krishnasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunagirinathar |url=https://gaana.com/album/arunagirinathar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131612/https://gaana.com/album/arunagirinathar |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> During production, Pappa completed the score after Ramanathan fell ill.<ref name="Shanmukhapriya" /> The tune "Muthai Tharu" was composed by Pappa; before the recording, he called the religious preacher [[Kirupanandha Variyar]], who explained its meaning. T. M. Soundararajan rehearsed for an entire day before he recorded it.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The song is set in [[Shanmukhapriya]] raga.<ref name="Shanmukhapriya" />
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aadavendum Mayile" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan="3" | T. K. Krishnasamy || 4:03
|-
| "Nilavo Aval" || T. M. Soundararajan [[P. Susheela]] || 3:23
|-
| "Penn Piranha Pavathai" || P. Susheela || 3:28
|-
| "Muthai Tharu" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan="5" | [[Arunagirinathar]] || 4:10
|-
| "Senkol Ezh Adthu" || T. M. Soundararajan || 6:11
|-
| "Ven Kudai Viruthu" || T. M. Soundararajan || 1:13
|-
| "Thandayani Vendayam" || T. M. Soundararajan || 2:56
|-
| "Pakkarai Vichitharamani" || T. M. Soundararajan || 2:40
|-
| "Yethanai Piravi Petru" || T. M. Soundararajan || T. K. Krishnasamy || 3:32
|-
| "Santhaana Pushpa" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan="2" | Arunagirinathar || 3:10
|-
| "Aadum Parivel" || T. M. Soundararajan || 1:24
|-
| "Amma Deivam Agivittal" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || T. K. Krishnasamy ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Arunagirinathar'' was released on 7 August 1964. The film was distributed by Sarathy Pictures in Madras.<ref name="release" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' positively reviewed it for Soundararajan's performance and the music.<ref name="review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 October 2012 |title=Arunagirinathar (1964) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Arunagirinathar-1964/article12556488.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824083224/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Arunagirinathar-1964/article12556488.ece |archive-date=24 August 2019 |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="review">{{Cite news |date=15 August 1964 |title=Fine music features 'Arunagirinathar' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640815&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Shanmukhapriya">{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009133403/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="release">{{Cite news |date=7 August 1964 |title=Arunagirinathar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640807&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Pappa]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mumbai 125 KM

2026-03-02T10:03:29Z

MarisaBlackwelde: update

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mumbai 125 KM
| image = Poster of Mumbai 125 KM.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Hemant Madhukar]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Hemant Madhukar|[[Mani Sharma]]|Nishant Pitti}}
| writer = Dheeraj Rattan
| story = Hemant Madhukar
| starring = {{unbulleted list
| [[Joey Debroy]]
| [[Karanvir Bohra]]
| [[Vedita Pratap Singh]]
| [[Veena Malik]]
|
}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manoj Shaw
| editing = Sandeep Sethy
| studio = Sri Mahati Media Light & Shadow Productions<ref name=m125>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611024418/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550666 Mumbai 125 KM]. [[Bollywood Hungama]]. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|10|17|ref1=<ref name=m125/>}}
| runtime = 99 minutes<ref name=m125/>
| gross = {{INR|14.65 crore}}<ref name=poorgross>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/550666|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123165414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/550666|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2013|title=Mumbai 125KM collections by Bollywood Hungama|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2014}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Mumbai 125 KM'''''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai-125-KM/articleshow/44090024.cms Mumbai 125 KM]. [[Times of India]]. 2 October 2014.</ref> is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Hemant Madhukar]] and produced by Nishant Pitti from EaseMyTrip. <ref>{{cite web|last=Rattan|first=Dubbing|title=Mumbai 125 KM 3D: Directed by Hemant Madhukar and produced by Nishant Pitti from Easemytrip |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mumbai-125-km-3d/|publisher=Box Office|accessdate=2012-08-11|date=11 August 2012}}</ref> It stars Joey Debroy, [[Karanvir Bohra]], [[Vedita Pratap Singh]], and [[Veena Malik]] as the main [[antagonist]]. It is the remake of the French horror film ''[[Dead End (2003 film)|Dead End]]'' (2003).

==Plot==
Aashika wakes up frightened in a hospital and goes into a [[Flashback (psychology)|flashback]]. A group of friends - Prem, Jacks, Aashika, Diya and Vivek - decide to travel to [[Mumbai]] to celebrate [[New Year's Day]]. While travelling, a patrolling cop halts the car and interrogates them on the account of driving under the influence of alcohol, to which Prem bribes him into letting them go. That night, they encounter weird situations and a baby's cradle, which they avoid. Prem accidentally hits a car; while figuring out who they hit, they come across a man who warns them to back off or else they will all be killed. The friends try to take the man to the cop they bribed earlier, but find the cop brutally murdered. The man suddenly disappears.

The friends sense danger and find a way to get back off the road but the road, seems to be endless. They encounter a girl and offer her a lift. The friends assume that she's a mental patient and try to take her to a hospital. Leaving to find the asylum in the jungle, they leave Jacks in the car with the girl. Jacks is murdered. Prem and Vivek later come out of their car and have an argument. Splitting ways, Vivek discovers an abandoned house where he gets brutally killed by the mysterious girl. Prem, Aashika and Diya are now the only survivors. Prem orders the girls to stick together but a scared Diya runs away and gets killed. Scared, Prem and Aashika run and Prem ends up in a graveyard. He witnesses his deceased friends' souls and gets killed by the girl.

In the present, Aashika in the hospital finds out about the girl from a nurse. The girl's name is Poonam. She visits Poonam's house and witnesses Poonam's husband's and mother-in-law's souls. The mother-in-law explains that Poonam was [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]] and wanted a child. She argued with her now-dead husband for a child and her mental condition worsened after her delivery. The doctor advises Poonam's husband that she needs counselling. It is also revealed that Prem and his friends crashed Poonam's car and killed her, her husband, and her child. Poonam returns as a ghost and swears vengeance upon the friends for murdering her child. Aashika was only saved because she was pregnant with Prem's child. Aashika's parents call her and reveal that her [[abortion|child was aborted]]. This angers Poonam, and she kills Aashika.

==Cast==
* Joey Debroy as Prem
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Jacks
* [[Veena Malik]] as Poonam
* [[Vedita Pratap Singh]] as Aashika
* [[Aparnaa Bajpai]] as Diya
* Vije Bhatia as Vivek
* Rajiv Anand as Poonam's husband

==Production==
The film was shot in 82 nights.<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-125-km-shot-only-during-nights/15667168 Mumbai 125 Km shot only during nights]. [[Mid-Day]]. 9 October 2014.</ref> It is shot entirely on [[stereoscopic 3D]] cameras and released in 2D and [[3D film|3D formats]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Veena Malik playing thriller, horror element in Mumbai 125 km| url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/veena-malik-thriller-horror-mumbai-125-kms-220312.html| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218003752/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/veena-malik-thriller-horror-mumbai-125-kms-220312.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=18 February 2013| publisher=One India| accessdate=2012-03-22| author=One India Entertainment Team}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mumbai 125 KM
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{birth date|df=yes|2014|08|21}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:28
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]<ref>[http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/09/mumbai-125-km-2014-first-look-trailer-cast-crew-plot.html?m=0 Mumbai 125 KM (2014) - First Look, Trailer, Plot, Cast & Crew-Karanveer Bhora]. MuzicMag. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</ref>
| producer = [[Hemant Madhukar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
}}

The album's songs were Mani Sharma<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai 125 KM 3D|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mumbai-125-km-3d/|publisher=[[Box Office]]| accessdate=2012-08-11|date=11 August 2012}}</ref> performed by multiple singers including [[Zubeen Garg]], Chitra Sivaraman, [[Shalmali Kholgade]] and others and lyrics were penned by [[Kumaar]] and [[Sravana Bhargavi]].<ref name=m125/>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Tere Bina"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|5:01
|-
| "Nanhi Si"
| Chithra Sivaraman
| 2:08
|-
| "Gum Gum"
| Bol Bhargavi
|4:02
|-
| "Ringa Ringa"
| [[Harshit Tomar]]
|3:49
|-
| "Saazish"
| [[Monali Thakur]]
|6:28
|}

==Critical reception==
Rahul Desai from ''[[Mumbai Mirror]] ''gave 0.5 out of 5 claiming that film has been made with incompetent direction.<ref>[https://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Mumbai-125-km/articleshow/44863526.cms Film review: Mumbai 125 km {{Rating|0.5|5}}]. Rahul Desai. [[Mumbai Mirror]]. 18 October 2014.</ref>
Bryan Durham from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 1 star rating out of 5 and stated "Mumbai 125 KM is a fine example why Indian filmmakers should keep away from thrashing the holy house of horror which is adorned by classics like ''The Excorcist, The Omen, The Conjuring'' and many more."<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-karanvir-bohra-and-veena-malik-s-horror-flick-mumbai-125km-might-scar-you-for-life-2027011 Film Review: Karanvir Bohra and Veena Malik's horror flick 'Mumbai 125KM' might scar you for life {{Rating|1|5}}]. Bryan Durham. [[Daily News and Analysis]]. 17 October 2014.</ref>
Shubha Shetty-Saha from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave 0.5 stars out of 5 stating film has unnecessary content and themes.<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-mumbai-125-km/15692157 Movie review: 'Mumbai 125 KM' {{Rating|0.5|5}}]. Shubhra Shetty-Saha. [[Mid-Day]]. 18 October 2014.</ref>
Radio Jockey Jeeturaj from [[Radio Mirchi]] gave 3 stars out of 5.<ref>[http://www.radiomirchi.com/bioscope/view/bollywood/444/Mumbai%20125%20KM/# Mumbai 125 KM Movie Review - Mirchi Bioscope by RJ Jeeturaj {{Rating|3|5}} ]. [[Radio Mirchi]]. Jeeturaj. 17 October 2014.</ref> In a review written for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Renuka Vyavahare deemed Veena Malik's "show-stealer" character the biggest detriment to a film that "as a [[Slasher film|slasher]], gets too monotonous and repetitive... old wine in an old bottle."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Mumbai-125-Km-3D/movie-review/44837808.cms|title = ''Mumbai 125 Km 3D'' Movie Review|last = Vyavahare|first = Renuka|publisher = The Times of India|date = 16 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate = 31 October 2016}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film grossed ₹14.65 [[crores]] in India.<ref name=poorgross/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[List of Bollywood films of 2014]]

==External links==
{{IMDb title|tt2691010}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2014 3D films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:2014 horror films]]
[[Category:2010s slasher films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hemant Madhukar]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Films based on urban legends]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]

List of birds of Kerala

2026-02-24T12:17:16Z

MarisaBlackwelde: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
The state of [[Kerala]], [[India]], has 567 bird species within its boundaries.

This list's [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of the IOC World Bird List, version 11.2. This list also uses British English throughout. Any bird names or other wording follows that convention. The species list and English names are entirely based on the Checklist of Birds of Kerala<ref name=KeralaChecklist>{{cite journal|year=2015|author=Praveen, J|title=A checklist of birds of Kerala, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=7|issue=13|pages=7983–8009|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2015/November/o4305-200117xi157983-8009.pdf|doi=10.11609/jott.2001.7.13.7983-8009|doi-access=free}}</ref> published in November 2015.

The following tag has been used to highlight accidental species. The commonly occurring native species do not fit within this category.

*(A) [[Vagrancy (biology)|Accidental]] - Also known as a rarity, it refers to a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Kerala-typically less than ten confirmed records.

 {{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}

==Ducks, geese, and swans==
[[File:LesserWhistling Duck.jpg|thumb|right|Lesser whistling duck at [[Kannur]]]]
[[File:Indian Spot-Billed Duck.jpg|thumb|right|Indian spot-billed ducks, [[Karanji Lake]]]]

Order: [[Anseriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anatidae]]

Anatidae includes the [[duck]]s and most duck-like waterfowl, such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[swan]]s. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Fulvous whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna bicolor'' (A)
*[[Lesser whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna javanica''
*[[Bar-headed goose]], ''Anser indicus''
*[[Knob-billed duck]], ''Sarkidiornis melanotos''
*[[Ruddy shelduck]], ''Tadorna ferruginea''
*[[Cotton pygmy goose]], ''Nettapus coromandelianus''
*[[Garganey]], ''Spatula querquedula''
*[[Northern shoveler]], ''Spatula clypeata''
*[[Gadwall]], ''Mareca strepera''
*[[Eurasian wigeon]], ''Mareca penelope''
*[[Indian spot-billed duck]], ''Anas poecilorhyncha''
*[[Northern pintail]], ''Anas acuta''
*[[Eurasian teal]], ''Anas crecca''
*[[Common pochard]], ''Aythya ferina'' (A)
*[[Ferruginous duck]], ''Aythya nyroca''
*[[Tufted duck]], ''Aythya fuligula'' (A)
{{colend}}

==Pheasants and allies==
[[File:Peacock-courtship-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|Indian peafowl, male (''Pavo cristatus'')]]
Order: [[Galliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phasianidae]]

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.

*[[Grey francolin]], ''Francolinus pondicerianus''
*[[Rain quail]], ''Coturnix coromandelica''
*[[Jungle bush quail]], ''Perdicula asiatica''
*[[Painted bush quail]], ''Perdicula erythrorhyncha''
*[[Red spurfowl]], ''Galloperdix spadicea''
*[[Painted spurfowl]], ''Galloperdix lunulata''
*[[Grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii''
*[[Indian peafowl]], ''Pavo cristatus''

==Frogmouths==
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podargidae]]

The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the [[nightjar]]s. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.

*[[Sri Lanka frogmouth]], ''Batrachostomus moniliger''

==Nightjars==
[[File:Common Indian Nightjar joby.JPG|thumb|right|[[Indian nightjar]], [[Hyderabad]]]]

Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Caprimulgidae]]

[[Nightjar]]s are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

*[[Great eared nightjar]], ''Lyncornis macrotis''
*[[Jungle nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus indicus''
*[[Jerdon's nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus atripennis''
*[[Indian nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus asiaticus''
*[[Savanna nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus affinis''

==Treeswifts==
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hemiprocnidae]]

The treeswifts, or crested swifts, are closely related to the [[Swift (bird)|true swifts]]. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.

*[[Crested treeswift]], ''Hemiprocne coronata''

==Swifts==
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Apodidae]]

[[Swift (bird)|Swift]]s are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

*[[Indian swiftlet]], ''Aerodramus unicolor''
*[[Edible-nest swiftlet]], ''Aerodramus fuciphagus''
*[[White-rumped spinetail]], ''Zoonavena sylvatica''
*[[Brown-backed needletail]], ''Hirundapus giganteus''
*[[Asian palm swift]], ''Cypsiurus balasiensis''
*[[Alpine swift]], ''Tachymarptis melba''
*[[Common swift]], ''Apus apus'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Karuthedathu, D., Das, V. N., & Palot, M. J.|year=2014| title=Sighting of Common Swift ''Apus apus'' from southern India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=3|pages=78–79}}</ref>
*[[Blyth's swift]], ''Apus leuconyx''
*[[Little swift]], ''Apus affinis''

==Bustards==
Order: [[Otidiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Otididae]]

Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.

*[[MacQueen's bustard]], ''Chlamydotis undulata''
*[[Lesser florican]], ''Sypheotides indicus''

==Cuckoos==
[[File:Asian koel2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Asian koel]] in Chalakudy]]
Order: [[Cuculiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cuculidae]]
[[File:BandedBayCuckoo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Banded bay cuckoo]] in [[Kannur]], Kerala]]

The family Cuculidae includes [[cuckoo]]s, [[Geococcyx|roadrunner]]s and [[Ani (bird)|anis]]. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are [[brood parasite]]s.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Greater coucal]], ''Centropus sinensis''
*[[Lesser coucal]], ''Centropus bengalensis''
*[[Sirkeer malkoha]], ''Taccocua leschenaultii''
*[[Blue-faced malkoha]], ''Phaenicophaeus viridirostris''
*[[Chestnut-winged cuckoo]], ''Clamator coromandus''
*[[Jacobin cuckoo]], ''Clamator jacobinus''
*[[Asian koel]], ''Eudynamys scolopaceus''
*[[Banded bay cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis sonneratii''
*[[Grey-bellied cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis passerinus''
*[[Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus lugubris''
*[[Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus dicruroides''
*[[Large hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx sparverioides''
*[[Common hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx varius''
*[[Lesser cuckoo]], ''Cuculus poliocephalus''
*[[Indian cuckoo]], ''Cuculus micropterus''
*[[Common cuckoo]], ''Cuculus canorus''
{{colend}}

==Sandgrouse==
Order: [[Pterocliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pteroclidae]]

[[Sandgrouse]] have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.

*[[Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles exustus''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ammas, N. |year=2012|title=Breeding of Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse at Malamel Rock, Kollam District, Kerala|journal = Malabar Trogon|volume=10}}</ref>

==Pigeons and doves==
[[File:Laughing Dove (13845819085).jpg|thumb|right|[[Laughing dove]] at [[Sultanpur National Park]], [[Haryana]]]]
Order: [[Columbiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Columbidae]]

[[Pigeon]]s and [[dove]]s are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]].

*[[Rock dove]], ''Columba livia''
*[[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], ''Columba elphinstonii''
*[[Oriental turtle dove]], ''Streptopelia orientalis''
*[[Eurasian collared dove]], ''Streptopelia decaocto''
*[[Red collared dove]], ''Streptopelia tranqubarica'' <ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mannar, H |author2=Ambika, D.S. |year=2014| title=Snapshot Sightings: Red Turtle Dove from Haripad, Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=5&6|pages=168A}}</ref>
*[[Spotted dove]], ''Spilopelia chinensis''
*[[Laughing dove]], ''Spilopelia senegalensis''
*[[Common emerald dove]], ''Chalcophaps indica''
*[[Orange-breasted green pigeon]], ''Treron bicinctus''
*[[Grey-fronted green pigeon]], ''Treron affinis''
*[[Yellow-footed green pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicopterus''
*[[Green imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula aenea''
*[[Mountain imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula badia''

==Rails, crakes, and coots==
[[File:GH-Swamphen-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Grey-headed swamphen]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]]]
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rallidae]]

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the [[Rail (bird)|rails]], [[crake]]s, [[coot]]s and [[Rallidae|gallinule]]s. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

*[[Slaty-breasted rail]], ''Lewinia striata''
*[[Spotted crake]], ''Porzana porzana'' <ref>{{cite journal|author1=Narayanan, S. Prasanth |author2=Kumar, V. Prashobh |author3=Al Badush, A. |author4=Jayamohan, Saji |author5=Jinesh, P. S. |author6=Sreekumar, B. |author7=Thomas, A. P. |year=2016| title=First record of Spotted Crake ''Porzana porzana'' from Kerala, India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=11|issue=2|pages=48–49}}</ref> (A)
*[[Common moorhen]], ''Gallinula chloropus''
*[[Eurasian coot]], ''Fulica atra''
*[[Grey-headed swamphen]], ''Porphyrio poliocephalus''
*[[Ruddy-breasted crake]], ''Zapornia fusca''
*[[Baillon's crake]], ''Zapornia pusilla''
*[[Slaty-legged crake]], ''Rallina eurizonoides''
*[[Watercock]], ''Gallicrex cinerea''
*[[White-breasted waterhen]], ''Amaurornis phoenicurus''

==Grebes==
Order: [[Podicipediformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podicipedidae]]

[[Grebe]]s are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

*[[Little grebe]], ''Tachybaptus ruficollis''

==Flamingos==
Order: [[Phoenicopteriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phoenicopteridae]]

[[Flamingo]]s are gregarious wading birds, usually {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft|0}} tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

*[[Greater flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus roseus''

==Buttonquail==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turnicidae]]

The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.

*[[Yellow-legged buttonquail]], ''Turnix tanki''
*[[Barred buttonquail]], ''Turnix suscitator''

==Stone-curlews and thick-knees==

[[File:Great Thick-knee.jpg|thumb|right|[[Great thick-knee]], [[Ranganathittu]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Burhinidae]]

The stone-curlews and thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

*[[Indian stone-curlew]], ''Burhinus indicus''
*[[Great stone-curlew]], ''Esacus recurvirostris''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rajeevan, P. C. |year=2011| title=Great Stone-plover ''Esacus recurvirostris'' (Cuvier, 1829) at Madayipara, Kannur district, Kerala| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=9|issue=1&2|pages=22|url=https://archive.org/details/GreatStone-ploverEscausRecurvirostriscuvier1829AtMadayiparaKannur}}</ref>

==Oystercatchers==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Haematopodidae]]

The [[oystercatcher]]s are large and noisy [[plover]]-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open [[mollusc]]s.

*[[Eurasian oystercatcher]], ''Haematopus ostralegus''

==Stilts and avocets==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Recurvirostridae]]

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the [[avocet]]s and [[stilt]]s. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

*[[Black-winged stilt]], ''Himantopus himantopus''
*[[Pied avocet]], ''Recurvirostra avosetta''

==Plovers==
[[File:RW-lapwing-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Red-wattled lapwing]], Kerala]]
[[File:Kentish_Plover.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kentish plover]] at [[Kannur]], Kerala]]

Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Charadriidae]]

The family Charadriidae includes the [[plover]]s, [[dotterel]]s and [[lapwing]]s. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

*[[Yellow-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus malabaricus''
*[[Grey-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus cinereus''
*[[Red-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus indicus''
*[[Sociable lapwing]], ''Vanellus gregarius'' <ref name=addchecklist/> [historical]
*[[White-tailed lapwing]], ''Vanellus leucurus''
*[[Pacific golden plover]], ''Pluvialis fulva''
*[[American golden plover]], ''Pluvialis dominica'' (A)
*[[Grey plover]], ''Pluvialis squatarola''
*[[Common ringed plover]], ''Charadrius hiaticula''
*[[Little ringed plover]], ''Charadrius dubius''
*[[Kentish plover]], ''Charadrius alexandrinus''
*[[White-faced plover]], ''Charadrius dealbatus'' (A)
*[[Lesser sand plover]], ''Charadrius mongolus''
*[[Greater sand plover]], ''Charadrius leschenaultii''
*[[Caspian plover]], ''Charadrius asiaticus'' <ref name=raj2014>{{cite journal|author=Rajeevan, P. C., Khaleel, K. M, Thomas, J. and Sangha, H. S. S. |year=2014| title=First records of Pectoral Sandpiper ''Calidris melanotos'' and Caspian Plover ''Charadrius asiaticus'' from Kerala | journal=Indian Birds |volume=9 |issue=3|pages=64–67}}</ref>

==Painted-snipes==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rostratulidae]]

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.

*[[Greater painted-snipe]], ''Rostratula benghalensis''

==Jacanas==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Jacanidae]]

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

*[[Pheasant-tailed jacana]], ''Hydrophasianus chirurgus''
*[[Bronze-winged jacana]], ''Metopidius indicus''

==Sandpipers and snipes==
[[File:Running Whimbrel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eurasian whimbrel]] at [[Kannur]], Kerala]]
[[File:WoodSandpiper.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wood sandpiper]] at Kannur, Kerala]]
[[File:RuddyTurnstone.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ruddy turnstone]] at Kannur, Kerala]]

Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Scolopacidae]]

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the [[sandpiper]]s, [[curlew]]s, [[godwit]]s, [[Tringa|shanks]], [[tattler (bird)|tattler]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[snipe]]s, [[dowitcher]]s and [[phalarope]]s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus''
*[[Eurasian curlew]], ''Numenius arquata''
*[[Bar-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa lapponica''
*[[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa''
*[[Ruddy turnstone]], ''Arenaria interpres''
*[[Great knot]], ''Calidris tenuirostris''
*[[Red knot]], ''Calidris canutus''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sreenivasan, P. P.|year=2015| title=Red Knot at Chavakkad, Kerala, Snapshot Sightings| journal=Indian Birds|volume=10|issue=1|pages=28A}}</ref> (A)
*[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Calidris pugnax''
*[[Broad-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris falcinellus''
*[[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea''
*[[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii''
*[[Long-toed stint]], ''Calidris subminuta''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Francis, T., Sreenivasan, P. P., Gnanakumar, M. and Das, S. |year=2013| title=Long-toed Stint ''Calidris subminuta'' (Middendorff, 1853) from Kole wetlands, Thrissur-First photographic record from Kerala, South India| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=10|issue=3|pages=16–17| url=https://archive.org/details/LongToedStintMALABARTROGON}}</ref>
*[[Sanderling]], ''Calidris alba''
*[[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina''
*[[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta''
*[[Buff-breasted sandpiper]], ''Calidris subruficollis''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rajeevan, P.C. |author2=Thomas, J. |name-list-style=amp|year=2011| title=Buff-breasted Sandpiper ''Tryngites subruficollis'' from northern Kerala: a third record for India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=7|issue=5|pages=22}}</ref> (A)
*[[Pectoral sandpiper]], ''Calidris melanotos'' <ref name=raj2014/> (A)
*[[Asian dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus semipalmatus''
*[[Long-billed dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus scolopaceus'' <ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sreenivasan, P.P.|year=2016| title=Long-billed Dowitcher ''Limnodromus scolopaceus'': An addition to the avifauna of peninsular India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=11|issue=4|pages=97–98}}</ref> (A)
*[[Eurasian woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola''
*[[Jack snipe]], ''Lymnocryptes minimus''
*[[Wood snipe]], ''Gallinago nemoricola''<ref name=addchecklist/> [historical]
*[[Pin-tailed snipe]], ''Gallinago stenura''
*[[Swinhoe's snipe]], ''Gallinago megala''<ref name=addchecklist/> [historical]
*[[Common snipe]], ''Gallinago gallinago''
*[[Terek sandpiper]], ''Xenus cinereus''
*[[Red-necked phalarope]], ''Phalaropus lobatus''<ref name=addchecklist>{{cite journal|author=Praveen, J, Narayanan, S.P.|year=2014| title=Additions to the checklist of Birds of Kerala| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=11|issue=1–3|pages=2–12}}</ref>
*[[Common sandpiper]], ''Actitis hypoleucos''
*[[Green sandpiper]], ''Tringa ochropus''
*[[Common redshank]], ''Tringa totanus''
*[[Marsh sandpiper]], ''Tringa stagnatilis''
*[[Wood sandpiper]], ''Tringa glareola''
*[[Spotted redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus''
*[[Common greenshank]], ''Tringa nebularia''
{{colend}}

==Crab-plover==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dromadidae]]

The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.

*[[Crab-plover]], ''Dromas ardeola''

==Coursers and pratincoles==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Glareolidae]]

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the [[pratincole]]s, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the [[courser]]s, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.

*[[Indian courser]], ''Cursorius coromandelicus'' <ref name=addchecklist/> [historical]
*[[Collared pratincole]], ''Glareola pratincola''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rajeevan, P.C. |author2=Thomas, J. |name-list-style=amp|year=2013| title=First record of Collared Pratincole ''Glareola pratincola'' from Kerala | journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=2|pages=49–50}}</ref>
*[[Oriental pratincole]], ''Glareola maldivarum''
*[[Small pratincole]], ''Glareola lactea''

==Gulls, terns, and skimmers==
[[File:Whiskered tern2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Whiskered tern]] in Thommana, Chalakudy]]
[[File:OneSandwichAmongLesserCrestedTerns.jpg|thumb|right|Many [[lesser crested tern]]s with a solitary Sandwich tern in [[Kannur]], Kerala]]
[[File:IndianRiverTern.jpg|thumb|right|[[River tern]] at [[Ranganthittu]], Mysore]]

Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laridae]]

Laridae is a family of both gulls and terns. [[Gull]]s are medium to large seabirds including [[kittiwake]]s. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. [[Tern]]s are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Brown noddy]], ''Anous stolidus''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Praveen, J. |year=2011| title=A Review of Pelagic Bird Records in Sea Swallow from the off-shore waters of Kerala| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=9|issue=1&2|pages=7–10| url=https://archive.org/details/AReviewOfPelagicBirdRecordsInSeaSwalllowFromTheOff-shoreWatersOf}}</ref>
*[[Lesser noddy]], ''Anous tenuirostris''
*[[White tern]], ''Gygis alba''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jayson, E. A., Babu S., Govind, S. K. |year=2013| title=Recovery of White Tern ''Gygis alba'' at Athirapilly, Kerala, India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=6|pages=163}}</ref>
*[[Black-legged kittiwake]], ''Rissa tridactyla''<ref name=kittiwake>{{cite journal|author=Das, S., Kechery, S., Sreenivasan P. P., & Sreeranj C. |year=2013| title=Black-legged Kittiwake ''Rissa tridactyla'' from Puthankadapuram, Kerala, India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=3|pages=73}}</ref> (A)
*[[Sabine's gull]], ''Xema sabini''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sreenivasan P. P., Praveen J., Prince, M. & Karuthedathu, D. |year=2013| title=Sabine's Gull ''Xema sabini'' from Puthankadapuram, Kerala, India: a first record for South Asia| journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=4|pages=99–100}}</ref> (A)
*[[Slender-billed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus genei''
*[[Brown-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus''
*[[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus''
*[[Pallas's gull]], ''Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus''
*[[Common gull]], ''Larus canus''
*[[Lesser black-backed gull]], ''Larus fuscus''
*[[Gull-billed tern]], ''Gelochelidon nilotica''
*[[Caspian tern]], ''Hydroprogne caspia''
*[[Greater crested tern]], ''Thalasseus bergii''
*[[Lesser crested tern]], ''Thalasseus bengalensis''
*[[Sandwich tern]], ''Thalasseus sandvicensis''
*[[Little tern]], ''Sternula albifrons''
*[[Bridled tern]], ''Onychoprion anaethetus''
*[[Sooty tern]], ''Onychoprion fuscatus''
*[[River tern (bird)|River tern]], ''Sterna aurantia''
*[[Roseate tern]], ''Sterna dougalli'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Karuthedathu, D., Raju, A.K. |year=2014| title=Roseate Tern off Nileshwaram, Kerala | journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=1|pages=28}}</ref>
*[[Common tern]], ''Sterna hirundo''
*[[White-cheeked tern]], ''Sterna repressa''
*[[Black-bellied tern]], ''Sterna acuticauda''
*[[Whiskered tern]], ''Chlidonias hybrida''
*[[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus''
*[[Black tern]], ''Chlidonias niger'' (A)
{{colend}}

==Skuas==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stercorariidae]]

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

*[[South polar skua]], ''Catharcta maccormicki''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Praveen J., Karuthedathu, D., Prince, M., Palot, M. J. & Dalvi, S. |year=2013| title=Identification of South Polar Skua ''Catharacta maccormicki'' in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean| journal=BirdingASIA|volume=19|pages=83–88}}</ref>
*[[Brown skua]], ''Catharcta antarctica'' (A)
*[[Pomarine skua]], ''Stercorarius pomarinus''
*[[Arctic skua]], ''Stercorarius parasiticus''<ref name=pelagic/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Prince, M.|year=2011| title=Some Observations from Lakshadweep and the Laccadive Sea off Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|volume=7|issue=3|pages=63–65}}</ref>
*[[Long-tailed skua]], ''Stercorarius longicaudus'' (A)

==Tropicbirds==
Order: [[Phaethontiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phaethontidae]]

[[Tropicbird]]s are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

*[[Red-billed tropicbird]], ''Phaethon aethereus''
*[[White-tailed tropicbird]], ''Phaethon lepturus''

==Austral storm petrels==
[[File:White-faced Storm-petrel 0A2A9606.jpg|thumb|right|[[White-faced storm petrel]], [[Hobart]]]]
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oceanitidae]]

The [[austral storm petrel]]s are relatives of the [[petrel]]s and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on [[plankton]]ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes [[bat]]-like.

*[[Wilson's storm petrel]], ''Oceanites oceanicus''<ref name=pelagic/><ref name=petrel>{{cite journal|author1=Vivek Chandran, A. |author2=Praveen, J. |author3=Sreenivasan, P. P. |author4=Nameer, P. O. |author5=Dilip, K. G. |year=2011| title=Swinhoe's Storm-petrel ''Oceanodroma monorhis'' and other pelagic birds from the Thrissur coast, Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|volume=7|issue=3|pages=73–74}}</ref>
*[[White-faced storm petrel]], ''Pelagodroma marina'' <ref name=indiachecklist>{{cite journal|author1=Praveen, J. |author2=Jayapal, R. |author3=Pittie, A. |year=2013| title=Notes on Indian rarities—1: Seabirds| journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=5|pages=113–125}}</ref> [historical] (A)

==Northern storm petrels==
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hydrobatidae]]

The [[northern storm petrel]]s are relatives of the [[petrel]]s and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on [[plankton]]ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes [[bat]]-like.

*[[Swinhoe's storm petrel]], ''Hydrobates monorhis''<ref name=petrel/>

==Petrels, shearwaters, and diving petrels==
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Procellariidae]]

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized shearwaters and petrels, characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

*[[Streaked shearwater]], ''Calonectris leucomelas''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Karuthedathu, D. |author2=Palot, M. J. |author3=Praveen J. |author4=Sreenivasan, P. P. |author5=Uthaman, K. V. |year=2013| title=Streaked Shearwater ''Calonectrics leucomelas'' from Kannur coast, Kerala | journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=2|pages=44–45}}</ref>
*[[Cory's shearwater]], ''Calonectris borealis''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Praveen, J. |author2=Palot, M. J. |author3=Karuthedathu, D. |year=2013| title=Recovery of a Cory's Shearwater ''Calonectris borealis'' from Thaikadapuram beach, [[Kasaragod district]], state of Kerala | journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=6|pages=152–153}}</ref> (A)
*[[Wedge-tailed shearwater]], ''Ardenna pacificus''<ref name=pelagic>{{cite journal|author1=Praveen, J. |author2=Karuthedathu, D. |author3=Palot, M. J. |author4=Prince, M. |author5=Meppayur, S. |year=2011| title=Significant pelagic bird sightings from off-shore waters of the Malabar coast, southern India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=7|issue=3|pages=66–69}}</ref>
*[[Short-tailed shearwater]], ''Ardenna tenuirostris''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Praveen, E. S. |author2=Das, S. |author3=Dilip, K. J. |year=2015| title=Sighting of Short-tailed Shearwater ''Ardenna tenuirostris'', and Wedge-tailed Shearwater ''Ardenna pacifica'' from the Arabian Sea, off Ponnani, Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|volume=10|issue=1|pages=26–27}}</ref> (A)
*[[Flesh-footed shearwater]], ''Ardenna carneipes''
*[[Persian shearwater]], ''Puffinus persicus''<ref name=pelagic/>
*[[Tropical shearwater]], ''Puffinus bailloni''
*[[Jouanin's petrel]], ''Bulweria fallax''

==Storks==
[[File:AsianOpenbill.jpg|thumb|right|[[Asian openbill]]]]
Order: [[Ciconiiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ciconiidae]]

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

*[[Painted stork]], ''Mycteria leucocephala''
*[[Asian openbill]], ''Anastomus oscitans''
*[[Black stork]], ''Ciconia nigra''
*[[Woolly-necked stork]], ''Ciconia episcopus''
*[[White stork]], ''Ciconia ciconia''
*[[Lesser adjutant]], ''Leptoptilos javanicus'' (A)

==Frigatebirds==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fregatidae]]

[[Frigatebird]]s are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

*[[Christmas frigatebird]], ''Fregata andrewsi'' (A)
*[[Great frigatebird]], ''Fregata minor'' (A)
*[[Lesser frigatebird]], ''Fregata ariel''

==Gannets and boobies==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sulidae]]

The sulids comprise the [[gannet]]s and [[Booby|boobies]]. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

*[[Masked booby]], ''Sula dactylatra''
*[[Red-footed booby]], ''Sula sula'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Gandhe, A. |year=2014| title=Seabird observations off the western coast of India| journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=5&6|pages=137–138}}</ref> (A)

==Anhingas and darters==
[[File:Snake bird nesting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oriental darter]]s' nesting, [[Kalletumkara]]]]
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anhingidae]]

Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

*[[Oriental darter]], ''Anhinga melanogaster''

==Cormorants and shags==
[[File:GreatCormorantPair.jpg|thumb|right|[[Great cormorant]], [[Banasura Sagar Dam]]]]

Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]]

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.

*[[Little cormorant]], ''Microcarbo niger''
*[[Indian cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax fuscicollis''
*[[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo''

==Ibises and spoonbills==
[[File:Spoonbill at Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|right|Eurasian spoonbill at [[Ranganathittu]]]]
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Threskiornithidae]]

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the [[ibis]]es and [[spoonbill]]s. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

*[[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus''
*[[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa''
*[[Glossy ibis]], ''Plegadis falcinellus''
*[[Eurasian spoonbill]], ''Platalea leucorodia''

==Herons and bitterns==
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Grey heron]] at [[Chirakkal, Kannur]]]]
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cattle egret]] at [[Chirakkal, Kannur]]]]
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ardeidae]]

The family Ardeidae contains the [[bittern]]s, [[heron]]s and [[egret]]s. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian bittern]], ''Botaurus stellaris''
*[[Little bittern]], ''Ixobrychus minutus''
*[[Yellow bittern]], ''Ixobrychus sinensis''
*[[Cinnamon bittern]], ''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''
*[[Black bittern]], ''Ixobrychus flavicollis''
*[[Malayan night heron]], ''Gorsachius melanolophus''
*[[Black-crowned night heron]], ''Nycticorax nycticorax''
*[[Striated heron]], ''Butorides striata''
*[[Indian pond heron]], ''Ardeola grayii''
*[[Chinese pond heron]], ''Ardeola bacchus'' (A)
*[[Eastern cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus coromandus''
*[[Grey heron]], ''Ardea cinerea''
*[[Purple heron]], ''Ardea purpurea''
*[[Great egret]], ''Ardea alba''
*[[Intermediate egret]], ''Ardea intermedia''
*[[Little egret]], ''Egretta garzetta''
*[[Western reef heron]], ''Egretta gularis''
{{colend}}

==Pelicans==
[[File:Spot-BilledPelican.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spot-billed pelican]]]]

Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pelecanidae]]

[[Pelican]]s are large water birds famous for their huge throat pouch. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

*[[Great white pelican]], ''Pelecanus onocrotalus''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jacob, Tytus T. |author2=Pramod, P. |author3=Gangadharan, K. |author4=Mahesh, M. |year=1994| title=First record of the Rosy Pelican ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'' Linnaeus in Kerala| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=91|issue=3|page=452}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Nair, Manoj V. |year=1993|title=Rosy Pelican at Aakkulam|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=33|issue=1|pages=7–8|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW33_1#page/n9/mode/1up}}</ref> (A)
*[[Spot-billed pelican]], ''Pelecanus philippensis''

==Osprey==
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pandionidae]]

The family Pandionidae contains usually only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large [[bird of prey|raptor]] which is a specialist fish-eater.
*[[Osprey]], ''Pandion haliaetus''

==Kites, hawks, and eagles==
[[File:Brahminy kite2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brahminy kite]] in [[Chalakudy]]]]
[[File:Crested Hawk-eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus.JPG|thumb|[[Changeable hawk-eagle]] in [[Mayannur]], [[Thrissur]]]]
[[File:Crested Hawk-eagle Juvenile Nisaetus cirrhatus in Mayannur Thrissur.jpg|thumb|Changeable hawk-eagle juvenile in Mayannur, Thrissur]]
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Accipitridae]]

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kites]], [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]] and [[Old World vulture]]s. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Black-winged kite]], ''Elanus caeruleus''
*[[Egyptian vulture]], ''Neophron percnopterus''
*[[Crested honey buzzard]], ''Pernis ptilorhynchus''
*[[Jerdon's baza]], ''Aviceda jerdoni''
*[[Black baza]], ''Aviceda leuphotes''
*[[White-rumped vulture]], ''Gyps bengalensis''
*[[Indian vulture]], ''Gyps indicus''
*[[Himalayan vulture]], ''Gyps himalayensis'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Praveen, J., Nameer, P. O., Karuthedathu, D., Ramaiah, C., Balakrishnan, B., Rao, K. M., Shurpali, S., Puttaswamaiah, R., & Tavcar, I. |year=2014| title=On the vagrancy of the Himalayan Vulture ''Gyps himalayensis'' to southern India | journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=1|pages=19–22}}</ref>
*[[Red-headed vulture]], ''Sarcogyps calvus''
*[[Eurasian black vulture]], ''Aegypius monachus''
*[[Crested serpent eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
*[[Short-toed snake eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
*[[Changeable hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus cirrhatus''
*[[Mountain hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus nipalensis''
*[[Legge's hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus kelaarti''
*[[Rufous-bellied eagle]], ''Lophotriorchis kienerii''
*[[Black eagle]], ''Ictinaetus malaiensis''
*[[Indian spotted eagle]], ''Clanga hastata''
*[[Greater spotted eagle]], ''Clanga clanga''
*[[Booted eagle]], ''Hieraaetus pennatus''
*[[Steppe eagle]], ''Aquila nipalensis''
*[[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''Aquila heliaca''
*[[Bonelli's eagle]], ''Aquila fasciatus''
*[[Crested goshawk]], ''Accipiter trivirgatus''
*[[Shikra]], ''Accipiter badius''
*[[Besra]], ''Accipiter virgatus''
*[[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], ''Accipiter nisus''
*[[Western marsh harrier]], ''Circus aeruginosus''
*[[Eastern marsh harrier]], ''Circus spilonotus'' (A)
*[[Hen harrier]], ''Circus cyaneus''
*[[Pallid harrier]], ''Circus macrourus''
*[[Pied harrier]], ''Circus melanoleucos''
*[[Montagu's harrier]], ''Circus pygargus''
*[[Black kite]], ''Milvus migrans''
*[[Brahminy kite]], ''Haliastur indus''
*[[White-bellied sea eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucogaster''
*[[White-tailed eagle]], ''Haliaeetus albicilla''
*[[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus humilis''
*[[Grey-headed fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus ichthyaetus''
*[[White-eyed buzzard]], ''Butastur teesa''
*[[Himalayan buzzard]], ''Buteo burmanicus''
*[[Common buzzard]], ''Buteo buteo''
{{colend}}

==Barn owls==
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tytonidae]]

[[Tytonidae|Barn owls]] are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

*[[Eastern barn owl]], ''Tyto javanica''
*[[Eastern grass owl]], ''Tyto longimembris''
*[[Oriental bay owl]], ''Phodilus badius''
*[[Sri Lanka bay owl]], ''Phodilus assimilis''

==Owls==
[[File:BarredJungleOwlet-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jungle owlet]] in Kerala]]
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Strigidae]]

The [[typical owl]]s are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

*[[Indian scops owl]], ''Otus bakkamoena''
*[[Pallid scops owl]], ''Otus brucei'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Chandran, A., Rasmussen, P. C., Jahan, S., & Praveen J.|year=2016| title=The Pallid Scops Owl ''Otus brucei'' in south-western India, with notes on identification| journal=Indian Birds|volume=12|issue=2&3|pages=56–63}}</ref>
*[[Oriental scops owl]], ''Otus sunia''
*[[Indian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bengalensis''
*[[Spot-bellied eagle-owl]], ''Bubo nipalensis''
*[[Brown fish owl]], ''Ketupa zeylonensis''
*[[Mottled wood owl]], ''Strix ocellata''
*[[Brown wood owl]], ''Strix leptogrammica''
*[[Jungle owlet]], ''Glaucidium radiatum''
*[[Spotted owlet]], ''Athene brama''
*[[Brown boobook]], ''Ninox scutulata''
*[[Short-eared owl]], ''Asio flammeus''

==Trogons==
Order: [[Trogoniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Trogonidae]]

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

*[[Malabar trogon]], ''Harpactes fasciatus''

==Hoopoes==
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Upupidae]]

Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.

*[[Eurasian hoopoe]], ''Upupa epops''

==Hornbills==
[[File:Ocyceros griseus -India-8a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Malabar grey hornbill]] in Thattekad]]
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Bucerotidae]]

Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.

*[[Great hornbill]], ''Buceros bicornis''
*[[Malabar pied hornbill]], ''Anthracoceros coronatus''
*[[Malabar grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros griseus''
*[[Indian grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros birostris''

==Rollers==
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Coraciidae]]

Rollers resemble [[crow]]s in size and build, but are more closely related to the [[kingfisher]]s and [[bee-eater]]s. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

*[[Indian roller]], ''Coracias benghalensis''
*[[European roller]], ''Coracias garrulus''
*[[Oriental dollarbird]], ''Eurystomus orientalis''

==Kingfishers==
[[File:Stork-billed Kingfisher.jpg| thumb|right|[[Stork-billed kingfisher]] in [[Kumarakom]]]]
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcedinidae]]

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

*[[Stork-billed kingfisher]], ''Pelargopsis capensis''
*[[White-throated kingfisher]], ''Halcyon smyrnensis''
*[[Black-capped kingfisher]], ''Halcyon pileata''
*[[Blue-eared kingfisher]], ''Alcedo meninting''
*[[Common kingfisher]], ''Alcedo atthis''
*[[Oriental dwarf kingfisher]], ''Ceyx erithaca''
*[[Pied kingfisher]], ''Ceryle rudis''

==Bee-eaters==
[[File:Blue Tailed Green Bea Eater.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue-tailed bee-eater]] in [[Chalakudy]]]]
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Meropidae]]

The bee-eaters are a group of [[near passerine]] birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.

*[[Blue-bearded bee-eater]], ''Nyctyornis athertoni''
*[[Asian green bee-eater]], ''Merops orientalis''
*[[Blue-cheeked bee-eater]], ''Merops persicus''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sreenivasan P. P.|year=2013| title=Blue-cheeked Bee-eater from Kole Wetlands, Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|volume=8|issue=4|pages=110|url=http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/Snapshot%20Sightings_8.4.pdf}}</ref>
*[[Blue-tailed bee-eater]], ''Merops philippinus''
*[[Blue-throated bee-eater]], ''Merops viridis''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Manekkara. S.|year=2016| title=Blue-throated Bee-eater ''Merops viridis'' in Kerala: An escapee, or a wild vagrant?| journal=Indian Birds|volume=12|issue=2&3|pages=76–78}}</ref> (A)
*[[Chestnut-headed bee-eater]], ''Merops leschenaulti''
*[[European bee-eater]], ''Merops apiaster'' (A)

==Asian barbets==
[[File:White-cheeked Barbet @ Nilambur.jpg|thumb|right|[[White-cheeked barbet]] at [[Nilambur]]]]

Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Megalaimidae]]

The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.

*[[Brown-headed barbet]], ''Psilopogon zeylanicus''
*[[White-cheeked barbet]], ''Psilopogon viridis''
*[[Malabar barbet]], ''Psilopogon malabaricus''
*[[Coppersmith barbet]], ''Psilopogon haemacephalus''

==Woodpeckers==
[[File:Goldenbacked woodpecker.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black-rumped flameback]] in Chalakudy]]

Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Picidae]]

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
*[[Eurasian wryneck]], ''Jynx torquilla''
*[[Speckled piculet]], ''Picumnus innominatus''
*[[Heart-spotted woodpecker]], ''Hemicircus canente''
*[[Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], ''Yungipicus nanus''
*[[Yellow-crowned woodpecker]], ''Leiopicus mahrattensis''
*[[White-bellied woodpecker]], ''Dryocopus javensis''
*[[Lesser yellownape]], ''Picus chlorolophus''
*[[Streak-throated woodpecker]], ''Picus xanthopygaeus''
*[[Scaly-bellied woodpecker]], ''Picus squamatus''
*[[Common flameback]], ''Dinopium javanense''
*[[Black-rumped flameback]], ''Dinopium benghalense''
*[[Malabar flameback]], ''Chrysocolaptes socialis''
*[[White-naped woodpecker]], ''Chrysocolaptes festivus''
*[[Rufous woodpecker]], ''Micropternus brachyurus''

==Caracaras and falcons==
Order: [[Falconiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Falconidae]]

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

*[[Lesser kestrel]], ''Falco naumanni''
*[[Common kestrel]], ''Falco tinnunculus''
*[[Red-necked falcon]], ''Falco chiquera''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Praveen, E. S. |author2=Sankar, Abhiram |year=2011| title=Recent sightings of Red-headed Falcon ''Falco chiquera'' from Kerala| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=8|issue=2&3|pages=11–12| url=https://archive.org/details/RecentSightingsOfRed-headedFalconFalcoChiqueraFromKerala}}</ref>
*[[Amur falcon]], ''Falco amurensis''
*[[Eurasian hobby]], ''Falco buteo''<ref>{{cite journal|author=PAbhilash A. K. |year=2011| title=Abhilash A. K.| journal=Indian Birds|volume=11|issue=2|pages=56A}}</ref> (A)
*[[Oriental hobby]], ''Falco severus''
*[[Peregrine falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus''

==Old World parrots==
[[File:Plumheaded-parakeet-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Plum-headed parakeet]], [[Yercaud]]]]
Order: [[Psittaciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Psittaculidae]]

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed [[zygodactyl]] feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.

*[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanocephala''
*[[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Psittacula columboides''
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria''
*[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri''
*[[Vernal hanging parrot]], ''Loriculus vernalis''

==Pittas==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pittidae]]

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

*[[Indian pitta]], ''Pitta brachyura''

==Vangas, helmetshrikes, woodshrikes, and shrike-flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Vangidae]]

The woodshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes.

*[[Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike]], ''Hemipus picatus''
*[[Large woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis virgatus'' (A)
*[[Malabar woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis sylvicola''
*[[Common woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis pondicerianus''

==Woodswallows, butcherbirds, and peltops==
[[File:Artamus fuscus 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ashy woodswallow]] in Thattekad]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Artamidae]]

The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, sombre-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.

*[[Ashy woodswallow]], ''Artamus fuscus''

==Ioras==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Aegithinidae]]

The ioras are [[bulbul]]-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.

*[[Common iora]], ''Aegithina tiphia''
*[[Marshall's iora]], ''Aegithina nigrolutea''

==Cuckooshrikes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Campephagidae]]

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

*[[Small minivet]], ''Pericrocotus cinnamomeus''
*[[Orange minivet]], ''Pericrocotus flammeus'')
*[[Ashy minivet]], ''Pericrocotus divaricatus''
*[[Large cuckooshrike]], ''Coracina javensis''
*[[Black-headed cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melanoptera''

==Shrikes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laniidae]]

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

*[[Brown shrike]], ''Lanius cristatus'' (includes distinct subspecies [[Brown shrike|Philippine shrike]] ''L. c. lucionensis'')
*[[Bay-backed shrike]], ''Lanius vittatus''
*[[Long-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius schach''

==Figbirds, orioles, and turnagra==
[[File:Black headed Oriole 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Black-hooded oriole]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oriolidae]]

The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.

*[[Black-hooded oriole]], ''Oriolus xanthornus''
*[[Indian golden oriole]], ''Oriolus kundoo'' (Split from [[European golden oriole]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jønsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C. K., Moyle, R. G., Irestedt, M., Christidis, L., Norman, J. A. & Fjeldså, J. |year=2010| title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) |journal=Ecography|volume=33|pages=232–241| url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.25ba04a21296cc434f980005871/J%C3%B6nsson+et+al+Oriolidae.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>)
*[[Black-naped oriole]], ''Oriolus chinensis''

==Drongos==
[[File:Greater Racket-Tailed Drongo-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Greater racket-tailed drongo]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicruridae]]

The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.

*[[Bronzed drongo]], ''Dicrurus aeneus''
*[[Greater racket-tailed drongo]], ''Dicrurus paradiseus''
*[[Hair-crested drongo]], ''Dicrurus hottentottus''
*[[Ashy drongo]], ''Dicrurus leucophaeus''
*[[White-bellied drongo]], ''Dicrurus caerulescens''
*[[Black drongo]], ''Dicrurus macrocercus''

==Fantails and silktails==
[[File:White-browed fantail (Rhipidura aureola).JPG|thumb|[[White-browed fantail]] in [[Mayannur]], [[Thrissur]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rhipiduridae]]

The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.

*[[White-spotted fantail]], ''Rhipidura albogularis''
*[[White-browed fantail]], ''Rhipidura aureola''

==Monarchs==
[[File:Black Napped Monarch Prasanna Mamidala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black-naped monarch]]]]

Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Monarchidae]]

The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.

*[[Black-naped monarch]], ''Hypothymis azurea''
*[[Indian paradise flycatcher]], ''Terpsiphone paradisi''

==Crows and jays==
[[File:Dendrocitta vagabunda -Calicut-Kerala-India-8.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufous treepie]] in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Corvidae]]

The family Corvidae includes [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, [[jay]]s, [[chough]]s, [[magpie]]s, [[treepie]]s, [[nutcracker (bird)|nutcracker]]s and [[ground jay]]s. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

*[[Rufous treepie]], ''Dendrocitta vagabunda''
*[[White-bellied treepie]], ''Dendrocitta leucogastra''
*[[House crow]], ''Corvus splendens''
*[[Large-billed crow]], ''Corvus macrorhynchos''
*[[Eastern jungle crow]], ''Corvus levaillantii''
*[[Indian jungle crow]], ''Corvus culminatus''

==Fairy flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stenostiridae]]

Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".

*[[Grey-headed canary-flycatcher]], ''Culicicapa ceylonensis''

==Tits and chickadees==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paridae]]

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

*[[Cinereous tit]], ''Parus cinereus'' (known earlier as [[great tit]], ''Parus major''<ref>{{cite journal | author = Packert Martin, Martens Jochen, Eck Siegfried, Nazarenko Alexander A, Valchuk Olga P., Petri Bernd, Veith Michael | year = 2005 | title = The great tit (''Parus major'') – a misclassified ring species | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 86 | issue = 2| pages = 153–174 | doi-access =}}</ref>)
*[[Himalayan black-lored tit]], ''Machlolophus xanthogenys''
*[[Indian black-lored tit]], ''Machlolophus aplonotus''

==Larks==
[[File:Malabar Crested Lark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Malabar lark]] in [[Kannur]], Kerala]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alaudidae]]

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

*[[Rufous-tailed lark]], ''Ammomanes phoenicura''
*[[Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], ''Eremopterix griseus''
*[[Jerdon's bushlark]], ''Mirafra affinis''
*[[Oriental skylark]], ''Alauda gulgula''
*[[Malabar lark]], ''Galerida malabarica''
*[[Mongolian short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella dukhunensis''

==Bulbuls==
[[File:Red-vented Bulbuls.jpg|thumb|right|[[Red-vented bulbul]] in [[Ernakulam]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pycnonotidae]]

Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage.

*[[Yellow-browed bulbul]], ''Acritillas indica''
*[[Black bulbul]], ''Hypsipetes leucocephalus''
*[[Square-tailed bulbul]], ''Hypsipetes ganeesa''
*[[Grey-headed bulbul]], ''Brachypodius priocephalus''
*[[Black-crested bulbul]], ''Rubigula flaviventris''
*[[Flame-throated bulbul]], ''Rubigula gularis''
*[[White-browed bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus luteolus''
*[[Yellow-throated bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus xantholaemus''
*[[Red-whiskered bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus jocosus''
*[[Red-vented bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus cafer''

==Swallows and martins==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hirundinidae]]

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

*[[Grey-throated martin]], ''Riparia chinensis''
*[[Pale martin]], ''Riparia diluta''
*[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica''
*[[Pacific swallow]], ''Hirundo tahitica''
*[[Hill swallow]], ''Hirundo domicola''
*[[Wire-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo smithii''
*[[Eurasian crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne rupestris''
*[[Dusky crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''
*[[Common house martin]], ''Delichon urbicum''
*[[Red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis daurica''
*[[Streak-throated swallow]], ''Petrochelidon fluvicola''

==Leaf warblers and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phylloscopidae]]

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

*[[Hume's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus humei'' <ref>{{cite journal| year=2012| title=A photographic record of Hume's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus humei from Wayanad District, Kerala| author=Mohanram Kemparaju| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=10| issue=1&2| pages=19|url=https://archive.org/details/KemparajuM.2012.APhotographicRecordOfHumesLeafWarblerPhylloscopus}}</ref>
*[[Yellow-browed warbler]], ''Phylloscopus inornatus''
*[[Tytler's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus tytleri''
*[[Tickell's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus affinis''
*[[Common chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus collybita''
*[[Green warbler]], ''Phylloscopus nitidus''<ref name=addchecklist/>
*[[Greenish warbler]], ''Phylloscopus trochiloides''
*[[Large-billed leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus magnirostris''
*[[Western crowned warbler]], ''Phylloscopus occipitalis''

==Reed warblers, Grauer's warbler, and allies==
[[File:Clamerous-reed-warbler Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Clamorous reed warbler]] in [[Kannur]]]]

Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Acrocephalidae]]

Some members of this family are rather large for "warblers", though many are small. Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

*[[Clamorous reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus stentoreus''
*[[Paddyfield warbler]], ''Acrocephalus agricola''<ref>{{cite journal| year=2012| title=Sighting of Paddyfield Warbler ''Acrocephalus agricola'' and the first photographic record of the species from Kerala| author=Mujeeb Panchili| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=9| issue=3| pages=7–8|url=https://archive.org/details/SightingOfPaddyfieldWarblerAcrocephalusAgricolaAndHeFirstPhotographic}}</ref>
*[[Blyth's reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus dumetorum''
*[[Thick-billed warbler]], ''Arundinax aedon''
*[[Booted warbler]], ''Iduna caligata''
*[[Sykes's warbler]], ''Iduna rama''<ref name=malabarsurvey/>

==Grassbirds and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Locustellidae]]

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

*[[Pallas's grasshopper warbler]], ''Helopsaltes certhiola'' <ref name=addchecklist/> [historical]
*[[Common grasshopper warbler]], ''Locustella naevia''
*[[Broad-tailed grassbird]], ''Schoenicola platyurus''
*[[Bristled grassbird]], ''Schoenicola striatus''

==Cisticolas and allies==
[[File:Plain-Prinia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Plain prinia]] at [[Kannur]] in Kerala]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cisticolidae]]

The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.

*[[Zitting cisticola]], ''Cisticola juncidis''
*[[Golden-headed cisticola]], ''Cisticola exilis''
*[[Grey-breasted prinia]], ''Prinia hodgsonii''
*[[Jungle prinia]], ''Prinia sylvatica''
*[[Ashy prinia]], ''Prinia socialis''
*[[Plain prinia]], ''Prinia inornata''
*[[Common tailorbird]], ''Orthotomus sutorius''

==Sylviid warblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sylviidae]]

The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.

*[[Lesser whitethroat]], ''Curruca curruca''
*[[Hume's whitethroat]], ''Curruca althaea''
*[[Eastern Orphean warbler]], ''Curruca crassirostris''

==Parrotbills and allies==
[[File:Yellow-Eyed Babbler.jpg|thumb|right|[[Yellow-eyed babbler]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paradoxornithidae]]

The parrotbills are a group of peculiar birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adapted.

*[[Yellow-eyed babbler]], ''Chrysomma sinense''

==White-eyes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Zosteropidae]]

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

*[[Indian white-eye]], ''Zosterops palpebrosus''

==Babblers and scimitar babblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Timaliidae]]

The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.

*[[Tawny-bellied babbler]], ''Dumetia hyperythra''
*[[Dark-fronted babbler]], ''Dumetia atriceps''
*[[White-browed scimitar babbler]], ''Pomatorhinus schisticeps''
*[[Indian scimitar babbler]], ''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''

==Ground babblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pellorneidae]]

These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus ''Illadopsis'' are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.

*[[Puff-throated babbler]], ''Pellorneum ruficeps''

==Alcippe fulvettas==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcippeidae]]

The genus once included many other fulvettas and was previously placed in families Pellorneidae or Timaliidae.

*[[Brown-cheeked fulvetta]], ''Alcippe poioicephala''

==Laughingthrushes and allies==
[[File:Grey-breasted Laughingthrush.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palani laughingthrush]] in [[Munnar]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Leiothrichidae]]

The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus ''Turdoides'' tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

*[[Banasura laughingthrush]], ''Montecincla jerdoni''
*[[Nilgiri laughingthrush]], ''Montecincla cachinnans''
*[[Palani laughingthrush]], ''Montecincla fairbanki''
*[[Ashambu laughingthrush]], ''Montecincla meridionalis''
*[[Large grey babbler]], ''Argya malcolmi''<ref name=malabarsurvey>{{cite journal| year=2012| title=Large Grey Babbler ''Turdoides malcomi'' and Syke's Warbler ''Iduna rama'' in Walayar: first photographic record from Kerala| author=Sashikumar, C., Vishnudas, C. K., Raju, S., Vinayan, P. A., Shebin, V. A.| journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=10| issue=1&2| pages=7–8|url=https://archive.org/details/LargeGreyBabblerTurdoidesMalcomiAndSykesWarblerIdunaRamaInWalayar}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| year=2012| title=A Report of Large Grey Babbler from Attappady Hills, Kerala|author1=Praveen, J. |author2=P. O. Nameer | journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=10| issue=1&2| pages=8–9|url=https://archive.org/details/PraveenJ.NameerP.o.2012.aReportOfLargeGreyBabblerFromAttappady}}</ref>
*[[Rufous babbler]], ''Argya subrufa''
*[[Jungle babbler]], ''Argya striata''
*[[Yellow-billed babbler]], ''Argya affinis''
*[[Wayanad laughingthrush]], ''Pterorhinus delesserti''

==Fairy-bluebirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Irenidae]]

The fairy-bluebirds are [[bulbul]]-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.

*[[Asian fairy-bluebird]], ''Irena puella''

==Nuthatches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sittidae]]

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.

*[[Velvet-fronted nuthatch]], ''Sitta frontalis''
*[[Indian nuthatch]], ''Sitta castanea''

==Starlings and rhabdornis==
[[File:Starling bird (India, 2012).jpg|thumb|right|[[Southern hill myna]], [[Biligiriranga Hills]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sturnidae]]

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

*[[Common hill myna]], ''Gracula religiosa''
*[[Southern hill myna]], ''Gracula indica''
*[[Jungle myna]], ''Acridotheres fuscus''
*[[Common myna]], ''Acridotheres tristis''
*[[Daurian starling]], ''Agropsar sturninus'' (A)
*[[Chestnut-tailed starling]], ''Sturnia malabarica''
*[[Malabar starling]], ''Sturnia blythii''
*[[Brahminy starling]], ''Sturnia pagodarum''
*[[Rosy starling]], ''Pastor roseus''
*[[Common starling]], ''Sturnus vulgaris''

==Thrushes==
[[File:Indian Blackbird.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indian blackbird]], [[Ooty]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turdidae]]

The [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

*[[Pied thrush]], ''Geokichla wardii''
*[[Orange-headed thrush]], ''Geokichla citrina''
*[[Scaly thrush]], ''Zoothera dauma''
*[[Nilgiri thrush]], ''Zoothera neilgherriensis''
*[[Indian blackbird]], ''Turdus simillimus''
*[[Eyebrowed thrush]], ''Turdus obscurus''

==Chats and Old World flycatchers==
[[File:Female-magpie-robin-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oriental magpie-robin]] in [[Kannur]], Kerala]]
[[File:Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata.JPG|thumb|Indian robin female in Mayannur, Thrissur]]
[[File:PiedBushchat.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[pied bushchat]] at [[Ooty]]]]

Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Muscicapidae]]

The chats and Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied; some have weak songs and harsh calls, but others are among the most noted songsters of all birds.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Indian robin]], ''Copsychus fulicatus''
*[[Oriental magpie-robin]], ''Copsychus saularis''
*[[White-rumped shama]], ''Copsychus malabaricus''
*[[Asian brown flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa dauurica''
*[[Brown-breasted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa muttui''
*[[White-bellied blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis pallipes''
*[[Tickell's blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis tickelliae''
*[[Blue-throated blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis rubeculoides''
*[[Blue-and-white flycatcher]], ''Cyanoptila cyanomelana'' (A)
*[[Verditer flycatcher]], ''Eumyias thalassinus''
*[[Nilgiri flycatcher]], ''Eumyias albicaudatus''
*[[Indian blue robin]], ''Larvivora brunnea''
*[[Bluethroat]], ''Luscinia svecica''
*[[Nilgiri blue robin]], ''Sholicola major''
*[[White-bellied blue robin]], ''Sholicola albiventris''
*[[Malabar whistling thrush]], ''Myophonus horsfieldii''
*[[Yellow-rumped flycatcher]], ''Ficedula zanthopygia''
*[[Ultramarine flycatcher]], ''Ficedula superciliaris'' <ref>{{cite journal| year=2016| title=Ultramarine Flycatcher ''Ficedula superciliaris'' at Santhigiri, near Kumily, Idukki District, Kerala, India| author=George, P. J| journal=Indian Birds|volume=11| issue=3| pages=81–82}}</ref> (A)
*[[Rusty-tailed flycatcher]], ''Ficedula ruficauda''
*[[Taiga flycatcher]], ''Ficedula albicilla''<ref name=addchecklist/>
*[[Red-breasted flycatcher]], ''Ficedula parva'' (A)
*[[Kashmir flycatcher]], ''Ficedula subrubra''
*[[Black-and-orange flycatcher]], ''Ficedula nigrorufa''
*[[Black redstart]], ''Phoenicurus ochruros''
*[[Common rock thrush]], ''Monticola saxatilis''<ref>{{cite journal| year=2016| title=More records of Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush ''Monticola saxatilis'' from southern, and western India| author1=Balar, R. B.| author2=Saikia, P. J.| author3=Goswami, V. P.| author4=Prasanth, Kumar S. R. P.| journal=Indian Birds|volume=12| issue=4&5| pages=141–144}}</ref> (A)
*[[Blue rock thrush]], ''Monticola solitarius''
*[[Blue-capped rock thrush]], ''Monticola cinclorhyncha''
*[[Siberian stonechat]], ''Saxicola maurus''
*[[Pied bush chat]], ''Saxicola caprata''
*[[Northern wheatear]], ''Oenanthe oenanthe''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Damle, S |author2=Inskipp, T. |year=2014| title=Sighting of Northern Wheatear ''Oenanthe oenanthe'' from the Nubra Valley, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, and a review of previous records from the Indian Subcontinent| journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=5&6|pages=139–141}}</ref> (A)
*[[Isabelline wheatear]], ''Oenanthe isabellina''
*[[Desert wheatear]], ''Oenanthe deserti''
*[[Pied wheatear]], ''Oenanthe pleschanka'' <ref>{{cite journal|author=Reghuvaran, P. |year=2016 |title=Pied Wheatear ''Oenanthe pleschanka'' at Bekal Fort, Kasaragod, Kerala | journal=Indian Birds|volume=12|issue=1|pages=18–19}}</ref> (A)
*[[Variable wheatear]], ''Oenanthe picata''
{{colend}}

==Leafbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Chloropseidae]]

The leafbirds are small, [[bulbul]]-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.

*[[Jerdon's leafbird]], ''Chloropsis jerdoni''
*[[Golden-fronted leafbird]], ''Chloropsis aurifrons''

==Flowerpeckers==
[[File:Dicaeum concolor.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nilgiri flowerpecker]] in Thattekad]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicaeidae]]

The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.

*[[Thick-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum agile''
*[[Pale-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum erythrorhynchos''
*[[Nilgiri flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum concolor''
*[[Plain flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum minullum''

==Sunbirds==
[[File:Little spiderhunter India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Little spiderhunter]] in Thattekad]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Nectariniidae]]

The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

*[[Purple-rumped sunbird]], ''Leptocoma zeylonica''
*[[Crimson-backed sunbird]], ''Leptocoma minima''
*[[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''
*[[Loten's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris lotenius''
*[[Little spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera longirostra''

==Old World sparrows and snowfinches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passeridae]]

[[Old World sparrow|Sparrow]]s are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

*[[House sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus''
*[[Pale rockfinch]], ''Carpospiza brachydactyla'' (A)
*[[Yellow-throated sparrow]], ''Gymnoris xanthocollis''

==Weavers and widowbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ploceidae]]

The weavers are small passerine birds related to the [[finch]]es. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.

*[[Streaked weaver]], ''Ploceus manyar''
*[[Baya weaver]], ''Ploceus philippinus''

==Waxbills, munias, and allies==
[[File:SB-munia-Sandeep.jpg|thumb|right|[[Scaly-breasted munia]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Estrildidae]]

The [[estrildidae|munias]] and allies are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and [[Australasia]]. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

*[[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica''
*[[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata''
*[[Black-throated munia]], ''Lonchura kelaarti''
*[[White-rumped munia]], ''Lonchura striata''
*[[Tricoloured munia]], ''Lonchura malacca''
*[[Red avadavat]], ''Amandava amandava''

==Wagtails and pipits==
[[File:White-browedWagtail.jpg|thumb|right|[[White-browed wagtail]]]]
[[File:Dark-HeadedWagtail.jpg|thumb|right|Grey-headed wagtail, subspecies of the [[western yellow wagtail]]]]

Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Motacillidae]]

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Forest wagtail]], ''Dendronanthus indicus''
*[[Western yellow wagtail]], ''Motacilla flava''
*[[Citrine wagtail]], ''Motacilla citreola''
*[[Grey wagtail]], ''Motacilla cinerea''
*[[White wagtail]], ''Motacilla alba''
*[[White-browed wagtail]], ''Motacilla maderaspatensis''
*[[Richard's pipit]], ''Anthus richardi''
*[[Paddyfield pipit]], ''Anthus rufulus''
*[[Blyth's pipit]], ''Anthus godlewskii''
*[[Tawny pipit]], ''Anthus campestris''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rajeevan, P. C., Biju, P. B. and Thomas, J.|year=2011| title=First record of Tawny Pipit ''Anthus campestris'' from Kerala| journal=Indian Birds|issue=6|volume=7}}</ref>
*[[Long-billed pipit]], ''Anthus similis''
*[[Tree pipit]], ''Anthus trivialis''
*[[Olive-backed pipit]], ''Anthus hodgsoni''
*[[Red-throated pipit]], ''Anthus cervinus''
*[[Nilgiri pipit]], ''Anthus nilghiriensis''
{{colend}}

==Finches and euphonias==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fringillidae]]

[[Finch]]es are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

*[[Common rosefinch]], ''Carpodacus erythrina''

==Buntings==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Emberizidae]]

The buntings are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. Species in North America formerly included in this family, mostly known as sparrows, have now been moved to a separate family [[Passerellidae]], though these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many buntings species have distinctive head patterns.

*[[Crested bunting]], ''Emberiza lathami''
*[[Grey-necked bunting]], ''Emberiza buchanani''
*[[Little bunting]], ''Emberiza pusilla'' <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eaton, J. A.|author2=Mathew, J.|year= 2016|title=Little Bunting ''Schoeniclus pusillus'' in Munnar Hills, Kerala|journal=Indian Birds|volume=12|issue=1|pages=17–18}}</ref> (A)
*[[Yellow-breasted bunting]], ''Emberiza aureola''
*[[Black-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza melanocephala''
*[[Red-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza bruniceps''

==See also==
* [[Lists of birds by region]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal|author= Davison, William |year=1883| title= Notes on some birds collected on the Nilghiris and in parts of Wynaad and southern Mysore|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=10|pages=329–419| url= https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou101887hume#page/n358/mode/1up}}
* {{cite journal|author=Hume, A O|authorlink=Allan Octavian Hume|year=1876| title=A first list of the birds of the Travancore hills|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=4|pages= 351–405|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou41876hume#page/351/mode/1up/}}
*{{cite journal|author= Hume, AO |year=1878|title= A second list of the birds of southern Travancore|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=7|pages=33–39| url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou71878hume#page/33/mode/1up/}}
* Gjershaug, J. O.; Diserud, O. H.; [[Pamela C. Rasmussen|Rasmussen, P. C.]] & [[Deepal Warakagoda|Warakagoda, D.]] (2008) "[http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01792p066.pdf An overlooked threatened species of eagle: Legge's Hawk Eagle ''Nisaetus kelaarti'' (Aves: Accipitriformes)]" (PDF) ''Zootaxa'' '''1792''': 54–66
*{{cite journal|title=Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk-eagles of the genus ''Spizaetus'' (Aves, Accipitridae) – phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers|author1=E. Haring |author2=K. Kvaløy |author3=J.-O. Gjershaug |author4=N. Røv |author5=A. Gamauf |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |year=2007|volume=45|issue=4|pages=353–365|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00410.x}}
*{{cite journal|title=A checklist of birds of Kerala, India|author=Praveen, J.|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|year=2015|volume=7|issue=13|pages=7983–8009|doi=10.11609/jott.2001.7.13.7983-8009|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2015/November/o4305-200117xi157983-8009.pdf|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book | last = Rasmussen | first = Pamela C. |author2=J. C. Anderton | year = 2005 | title = Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | publisher = Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}
*{{cite book | title=Birds of the World: A Checklist | first= James F. | last = Clements | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-934797-16-1 | pages = 880}}
*{{cite book | title=Birds of Kerala: Status and Distribution | first= Sashikumar | last = C. |author2=Praveen J |author3=Muhamed Jafer Palot |author4=P O Nameer | publisher = DC Books, Kottayam | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-81-264-2921-9 | pages = 835}}

{{Birds of India}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Kerala fauna-related lists|Birds]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|Birds of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of birds of India|Kerala]]

Federal Bank

2026-02-23T14:40:11Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{short description|Indian bank}}
{{distinguish|Federal Reserve Bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Federal Bank Limited
| logo = Federal bank.logo.svg
| image = Federal bank head office aluva.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = Federal Bank HO
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Aluva]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|FEDERALBNK}} {{BSE|500469}} {{LSE|FEDS}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| founder = [[K. P. Hormis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Bank Founder|url=http://www.federalbank.co.in/our-founder|publisher=Federal Bank|access-date=2023-09-02|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326085346/https://www.federalbank.co.in/our-founder|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Unbulleted list|{{Start date and age|1931|04|23|df=yes}} (as Travancore Federal Bank) at [[Nedumpuram]], [[Thiruvalla]]|{{Start date and age|1949|12|02|df=yes}} (as Federal Bank)}}
| num_locations = 1,589 branches
| num_locations_year = 2025
| location = [[Aluva]],
[[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]], India
| key_people = KVS Manian {{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[CEO]])}}
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Retail Banking]]|[[Wholesale Banking]]|[[Financial services|Finance and Insurance]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s|[[Wealth management]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Credit cards]]|[[Debit cards]]}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|32030.25|c}} (2024-25)<ref name="Annual">[https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/88960bed-cd92-4fca-8b92-df436c12c822.pdf "Federal Bank Limited Annual Report"] https://www.bseindia.com .</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|6101.13|c}} (2024-25)<ref name="Annual" />
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4051.89|c}} (2024-25)<ref name="Annual" />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|349004.80|c}} (2024-25)<ref name="Annual" />
| num_employees = 16,111 (2024-25)<ref name="Annual" />
| ratio = 16.40% (2024-25)<ref name="Annual" />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.federal.bank.in|federal.bank.in}}
}}

'''Federal Bank''' is an Indian private sector bank headquartered in [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/groww-in-talks-with-federal-bank-for-neo-banking-vertical-8243021.html|title=Groww in talks with Federal Bank for neo-banking vertical}}</ref> The bank has 1588+ banking outlets and, 2079+ ATMs/ CDMS spread across different states in [[India]] and overseas representative offices at [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]].<ref name="Annual" />

With a customer base of over 19 million,<ref name="Annual" /> and a large network of remittance partners around the world, Federal Bank handles more than one fifth of India's total personal inward remittances, approximately. The bank has remittance arrangements with more than 110 banks and exchange companies around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/federal-bank-installs-100-kwp-solar-plant-at-aluva-office |title=Federal Bank installs 100 KWp solar plant at Aluva office |website=adda247.com |date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-09-02}}</ref> The bank is also listed in the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and [[London Stock Exchange]] and has a branch in India's first International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) at the [[GIFT City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Bank IFSC Banking Unit (IBU), GIFT City|url=http://www.federalbank.co.in//ibu-gift-citye}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
The Federal Bank Limited (the erstwhile Travancore Federal Bank Limited) was incorporated with an authorised capital of {{INR|5000}} at [[Nedumpuram]], a place near [[Thiruvalla]] in Central Travancore on 23 April 1931 under the Travancore Companies Act. It started business of auction-chitty and other banking transactions connected with agriculture and industry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Kalarickal P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1gWAQAAMAAJ&q=auction-chitty |title=Hormis: Legend of a Great Banker with Passion for Development : Biography of K.P. Hormis, Founder of Federal Bank |date=2005 |publisher=D.C. Books |isbn=978-81-264-1117-7 |language=en}}</ref>

The bank was named Federal Bank Limited on 2 December 1949, after completing the formalities of [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]]. It is considered as one of the major Indian commercial banks in the private sector having more than thousand branches and ATMs spread across different States in India. Between 1963 and 1970, Federal Bank took over Chalakudy Public Bank (est. 20 July 1929 in [[Chalakudy]]), Cochin Union Bank (est. 1963) in [[Thrissur]], Alleppey Bank (est. 1964; [[Alappuzha]]), St. George Union Bank (est. 1965) in Puthenpally, and Marthandam Commercial Bank (est. 1968) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The bank launched its initial public offering in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Bank's first IPO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/federal-bank-3709.html}}</ref> The bank became a Scheduled Commercial Bank in 1970, which also coincided with the Silver Jubilee Year, since the bank commenced its operation in [[Aluva]].

In January 2008, Federal Bank opened its first overseas representative office in [[Abu Dhabi]]. In November 2016, Federal Bank opened its second [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] representative office, in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Rep Office |date=14 November 2016 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/federal-bank-to-open-its-first-overseas-branch-in-dubai/article9344179.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Bank to expand overseas footprints|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/federal-bank-to-expand-overseas-footprints}}</ref>

== Subsidiary companies ==
*Federal Operations and Services Limited (Fedserv) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fed Serv:We aim for quality because only perfect quality can give perfect satisfaction.. |url=http://www.fedserv.co.in/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.fedserv.co.in |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020646/http://fedserv.co.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a wholly owned subsidiary company of The Federal Bank Ltd, registered under Companies Act, 2013 on 26 October 2018. The company operates from Kakkanad, Kerala, Indore and Vishakhapatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fedserv |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/fedserv-launches-operations-in-vizag/article29292568.ece}}</ref>
*Fedbank Financial Services Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fedfina – Financial Institution for Gold loan, Home loans, Business & LAP online |url=https://fedfina.com/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=fedfina.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> – Fedfina is the non-banking financial arm of Federal Bank <ref>{{cite web |title=FedFina |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=117733}}</ref>

== Associate companies ==
*Ageas Federal Life Insurance Company Limited <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ageas Federal Life Insurance – Life Insurance Plans in India |url=https://www.ageasfederal.com/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.ageasfederal.com}}</ref> - Ageas Federal is a joint venture between Ageas Insurance International NV, a multinational insurance giant based out of Europe and Federal Bank. Federal Banks holds 26% stake in the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ageas Federal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/idbi-federal-life-insurance-renamed-as-ageas-federal-life-insurance-after-stake-sale-6291071.html}}</ref>
*Equirus Capital Private Limited <ref>{{Cite web |title=Equirus Capital {{!}} Best Financial Services in India |url=https://www.equirus.com/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.equirus.com}}</ref> - Federal Banks holds 19.79% stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Equirus Capital |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 February 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/equirus-capital-eyes-double-digit-growth/article33832079.ece |last1=Mishra |first1=Lalatendu }}</ref>

==Board of Directors==
Current Board of Directors<ref>{{cite web|title=The Federal Bank Key Personnel|url=http://www.federalbank.co.in/key-personnel|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003231715/http://www.federalbank.co.in/key-personnel|url-status=dead}}</ref> are:
* [[A. P. Hota]] – Chairman and Independent Director
* KVS Manian - Managing Director and CEO
* Siddhartha Sengupta - Director
* Manoj Fadnis - Director
* Sudarshan Sen - Director
* Varsha Purandare - Director
* Sankarshan Basu - Director
* Ramanand Mundkur - Director
* Elias George - Additional Director (Independent)
* Harsh Dugar - Executive Director

==Corporate Social Responsibility==
Federal Bank has instituted a public charitable trust by name Federal Bank Hormis Memorial Foundation <ref name="federalbank.co.in">{{Cite web |title=Fedbank Hormis Memorial Foundation {{!}} Federal Bank {{!}} India |url=https://www.federalbank.co.in/fedbank-hormis-memorial-foundation |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.federalbank.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref> to perpetuate the fond memory of late [[K. P. Hormis]], the founder of the bank. The trust is striving hard to inculcate in people better knowledge and awareness in the field of banking through training programmes, focused seminars, awards and so on. The trust and its activities were inaugurated by the then Union Finance Minister Shri. [[P. Chidambaram]] at [[Ernakulam]] on 18.10.1996.

For Federal Bank, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been an inherited and inbuilt element of its culture from the day the bank was founded. The founder's values and ethos based on trust got embedded in the bank's policies and principles which reflect on its day-to-day business. CSR in Federal Bank began with the first act of cultivating banking habits in an agrarian society - to effectively utilise idle money for productive purposes.

* Sanjeevani <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeevani – United against Cancer |url=https://www.federalbank.co.in/sanjeevani-united-against-cancer |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.federalbank.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
In October 2023, Federal Bank Hormis Memorial Foundation, News 18 Network, and Tata Trusts unveiled ‘Sanjeevani- United against Cancer’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjeevani 2023 |date=27 September 2023 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/news18-sanjeevani-cancer-initiative-tata-trusts-federal-bank-hormis-mansukh-mandaviya-lisa-ray-17890411.htm}}</ref> ‘Sanjeevani’ mission is to build awareness, encourage screening and testing for Cancer. Through this initiative, the bank aims to raise awareness of the prevention of cancer, helping individuals fight the social stigma associated with the disease and the hesitation to opt for early detection and diagnosis.

In April 2021, News18 and Federal Bank Hormis Memorial Foundation partnered to uplift societal health through its reach across the country through 'Sanjeevani – A Shot Of Life',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeevani |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/sanjeevani |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref> India's largest private vaccination drive to boost COVID-19 vaccine awareness. The bank led the campaign across 1000 villages of 5 districts of 5 different states touching more than 24 Lakh lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjeevani 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=7 April 2021 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sanjeevani-a-shot-of-life-network18-and-federal-banks-drive-to-raise-awareness-about-covid-19-vaccination-9500581.html}}</ref>

* Federal Skill Academy <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://www.federalbank.co.in/documents/10180/444236001/Federal%20Bank%20empowers%20women%20through%20its%20skill%20academy-%20Second%20batch%20of%20tailoring%20program%20commences |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref> - The Federal Skill Academy (FSA) is a part of the Federal Bank Hormis Memorial Foundation's CSR initiative, aiming to contribute significantly to India's skilling ecosystem. The bank initiated the launch of its 5th and 6th Skill Academy in Chennai and Belagavi in October 2023. The existing 4 centres are in Kochi, Coimbatore, Faridabad and Kolhapur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Skill Academy |url=https://www.newsexperts.in/federal-bank-offers-free-skill-development-course-to-girls-in-wayanad/}}</ref>
* Federal Bank Hormis Memorial Foundation Scholarship <ref name="federalbank.co.in"/> – The bank has been offering scholarships since 2005 every year to deserving and needy students to pursue professional courses such as MBBS, Engineering, B Sc. Nursing, MBA, Agriculture (B.Sc) including BSc (Hons) Cooperation and Banking with Agricultural Sciences conducted by Agriculture Universities under this foundation.
* Speak for India <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speak for India Edition 2023-24 |url=https://speakforindia.com/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=speakforindia.com}}</ref> is another positive change in the realm of education, providing the youth of the country the biggest debating platform to voice their opinions. Over 2 Lakh students have benefitted from the same since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speak For India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 March 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/speak-for-india-tamil-nadu-finals-is-here/articleshow/99020782.cms}}</ref>
* Mission Mookkannoor <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-19 |title=Federal Bank backs Mookkannoor to become India's cleanest pin-code on Founders' day |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/federal-bank-backs-mookkannoor-to-become-indias-cleanest-pin-code-on-founders-day/article67434231.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> - Federal Bank has inaugurated a very significant initiative - Mookkannoor Mission under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. This initiative aims to transform the birthplace of the Founder Shri K P Hormis, into a clean and green village.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mookkannoor Mission |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/federal-bank-adopts-mookkannoor-village-in-ernakulam/article67434800.ece}}</ref>

==Recent awards and recognition==
* Fortune India ranked Federal Bank among the Top 50 Future Ready Employers of India 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Fortune |date=2025-03-24 |title=Future-ready workplaces: Where only the best rise and the rest fall behind |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/future-ready-workplaces-where-only-the-best-rise-and-the-restfallbehind/121156 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>
* Feddy, the AI chat bot of the Bank, won the SKOCH Silver Award for its innovative feature - Conversational Banking at the 100th [https://summit.skoch.in/ SKOCH Summit].
* Federal Bank awarded the Best CSR Project – Health (Large Enterprises Category) for 'Sanjeevani' programme at the KMA Green Palm Sustainability Summit 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeevani – United against Cancer |url=https://www.federal.bank.in/sanjeevani-united-against-cancer |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Federal Bank |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Federal Bank's innovative product Flash Pay Smart Keychain bagged the Best Payment Experience Award at the 11th Edition Payments Reloaded Industry Awards 2024.
* Federal Bank bagged the Gender Equality Champion Award at the Bombay Chamber's Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Awards 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Bombay Chamber DEI Awards 2024 - Bombay Chamber |url=https://bombaychamber.com/event/diversity-equity-inclusion-dei-awards-2024/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Federal Bank is recognised as ‘ESG Champions of India 2024’ in the Commercial Banks sector at the Dun & Bradstreet ESG Leadership Summit 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESG Champions of India 2024 |url=https://www.dnb.co.in/events/esg/default.aspx#awards|access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.dnb.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
*Federal Bank won the 'Best Bank in AI & ML Adoption' and the 'Best Bank for Financial Inclusion' at the 20th Annual IBA Technology Awards 2024. The Bank is also a runner-up in the category 'Digital Sales, Payments and Engagement' <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBA Award 2022-23 |url=https://www.iba.org.in/citations2023/index.html#awd_cate|access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.iba.org.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Federal Bank is the winner of 'Best Bank in Fintech Initiative' at the Business Today Banking & Economy Summit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBA Award 2022-23 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/banking-economy-summit|access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.businesstoday.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Federal Bank tops IFC Climate Reporting 2023 charts in four categories. IFC has declared *Federal Bank among Top Financial Institutions for Climate Reporting in 2023.
* Federal Bank is in the Top 30 Future Ready Workplaces of India Inc. by Fortune India, curated in partnership with CIEL HR
* Federal Bank is declared as 'Bank Of The Year 2023' in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of the Year Awards 2023 — Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.thebanker.com/Bank-of-the-Year-Awards-2023-Asia-Pacific-1701385837 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.thebanker.com |language=en}}</ref> instituted by [[The Banker]]
* Federal Bank has topped IFC Climate Reporting 2023 charts in four categories<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFC Announces Top Financial Institutions for Climate Reporting in 2023 |url=https://ifcpressreleasesprod.aseprod.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=27894 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=IFC}}</ref>
* Federal Bank is the only India based company to feature among India's Best Workplaces™ for Women 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=GPTW 2023 | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/10/03/dcm22-federal-bank.html#:~:text=Federal%20Bank%20Recognised%20Among%20India's%20Top%2010%20Best%20Workplaces%20for%20Women,-PTI%20Updated%3A%20October&text=MUMBAI%2C%20India%2C%20Oct.,Great%20Place%20to%20Work%C2%AE.}}</ref> The bank was also featured among India's Best Workplaces™ for Millennials 2023 and recognised as the only Commercial Bank in India by Great Place To Work® for building a culture of innovation for all.
* Federal Bank received ‘GOLD’ rating by Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) for Federal Bank Mount Road Branch and Office Premises functioning at Akshaya Shanti and for Federal Bank Thrissur/ Main Branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGBC Green New Buildings |url=https://igbc.in/igbc-green-new-buildings.php |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref>
* Federal Bank won the Silver Shield in the ICAI Award in Category II(A)<ref>{{cite web |title=ICAI 2023 |url=https://www.icai.org/post/icai-recognises-best-presented-accounts-and-research-to-support-esg}}</ref> for Financial Reporting for the year ended March 31, 2022. Became the winner for the second consecutive year for an award in this category, having won the Plaque in the previous year
* Federal Bank was awarded the Certificate of Achievement by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a World Bank Group in recognition of Climate Financing Leadership in the South Asia Region (CSA) during FY 22 for having disbursed 332.9 million USD, making it the largest amount of climate loans disbursed <ref>{{cite web |title=IFC 2023 |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Federal-Bank-Disburses-Largest-Amount-Of-Climate-Loan/08-02-2023-464900}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[Make in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Banks based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Neobanks]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Federal Bank| ]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1931]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

== External links ==
{{Official website|federal.bank.in}}

Shaka Laka Boom Boom

2026-02-23T01:09:02Z

MarisaBlackwelde: improve references additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Television Series}}
{{About|the television show|the [[Brianna Perry|Brianna]] and [[Flo Rida]] song|Boom Shacka|the 2007 Bollywood film|Shakalaka Boom Boom}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shaka Laka Boom Boom, Poster.png
| image_size = 250
| image_alt = "Poster of TV Show: Shaka Laka Boom Boom"
| caption =
| genre = [[Fantasy]] [[Adventure film|Adventure]] [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| editor = Manish Mistry
| writer = [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
| director = [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
| starring = Kinshuk Vaidya [[Hansika Motwani]] [[Madhur Mittal]] [[Shehzad Khan]]
| open_theme = "Shaka Laka Boom Boom" by [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| country = India
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 491
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[UTV Software Communications]] (2000–2004) Rose Audio Visuals (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/july/july220.htm|title=Star Plus switching production on two UTV shows|date=July 26, 2003|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122145017/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/july/july220.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| network = [[DD National]]
| network2 = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2000|10|15|df=y}}<ref name=Hin/>
| last_aired = {{End date|2001|5|6|df=y}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|2002|8|19|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/aug/augtube22.htm|title=Star woos young ones with 'Shaka Laka Boom Boom'|date=August 19, 2002|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223232225/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/aug/augtube22.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| last_aired2 = {{End date|2004|10|10|df=y}}
}}

'''''Shaka Laka Boom Boom''''' is an Indian [[children's fantasy]] [[Adventure fiction|adventure]] television series. It was written and directed by [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/writer/victor.htm|title="Indians laugh at institutions, or at stereotypes. A comedy writer should tap into that feature": Vijay Krishna Acharya|date=September 19, 2003|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001215647/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/writer/victor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Merchandise based on the series were also launched in markets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/This-magic-pencil-creates-a-lot-of-dhoom/articleshow/33613071.cms|title=This magic pencil creates a lot of dhoom |website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2003 |access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114083716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/this-magic-pencil-creates-a-lot-of-dhoom/articleshow/33613071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Sanju is an ordinary, courageous and compassionate boy. One day, he discovers a magical [[pencil]] imbued with the power to bring to life the sketches it creates.

As Sanju begins to grasp the abilities of the magical pencil, he inadvertently draws the attention of a gang of thieves, led by a criminal named Tiger. Assisting Tiger is a magician named Kalicharan who wants the pencil for its limitless potential.

Throughout the first season, Sanju uses the enchanted pencil to help his friends while Tiger and his followers continue their pursuit of it, sometimes almost succeeding, only to be foiled by Sanju's quick thinking. Later, Sanju sacrifices the magical pencil to save the world.

The second season centres on an alien, Shaan, and his adventures with the magical pencil.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov187.htm|title=UTV has big hopes on revamped 'Shakalaka Boom Boom'|date=24 November 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129035322/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov187.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The third season focuses on Sanju and Shaan attending a magic school called Jadoo High. In the fourth season, Sanju travels to the year 2022 to protect his future family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep185.htm|title=Star Plus's 'SLBB' makes a decade shift (2022)|date=16 September 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126044819/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep185.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Vishal Solanki as Sanju (2000–2001)<ref name=Hin/>
** [[Kinshuk Vaidya]] as Sanju (2002–2004)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49091263.cms|title='Shakalaka Boom Boom' cast: Then & Now|date=24 September 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49091263.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Rahul Joshi as Shaan/Neeraj's sidekick
* Kalyani Nerurkar as Zoya/Nito
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Karuna<ref name="auto"/>/Shona<ref name="auto1"/>
* Frank Anthony as Chandu
* Sainee Raj as Ritu<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Reema Vohra]] as Sanjana<ref name="auto"/>
* Adnan Jp as Mr. Jagoo<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Madhur Mittal]] as Tito<ref name="auto"/>
* Nikhil Yadav as Partho / Poisdon
* [[Mamik Singh]] / [[Rushad Rana]] as Adult Sanju / Sandros
* Tanvi Hegde as Fruity
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Raj: Sanju's father (2000–2001)
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Sanju's mother (2000–2001)
* [[Lata Sabharwal]] as Sanju's Mother
* [[Ashiesh Roy]] as Partho's father
* [[Aditya Kapadia]] as Jhumru<ref name="auto"/>
* Pallavi Rao as Karuna Maami
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Lalita
* [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Kitty (2003–2004)
* [[Romit Raaj]] as Karan (2003)
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as Piya (2003)
* [[Chahatt Khanna]] as Simple (Ex) / Jay Rani
* [[Tanmay Jahagirdar]] as Sunny
* [[Ishita Sharma]] as Simple
* Ronak Kotecha as Silly Point
* [[Mehul]] as Short Leg
* [[KK Goswami]] as Crystal
* [[Shehzad Khan]] as Tiger
* [[Sachin Singh]] as Monu
* Jagesh Mukati as Mangu
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Colonel K.K. aka K.K. Uncle
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as School Principal
* Jarrar Choudhry as Inspector Abhinav
* Ankit Shah as Sanju's cousin Sumit
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Ajit Bhalla
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as Acharya Odin,Principal of Jadoo High

==Broadcasting==
The first season aired on [[DD National]] on 15 October 2000,<ref name=Hin>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/10/16/stories/101644a7.htm|title=Relief for parents|date=October 16, 2000|access-date=December 21, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805211331/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/10/16/stories/101644a7.htm|archive-date=5 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the show was later moved to [[Star Plus]] for subsequent seasons. The Star Plus run began on 19 August 2002 and cast Kinshuk Vaidya as Sanju.<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/director/sameer.htm An Interview with Sameer Kulkarni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203082539/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/director/sameer.htm |date=3 December 2013 }}. IndianTelevision. 15 November 2001</ref> The series was rerun several times on [[Star Utsav]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k5/nov/novrel23.htm|title=Star Utsav spells magic this Children's Day|date=November 8, 2005|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104409/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k5/nov/novrel23.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel India]], [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|STAR One]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://app.indya.com/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starone|title=STAR - Programme Guide|date=17 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017144952/http://app.indya.com/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starone|archive-date=17 October 2008|access-date=26 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Super Hungama|Disney XD]] and [[Hungama TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm|title=Hungama TV COO Zarina Mehta|work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=May 27, 2006|access-date=December 21, 2017|archive-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116120551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The show was dubbed into Tamil for [[Vijay TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/vijay1.htm|title=Vijay TV scripts a turnaround tale|date=30 April 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304023559/https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/vijay1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3676882}}
{{Children television series in India}}
{{SP Shows}}

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[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
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Early Indian epigraphy

2026-02-12T08:10:03Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|History of South Asian writing systems}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Ashoka Lauriya Areraj inscription.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] in the [[Brahmi script]], in [[Lauriya Araraj]], [[Bihar]], 3rd Century BC. ]]
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription from [[Mangulam]], dated to 3rd century BCE by [[Iravatham Mahadevan]]<ref>{{cite book|author=John D. Bengtson|title=In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : in Honor of Harold Crane Fleming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C&pg=PA427|year=2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-3252-6|pages=427–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRxJDwAAQBAJ&q=Mangulam+3rd+century&pg=PA43 | title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation | publisher=Springer |author=R. Umamaheshwari | year=2018| isbn=978-81-322-3756-3| page = 43}}</ref>]]
[[File:Peravatan 's Tamil Silver Ring 1st Century BCE.jpg|thumb|1st Century BCE. Silver Ring From [[Karur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] with Personal Name "Peravatan" in [[Tamil script|Tamil]] script]]
[[File:రాజా కుబిరకుని భట్టిప్రోలు ధాతుపేటిక శాసనం ౧.png|thumb|Prakrit stone inscription excavated at [[Bhattiprolu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] date to between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&q=bhattiprolu&pg=PA791|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide|editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|date=2016-05-24|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-042330-3|language=en}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Kanheri-brahmi.jpg|thumb|[[Gupta script]] from [[Kanheri Caves]]]]
[[Image:Vatteluttu 6th century.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions in [[Vatteluttu]] script on Red ware Potteries (6th Century CE), Boluvampatti, [[Coimbatore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
[[File:8th century Kannada inscription on victory pillar at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|Badami [[Chalukya]] pillar inscription in Old Kannada, Virupaksha Temple, 745 CE, [[Pattadakal]]]]

The earliest deciphered [[epigraphy]] found in the [[Indian subcontinent]] that are accepted by scholarly consensus are the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] of the 3rd century BCE, in the [[Brahmi script]].

If epigraphy of [[proto-writing]] is included, undeciphered markings with symbol systems that may or may not contain linguistic information,
there is substantially older epigraphy in the [[Indus script]], which dates back to the mid 4th millennium BCE. Two other important archeological classes of symbols are found from the 1st millennium BCE, [[Megalithic graffiti symbols]] and symbols on [[punch-marked coins]], though most scholars do not consider these to constitute fully linguistic scripts, and their [[semiotic]] functions are not well understood.

Writing in [[Sanskrit]] ([[Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit]], EHS) appears in the 1st to 4th centuries CE.<ref>Salomon (1998), p. 81.</ref>
Indian epigraphy becomes more widespread over the 1st millennium, engraved on the faces of cliffs, on pillars, on tablets of stone, drawn in caves and on rocks, some gouged into the bedrock. Later they were also inscribed on palm leaves, coins, [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]], and on temple walls.

Many of the inscriptions are couched in extravagant language, but when the information gained from inscriptions can be corroborated with information from other sources such as still existing monuments or ruins, inscriptions provide insight into India's dynastic history that otherwise lacks contemporary historical records.<ref name="keay">{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| year =2000
| location =New York
| pages = xx – xxi
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0}}</ref>

Of the c. 100,000 inscriptions found by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], about 60,000 were in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <ref>{{cite news |title= Students get glimpse of heritage |url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060518064346/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 May 2006 |author= Staff Reporter |date = 22 November 2005 |access-date= 2007-04-26 |work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>, about 30,000 to 35,000 were in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], and around 14,000 inscriptions were in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. This makes [[Tamil language|Tamil]] the most densely inscribed language in the country.

==First appearance of writing in the Indian Subcontinent==
{{further|Sanskrit epigraphy|Brahmi script|Tamil-Brahmi}}

The Bronze Age [[Indus script]] remains undeciphered and may not actually represent a writing system. Hence, the earliest writing in the Indian subcontinent that is widely accepted by scholarly consensus is the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], dated to approximately 250 BCE.<ref>Colin P. Masica, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys)'', Cambridge University Press, 1993.</ref> Several inscriptions were thought to be pre-Ashokan by earlier scholars; these include the [[Tamil-Brahmi]], [[Piprahwa]] relic casket inscription, the [[Barli inscription|Badli pillar inscription]], the [[Bhattiprolu]] relic casket inscription, the [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]], the [[Mahasthangarh]] Brahmi inscription, the [[Eran]] coin legend, the [[Taxila]] coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of [[Sophytes]]. However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dilip K. Chakrabarty |title=India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT356 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press India |isbn=978-0-19-908814-0 |pages=355–356}}</ref>

Until the 1990s, it was generally accepted that the [[Brahmi script]] used by Ashoka spread to South India during the second half of the 3rd century BCE, assuming a local form now known as [[Tamil-Brahmi]]. Beginning in the late 1990s, archaeological excavations have produced a small number of candidates for Brahmi epigraphy predating Ashoka. Preliminary press reports of such pre-Ashokan inscriptions have appeared over the years, such as Tamil Inscriptions from [[Sivagalai#Archaeological site|Sivagalai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fresh scientific dates push origin of Tamili script by a century |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/fresh-scientific-dates-push-origin-of-tamili-script-by-a-century-2-3048845 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Palani]],<ref name="Poruthal 2">{{cite news |last=Kishore |first=Kavitha |date=15 October 2011 |title=Porunthal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2538550.ece |access-date=17 October 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Porunthal 3">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/porunthal-excavations-prove-existence-of-indian-scripts-in-5th-century-bc-expert/article2538550.ece Porunthal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert]</ref> [[Erode]],<ref name="Kodumanal 4">{{cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=T.S. |date=20 May 2013 |title=Kodumanal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BCE: expert |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kodumanal-reveals-more-hidden-gems/article4731632.ece |access-date=20 May 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and [[Adichanallur]],<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2005 |title=Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012142602/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm |archive-date=12 October 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> dated to c. 685-500 BCE, but so far only the claimed pre-Ashokan inscriptions at [[Anuradhapura]] have been published in an internationally recognised academic journal.<ref name="Anuradhapura2">{{Citation |last1=Coningham |first1=R.A.E. |title=Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script |journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |volume=6 |number=1 |pages=73–97 |year=1996 |doi=10.1017/S0959774300001608 |s2cid=161465267 |last2=Allchin |first2=F.R. |last3=Batt |first3=C.M. |last4=Lucy |first4=D.}}</ref>

==History and research==
Since 1886 there have been systematic attempts to collect and catalogue these inscriptions, along with the translation and publication of documents.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/
|title=Indian inscriptions
|access-date=2007-03-10
}}</ref> Inscriptions are in the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]. Royal inscriptions were also engraved on copper-plates as were the Indian copper plate inscriptions. The Edicts of Ashoka contain Brahmi script and its regional variant, was an early script used in the inscriptions in cave walls of [[Tamil Nadu]] and later evolved into the Tamil [[Vatteluttu alphabet]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2007/stories/20030411001208100.htm
|title= Orality to literacy: Transition in Early Tamil Society
|publisher=Frontline
|access-date=2007-03-10
}}</ref> The [[Bhattiprolu alphabet]], as well as a variant of Brahmi, the [[Kadamba alphabet]], of the early centuries BCE gave rise to the [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]], which developed into the Kannada and [[Telugu script]]s.

==Notable inscriptions==
[[Image:6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|thumb|right|Old [[Kannada]] inscription, [[Badami]] cave temple (578 CE).]]

Important inscriptions include the [[Edicts of Ashoka|33 inscriptions of emperor Ashoka]] on the Pillars of Ashoka (272 to 231 BCE), the [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] (earliest known example of the copper plate type and generally assigned to the Mauryan period, though the exact date is uncertain),<ref>Allchin, F.R. (1995). ''The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities And States'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-37695-5}}, p.212</ref> the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of [[Kharavela]] (2nd century BCE), the [[Heliodorus pillar|Besnagar pillar inscription]] of [[Heliodorus (votive erector)|Heliodorus]], the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman|Junagadh rock inscription]] of [[Rudradaman I]] (150 CE), the [[Nasik]] cave inscriptions, the [[Rabatak inscription]], the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription of [[Samudragupta]], the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of [[Pulakesi II]] (634 CE), the [[Kannada]] [[Halmidi inscription]], and the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]]. The oldest known inscription in the [[Kannada language]], referred to as the [[Halmidi inscription]] for the tiny village of [[Halmidi]] near where it was found, consists of sixteen lines carved on a sandstone pillar and dates to 450 CE.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2003-11-24
|title= Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition
|access-date=2007-03-10
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2003-11-03
}}</ref> Reports indicate that the Nishadi Inscription.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145102/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-09-22
|title= Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription |access-date=2008-09-20
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2008-09-20}}</ref> of [[Chandragiri]] which is in [[Halegannada|Old-Kannada]] is older than Halmidi by about 50 to 100 years and may belong to c. 350 CE or c. 400 CE. {{see also|Kannada inscriptions}}

===Hathigumpha inscription===
{{Main|Hathigumpha inscription}}

[[File:Hathigumpha inscription.JPG|thumb|right|Hathigumpha inscription, [[Odisha]]]]

The Hathigumpha inscription ("Elephant Cave" inscription) from [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] near [[Bhubaneshwar]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] was written by [[Kharavela]], the king of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in [[India]] during the 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern called Hathigumpha on the southern side of the Udayagiri hill near Bhubaneswar in Orissa. It faces straight toward the rock Edicts of [[Asoka]] at [[Dhauli]] located about six miles away.

===Rabatak inscription===
{{Main|Rabatak inscription}}

The Rabatak inscription is written on a rock in the [[Bactrian language]] and [[Greek script]] and found in 1993 at the site of Rabatak, near [[Surkh Kotal]] in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] emperor [[Kanishka]] and gives remarkable clues to the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty.

===Halmidi inscription===
{{Main|Halmidi inscription}}

[[File:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG|thumb|right|Halmidi Inscription in old Kannada (c.450-500 CE). A replica at Halmidi village. The original is at the Bangalore museum]]
The [[Halmidi inscription]] is the oldest known inscription in the Kannada language. The inscription is carved on a pillar, that was discovered in the village of [[Halmidi]], a few miles from the famous temple town of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] in the [[Hassan district]] of [[Karnataka]], and is dated 450 CE. The original inscription has now been deposited in an [[archaeology|archaeological]] museum in [[Bangalore]] while a [[fibreglass]] replica has been installed at Halmidi.

===Tamil copper-plate inscriptions===
{{main|Tamil copper-plate inscriptions}}

[[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]] are mostly records of [[Land grant|grants]] of villages or plots of cultivable lands to private individuals or public institutions by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties. The grants range in date from the 10th century CE to the mid-19th century CE. A large number of them belong to the [[Cholas]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kings. These plates are valuable [[epigraphy|epigraphically]] as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India and help fill chronological gaps to connect the history of the ruling dynasties.

<gallery class="center" caption="[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Tamil Copper Plate Inscriptions at the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, [[Hoskote]]" mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates.jpg|Plate 1 and Back
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates HT-34.jpg|Plate 2<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

Unlike the neighbouring states where early inscriptions were written in Sanskrit and Prakrit, the early inscriptions in Tamil Nadu used Tamil.<ref name="caldwell1">{{cite book
|last=Caldwell
|first= Robert
|title= A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459581
|year=1875
|publisher= Trübner & co
|pages = 88
|quote = In southern states, every inscription of an early date and majority even of modern day inscriptions were written in Sanskrit...In the Tamil country, on the contrary, all the inscriptions belonging to an early period are written in Tamil with some Prakrit}}</ref> Tamil has the extant literature amongst the [[Dravidian languages]], but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India were preserved either in [[palm leaf manuscript]]s (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible.<ref>Dating of Indian literature is largely based on relative dating relying on internal evidences with a few anchors. I. Mahadevan’s dating of Pukalur inscription proves some of the Sangam verses. See George L. Hart, "Poems of Ancient Tamil, University of Berkeley Press, 1975, p.7-8</ref> External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that extant works were probably compiled sometime between the 4th century BCE and the 3rd century CE.<ref name=hart1974>George Hart, "Some Related Literary Conventions in Tamil and Indo-Aryan and Their Significance" ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 94:2 (Apr – Jun 1974), pp. 157-167.</ref><ref name=zvelebil1955>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', pp12</ref><ref name=sastry1955>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)</ref> Epigraphic attestation of Tamil begins with rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, written in [[Tamil-Brahmi]], an adapted form of the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name="ucla200bc">{{cite web
| url = http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=99&menu=004
| title = Tamil
| access-date = 2007-03-25
| work = The Language Materials Project
| publisher = UCLA International Institute, [[UCLA]]
| archive-date = 11 October 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215831/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=99&menu=004
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>Iravatham Mahadevan (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.</ref> The earliest extant literary text is the [[Tolkāppiyam]], a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, [[Date of the Tolkappiyam|dated variously]] between the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE.
{{Clear}}

===Shankarpur copper-plate of Budhagupta===
[[File:Budhagupta.jpg|thumb|Copper-plate charter of Budhagupta, dated Gupta year 168]]
The plate is a record documenting a donation in the reign of king [[Budhagupta]] (''circa'' CE 477–88) in year 168 of the Gupta era. The date is equivalent to CE 487–88. The plate was found in [[Shankarpur]], [[Sidhi District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The plate is currently stored in the Rani Durgawati Museum, [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh. The copper plate is 24 cm x 11 cm. The inscription on the plate records that in the reign of Budhagupta, a ruler named ''mahārāja'' Gītavarman, grandson of ''mahārāja'' Vijayavarman and ''mahārāja'' Harivarman son of Rānī Svaminī and ''mahārāja'' Harivarman, donated a village named Citrapalli to a Gosvāmi brāhmaṇa. The text was written by Dūtaka Rūparāja(?), son of Nāgaśarma.
[[File:Wall writings at Undavalli Caves.jpg|250px|thumb|Wall writings at Undavalli Caves]]
The inscription was published by B. C. Jain in 1977.<ref>B. C. Jain, ''Journal of the Epigraphic Society of India'' 4 (1977): pp. 62-66 and plate facing p. 64.</ref> It was subsequently listed by Madan Mohan Upadhyaya in his book ''Inscriptions of Mahakoshal''.<ref>Madan Mohan Upadhyay, ''Inscriptions of Mahakoshal : Resource for the History of Central India'' (Delhi, 2005). {{ISBN|81-7646496-1}}. Online table of contents: http://indologica.blogg.de/2005/05/14/upadhyay-inscriptions-of-mahakoshal/ {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130210125304/http://indologica.blogg.de/2005/05/14/upadhyay-inscriptions-of-mahakoshal/ |date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

The inscription is of considerable importance for the history of the [[Gupta Empire]], because it is the last known record of the later Gupta king [[Budhagupta]].<ref>[[Michael D. Willis]], "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology," ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'' 15.2 (2005), p. 142. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/2057745/Later_Gupta_History_Inscriptions_Coins_and_Historical_Ideology.</ref> Moreover, it provides a secure date for Harivarman, the first recorded king of the [[Maukhari]] dynasty according to the Asīrgarh seal.<ref>[[Michael D. Willis]], "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology," ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'' 15.2 (2005), p. 148. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/2057745/Later_Gupta_History_Inscriptions_Coins_and_Historical_Ideology.</ref>

<blockquote>siddham [||] samvatsara-ṣa(śa)te=ṣṭsa=ṣaṣṭyuta (yutta)re mahāmāgha-samvatsara(re) Śrāvaṇa ...
myāṃ paramadeva-Budhagupte rājani asyāṃ divasa-pūrvāyāṃ śrī-mahārāja-Sāṭana Sāla (or rya) na
kul-odbhūtena śrī-mahārāja [Gī]tavarman-pautreṇa śrīmahārāja-Vijayavarmma-sute[na]
mahādevyā[ṃ] Śarv asvāminyām utpanneana śri mahārāja Harivarmmaṇā asya brāhmaṇa-Kautsa-
sagotra-gosvāmina [e]tac=Citrapalya tāmu(mra)paṭṭen=āgrahāro-tisṛṣṭaḥ akaraḥ acaṭa-bhaṭṭa-pra-
veśyaḥ [|*] candra-tār-ārkka-samakālīyaḥ uktañca bhagavatā vyāsena [|*] svadattām= paradattāṃ=vā yo
hareta vasundharā(rāṃ) [|*] s(ś)va vis(ṣ)ṭhāyā(yāṃ) kṛmir=bhūtvā pitṛbhis=saha majyate [||*] bahubhirv=vasudhā
bhuktā rājabhiḥ=sagar-ādibhi (bhiḥ) [|*] yasya yasya yadā bhūmis=tasya tasya tadā phalaṃ [||*]
kumārāmatya-bhagavad-rudrachadi-bhogika-mahāpratīhāra-lavaṇaḥ bapidra-bhogika (ke) [na]
dūtaka(ke)na likhitaṃ Śrī Yaṣṭarājena Nāga(sa)śarma-su[tena] [||*]<ref>[http://indepigr.narod.ru/latergupta/content59.htm Shankarpur copper-plate of the time of Buddhagupta GE 168]</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
[[Image:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|thumb|[[Hindu scripture]] manuscript on palm-leaf, in an early [[Sanskrit]] script, 11th century.]]
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Related topics
** [[Ancient inscriptions Of Raju Rulers]]
** [[Ancient iron production]]
** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi]]
** [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]]
** [[Dhar iron pillar]]
** [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
** [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]]
** [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
** [[Stambha]]
** [[Tosham rock inscription]]
** [[Tamil inscriptions]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Early Indians]]
** [[Brāhmī script]]
** [[Heliodorus pillar]]
** [[Indus script]]
** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
** [[Hindu temple architecture]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
** [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
** [[Outline of ancient India]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
** [[Tagundaing]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Salomon, Richard, ''Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages'', Oxford University Press, 1998,{{ISBN|978-0-19-509984-3}}
* Murugaiyan, Appasamy & Parlier-Renault, Édith (2021) (Eds) [https://indica-et-buddhica.com/publications/murugaiyan-appasamy-parlier-renault-edith/whispering-of-inscriptions-south-indian-epigraphy-and-art-history Whispering of Inscriptions: South Indian Epigraphy and Art History: Papers from an International Symposium in memory of Professor Noboru Karashima (Paris, 12–13 October 2017)]. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica. (2 vols) v. 1, ISBN 978-0-473-56774-3. v. 2, ISBN 978-0-473-56777-4. (Open access PDFs)
*{{cite book |last= Various|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm Banavasi Old Kannada Inscription]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313084222/http://www.hoysalatourism.com/halmidi.htm Halmidi Inscription]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20101021044255/http://www.hinduonnet.com/lr/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300280400.htm Records and revelations]}}
*[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html Languages and Scripts of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070316133942/http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/welcome.html Webpage for Indian Coins]
*[http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/five.htm The Language of Inscriptions]
*[http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/04/inscrip.htm Inscribed lid of stone reliquary – Brahmi Script]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Early Indian Epigraphy}}
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Epigraphy]]

Ram Brahma Sanyal

2026-02-10T02:52:25Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Made basic data added tags

{{Short description|Indian zookeeper (1850–1908)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Brahma Sanyal রামব্রহ্ম সান্যাল
| image = Ram Brahma Sanyal in Mukul Patrika 1908.png
| caption = Ram Brahma Sanyal
| birth_date = 1850
| birth_place = [[Lalgola]], [[Murshidabad District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<ref name = "Bose479">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976), ''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary), {{in lang|bn}}, p 479</ref>
| death_date = 13 October 1908 (aged 58)
| death_place =
| occupation = Zoologist, animal trainer
}}

'''Ram Brahma Sanyal''' (1850 – 13 October 1908) was the first Indian superintendent of the [[Alipore Zoological Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta). He was a pioneer in captive breeding, and was one of the first [[zookeeper]]s trained as a [[biologist]]. He was a corresponding member of the [[Zoological Society of London]] and wrote a handbook on keeping and breeding animals in captivity – ''A Handbook of the Management of Animals in Captivity in Lower Bengal'' (1892) which was reviewed in the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] (4 August 1892).<ref>Walker, S.: Ram Brahma Sanyal – the first zoo biologist. Zoos' Print Journal Vol. 15, No. 5 (1999): p. 9.</ref><ref>Kisling, V.N.: Zoo history and the Sanyal legacy. Zoos' Print Vol. 14, No. 4 (1999): p. 2</ref> This was the standard handbook for zookeepers for over 50 years until [[Lee Crandall]] published ''The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity'' in 1964. His scientific methods led to the rare birth of a live [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] in 1889, an event that was not seen in captivity until 2001.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516144447/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67857073.html Rhino loses fetus], ''[[Cincinnati Post]]'', 14 November 1997 ([[Cincinnati Zoo]] recorded the next live birth in 2001)</ref><ref>[http://www.sosrhino.org/news/birth1889.php Transcript] of R. B. Sanyal interview at [[SOS Rhino]]</ref><ref>Staff reporter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516144503/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78474443.html A big, beautiful baby], ''[[Cincinnati Post]]'', 21 September 2001</ref>

==Biography==

R. B. Sanyal was born in [[Lalgola]], [[Murshidabad District]] of present-day [[West Bengal]] in 1858 at his maternal uncle's house. His native place was a village named Mahula in [[Murshidabad District]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name = "Bose479">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976), ''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary), {{in lang|bn}}, p 479</ref> Son of Baidyanath Sanyal, he passed the Entrance examination from Baharampur College.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p486, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref> He came to Calcutta for studies, and joined the [[Calcutta Medical College]], probably in 1870. He gave up his studies on the recommendation of doctors as he developed eye problems. Among early influences on his career was that of [[George King (botanist)|George King]], [[botanist]] and the superintendent of the [[Indian Botanical Gardens]] in [[Shibpur]] (then the ''Royal Botanic Gardens''), who was a faculty at the Calcutta Medical College.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mitra, D. K. |title=Role of Ram Brahma Sanyal in initiating zoological researches on the animals in captivity|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=27 |issue=3|year=1992 |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5a_279.pdf}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Publication of the handbook and other writings===

Sanyal published notes based on observations at the zoo in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.<ref>Sanyal, R.B. (1903) Notes on Animals Observed at the Alipore zoological Garden No.III. Melanic apecimens of Common palm Squirrel (Sciurus Palmarum Linn). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 71(3):137–138.</ref><ref>Sanyal, R.B. (1903) Note on Animals Observed at the Alipore Zoological Garden No. 2. a brief note on the "Doctrine of Telegony" with Reference to facts Observed in the Zoological Gardens Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 71(3):132–132.</ref><ref>Sanyal, R.B. (1903) Notes on Animals Kept in the Alipore Zoological Garden. No. I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 71(2):92–93.</ref>

===Recognition===
[[File:RBSanyalFinn.jpg|thumb|Dedication by [[Frank Finn]] in his ''Garden and Aviary Birds of India'', 1915]]

Among Sanyal's most notable scientific publications were three scientific papers published in the ''Proceedings of the London Zoological Society'' in the years 1893–1895:

*Notes on a hybrid between the ''Semnopithecus phayrei'' Blyth and ''S. cristatus'', November 1893 pp. 615 – 616
*Notes on ''Cynogale bennetti'' Gray, March 1894, pp. 296 – 297
*On the moulting of the [[Greater bird-of-paradise|Great Bird of Paradise]] with brief notes upon its habits in captivity, June 1895, pp. 541 – 542

===Final years===

In his final years in office, Sanyal outlined plans of acquiring animals from other places like [[South India]] and [[Africa]], based on a system of exchange and purchase. He died while holding office, on 13 October 1908.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p486.</ref>

==Other activities==

Sanyal was also a member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], a [[Hindu]] reformist movement of the late 19th century centered in [[Kolkata]]. Sanyal donated a large amount of money for the purchase of land for building the ''Brahmo Sammilan Samaj''.<ref>[http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/samajes/sammilan.html Website] of the Brahmo Sammilan Samaj</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/handbookofmanage00sany Sanyal, Ram Bramha. (1892). ''A hand-book of the management of animals in captivity in Lower Bengal''. (scanned book on Archive.org)]
* [https://archive.org/details/hourswithnature00sanyrich Sanyal, Ram Bramha (1896) ''Hours with nature''. (scanned book on Archive.org)]
* Kisling, V. N. (2001) Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological. CRC Press. {{ISBN|0-8493-2100-X}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC&pg=PA265 Google books]
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-superintendent-s-last-wish-1495313646.html Pandey Shakunt, The Superintendent’s Last Wish]
* {{cite journal|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/29282 |author=Pandey, Shakunt |year=2014|title= The Unsung Man of Science – Ram Brahma Sanyal.| journal= Science Reporter |volume=51|issue=8|pages=53–55}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyal, Ram Brahma}}
[[Category:Zookeepers]]
[[Category:Indian naturalists]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Animal breeders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]

Drift Racing Team

2026-02-05T04:22:09Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting details

{{Orphan|date=November 2019}}

'''Drift Racing Team''' is the Formula ISIE Team of [[NIT Jamshedpur]]. It is a Student-led initiative in the institute to design, manufacture and race a Formula style [[Formula Three|F3]] Electric car in various Formula ISIE events across the globe. It was founded in 2009 by Automobile enthusiasts, earlier one of the first SAE teams of the institute. Its current goal is to participate in the event of ISIE 6th Formula Imperial HVC- Electric Vehicle Category in the year 2020 to be held at [[Buddh International Circuit|Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida]].
{{Infobox
| title = {{flagicon|India}} Drift Racing Team
| image = [[File:Drift Racing Team logo.png|250px]]
| caption1 = Drift Racing Team - Performance is passion
| name = Drift Racing Team
| motto =
| colours =
| label3 = Founded
| data3 = 2009
| label2 = Place
| data2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur]], [[India]]
| label4 = Founders
| data4 = {{flagicon|India}} Turam Purty, {{flagicon|India}} Saikat Sardar
| label5 = Faculty Advisor
| data5 = {{flagicon|India}} Mr. Shaliendra Kumar (2009–2011) Mr. Parmanand kumar (current)
| label6 = Team Captain
| data6 = {{flagicon|India}} Aditya Swami
| label7 = Vice Captain
| data7 = {{flagicon|India}} Rodur Rajak
| label8 = Website
| data8 = {{URL|https://drtracing.vercel.app/}}
| label9 = Facebook
| data9 = {{URL|www.facebook.com/nitjsrDRT}}|
}}

==Achievements==
* Formula Student India, 2018
** Overall 35th rank among a total of 112 teams from all across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPRA SAEINDIA 2018 Overall rankings |url=https://www.suprasaeindia.org/pdf/SUPRA-SAEINDIA-2018-Overall-Rankings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712180331/https://www.suprasaeindia.org/pdf/SUPRA-SAEINDIA-2018-Overall-Rankings.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-12 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=suprasaeindia.org}}</ref>
* Formula Student India 2016
** 9th in cost and manufacturing event.
** Applauded for Real Case Scenario.
** Participated in all three static events.
* Formula Design Challenge, 2015
** 2nd lightest car and 6th in Business Presentation.
* [[Formula Student]] United Kingdom 2011<ref>Formula Student United Kingdom 2011</ref>
** 5th in Airbus Teamwork Award among 133 teams from all over the world.
* Formula SAE Australasia 2010<ref>''Formula SAE Australasia 2010''(Rep.). (2010, December 6). Retrieved http://www.saea.com.au/Resources/Documents/SAE-A-Formula-2010-Overall-Results.pdf</ref>
** 1st in Cost Event and Presentation.
* Formula SAE India Design Challenge 2009<ref>''FSAE Design Challenge 2009''(Rep.). (2009, December 12). Retrieved http://suprasaeindia.org/images/downloads/Winners_Runners_FSAE_2009.pdf</ref>
** 2nd Runner up Overall.

==Racing seasons==
=== Season 2019-2020 ===
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Car Name !! DR820e
|-
| Car Type || 4-Wheel Single Cockpit Formula Style
|-
| Frame Construction || Mild Steel Tubular Space Frame using SAE 1040
|-
| Outer Bodywork || Customized Glass-Fibre reinforced Plastic
|-
| Wheel base || 1700mm
|-
| Track width || 1300mm
|-
| Suspension || 4-Wheel independent Push-Rod actuated Double A-Arm
|-
| Weight || 225 kg
|-
| Transmission || Chain Drive ( Customized open Differential )
|-
| Tires || JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires
|-
| Motor || Highly efficient BLDC Axial Flux Motor
|-
| Battery || Self Assembled Accumulator Unit
|}

=== Season 2015-2016 ===
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Car Name !! DR516
|-
| Car type || 4-wheel single cockpit formula style
|-
| Frame construction || Mild steel tubular space using SAE 1080
|-
| Outer bodywork || Self-made Aluminum bodywork
|-
| Wheel base || 1620mm
|-
| Track width || 1270mm

|-
| Gear system || Manual gear shifting
|-
| Suspension || 4-wheel independent push-rod actuated double A-arm

|-
| Weight || 220 kg

|-
| Transmission || Chain drive (open differential)
|-
| Steering system || Customised with Steering ratio - 6:1
|-
| Tires || JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires
|-
| Engine || Bajaj Pulsar 220cc engine
|-
| Fuel Injection || Carburetor

|}

=== Season 2014-2015 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Name !! DR415
|-
| Car type || 4-wheel single cockpit formula style
|-
| Frame construction || Mild steel tubular space frame
|-
| Dimensions(L/W/H) || 2500mm 1545mm 1180mm
|-
| Wheel base || 1700mm
|-
| Gear system || Manual gear shifting
|-
| Suspension || 4-wheel independent push-rod actuated double A-arm
|-
| Weight || 250 kg
|-
| Transmission || Chain drive (open differential)
|-
| Steering system || Customised
|-
| Tires || JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires
|-
| Engine || Bajaj Pulsar 220cc engine
|-
| Fuel Injection || Carburetor

|}

=== Season 2010-2011 ===

[[File:Drift-racing-team-at-silverstone.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Drift Racing Team with DR211, at [[Silverstone Circuit]], [[United Kingdom]] ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car Name !! DR211
|-
| Engine || Honda CBR 600 cc MPFI
|-
| Weight || 300 kg
|-
| Front suspension || Double A-arm Wishbone
|-
| Rear suspension || Double A-arm Wishbone
|-
| Differential ||Chain Differential
|-
| Max power || 77 bhp @ 8500 rpm
|-
| Max torque || 52 Nm @ 5000 rpm

|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nitjsr.ac.in/sw/student_activities/drift.php Institute link]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233159/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100208/jsp/jharkhand/story_12079525.jsp Telegraph India story, published February 02, 2010]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711085649/http://post.jagran.com/nit-jamshedpur-students-to-prove-their-mettle-in-london-formulastudent-race-1310184773 Dainik Jagaran story, published July 09, 2011]

[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]

Nitun Kundu

2026-01-26T05:53:30Z

MarisaBlackwelde: expanded content

{{Short description|Bangladeshi artist (1935–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name=Nitun Kundu
|image=Nitun Kundu's photo.jpg
|native_name=নিতুন কুন্ডু
|native_name_lang = bn
|birth_place=[[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
|death_place=[[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|awards=[[Ekushey Padak]]
|occupation=Sculptor, painter and entrepreneur
|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1935|12|3}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|2006|9|15|1935|12|3}}
}}

'''Nitya Gopal Kundu''' (3 December 1935 – 15 September 2006) was a Bangladeshi artist, sculptor and entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://old.dhakacourier.com.bd/nitun-kundus-81st-birthday-observed/|title=Nitun Kundu's 81st birthday observed|date=2016-12-08|work=Dhaka Courier|access-date=2019-10-25|location=Dhaka|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025082046/http://old.dhakacourier.com.bd/nitun-kundus-81st-birthday-observed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/the-otobi-man-s-legacy|title=The OTOBI man's legacy|last=Ahmed|first=Farid|date=2006-09-14|work=Bdnews24|access-date=2019-10-25|location=Dhaka}}</ref> Kundu played an important role during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name="Jahangir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/nitun-kundu-a-multi-dimensional-personality|title=Nitun Kundu A multi-dimensional personality|last=Jahangir|first=Mohammad|date=2013-09-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-10-25|location=Dhaka}}</ref> He founded the furniture company [[Otobi]].<ref name=pass>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=Artist Nitun Kundu passes away |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/09/16/d6091601044.htm |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kundu was born in [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]] to his Kayastha parents Gnanendranath Kundu and Binapani Kundu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/152164/nitun-kundu|title=Nitun Kundu|date=2018-12-03|work=Daily Asian Age|access-date=2019-10-25|location=Dhaka}}</ref> He was the fourth among seven siblings. Kundu was married to Phalguni Kundu and had a daughter Amity and a son Animesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/12/01/cover.htm|title=A True Visionary|last=Karim|first=Elita|date=2007-12-07|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021003743/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/12/01/cover.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education and early career==
Kundu graduated from Dhaka Art College (now the Institute of Fine Arts) in 1959.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hossain |first1=Takir |title=Liberation War in art |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-118388 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> In the years leading up to 1971, he worked at the [[United States Information Agency|United States Information Service]] (USIS) in [[Dhaka]] designing exhibits and graphics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kristula |first=Michael |date=December 2012 |title=Nitun Kundu: A Success |url=http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/1212/files/assets/seo/page34.html |journal=Foreign Service Journal |page=34 |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035840/http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/1212/files/assets/seo/page34.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Liberation War==
During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], Kundu worked with the artist [[Quamrul Hassan]] at the public relations department of the Bangladesh Government-in-Exile at [[Mujibnagar]]. In collaboration with Hassan and a group of notable artists namely [[Debdas Chakraborty]], Nasir Biswas, Pranesh Mandal and Biren Shome; Kundu worked on numerous posters and works of art aimed at arousing the newly formed [[Mukti Bahini]] liberation army and also raising awareness of the genocide being unleashed by the [[Pakistan Army]] on the people of Bangladesh.

.

It was during this period he designed two posters which became among the most recognized<ref name="Nitun Kundu: Our role model">{{cite news |title=Nitun Kundu: Our role model |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-202741 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>
works of art produced during the war. They were titled ''Sada Jagrata Banglar Mukti Bahini'' and ''Banglar Hindu, Banglar Bouddha, Banglar Christian, Banglar Musalman; Amra Sabai Bangali''.

The Liberation War was the inspiration for Kundu's most famous work, the sculpture ''[[Shabash Bangladesh]]'', a tribute to the fallen freedom fighters of the Mukti Bahini. This is situated on the campus of [[Rajshahi University]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mirdha |first=Refayet Ullah |title=The 75,000 taka bed |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-24994 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>

==Entrepreneur==
In the 1975, following a brief stint at Bitopi advertising agency, Kundu established his own company, a furniture store featuring his own designs, [[Otobi]]. Within a relatively short period, Otobi became the most prominent Bangladeshi furniture brand. He started the company with an initial investment of 5000 taka.<ref name="Nitun Kundu: Our role model"/>

==Works==
[[File:Shabash Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Shabash Bangladesh]]
[[File:Saarc Fowara.JPG|right|thumb|The [[SAARC]] fountain, Dhaka]]
Kundu crafted several national trophies including National Film Award, President Gold Cup, [[Notun Kuri]] Award, Asia Cricket Cup, and the Ekushey Padak.<ref name=pass/>

His some notables works are the following:
* Sada Jagrata Banglar Muktibahini (poster)
* Amra Sabai Bangali (poster)
* Banglar Bir Muktijoddha (poster)
* [[Shabash Bangladesh]] (sculpture at [[University of Rajshahi]])<ref name="Jahangir"/>
* [[SAARC Fountain]] at Karwan Bazar, Dhaka
* Fountain, [[Dhaka High Court]], Dhaka
* Sampan, [[Shah Amanat International Airport]], [[Chittagong]]
* Kadam Fountain, [[National Press Club (Bangladesh)|National Press Club]], Dhaka

== Death ==
Kundu died of old age complications at Ibrahim Memorial Cardiac Centre in Dhaka on 15 September 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/nitun-kundu-dead|title=Nitun Kundu dead|date=2006-09-14|work=Bdnews24|access-date=2019-10-25|location=Dhaka}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1997)
* Daily Star-DHL Best Entrepreneur Award
* National Film Award
* President Gold Cup
* Notun Kuri Award ([[Bangladesh Television]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Artists of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundu, Nitun}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Dinajpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi painters]]

Khanna Paper Mills

2026-01-20T07:35:11Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new a stub!

{{Short description|Indian paper mill}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Official_Logo_of_Khanna_Paper_Mills_small.png|thumb|Logo]]
'''Khanna Paper Mills''' (KPM) is an [[Amritsar]], India based business, which manufactures and supplies writing and printing papers, [[newsprint]] papers, and [[paperboard]]s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Vijay C |date=January 20, 2013 |title=Khanna Paper Mills on expansion spree |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/khanna-paper-mills-on-expansion-spree-111041900074_1.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> and is the largest plant in the country using paper waste. It is the first paper mill in India to produce writing and printing paper from [[de-inked pulp]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-24 |title=Valmet to rebuild Khanna paper mills in India |url=http://www.pulpapernews.com/2016/02/valmet-to-rebuild-khanna-paper-mills-in-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506075155/http://www.pulpapernews.com/2016/02/valmet-to-rebuild-khanna-paper-mills-in-india |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Pulp Paper News |url-status=dead }}</ref> The paper is exported to [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries, [[Africa]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Khanna Paper Mills Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=25130191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021805/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=25130191 |archive-date=Nov 29, 2016 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>

==History==

The company was incorporated in 1985<ref name=":1" /> by Rattan Chand Khanna, as the senior founders promoter, and his wife Satyawati Son Charanjit. Their family contributed to the founding. Now, his sons are directors of the company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Vijay C |date=February 14, 2013 |title=Khanna Paper Mills to open unit in Amritsar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/khanna-paper-mills-to-open-unit-in-amritsar-106052201047_1.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Business==

Khanna Paper Mills annually produces 10000 million tons of writing printing paper, news print and paper board using approximately 15000 million tons of recycled fiber.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=Sep 1, 2016 |title=Paper industry to revive newspaper-reading habit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/paper-industry-to-revive-newspaper-reading-habit/articleshow/53965296.cms |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The paper mill has a 200-kg-per-day {{Unclear inline|date=November 2022|reason=what's a sun dried board unit?|text=sun dried board unit}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robin |first=Ravinder Singh |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Amritsar's Khanna Paper Mills, the largest user of paper waste in country |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/08/12/amritsarskhanna-paper-mills-the-largest-user-of-paperwas.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[oneindia]]}}</ref> and produces 100 tons of [[newsprint]] daily, and a plant produces 100 tons of writing and printing paper daily.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.khannapaper.com/}}

[[Category:Pulp and paper companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Amritsar]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in East Punjab]]

Mastaangi

2026-01-05T19:50:30Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting first entry w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Mastaangi
| image = Mastaangi promo title card.png
| caption = Promotional Title Card
| genre = {{unbulleted list|[[Teen drama|Youth show]]|[[Romance (love)|Romance]]|[[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}
| creator =
| screenplay = {{unbulleted list|Prashant Bhatt|Aseem Arora|Karishmaa Oluchi|Sharad Tripathi}}
| director = {{unbulleted list|[[Aapar Gupta]]|[[Saurabh Arora]]|Prince Dhiman}}
| creative_director = {{unbulleted list|Ashish Batra|Harsha Shanbag}}
| starring =
| music = {{unbulleted list|Lalit Sen|Pranaay Pradhaan}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 119
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Prashant Bhatt<ref>{{cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Colors-Former-programming-head-Prashant-Bhatt-turns-producer/articleshow/46028469.cms|title = Actor turned Producer|website = indiatimes.com|date = 27 January 2015|access-date = 13 January 2016}}</ref>|Sanjay K Memane}}
| editor = {{unbulleted list|Raj Kumar Chaturvedi|Anurag Singh}}
| location = [[Pune]]
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Shariq S Khan}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Studio B&M Pvt Ltd
| channel = [[Channel V India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|01|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|06|30|df=y}}
}}
'''''Mastaangi''''' (English: ''Playfulness'') is an Indian television series that premiered on [[Channel V India]] on 18 January 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thestatesman.com/news/entertainment/here-comes-mastaangi/116173.html|title = Here comes Mastaangi|website = thestatesman.com|date = 12 January 2016|access-date = 13 January 2016}}</ref> The show is about a couple whose love story comes to a tragic end with both of them having untimely deaths. They meet again in a new life only to uncover the mystery of their past life and rekindle their love.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/channel-vs-new-show-mastaangi-inspired-by-rishi-kapoors-karz-303485-2016-01-12|title = Theme of reincarnation|website = intoday.in|date = 12 January 2016|access-date = 13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/High-voltage-drama-and-romance-in-Channel-Vs-Mastaangi/articleshow/51013500.cms|title = Love story that transcends two lifetimes|website = indiatimes.com|date = 16 February 2016|access-date = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/the-cycle-of-life/section/44379|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160507032429/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/the-cycle-of-life/section/44379|url-status = dead|archive-date = 7 May 2016|title = The Cycle of Life|website = newindianexpress.com|date = 5 February 2016|access-date = 20 February 2016}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1995 a young couple named Kabir, a RAW agent, and Udita (taken name), an ISI agent, meet mysterious deaths in Pune.

They meet each other 21 years after that incident, certainly through reincarnation and named Karan and Ria. Ria has irregular heartbeat and often has mysterious nightmares about her previous life. They study in St. Stephen's college, Pune. Individually and in many instances when one comes face to face with the other, they recall their past life incidents. Anushka, another RAW agent and partner of Kabir in a mission that year has also taken a rebirth and is named Anaita. Anushka had crush on Kabir. She was involved in their tragic deaths. Anaita, who is now Ria's best friend, studies in the same college. "Operation Tabahi" mastermind ISI Commander Zuber, too, was connected with their past life.

Zuber, under the name Ishaan, lives in Pune as an industrialist just to fulfill that unaccomplished operation. Coincidentally, he is one of the members of board of trustees of St. Stephen's college and his son Yuvraj (given name) studies in that college. Ria's father is a psychiatrist who tries to figure out Ria's disease. Anaita stays in Ria's house in Pune. Karan lives in Pune with his brother and sister-in-law. His brother works in a newspaper agency. During a mask party at college when Euro tries to harass Ria, Karqn starts beating him but stops immediately when Ria refers to him as "Kabir". After the incident, Ria and Anaita become friends with Karan. Su, Vanessa, Jiggs and Trumpet are also their friends. Zuber plots to restart Mission Tabahi to destroy India.

Anaita gets attracted to Karan and as a result of her obsession, develops hatred towards Ria, whom Karan is attracted to. Anaita feels that Ria is framing herself to be innocent and kind while portraying her as the bad one. The friendship of the two are spoiled not due to any of Ria's doings but Anushka's hatred towards Udita in the past life.

In the end, they all get to know about Zuber's plans. Anaita helps Karan and Ria. Veer Singh helps them to discover their past lives. Anushka killed Kabir and Udita. Eventually, they come together to fight Zuber and Yuvraj is killed. Finally, everyone is saved and Anaita and Veer confess their feelings for each other. Jiggs and Su also unite. Karan and Ria re-unite and lived happily ever after.

==Cast==
*[[Aakash Talwar]] as RAW Agent Kabir Kapoor / Karan "K" Malhotra
*[[Swati Kapoor]] as ISI Agent Udita / Ria Sareen
*Himani Sahani aa RAW Agent Anushka Khanna / Anaita "Anu" Shroff
*Raaj Singh Arora as ISI Commander Zuber Akhtar Khan / Ishaan Rai Singhania
* [[Ankit Raj]] as Veer Singh Shekhawat
* Rutpanna Aishwarya Sethi as Suhani
* [[Bhumika Gurung]] as Vanessa
*Nitin Bhatia as Jignesh "Jiggs"
* Nidha Bhat as Trumpet
*Pankaj Bhalla as Yuvraj "Euro" Rai Singhania / Yunnus Khan
*Viren Singh Rathore as Ricky Nanda
*[[Jyoti Gauba]] as Mrs. Khanna
*Tithi Raaj as ISI Agent Sophia
*[[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] as Psychologist

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.hotstar.com/tv/mastaangi-one-love-story-two-lifetimes/7123}}

{{Channel V India Shows}}

[[Category:Channel V India original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Pune]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing in fiction]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian espionage television series]]

Ayaz Sadiq

2026-01-02T06:48:42Z

MarisaBlackwelde: added references

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (born 1954)}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sardar Ayaz Sadiq
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sardar Ayaz Sadiq in Iran.jpg
| office = 17th and 20th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 1 March 2024
| term_end =
| deputy = [[Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (Pakistani politician)|Ghulam Mustafa Shah]]
| predecessor = [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 9 November 2015
| term_end1 = 15 August 2018
| deputy1 = [[Murtaza Javed Abbasi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Murtaza Javed Abbasi]] (acting)
| successor1 = [[Asad Qaiser]]
| term_start2 = 3 June 2013
| term_end2 = 22 August 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Fahmida Mirza]]
| deputy2 = [[Murtaza Javed Abbasi]]
| successor2 = [[Murtaza Javed Abbasi]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs|Federal Minister For Economic Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 26 April 2022
| term_end3 = 10 August 2023
| president3 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister3 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor3 = [[Omar Ayub]]
| office4 = Federal Minister for Political Affairs
| term_start4 = 16 May 2022
| term_end4 = 10 August 2023
| president4 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister4 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor4 = Position Created
| office5 = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (Pakistan)|Federal Minister For Law and Justice]]
| term_start5 = 31 October 2022
| term_end5 = 30 November 2022
| president5 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister5 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor5 = [[Azam Nazeer Tarar]]
| successor5 = [[Azam Nazeer Tarar]]
| office6 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start6 = 29 February 2024
| term_end6 =
| constituency6 = [[NA-120 (Lahore-IV)]]
| term_start7 = 13 August 2018
| term_end7 = 10 August 2023
| constituency7 = [[NA-129 (Lahore-VII)]]
| term_start8 = 18 November 2003
| term_end8 = 31 May 2018
| constituency8 = [[NA-122 (Lahore-V)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|17|df=y}}<ref name="dawn/4june2013">{{cite news|title=Ayaz Sadiq – a profile|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1015955|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=4 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729100131/https://www.dawn.com/news/1015955|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="na.gov.pk/profile">{{cite web|title=Profile of Speaker|url=http://www.na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=134|website=National Assembly of Pakistan|access-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111103038/http://www.na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=134|archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2001–present)
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (1997-2001)
| nationality = Pakistani
| education = [[Aitchison College]]
| alma_mater = [[Hailey College of Commerce]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Reema Ayaz|1977}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Aleem Khan and Ayaz Sadiq are married to daughters of ex-LHC judges |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/67063-aleem-khan-and-ayaz-sadiq-are-married-to-daughters-of-ex-lhc-judges |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=The News International|language=en}}</ref>
| children = 3
| native_name = {{nobold|ایاز صادق}}
| caption = Sadiq in 2017
| native_name_lang = ur
| majority6 = 18,921 (%12.2)
| majority7 = 8,142 (%34.55)
| majority8 = 18,893 (%45.89)
}}

'''Sardar Ayaz Sadiq'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سردار اياز صادق}}}}}} (born 17 October 1954) is a Pakistani politician and businessman serving as the [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of Pakistan|federal parliament]], since March 2024. He is one of the senior members of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] on the [[politics of Pakistan]].

Born in [[Lahore]], Sadiq previously served as the 17th Speaker of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] from 2013 to 2018. Sadiq is also notable for overseeing voting on the [[No-confidence motion against Imran Khan|motion of no-confidence]] against Imran Khan in April 2022; the next day, he oversaw voting for the election of the subsequent Prime Minister, [[Shehbaz Sharif]]. He is currently a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from [[NA-120 Lahore-IV|NA-120 (Lahore-IV)]], having been elected to the Assembly in every election since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=PML-N nominates Ayaz Sadiq for NA speaker's slot |url=https://arynews.tv/pml-n-nominates-ayaz-sadiq-for-na-speakers-slot/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=ARY News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sadiq was born on 17 October 1954<ref>{{cite news|title=If elections are held on time…|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658|access-date=4 December 2017|work=The News International|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=122|access-date=10 July 2017|date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419130432/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=122|archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> into a [[Kashmiri Shaikh]] family in [[Lahore]] to businessman Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq and Attiya Sadiq, a social worker and philanthropist.<ref name="na.gov.pk/profile" /> His father and his grandfather Sheikh Sardar Muhammad have both been influential local figures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Farid |date=16 September 2015 |title=Match with Ayaz Sadiq |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/16-Sep-2015/match-with-ayaz-sadiq |website=The Nation}}</ref> His grandfather had served as the [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] of Lahore and was a political activist close to [[Fatima Jinnah]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Speaker Profile: Sardar Ayaz Sadiq |url=https://na.gov.pk/en/print.php?content.php&id=220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231103753/https://na.gov.pk/en/print.php?content.php&id=220 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date= |website=[[National Assembly of Pakistan]] |publisher=[[Government of Pakistan]]}}</ref>

He completed his education at [[Aitchison College]], Lahore. [[Imran Khan]], [[Nisar Ali Khan]], [[Pervaiz Khattak]], [[Sardar Akhtar Mengal]] and [[Zulfiqar Ali Magsi]] were among his class fellows at Aitchison College.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /><ref name="dawn/30april2013">{{cite news|title=I hit Imran with a hockey stick, says NA Speaker|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1025864/i-hit-imran-with-a-hockey-stick-claims-rival-candidate|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=30 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819234614/https://www.dawn.com/news/1025864/i-hit-imran-with-a-hockey-stick-claims-rival-candidate|archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> After completing his [[Senior Cambridge]], Sadiq received a degree in commerce from [[Hailey College of Commerce|Hailey College]] of [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] in 1975.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> Sadiq represented his college in [[cricket]] and [[field hockey|hockey]] and also held the title of Lahore’s junior [[table tennis]] champion.<ref name=":1" />

==Political career==

=== Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ===
Sadiq began his political career as a member of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) in the mid-1990s<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> when he was a close friend of PTI chairman [[Imran Khan]].<ref name="dawn/30april2013" /> Sadiq ran for the seat of [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of PTI in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]] from Constituency PP-121 Lahore but was unsuccessful. He received 4,541 votes and lost the seat to [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N).<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of Pakistan|access-date=30 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Pakistan Muslim League (N) ===
Sadiq left PTI in 1998 owing to differences with Imran Khan<ref name="dawn/30april2013" /> and joined PML (N) in 2001.<ref name="na.gov.pk/profile" />

Sadiq was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-N from [[NA-122 (Lahore-V)|Constituency NA-122 (Lahore-V)]] on the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general election]],<ref>{{cite news|title=As Pakistan goes to polls: Take a peek at some major NA constituencies|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/813877|access-date=6 April 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=10 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114952/https://www.dawn.com/news/813877|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="tribune/12may2013" /><ref name="dawn/30april2013" /> by defeating Imran Khan.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> Sadiq claimed "it was a big victory as his leader Nawaz Sharif in exile and Pervez Musharraf, a close aide of Imran Khan at that time, in power".<ref name="dawn/30april2013" /> During his tenure as the member of the National Assembly, he remained a member of the National Assembly's Standing Committees on Railways,<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> Finance and Defence Production.<ref name="na.gov.pk/profile" />

Sadiq was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-122 (Lahore-V) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NA-122-Lahore-V election results|url=http://www.geo.tv/election2008/result/na122.html|publisher=Geo News|access-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328065918/http://www.geo.tv/election2008/result/na122.html|archive-date=28 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="tribune/12may2013">{{cite news|title=Imran Khan loses Lahore seat to PML-N – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/547979/imran-khan-loses-lahore-seat-to-pml-n/|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=12 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181916/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547979/imran-khan-loses-lahore-seat-to-pml-n/|archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> During his tenure as the member of the National Assembly, he became the chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committees on Railways.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" />

Sadiq was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-122 (Lahore-V) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]],<ref name="tribune/12may2013" /> by defeating Imran Khan.<ref name="dawn/2june2013">{{cite news|title=PML-N's Ayaz Sadiq submits nomination papers for speaker NA|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1015592/pml-ns-ayaz-sadiq-submits-nomination-papers-for-speaker-na|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=2 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121805/http://www.dawn.com/news/1015592/pml-ns-ayaz-sadiq-submits-nomination-papers-for-speaker-na|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> In June 2013, Sadiq was elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan.<ref name="dawn/2june2013" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Coveted posts: New speaker, his deputy in saddle – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/558581/coveted-posts-new-speaker-his-deputy-in-saddle/|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=4 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823132506/https://tribune.com.pk/story/558581/coveted-posts-new-speaker-his-deputy-in-saddle/|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N's Ayaz Sadiq elected speaker of the National Assembly – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/558186/pml-ns-ayaz-sadiq-elected-speaker-of-the-national-assembly/|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=3 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220856/https://tribune.com.pk/story/558186/pml-ns-ayaz-sadiq-elected-speaker-of-the-national-assembly/|archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-Ns Sardar Ayaz elected NA speaker, Murtaza Javed deputy|url=http://www.geo.tv/GeoDetail.aspx?ID=103637|access-date=11 January 2017|publisher=Geo News|date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607161135/http://www.geo.tv/GeoDetail.aspx?ID=103637|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Imran Khan alleged rigging in the constituency of Sadiq from where Sadiq won in 2013 election.<ref>{{cite news|title=NA-122 rigging allegations: Tribunal terms Ayaz Sadiq's election null and void – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/942719/na-122-verdict-in-rigging-case-to-be-announced-today/|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143853/http://tribune.com.pk/story/942719/na-122-verdict-in-rigging-case-to-be-announced-today/|archive-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> Following which the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] de-seated Sadiq and ordered re-polling in the constituency.<ref name="dawn/22august2015">{{cite news|title=NA-122 election tribunal deseats Ayaz Sadiq, orders re-polling|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1202134|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=22 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113125053/http://www.dawn.com/news/1202134|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In October 2015, Sadiq retained his National Assembly seat by defeating a PTI candidate in by-election and was re-elected to the National Assembly for the fourth time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ayaz Sadiq takes oath as MNA|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1217867|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=6 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113125940/http://www.dawn.com/news/1217867|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayaz Sadiq retakes NA-122, but PML-N loses provincial assembly seat to PTI|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1212484|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=12 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113112823/http://www.dawn.com/news/1212484|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In November 2015, Sadiq retained its position as the speaker of the National Assembly by getting re-elected for the second time<ref name="dawn/9november2015">{{cite news|title=Ayaz Sadiq elected NA Speaker again|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1218504|access-date=11 January 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=9 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113123441/http://www.dawn.com/news/1218504|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> and become the first person to have been elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly for the second time during the same government's tenure in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn/9november2015" />

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency [[NA-129 (Lahore-VII)]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PML (N) Sardar Ayaz Sadiq wins NA-129 election |url=https://www.app.com.pk/pml-n-sardar-ayaz-sadiq-wins-na-129-election/ |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=27 July 2018}}</ref> On 15 August 2018, he was replaced by [[Asad Qaiser]] as speaker of the National Assembly.<ref name="dawn/17aug2018" />

He is generally considered a soft-spoken<ref name="dawn/17aug2018">{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Amir |title=PTI finally takes up reins of National Assembly |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427273/pti-finally-takes-up-reins-of-national-assembly |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=17 August 2018}}</ref> and cool-headed politician in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" />

In 2020, he made claims relating to the [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]], in particular that foreign minister [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi|Qureshi]] was "trembling with fear" and insisted on releasing a pilot captured during the conflict, to avert an Indian invasion. This issue initiated a row, drawing sharp criticism from [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] and the Pakistani government, terming his statements as "irresponsible" and demanding an apology. He addressed the controversy and added that his statement was misrepresented. Sadiq added that "[[Abhinandan Varthaman|Abhinandan]] had not come to Pakistan to distribute sweets; he had attacked Pakistan and it was a victory for Pakistan when his plane was shot down".<ref name="The Dawn">{{Cite news|last=Hussian|first=Javed|date=29 October 2020|title='Misleading' to link Abhinandan's release with anything other than Pakistan's mature response: DG ISPR|newspaper=The Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1587624/misleading-to-link-abhinandans-release-with-anything-other-than-pakistans-mature-response-dg-ispr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

Amid the April 2022 political crisis in [[Pakistan]], when the speaker and the deputy speaker resigned, he was asked to hold voting on a [[no-confidence motion]] against the [[prime minister of Pakistan]].<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news|date=10 April 2022|title=Pakistan political crisis latest updates: Khan removed as PM|newspaper=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/9/pakistan-political-crisis-live-news-imran-khan-no-confidence-motion-parliament-liveblog|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==

=== Family ===
Sadiq married Reema Ayaz in 1977, and has a daughter and two sons.<ref name="na.gov.pk/profile" /> Reema is the daughter of former [[Lahore High Court|Chief Justice of Lahore High Court]] and the [[Federal Ombudsman of Pakistan|First Ombudsman]] of Pakistan Sardar Muhammad Iqbal.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" />

=== Business ===
Sadiq is a businessman by profession.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /> Among his declared business interests is Sardar Chemical Industries Limited, a publicly listed company engaged in the manufacture of dyes and chemical products for the textile and leather industries. Established as a private company in 1989, the firm commenced production in 1993 and was converted into a public limited company upon its listing on the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] in 1994. The company produces acid, direct, and reactive dyes, as well as optical brighteners, supplying primarily the domestic textile sector while also exporting a limited portion of its output, mainly to [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Sardar Chemical Industries Limited |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40026080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231110820/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40026080 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |website=[[Business Recorder]]}}</ref>

=== Philanthropy ===
He along with members of his family runs a non-profit hospital Sardar Trust Eye Hospital, established in Lahore in 1994.<ref name=":1" /> Previously, his grandfather had founded the Sheikh Sardar Muhammad Girls High School in Lahore after partition encouraging women education; the school was later nationalised.<ref name="dawn/4june2013" /><ref name="na.gov.pk/profile" /> It was the first Muslim Girls School established in the locality.<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fahmida Mirza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]]|years=2013 – 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Asad Qaiser]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadiq, Ayaz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Hailey College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]

Uthukottai

2025-12-30T18:13:04Z

MarisaBlackwelde: formatting fix

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uthukottai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Tamil & Telugu
| other_name = Uthukottai
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|20|02|N|79|53|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1950
| founder = Government of Tamil Nadu
| date_for =
| government_type = [[Town Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Uthukottai Town Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3400
| area_rank = 1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10639
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages|official languages]]
| demographics1_title1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 602026
| area_code = 044
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#TN.E2.80.94Tamil Nadu|TN]]-20
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Uthukottai''' is a town in Suburbs of Chennai, one of the [[taluk]] headquarters in [[Thiruvallur District]] [[Tamil Nadu]], also one of the border towns of [[Tamilnadu]] - [[Andhra Pradesh]], located on the banks of the [[Arani River]]. This town is the central hub for many nearby towns and villages for their needs of education, markets, shops, businesses, banks, travel, transport and entertainment(Movie Theatres, badminton courts, cricket grounds, Gyms). The town features a channel which helps to direct water from the [[Krishna River]] for local irrigation.

The name Uthukottai is a [[portmanteau]] of two [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words—Uthu(Oottru), or "water Spring" and Kottai (Fort), which signifies one of the Muslim Zamindars old fort in the town.

State Highway 51 crosses Uthukottai, situated between [[Chennai]] and [[Tirupati]].

==Demography==
In the 2001 India [[census]], Uthukkottai had a population of 10,639. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Uthukkottai had an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 76%, and female literacy was 59%. In 2001 in Uthukkottai, 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Uthukkottai recorded 12,623 inhabitants(bilingual Tamil-Telugu). Uthukottai is again a hub for educational institutions for the nearby towns and villages, has several schools. Of them, three are matriculation schools and rest are government and government aided school, a teacher training college, and an Arts & Science college for women at Katchur. Uthukottai is easily connected by Chennai City MTC bus. In fact, it is the shortest route to reach Tirupati.<ref name="NPR-2011-Uthukkottai">{{Cite web|title=NPR Report: Tamil Nadu: Thiruvallur: Uthukkottai|year=2011|publisher=National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=33&distcd=01&tslcode=003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427064538/http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=33&distcd=01&tslcode=003|archive-date=27 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==

===Schools in Uthukottai===
*Visweshwara Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*Vivekanada Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*Chennai Vidyalaya Matric School
*Vivekananda Vision School (CBSE)
*Government Boys higher secondary school
*Government Girls higher Secondary School
*Kothandaraman Govt. aided School

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district]]

Satya Vrat Shastri

2025-11-26T06:53:12Z

MarisaBlackwelde: added references

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar (1930–2021)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Satya Vrat Shastri
| image = Prof_Satya_Vrat_Shastri_in_2013.jpg
| caption = Shastri in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|09|29}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|11|14|1930|09|29}}
| occupation = Scholar, academic, poet, literary critic
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University Patiala|Punjab University]], [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| genre = Sanskrit
| awards = 1968: [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2006: [[Jnanpith Award]]
| website = {{URL|http://satyavrat-shastri.net}}
}}

'''Satya Vrat Shastri''' (29 September 1930 – 14 November 2021) was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] scholar, writer, grammarian and poet. He wrote three [[Mahākāvya|Mahakavyas]], three Khandakavyas, one Prabandhakavyas and one Patrakavya and five works in critical writing in Sanskrit. His important works are ''Ramakirtimahakavyam'', ''Brahattaram Bharatam'', ''Sribodhisattvacharitam'', ''Vaidika Vyakarana'', ''Sarmanyadesah Sutram Vibhati'', and "Discovery of Sanskrit Treasures" in seven volumes.<ref>[http://jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-&-42nd-Awards.pdf 41st and 42nd Jnanpith Awards, Official Press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215175046/http://jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-%26-42nd-Awards.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }}</ref>

He was an honorary professor at the Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies (now known as the School of Sanskrit and Indic Studies (SSIS), [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi. He was the Head of the [[Department of Sanskrit]] and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the [[University of Delhi]], where he was the Pandit Manmohan Nath Dar Professor of Sanskrit (1970–1995).

During his career he won many national and international awards, including, the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Sanskrit, given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, in 1968 for his poetry work, ''Srigurugovindasimhacharitam'',<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm#sanskrit Sanskrit Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234109/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm |date=31 March 2009 }} [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] Official listing.</ref> then in 2006, he became the first recipient of the [[Jnanpith award]] in Sanskrit language (conferred in 2009 by Thailand's Princess [[Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sanskrit-poet-gets-Jnanpith-award/articleshow/4913214.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-20/india/28199102_1_jnanpith-award-sanskrit-oldest-language|url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2012|title=Sanskrit poet gets Jnanpith award|access-date=14 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sanskritfirst2009">{{Cite news | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | title=Sanskrit's first Jnanpith winner is a 'poet by instinct' | date=14 January 2009 | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sanskrits-first-jnanpith-winner-is-a-poet-by-instinct/410480/ }}</ref>

==Education==
Shastri received his early education under his father, Shri [[Charu Deva Shastri]], a renowned scholar. Thereafter, he moved to [[Varanasi]], where he studied under Shukdev Jha and [[Siddheshwar Varma]].

He received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Hons. and [[Master's degree|MA]] in Sanskrit from the [[Punjabi University Patiala|Punjab University]], and his [[Doctorate degree|PhD]] from the [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Richard|title=Journey with a Savant|year=1998|publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-82125-7}}</ref>

==Career==
He joined the [[University of Delhi]] soon after, where for the next forty years of his teaching career, he held important positions as the Head of the Department of Sanskrit, and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Satya Vrat Shastri was also the Vice-Chancellor of [[Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University]], [[Puri]], Orissa, and a visiting professor at the Chulalongkorn and Silpakorn Universities in [[Bangkok]], as well as the Northeast Buddhist University, Nongkhai, Thailand, the [[University of Tübingen]], Tübingen, Germany, the Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, and the [[University of Alberta]], Edmonton, Canada. He was a Visiting Professor of Sanskrit and in his class, among other students there was also [[Thailand]]'s Princess [[Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]] who studied a minor paper on Sanskrit and received her M.A. in Oriental Epigraphy in 1979 at [[Silpakorn University]] [1977–1979].<ref>{{cite news|title=Recent News|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112013720300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905201322/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112013720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2006|access-date=28 January 2007 | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Professor to a Princess|author=The Nation Newspaper|publisher=The Nation (Thailand)|date=6 August 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Professor Dr. Satya Vrat Shastri was appointed as Visiting Professor of Indian Studies in Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok |url=http://www.ssc.su.ac.th/sscbackground.htm |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409115641/http://www.ssc.su.ac.th/sscbackground.htm |archive-date=9 April 2004 }}</ref>

Satya Vrat Shastri wrote many important poetic works in Sanskrit, the most important being his rendition from Royal Thai into Sanskrit, of the Thai version of the [[Ramayana]], viz., Sri-rama-kirti-maha-kavyam, and with a foreword by the Princess of Thailand. Later research projects were the Sanskrit inscriptions and Hindu temples in [[Thailand]], Kalidasa Studies, a critical edition of the [[Yogavasishtha]], the Sanskritic vocabulary of South East Asia, and the [[Rama]] story in South East Asia.

In 2009, he became the first Sanskrit poet to win the (2006) [[Jnanpith award]], for his contributions to the enrichment of the language, and conferred by his former disciple, Princess of [[Thailand]], [[Maha Chakri Sirindhon]].<ref name="Sanskritfirst2009" /><ref>{{cite web |title= Sanskrit poet conferred Jnanpith award|url= http://www.ptinews.com/news/238156_Sanskrit-poet-conferred-Jnanpith-award|date= 20 August 2009|publisher= [[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=20 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=satya>{{cite news |title=Jnanpith Award presented |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/20/stories/2009082057081100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214103536/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/20/stories/2009082057081100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2011 |date=20 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 August 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==

===International===

* Honour from Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, 1979.
* Medallion of Honour from the Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, 1985.
* Elected Fellow, International Institute of Indian Studies, Ottawa, Canada.
* Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1993.
* Honour: “Autorita Academische Italiano Straniere”. The Civil and Academic Authority of Italy for Foreigners, 1994.
* Kalidasa Award from the International Institute of Indian Studies, Ottawa, Canada, 1994.
* Special Award from Centro Pimontese di Studi Sui Medio ed Estremo Oriente (CESMEO), Torino, Italy, 1995.
* Honour from Gaja Madah University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 1995.
* Royal Decoration “Most Admirable [[Order of the Direkgunabhorn]]" from His Majesty the King of Thailand, 1997.
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, from the University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.
* Certificate of Excellence from the Spiru Haret University, Ramnicu-Valeca, Romania, 2001.
* Certificate of Excellence from the Biblioteca Judeteana"Antim Ivireanul" Valeca, Romania, 2001.
* Honour from Mihai Eminescu International Academy, Bucharest, Romania, 2001.
* "Outstanding Teacher and Writer" by Biblioteca Pedagogica Nationala 'I.C. Petrescu' and Biblioteca Indiana, Romania 2001
* Golden Prize from CESMEO, International Institute for Advanced Asian Studies, Torino, Italy, 2001.
* Elected Fellow, Accademia di Studi Mediterrani, Academy of Mediterranean Studies, Aggrigento, Italy.
* Conferred DOCTORATE HONORIS CAUSA by the University of Torino, Italy on 3 May 2012

===National===

* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 1968 for ''Srigurugovindasimhacharitam'' (Poetry).
* Honour from Sahitya Kala Parishad, Delhi Administration, Delhi, 1974.
* Honour from Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Board, 1974.
* U.G.C. National Lecturer, 1983.
* President of India Certificate of Honour, 1985.
* Shiromani Sanskrit Sahityakar Award, Govt. of Punjab, 1985.
* Visista Sanskrit Sahitya Puraskara, Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Academy, 1988.
* Gita Rana Puraskara, IX International Gita Conference, Delhi, 1991.
* Sanskrit Seva Sammana, Delhi Sanskrit Akademi, Delhi, 1992.
* Sanskrit Sahitya Paraskara, Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, Kolkata, 1992.
* Indira Baharey Gold Medal, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, 1992.
* Pandit Jagannatha Sanskrit Padya-racana Puraskara, Delhi Sanskrit Akademi, Delhi, 1993.
* Kalidasa Puraskara, Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Academy, Lucknow, 1994.
* Pandita Kshama Row Puraskara, Row Dayal Trust, Mumbai, 1994.
* Vagbhusana title, Vanmaya-vimarsa, Delhi, 1994.
* Devavani-ratna Sammana, Devavani Parishad, New Delhi, 1994.
* First All India Sammana, Rajasthan Sanskrit Academy, Jaipur, 1995.
* Vachaspati Puraskara, K.K. Birla Foundation, New Delhi, 1995.
* Dayawati Modi Vishwa Sanskriti Sammana, Modi Kala Kala Bharati, New Delhi, 1995.
* Shastra-chudamani Award, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 1996.
* Manasa Sammana, Tulasi Manasa Pratishthana, Madhya Pradesh and Tulasi Academy, Bhopal, 1997.
* All India Kalidasa Puraskara, Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy, Bhopal, 1997.
* Honour from the Govt. of Maharashtra, 1998.
* Degree of [[Mahamahopadhyaya]], Honoris Causa, Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha, Tirupati, 1999.
* [[Padma Shri]], Govt. of India, 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Honour from [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra, 1999.
* Honour from Delhi Sanskrit Akademi, Delhi, 1999.
* Degree of Vidyavachaspati, Honoris Causa, Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Jwalapur, Hardwar, 1999.
* Honour from Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Naval Kishore Kankar Seva Parishsad, Jaipur, 1999.
* Kalidasa Sammana, Kalidasa Samaroha, Ujjain, 2000.
* Title of Veda-shastra-visharada, Swami Vishvesh Tirtha, Adhokshaja Mutt, Udupi, Karnataka, 2002.
* Shrivani Alankarana, Ramakrishna Jaidayal Dalmiya Trust, Delhi, 2002.
* Degree of Vidyamartanda (D.Litt.), Honoris Causa, Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar, 2002.
* Mahakavi Kalidasa Sanskrit Jivanavrati Rashtriya Sammana, Kavikulaguru Kalidasa Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Nagpur, 2002.
* Honour from All India Oriental Conference, 43rd Session, Puri, 2003.
* Shrimati Chandrawati Joshi Sanskrit Bhasha Puraskara, Jnana Kalyana Datavya Nyasa, New Delhi, 2003.
* Vedanga Puraskara, Maharshi Sandipani Vedavidya Pratishthan, Ujjain, 2003.
* Acharya Umasvami Puraskara, Kundakunda Bharati, New Delhi, 2003.
* First International Himadri Uttaranchal Sanskrit Sammana, Uttaranchal Sanskrit Academy, Hardwar, 2004
* Dr. Shashibhanu Vidyalankar Rashtriya Puraskara, Dr. Shashibhanu Vidyalankar Dharmartha Trust, Hardwar, 2006.
* [[Jnanpith]] Award, [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], New Delhi, 2006.
* Degree of Vachaspati (D.Litt.), Honoris Causa, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, New Delhi, 2007.
* Life Time Achievement Award Vidyaratna, Purbanchal Academy of Oriental Studies, Kolkata, 2008.
* Elected General President, All India Oriental Conference, 45th Session, Tirupati, 2008.
* Sardar Patel Award, Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel Foundation, New Delhi, 2008.
* [[D. Litt.]] Degree Honoris Causa, Deccan College, Pune, 2009.
* Anuvadashri Puraskara, Bharatiya Anuvada Parishad, New Delhi, 2009.
* Prashant Murti Puraskara, Vimala Vidyashruta Sansthan, Jaipur, 2009
* Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati National Eminence Award, The South Indian Education Society, Mumbai, 2009.
* Vishva Bharati Puraskara, UP Sanskrit Sansthan, Lucknow, 2009
* Padma Bhushan, Govt of India, 2010
* General President, All India Oriental Conference, 45th Session, Tirupati, 2010
* Sanskrit Kaustubha Sammana, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Delhi Kendra, New Delhi, 2010
* Distinguished Alumnus Award, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2010
* Mahamana Malaviya Smrti Alankarana Puraskara, Mahamana Mission, Varanasi Unit, Varanasi, 2010
* Srimadvidyabhaskara Sammana, Mahamandaleshvara Junapithadhishvara Avadheshananda Giri, Hardwar, 2010
* Sarasvati ke Varadaputra title, All India Sanskrit Prakashaka Sangha, Delhi, 2011
* Maharshi Valmiki Sammana, Delhi Sanskrit Academy, Delhi, 2011
* Dr. Gangadhar Bhatta Smrti Sammana, Rajaganga Charitable Trust, Jaipur, 2011
* Bharatiratnam Sammana, Lokabhasha Prachara Samiti, Bhubaneswar, 2011.
* Prajnana Gaurava Sammana by Gloryfest, Puri, Odisha, 2012.
* Saptarshi Sammana by Sandipani Vidya Niketana, Porbundar, Gujarat, 2012.
* Swami Brahmananda Memorial Vyasashree Award-2012 by Maharsi Vyasadeva National Research Institute, Rourkela, Odisha..
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, University of Torino, Torino, Italy, 2012.
* Rajata Sammana, Maharshi Sandipani Veda Vidya Pratishthan, Ujjain, 2012.
* Degree of Mahamahopadhyaya, Kavi Kulguru Kalidasa Sanskrit University, Rampek (Nagpur), 2012.
* Brihaspati Sammana, Kavi Kulguru Kalidasa Sanskrit University, Rampek (Nagpur), 2012.
* Mahamahimopadhyaya Sammana, Sanskrit Sahitya Academy, Cuttuck, Odisha, 2012.
* Honour Bharatashrih, Akhil Bhartiya Vidvat Parishad Varanasi, 2013.
* Fellow, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2013.
* Professor Emeritus, University of Delhi, 2013
* Vasundhara Ratna Samman, Award of Excellence, Respect Age International, New Delhi, 2013
* Chairman, 2nd Sanskrit Commission, Govt. of India, 2014.
* Rajaprabha Puraskar, Kunjunni Raja Academy of Indological Research (KAIR), Thrissur (Kerala), 2014.
* Distinguished Teacher Award from the University of Delhi, Delhi, 2014
* Sanskrit Gaurava Samman from All India Sanskrit Sahitya Sammelan New Delhi, 2014
* Bharatbhusan Award, Indian Institute of Oriental Heritage, Kolkata, 2014

==Academic writings==
* Essays on Indology, Meharchand Lacchmandas, 1963,
* The [[Ramayana]] – A linguistic study with a foreword by Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and an introduction by Dr. Siddheshwar Varma, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi 1964,
* Vaidika Vyakarana (Hindi translation of A.A.Macdonell's "A [[Vedic Sanskrit grammar|Vedic Grammar]] for Students", Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi 1971,
* Studies in Sanskrit and Indian Culture in Thailand, Parimal Prakashan, Delhi 1982,
* Kalidasa in Modern Sanskrit Literature, Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi, 1991
* Subhasitasahasri (Thousand Pearls from Sanskrit Literature), Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 1998
* Studies in the Language and the Poetry of the [[Yogavasistha]] (In the Press).
* Sanskrit Inscriptions of Thailand, Vijaya Books, Delhi-32, India, 2013,
* Human Values: Definitions and Interpretations, BharatiyaVidya Mandir, Kolkata-700087 2013 – {{ISBN|978-81-89302-45-0}}
* Sanskrit Writings of European Scholars, Vijaya Books, Delhi-110032 2013 – {{ISBN|978-81-910948-3-1}}
* Hungary Kitni Dur Kitni Paas, Vijaya Books, Delhi, 2013.
* Caran Vai Madhu Vindati (An account of the foreign cultural travels)- Vijya Books, 2013.
* Canakyaniti (Hindi and English translations with introduction) – Bhartiya Vidya Mandir, Kolkata, 2013.
* Words for Human Values in Sanskrit : Definitions and Interpretations, Bhartiya Vidya Mandir, Kolkata, 2013
* Introducing Sanskrit Literature, Vijaya Books, Delhi, 2014.

==Literary writings==
* Brhattaram Bharatam ( A Kavya in Sanskrit ) [[Sarasvati Susama]], Journal of the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]], Varanasi, Vol. XII, No. 1, Samvat 2014
* Sribodhisattvacaritam (A Kavya in Sanskrit), First Ed. Self Publication, Delhi, Samvat 2017 (A.D. 1960) pages iv+ 120, Second Ed. Meharchand Lacchmandas, Delhi 1974,
* Srigurugovindasimhacharitam (A [[Kavya]] in Sanskrit) (With a foreword by Dr. V. Raghavan), First Ed. Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Patiala, 1967, Second Ed. Sahitya Bhandar, Meerut, 1984,
* Sarmanyadesah Sutaram Vibhati (A Kavya in Sanskrit), Akhil Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow, 1976
* Indira Gandhi-caritam (A Kavya in Sansktir), Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, Delhi, 1976,
* Thaidesavilasam (A Kavya in Sanskrit) (With a foreword by Prof. Visudh Busyakul), Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi 1979
* '''Sriramakirtimahakavyam''' (A Kavya in Sanskrit) (with a foreword by Her Royal Highness [[Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]], the Princess of Thailand), Moolamall Sachdev and Amarnath Sachdeva Foundations, Bangkok, First Ed. 1990, Second Ed. 1991, Third Ed. 1995.
* Patrakavyam (A Kavya in Sanskrit), Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi 1994
* New Experiments in Kalidasa (Plays), Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi 1994
* Chanakyaniti, Bharatiya Vidya Mandir, Kolkata, 2013, {{ISBN|978-81-89302-42-9}}
* Charan Vai Madhu Vindati (Sanskrit-Hindi), Vijaya Books, Delhi-110032, 2013 – {{ISBN|978-93-81480-30-4}}
* Bhavitavyanam Dvaranii Bhavanti Sarvatra, Autobiography in Sanskrit, Vijaya Books, Delhi, 2014

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.satyavrat-shastri.net Satya Vrat Shastri, personal web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207085633/http://www.du.ac.in/show_department.html?department_id=Sanskrit University of Delhi Department of Sanskrit home page]

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Satya Vrat}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Direkgunabhorn|Satya Vrat Shastri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Chulalongkorn University|Satya Vrat Shastri]]

Gurmeet Singh Chahal

2025-11-18T00:56:55Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting bio

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1999)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Gurmeet Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Gurmeet Singh Chahal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Narwana]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height = 1.86 m
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| clubnumber = 24
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| years1 = 2018–2021
| clubs1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps1 = 9
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2021–2024
| clubs2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps2 = 28
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2024–
| clubs3 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps3 = 28
| goals3 = 0
| club-update = 21:58, 9 April 2025 (UTC)
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023 India]]|}}
}}

'''Gurmeet Singh Chahal''' (born 3 December 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].

==Club career==
===NorthEast United FC===
Singh made his professional debut for [[Indian Super League]] side [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] on 1 March 2019 against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] on the last matchday. He came on as a 71st minute substitute for injured [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]] as NorthEast United drew the match 0–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Blasters 0–0 NorthEast United |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/01/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/northeast-united/2966923/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023035825/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/03/01/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/northeast-united/2966923/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his first start in a 2-1 loss against [[Chennaiyin FC]] in quarterfinals of [[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-2019-score-live-streaming-northeast-united-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-dhanpal-ganesh-ck-vineeth-thapa-mascia-borges-updates-commentary/article26762395.ece/|date=7 April 2019|title=Super Cup 2019 Highlights: Chennaiyin FC comes from behind to reach semifinals}}</ref> On 11 June 2019, he extended his contract for another season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1138392579437785088|title=Gurmeet retained|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> But he made no appearance in the season. In [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21 ISL]], he made his first appearance coming as a half time substitute for injured [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]] in a 1-1 draw against [[FC Goa]] conceding no goal during his time in goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/indian-super-league-northeast-united-unbeaten-run-1-1-draw-fc-goa-1745518-2020-11-30|date=30 November 2020|title=ISL 2020-21: NorthEast United extend unbeaten run with 1-1 draw vs FC Goa}}</ref>
He got a run of gametime due to Chowdhury's injury and started in seven games keeping two cleansheets and returned to bench upon Chowdhury's return.

===Hyderabad FC===
On 30 July 2021, Singh joined [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] on a three-year deal.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-news-hyderabad-fc-nim-dorjee-gurmeet-singh-three-year-contract-neufc-transfer-news-indian-football/article35628123.ece/ ISL: Hyderabad FC signs exciting duo of Dorjee and Singh from NorthEast United FC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731060743/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-news-hyderabad-fc-nim-dorjee-gurmeet-singh-three-year-contract-neufc-transfer-news-indian-football/article35628123.ece/amp/ |date=31 July 2021 }} ''SPORTSTAR Hindu''. Retrieved 31 July 2021</ref> He made his debut and only appearance of the season in a 3-0 loss to [[Jamshedpur FC]] where he started the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-enter-maiden-semifinal-with-3-0-win-over-hyderabad-fc-news-184712/amp|date=2 March 2022|title=ISL 2021-22: Jamshedpur FC Enter Maiden Semifinal With 3-0 Win Over Hyderabad FC}}</ref> He was on the bench in the [[2022 Indian Super League final]] where Hyderabad defeated [[Kerala Blasters]] 3-1 on penalties. This was young Gurmeet and Hyderabad's first ever major trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-hyderabad-fc-clinch-maiden-title-beat-kerala-blasters-on-penalties-101647796223714-amp.html|date=20 March 2022|title=Hyderabad FC crowned ISL champions after beating Kerala Blasters on penalties}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-hyderabad-fc-win-maiden-isl-trophy-beat-kerala-blasters-on-penalty-shoot-out/articleshow/90340507.cms|date=20 March 2022|title=Hyderabad FC win maiden ISL trophy; beat Kerala Blasters on penalty shoot-out}}</ref>

The following season, he missed the [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] and opening seven games of the league due to an injury but became the first choice keeper upon his return due to [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]'s knee injury which ruled the latter out for [[2022–23 Hyderabad FC season|rest of the season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hyderabad-fcs-goalkeeping-custodian-laxmikant-kattimani-sustains-a-knee-injury|date=25 November 2022|title=HYDERABAD FC GOALKEEPER LAXMIKANT KATTIMANI RULED OUT FOR THE REST OF THE SEASON}}</ref> He started his first game of the season in a 1-0 loss to [[Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/atk-mohun-bagan-back-to-winning-ways-hyderabad-lose-top-spot-in-isl-3556538/amp/1|date=26 November 2023|title=ATK Mohun Bagan Back To Winning Ways, Hyderabad Lose Top Spot In ISL}}</ref> In the league stage, he kept five cleansheets and conceded only nine goals in twelve games with Hyderabad finishing second in the league. In the semi-finals, both legs against Mohun Bagan ended in goalless draws with Hyderabad losing 4-3 on penalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/atk-mohun-bagan-beats-hyderabad-fc-isl-2022-23-final-atkmb-vs-hfc/article66615908.ece/|date=13 March 2023|title=ATK Mohun Bagan beats Hyderabad FC on penalties to enter ISL 2022-23 final}}</ref> On 17 April, he received his first professional career red card in the final seconds of the last group stage game of [[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]] against [[Odisha FC]] where he tried to deny [[Diego Mauricio]] a clear goal opportunity in a 2-1 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstar.thehindu.com/football/odisha-reaches-hero-super-cup-2023-semifinal-hyderabad-fc-out-mauricio-rodrigues-indian-football-news-updates/article66748958.ece/amp/|date=17 April 2023|title=Super Cup 2023: Odisha FC books semifinal berth after 2-1 win against Hyderabad FC}}</ref>

===Return to NorthEast United===
In March 2024, due to Hyderabad failing to pay his salary for multiple months, was given permission to terminate his Hyderabad contract. After getting clearance for his termination, he re-joined NorthEast United on a 4.5-year-deal, valid until the end of the 2027-28 season.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-makes-exception-for-gurmeet-as-keeper-quits-hyderabad-for-northeast-united/articleshow/108168273.cms</ref>

Gurmeet made his second debut for NorthEast on 7 March 2024, starting in a 1-0 loss to [[Punjab FC]].<ref>https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/697828/punjab-fc-northeast-united-fc</ref>

==International career==
In May 2023, he received his maiden national call up ahead of [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023 Intercontinental Cup]] and [[2023 SAFF Championship]] after injuries to [[Vishal Kaith]] and [[Phurba Lachenpa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2023/club-news/gurmeet-called-up-for-maiden-national-team-camp/|date=28 May 2023|title=Gurmeet called up for maiden National Team camp}}</ref>
He remained as the third choice behind [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] and [[Amrinder Singh]] and was on the bench in all the matches as India went to win both the tournaments. He was selected for [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-football-team-asian-games-2023-squad-men|date=3 August 2023|title=Asian Games 2023: Sunil Chhetri to captain Indian men’s football team in Hangzhou - full squad}}</ref> He made his [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] debut in the first match against [[China national under-23 football team|China U23]] which ended in a 5-1 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/asian-games-football-china-thrashes-under-prepared-and-jaded-india-5-1/articleshow/103791714.cms|date=20 September 2023|title=Asian Games football: China thrashes under-prepared and jaded India 5-1}}</ref>
Despite the loss he was praised for his performance as he managed to save a penalty from [[Zhu Chenjie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/india-vs-china-live-score-asian-games-2023-ind-vs-chn-live-updates-101695117427659-amp.html|date=19 September 2023|title=India vs China Highlights, Asian Games: Exhausted IND endure 1-5 hammering against formidable China}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|7 March 2024}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|gurmeet-singh/573699}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|Cup
!colspan=2|Continental
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2018–19 NorthEast United FC season|2018–19]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|1||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||2||0
|-
|[[2019–20 NorthEast United FC season|2019–20]]
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
|[[2020–21 NorthEast United FC season|2020–21]]
|8||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!9!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!10!!0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2021–22 Hyderabad FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Hyderabad FC season|2022–23]]
|14||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||16||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|13||0||2{{efn|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2" |—||15||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!28!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!32!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2023–24 NorthEast United FC season|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!38!!0!!5!!0!!0!!0!!43!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Hyderabad'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title|title=Laxmikanth Kattimani the hero as Hyderabad FC beat Kerala Blasters FC on penalties to win first Hero ISL title|publisher=Indian Super League|date=20 March 2022|access-date=22 March 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322104911/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title|archive-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

'''NorthEast United'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|title=SLFC 0–3 NEUFC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024 Semifinal: NorthEast United enters maiden final with win against Shillong United|work=[[Sportstar]]|location=Shillong|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|date=26 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143425/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|archive-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]

'''Individual'''
* [[2024 Durand Cup#Awards|Durand Cup Golden Glove]]: [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]], [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/goalkeeper-55664-gurmeet-singh-chahal-profile Gurmeet Singh Chahal] at the ISL website

{{NorthEast United FC squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurmeet}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Sindhi literature

2025-11-10T22:09:13Z

MarisaBlackwelde: improved article

{{Short description|Literature in the Sindhi language}}
{{distinguish|Hindi literature}}
{{multiple|issues{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Expert needed|1=Pakistan|date=September 2022|talk=Needs attention from an expert}}}}
{{Sindhis}}
'''Sindhi literature''' ({{langx|sd|سنڌي ادب}}) is the collection of [[Oral literature|oral]] and written literature in the [[Sindhi language]] in [[prose]] (romantic tales and epic stories) and [[poetry]] (''[[ghazal]]s'' and ''[[nazm]]''). The Sindhi language of the province of [[Sindh]] in [[Pakistan]] is considered one of the oldest languages of [[ancient India]], and influenced the language of [[Indus Valley]] inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.<ref name="BR">{{Cite web|title=Sindhi literature |url= https://www.britannica.com/art/Sindhi-literature|access-date=24 August 2022|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Culture and Literature|url=http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/history%20of%20sindh/culture.htm|website=Government of Sindh|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103146/https://sindh.gov.pk/dpt/history%20of%20sindh/culture.htm|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=‎سنڌي ادب تاريخي جائزو|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2017|pages=23–26}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Adab jo mukhtasir Jaizo by Akbar Lighari|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2018}}</ref>

According to historians [[Nabi Bux Baloch]], [[Rasool Bux Palijo]], and [[G. M. Syed]], Sindhi influenced [[Hindi]] in the pre-Islamic era. After the advent of [[Islam]] in the eighth century, [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] influenced the region's inhabitants and were official languages.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌو جي ساڃاح|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ٻولي ء ادب جي تاريخ|year=2002 |publisher=Advance publishers}}</ref> [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]], [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]] and [[Ustad Bukhari]] are notable Sindhi poets.

==History==
{{Modern Asian literature}}
{{Islamic Culture}}
{{History of literature5}}

=== {{anchor|Developments|Early Period (712–1030)}}Early period (712–1030) ===
Local [[Hindu]] rajas had ruled Sindh. In 712, the [[Arabs]] conquered the region. They did not speak Sindhi, but Sindhi writers and poets played a role in development of the Sindhi and Arabic languages. The [[Quran]] was translated into Sindhi, and Sindhi books were translated into Arabic. Sindhi [[qasida]] (odes) were written, and Sindhi books were used in religious schools. The Persian-language Sindh history ''[[Chach Nama]]'' was written at this time.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia Sindhiana volume 4|publisher=Sindhi language Authority|year=2010|page=360}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو|publisher=Roshni publication Kandiyaro Authority|year=2010|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2016|page=6}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Soomra Period (1030–1350)|Epic stories from Soomra period}}Soomra period (1030–1350) ===
[[File:Trilok Singh Artist 1954.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a woman running across a desert|Sassi runs to Punhu in the [[Sassui Punnhun]] folktale.]]
[[File:Sohni Swims to Meet Her Lover Mahinwal LACMA M.72.2.1.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a woman swimming across a river|Sohni swims to meet her beloved Mehar.]]
As the Arabs lost control of Sindh, Sindhi-speaking inhabitants became rulers. This period is known as the classical period of Sindhi literature, although Persian remained the administrative language and Arabic remained a religious language. The [[Soomra dynasty]] ruled Sindh for over three centuries. The Sindhi language expanded and new literary ideas were expressed in Gech (گيچ) and Gahi (ڳاھ).<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia Sindhiana volume 4|publisher=Sindhi language Authority|year=2010|page=400}}</ref>

This was a period of prosperity and Sindhi linguistic development; Sindhi was a source for Islamic preaching. [[Sindhi poetry]] and satire evolved. [[Baktar Jiramdas]] wrote:
<blockquote>[The] Sindhi language was made as a source for Islamic preaching. Apart from this, natural Sindhi poetry also started to set evolutionary goals. In the Arabic books, there is also this unprovenness. From what I know, at that time there was a satirical language and there was literature in it. In the 19th century AD, a traveling scholar "Acharya Adyutan" came to Sindh from the court of Saurashtra to study Sindh and Sindhi language. He died in 778 AD and wrote the book ''Kawab Malha Kaha'' on the basis of his study. But he writes about Sindhi poetry: "We are those Sindhi poets who had a taste for melodious songs. They sang their song in a very melodious manner with the delicacy of Minaj and Dar."<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Adab jo mukhtasir Jaizo by Akbar Lighari|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2018|pages=16–20}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Adab jo Tarikhi Jaizo by Memon Abdul Majeed Sindhi|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2010|pages=27–30}}</ref></blockquote>

==={{anchor|Samma Period (1350–1520)}}Samma period (1350–1520)===
{{Main|Samma dynasty}}
The Samma had been allied with the Soomra, but Hameer (the last Soomra ruler) was defeated by the Samma ruler Jam Unar. Jam Unar became the ruler of [[Thatta]]. Although this period is considered fruitful for Sindhi literature, Persian remained the administrative language and Arabic the religious language. Sindh's borders reached [[Multan]], Bhawalwapur, Pasni, Khatiyawar, [[Makran]], [[Sibi]], Kuch and [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], and Thatta became a center of knowledge.

==={{anchor|Mughal, Argon and Turkhan Period (1521–1718)}}Mughal, Argon and Turkhan period (1521–1718)===

[[Shah Beg Arghun]]'s father, Amir Zulnun Arghun, ruled [[Qandar]] on behalf of [[Mirza Shah Hussain Baiqra]]. In 1507, after Amir Zulnun Arghun's murder, Shah Beg Arghun took control of Shal-e-Sabi, Kabul and Kandar-Chidi in [[Balochistan]]. Due to the weakness of [[Jam Feroz]], [[Jam Salahuddin]] rebelled; this led to civil war. Shah Beg Arghun conquered Sindh in 1521.

Shah Beg Arghun died on 22 [[Sha'ban]] 928 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1522 AD), and Hakim Theo conquered the Saju region (as far as Multan) in 1526 AD. Humayun defeated Sher Shah Suri, and died in 1541. [[Akbar]] was born the following year in [[Umerkot]].

Mah Rahat went to Iran and died on 10 July 1543. In 1554, Shah Hassan Arghun died. Sindh was divided between two families; northern Sindh came under the control of Sultan Mahmud Bakri, who was governor of Bakr during the reign of Shah Hasan Arghun.

When Amir Mirza Isa Tarkhan took control of Henahin Sanad, the [[Tarkhan dynasty]] began. [[Ghazi Beg]] was appointed the [[nawab]] of Nani, and Sindh became part of the [[Mughal Empire]]. During Mughal rule, [[subahdar]]s were appointed in Yernani, Bakr and Siwat. Under [[Muhammad Shah]], Mughal power weakened. The [[Kalhora dynasty]] became stronger in Sindh, and established their own government.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Adab jo mukhtasir Jaizo by Akbar Lighari|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2018|page=34}}</ref>

Due to the unrest, the scholars of Sindh migrated to Arabia and Gujarat. There was chaos in Central Asia, which led to the emigration of intellectuals to Sindh. After them, the church of knowledge was established as a seminary. Persian was the Arghuns' mother tongue, and poetry was written in Persian and [[Urdu poetry|Urdu]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Adab jo Tarikhi Jaizo by Memon Abdul Majeed Sindhi|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2010|pages=61–63}}</ref>

After the fall of the [[Samma dynasty]], three noble families ruled Sindh for about two centuries. The Sindhi poet [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]], forefather of poet [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]], was born.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2010|pages=34–39}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai}}Kalhora and Talpur dynasties ===
[[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] (1689–1752) lived during the [[Kalhora dynasty]], a significant period in the history of Sindhi literature. The Sindhi language was standardized at this time, and classical Sindhi poetry flourished with Shah Latif's work. Shah Latif invented a variant of the [[tanbur]], a musical instrument played when poetry is sung. His compilation, ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', includes "[[Sassi Punnun]]" and "[[Umar Marvi]]".<ref name="BR"/>

Shah Latif traveled to remote regions of Sindh, studying its people and their attachment to its land, culture, music, art and crafts. He described Sindh and its people in [[Fable|folk tales]], expressing ideas about the universal brotherhood of mankind, [[patriotism]], the struggle against injustice and tyranny, and the beauty of human existence. Also a musician, Shah Latif composed fifteen ''[[svara]]s'' (melodies). Each line of his poetry is sung on a specific ''svara''. [[Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari]], whose poetry appears in Abdul Rahim Garhori's ''Shara Abyat Sindhi'', was another notable Kalhora Sufi poet.

[[Sachal Sarmast]], [[Sami (poet)|Sami]] and [[Khalifo Nabi Bux Laghari]] were celebrated poets of the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] period (1783–1843). [[Khalifo Nabi Bux]] was an epic poet known for his depictions of patriotism and the art of war. [[Rohal]], [[Qadir Bux Bedil|Bedil]], [[Muhammad Mohsin Bekas|Bekas]], [[Syed Misri Shah]], [[Hammal Faqir]], [[Sufi Dalpat]], [[Syed Sabit Ali Shah]], [[Khair Shah]], [[Fateh Faqir]] and [[Manthar Faqir Rajar]] were other noteworthy poets of the pre- and early British era.

==={{anchor|Kalhora Period (1718–1782)}}Kalhora period (1718–1782)===

During the Mughal Empire, the [[Kalhora]] clan became strong and assisted the Mughal rulers. Yar Muhammad Kalhoro executed the poet [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]],{{cn|date=September 2023}} and became the first ruler of the [[Kalhora dynasty]]. [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] flourished at this time, which is considered a golden age of Sindhi literature because the rulers were Sindhi.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2010|pages=40–41}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Talpur Period (1782–1843)}}Talpur period (1782–1843)===
{{Main|Talpur dynasty}}
This period was the foundation of Sindhi prose. After the [[Talpur]] defeated the Kalhora, they ruled Sindh for about 150 years. The British defeated the untrained Talpur army.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2010|page=64}}</ref>

===British Raj (1843–1947)===
The British conquered Sindh in 1843, and Sindhi replaced Persian as the official language and medium of education. A committee of scholars discussed the alphabet, and [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script was adopted and implemented. In addition to textbooks, [[poetry]] and [[prose]] books began to be published.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=‎سنڌي ادب تاريخي جائزوBy Memon Abdul Majeed Sindhi|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2017|pages=135–138}}</ref><ref name="BR"/>

===After independence ===
[[Pakistan]] was founded in 1947, and Sindhi literature began to explore economic and social topics.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=‎سنڌي ادب تاريخي جائزوBy Memon Abdul Majeed Sindhi|publisher=Roshni publishers|year=2017|pages=184–187}}</ref><ref name="BR"/>

== Modern era ==

Modern Sindhi literature began with the region's 1843 conquest by the British, when the [[printing press]] was introduced. Magazines and newspapers popularized Sindhi literature, and books were translated from a number of European languages (particularly [[English language|English]]). [[Mirza Kalich Beg]] wrote more than four hundred works (including poetry, novels, short stories and essays) about science, history, economics and politics during the last two decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth.<ref name="BR"/> Thousands of books were published at that time, and [[Hakeem Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]], [[Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani|Kauromal Khilnani]], [[Dayaram Gidumal]], [[Lalchand Amardinomal]], [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani|Bheruamal Advani]], [[Hotchand Molchand Gurbakhshani|Hotchand Molchand Gurbuxani]], [[Jethmal Parsram Gulrajani|Jethmal Parsram]], [[Miran Mohammad Shah]], and [[Din Muhammad Wafai|Maulana Din Muhammad Wafai]] were pioneers of modern Sindhi literature.

In India, the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sindhi|Sahitya Akademi Award for Sindhi literature]] has been given annually since 1959. After [[World War I]], Sindhi literature was affected by the [[October Revolution]] and other socioeconomic changes. Literature became more objective and less romantic, and [[progressivism]] was an influence.

The struggle for freedom from the [[United Kingdom|British]] gathered momentum, sparking interest in Sindh's history and [[cultural heritage]]. Scholars such as [[Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi|Allama I. I. Kazi]], his wife [[Elsa Kazi]], [[Rasool Bux Palijo]], [[G. M. Syed]], [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota|Umer Bin Mohammad Daudpota]], [[Ali Muhammad Rashidi|Pir Ali Muhammad Shah Rashidi]], [[Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi|Pir Husamuddin Shah Rashidi]], [[Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai]], [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], [[Hashmat Kevalramani]], [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo]], and [[AllahDad Bohyo|Allah Dad Bohyo]] published works on history and [[culture]].

Poets such as [[Mir Abdul Hussain Sangi]] pioneered poetry in Persian [[meter (poetry)|meter]].

The novel and short story became the main prose forms, and hundreds of each were translated from [[Europe]]an languages to the [[languages of Pakistan]]. [[World War II]] saw the emergence of novelists and short-story writers such as [[Gobind Malhi]], [[Sundri Uttamchandani]], [[Popati Hiranandani]], [[Moti Prakash]], [[Ghulam Rabbani Agro]], [[Jamal Abro]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]], [[Amar Jaleel]], [[Naseem Kharal]], [[Agha Saleem]], [[Tarique Ashraf|Tariq Ashraf]], [[Shaukat Shoro]], and [[Madad Ali Sindhi]]. Sindhi drama has also flourished, and Aziz Kingrani has written scores of plays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livevisionusa.com/ptv_reviews.htm|title=:: LIVEVISION :: – Entertainment|website=www.livevisionusa.com|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismaili.net/html/modules.php?op=modload&name=phpBB2&file=viewtopic&p=66569&sid=e9c44dd959459bb562fc53fda95c67e7|title=Ismaili.NET WEB :: First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database|website=www.ismaili.net|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref>

Young writers have experimented with new forms of prose and poetry. [[Free verse]], [[sonnet]]s and [[ballad]]s have been written, in addition to classical forms such as [[kafi]], [[Bayt (poetry)|bayt]], and [[Geet (song)|geet]].

Notable Sindh poets are [[Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talib-ul-Mola]], [[Ustad Bukhari]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]], Darya Khan Rind, [[Ameen Faheem]], and [[Imdad Hussaini]]. Mubarak Ali Lashari is a literary critic and the author of ''Kuthyas Kawejan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesindhtimes.com/entertainment/new-book-of-renowned-critic-mubarak-ali-lashari-published/|title=New book of renowned critic Mubarak Ali Lashari published|first=The Sindh|last=Times|date=March 6, 2016}}</ref>

[[Noor-ud-din Sarki]] and [[Abdul Ghafoor Ansari]] founded [[Sindhi Adabi Sangat]], an organization of Sindhi-language writers originally centered in [[Karachi]], in 1952.{{Cn|date=December 2024}} The organization has chapters elsewhere in Pakistan and overseas.

=== {{anchor|Children's Sindhi Literature}}Children's literature ===
''[[Gul Phul]]'' is a popular children's magazine which was edited by author [[Akbar Jiskani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/8694/editor-passesaway/ |title=Editor passesaway {{!}} Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF) |website=www.pakistanpressfoundation.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071942/http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/8694/editor-passesaway/ |archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref> ''[[Laat]]'', a magazine published by Mehran Publications, was founded by Altaf Malkani and [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti (writer)|Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti]] (author of the spy novel ''Khofnaak Saazish''). The [[Sindhi Adabi Board]] has published books for children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/children_Litrature/Main_Children.HTML|title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Children's Literature)|website=www.sindhiadabiboard.org}}</ref> ''[[Waskaro]]'', a magazine which began publication in 1990, contains short stories, poems and articles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=انسائيڪلوپيڊيا%20سنڌيانا|title=انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org}}</ref> The [[Sindhi Language Authority]] has also published books for children.

== {{anchor|Literature|Epic poetry|Literature Technics}}Genres ==
The earliest references to Sindhi literature are by [[Arab]] historians; Sindhi was among the earliest Eastern languages into which the Quran was translated in the eighth or ninth century AD. Evidence exists that Sindhi poets recited verses before Muslim caliphs ruled in [[Baghdad]]. Secular treatises were written in Sindhi about [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], and [[history]] during the eighth and ninth centuries. [[Pir Nooruddin]], an [[Ismaili]] missionary who lived in Sindh in 1079, wrote [[Sufism|Sufi]] poetry in Sindhi. His verses, known as ''ginans'', are an example of early Sindhi poetry. Because Pir Nooruddin was a Sufi, his verses describe [[mysticism]] and religion.

[[Shamsuddin Sabzwari|Pir Shams Sabzwari Multani]], Pir Shahabuddin and [[Pir Sadardin]] also wrote Sindhi poetry, and some verses by Baba [[Farid Ganj Shakar]] were written in Sindhi. [[Pir Sadruddin]] was another major Sufi Sindhi poet, composing verse in Sindhi's [[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]] and [[Kutchi language|Katchi]] dialects. He also wrote in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Hindi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Sadruddin modified Sindhi script, which was commonly used by the [[lohana]] caste of Sindh [[Hindu]]s who embraced Islam as a result of his teaching; he called them [[Khuwaja]]s or [[Khoja]]s.

During the [[Samma dynasty]] (1351–1521), Sindh produced notable scholars and poets; the Sammas were some of Sindh's original inhabitants. Mamui Faqirs' (Seven Sages) riddles in verse are associated with this period. Ishaq Ahingar (Blacksmith) was also a notable contemporary poet. Sufi scholar and poet [[Qazi Qadan]] (died 1551) composed [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]] and Sortha poetry, and was a landmark of Sindhi literature. [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]], [[Shah Lutufullah Qadri]], [[Shah Inayat Rizvi]], and [[Makhdoom Lutufullah|Makhdoom Nuh]] of [[Haala|Hala]] are among other authors of Sindhi mystic, romantic and epic poetry.

===Romantic tales===
* [[Sassui Punnhun]]: this romantic story dates back to Soomra rule. Sasui is from [[Bhambore]], and Phunoo is from [[Makran]]; they marry. A number of Sindhi poets told this story, particularly [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]].
* [[Umar Marvi]]: this, the second well-known romantic story of that period, was widely sung by Sindhi poets. Umar, the Soomra ruler of [[Umarkot]], falls in love with Marvi.
* [[Momal Rano]]: this story is about the Soomra ruler Hameer. Rano, Hameer's son-in-law, falls in love with a Gujrati girl.
* [[Sohni Mahiwal|Sohni Mehar]]: the fourth romantic story of this period
* [[Lilan Chanesar]]: also from the Soomra period
* [[Sorath Rai Diyach]]: another story from the Soomra period
* [[Noori Jam Tamachi]]: this semi-romantic dates to when the Soommra government was in Lar.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2010|page=38}}</ref>

===Religious poetry===
During the Soomra era, Islamic missionaries arrived in Sindh and [[ginans]] (religious poetry) became popular. The most popular ginans were written by Pir Shihab al-Din and his son, [[Pir Sadardin]], who developed a 40-character Sindhi alphabet.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو|publisher=Roshni publication Kandiyaro|year=2010|page=18}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sindhology]]
*[[List of Sindhi-language poets]]
*[[Noori Jam Tamachi]]
*[[Pakistani literature]]
*[[Doha (Indian literature)]]
*[[Sindh Literature Festival]]

==Further reading==

* ''Sindhi Sahitya Charitre'' – Kannaḍa language translation by Sumatheendra Nadig of ''History of Sindhi Literature'' by L. H. Ajwani. Sahitya Akademi, Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi 110001 (1981).
* "Indo-Persian Literature in Sindh" in ''The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature'' by R. M. Chopra, Iran Culture House, New Delhi (2012).
* “Sindhi Adab Jo Mukhtasir Jaizo” by Akbar Lighari, Roshni publication, Karachi (2018).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.voiceofsindh.net The Largest Sindhi Adbi website in Sindhi language]
*[http://www.sindhiana.com Sindhi literature magazine of Sindh – Sindhiana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021017035755/http://www.geocities.com/thebhittai/ Shah Jo Risalo – The Selection, translated into English by: Elsa Kazi]
*[http://www.sindhisangat.com Sindhi Sangat – promoting and preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language. ]

{{Pakistani literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhi Literature}}
[[Category:Sindhi literature| ]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]
[[Category:Literature by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature by language]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem

2025-09-27T08:36:46Z

MarisaBlackwelde:

{{Short description|Pakistani political scientist (1897–1975)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1897}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|04|20|1897}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], Pakistan
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| fields = [[Political science]]
| workplaces = [[Karachi University]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[University of Oxford]] [[Sindh University]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]] [[University of Oxford]]
| thesis_title =
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| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Pakistan Movement]] and helped in establishing the [[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
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}}

'''Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem ''' ([[Urdu]]: ابو بكر احمد حليم; commonly known as '''A. B. A. Haleem''') (1897 – 20 April 1975) was a Pakistani [[political science|political scientist]] and the first [[Vice Chancellor|vice-chancellor]] of [[Karachi University]].

==Early life and career==
Abu Bakr Ahmed Haleem was born in 1897 in Irki village in [[Bihar]], [[British Indian Empire]] (now in India).{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} From the [[Patna University]] he gained [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Master of Arts]] degrees in political science.<ref name="Pakistan Institute of International Affairs">{{Cite web |title=Down Memory Lane {{!}} Pakistan Institute of International Affairs |url=https://piia.org.pk/down-memory-lane/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=PIIA |language=en-US}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Oxford]] in England where he gained a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree in political science and was called at [[Lincoln's Inn]] as [[Bar-at-law]].<ref name="Handbook of Indian students">{{cite web |title=Alumnus of Indian students at the Oxford University|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookofindian030507mbp/handbookofindian030507mbp_djvu.txt|publisher=Handbook of Indian students|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> Upon returning to India in 1923, Haleem accepted a professorship in history at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} In 1944, he joined the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and took active participation in [[Pakistan Movement]]. At one point he reportedly told [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]: "Mr. Jinnah, we are teaching history and you are making it."<ref name="Pakistan Tea House">{{cite web|last=Hamza Usman|title=At Home Nowhere|url=https://pakteahouse.net/2012/02/06/at-home-nowhere/|publisher=Pakistan Tea House website|access-date=31 August 2019|date=6 February 2012|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831180212/http://pakteahouse.net/2012/02/06/at-home-nowhere/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In support of Jinnah, the AMU was also closed on 3 November 1941.<ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corporation"/> The University Muslim League also formed a writers committee under Haleem which produced articles and pamphlets on Pakistan.<ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corporation">{{cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Shan|title=Education and politics : from Sir Syed to the present day : the Aligarh School|year=2002|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corporation|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176482757|page=138|url=https://www.google.com/#q=ABA%20Haleem&psj=1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&psj=1&ei=t0-LUeaUNKSmiQK04oGYBQ&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46340616,d.cGE&fp=89abae541f17253f&biw=1024&bih=564}}</ref>

After the [[Creation of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, Haleem was appointed the first [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Sindh University]] at the behest of Jinnah and in 1951 he gained that post at [[Karachi University]].<ref name="Pakistan Tea House" />

In 1970, he became chairman of [[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]] (PIIA) which he chaired until 1974. In 1975, he once returned to Karachi University to teach political science and stayed there until his death on 20 April 1975.<ref name="Pakistan Institute of International Affairs" />

==Death and legacy==
He died on 20 April 1975 in [[Karachi]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|title=Rallying around the Qaum: The Muslims of the United Provinces and the movement for Pakistan, 1935—1947|year=2011|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-1243513144|pages=396 pages}}
*{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mushirul|title=Legacy of a divided nation : India's Muslims since independence|year=1997|publisher=WestviewPress|location=Boulder|isbn=0813333407|page=80}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haleem, Abu Bakr Ahmad}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistani political scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Karachi]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Karachi]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Sindh]]
[[Category:Pakistani political writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Bihari descent]]
[[Category:20th-century political scientists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Jewan Lal

2025-09-25T10:45:39Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new article

{{Short description|Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Jewan Lal''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is a former MLA from [[Bani Assembly constituency]] in [[Kathua district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Lal is from Bani, [[Kathua]] district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Onkar Singh. He completed his B.Sc. in 1992 at Government Degree College, Kathua. His wife is a government employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewan Lal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BANI(KATHUA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=702 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is a former tehsildar from Bani Tehsil. Later, he joined active politics and won from Bani Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 12,841 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ghulam Hyder Malik of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 4,412 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bani Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bani Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jammu-kashmir-assembly-election/bani-constituency/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/jammu-&-kashmir/242/32 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He lost in 2024, as a BJP candidate to an independent candidate [[Rameshwar Singh (politician)]] by a margin of 2,048 votes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Jewan}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]

Parippu Mahadeva Temple

2025-08-06T12:04:14Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Made basic place basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Parippu Mahadeva Temple
| image = File:Parippu Mahadeva Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Parippu Mahadeva temple
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Mahadeva Temple, Parippu, [[Aymanam]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.619664|N|76.477090|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = പരിപ്പ് മഹാദേവ ക്ഷേത്രം
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| location = Parippu, [[Aymanam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals= Thiruvutsavam in Meenan, [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
|established =
| year_completed = 825 AD
| creator = Madathil raja
| governing_body = [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
| website =
}}
'''Parippu Mahadeva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in Parippu in [[Aymanam]] panchayath of [[Kottayam]] district, in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. This temple mentioned as ''Nalparappil'' in the renowned Shivalaya [[stotra]] is closely related to Thekkumkur raja.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Prof. N.E. Kesavan Namboothiri |url=http://www.nationalbookstall.com/ |title=Thekkumkur Charithravum Puravrithavum |date=June 2014 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd. |isbn=9789385725647 |location=Kottayam, Kerala state, India |pages=109 |quote= |via= |archive-date=3 June 2002 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603024326/http://nationalbookstall.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"108 Shivalayas" by Kunjikuttan Ilayathu</ref> Currently it is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]. Bhadrakali Mattappally [[Nambudiri]] holds the tantric rights of the temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/parippu-mahadeva-temple/|title=✍pedia - Parippu Mahadeva Temple (പരിപ്പ് മഹാദേവ കോവെല്‌) Aymanam, Kottayam|date=2011-12-01|newspaper=✍pedia|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nivalink.com/things-to-do/parippu-sree-mahadeva-temple|title=Things to Do - Parippu Sree Mahadeva Temple, Kumarakom, Kerala|website=www.nivalink.com|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>

== Deity ==
The presiding deity there is Lord [[Shiva]], facing east. It is believed to be one among the 108 'Shivalayas' consecrated by Lord [[Parashurama]]. [[Krishna]], [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]], [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]] and [[Bhagavathi|Bhagavathy]] are the subordinate deities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaikhari.org/parippu.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019094226/http://www.vaikhari.org/parippu.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2011|title=Parippu Mahadeva Temple, Aymanam, Kottayam|website=www.vaikhari.org|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref> The main offerings to the deity are Dhara, Pinvilakku, Pushpanjali, Payasam and Koovalamala.

== Legend ==
[[File:ParippuMahadevaTemple.jpg|thumb|[[Gopuram]] (tower) of the temple]]
The present temple was built by the 'Madathil Raja' ([[Edappally]] raja) in 825 AD. He belonged to Madathil palace near Parippu. The local chieftain Idathil Raja was not on good terms with him and both rajas, devoted to Lord [[Shiva]], did not wish to meet at the Mahadeva temple that they visited regularly. As a solution, two 'Balikkalpuras' (traditional frontage) were constructed in the temple, unlike the other temples in Kerala that only have a single Balikkalpura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orkut.google.com/c91325910.html|title=Parippu Mahadeva Temple|website=orkut.google.com|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003128/http://orkut.google.com/c91325910.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
The annual festival (Thiruvutsavam) is hosted in the Malayalam month of 'Meenam' (March/April). [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Thiruvathira]] are other noted festive occasions.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Parippu Mahadeva Temple}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

[[ml:പരിപ്പ് മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം]]

Madhya Pradesh Global Investors' Summit

2025-07-21T05:08:21Z

MarisaBlackwelde: starting first article w/ refs.

{{Short description|Biennial business summit in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Invest Madhya Pradesh: Global Investors Summit
| native_name =
| logo = Invest-mp-global-investors-summit-indore.png
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| date =
| begins =
| ends =
| prev = 2019 (as Magnificent MP Summit)
| next = 2021
| frequency = 2 years
| location = [[Indore]]
| years_active =
| first = 2007
| last = 2019
| participants = 6,000
| attendance =
| genre =
| budget =
| patron = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| organised = MPAKVN Indore, [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
| website = https://invest.mp.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Global Investors Summit''' ('''GIS'''), officially the '''Invest Madhya Pradesh Global Investors Summit''', is a biennial business summit organized by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in [[Indore]], to attract domestic and foreign investment for development of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-magnificent-mp-meet-held|title=Indore: Magnificent MP meet held|publisher=The Free Press Journal|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Business}}
*[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economy of Indore]]
[[Category:Business conferences in India]]
[[Category:Investment in India]]

List of forts in Gujarat

2025-07-13T14:25:02Z

MarisaBlackwelde: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The following is a partial list of [[fort]]s in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bhadra Fort]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad-bhadra-fort.htm |title=NRI Division | About Gujarat | Places of Interest | Archaeological/Historical | Ahmedabad | Bhadra Fort |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822041258/https://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad-bhadra-fort.htm |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Surat Fort]], [[Surat]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/SuratCastle|title=Surat Castle|website=Suratmunicipal.gov.in|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Bhujia Fort]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Bhujia-Fort-27943.htm|title=Bhujia Fort in India|website=India9.com|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> [[Bhuj]]
* [[Bhuj]] fort
* [[Kanthkot Fort]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uksbAQAAMAAJ&q=kanthkot|title=Indian Archaeology: A Review|first=India Dept of|last=Archaeology|date=18 December 2018|publisher=Department of Archaeology.|accessdate=18 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Bhachau]]
* [[Manek Burj]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-s-quiet-birthday-at-manek-burj-1805154|title=Ahmedabad's quiet birthday at Manek Burj|date=27 February 2013|website=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Pavagadh]]
* [[Roha Fort]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panjokutch.com/geography/Fort.htm|title=About Kutch|website=Panjokutch.com|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> [[Kutch]]
* [[Tera Fort]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|date=18 December 1880|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|accessdate=18 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Kutch]]
*[[Uparkot Fort]], [[Junagadh]]
*[[Songadh Fort]], [[Songadh]]
* [[Jhinjhuwada]] fort
* [[Vadnagar]] Fort
* [[Bharuch]] fort
* [[Dabhoi]] fort
* Bhadra fort, [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
* [[Mundra]] fort
* [[Palanpur]] fort
* Idario Gadh, [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]
* Idar fort
* [[Lakhpat]] Fort
* [[Indragad Fort]], [[Palikarambeli]]
* [[Sachin Fort, Sachin]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Parnera Fort, Parnera Pardi]]
* [[Gaurav Fort]]
* [[Gaikwad Fort, Vyara]]
* [[Arjungad Fort, Vapi]]
* Dhoraji fort, [[Dhoraji]]
*Roopgadh, Vadiroopgadh, Dang
*Sadra fort, Sadra
*Fort, Indroda, Gandhinagar
*Ancient fort ruins, Taranga
*Campaner fort, [[Champaner]]
*Kaligam fort, [[Ahmedabad]]
*Dheri Pavathi fort near [[Dehgam]]
*[[Hingolgadh]] hill fort
*Analgadh
*[[Vighakot]] fort
*Fort, [[Kadi, Gujarat|Kadi]]
*Viththalgadh fort
*Pindval fort, Piprol
*Ajmavat Fort, Suravat
*Fort, [[Upleta]]
*Fort, [[Balasinor]]
*Fort, Gadhka
*Fort, Sandhan
*Ranchhodpuri fort, [[Lakhtar]]
*Tuna fort
*[[Mandvi Fort]]
*Virani fort, Virani
*Maniara fort
*Chuli fort
*Jasdan fort
*Vajour fort
*Fort, [[Palanpur]]
*Ranpur fort
*[[Paddhari]] fort
*[[Fort St. Anthony of Simbor]] near Una
*[[Zinzuwada]] fort
*Gadhshisha fort
}}

==See also==
* [[List of forts in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forts in Gujarat}}
[[Category:Lists of forts in India|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Forts in Gujarat|*]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Gujarat|forts]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Gujarat]]

Aanaahad

2025-04-03T08:09:59Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Updated entries and formatting

#REDIRECT [[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]

Sornathammal

2025-01-08T13:51:26Z

MarisaBlackwelde: Added initial post w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and social reformer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sornathammal
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1916}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2007|1916}}
}}
'''Sornathammal''' (1916–2007) was an Indian freedom fighter and social reformer who actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=வீரம் விளைந்த மதுரை மண்! சுதந்திர போராட்ட வீராங்கனை சொர்ணத்தம்மாளின் வரலாறு... |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/tamil/motherhood/independence-day-2024-history-and-struggles-of-freedom-fighter-sornathammal-of-madurai-article-298274 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=HerZindagi |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Indian_Law_Reports/rpdDAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sornathammal&pg=PA196&printsec=frontcover |title=The Indian Law Reports: Containing Cases Determined by the High Court at Madras and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on Appeal from that Court .... Madras series |date=1895 |publisher=Pub. under the authority of the governor-general in council ... by the superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Sornathammal was born in 1916 in [[Madurai]], in the [[Madras Presidency]]. She lived in [[:ta:கடச்சனேந்தல்|Kadachanendhal]] and was an active participant in the Indian National Movement.

== Contributions to the freedom struggle ==
In 1939, she led a protest advocating for the entry of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] individuals into the [[Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple]].

During the [[Quit India Movement]], on October 2, 1942, Sornathammal, along with Lakshmi Bai Ammal, organized a women's march in Madurai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sornathammal |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?17773 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-08-14 |title=Women of steel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-steel/article5022187.ece |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Dr. Balagurusamy |date=2015 |title=A Study on Woman Freedom Fighters of Dindigul Region |url=https://journal.southindianhistorycongress.org/journals/articles/2015/SIHC_2015_V35_028.pdf |journal=South Indian History Congress |volume=35}}</ref> The march featured the slogan “Vellaiyane Veliyeru” (Quit India).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The participants were arrested and assaulted by the police. When the women refused to sign an apology letter agreeing to abstain from future protests, they were stripped and abandoned near [[Alagar Kovil|Alagarkoil]] during the night.<ref name=":1" /> Despite this incident, Sornathammal continued her participation in nationalist activities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-10 |title=The league of extraordinary women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/The-league-of-extraordinary-women/article15514357.ece |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Later in 1942, she participated in Individual [[Satyagraha]] and was imprisoned for three months.<ref name=":2" /> During her imprisonment, she engaged in spinning khadi, reflecting her commitment to [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] principles of self-reliance and nonviolent resistance.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Sornathammal died in 2007.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]

India women's cricket team in England and Ireland in 2006

2024-11-01T02:55:50Z

MarisaBlackwelde: new data!

{{Short description|Indian women's cricket tour in 2006}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian women's cricket team in Ireland in 2006
| team1_image = Cricket Ireland flag.svg
| team1_name = Ireland
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 29
| to_date = 30 July 2006
| team1_captain = [[Heather Whelan]]
| team2_captain = [[Mithali Raj]]
| no_of_ODIs = 2
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Caitriona Beggs]] (63)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (116)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = 4 bowlers (2)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[India women's national cricket team]] toured [[Ireland]] and [[England]] between July and September 2006. They played [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]] in 2 [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]], winning the series 2–0. They then played [[England women's cricket team|England]] in 1 [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]], 2 [[Women's Test cricket|Test matches]] and 5 ODIs. England won the ODI series 4–0, whilst India won the Test series and T20I series, both 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871 |title=India Women tour of Ireland and England 2006 |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

England's [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] set the record for the fastest cricketer, male of female, to earn their first cap in all three formats of international cricket, doing so in the space of nine days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-has-anyone-won-their-first-caps-in-all-three-formats-quicker-than-alana-king-1302092 |title=Has anyone won their first caps in all three formats quicker than Alana King? |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

==Tour of Ireland==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|IRE}}<ref name="IRE-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2750;team=2285;type=series |title=Records/India Women in Ireland Women's ODI Series, 2006 - Ireland Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling.html?class=13;id=2633;type=tour |title=Records/India Women Tour of Ireland and England, Jul-Sep 2006/All Matches/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Heather Whelan]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Caitriona Beggs]]
* [[Jill Whelan]]
* [[Clare Shillington]]
* [[Cecelia Joyce]]
* [[Nicola Coffey]]
* [[Eimear Richardson]]
* [[Isobel Joyce]]
* [[Jillian Smythe]]
* [[Ciara Metcalfe]]
* [[Emma Beamish]]
* [[Jo Day]]
|
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]
* [[Nidhi Buley]]
* [[Anjum Chopra]]
* [[Rumeli Dhar]]
* [[Preeti Dimri]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Karu Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hemlata Kala]]
* [[Reema Malhotra]]
* [[Sulakshana Naik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Asha Rawat]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Monica Sumra]]
|}

===WODI Series===
====1st ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 July 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|IRE}}
| score1 = 212/5 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karu Jain]] 56 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Heather Whelan]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| score2 = 105 (44.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Clare Shillington]] 31 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 2/21 (8 overs)
| result = India Women won by 107 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/ireland-women-vs-india-women-1st-odi-248346/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Railway Union Sports Club|Railway Union Cricket Club]], [[Sandymount]], [[Dublin]]
| umpires = Alan Tuffery (Ire) and Louis Fourie (Ire)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Match reduced to 48 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = [[Preeti Dimri]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

====2nd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 July 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|IRE}}
| score1 = 239/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 66 (87)
| wickets1 = [[Jill Whelan]] 1/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 135/8 (40.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Caitriona Beggs]] 63[[not out|*]] (115)
| wickets2 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 2/20 (8 overs)
| result = India Women won by 78 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/ireland-women-vs-india-women-2nd-odi-248347/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Vineyard, Dublin|The Vineyard]], [[Dublin]]
| umpires = David Walsh (Ire) and Rodney Molins (Ire)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Ireland Women target was 214 from 40 overs.
| notes = [[Nidhi Buley]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

==Tour of England==
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian women's cricket team in England in 2006
| team1_image = Flag_of_England.svg
| team1_name = England
| team2_image = Flag_of_India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 2 August
| to_date = 1 September 2006
| team1_captain = [[Charlotte Edwards]]
| team2_captain = [[Mithali Raj]]
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Caroline Atkins]] (180)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (134)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Laura Marsh]] (6) [[Jenny Gunn]] (6)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (15)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 4
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Claire Taylor]] (225)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (191)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Isa Guha]] (9)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Jenny Gunn]] (Eng)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Jenny Gunn]] (38)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rumeli Dhar]] (66)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Katherine Brunt]] (1) [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]] (1)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

===Squads===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|ENG}}<ref name="ENG-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2635;team=1026;type=series |title=Records/India Women in England Women's Test Series, 2006 - England Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Charlotte Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Lynsey Askew]]
* [[Caroline Atkins]]
* [[Rosalie Birch]]
* [[Katherine Brunt]]
* [[Holly Colvin]]
* [[Isa Guha]]
* [[Jenny Gunn]]
* [[Laura Marsh]]
* [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]]
* [[Laura Newton]]
* [[Jane Smit]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Claire Taylor]]
* [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]
* [[Nidhi Buley]]
* [[Anjum Chopra]]
* [[Rumeli Dhar]]
* [[Preeti Dimri]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Karu Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hemlata Kala]]
* [[Reema Malhotra]]
* [[Sulakshana Naik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Asha Rawat]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Monica Sumra]]
|}

===Tour matches===
====50-over match: England A v India====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG|name=England A}}
| score1 = 128 (39.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 52 (93)
| wickets1 = Kathryn Doherty 3/21 (7 overs)
| score2 = 70/1 (26 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steph Davies]] 27[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets2 = [[Amita Sharma]] 1/19 (5 overs)
| result = England A Women won by 1 run ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/148/148281.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Uppingham School]], [[Uppingham]]
| umpires = John James (Eng) and Alan Wilson (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = When play was halted due to rain, the England A Women target was 70.
| notes =
}}

====20-over match: Marylebone Cricket Club v India====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 117/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ebony Rainford-Brent]] 26 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 3/16 (3 overs)
| score2 = 118/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hemlata Kala]] 39[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Natasha Miles]] 1/20 (5 overs)
| result = India Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/148/148282.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Uppingham School]], [[Uppingham]]
| umpires = [[John Harris (English cricketer)|John Harris]] (Eng) and John Hayes (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====20-over match: Marylebone Cricket Club v India====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 96/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Beth Wild 22 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 4/6 (4 overs)
| score2 = 97/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rumeli Dhar]] 40 (–)
| wickets2 = [[Bev Nicholson (cricketer)|Bev Nicholson]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/148/148283.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Uppingham School]], [[Uppingham]]
| umpires = [[John Harris (English cricketer)|John Harris]] (Eng) and John Hayes (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Marylebone Cricket Club Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Only T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 107/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jenny Gunn]] 38 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 2/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 109/2 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rumeli Dhar]] 66[[not out|*]] (69)
| wickets2 = [[Katherine Brunt]] 1/10 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-only-t20i-225163/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]]
| umpires = [[George Sharp (cricketer)|George Sharp]] (Eng) and [[Neil Bainton]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Rumeli Dhar]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Lynsey Askew]], [[Caroline Atkins]], [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] (Eng), [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]], [[Anjum Chopra]], [[Rumeli Dhar]], [[Preeti Dimri]], [[Jhulan Goswami]] [[Hemlata Kala]], [[Reema Malhotra]], [[Sulakshana Naik]], [[Mithali Raj]], [[Amita Sharma]] and [[Monica Sumra]] (Ind) all made their WT20I debuts.
}}

===Test Series===
====1st Test====
{{Test match
|date = 8 – 11 August 2006
|team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
|team2 = {{crw|IND}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 223 (88.2 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Caroline Atkins]] 73 (146)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 3/46 (18.2 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 298 (138.1 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hemlata Kala]] 69 (179)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Laura Newton]] 3/57 (17.1 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 345/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (102.3 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Claire Taylor]] 115 (233)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 3/75 (25 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 187/8 (74 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rumeli Dhar]] 57 (123)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Laura Marsh]] 3/44 (18 overs)

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]]
|umpires = [[Jeremy Lloyds]] (Eng) and Trevor Jesty (Eng)
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-1st-test-225164/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Laura Marsh]], [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] (Eng), [[Nidhi Buley]] and [[Preeti Dimri]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

====2nd Test====
{{Test match
|date = 29 August – 1 September 2006
|team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{crw|ENG}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 307 (148.1 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 98 (295)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Isa Guha]] 4/61 (40.1 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 99 (51 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 26 (54)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 5/33 (13 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 98/5 (29.2 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karu Jain]] 34 (59)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Holly Colvin]] 2/26 (8 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 305 (160.2 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 105 (223)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 5/45 (36.2 overs)

|result = India Women won by 5 wickets
|venue = [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]], [[Taunton]]
|umpires = [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng) and [[Roy Palmer (cricketer)|Roy Palmer]] (Eng)
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-2nd-test-225165/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Reema Malhotra]] (Ind) made her WTest debut.
}}

===WODI Series===
====1st ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 253/3 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Claire Taylor]] 156[[not out|*]] (151)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 1/65 (9 overs)
| score2 = 153/7 (48 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 59 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]] 3/39 (9 overs)
| result = England Women won by 100 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-1st-odi-225166/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Barrie Leadbeater]] (Eng) and [[Pasty Harris]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Match reduced to 48 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = [[Holly Colvin]] and [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] (Eng) both made their WODI debuts.
}}

====2nd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 42/2 (16 overs)
| runs1 = [[Laura Newton]] 24[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets1 = [[Amita Sharma]] 1/14 (7 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-2nd-odi-225167/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Denis Compton Oval]], [[Shenley]]
| umpires = [[Martin Bodenham]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No further play possible due to rain.
| notes = [[Laura Marsh]] (Eng) made her WODI debut.
}}

====3rd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 185/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 73 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Isa Guha]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| score2 = 188/5 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 47 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 2/25 (10 overs)
| result = England Women won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-3rd-odi-225168/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arundel Castle Cricket Ground]], [[Arundel]]
| umpires = [[Barrie Leadbeater]] (Eng) and [[Martin Bodenham]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====4th ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 192/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 53 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Jenny Gunn]] 1/16 (7 overs)
| score2 = 195/7 (45.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] 61 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 3/20 (10 overs)
| result = England Women won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-4th-odi-225169/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Graham Burgess (cricketer)|Graham Burgess]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] (Eng)
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====5th ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 August 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 131 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 44 (118)
| wickets1 = [[Isa Guha]] 3/22 (10 overs)
| score2 = 132/3 (37.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Newton]] 41 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 2/21 (10 overs)
| result = England Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871/england-women-vs-india-women-5th-odi-225170/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Graham Burgess (cricketer)|Graham Burgess]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Isa Guha]] (Eng)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-ireland-and-england-2006-224871 India Women tour of Ireland and England 2006] from ESPNcricinfo

{{2006 English cricket season}}
{{England women's cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Ireland women's cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2006}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women's cricket team in England and Ireland in 2006}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:Women's cricket tours of England]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of Ireland]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England|2006]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Ireland|2006]]

Cinnamomum camphora

2024-10-27T14:35:45Z

MarisaBlackwelde: added info

#REDIRECT [[Camphora officinarum]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative scientific name|plant}}
{{R from move}}
}}