https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MarioStpierreBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-29T00:36:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhruzzaman&diff=485287Akhruzzaman2026-05-06T16:26:19Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding A Entry</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Minister of State]] <br><br />
[[Government of West Bengal]]<br />
| minister = [[Aroop Biswas]]<br />
| term_start = 10 May 2021<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor2 = ''New Seat''<br />
| term_start2 = 26 May 2011<br />
| constituency2 = Raghunathganj, Murshidabad<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|11|24}}<br />
| birth_place = Kantakhali, [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (since 2018)<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2018)<br />
| children = 2<br />
| profession = Advocate<br />
| spouse = Hosneara Khatun<br />
| education = [[L.L.B]]; [[B.Ed]]; [[B.Sc]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br>[[Jadavpur University]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akhruzzaman''' (born 24 November 1964) is an [[Indian politician]] and advocate from [[West Bengal]], who served as Minister of State of [[Ministry of Power (West Bengal)|Power]] of West Bengal from 2021-26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=Mamata shuffles around few ministers, retains key portfolios |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-shuffles-around-few-ministers-retains-key-portfolios-7310232/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A member of [[Trinamool Congress]], he is a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raghunathganj Assembly constituency|Raghunathganj constituency]] since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Abhishek Banerjee: ত্রিপুরার আহত তৃণমূল কর্মী ও অসুস্থ মন্ত্রীকে দেখতে হাসপাতালে গেলেন অভিষেক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/abhishek-banerjee-visited-sskm-hospital-to-see-injured-tripura-tmc-activist-and-minister-akhruzzaman-dgtl/cid/1301115 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><br />
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== Birth and Education ==<br />
Akhruzzaman was born on 24 November 1964 at Kantakhali to Habibur Rahaman and Jubada Bibi. He earned an LLB degree from Calcutta University in 1988, B.Ed. From Jadavpur University in 1989, B.Sc. from City College Under Calcutta University in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhruzzaman(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- RAGHUNATHGANJ(MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1749 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Akhruzzaman was a member of Indian National Congress. He is an advocate in [[Calcutta High Court]]. In 2018, he joined TMC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind Bengal Congress President Adhir Chowdhury's Softened Stance on the TMC |url=https://thewire.in/politics/behind-bengal-congress-president-adhir-chowdhurys-softened-stance-on-the-tmc |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-07-21 |title=Mamata vows to oust BJP from power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tmc-will-win-all-42-ls-seats-from-bengal-mamata/article24482022.ece |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021, he was re-elected from Raghunathganj seat with a margin of 23786 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Raghunathganj Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Raghunathganj Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-raghunathganj-constituency-59.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%2796_(film)&diff=481579'96 (film)2026-05-06T13:24:47Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding A Info</p>
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<div>{{short description|2018 Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by C. Prem Kumar}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date = October 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = '96 film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[C. Prem Kumar]]<br />
| producer = S. Nanthagopal<br />
| writer = C. Prem Kumar<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list| [[Vijay Sethupathi]]|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]]|[[Gouri G. Kishan]]||Aadithya Bhaskar}}<br />
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Mahendiran Jayaraju<br />
|N. Shanmuga Sundaram}}<br />
| editing = R. Govindaraj<br />
| studio = Madras Enterprises<br />
| distributor = [[Seven Screen Studio]]<br />Khafa Exports (Overseas)<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|10|4}}<br />
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/96-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200805140114/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/96-2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR|8}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=96 completes 50 days in theatres despite Sarkar's success |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/96-completes-50-days-in-theatres-despite-sarkars-success/319261 |website=Times Now News |quote=The total budget of the movie was only Rs 18 crore, and it achieved more than that in its first week at the box office.}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|50}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=96 earns Rs 10 cr across Tamil Nadu in opening weekend; Vijay Devarakonda's NOTA drops considerably |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-earns-rs-10-cr-across-tamil-nadu-in-opening-weekend-vijay-devarakondas-nota-drops-considerably-5357121.html |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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''''''96''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2016 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha film titled '96'? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-trisha-film-titled-96-news-tamil-qmvm0Aifcgdcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223131712/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-trisha-film-titled-96-news-tamil-qmvm0Aifcgdcg.html |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[C. Prem Kumar]] in his directorial debut. Produced by S. Nanthagopal of Madras Enterprises, the film was distributed by Lalit Kumar under his banner, Seven Screen Studio. [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Trisha Krishnan]] are in the prominent roles as Ram and Jaanu, while newcomers [[Gouri G. Kishan]] and [[Aadithya Bhaskar]] played the younger versions. The film also stars an ensemble cast including [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Varsha Bollamma]], [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]], and others. The film revolves around the reunion of former students from the batch of 1996, twenty-two years after their graduation. The reunion also serves as an opportunity for two former lovers, Ram and Jaanu, to resolve issues surrounding their separation.<ref name="nm">{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=4 October 2018 |title='96' review: This Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha film is beautiful, heartbreaking |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/96-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-film-beautiful-heartbreaking-89449?amp |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
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Prem Kumar wrote the script in December 2015, during the period of [[2015 South India floods|Chennai floods]] and completed the entire script within 20 days, which revolved around his life at his [[high school reunion]]. After the official announcement, the [[principal photography]] of the film commenced on 12 June 2017 at [[Kumbakonam]], and was shot across various locations in [[Chennai]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], while also being filmed in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Kolkata]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Kullu]]–[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. The cinematography was handled by Mahendiran Jayaraju and N. Shanmuga Sundaram, with editing being handled by R. Govindaraju. The music and background score were composed by [[Govind Vasantha]].<br />
<br />
''{{'}}96'' was released worldwide on 4 October 2018. The film received acclaim from critics, who praised the script, direction, music, cinematography, the nostalgic setting of the film, and the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. It was a commercial blockbuster, grossing {{INRConvert|50|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=96 earns Rs 10 cr across Tamil Nadu in opening weekend; Vijay Devarakonda's NOTA drops considerably |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-earns-rs-10-cr-across-tamil-nadu-in-opening-weekend-vijay-devarakondas-nota-drops-considerably-5357121.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> In addition, the film won six [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]], five [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare]], [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan]], four [[SIIMA]], [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison]], awards each, and also won an [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision]], [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet]] and [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha]] film award for Trisha. The film was remade by [[Preetham Gubbi]] in [[Kannada]] as ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]'' (2019), and by Prem Kumar himself in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' (2020).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Ramachandran "Ram" Krishnamoorthy, a [[Travel photography|travel photographer]], returns to his high school in [[Thanjavur]], flooded with nostalgia. After being added to his high school's [[WhatsApp]] group, a reunion is organized, and Ram meets up with his friends Murali, Subhashini, and Sathish in [[Chennai]]. During their catch-up, Murali hesitantly mentions that Janaki "Jaanu" Devi Saravanan, Ram's childhood sweetheart, is attending the reunion, traveling from [[Singapore]].<br />
<br />
In 1994, Ram and Jaanu were classmates and friends in 10th grade. Jaanu, a talented singer, and Ram developed romantic feelings for each other. After their board exams, they shared a heartfelt moment, where Jaanu asked Ram to remember her until they met again after the holidays. However, Ram left the school and village that year, and it's been years since they've seen each other. Now, at the reunion, Ram is about to cross paths with Jaanu again after a long time. As Jaanu arrives at the reunion from Singapore, she scans the venue for Ram. When Subha points him out, Jaanu's eyes lock onto Ram, and she walks towards him. Memories flood her mind of the day she waited for Ram in their 11th-grade classroom, only to discover he'd left school due to his family's financial struggles, relocating to Madras (now Chennai). Heartbroken, Jaanu thought of Ram only until she finished school, and now, years later, she's face-to-face with him again.<br />
<br />
At the reunion, Ram and Jaanu's reunion is initially awkward, but they gradually warm up to each other. As they catch up with friends, Jaanu's married life in Singapore and Ram's single status are discussed. After the party, Ram and Jaanu go for a drive, where Jaanu opens up about never forgetting Ram and wishing they could have met again. She shares how circumstances led her to marry someone else. Ram then reveals a surprising twist: he had visited her college years ago, but Jaanu refused to meet him, thinking he was a stalker. Jaanu is devastated, realizing the misunderstanding that kept them apart. Ram shares that he knew everything about her life, except for that painful misconception. Jaanu's heart sank as she recalled feeling Ram's presence at her wedding, hoping he would show up for her until the very end. Ram's revelation that he was indeed there, watching from afar, only added to Jaanu's sorrow, making her realize what could have been. Both feel a deep sense of sadness and regret, finally coming to terms with their past. Jaanu then asks to spend the remaining hours with Ram before her flight back to Singapore.<br />
<br />
Ram and Jaanu stroll through the city, reliving memories. They bump into Ram's photography students, who assume Jaanu is his wife. The students ask Jaanu to share their love story, and she spins a tale of how Ram tried to meet her in college, but they finally reunited and have been together ever since. Ram plays along, despite feeling awkward. After the students leave, Ram suggests that Jaanu rest at his place. As they walk, they get caught in the rain, and Ram lends Jaanu some dry clothes. She changes into his clothes, creating a sweet and intimate moment between them. At Ram's home, Jaanu's emotions surface as she learns he's still unmarried, and she asks him to marry and have a family. In a poignant moment, Jaanu sings "Yamunai Aatrile," from the film ''[[Thalapathi]]'', a song Ram had longed to hear her sing during their school days. Ram shares his cherished memories of their time, showcasing love poems, dried flowers, and their school uniforms. As their time together dwindles, Ram escorts Jaanu to her hotel to prepare for her flight.<br />
<br />
At the [[Chennai International Airport|airport]], they share a bittersweet goodbye, with Ram walking Jaanu to the boarding gate. As Jaanu boards the flight, they exchange a tearful farewell, leaving Ram behind in Chennai. The scene fades to black as Ram tenderly folds Jaanu's clothes, placing them alongside his cherished school memories, symbolizing that Jaanu will forever be a part of his life. The suitcase, now a keeper of memories, is closed, leaving Ram to hold onto the memories they shared.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Ramachandran "Ram" Krishnamoorthy<br />
**Aadithya Bhaskar as young Ram<br />
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]] as Janaki "Jaanu" Devi Saravanan (née Sugumar) ([[Voiceover]] by [[Chinmayi Sripaada]])<br />
**[[Gouri G. Kishan]] as young Jaanu<br />
* [[Devadarshini]] as A. Subhashini "Subha", Ram and Jaanu's best friend<br />
** [[Devadarshini|Niyathi Kadambi]] as young Subhashini "Subha"<br />
* [[Janagaraj]] as "Kaval Deivam", the school watchman, his nickname means "guardian deity"<br />
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Murali, Ram's schoolmate and his close friend<br />
**Surya Prakash as young Murali<br />
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Sathish<br />
**Gowthamraj as young Sathish, Ram and Jaanu's schoolmate and his closest friend. <br />
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Surya<br />
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Prabhavathi "Prabha", A Photographer student and Ram's closest student<br />
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Kalai Selvan, a barber<br />
* Shyam Prasad as Hotel Manager - Guest Relations<br />
* [[S. Janaki]] as herself, cameo appearance in deleted scenes<br />
* VJ Aswath Chandrasekhar as a Photographer Student of Ram<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = Once I finished writing the script, I knew that it was a performance-oriented film. The film was not going to rely on a budget or camera work. It is about two people and the change in their moods. It is a very intense film that needed seasoned actors.<br />
| source = — C. Prem Kumar about the writing of ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>96'' in an interview with Sruthi Raman, editor of ''[[Scroll.in]]''<br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 25%<br />
}}<br />
In October 2016, it was first reported that [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] had agreed to be part of a project opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]] that was to be directed by cinematographer [[C. Prem Kumar]], who worked with the latter in ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=Trisha to team up with Vijay Sethupathi in his next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nayagi-trisha-to-team-up-with-rekka-vijay-sethupathi-in-his-next-347950-2016-10-22 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=Now, Trisha in a film with Sethupathi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/latest-kollywood-news-tamil-movies-news-reviews-kollywood-movies/Now-Trisha-in-a-film-with-Sethupathi/articleshow/54976172.cms |access-date=22 December 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Two months later, Trisha announced the project via her Twitter and revealed the title as ''96''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trisha reveals the title of her next with Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trishareveals-the-title-of-her-next-with-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/56121218.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Prem Kumar originally had [[Manju Warrier]] in mind for the role of Janaki, but he was not able to reach her and was replaced by Trisha.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} Furthermore, the film was considered to be a [[romantic thriller]] genre, but was later revealed to be a "light-hearted romance film revolving about the childhood sweethearts who rekindle their relationship at a school reunion gathering".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title='96 will be romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/96-will-be-romantic-thriller/articleshow/57167209.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
From May 2017, Prem Kumar first talked about the film, telling that Vijay Sethupathi would play the role of a travel photographer, and that the film revolved around "characters who belong to the same batch: 1996", revealing the meaning of the film's title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi plays a travel photographer in '96 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-plays-a-travel-photographer-in-96/articleshow/58460206.cms |access-date=2 June 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=3 October 2018 |title=<nowiki>'9</nowiki>6 will appeal to the '90s generation, says director C Prem Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/96-will-appeal-to-the-90s-generation-says-director-c-prem-kumar/article25111207.ece |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Prem Kumar had written the entire script in 20 days in December 2015 during the [[2015 South Indian floods|Chennai floods]] when he was stuck in his apartment.<ref name="auto">{{Cite magazine |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=27 August 2018 |title='I'm Not A Romantic in Real Life': Prem Kumar C on Making '96' With Trisha, Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/im-not-a-romantic-in-real-life-prem-kumar-c-on-making-96-with-trisha-vijay-sethupathi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075816/https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/im-not-a-romantic-in-real-life-prem-kumar-c-on-making-96-with-trisha-vijay-sethupathi/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021 |magazine=Silverscreen India}}</ref> According to Prem Kumar, the inspiration for the story came from his [[high school reunion]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=We don't see layers to women characters on screen often: '96' director Prem Kumar to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/we-dont-see-layers-women-characters-screen-often-96-director-prem-kumar-tnm-87384 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> He missed the reunion but when talking to his classmates who attended the function he became fascinated about two people they were speaking about and began meeting the two and developing a story around their characters.<ref name="auto" /> The film's story was originally supposed to happen over a week, before the time span was changed to 24 hours, and eventually to a night.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=Director C Prem Kumar On The Candlelit Nights That Fuelled The Writing Of Trisha's 96 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/director-c-prem-kumar-on-the-candlelit-nights-that-fuelled-the-writing-of-trishas-96/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[File: Trisha Krishnan and Vijay Sethupathi at the launch of the Movie '96'.png|thumb|Trisha Krishnan and Vijay Sethupathi at the launch of the film|left]]<br />
The technical crew of the film includes N. Shanmuga Sundaram and Mahendran Jayaraju as the [[cinematographer]]s, [[Govind Vasantha]] as the [[music director]], R. Govindaraj as the [[editor]], Vinoth Raj Kumar handling the [[Production designer|production design]] and Uma Devi and [[Karthik Netha]] as the [[lyricist]]s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Apart from the lead actors, [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]], [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] and [[Varsha Bollamma]] were roped in for supporting roles. Veteran actor Janagaraj made a comeback with this film, essaying the role of a school watchman. About his role, Kumar had said that "School watchmen, in general have child-like behaviour and innocence that schoolkids have. He wanted someone to have that naturally in him" and thought of Janagaraj in mind. After approaching Janagaraj in his home, he gave the script papers without taking much time to decide, he eventually agreed to be on board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2017 |title=I didn't give time for Janagaraj sir to decide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-didnt-give-time-for-janagaraj-sir-to-decide/articleshow/60021015.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The crew was then looking for suitable actors to play the younger versions of Sethupathi and Trisha's characters,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2017 |title=Young Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha on the hunt now |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/41841/young-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-on-hunt-now |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233011/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/41841/young-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-on-hunt-now |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref> which delayed the commencement of principal photography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2017 |title=What's delaying Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha '96'? |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42510/whats-delaying-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-96 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804132900/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42510/whats-delaying-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-96 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=16 May 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref> The team eventually selected Aditya Bhaskar, son of actor [[M. S. Bhaskar]], and [[Gouri G. Kishan]] for the roles, both making their acting debuts with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Gouri Kishan of '96' fame speaks about her debut film |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/10/01/gouri-kishan-of-96-fame-speaks-about-her-debut-film/ |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=News Today}}</ref> Devadharshini's daughter, Niyathi Kadambi, played the younger version of her role. Subhashree Kaarthik Vijay, who was recruited as the costume signer, was a close friend of Prem Kumar and created the look of the lead female character Jaanu based on her own style.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=30 October 2018 |title=Trisha in '96': The girl in the yellow kurta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trishas-yellow-kurta-in-tamil-film-96-has-gained-popularity/article25369454.ece |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=How the fan craze for Ram and Janu of '96' is inspiring merchandise on the film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-fan-craze-ram-and-janu-96-inspiring-merchandise-film-90490 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The team shot a scene where the lead characters meet singer [[S. Janaki]], though this was later deleted from the film. Post-release, the makers uploaded the scene to YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=Watch: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha meet S Janaki in deleted scene from '96' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/903751/watch-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-meet-s-janaki-in-deleted-scene-from-96 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
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=== Characters ===<br />
Vijay Sethupathi's character Ram, was a travel photographer. Discussing about his portrayal, Prem Kumar stated that his life was considered to be "inconsistent and nomadic and his thoughts were unsettling like his job". The character was also unable to forget his first love in childhood, even though she was married, which had Kumar referred of a "few men who have remained the same as they were in their teens".<ref name=":5" /> He also quashed rumours that the title ''96'' was not referred to Sethupathi, playing a 96-year-old man, unlike ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' (2015) and ''[[Seethakaathi]]'' (2018), where he played an aged person in the film.<ref name=":4" /> Initially, Kumar wanted to write the script under the perspective of Trisha's character Jaanu, as she had a significant role and also his idea of writing characters with his women in mind, felt that women are superior to men and have many layers in their life, apart from other male writers who write stories on a man's point of view.<ref name=":4" /><br />
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The character also had a connection with music, since she had a rich and textured voice with that of singer [[S. Janaki]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=12 May 2019 |title=Nostalgia king: How Tamil filmmakers are keeping Ilaiyaraaja's musical legacy alive |url=https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Kumar believed that in some ways or the other, the film serves as a tribute to the singer.<ref name=":7" /> Both the characters, along with the similar artists are in their mid-30s, where the "unusualness and experimentation stops after 25", however, the two characters were in abnormal situation, which excited Kumar to write the film.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=5 September 2018 |title=Love without boundaries: Director Prem Kumar on crafting the offbeat romance '96' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/892338/love-without-boundaries-director-prem-kumar-on-crafting-the-offbeat-romance-96 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> The common aim is to depict the emotion of love without boundaries, as Kumar stated that "There is a sort of imperative about how a man and woman should be. The same way, love too is regulated. But love comes out even in uncommon situations. Love is the purest form of expression. That is what we have underlined in the film."<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[File:Accord Metropolitan.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Few scenes of the film was shot at [[Accord Metropolitan Hotel, Chennai]].]]<br />
Principal photography of the film began production on 12 June 2017 at [[Chennai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2017 |title=Trisha, Vijay Sethupathi's 96 goes on floors. See photos |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/trisha-vijay-sethupathi-96-goes-on-floors-see-photos-4700197/ |access-date=12 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> After a brief schedule being completed, the team headed to [[Kumbakonam]] on 11 July, to shoot major portions of the film. Trisha, who was absent for the first shooting schedule of the film, joined the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Team of 96 heads to Kumbakonam next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/07/team-of-96-heads-to-kumbakonam-next-985.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film was reported to be shot in 30 various locations, including [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Kolkata]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Kullu]]–[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], for the introductory song "Life of Ram", as the song is based on Sethupathi's life as a travel photographer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 different locations for Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha starrer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/30-different-locations-for-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-news-tamil-rholBtgdachbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714161136/http://www.sify.com/movies/30-different-locations-for-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-news-tamil-rholBtgdachbb.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Portions of the song were shot at [[Jog Falls]] in Karnataka, and [[Spiti Valley]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The team first headed to Pondicherry in August 2017, to shoot crucial sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2017 |title=Janagaraj joins team 96 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/aug/02/janagaraj-joins-team-96-1420.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It has been reported that Janagaraj had joined the shoot and filmed some portions in Kumbakonam, where the school featured in the film was shot at Town Higher Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha Tamil film '96' gets rolling |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-tamil-film-96-gets-rolling-1.2043310 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> The film was also shot at [[IHG Hotels & Resorts|Intercontinental Chennai Mahabalipuram Resort]], [[Accord Metropolitan Hotel, Chennai|Accord Metropolitan Hotel]], [[Chennai International Airport]] and also around [[T. Nagar]], [[Nungambakkam]] and [[Kodambakkam]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=It's a wrap for Vijay Sethupathi's 96 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jun/07/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-sethupathis-96-6401.html |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Despite being delayed due to the lead actor's commitments in other films, which led to intermittent schedule breaks and [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] strike over [[Virtual Print Fee]] hike,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=4 April 2018 |title=What is the Tamil Nadu Film Producers Council Strike about? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/all-you-need-to-know-about-kollywood-tamil-nadu-film-producers-council-strike-1204415-2018-04-04 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> the film completed production in June 2018.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Main|'96 (soundtrack)}} <br />
The [[soundtrack album]] and [[Background Score|background score]] and were composed by violinist-turned-composer Govind Vasantha for whom it was his third film he signed, and the second to get released, because of the delay of his maiden project ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=1 September 2018 |title=I could emotionally connect with '96': Govind Vasantha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/govind-vasantha-on-his-tracks-for-96-and-changing-his-surname/article24829312.ece |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Prem Kumar, who worked as a cinematographer in that film, recommended his name to work as the composer, as he had a close relationship with the director Balaji Tharaneetharan and worked with them in ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' and ''Oru Pakka Kathai''.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=I hardly do happy music: '96' music director Govind Vasantha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/11/i-hardly-do-happy-music-96-music-director-govind-vasantha-1883750.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The album had eight songs, with only five being included in the film and the lyrics were written by [[Karthik Netha]] and Uma Devi. The track "Kaathalae Kaathalae" was released as a single on 30 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2018 |title=The much awaited single track #KaathalaeKaathalae from #96 on July 30th at 6pm! |url=https://twitter.com/MadrasEnterpriz/status/1023550988139999239 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=@MadrasEnterpriz}}</ref> It was earlier composed as an [[instrumental]] track, and later having vocals and lyrics, though it was meant not to be included in the film. However, after multiple requests from fans, ever since being featured in the first teaser of the film, he later worked on it as 3-minute track being included in the soundtrack as well as in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2018 |title=Addicted to 'Kaadhale Kaadhale' from '96'? Meet Govind Vasantha, the composer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-kaadhale-kaadhale-96-meet-govind-vasantha-composer-85999 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> It is however, a short and slower-version of the promotional track "Anthaathi", which he had first composed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=10 December 2019 |title='Life of Ram took 10 minutes, Anthaathi took six months': '96' composer Govind Vasantha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-and-ar-rahman-are-treated-like-gods-in-tamil-nadu-govind-vasantha/article30268516.ece |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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On 24 August 2019, [[Think Music India]] released the full album through music platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=The Audio & Trailer of #96 will be out on August 24th! |url=https://twitter.com/MadrasEnterpriz/status/1032245769359650816 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=@MadrasEnterpriz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=96 Audio and Trailer to release today |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/cinema-news/vijay-sethupathi-trisha-96-audio-trailer-release-today/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Suryan FM}}</ref> The film's soundtrack album received positive response from music critics,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=96 music review: Make sure you listen to this album |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/96-music-review-trisha-vijay-sethupathi-film-5323274/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> with praise being directed on Govind's use of minimal instruments and only two playback singers ([[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]) rendering voice for most of the songs in the soundtrack.<ref name=":11" /> The production, instrumentation and the soundscape used in the film unlike mainstream Tamil film soundtracks, too received appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2018 |title=96 music review: Govind Vasantha delivers a winning soundtrack for Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha-starrer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-music-review-govind-vasantha-delivers-a-winning-soundtrack-for-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-5051371.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Further being hailed by critics as "one of the best soundtracks of 2018", the soundtrack had fetched many accolades.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2018 |title=Kaatrin Mozhi to 2.0 and Ghajinikanth, how Tamil cinema used self-referencing for easy laughs in 2018 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaatrin-mozhi-to-2-0-and-ghajinikanth-how-tamil-cinema-used-self-referencing-for-easy-laughs-in-2018-5786741.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Analysts believed that the songs, score and use of film music as a metaphor contributed to its success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2018 |title=The magic Tamil film music produced in 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/26/the-magic-in-this-years-music-1916522.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The concept logo of ''<nowiki/>'96'' was released on the occasion of [[Valentine's Day]] (14 February 2017).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} In August 2017, a new poster featuring Vijay Sethupathi was released and it was reported that the film would release on 14 February 2018, but that did not happen, due to the delay in production.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The first look featuring Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha, was released on 12 July 2018,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} and on the same day, the makers unveiled the teaser of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2018 |title='96' teaser: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha's film promises a feel-good drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/96-teaser-vijay-sethupathi-and-trishas-film-promises-a-feel-good-drama/articleshow/64963637.cms |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Watch: '96' teaser out, Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha look amazing together |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-96-teaser-out-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-look-amazing-together-84641 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The teaser received positive response from viewers and crossed 3 million views within 3 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2018 |title=3 Days 3Million Views & 100K+ likes for '96 Teaser! |url=https://twitter.com/MadrasEnterpriz/status/1018478566533619713 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=@MadrasEnterpriz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Teaser: Trisha Krishnan And Vijay Sethupathi's Tale Of Love And Emotions |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/96-teaser-trisha-krishnan-and-vijay-sethupathis-tale-of-love-and-emotions-1882357 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 24 August, coinciding with the film's audio launch, the makers unveiled the theatrical trailer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Watch: Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha starrer '96' trailer paints a beautiful love story |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-96-trailer-paints-beautiful-love-story-87180 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=96 trailer: Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha play high school sweethearts in this unconventional love story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-play-high-school-sweethearts-in-this-unconventional-love-story-5038971.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
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The film was initially slated to release on 13 September 2018, coinciding with the Hindu festival of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha-starrer '96' likely to release on September 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-starrer-96-likely-to-release-on-september-13/articleshow/65498890.cms |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-starrer '96' release postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-starrer-96-release-postponed/articleshow/65665975.cms |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> but the release date was postponed to 4 October 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha-starrer '96' to release on October 4 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-starrer-96-to-release-on-october-4/articleshow/65778547.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> in order to avoid clash with big-budget films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha film 96 gets a release date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/96-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-film-release-octorber-4-1338362-2018-09-12 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> Three days prior to the film's release, the film had a press screening for critics on 1 October 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2 October 2018 |title=96 movie review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha Krishnan's romance does the magic |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-krishnans-romance-does-magic-782050 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> where it received highly positive response. Lalit Kumar of Seven Screen Studios, who was an upcoming producer, then, had purchased the worldwide distribution rights.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi signs a political fiction with '96' distributor Lalith Kumar |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-signs-political-fiction-96-distributor-lalith-kumar-96298 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The theatrical rights of the film in [[Kerala]] were to sold to {{Indian Rupee|50}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-Trisha starrer '96' a huge hit in Kerala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-96-huge-hit-kerala-90968 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> It has been opened in 250 theatres worldwide.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Box Office: 96 Holds strong on Monday, to get more screens in week 2 |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21608/vijay-sethupathis-96-movie-tn-overseas-box-office-collection-report |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref><br />
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[[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] purchased the satellite rights of the film, even before the film's production in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2018 |title=Sun TV bags Trisha's 96 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sun-tv-bags-trishas-96/articleshow/62483692.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A month after its release and the successful run, Sun TV had a television premiere during [[Diwali]], on 6 November 2018. This has caused the public, including actress Trisha and director Prem Kumar requesting the channel to postpone the telecast. Despite that, the channel went ahead with the premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title='96 is a hit film. That's all matters' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/96-sun-tv-premiere-trisha-5436347/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Post release, the makers unveiled few deleted scenes from the film, soon after its 50th day run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=Deleted Scenes from #96TheMovie Arriving Today at 6PM ! |url=https://twitter.com/MadrasEnterpriz/status/1067240019411132416 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=@MadrasEnterpriz}}</ref> On 11 January 2019, the film completed its 100th day theatrical run,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} and to celebrate its success, Lalit Kumar hosted a success meet on 4 February 2019, with several noted celebrities along with the crew attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=100 Days of 96 celebration: Highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/100-days-of-96-celebration-live-updates-5568826/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's '96' team set to celebrate 100 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-96-team-set-to-celebrate-100-days/articleshow/67829710.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A year after its release, [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] aired the film in audio-format on 14 February 2020 (Valentine's Day), which was not done for a mainstream Tamil film.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The film's Hindi dubbed version was released on [[YouTube]] by Goldmines Telefilms in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=96 (2019) Official Hindi Dubbed Teaser {{pipe}} Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha Krishnan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB28ZEKjPtA |via=youtube.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
On the opening day, the film had collected {{INRConvert|45|l}} at the [[Chennai]] city box office, and worldwide the film had earned {{INRConvert|3.5|C}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Within the first four days, the film earned a net revenue of {{INRConvert|2|c}} from Chennai, and was considered to be the fifth highest grossing Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=96 box office collection Day 4: Sethupathi's film is fifth highest Tamil grosser of 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/96-box-office-collection-day-4-sethupathi-s-film-is-fifth-best-tamil-grosser-of-2018-1358261-2018-10-08 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> Within the second week of its release, more screens were allotted to the film following its positive word-of-mouth.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} As of 26 October 2018, the film earned {{INRConvert|50|c}} worldwide at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2018 |title=Robots and Game of Thrones parodies: Top 10 Tamil movies of 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/25/robots-and-game-of-throne-parodies-top-10-tamil-movies-of-2018-1916372.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> with a cumulative gross of {{INRConvert|26|c}} from Tamil Nadu box office.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
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In [[Kerala]], the number of screens were increased from 80 to 106 screens within the second week, despite other new films released on the week — ''[[Ratsasan]]'', ''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'' and another Sethupathi-starrer ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film was considered "blockbuster" at the Kerala box office, grossing {{INRConvert|7|c}}, the film received a share of {{INRConvert|3|c}}, against its theatrical rights being valued at {{INRConvert|50|l}}. It became Vijay Sethupathi's first solo hit in the state.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} In Karnataka, the film earned {{INRConvert|3|c}}, and received a netted revenue of {{INRConvert|50|l}} from rest of Indian territories.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film also earned {{INRConvert|13.5|c}} from overseas centres.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
The film received critical acclaim from critics and audience, praising the script, cinematography, direction and music and the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=9|average=6.8|ref=yes}} ''{{'}}96'' appeared on many year-end lists as one of the best [[List of Tamil films of 2018|Tamil films of 2018]], by top publications such as ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=2018: The best of Tamil cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2018-best-tamil-movies-5516504/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[HuffPost]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2018 |title=From 'Kaala' To 'Pariyerum Perumal', The Best Tamil Films Of 2018 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/from-kaala-to-pariyerum-perumal-the-best-tamil-films-of-2018_in_5c20bb7fe4b0407e907d328b |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=HuffPost India}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=26 December 2018 |title=The best of Tamil cinema in 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-of-tamil-cinema-in-2018/article25834330.ece |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' to '96': The best of Tamil cinema in 2018 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-96-best-tamil-cinema-2018-93890 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> and ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollywood in 2018: From '96' to 'Pariyerum Perumal', here are five best Tamil movies of the year |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/12/27/Kollywood-in-2018-From-96-to-Pariyerum-Perumal-here-are-five-best-Tamil-movies-of-the-year.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Week}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anupama Subramaniam of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', who gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, was in high praise of director Prem Kumar as she wrote that he had "not made a film, but woven pure and impeccable poetry on celluloid", going on to add that "Prem's honest attempt of portraying the true essence of love without taking any cinematic liberties makes ''{{'}}96'' the kind of genre-defining film that creates a benchmark for many years to come", while hailing Trisha's performance as her "best-ever till date".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2 October 2018 |title=96 movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines, Trisha's best-ever act in must-watch story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/021018/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-tamil-prem-kumar-best-adhithya.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A critic from the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave it a rare 5 stars out of 5 and said, "as we get to the climax and we get one of the most heartwarming moments of the film, it makes ''{{'}}96'' a highly satisfying story of unfulfilled romance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2018 |title='96': A highly satisfying story of unfulfilled romance (Movie Review) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/96-a-highly-satisfying-story-of-unfulfilled-romance-movie-review-118100500119_1.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=Business Standard India |via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Sify]] named it "one of the best films in a long time", while giving it a 4 rating out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 review: Poignant and Powerful |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/96-review-poignant-and-powerful-review-tamil-skcl49dgcdfjc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002072629/http://www.sify.com/movies/96-review-poignant-and-powerful-review-tamil-skcl49dgcdfjc.html |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 4 stars out of 5 and called it a "poignant romantic tale" and a "tribute to unconditional love".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=3 October 2018 |title=96 Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in poignant love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf News]]'' called the film "a classic love story that will be fondly remembered".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2018 |title='96' review: Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha charm in this old-school romance |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/96-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-charm-in-this-old-school-romance-1.2285659 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the film a "refreshingly fresh romantic trip down the memory lane with outstanding performances by its charming lead pair".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=96 movie review: Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha's winning romance is devoid of melodrama, clichés- Entertainment News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trishas-winning-romance-is-devoid-of-melodrama-cliches-5314081.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "there is a lot to fall in love with ''{{'}}96'', a wistful romantic film about a past romance [...] But what sets Prem Kumar's film apart from the others is that it gives equal importance to the romance of its female lead".<ref>{{Cite news |title=96 Movie Review {3.5/5}: 96 taps into nostalgia to leave us with a high that only happy associations with our past can evoke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/96/movie-review/66032687.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that the film "will take you on a nostalgic trip to your school days and old flames".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=4 October 2018 |title='96' review: Embark on this nostalgic trip with lilting music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/96-review-embark-on-this-nostalgic-trip-with-lilting-music/article25123498.ece |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and praised Sethupathi's performance saying that the actor "sails through the film effortlessly in his role" and Trisha "also aced her performance as a married woman who can't stop indulging in emotional infidelity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=96 movie review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in exquisite love story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-5386872/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vikram Venkatesen of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "''96'' has very well changed Tamil romance for good, thanks to its high dependence on music and realism in conveying nostalgia".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title='96 Review: Of Aching Nostalgia and Pregnant Silences |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/96-review |website=The Quint}}</ref> Priyanka Thirumurthy of [[The News Minute]] wrote, "the film's screenplay is gripping. It has you on the edge of your seat for what are seemingly the most inane activities – school attendance, conversations over coffee and even a ride in the metro".<ref name="nm" /> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' felt that ''{{'}}96'' "works beautifully in theory [...] in the head. Long-lost lovers fitting together again — like two pieces in a jigsaw puzzle — just for an evening, after more than a decade, is a dreamy idea. But that's the effect of the film too."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title='96' movie review: A beautiful idea, an efficient film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/oct/04/96-movie-review-a-beautiful-idea-an-efficient-film-1881067.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote, "The only problem is the slump in the second half [...] But the premise is so affecting, it keeps us invested" and concluded, "I walked out of the film satisfied that whatever Ram and Janaki decide to make of their future, his ink-splattered shirt from school and the dupatta of her uniform will live together, happily ever after".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=4 October 2018 |title=96 Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/96-movie-review/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Film Companion South}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |5 January 2019<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 – திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063612/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Actor<br />
|Aadhitya Bhaskar<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Crew<br />
|''<nowiki/>'96''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]<br />
|[[21st Asianet Film Awards|20 March 2019]]<br />
|Best Tamil Actress<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Asiavision Awards]]<br />
|17 February 2019<br />
|Best Actress – Critics<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=17 February 2019 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 winners list: Ranveer Singh, Dhanush and Trisha honoured [Photos + Videos] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-trisha-honoured-photos-videos-792105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222044534/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-trisha-honoured-photos-videos-792105 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 complete winners list: Ranveer Singh, Dhanush and Trisha bag top honours |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-and-trisha-bag-top-honours-1366633/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164616/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-and-trisha-bag-top-honours-1366633/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="11" |17 February 2019<br />
|Best Film<br />
|''<nowiki/>'96'' {{En dash}} Madras Enterprises, Seven Screen Studios<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2019 |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110083140/http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=edisonawards.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Supporting Actor – Male<br />
|[[Bagavathi Perumal]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Character Role – Female<br />
|[[Devadarshini]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Male<br />
|[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Director<br />
|C. Premkumar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Music Director<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Actor<br />
|Aadhitya Bhaskar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Actress<br />
|[[Gouri G. Kishan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Mass Hero of the Year<br />
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[66th Filmfare Awards South|21 December 2019]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]<br />
|''<nowiki/>'96'' {{En dash}} Madras Enterprises, Seven Screen Studios<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br /><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]<br />
|C. Premkumar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]{{Efn|Shared with [[Dhanush]] for ''[[Vada Chennai]]''}}<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Gollapudi Srinivas National Award]]<br />
| 16 March 2019<br />
| Best Debutante Director<br />
| {{sort|Prem Kumar|C. Prem Kumar}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center| <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2019 |title=Gollapudi award goes to Prem Kumar for 96 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170319/gollapudi-award-goes-to-prem-kumar-for-96.html |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="10" |25–28 April 2019<br />
|Best Film<br />
|S. Nanthagopal<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2019 |title=10th NTFF 2019 Official Selections And Winners Of – Tamilar Awards Announcement For Tamil Nadu! |url=https://jackiecinemas.com/2019/01/10/10th-ntff-2019-official-selections-and-winners-of-tamilar-awards-announcement-for-tamil-nadu/ |work=Jackiecinemas |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|C. Prem Kumar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Dubbing Artist<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Production<br />
|Madras Enterprises, Seven Screen Studios<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Director [[Balu Mahendra]] Award<br />
|C. Prem Kumar<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="10" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15–16 August 2019]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]<br />
|''<nowiki/>'96'' {{En dash}} Madras Enterprises, Seven Screen Studios<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards: Dhanush, Trisha, Mohanlal honoured in Doha; check out complete winners' list [Photos] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-dhanush-trisha-mohanlal-honoured-doha-check-out-complete-winners-list-photos-803677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101827/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-dhanush-trisha-mohanlal-honoured-doha-check-out-complete-winners-list-photos-803677 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Awards|Best Male Debut – Tamil]]<br />
|Aadhitya Bhaskar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Gouri G. Kishan]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Director – Tamil<br />
|C. Prem Kumar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 29 January 2026<br />
| Best Film (Third Prize)<br />
| ''<nowiki/>'96''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |archive-date=2026-01-30 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Comedy Actress<br />
|Devadarshini<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Vanitha Film Awards]]<br />
|3 March 2019<br />
|Best Tamil Actress<br />
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha Film Awards: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Manju Warrier is Best Actress |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Plagiarism allegations ===<br />
In late October 2018, a month after''{{'}}96''{{'}}s release, Suresh, an assistant director of Bharathiraja, alleged that he had written a script called ''92'' and that '''96'' was based on his own script.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vandhana |date=28 October 2018 |title='I Will Not Respond To Baseless Allegations': '96' Director Prem Kumar on Plagiarism Controversy |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/i-will-not-respond-to-baseless-allegations-96-director-prem-kumar-on-plagiarism-controversy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132427/https://silverscreen.in/news/i-will-not-respond-to-baseless-allegations-96-director-prem-kumar-on-plagiarism-controversy/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021 |magazine=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=96 director Prem Kumar responds to Bharathiraja's plagiarism claims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/96-director-prem-kumar-responds-to-bharathiraja-s-plagiarism-claims-1380359-2018-11-01 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> Few days later Prem Kumar hosted a press conference and said that he had registered his script in 2016 and also added that he had written a spin-off novel of what happens to the lead character afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=After 'Sarkar', '96' director Prem Kumar faces plagiarism charges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/01/after-sarkar-96-director-prem-kumar-faces-plagiarism-charges-1892898.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title='96' director Prem Kumar counters plagiarism allegations made by Bharathiraja and Suresh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/96-director-prem-kumar-counters-plagiarism-allegations-made-bharathiraja-and-suresh-90929 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The film was also reported to have "uncanny similarities" with ''[[Blue Jay (film)|Blue Jay]]'' (2016),<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Before you forget, 99 is not just 96 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/before-you-forget-99-is-not-just-96/articleshow/67030620.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> with Prem Kumar admitting to it, although he added that he had already registered his film before ''Blue Jay'' released.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title='96 is a hit film. That's all matters' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/96-sun-tv-premiere-trisha-5436347/}}</ref> Director [[R. Chandru]] had alleged that the movie had similarities with his film ''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' (2013).<ref name=":17" /><br />
<br />
=== Cancellation of morning shows ===<br />
On the day of its release, the film's early morning shows scheduled for 6:00&nbsp;a.m. were cancelled at the last minute, leading to disappointment of the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2018 |title=The real reason behind the cancellation of 96 early morning shows |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/05/the-real-reason-behind-the-cancellation-of-96-early-morning-shows-8194.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It has been reported that the stalling of the morning shows was due to financial tussles between [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], an erstwhile president of [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] (TFPC) and producer S. Nanthagopal, and had described in an audio note saying that he had stopped the release. A project starring Vishal and Nanthagopal did not materialize, and the producer failed to repay the funds, that both of them had arranged; the amount was under {{Indian Rupee|1.5}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=The first day morning shows of Tamil film 96 got cancelled at the last minute – here's why |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/the-first-day-morning-shows-of-tamil-film-96-got-cancelled-at-the-last-minute-heres-why-1287438/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref><ref name="Subramanian">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 October 2018 |title=How Vishal helped VS to get 96 to marquee |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/071018/how-vishal-helped-vs-to-get-96-to-marquee.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A tripartite agreement between the producer and actor was signed in front of the TFPC members, with one of them stating that the funds will be repaid before the release of '96, but as Nanthagopal failed to repay the funds before its release, the makers stalled the film's screening, leading to its first show being cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=விஜய் சேதுபதி நடித்துள்ள 96 படத்தின் சிறப்புக் காட்சி ரத்தானதற்கு விஷால் காரணமா? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/oct/04/early-morning-shows-of-96-movie-cancelled-3013845.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="Subramanian" /> Following the issue, the lead actor Vijay Sethupathi decided to withdraw his salary being offered for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi sacrifices salary to help '96' release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-sacrifices-salary-to-help-96-release/articleshow/66069093.cms |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi sacrifices his salary for the smooth release of '96' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-sacrifices-his-salary-for-the-smooth-release-of-’96’-news-tamil-skekepbdgegij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004075918/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-sacrifices-his-salary-for-the-smooth-release-of-%E2%80%9996%E2%80%99-news-tamil-skekepbdgegij.html |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, despite the smooth release and the theatrical run, in November 2018, Nadigar Sangam had banned producer Nanthagopal, and also advised the artists not to work with any of the projects produced by the company, over this issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=Film body issues red card to 96 producer, asks members to not work with Madras Enterprises |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/film-body-issues-red-card-to-96-producer-asks-members-to-not-work-with-madras-enterprises/story-oEDOuUjt8WIb2zUEYmw61H.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Bengaluru-based Tamil writer C. Saravanakarthikeyan wrote a book based on the film titled ''96 – Thanipperum Kadhal'', which was released by Prem Kumar by late December 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Narayan |first=Adithya |date=1 January 2019 |title=C Premkumar Releases Book About His Debut Directorial '96' |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/c-premkumar-releases-book-about-his-debut-directorial-96/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132452/https://silverscreen.in/news/c-premkumar-releases-book-about-his-debut-directorial-96/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021 |magazine=Silverscreen India}}</ref> Inspired by the film, Gulbonda, a [[Calicut]]-based art studio created dolls based on the film's two main characters, Ram and Jaanu, which became sought after by fans and saved the then newly launched startup company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2018 |title=Ram, Janu and Gulbonda: How Tamil movie 96 and social media saved a small Kerala startup |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/ram-janu-and-gulbonda-how-tamil-movie-96-and-social-media-saved-a-small-kerala-startup-5418481.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The yellow [[kurta]] outfit worn by Trisha's character Jaanu became popular after the film's release and was sold by a textile store in Chennai.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /> A year after the film's release, the poster designer [[Gopi Prasannaa]] designed an illustrated poster featuring the lead characters walking on the road, similar to the first look poster.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1179735404666212353 |user=gopiprasannaa |title=Ram and Janu walking beyond Timelines... Illustrated poster of 96. 👍👍👍😊 #OneYearof96 |first=Gopi |last=Prasannaa |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2019 |title=1 year of 96: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha Krishnan reminisce as this romantic tale turns one year today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/1-year-of-96-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-krishnan-reminisce-as-this-romantic-tale-turns-one-year-today/articleshow/71440447.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film's commercial success also led to Lalit Kumar's Seven Screen Studios becoming one of the leading film studio companies in Tamil film industry.<ref name=":16" /> At the 100th day celebrations of the film held in [[Chennai]] in February 2019, the company announced another film with Sethupathi, which was titled ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''<ref name=":16" /> and later on ''[[Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title='Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal': It's Nayanthara vs Samantha Akkineni for Vijay Sethupathi in this love triangle |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-it-s-nayanthara-vs-samantha-akkineni-for-vijay-sethupathi-in-this-love-triangle-2813688 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=DNA India}}</ref> In addition, the production company also acquired the rights of the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'', which had Sethupathi playing the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Screen Studio snapped the theatrical rights of 'Master' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/7-screen-studio-snapped-the-theatrical-rights-of-master-news-tamil-ubhloJhaeciaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107211825/https://www.sify.com/movies/7-screen-studio-snapped-the-theatrical-rights-of-master-news-tamil-ubhloJhaeciaf.html |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Gouri G. Kishan]] and [[Varsha Bollamma]], who appeared in pivotal roles in the film, gained popularity and later went on to be a part of big-budget films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Thalapathy 63: Varsha Bollamma of 96 fame joins Vijay-Atlee film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-63-varsha-bollamma-of-96-fame-joins-vijay-atlee-film-1510928-2019-04-26 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2019 |title=Thalapathy 64: Gouri Kishan roped in for Thalapathy Vijay's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-64-gouri-kishan-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/71820066.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The Tamil film ''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]'' (2022) had connections with the premise of ''<nowiki/>'96'' as reviewed by media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee review: A faithful recreation of the 90s with a tint of romance |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2022/01/21164716/1339803/Mudhal-Nee-Mudivum-Nee-review-A-faithful-recreation-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219171959/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2022/01/21164716/1339803/Mudhal-Nee-Mudivum-Nee-review-A-faithful-recreation-.vpf |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=dtNext.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
Even before the theatrical release of the film, producer [[Dil Raju]] acquired the rights for adapting the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language, under his [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] banner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2018 |title=Star producer Dil Raju acquires the Telugu rights of Vijay Sethupathi's '96' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/star-producer-dil-raju-acquires-the-telugu-rights-of-vijay-sethupathis-96/articleshow/65730657.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], who watched the preview show of the film, was left emotional and decided to sign for the remake as an actor and co-producer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2018 |title=Nani breaks down after seeing 96, signs up for the Telugu remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nani-breaks-down-after-seeing-96-signs-up-for-the-telugu-remake/articleshow/65993841.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and was reported to be paired opposite [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2018 |title=Nani, Samantha approached for the Telugu remake of this Tamil super hit film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-samantha-approached-for-the-telugu-remake-of-this-tamil-super-hit-film/articleshow/66132870.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Prem Kumar, who helmed the original version, was reported to direct the remake.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2018 |title=Director C. Prem Kumar clears the air about Telugu remake of '96' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-c-prem-kumar-clears-the-air-about-telugu-remake-of-96/articleshow/66752619.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> However, Nani did not act in the film, and the makers approached multiple actors before finalising [[Sharwanand]] as the male lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2018 |title=Samantha and Sharwanand coming together for 96? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-and-sharwanand-coming-together-for-96/articleshow/67092863.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Titled ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' (2020), Prem Kumar retained the technicians who worked in the original film, and was released worldwide on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Jaanu movie review and release Live Updates: Samantha Akkineni and Sharwanand are winning hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jaanu-movie-review-and-release-live-updates-6255290/ |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''{{'}}96'' was remade in [[Kannada]] by [[Preetham Gubbi]] as ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]'' (2019),<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Ganesh and Preetham Gubbi reunite for 96 remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ganesh-and-preetham-gubbi-reunite-for-96-remake/articleshow/66937151.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> with [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] portraying the roles played by Sethupathi and Trisha in the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title='99 will retain the soul of 96' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/99--will-retain-the-soul-of-96-1907286.html |access-date=23 January 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2019 |title='99 is a film that will evoke nostalgia in everyone' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/99-is-a-film-that-will-evoke-nostalgia-in-everyone/articleshow/69096137.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In September 2021, Ajay Kapoor announced a Hindi remake of the film, while also acquiring the rights of the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=Producer Ajay Kapoor bags the rights for the official remake of Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha's 96 : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/producer-ajay-kapoor-bags-rights-official-remake-vijay-sethupati-trishas-96/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=Ajay Kapoor on remake of Vijay Sethupati's '96'; Will soon make an official announcement of the cast and crew |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ajay-kapoor-remake-vijay-sethupatis-96-will-soon-make-official-announcement-cast-and-crew-899449 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
In February 2022, reports surfaced that Prem Kumar had developed the idea for a sequel which could materialise, and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] were reported to reprise their characters from the original.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2022 |title=Will Vijay Sethupathi do the '96' sequel? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-vijay-sethupathi-do-the-96-sequel/articleshow/89294523.cms |access-date=2022-02-19 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Contradicting the reports, Kumar had claimed that no such sequel is in the offering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Premkumar denies making sequel to 96 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/02074037/1341618/Premkumar-denies-making-sequel-to-96.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216033943/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/02074037/1341618/Premkumar-denies-making-sequel-to-96.vpf |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=dtNext.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
While giving interviews to both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] media as part of ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' promotions in the year 2024, Kumar revealed that his next film would mostly be a sequel to '96. Despite his initial reluctance, the director has finally made a decision to pursue a sequel because of the love and reaction the movie has garnered from viewers over the years. However, it is still unpredictable whether the sequel would again feature a sad ending in contrast to the audience's hopes and pleas for a happy ending.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:96 (film)}}<br />
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about class reunions]]<br />
[[Category:Films about photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about travel]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by C. Prem Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1994]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in schools]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_films_of_2025&diff=512442List of Indian films of 20252026-05-06T11:48:19Z<p>MarioStpierre: entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
This is a list of the highest grossing [[Indian film]]s released in 2025.<br />
<br />
== Box office collection ==<br />
{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Indian films]] released in 2025. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by reliable sources. There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Highest grossing Indian films of 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
!Rank<br />
!scope="col" |Title<br />
!scope="col" |Language<br />
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| ''[[Dhurandhar]]''<br />
| align="center" |[[Hindi]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|1,350.83–1,428 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | <ref name="BollyHungama">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Dhurandhar Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhurandhar/box-office/ |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhurandhar box office collection, all records broken ahead of its OTT release date: When and where to watch Ranveer Singh film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dhurandhar-box-office-collection-records-broken-ranveer-singh-ott-release-10500823/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en |date=29 January 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
| [[Kantara: Chapter 1|''Kantara: Chapter 1'']]<br />
| align="center" |[[Kannada]]<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|850-900 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |{{efn|name=bo|Various sources mentioned the gross theatrical collections to be around ₹850 – 900 crore.(₹850 crore,<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2025 |title='Kantara' Goes Global in English|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/kantara-goes-global-in-english-1911794|access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 27वें दिन भी 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1' की कमाई में दिखा उछाल, बुधवार को हुआ इतना कलेक्शन; अब इस माइलस्टोन पर निगाहें|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-day-27-rishab-shetty-starrer-movie-nears-to-complete-600-crore-2025-10-28?pageId=2|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2025 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-epic-crosses-rs-600-crore-in-india-beats-chhaava-to-become-highest-grossing-film-in-india-in-2025-3186064|title=Kantara Chapter 1: Rishab Shetty's epic crosses Rs 600 crore in India, beats Chhaava to become highest-grossing film in...|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|language=en}}</ref> ₹852 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Kantara 2 OTT Release: ओटीटी पर इस दिन रिलीज होगी 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1', ऋषभ शेट्टी ने शेयर कीं फोटोज जताया आभार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/web-series-kantara-chapter-1-release-ott-platform-amazon-prime-video-rishab-shetty-shared-filmmaking-photos-and-expressed-gratitude-9792909.html |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital Media|News18 Hindi]] |language=hi |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116184606/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/web-series-kantara-chapter-1-release-ott-platform-amazon-prime-video-rishab-shetty-shared-filmmaking-photos-and-expressed-gratitude-9792909.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2025 |title=Did Rishab Shetty Make Kantara Chapter 1 For Money? Director Reveals 'I Knew I Had To...'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-cinema/did-rishab-shetty-make-kantara-chapter-1-for-money-director-reveals-i-knew-i-had-to-ws-kl-9671788.html|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital Media|News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28|title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: Chapter 1' crosses Rs 852 crore at box-office, sets new record|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-852-crore-at-box-office-sets-new-record-3777835#google_vignette|access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28|title=Kantara: Chapter 1' Crosses Rs 852 Crore Worldwide, Becomes Biggest Diwali Box Office Winner|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-852-crore-worldwide-becomes-biggest-diwali-box-office-winner-2977356.html|access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[Zee News]]|language=en}}</ref> ₹897 crore <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 completes 50 Days in theatres|access-date=24 November 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Nov/21/kantara-chapter-1-completes-50-days-in-theatres|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and ₹900 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kantara Chapter 1 Hindi OTT release date: When and where Hindi version of Rishab Shetty's blockbuster movie releasing? Here's what we know|access-date=9 November 2025|url=https://www.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-chapter-1-hindi-ott-release-date-heres-what-we-know/amp_articleshow/125102936.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Chhaava]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Hindi<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|797.34–809 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |{{efn|name="Dr.Jishnu Mohan PT"|''Chhava''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹797.34 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Chhaava Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhaava/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹800 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Bollywood 2025 mid-year box office: Chhaava won, Sikandar lost - any lessons learnt? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-2025-mid-year-box-office-chhaava-won-sikandar-lost-any-lessons-learnt-2747601-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹804.85 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-10 |title=Chhaava OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Vicky Kaushal's superhit historical-drama? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chhaava-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-and-where-to-watch-vicky-kaushals-superhit-historical-drama/articleshow/120151886.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>) – ₹808 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Not Sikandar, Chhaava, L2: Empuraan, Sitaare Zameen Par, Saiyaara, Housefull 5, this is India's most profitable film of 2025 with 1200% profit at box office, its.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-sikandar-chhaava-l2-empuraan-sitaare-zameen-par-saiyaara-housefull-5-this-is-india-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-1200-profit-at-box-office-its-3170919 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Highest-Grossing Indian Films of 2025: From 'Dhurandhar' and 'Kantara: Chapter 1' to 'Saiyaara' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/top-10-highest-grossing-indian-films-of-2025-from-dhurandhar-and-kantara-chapter-1-to-saiyaara |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹809 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most popular Indian film of 2025 is a historical, made 500% profit; beat Sitaare Zameen Par, Sikandar, Kesari Chapter 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/most-popular-indian-film-of-2025-imdb-chhava-vicky-kaushal-500-profit-beat-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-kesari-chapter-101752039210942-amp.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
| ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|579 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saiyaara Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saiyaara/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''<br />
| align="center" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|514{{ndash}}675 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |{{efn|name="coolie"|''Coolie''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between <br />
₹514 crore (''[[The Hans India]]'';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keval |first1=Varun |title=Coolie OTT Release: Rajinikanth Action Thriller Now Streaming on Prime Video |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/coolie-ott-release-rajinikanth-action-thriller-now-streaming-on-prime-video-1005484 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en |date=11 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's Where You Can Watch Rajinikanth's Coolie Online {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-where-you-can-watch-rajinikanths-coolie-online-77570.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Network18 Group]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolie releases on OTT: Watch Rajinikanth, Nagarjuna Akkineni and Shruti Haasan starrer now |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/coolie-releases-on-ott-watch-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-akkineni-and-shruti-haasan-starrer-now-article-13537878.html |website=[[Network18 Group]] |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>) – <br />
₹515 crore (''[[OTTPlay]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolie on OTT: Lokesh Kanagaraj-Rajinikanth's actioner fails to get Tamil cinema's 1000-crore goal, finishes at halfway mark and yet holds records |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/coolie-on-ott-lokesh-kanagaraj-rajinikanths-actioner-fails-tamil-cinemas-1000-crore-aim-finishes-at-halfway-mark-and-yet-holds-records/4ed0576566878 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹675 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/total-box-office-collection-of-coolie-movie-across-the-world-10445715|title=அமெரிக்காவில் கமல்ஹாசனை முந்திய ரஜினி... கூலி மொத்த வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா?|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/rajinikanth-coolie-movie-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-platform-at-12-midnight-today-609720|title=Coolie OTT: சரியாக 12 மணிக்கு வெளியாகும் கூலி.. எந்த ஓடிடி தளத்தில் பார்க்கலாம்?|date=10 September 2025|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
| ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''<br />
| align="center" |Hindi<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|303–351 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2025 |title=War 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/war-2/box-office/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=War 2 worldwide box office collection day 14: Hrithik Roshan, Jr NTR film reaches ₹350 cr; beats Adipurush, Drishyam 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/war-2-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-14-hrithik-roshan-jr-ntr-film-reaches-350-cr-beats-adipurush-drishyam-2-101756352481335.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''<br />
| align="center" |Hindi<br>Kannada<br>Tamil<br>[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|300–327 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |{{efn|name="mahavatar"|''Mahavatar Narsimha''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between <br />
₹300 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When and where to watch mythological epic that became India's biggest animated hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-that-became-india-s-biggest-animated-hit-101758202695503.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha finally gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/18/mahavatar-narsimha-finally-gets-ott-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Mythological Epic That Became A Box Office Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-box-office-blockbuster-ws-kl-9581810.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – <br />
₹324.5 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>) – <br />
₹325 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When, where to watch Ashwin Kumar's blockbuster animated film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ashwin-kumar-blockbuster-animated-film-netflix-3180718 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) –₹327 crore (''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=":0" />)}}<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| style="text-align:left;| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''<br />
| align="center" |[[Malayalam]]<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|302–304 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |{{efn|name="lokah"|''Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra''{{'}}s reported worldwide gross is from ₹301.98 crore (''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Lokah: Chapter 1' becomes first Malayalam film to earn Rs 300 crore worldwide |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/lokah-chapter-1-becomes-first-malayalam-film-to-cross-rs-300-crore-mark-worldwide/cid/2127704|access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>) to ₹302.5 crore (''[[ThePrint]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-10-22 |title=Kantara, Dashavatar to Lokah—how tribal representation in films is changing |url=https://theprint.in/feature/kantara-dashavatar-lokah-tribal-representation-films-changing/2768449/ |access-date=2025-11-03|website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>) to ₹303.2 crore (''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra' final worldwide box office collection: All-time no.1 Mollywood grosser in Kerala, India and worldwide |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/04/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-final-box-office-collection-all-time-no-1-mollywood-grosser-in-kerala-india-and-worldwide.html |website=The Week |access-date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹304 crore (''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=":0" />)}}<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
| ''[[They Call Him OG]]''<br />
| align="center" |Telugu<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|293.65–300 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | {{efn|name="og"|''They Call Him OG'' grossed ₹293.65 crore (''[[News18]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's They Call Him OG Ends Theatrical Run With Rs 293.65 Crore Worldwide Collection |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-they-call-him-og-ends-theatrical-run-with-rs-293-65-crore-worldwide-collection-aa-ws-l-9653596.html |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=News18}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='They Call Him OG' OTT release: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-drama/cid/2128421 |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹294 crore (''[[Daily News and Analysis]] ''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=They Call Him OG OTT release date: When, where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action blockbuster |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-they-call-him-og-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-blockbuster-netflix-3184851 |website=DNA India |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹300 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=They Call Him OG OTT release update: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan's Telugu blockbuster movie after theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/they-call-him-og-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyans-telugu-blockbuster-movie-after-theatrical-run/articleshow/124350947.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=23 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
| style="text-align:left" | ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''<br />
| align="center" |Malayalam <br />
| align="right" | {{INR|268.05 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Sep 2025 |title=L2: Empuraam Office Collection |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mohanlal-2025-boxoffice-records-malayalam-films-articleshow-agtqido |access-date=8 Sep 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Lists of Indian films of 2025==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|List of Bengali films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Bhojpuri films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Hindi films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Kannada films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Malayalam films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Marathi films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Odia films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Tamil films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Telugu films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Tulu films of 2025]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Indian films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Indian films of 2024]]<br />
* [[2025 in Marathi cinema]]<br />
* [[List of 2025 box office number-one films in India]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
|title = [[List of Indian films|Indian films]]<br />
|years = '''2025'''<br />
|before = [[List of Indian films of 2024|2024]]<br />
|after = [[List of Indian films of 2026|2026]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{2025 films}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian films by year|2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|*]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by country|Indian]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barchalla_Assembly_constituency&diff=489799Barchalla Assembly constituency2026-05-06T07:28:40Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding A Entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Barchalla<br />
| constituency_no = 66<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Barchalla Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br />
| state = [[Assam]]<br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]<br />
| district = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Barchalla''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Barchalla forms part of the [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful parties from Barchalla Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=55|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (4 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=22|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party''' (2 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value3=12|label3=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' (1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value4=12|label4=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam|'''Plain Tribals Council of Assam)''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}|value5=12|label5=[[Prafulla Goswami|'''Prafulla Goswami(Ind)''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Independent}}|value6=|label6=|color6=|value7=|label7=|color7=|value8=|label8=|color8=}}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
'''Dhekiajuli South,Barchalla & Missamari Assembly Constituencies (1952-1978)'''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Winner<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Dhekiajuli South Constituency(1952-1957)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br />
|[[Mohi Kanta Das]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Barchalla Assembly Constituency(1957-1967)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohi Kanta Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Missamari Assembly Constituency(1967-1978)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
|[[Mohi Kanta Das]] <br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|[[Bijoy Chandra Sarmah]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
'''Barchalla Assembly Constituency (1978-present)'''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Winner<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]] <br />
|[[Kamal chandra Basumatary|Kamal Chandra Basumatary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br />
|[[Prafulla Goswami]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]] <br />
|[[Rudra Parajuli]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]] <br />
|[[Prafulla Goswami]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]] <br />
|[[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]] <br />
|[[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]<ref name=election2006>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4009-assam-2006/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br />
|[[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|[[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|23,682<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref name=election2021/><br />
|[[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]<br />
|17,782<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barchalla}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ritu Baran Sarmah|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=84495 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Ripun Bora]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=59933 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= BABURAM BASUMATARY|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=1714 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1845 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24562 |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Batadroba<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=Ganesh Kumar Limbu<br />
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes=<br />
|percentage=<br />
|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saravana_Subbiah&diff=533141Saravana Subbiah2026-05-04T22:45:28Z<p>MarioStpierre: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Saravana Subbiah<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = Director, actor<br />
| othername = <br />
| yearsactive = 2001{{endash}}present<br />
| spouse =<br />
| parents =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Saravana Subbiah''' is an Indian film director and actor, who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. He made his directorial debut with ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001), before making the romantic drama ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' (2005).<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Saravana Subbiah worked as an assistant director to [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] for ''[[Kadhal Palli]]'' (1997). He made his directorial debut with ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001) featuring [[Ajith Kumar]] in the leading role of a social activist. Prior to release, the film created anticipation with reports suggesting that Ajith would portray several different get-ups in a double role. The film released in June 2001 to mixed reviews, with [[The Hindu]] labelling it "a slow starter, but it picks up momentum after the first half and peaks to a climax, with a difference", adding that it is a "definite milestone in Ajit's acting career".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/15/stories/09150222.htm |title=The Hindu : Film Review: Citizen |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519052901/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/15/stories/09150222.htm |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The actor and director then began work on another project titled ''Itihasam'' co-starring [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], written by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] and focusing on caste issues, but the production was shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/20032002/news02.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213001055/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/20032002/news02.shtml|archive-date=13 December 2003|url-status=dead|title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு — Tamil Kavithai -- தமிழ் கவிதைகள் - நூற்று கணக்கில்!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg155/culture.htm |title=Arts & Culture |publisher=Tamilguardian.com |date=2002-04-03 |accessdate=2013-05-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022213751/http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg155/culture.htm |archivedate=22 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was later offered the opportunity to direct a Telugu film featuring [[Daggubati Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] and [[Gracy Singh]] titled ''Vaakaaladu'', narrating a tale on corrupt politics, but the project was stalled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov143.asp |title=Success has no boundaries |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122065256/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov143.asp |archive-date=22 November 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2002, he also briefly worked on a film titled ''Anthanan'' with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] for producer [[Navodaya Appachan]], but that venture also did not develop beyond the pre-production stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c78.html|title=Nilacharal - A Tamil entertainment ezine presenting interesting contents and useful services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2002/nov/02-11-02.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050306221959/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2002/nov/02-11-02.html|archive-date = 6 March 2005|title = 02-11-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
His second film, the romantic drama ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' was released in November 2005, with Saravana also appearing in the film as an actor in a negative role. The film won mixed reviews, with a critic noting it had a "wafer-thin storyline".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134101/http://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Review : ABCD |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> In 2007, he announced he had started pre-production work on a film titled ''Desam Kondan'' starring [[Sibiraj]] though that film also failed to progress. Similarly, he was briefly associated with a project titled ''Ennai Ezhanthen'' by Kumarappa, which was to feature Saravana in the leading role; this film too was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/double-joy-for-saravana-subbiah-tamil-news-31583.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171225/http://www.indiaglitz.com/double-joy-for-saravana-subbiah-tamil-news-31583.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Double joy for Saravana Subbiah |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2007-06-04 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
Saravana subsequently took up other roles as a supporting actor, notably appearing in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' (2010) as a cop who betrays his team and in ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' (2011), where he won critical acclaim for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hue-and-cry-pray-why/article2642274.ece |title=Hue and cry, pray why |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=2011-11-19 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2010, he worked as an anchor for the reality show ''Kanavu Meipadavendum'' on Makkal TV, which sought to hunt youngsters with managerial and leadership qualities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/new-show/article506469.ece |title=New show |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=2010-07-09 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> In 2021, he directed the drama film, ''Meendum''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meendum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/meendum/movieshow/88594002.cms |access-date=2021-12-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===As director and screenwriter===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
!class=unsortable| Notes<br />
|-<br />
||2001|| ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
||2005 || ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
||2021 || ''Meendum'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As an actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"<br />
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' || Man amongst the general public || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || Chandra's husband ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Thiruvanamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]'' || Police inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Thairiyam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' || Ranjith ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Moscowin Kavery]]'' || Police inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' || Sundaram's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]'' || Auditor ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' || Sethu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Meaghamann]]'' || Police officer || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Adhibar]]'' || Police officer || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]'' || Police officer || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 2016 || ''[[Visaranai]]'' || Saravanan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || Doctor || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Kizhakku Chandu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Onbathilirundhu Pathuvarai'' || Police officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pagiri]]'' || Police officer || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaashmora]]'' || Show host ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 2017 || ''[[Kanavu Variyam]]'' || Gopi's boss ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paambhu Sattai]]'' || Boxer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Police officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Prakash || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || TV Host || <br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Goli Soda 2]]'' || Counsellor||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Perazhagi ISO]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''Meendum'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Ayngaran (film)|Ayngaran]]'' || Kid Rescue Department Lead ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naane Varuvean]]''|| Kathir and Prabhu's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Bakasuran]]'' || Natarajan's Lawyer ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' || Collector of Arumapuri District ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Va Varalam Va]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Saamaniyan]]'' || Punniyavan ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''|| Inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' || Collector of Arumapuri District ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8"|2025 || ''[[Kooran (film)|Kooran]]''|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|''Leg Piece''|| Deputy Commissioner of Police ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ten Hours]]'' || Election officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maareesan]]'' || Judge ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Kamal Haasan says Maareesan left him "laughing and thinking", calls it "inventive and spirited" |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/24/kamal-haasan-says-maareesan-left-him-laughing-and-thinking-calls-it-inventive-and-spirited |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gandhi Kannadi]]'' || Inspector Mani Mozhian || Uncredited role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marutham (film)|Marutham]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Others (film)|Others]]'' || Anbazhagan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Paruthi'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2026 || ''[[Draupathi 2]]''|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karuppu Pulsar]]''|| Velraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasool Mannan]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=விஜி |date=2026-03-09 |title=Vasool mannan Review {{!}} சீரியல் டூ சினிமா.. 'சிறகடிக்க ஆசை' சீரியல் நாயகன் நடிப்பில் 'வசூல் மன்னன்' படம்.. எப்படி இருக்கு? |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/siragadikka-aasai-serial-hero-vasool-mannan-movie-review-family-entertainment-movie |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vengeance (2026 film)|Vengeance]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=Vengeance trailer: Veni's straightforward acts of governance attract enemies |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/01/vengeance-trailer-venis-straightforward-acts-of-governance-attract-enemies |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|7096616}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbiah, Saravana}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinda&diff=537191Srinda2026-05-03T04:54:17Z<p>MarioStpierre: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress, model, dubbing artist (born 1985)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Srinda<br />
| image = Srinda.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Srinda Mol<ref name=toi-interview/><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|08|20|df=yes}}<ref name="Athira M., Nita Sathyendran">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/with-stardust-in-their-eyes/article6040864.ece |title=With stardust in their eyes |first1=Athira |last1=M |first2=Nita |last2=Sathyendran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 May 2014|access-date=7 May 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525060010/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/with-stardust-in-their-eyes/article6040864.ece |archive-date=2014-05-25}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Kochi, Kerala]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist | Actress}}<br />
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list<br />
| {{Marriage|Ashab|2004|2014|end=divorced}}<ref>{{cite interview |author=Srinda |interviewer=Onmanorama Staff |title=Newly wed Srinda's strength is her son |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/12/srinda-siju-wedding-on-past-and-son.html |website=[[OnManorama]] |language=en |date=2018-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112082058/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/12/srinda-siju-wedding-on-past-and-son.html |archive-date=2018-11-12}}</ref><br />
| {{Marriage|Siju S. Bava|2018}}<br />
}}<br />
| children = 1<br />
| othername = Srinda<ref name=toi-interview>{{cite interview |author=Srinda |interviewer=Shruti Karthikeyan |title=I use my son's name as my surname: Srinda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-use-my-sons-name-as-my-surname-Srinda/articleshow/45940619.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |date=20 January 2015}}</ref><br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Srinda''' (born 20 August 1985) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Bibin |last1=Babu |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/srinda-as-dubbing-artist-in-kammattipadam/articleshow/52385078.cms |script-title=ml:'കമ്മട്ടിപാട'ത്തിൽ ശബ്ദമായി സ്രിന്ദ കസറി |trans-title=Srinda Kasari as voice in 'Kammattipada' |language=ml |date=22 May 2016 |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907194455/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/srinda-as-dubbing-artist-in-kammattipadam/articleshow/52385078.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her debut film was ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' (2010). She is best known for her roles in Malayalam movies ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012), ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013), ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'' (2014), [[Freedom Fight (film)|''Freedom Fight'']] (2022), ''[[Kuruthi]]'' (2021), ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' (2022) and ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Srindas-juggling-act/articleshow/32359918.cms |author=Kurian, Shiba |title=Srinda's juggling act |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |access-date=7 May 2019 |date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910103048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Srindas-juggling-act/articleshow/32359918.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Srinda attended St. Mary's Anglo Indian Girls High School, [[Fort Kochi]], until Class 10 before transferring to a school in [[Palluruthy]] for [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] studies. She later studied at the [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].<ref name=hindu5>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-love-with-cinema/article6471455.ece |author=Anand, Shilpa Nair |title=In love with cinema |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 October 2014 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324162752/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-love-with-cinema/article6471455.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Being passionate about films and photography since she was young, Srinda started her film career as an assistant director.<ref name="toi26may">{{cite news |author=Soman, Deepa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/My-friends-ask-me-how-I-tricked-Mammukka-into-clicking-a-selfie-Srinda-Ashab/articleshow/35603540.cms |title=My friends ask me how I tricked Mammukka into clicking a selfie: Srinda Arhaan |agency=TNN |access-date=7 May 2019 |newspaper=Times Of India |date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214170558/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/My-friends-ask-me-how-I-tricked-Mammukka-into-clicking-a-selfie-Srinda-Ashab/articleshow/35603540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She then briefly worked as a television anchor but felt her "heart wasn't in it. I felt like something was missing, which I found in films".<ref name=hindu5/> Before appearing in a documentary, she modelled for products such as hair oils and jewellery brands. This eventually led her to feature films, where she was noticed by director [[Dileesh Nair]], who introduced her to [[Aashiq Abu]].<br />
<br />
Even though her debut film was ''Four Friends'' (2010), Aashiq Abu's ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012) is considered her cinematic debut. She played the lead character's friend.<sup>[1]</sup> Srinda stated that the film "shaped her as an actor".<ref name=hindu5 /> In the following months, she played supporting roles in several films, such as ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012), ''[[101 Weddings]]'' (2012), ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' (2013), ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]'' (2013), and ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013). In 2014, Srinda played a notable lead role in the sports film ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'' (2014).<ref name=hindu5 /><ref name=express19>{{cite news |author=Suresh, Meera |title=Making strides |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Making-strides/2014/08/19/article2387335.ece |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034238/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Making-strides/2014/08/19/article2387335.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later that year, she portrayed a police officer in the political satire ''[[Masala Republic]]'' (2014), and starred in two films that were released on the same day, ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' (2014) and ''[[Homely Meals]]'' (2014).<ref name=hindu5 /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Srinda got married at 19 and has a son from her first marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-14 |title=Srinda opens up about the challenging days during her divorce |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/srinda-opens-up-about-the-challenging-days-during-her-divorce/articleshow/65812587.cms |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She got divorced and later married Siju. S. Bava in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam actor Srinda ties the knot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/srinda-siju-s-bava-wedding-photos-5443058/ |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Indian Express |date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223190900/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/srinda-siju-s-bava-wedding-photos-5443058/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || Ayisha || Debut film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2012||''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''||Jinsy||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''||Sandhya||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[101 Weddings]]''||Indira||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2013||''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''||Fazila||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''||Ruchi||<ref>{{cite news |author=Mythily Ramachandran |date=5 September 2013 |title=Shyamaprasad is back with 'Artist' |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |location=[[Dubai]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/shyamaprasad-is-back-with-artist-1.1227231 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190306/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/shyamaprasad-is-back-with-artist-1.1227231 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[North 24 Kaatham]]''||Priya||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstshowreview.com/2013/09/north-24-katham-review-fahad-fazils.html |title=North 24 Katham Review &#124; Fahad Fazil's North 24 Katham &#124; North 24 Katham Collection Report |publisher=First Show Review |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190306/http://www.firstshowreview.com/2013/09/north-24-katham-review-fahad-fazils.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7|2014 || ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''||Susheela||<ref name="thehindu1983">{{cite news |author=Vijay George |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-1983-for-the-love-of-the-game/article4880369.ece |title=On location: 1983 — For the love of the game |work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190305/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-1983-for-the-love-of-the-game/article4880369.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mwood-gears-up-for-more-sports-movies/etarticleshow/18529625.cms |agency=TNN |title=M'wood gears up for more sports movies |work=The Times of India |date=17 February 2013|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]''||Aparna||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Masala Republic]]''||AGS Officer, Nagavally||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]''||Mumtaz||<ref name="toi26may" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Homely Meals]]''||Nanditha||<ref name="toi26may" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tamaar Padaar]]''||Valsamma||<ref name=toi29aug>{{cite news |author=Soman, Deepa |title=Srinda Ashab to play Prithviraj's heroine! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Srinda-Ashab-to-play-Prithvirajs-heroine/articleshow/41095769.cms |agency=TNN |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Times Of India |date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Srinda-Ashab-to-play-Prithvirajs-heroine/articleshow/41095769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=C Pillai, Radhika |agency=TNN |title=My role in Tamaar Padaar will be a surprise: Srinda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-role-in-Tamaar-Padaar-will-be-a-surprise-Srinda/articleshow/41798114.cms |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Times Of India |date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227034835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-role-in-Tamaar-Padaar-will-be-a-surprise-Srinda/articleshow/41798114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vennila Veedu]]''||Ilavarasi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8|2015||[[Aadu (film)|''Aadu'']]||Mary||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rasputin (2015 film)|Rasputin]]''||Anu||<ref>{{cite web |author=Vijay George |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/story-of-transformation/article4580584.ece |title=Story of transformation |work=The Hindu |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711100057/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/story-of-transformation/article4580584.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]''||Koottukari||<ref name=toi-interview /><br />
|-<br />
||''[[Loham]]''||Girl at the wedding||Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''||Sajitha||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''||Resmiya||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]''||Nandhini||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Two Countries]]''||Jessica||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2016||''[[Mohavalayam]]''||Mehru||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pinneyum]]''||Sharada||<br />
|-<br />
|''Popcorn''||Sharon||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Marupadi]]''||Anjana||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2017||''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]''||Latha||[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]''||Mallika||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]''||Christy||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''||Mary Tony||Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actress<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''||Habeeba Hakeen||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sherlock Toms]]''||Rekha Toms||Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]<br />Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actress<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' ||Passenger||Segment: Cherivu<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chippy (film)|Chippy]]''||Shobha||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2018||''[[Aadu 2]]''||Mary||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]''||Rajani||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sinjar (movie)|Sinjar]]''||Fida||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2020||''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]''||Latha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte|Paapam Cheyyathavar Kallariyatte]]'' ||Susan||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2021||''[[Sara's]]''||Lissy||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kuruthi]]''||Sumathi||<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=1 December 2020 |title=Actor Prithviraj, Roshan Mathew to star in 'Kuruthi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/01/actor-prithviraj-roshan-mathewto-star-in-kuruthi-2230101.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812074907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/01/actor-prithviraj-roshan-mathewto-star-in-kuruthi-2230101.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2022||''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]''||Ashwathy<br />
|Anthology film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''||Rasiya||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2022 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]''||Mukkan's wife||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Panthrandu]]''||Sicily||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]''||Suhara||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Iratta]]''|| Minister Geetha Rajendran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neeraja]]'' || Meera||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New song from Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511205530/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' || Reena ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Thappinchuku Thiruguvadu Dhanyudu Sumathi]]'' || || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]'' || Rema ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-27 |title=Amal Neerad's Bougainvillea gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/27/amal-neerads-bougainvillea-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Maharani Rohini ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=It's a wrap for Jayasurya-Midhun Manuel Thomas' Aadu 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/10/its-a-wrap-for-jayasurya-midhun-manuel-thomas-aadu-3 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film| [[Bethlehem Kudumba Unit]]}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Bethlehem Kudumba Unit: Girish AD's next with Nivin Pauly and Mamitha Baiju begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/02/bethlehem-kudumba-unit-girish-ads-next-with-nivin-pauly-and-mamitha-baiju-begins |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== As narrator and voice-over ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year!!Title!!Role!!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|2019|| ''[[Valiyaperunnal]]''||{{n/a}}||Voice only for rap in song "Kanda Kanda"<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Dubbed===<br />
* ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' (2016) – for [[Shaun Romy]] (Anitha)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deepa Soman |title=I always ensure that I don't repeat my characters: Srinda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-always-ensure-that-i-dont-repeat-my-characters-srinda/articleshow/60732294.cms |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223191315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-always-ensure-that-i-dont-repeat-my-characters-srinda/articleshow/60732294.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' (2017) – for [[Nimisha Sajayan]] (Sreeja)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anindita Menon |title=The voice behind the act: 10 great performances by dubbing artistes in Malayalam films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/voice-behind-act-10-great-performances-dubbing-artistes-malayalam-films-97449 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=27 February 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223191314/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/voice-behind-act-10-great-performances-dubbing-artistes-malayalam-films-97449 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022) – for [[Dhanya Ananya]] (Naseema)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Athira M |title=Malayalam director Tharun Moorthy: 'Saudi Vellakka' has been an emotional journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tharun-moorthy-speaks-about-his-new-movie-saudi-vellakka/article66254172.ece |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330213211/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tharun-moorthy-speaks-about-his-new-movie-saudi-vellakka/article66254172.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===As technical crew member===<br />
* ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Casanovva]]'' (2012)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|6684208}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinda}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1986 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_D%27Souza&diff=497181Dinesh D'Souza2026-04-27T03:57:06Z<p>MarioStpierre: New A Page From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American political commentator (born 1961)}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dinesh D'Souza<br />
| image = Dinesh D'Souza (50755833428) (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = D'Souza in 2020<br />
| birth_name = Dinesh Joseph D'Souza<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|4|25}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| known_for = [[Right-wing populism]], [[Christian apologetics]], [[political commentary]], and filmmaking<br />
| office = President of [[King's College (New York City)|The King's College]]<br />
| term_start = August 23, 2010<br />
| term_end = October 18, 2012<br />
| predecessor = Andy Mills (interim)<br />
| successor = [[Gregory Alan Thornbury]]<br />
| citizenship = {{unbulleted list|United States (Since 1991)|India (1961–1991)}}<br />
| education = [[Dartmouth College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />
| occupation = [[political commentary|Political commentator]]<br />
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br />
| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{marriage|Dixie Brubaker|1992|2012|end=divorced}}<br />
* {{marriage|Deborah Fancher|March 19, 2016}}<br />
}}<br />
| children = Danielle D'Souza<br />
| relatives = [[Brandon Gill]] (son-in-law)<br />
| website = {{Official_URL}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dinesh Joseph D'Souza''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɛ|ʃ|_|d|ə|ˈ|s|uː|z|ə}}; born April 25, 1961) is an Indian-born American [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]<ref name="auto5">{{Cite magazine|last=Jenkins|first=Nash|date=31 May 2018|title=President Trump Says He's Pardoning Dinesh D'Souza. Who's That, and What Did He Do?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=https://time.com/5297000/who-is-dinesh-dsouza/|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141929/https://time.com/5297000/who-is-dinesh-dsouza/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|last1=Breuninger|first1=Kevin|last2=Higgins|first2=Tucker|date=31 May 2018|title=Trump will pardon conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, who was convicted of campaign finance violation|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/trump-will-pardon-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-who-was-convicted-for.html|archive-date=January 27, 2021|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127180225/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/trump-will-pardon-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-who-was-convicted-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|last=Shugerman|first=Emily|date=31 May 2018|title=Dinesh D'Souza: Trump 'will give full pardon' to right-wing theorist for campaign finance violations|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-dinesh-dsouza-pardon-campaign-election-finance-violation-a8377546.html|archive-date=November 9, 2020|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-dinesh-dsouza-pardon-campaign-election-finance-violation-a8377546.html|url-status=live}}</ref><!--"Right-wing" as a descriptor is the consensus per an RfC closure in March 2021. --> political commentator, [[conspiracy theorist]], author, and filmmaker.<ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto2"/>{{refn|Multiple sources:<br />
* Indian-American<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Joe |title=Is Dinesh D'Souza a Catholic? |url=https://firstthings.com/is-dinesh-dsouza-a-catholic/ |website=[[First Things]] |date=25 August 2010 |quote=I'm an American citizen, but I wouldn't reject the Indian label because it's part of my heritage}}</ref><ref name="Stricherz-Atlantic">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/what-happened-to-dinesh-dsouza/374939/|title=What happened to Dinesh D'Souza|first=Mark|last=Stricherz|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=July 25, 2014|access-date=June 7, 2018|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129125837/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/what-happened-to-dinesh-dsouza/374939/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><br />
* Political commentator<ref name="Wilson-Guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/31/who-is-dinesh-dsouza-trump-pardon-profile-rightwing-provocateur|title=Dinesh D'Souza: far-right provocateur and key figure in US culture wars|last=Wilson|first=Jason|date=31 May 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319211525/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/31/who-is-dinesh-dsouza-trump-pardon-profile-rightwing-provocateur|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DaSilva-Newsweek">{{cite news |first=Chantal |last=Da Silva |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |url=http://www.newsweek.com/dinesh-dsouza-outrage-mocking-survivors-florida-school-814004 |title=Florida school shooting survivor hits out at right-wing pundit Dinesh D'Souza for mocking grieving students |newspaper=Newsweek |date=February 21, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222040623/http://www.newsweek.com/dinesh-dsouza-outrage-mocking-survivors-florida-school-814004 |archive-date=February 22, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":6" /><br />
* Provocateur<ref name="Wilson-Guardian"/><ref>{{cite web|title=A publisher abruptly recalled the '2,000 Mules' election denial book. NPR got a copy.|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121648290/a-publisher-abruptly-recalled-the-2-000-mules-election-denial-book-npr-got-a-cop|publisher=NPR|work=All Things Considered|author=Tom Dreisbach|date=September 8, 2022|quote=the conservative provocateur Dinesh D'Souza|access-date=September 17, 2022|archive-date=October 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005205442/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121648290/a-publisher-abruptly-recalled-the-2-000-mules-election-denial-book-npr-got-a-cop|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44321650|publisher=BBC News|title=Dinesh D'Souza: Why did Trump pardon the provocateur?|author=Anthony Zurcher|date=May 31, 2018|quote=all-around political provocateur|access-date=January 15, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009204406/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44321650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-pardon-20180531-story.html|title=Trump pardons Dinesh D'Souza, says he may do same for Martha Stewart and cut sentence of ex-Illinois Gov. Blagojevich|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=provocateur Dinesh D'Souza|date=May 31, 2018|access-date=September 17, 2022|archive-date=September 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163122/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-pardon-20180531-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Author<ref name="Wilson-Guardian"/><ref name="Howard-NBC">{{cite web|last=Howard|first=Adam|date=July 22, 2016|title=Dinesh D'Souza, Conservative Firebrand, Set to Debut Anti-Clinton Film|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dinesh-d-souza-conservative-firebrand-set-debut-anti-clinton-film-n614891|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=[[NBC News]]|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812114808/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dinesh-d-souza-conservative-firebrand-set-debut-anti-clinton-film-n614891|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stricherz-Atlantic"/><ref name=":6" /><br />
* Filmmaker<ref name="Wilson-Guardian"/><ref name="DaSilva-Newsweek"/><ref name="Howard-NBC"/><ref name="Stricherz-Atlantic"/><br />
* Conspiracy theorist<ref name=Andrade>{{cite journal|first1=Gabriel|last1=Andrade|title=Dinesh D'Souza as a Comprador Intellectual: Punditry, Media and Neocolonialism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2020.1828700|journal=Socialism and Democracy|date=1 September 2020|issn=0885-4300|pages=61–83|volume=34|issue=2–3|doi=10.1080/08854300.2020.1828700}}</ref><ref name=Whitfield>{{Cite journal|last=Whitfield|first=Stephen J.|date=October 2018|title=The Persistence of the Protocols|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12115-018-0282-6|journal=[[Society (journal)|Society]]|language=en|volume=55|issue=5|pages=417–421|doi=10.1007/s12115-018-0282-6|s2cid=150256723|issn=0147-2011|quote=Most recently the conspiracy theorist Dinesh D'Souza accused Soros of supporting antifa, that is, of backing 'domestic terrorism.'|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Buozis|first=Michael|title=Internet freedom, free culture, and free information: Aaron Swartz and cyberlibertarianism's neoliberal turn|journal=Internet Histories|volume=7|issue=3|year=2023|pages=203–219|doi=10.1080/24701475.2023.2235131@10.1080/tfocoll.2024.0.issue-web-history-and-online-activism |doi-broken-date=November 6, 2025 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/24701475.2023.2235131%4010.1080/tfocoll.2024.0.issue-web-history-and-online-activism|quote=...like Dinesh D’Souza, a conservative conspiracy theorist, who...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Michael D.|chapter=Nostalgia is a Feeling|title=The Uses of the Past in Contemporary Western Popular Culture: Nostalgia, Politics, Lifecycles, Mediations, and Materialities|publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=2024|pages=39–51|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-54740-9_3 |isbn=978-3-031-54739-3 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-54740-9_3|quote=The revisionist accounts of history by American conspiracy theorist Dinesh D’Souza should, similarly, not be understood as nostalgic.}}</ref><ref name=EternalSoros>{{Citation|last=Langer|first=Armin|title=The eternal George Soros|date=April 2, 2021|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000373370/chapters/10.4324/9781003048640-9|work=Europe: Continent of Conspiracies|pages=163–184|editor-last=Önnerfors|editor-first=Andreas|edition=1|place=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=[[Routledge]]|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781003048640-9|isbn=978-1-003-04864-0|s2cid=233615606|quote=The US conspiracy theorist and pro-Trump commentator Dinesh D’Souza accused Soros of being ‘a sponsor of domestic terrorism’ for supposedly financing anti-fascist organisations.|editor2-last=Krouwel|editor2-first=André|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bevan-ABC">{{cite news |title=Trump pardons right-wing conspiracy theorist Dinesh D'Souza — World News with Matt Bevan |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/world-news-with-matt-bevan/9823560 |work=[[Radio National]] |date=1 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>}} He has made several films<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/14/spike-lee-michael-moore-dinesh-dsouza-can-a-film-change-politics | title=From box office to Oval Office: Can a film ever lead to political change? | newspaper=The Guardian | date=August 14, 2018 | last1=Vasquez | first1=Zach | archive-date=November 4, 2021 | access-date=June 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104064942/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/14/spike-lee-michael-moore-dinesh-dsouza-can-a-film-change-politics | url-status=live }}</ref> and written over a dozen books, several of them [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' best-sellers]].<ref name="NYT20180531" /><ref name="Schuessler">{{cite news|first=Jennifer|last=Schuessler|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-10-17/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Best Sellers Hardcover Nonfiction|date=October 17, 2010|access-date=August 29, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517103558/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-10-17/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html|archive-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref><br />
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Born in [[Mumbai]], India, to Catholic parents, D'Souza moved to the United States as an exchange student and graduated from [[Dartmouth College]]. He was a policy adviser in the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]] and has been affiliated with the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref name=":6" /> He became a naturalized citizen in 1991.<ref name="reuters1" /> From 2010 to 2012, he was president of [[The King's College (New York)|The King's College]], a Christian school in New York City, until he resigned after an alleged adultery scandal, after he shared a hotel room with a woman he referred to as his fiancée; both were married, but had separated from their respective spouses.<ref name="nyt-kings">{{Cite news|last=Kaminer|first=Ariel|date=October 19, 2012|title=Dinesh D'Souza is out as King's college president in scandal|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/nyregion/dinesh-dsouza-is-out-as-kings-college-president-in-scandal.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131005526/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/nyregion/dinesh-dsouza-is-out-as-kings-college-president-in-scandal.html|archive-date=January 31, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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In 2012, D'Souza released the conspiracist political film ''[[2016: Obama's America]]'', an anti-[[Barack Obama]] polemic based on his 2010 book ''The Roots of Obama's Rage''.<ref name=Andrade /><ref name=Cronin>{{cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Thomas E|title=Laughing at leaders (American politicians especially)|journal=Leadership and the Humanities|volume=2|issue=1|date=2014|pages=27–43 |doi=10.4337/lath.2014.01.02 }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/10/dinesh-dsouza-if-it-can-happen-to-me-it-can-happen-to-you-the-world-according-to-police-state/ | title=If it can happen to me, it can happen to you: The world according to "Police State" }}</ref> He has since released seven other conspiracist films:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/10/dinesh-dsouza-if-it-can-happen-to-me-it-can-happen-to-you-the-world-according-to-police-state/ | title=If it can happen to me, it can happen to you: The world according to 'Police State' | access-date=June 26, 2024 | archive-date=June 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626184513/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/10/dinesh-dsouza-if-it-can-happen-to-me-it-can-happen-to-you-the-world-according-to-police-state/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[America: Imagine the World Without Her]]'' (2014), ''[[Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party|Hillary's America]]'' (2016), ''[[Death of a Nation (2018 film)|Death of a Nation]]'' (2018), ''[[Trump Card (2020 film)|Trump Card]]'' (2020), ''[[2000 Mules]]'' (2022), ''Police State'' (2023) and ''[[Vindicating Trump]]'' (2024). D'Souza's films and commentary have generated considerable controversy due to their promotion of conspiracy theories and falsehoods,{{refn|<ref name="NYT20180531" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/01/dinesh_d_souza_conspiracy_theories_conservatives_blame_the_obama_administration.html|title=Conspiracy of Dunces|first=David|last=Weigel|author-link=David Weigel|magazine=Slate|date=January 27, 2014|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618205117/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/01/dinesh_d_souza_conspiracy_theories_conservatives_blame_the_obama_administration.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Peretz|first=Evgenia|date=April 13, 2015|title=Get a Rare Glimpse of Dinesh D'Souza's Life After Conviction|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/04/dinesh-dsouza-video-life-after-conviction|access-date=2021-06-23|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US|archive-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221652/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/04/dinesh-dsouza-video-life-after-conviction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|date=2018-05-31|title=Why did Trump pardon Dinesh D'Souza?|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44321650|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=October 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009204406/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44321650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-pardons-dinesh-dsouza-2018-5|title=Trump announces he will pardon conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, who pleaded guilty to campaign finance fraud in 2014|last=Mark|first=Michelle|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=January 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115153955/https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-pardons-dinesh-dsouza-2018-5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tomnamako">{{Cite web|last1=Namako|first1=Tom|last2=Georgantopoulos|first2=Mary Ann|date=May 31, 2018|title=Trump Says He Will Pardon Far-Right Commentator Dinesh D'Souza|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tomnamako/trump-pardon-dinesh-dsouza|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|language=en|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121061015/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tomnamako/trump-pardon-dinesh-dsouza|url-status=live}}</ref>}} as well as for their incendiary nature.<ref name="NYT20180531" /><br />
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In 2014, D'Souza pleaded guilty in federal court to one [[felony]] charge of using a "[[straw donor]]" to make an [[Campaign finance in the United States#Sources of campaign funding|illegal campaign contribution]].<ref name="fbi">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/dinesh-dsouza-sentenced-in-manhattan-federal-court-to-five-years-of-probation-for-campaign-finance-fraud|title=Dinesh D'Souza Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court to Five Years of Probation for Campaign Finance Fraud|date=September 23, 2014|access-date=May 31, 2018|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011111208/https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/dinesh-dsouza-sentenced-in-manhattan-federal-court-to-five-years-of-probation-for-campaign-finance-fraud|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="felony">{{cite news|first=David A.|last=Graham|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/09/does-the-latest-manafort-news-vindicate-trumps-wiretap-claim/540321/|title=Is Trump's 'Wiretap' Claim Vindicated?|publisher=[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic]]|date=September 19, 2017|access-date=September 20, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920011905/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/09/does-the-latest-manafort-news-vindicate-trumps-wiretap-claim/540321/|archive-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> In 2018, D'Souza was issued a [[Federal pardons in the United States|pardon]] by President [[Donald Trump]].<ref name=":9" /><br />
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==Early life and career==<br />
[[File:Ronald Reagan and Dinesh D'Souza.jpg|thumb|D'Souza greeting [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1988]]<br />
Dinesh Joseph D'Souza<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222232/http://www.reaganlibrary.gov/white-house-staff-and-office-files-1981-1989-8-595-i-ft/9993-koch-1|archive-date=February 1, 2014|title=Koch, Kathleen D.: Files, 1984–1988 Reagan Library Collections |publisher=Reagan Library|access-date=December 13, 2018|url=http://www.reaganlibrary.gov/white-house-staff-and-office-files-1981-1989-8-595-i-ft/9993-koch-1}}</ref> was born on 25 April 1961 into a middle-class [[Goan Catholic]] family, in [[Bombay]], India, where his father was an executive with [[Johnson & Johnson]] and his mother was a housewife.<ref>{{cite book|first=J. Clement|last=Vaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA332|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1997|isbn=978-81-7022-619-2|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="vf">{{cite magazine|last=Peretz|first=Evgenia|date=April 13, 2015|title=Dinesh D'Souza's life after conviction|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/04/dinesh-dsouza-video-life-after-conviction|magazine=Vanity Fair|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221652/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/04/dinesh-dsouza-video-life-after-conviction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Helen|last1=Zia|first2=Susan B.|last2=Gall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI_iWTpKNg8C&q=%22johnson%20and%20johnson%22|title=Notable Asian Americans|year=1995|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=978-0-8103-9623-4|via=Google Books}}</ref> D'Souza attended the [[St. Stanislaus High School]], a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] school in [[Bandra]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Chidanand|last=Rajghatta|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/news/33476254_1_anti-obama-anti-obama-documentary-obama-s-rage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901080856/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/news/33476254_1_anti-obama-anti-obama-documentary-obama-s-rage|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 1, 2012|title=Indian-American scholar's anti-Obama film storms US box-office|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=August 29, 2012|access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> He graduated from high school in 1976 and attended [[Sydenham College]] in [[Churchgate]] for [[Higher Secondary Certificate|year 11 and 12]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stanislites.org/alumni/content/dinesh-dsouza|title=Dinesh D'Souza biography|publisher=St. Stanislaus Ex-Students Association|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704041917/http://stanislites.org/alumni/content/dinesh-dsouza|archive-date=July 4, 2017}}</ref><br />
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In 1978, D'Souza became a foreign-exchange student and traveled to the [[United States]] under the [[Rotary Youth Exchange]], attending [[Patagonia Union High School]] in [[Patagonia, Arizona]]. He went on to matriculate at [[Dartmouth College]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[English studies|English]] in 1983 and was a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=746|title=Person Detail: Dinesh D'Souza|publisher=[[Independent Institute]]|access-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527105052/http://independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=746|archive-date=May 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
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While at Dartmouth, D'Souza wrote for ''[[The Dartmouth Review]]'', an independent, student-edited, alumni- and [[Collegiate Network]]-subsidized publication.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dartmouth Review » About|url=http://www.dartreview.com/about/|website=www.dartreview.com|access-date=November 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025802/http://www.dartreview.com/about/|archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> D'Souza faced criticism during his time at ''The Review'' for authoring an article publicly outing homosexual members of the school's Gay–Straight Alliance student organization.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2017/05/jaden-young-fraught-history|title=The fraught history of LGBT performance at the College|newspaper=[[The Dartmouth]]|date=May 24, 2017|access-date=February 10, 2019|archive-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211223920/http://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2017/05/jaden-young-fraught-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MotherJones" /> He also oversaw ''The Review''<nowiki/>'s publication of "a light-hearted interview" with a former leader of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] over a staged photograph of a black person hanged from a tree, as well as a piece mocking affirmative action in higher education written from the point of view of a black student and phrased in [[Ebonics (word)|Ebonics]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name="MotherJones" /> These incidents caused U.S. Representative [[Jack Kemp]], then a prominent Republican leader and member of ''The Review''<nowiki/>'s advisory board, to resign from the board.<ref name="MotherJones">{{Cite web |last=Corn |first=David |title=Remember how Dinesh D'Souza outed gay classmates and thought it was awesome? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/01/dinesh-dsouza-indictment-dartmouth-outed-gay-classmates/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011608/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/01/dinesh-dsouza-indictment-dartmouth-outed-gay-classmates/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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After graduating from Dartmouth, D'Souza became editor of a monthly journal called ''The Prospect'', a publication financed by a group of [[Princeton University]] alumni. The paper and its writers ignited much controversy during D'Souza's editorship by, among other things, criticizing the college's [[affirmative-action]] policies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/29/nyregion/critical-monthly-rouses-princeton.html|title=Critical Monthly Rouses Princeton|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 29, 1984|access-date=June 29, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524161032/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/29/nyregion/critical-monthly-rouses-princeton.html|archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref><br />
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From 1985 to 1987, D'Souza was contributing editor for the ''[[Policy Review]]'', a journal then published by [[The Heritage Foundation]] in Washington, D.C. In a September 1985 article titled "The Bishops as Pawns", D'Souza asserted that [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic bishops in the United States]] were being manipulated by [[Liberalism in the United States|American liberals]] in agreeing to oppose the U.S. military buildup and use of power abroad when, D'Souza believed, they knew very little about these subjects to which they were lending their religious credibility.<ref>{{cite news|last=D'Souza|first=Dinesh|date=July 1997|title=20 years of 'Policy Review'|work=[[Policy Review]]|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3647/is_199707/ai_n8783155/pg_2|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104155/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3647/is_199707/ai_n8783155/pg_2|archive-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref><br />
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Between 1987 and 1988,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailybruin.com/2018/02/01/former-reagan-adviser-encourages-political-debate-among-students|title=Former Reagan adviser encourages political debate among students|work=Daily Bruin|first=Megana|last=Sekar|date=February 1, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2024|archive-date=December 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214185431/https://dailybruin.com/2018/02/01/former-reagan-adviser-encourages-political-debate-among-students|url-status=live}}</ref> D'Souza was a policy adviser in the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name="NYT-2010-09-25">{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Arango|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/business/media/25forbes.html|title=Forbes Article Spurs Media Soul Searching|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 24, 2010|access-date=September 7, 2012|archive-date=June 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614201430/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/business/media/25forbes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> He has been affiliated with the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and the [[Hoover Institution]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2018-02-22|title=Who is Dinesh D'Souza and why is he in the news?|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-dinesh-dsouza-and-why-is-he-in-the-news/article22826220.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603041605/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-dinesh-dsouza-and-why-is-he-in-the-news/article22826220.ece|archive-date=2021-06-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=2014-10-08|title=Dinesh D'Souza, America's greatest conservative troll, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/10/8/6936717/dinesh-dsouza-explained|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Vox|language=en|archive-date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003153208/https://www.vox.com/2014/10/8/6936717/dinesh-dsouza-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 1991, D'Souza [[Citizenship of the United States#Naturalized citizenship|naturalized as a U.S. citizen]].<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonatan|date=September 10, 2014|title=U.S. seeks up to 16 months in prison for Dinesh D'Souza|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSKBN0H52GL20140910|url-status=live|access-date=December 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204337/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/10/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSKBN0H52GL20140910|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> He renounced Indian citizenship, as [[Indian nationality law|India's nationality law]] does not recognize [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]].<br />
<br />
==Career as author, political commentator, and filmmaker==<br />
===Authorship===<br />
====''The End of Racism''====<br />
In 1995, D'Souza wrote ''The End of Racism'', in which he claimed that exaggerated claims of racism are holding back progress among African Americans in the United States. He defended the Southern slave owners and said, "The American slave was treated like property, which is to say, pretty well."<ref>{{cite book|title=The End of Racism: Finding Values In An Age Of Technoaffluence|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1996|page=91|first=Dinesh|last=D'Souza|isbn=978-0-684-82524-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNV3XwST4WIC&pg=PA91}}</ref> D'Souza also called for a repeal of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], and argued: "Given the intensity of black rage and its appeal to a wide constituency, whites are right to be nervous. Black rage is a response to black suffering and failure, and reflects the irresistible temptation to attribute African American problems to a history of white racist oppression."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Heilbrunn|first=Jacob|date=May 31, 2018|title=Trump Pardoned Dinesh D'Souza to Troll Liberals|url=https://politi.co/2Jm9Ta6|access-date=2021-06-20|website=[[Politico]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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A reviewer for ''[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]]'' responded to the book by posting a list of 16 recent racist incidents against black people.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]]|title=Dinesh D'Souza's Race Merchants|volume=9|year=1995|issue=9|page=16|doi=10.2307/2962605|jstor=2962605}}</ref> [[Michael Bérubé]], in a lengthy review article, referred to the book as "encyclopedic pseudoscience", calling it illogical and saying some of the book's policy recommendations are [[fascist]]; he stated that it is "so egregious an affront to human decency as to set a new and sorry standard for 'intellectual'".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Extreme Prejudice; Rev. of ''The End of Racism'' by Dinesh D'Souza|author-link=Michael Bérubé|first=Michael|last=Bérubé|journal=Transition|volume=69|year=1996|pages=90–98|jstor=2935241}}</ref><br />
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The book was also panned by many other critics: John David Smith, in ''[[The Journal of Southern History]]'', said D'Souza claims blacks are inferior and opines that "D'Souza bases his terribly insensitive, reactionary polemic on sound bite statistical and historical evidence, frequently gleaned out of context and patched together illogically. His book is flawed because he ignores the complex causes and severity of white racism, misrepresents [[Cultural relativism|Boas's arguments]], and undervalues the matrix of ignorance, fear, and long-term economic inequality that he dubs black cultural pathology. How, according to his own logic, can allegedly inferior people uplift themselves without government assistance?" He adds that D'Souza's "biased diatribe trivializes serious pathologies, white and black, and adds little to our understanding of America's painful racial dilemma".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''The End of Racism'' by Dinesh D'Souza|first=John David|last=Smith|journal=[[The Journal of Southern History]]|volume=62|issue=3|year=1996|pages=640–43|doi=10.2307/2211572|jstor=2211572}}</ref><br />
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The prepublication version of the book contained a chapter dedicated to those portrayed by D'Souza as authentic racists, including many [[Paleoconservatism|paleoconservatives]], such as prominent philosopher and [[Washington times|''The Washington Times'']] editor [[Samuel T. Francis]], to whom he attributed several false quotes at the inaugural [[American Renaissance (magazine)|''American Renaissance'']] conference. A column by D'Souza in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' containing this material led to Francis being fired.<ref>Dinesh D'Souza, "Racism: It's a White (and Black) Thing", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', September 24, 1995.</ref> D'Souza's account of Francis's speech was contradicted by video of the event. American Renaissance organizer [[Jared Taylor]] took legal action against D'Souza for several false claims, including that speakers had used racial slurs, resulting in publisher [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] canceling the initial run and forcing D'Souza to rewrite portions of the book. Some observers, such as [[The Baltimore Sun|''Baltimore Sun'']] writer [[Gregory Kane (journalist)|Gregory Kane]] noted that D'Souza's book bore many similarities to Taylor's 1992 work ''Paved with Good Intentions,'' despite D'Souza accusing Taylor of racism''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stigmatizing blacks rightly draws fire |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1999-06-26-9906270231-story.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Baltimore Sun |date=June 26, 1999 |language=en |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531051424/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1999-06-26-9906270231-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many right-wing critics, such as [[Lawrence Auster]], believed that D'Souza was attacking Francis and others to protect himself from accusations of racism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Racism Debate |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/our-racism-debate-0 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=American Heritage |language=en |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531091452/https://www.americanheritage.com/our-racism-debate-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Race and Reality |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1995/10/07/race-and-reality/b3e42928-753d-4dac-8588-7cf5b04143cd/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-14 |title=The Castaway |url=https://americasfuture.org/the-castaway/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=America's Future |language=en-US |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521070115/https://americasfuture.org/the-castaway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Washington Examiner recycles Dinesh D'Souza's smear of Samuel Francis |url=http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/003112.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.amnation.com |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811092455/http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/003112.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Paul Finkelman]] commented on what he called D'Souza's trivialization of racism. In a review article called "The Rise of the New Racism", Finkelman stated that much of what D'Souza says is untrue, and much is only partially true, and described the book as being "like a parody of scholarship, where selected 'facts' are pulled out of any recognizable context, and used to support a particular viewpoint". In Finkelman's opinion, the book exemplifies a "new racism", which "(1) denies the history of racial oppression in America; (2) rejects biological racism in favor of an attack on black culture; and (3) supports formal, de jure equality in order to attack civil rights laws that prohibit private discrimination and in order to undermine any public policies that might monitor equality and give it substantive meaning".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: The Rise of the New Racism; Rev. of ''The End of Racism'' by Dinesh D'Souza|first=Paul|last=Finkelman|author-link=Paul Finkelman|journal=[[Yale Law & Policy Review]]|volume=15|issue=1|year=1996|pages=245–82|jstor=40239481}}</ref><br />
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The conservative black economist [[Glenn Loury]] severed his ties with the [[American Enterprise Institute]] over the organization's role in the publication of the book. Loury wrote that the book "violated canons of civility and commonality", with D'Souza "determined to place poor, urban blacks outside the orbit of American civilization."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|date=2019-02-13|title=Anti-D'Souza: The Ends of Racism and the Asian American|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.17953/amer.24.1.a9091q81w3546q17|journal=Amerasia Journal|volume=24|issue=1 |pages=23–40|language=en|doi=10.17953/amer.24.1.a9091q81w3546q17|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=L. Riley|first=Jason|date=2002-03-04|title=A Black Intellectual Takes It All Back|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1015202837873661920|access-date=2021-01-19|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127210538/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1015202837873661920|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====''What's So Great About America''====<br />
In the second chapter of his 2002 book, ''What's So Great About America'', D'Souza argues that while [[colonialism]] was terrible, it had the unintended consequence of lifting third world countries up to Western civilization. D'Souza writes, "I realize that in saying these things I am opening the door for my critics, and the incorrigible enemies of the West, to say that I am justifying colonialism ... This is the purest nonsense. What I am doing is pointing out a historical fact: despite the corrupt and self-serving motives of [its] practitioners ... colonialism ... proved to be the mechanism that brought millions of nonwhite people into the orbit of Western freedom." He holds up the European colonization of India as an example, arguing that in the long run colonization was beneficial for India, because it introduced Western law, universities, infrastructure, and the like, while effectively ending [[human sacrifice]], the practice of [[Sati (practice)|''Sati'']], and other "charming indigenous customs".<ref>{{cite book|title=What's So Great About America|author=Dinesh D'Souza|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatssogreatabou00dsou_0/page/56 56–59, 174]|date=2002|publisher=the Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-200301-5|url=https://archive.org/details/whatssogreatabou00dsou_0/page/56}}</ref><br />
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In a review of the book, economist [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote that D'Souza's book exposed the fallacies and hypocrisies of various criticisms of the United States by the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]], "domestic [[multiculturalism|multiculturalist]] cults," those who seek [[reparations for slavery]], and the worldwide intelligentsia. According to Sowell: "Perhaps it takes somebody from outside to truly appreciate all the blessings that too many native-born Americans take for granted. D'Souza understands how rare—sometimes unique—these blessings are."<ref name="sowell">{{cite web|first=Thomas|last=Sowell|url=http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1639|title=What's So Great About America?|publisher=Capitalism Magazine|date=June 7, 2002|access-date=October 1, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030613005322/http://capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1639|archive-date=June 13, 2003}}</ref> Sowell also wrote that D'Souza challenges the notion that all world cultures are equal: "D'Souza challenges one of the central premises of today's intelligentsia: The equality of all cultures. 'If one begins with the multicultural premise that all cultures are equal, then the world as it is makes very little sense,' he says. Some cultures have completely outperformed others in providing the things that all people seek—health, food, housing, security, and the amenities of life."<ref name=sowell/><br />
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====''The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and its Responsibility for 9/11''====<br />
In early 2007, D'Souza published ''The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and its Responsibility for 9/11'', in which he argues that the American cultural left was in large part responsible for the Muslim anger that led to the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="salon.com/news">{{cite web|last1=Koppelman|first1=Alex|title=How the left caused 9/11, by Dinesh D'Souza|url=http://www.salon.com/2007/01/20/d_souza_2|website=Salon.com|access-date=June 29, 2015|date=January 20, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703123243/http://www.salon.com/2007/01/20/d_souza_2/|archive-date=July 3, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He argues that Muslims do not hate America because of its freedom and democracy, but because they perceive America to be imposing its moral depravity (support for sexual licentiousness) on the world.<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219722/eyeing-enemy/interview Eyeing the Enemy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422160242/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219722/eyeing-enemy/interview |date=April 22, 2012 }}, Nationalreview.com; retrieved May 20, 2012.</ref> D'Souza also argues that the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]] was a result of "the sexual immodesty of liberal America", and asserts that the conditions of prisoners at Abu Ghraib and [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]] "are comparable to the accommodations in mid-level Middle Eastern hotels."<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=February 6, 2007|title=Dispatch From Gomorrah, Savaging the Cultural Left|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/books/06kaku.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530065708/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/books/06kaku.html|archive-date=May 30, 2021|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><br />
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The book was criticized in major American newspapers and magazines and described as, among other things, "the worst nonfiction book about terrorism published by a major house since 9/11"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011200082.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Incendiary|first=Warren|last=Bass|date=January 14, 2007|access-date=May 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174217/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011200082.html|archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> and "a national disgrace".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/books/review/Wolfe.t.html|title=The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11 – By Dinesh D'Souza|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Alan|last=Wolfe|date=January 21, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/books/review/Wolfe.t.html|archive-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> [[Michiko Kakutani]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' described it as "a nasty stewpot of intellectually untenable premises and irresponsible speculation that frequently reads like a ''Saturday Night Live'' parody of the crackpot right."<ref name=":1" /><br />
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D'Souza's book caused controversy in the conservative movement. His conservative critics widely mocked his thesis that the cultural left was responsible for 9/11. In response, D'Souza posted a 6,500-word essay on ''[[National Review Online]]'',<ref>{{cite news|first=Dinesh|last=D'Souza|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/03/closing-conservative-mind-part-i-dinesh-dsouza/|title=The Closing of the Conservative Mind|work=National Review Online|date=March 12, 2007|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425202011/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/03/closing-conservative-mind-part-i-dinesh-dsouza/|archive-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> and ''NRO'' subsequently published a litany of responses from conservative authors who accused D'Souza of character assassination, [[elitism]] and pseudo-intellectualism.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=NR Symposium|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/03/enemy-dsouza-knows-nro-symposium/|title=An NRO Symposium on ''The Enemy at Home''|magazine=National Review Online|date=March 16, 2007|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425202011/https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/03/enemy-dsouza-knows-nro-symposium/|archive-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
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====''The Roots of Obama's Rage''====<br />
The September 2010 book by D'Souza, ''The Roots of Obama's Rage'' (published in condensed form in a September 2010 ''[[Forbes]]'' op-ed), interprets President [[Barack Obama]]'s past and how it formed his beliefs. D'Souza states that Obama is "living out his father's dream", so that "[i]ncredibly, the U.S. is being ruled according to the dreams of a Luo tribesman of the 1950s", who, D'Souza goes on to describe as a "philandering, inebriated African socialist".<ref name="forbes-HOT">{{cite magazine|last=D'Souza|first=Dinesh|date=September 9, 2010|title=How Obama Thinks|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0927/politics-socialism-capitalism-private-enterprises-obama-business-problem.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928145329/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0927/politics-socialism-capitalism-private-enterprises-obama-business-problem.html|archive-date=September 28, 2010|access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> The book appeared on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] for four weeks in October–November 2010.<ref name="Schuessler" /><br />
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Ryan Chittum, in an article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', described the ''Forbes'' article as "a fact-twisting, error-laden piece of paranoia ... the worst kind of smear journalism—a singularly disgusting work".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Chittum|first=Ryan|date=September 13, 2010|title=Forbes' Shameful Piece on Obama as the "Other"|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_audit/forbes_shameful_obama_dinesh_dsouza.php|url-status=live|magazine=Columbia Journalism Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223012842/http://cjr.org/the_audit/forbes_shameful_obama_dinesh_dsouza.php/|archive-date=December 23, 2016|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> Commentators on both the right and left strongly disputed assertions made about Obama in the book and article. The left-leaning [[Media Matters for America]] wrote that "''The Roots of Obama's Rage'' [was] rooted in lies".<ref>{{cite news|last=Maloy|first=Simon|date=October 4, 2010|title=D'Souza's The Roots of Obama's Rage rooted in lies|publisher=[[Media Matters]]|url=http://mediamatters.org/research/2010/10/04/dsouzas-the-roots-of-obamas-rage-rooted-in-lies/171476|url-status=live|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223185906/http://mediamatters.org/research/2010/10/04/dsouzas-the-roots-of-obamas-rage-rooted-in-lies/171476|archive-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> Daniel Larison of ''[[The American Conservative]]'' stated: "Dinesh D'Souza has authored what may possibly be the most ridiculous piece of Obama analysis yet written ... All in all, D'Souza's article reads like a bad conspiracy theory."<ref name=":13">{{cite magazine|last=Larison|first=Daniel|date=September 9, 2010|title=Obama, Anticolonial Hegemonist?|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/obama-anticolonial-hegemonist|url-status=live|magazine=The American Conservative|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401235440/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/obama-anticolonial-hegemonist/|archive-date=April 1, 2016|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> Larison criticized D'Souza's suggestion that Obama is anti-business, citing a lack of evidence.<ref name=":13" /> [[Andrew Ferguson (journalist)|Andrew Ferguson]] of ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' wrote, "D'Souza always sees absence of evidence as evidence of something or other ... There is, indeed, a name for the beliefs that motivate President Obama, but it's not anticolonialism; it's not even socialism. It's liberalism!".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ferguson|first=Andrew|date=October 25, 2010|title=The Roots of Lunacy|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/roots-lunacy_508809.html|url-status=dead|magazine=The Weekly Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911073239/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/roots-lunacy_508809.html|archive-date=September 11, 2015|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> The magazine published D'Souza's letter, in which he expressed surprise "at the petty, vindictive tone of Andrew Ferguson's review".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Halper|first=Daniel|date=October 25, 2010|title=The Roots of Lunacy, Cont.|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/roots-lunacy-cont_511913.html?page=2|url-status=dead|magazine=The Weekly Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029020818/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/roots-lunacy-cont_511913.html?page=2|archive-date=October 29, 2014|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref><br />
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====''America: Imagine the World Without Her''====<br />
D'Souza wrote the book ''America: Imagine the World Without Her'' on which his [[America: Imagine the World Without Her|2014 film of the same]] name is based. When the warehouse club [[Costco]] pulled the book from its shelves shortly before the film's release, conservative media and fans on social media criticized the move. Costco said it pulled the book due to low sales. D'Souza disputed the explanation, saying the book had only been out a few weeks and had surged to No. 1 on [[Amazon.com]], while Costco stocked hundreds of much lower-selling books. He and other conservatives asserted it was pulled because one of Costco's co-founders, [[James Sinegal]], supported Obama's politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/dinesh-dsouza-says-costcos-decision-to-pull-his-book-from-stores-was-political-123006|title=Dinesh D'Souza Says Costco's Decision to Pull His Book From Stores Was Political|last1=Barnhart|first1=Melissa|date=July 9, 2014|work=[[The Christian Post]]|access-date=November 6, 2014|archive-date=January 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121042939/http://www.christianpost.com/news/dinesh-dsouza-says-costcos-decision-to-pull-his-book-from-stores-was-political-123006/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2014/07/08/costco-pulls-book-by-anti-obama-author-dinesh-dsouza-from-its-stores|title=Costco pulls book by anti-Obama author Dinesh D'Souza from its stores|last=Connelly|first=Joel|date=July 8, 2014|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|access-date=November 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205175442/http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2014/07/08/costco-pulls-book-by-anti-obama-author-dinesh-dsouza-from-its-stores/|archive-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> Costco reordered the book and cited the documentary's release and related interest for the reorder.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/9/costco-re-stock-dinesh-dsouzas-america-after-publi|title=Costco caves: Dinesh D'Souza's book to be re-stocked after public outcry|last=Chasmar|first=Jessica|date=July 9, 2014|work=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=November 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008014930/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/9/costco-re-stock-dinesh-dsouzas-america-after-publi/|archive-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref><br />
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====''The Big Lie: Exposing the Nazi Roots of the American Left''====<br />
In July 2017, D'Souza published ''The Big Lie: Exposing the Nazi Roots of the American Left''. In the book, D'Souza asserts that the 2016 Democratic Party platform was similar to the platform of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]]. The statement received media attention in 2018 when repeated by [[Donald Trump Jr.]] [[PolitiFact]] gave the claim its "''Pants-on-Fire''" rating, noting that "only a small number of elements of the two platforms are clearly similar, and those are so uncontroversial that they appear in the Republican platform as well."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2018/aug/03/donald-trump-jr/did-nazi-platform-echo-democratic-platform-donald-/|title=Nazi platform did not echo today's Democratic platform|work=@politifact|access-date=August 4, 2018|language=en|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051235/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2018/aug/03/donald-trump-jr/did-nazi-platform-echo-democratic-platform-donald-/|url-status=live}}</ref> Historians refuted D'Souza's assertion, with [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland]] historian and Barack Obama critic [[Jeffrey Herf]] saying, "There is not the slightest, tiny sliver in which this could be even somewhat accurate."<ref name=":0" /> In another review of the book, historian [[Nicole Hemmer]], then of the University of Virginia's [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]], wrote: "For a book about secret Nazis, ''The Big Lie'' is surprisingly dull ... ''The Big Lie'' thus adds little to the no-you're-the-fascist genre on the right".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemmer |first=Nicole |date=August 1, 2017 |title=Ideology Out, Hucksterism In: The decline of Dinesh D'Souza mirrors that of the Republican Party. |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/thomas-jefferson-street/articles/2017-08-01/dinesh-dsouzas-the-big-lie-mirrors-the-decline-of-the-gop |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531105611/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/thomas-jefferson-street/articles/2017-08-01/dinesh-dsouzas-the-big-lie-mirrors-the-decline-of-the-gop |url-status=live }}</ref> ''New York Times'' columnist [[Ross Douthat]] criticized the book, saying it was a "plea-for-attention" by D'Souza, and that the author had "become a hack". Douthat further stated, "Because D'Souza has become a professional deceiver, what he adds are extraordinary elisions, sweeping calumnies and laughable leaps."<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ross|last=Douthat|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/02/opinion/sunday/conservatism-jeff-flake-dsouza.html|title=Right-Wing Books, Wrong Answers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 2, 2017|access-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928102947/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/02/opinion/sunday/conservatism-jeff-flake-dsouza.html|archive-date=September 28, 2017}}</ref><br />
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In an article for ''[[The American Conservative]],'' historian and philosopher [[Paul Gottfried]], who has written extensively on the subject of fascism, harshly criticized a [[PragerU]] video hosted by D'Souza which maintained that fascism was a leftist ideology. D'Souza also maintained that Italian philosopher [[Giovanni Gentile]], who influenced Italian fascism, was a leftist, to which Gottfried noted that this contradicted the research by "almost all scholars of Gentile's work, from across the political spectrum, who view him, as I do in my study of fascism, as the most distinguished intellectual of the revolutionary right."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/right-wing-celebrities-play-fast-and-loose-with-history/|title=Right-wing Celebrities Play Fast and Loose With History|last=Gottfried|first=Paul|website=The American Conservative|date=December 27, 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-27|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615140225/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/right-wing-celebrities-play-fast-and-loose-with-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====Christian apologetics series====<br />
{{Expand section|date=May 2021}}<br />
D'Souza's [[Christian apologetics]] books, ''What's So Great About Christianity'' and ''Life After Death: The Evidence'', were both on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/books/bestseller/1111besthardnonfiction.html |title=''The New York Times'' Bestsellers |website=[[The New York Times]] |date= November 11, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517105346/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/books/bestseller/1111besthardnonfiction.html |archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref><br />
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===Filmmaking===<br />
D'Souza has written and directed a number of [[conspiracy theory|conspiracist]] [[political films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/10/dinesh-dsouza-if-it-can-happen-to-me-it-can-happen-to-you-the-world-according-to-police-state/|website=MotherJones|first=Stephanie|last=Mencimer|title=If it can happen to me, it can happen to you: The world according to 'Police State'|access-date=June 26, 2024|archive-date=June 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626184513/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/10/dinesh-dsouza-if-it-can-happen-to-me-it-can-happen-to-you-the-world-according-to-police-state/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====''2016: Obama's America'' film (2012)====<br />
{{Main|2016: Obama's America}}<br />
[[File:Dinesh D'Souza at the RCC 6-25-14 IMG 3081 (14325579850).jpg|thumb|D'Souza in 2014]]<br />
D'Souza wrote and co-directed the documentary-style polemical film ''[[2016: Obama's America]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharkey |first=Betsy |date=August 26, 2012 |title=2016: Obama's America' goes by the book |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-obamas-america-critics-notebook-2016-20120827,0,3566497.story?dssReturn |access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> Through interviews and reenactments, the film compares the similarities in the lives of D'Souza and President [[Barack Obama]]. D'Souza suggested that early influences on Obama affected the decisions he made as president. The film's [[tagline]] is "Love him or hate him, you don't know him." The film has been criticized on the grounds that what D'Souza claims to be an investigation of Obama includes considerable projection, speculation, and selective borrowing from Obama's autobiography, to prove D'Souza's own narrative.<ref name=Andrade /><ref>{{cite news|first=Andy|last=Webster|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/movies/2016-obamas-america-by-dinesh-dsouza.html|title=Documentary Exploring Obama's Political Roots|work=The New York Times|date=August 12, 2012|access-date=September 7, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816071016/http://movies.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/movies/2016-obamas-america-by-dinesh-dsouza.html|archive-date=August 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Beth|last=Fouhy|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/28/is-dsouzas-anti-obama-film-subjective/?page=all#pagebreak|title=Is D'Souza's anti-Obama film 'subjective'?|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=August 28, 2012|access-date=September 7, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904113925/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/28/is-dsouzas-anti-obama-film-subjective/?page=all#pagebreak|archive-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref> In a "Fact Check" of the film, the [[Associated Press]] found that D'Souza provided little or no evidence for most of his claims, noted that several allegations were factually false, and described the film's central thesis as "almost entirely subjective and a logical stretch at best."<ref>{{Cite news|first=Beth|last=Fouhy|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/news/fact-check-anti-obama-film-muddy-facts-072153385--politics.html|title=Fact Check: Anti-Obama film muddy on facts|publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment|date=August 28, 2012|access-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012700/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/news/fact-check-anti-obama-film-muddy-facts-072153385--politics.html|archive-date=September 12, 2017}}</ref> Scholars have described the film as advancing a conspiracy theory in which Obama is a secret anti-colonialist.<ref name=Andrade /><ref name=Cronin /><br />
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The Obama administration described the film as "an insidious attempt to dishonestly smear the president".<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2012|title='2016: Obama's America' is a deliberate distortion of President Obama's record and world view|url=http://www.barackobama.com/truth-team/entry/2016-obamas-america-is-a-deliberate-distortion-of-president-obamas-record-a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107234935/http://www.barackobama.com/truth-team/entry/2016-obamas-america-is-a-deliberate-distortion-of-president-obamas-record-a|archive-date=November 7, 2012|access-date=November 27, 2020|website=barackobama.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Cavan|last=Sieczkowski|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/obama-campaign-responds-2016-obamas-america-smear-president_n_1874978.html|title=President's Campaign Slams Anti-Obama Film '2016: Obama's America'|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211060932/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/obama-campaign-responds-2016-obamas-america-smear-president_n_1874978.html|archive-date=December 11, 2016}}</ref> Later, when D'Souza was indicted for violating election law, D'Souza and his co-producers alleged that he was selectively prosecuted, and that the indictment was politically motivated retribution for the success of the film.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Bond|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2016-obamas-america-filmmaker-indicted-673670|title='2016: Obama's America' Filmmaker Indicted for Violating Campaign Finance Laws|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116235616/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2016-obamas-america-filmmaker-indicted-673670|archive-date=November 16, 2016}}</ref><br />
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====''America: Imagine the World Without Her'' (2014)====<br />
{{Main|America: Imagine the World Without Her}}<br />
In March 2013, D'Souza announced work on a documentary-style film titled ''[[America: Imagine the World Without Her]]'' for release in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title='2016: Obama's America' Filmmakers Making Follow-Up Film (Exclusive)|author=Paul Bond|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2016-obamas-america-filmmakers-making-429104|newspaper=Hollywood Reporter|date=March 16, 2013|access-date=March 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317213813/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2016-obamas-america-filmmakers-making-429104|archive-date=March 17, 2013}}</ref> ''America'' was marketed to political conservatives and through Christian marketing firms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dinesh-dsouzas-america-marketing-targets-713396|title=Dinesh D'Souza's 'America' Marketing Targets Church Groups|last=Bond|first=Paul|date=2014-06-19|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Times]]'' states that D'Souza is saying that Americans no longer have past heroes like Washington, Lincoln, and Reagan, but "we do have us" in "our struggle for the restoration of America."<ref>{{cite news|author=Harrod, Andrew E.|title=Imaging a World without America; Dinesh D'Souza's New Film Refutes Detractors Who Scorn Her History|url=http://p.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/1/harrod-imagining-a-world-without-america|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|location=Washington, DC|access-date=July 28, 2014|date=July 2, 2014}}</ref><br />
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[[Lions Gate Entertainment]] released ''America'' in three theaters on June 27, 2014, and expanded its distribution on the weekend of the U.S. holiday [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] on July 4, 2014. [[CinemaScore]] reported that the opening-weekend audiences gave the film an "A+" grade.<ref name="Wrap">{{cite web|last1=Cunningham|first1=Todd|title=Dinesh D'Souza's Doc 'America' Can't Match Box-Office Lightning of His '2016: Obama's America'|url=https://www.thewrap.com/dinesh-dsouzas-doc-america-cant-match-box-office-lightning-of-his-2016-obamas-america|website=The Wrap|access-date=August 19, 2014|date=July 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824111616/http://www.thewrap.com/dinesh-dsouzas-doc-america-cant-match-box-office-lightning-of-his-2016-obamas-america/|archive-date=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3869&p=.htm|title=Weekend Report: 'Transformers' Repeats On Weak Independence Day Weekend – Box Office Mojo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717153654/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3869&p=.htm|archive-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> The film grossed {{nowrap|$14.4 million}}, which made it the highest-grossing documentary in the United States in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=america2014.htm|title=America (2014)|work=boxofficemojo.com|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=November 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107020924/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=america2014.htm|archive-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref><br />
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The film review website [[Metacritic]] surveyed {{nowrap|11 movie critics}} and assessed 10 reviews as negative and 1 as mixed, with none being positive. It gave an aggregate score of 15 out of 100, which indicates "overwhelming dislike".<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/america|title=America Reviews|work=metacritic.com|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726003953/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/america|archive-date=July 26, 2014}}</ref> The similar website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] surveyed {{nowrap|24 critics}} and, categorizing the reviews as positive or negative, assessed 22 as negative and 2 as positive. Of the {{nowrap|24 reviews}}, it determined an average rating of 2.9 out of 10. The website gave the film an overall score of 8% and said of the consensus, "Passionate but poorly constructed, ''America'' preaches to the choir."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/america_imagine_the_world_without_her_2014|title=America: Imagine the World Without Her|work=rottentomatoes.com|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=November 3, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111132104/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/america_imagine_the_world_without_her_2014/|archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> ''The Hollywood Reporter''{{'}}s Paul Bond said the film performed well in its limited theatrical release, "overcoming several negative reviews in the mainstream media".<ref name="bond20140705">{{cite journal|last=Bond|first=Paul|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-dinesh-dsouzas-america-features-716708|title=Why Dinesh D'Souza's 'America' Features Clips of Matt Damon, Woody Harrelson|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=July 5, 2014|access-date=December 10, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416054603/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-dinesh-dsouzas-america-features-716708|archive-date=April 16, 2015}}</ref> Bond reported, "Conservatives ... seem thrilled with the movie."<ref name="bond20140705" /><br />
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====''Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party'' (2016)====<br />
{{main|Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party}}<br />
[[File:Dinesh D'Souza by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|D'Souza at CPAC 2016 in Washington, D.C.]]<br />
On July 25, 2016, D'Souza released the documentary film ''Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party''.<ref name="Child">{{cite news|last1=Child|first1=Ben|title=Rightwing Firebrand Dinesh D'Souza Takes Aim at Hillary Clinton In Latest Documentary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/08/dinesh-dsouza-hillary-clinton-documentary-conservative-film-maker|date=March 8, 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404131430/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/08/dinesh-dsouza-hillary-clinton-documentary-conservative-film-maker|archive-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> The film criticizes the Democratic Party and [[Hillary Clinton]], the presumptive (and ultimate) Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 2016.<ref name="Child" /><ref>{{cite web|title=D'Souza Offers a Look Inside Hillary's America|url=http://www.trunews.com/article/dsouza-offers-a-look-inside-hillarys-america|date=July 20, 2016|publisher=trunews.com|access-date=July 21, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721115656/http://www.trunews.com/article/dsouza-offers-a-look-inside-hillarys-america|archive-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><br />
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The film was universally panned by professional film critics. On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 4%, based on 27 professional reviews, with an average rating of 1.7/10. The critics' consensus on the site reads, "''Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party'' finds Dinesh D'Souza once again preaching to the right-wing choir—albeit less effectively than ever."<ref name="RT">{{Rotten Tomatoes|qid=Q25999937|title=Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 1 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".<ref>{{Metacritic film|title=Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party|qid=Q25999937}}</ref> It is the lowest-rated film on the website.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Movies of All Time|url=https://www.metacritic.com/browse/movies/score/metascore/all/filtered?sort=asc|access-date=April 5, 2021|website=[[Metacritic]]|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110553/https://www.metacritic.com/browse/movies/score/metascore/all/filtered?sort=asc|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Peter Sobczynski wrote, "''Hillary's America'' may well be the single dumbest documentary that I have ever seen in my life."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sobczynski|first1=Peter|date=July 15, 2016|title=Hillary's America: The Secret History Of The Democratic Party Movie Review (2016)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hillarys-america-the-secret-history-of-the-democratic-party-2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923132708/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hillarys-america-the-secret-history-of-the-democratic-party-2016|archive-date=September 23, 2016|access-date=October 13, 2016|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> A July 2016 review in ''[[Variety magazine|Variety]]'' characterized D'Souza as "a right-wing conspiracy wingnut, the kind of "thinker" who takes off from Barack Obama birther theories and just keeps going, spinning out a web of comic-book liberal evil."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/hillarys-america-review-dinesh-dsouza-1201814480/|title=Film Review: 'Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party'|first=Owen|last=Gleiberman|date=July 15, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222044705/https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/hillarys-america-review-dinesh-dsouza-1201814480/|archive-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> Alex Shephard of ''[[The New Republic]]'' said: {{blockquote|Because he is a very dumb man, D'Souza doesn't even make a credible argument that [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and Hillary are corrupt, even though in many ways it's low-hanging fruit. Instead, like every fringe weirdo who comes after the Clintons does, he overreaches and invents an absurd conspiracy ... It's not enough for, say, the [[Clinton Foundation]] to have taken money from, say, [[Saudi Arabia]]—instead, Clinton is literally presented as selling America to foreign countries. Why? D'Souza never explains.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Shephard|first1=Alex|last2=Silverman|first2=Jacob|date=2016-08-05|title=How Bad Is Dinesh D'Souza's 'Hillary's America'? A Conversation.|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/135845/bad-dinesh-dsouzas-hillarys-america-conversation|access-date=2021-08-19|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=August 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819032248/https://newrepublic.com/article/135845/bad-dinesh-dsouzas-hillarys-america-conversation|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
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Some conservatives viewed the film more positively. [[John Fund]] of the ''[[National Review]]'' stated that "[the film] is over the top in places and definitely selective, but the troubling facts are accurate and extensively documented in the D'Souza book that accompanies the movie." He also called the film "intensely patriotic".<ref>{{cite magazine | last1=Fund | first1=John | title=Hillary's America – A Two-by-Four Bashing Democrats | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438016/hillarys-america-dinesh-dsouza-democrats-racist-past-corrupt-present | date=July 18, 2016 | magazine=[[National Review]] | access-date=July 21, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721042854/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438016/hillarys-america-dinesh-dsouza-democrats-racist-past-corrupt-present | archive-date=July 21, 2016 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On July 23, 2016, [[Donald Trump]], who was then running as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nominee against Clinton, called on supporters to see the film.<ref>{{cite news | first=Bryan | last=Alexander | title='Hillary's America' Documentary Cracks Top 10 at Box Office | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/07/24/hillarys-america-documentary-cracks-top-10-box-office/87506198/ | date=July 24, 2016 | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | access-date=July 25, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724222534/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/07/24/hillarys-america-documentary-cracks-top-10-box-office/87506198/ | archive-date=July 24, 2016 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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On January 23, 2017, the film was nominated for five [[Golden Raspberry Awards]], Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Dinesh D'Souza), Worst Actress ([[Rebekah Turner]]<ref>The video revealing the winners listed the nominee as "The 'Actress' Who Played [[Hillary Clinton]]". [[Mikaela Krantz]] also played a younger Hillary Clinton in the film, but only Rebekah Turner was on the official list of nominees.</ref><ref name="Derschowitz 2017">{{cite web | last=Derschowitz | first=Jessica | title='Zoolander No. 2,' 'Batman v Superman' Lead 2017 Razzies Nominations | website=EW.com | date=2017-01-23 | url=https://ew.com/awards/2017/01/23/razzies-2017-nominations-list/ | access-date=2024-04-02 | archive-date=April 18, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418235232/https://ew.com/awards/2017/01/23/razzies-2017-nominations-list/ | url-status=live }}</ref>), Worst Director (Dinesh D'Souza and Bruce Schooley), and Worst Screenplay.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|url=https://ew.com/awards/2017/01/23/razzies-2017-nominations-list/|title='Zoolander No. 2,' 'Batman v Superman' Lead 2017 Razzies Nominations|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=January 23, 2017|access-date=January 23, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021217/http://ew.com/awards/2017/01/23/razzies-2017-nominations-list/|archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> In response to the Razzie nominations, D'Souza stated that he was "actually quite honored" and called the nominations "petty revenge" in response to Trump's election victory, also stating that "the film might have played an important role in the election."<ref name="Petty">{{cite news | first=Bryan | last=Alexander | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/01/23/hillarys-america-director-dinesh-dsouza-calls-5-razzie-noms-petty-revenge/96969770/ | title='Hillary's America' Director D'Souza Calls 5 Razzie Noms 'Petty Revenge' | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=January 23, 2017 | access-date=January 24, 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124014443/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/01/23/hillarys-america-director-dinesh-dsouza-calls-5-razzie-noms-petty-revenge/96969770/ | archive-date=January 24, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> D'Souza appeared in the video announcing the film as having won four of the five possible Razzies repeating his view that [[Trump Derangement Syndrome|the nominations were awarded in response to Trump's election victory]].<ref name="RazzieWinners">{{cite web | first1=Kimberly | last1=Nordyke | first2=Patrick | last2=Shanley | title=Razzie Awards: 'Batman v Superman', 'Hillary's America' Top Winners | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-razzie-award-winners-970378 | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=February 25, 2017 | access-date=February 25, 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226061415/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-razzie-award-winners-970378 | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
====''Death of a Nation: Can We Save America a Second Time?'' (2018)====<br />
{{main|Death of a Nation (2018 film)}}<br />
''Death of a Nation'' had its world premiere in [[Los Angeles]], California on July 30, 2018.<ref name="bond">{{cite magazine | last=Bond | first=Paul | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dinesh-dsouzas-new-film-claims-democrats-racist-nazis-clip-1129938 | title=Dinesh D'Souza's New Film Makes Incendiary Claims About Democrats' History | magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=July 30, 2018 | access-date=July 31, 2018 | archive-date=March 21, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321165630/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dinesh-dsouzas-new-film-claims-democrats-racist-nazis-clip-1129938 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Carras | first=Christi | url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/donald-trump-jr-to-co-host-death-of-a-nation-screening-in-dc-with-dinesh-dsouza-1202891884/ | title=Donald Trump Jr. to Co-Host 'Death of a Nation' Screening in D.C. With Dinesh D'Souza | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 1, 2018 | access-date=August 2, 2018 | archive-date=May 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021702/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/donald-trump-jr-to-co-host-death-of-a-nation-screening-in-dc-with-dinesh-dsouza-1202891884/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A showing in [[Washington, D.C.]], on August 1, 2018, was co-hosted by D'Souza and President Donald Trump's son [[Donald Trump Jr.]]<ref name="Stanley-Becker">{{cite news | last=Stanley-Becker | first=Isaac | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/02/under-trump-a-red-carpet-for-dinesh-dsouza-who-claims-hitler-was-a-liberal-in-new-documentary/ | title=Under Trump, a red carpet for Dinesh D'Souza, who claims Hitler was a liberal in new documentary | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 2, 2018 | access-date=August 3, 2018 | archive-date=October 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018165546/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/02/under-trump-a-red-carpet-for-dinesh-dsouza-who-claims-hitler-was-a-liberal-in-new-documentary/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Polus | first=Sarah | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2018/08/02/donald-trump-jr-co-hosts-dinesh-dsouzas-very-conservative-d-c-film-premiere/? | title=Donald Trump Jr. co-hosts Dinesh D'Souza's very conservative D.C. film premiere | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 2, 2018 | access-date=August 2, 2018 | archive-date=August 3, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803071838/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2018/08/02/donald-trump-jr-co-hosts-dinesh-dsouzas-very-conservative-d-c-film-premiere/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film ''Death of a Nation'' centers around drawing parallels between the 45th President of the United States, [[Donald Trump]], and the 16th President of the United States, [[Abraham Lincoln]]. ''Death of a Nation'' explores the role of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in opposing both presidents. In the film, D'Souza accuses the Democratic Party—both historically and presently—of racism, [[white supremacy]], and fascism. D'Souza further argues that the political left attempt to falsely push claims of racism, white supremacy, and fascism onto the political right for political gain. He claims that the modern political left is currently using these types of accusations in attempts to remove Trump from office "by any means necessary."<br />
<br />
The film includes numerous falsehoods and has received criticism from historians regarding aspects of historical accuracy.<ref name="herndon">{{cite news | last=Herndon | first=Astead W. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/us/politics/dinesh-dsouza-death-of-a-nation.html | title=A New Film Compares Democrats to Nazis and Trump to Lincoln. At This Screening, It Was a Hit. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 17, 2018 | access-date=August 21, 2018 | archive-date=February 2, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202014531/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/us/politics/dinesh-dsouza-death-of-a-nation.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/171018|title=What Dinesh D'Souza's "Death of a Nation" Gets Wrong About Martin Van Buren {{!}} History News Network|website=historynewsnetwork.org|date=February 16, 2019|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043702/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/171018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film characterizes [[Adolf Hitler]] as a liberal; historians characterize Hitler and the Nazis as being far-right.<ref name="Stanley-Becker" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Broich|first=John|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/08/01/there-is-nothing-liberal-about-fascism/|title=There is nothing liberal about fascism|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 1, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2018|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115014836/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/08/01/there-is-nothing-liberal-about-fascism/|url-status=live}}</ref> It also claims that Hitler was an [[LGBT]]Q sympathizer, whereas the Nazis murdered thousands of gay men and [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|imprisoned homosexuals in concentration camps]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Marhoefer|first=Laurie|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/08/gay-nazi-myth-why-dinesh-dsouzas-misuse-of-history-is-so-galling.html|title=Why the Myth of the 'Gay Nazi' Is Back in Circulation|work=Slate|date=August 24, 2018|access-date=June 2, 2020|archive-date=May 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529053009/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/08/gay-nazi-myth-why-dinesh-dsouzas-misuse-of-history-is-so-galling.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On the review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 0% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 1.9/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/death_of_a_nation|title=Death of a Nation (2018)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=August 7, 2018|archive-date=April 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412220335/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/death_of_a_nation|url-status=live}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] the film has a weighted average score of 1 out of 100, based on eight critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/death-of-a-nation | title=Death of a Nation reviews | website=[[Metacritic]] | access-date=August 7, 2018 | archive-date=February 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207094128/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/death-of-a-nation | url-status=live }}</ref> [[PostTrak]] reported that filmgoers gave the film a score of 4 out of 5 stars,<ref name="opening">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/tom-cruise-mila-kunis-box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-robin-spy-who-dumped-me-1202439507/|title='Mission' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35M; 'Christopher Robin' No Eeyore With $25M – Sunday Box Office|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 5, 2018|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|access-date=August 5, 2018|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803190146/https://deadline.com/2018/08/tom-cruise-mila-kunis-box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-robin-spy-who-dumped-me-1202439507/|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote that those polled by [[CinemaScore]] (which was paid by ''Death of a Nation''{{'}}s filmmakers to conduct polls of audiences) gave it a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=McClintock | first=Pamela | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-why-dinesh-dsouzas-death-a-nation-didnt-get-a-trump-bump-1132318 | title=Box Office: Why Dinesh D'Souza's 'Death of a Nation' Didn't Get a Big Trump Bump | magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=August 6, 2018 | access-date=August 6, 2018 | archive-date=January 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115165210/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-why-dinesh-dsouzas-death-a-nation-didnt-get-a-trump-bump-1132318 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On its opening weekend, the film grossed $2.3 million on 1,032 screens, the lowest wide release for a D'Souza film.<ref name=opening /> {{As of|2018|8|19|df=US}}, the film has grossed {{nowrap|$5.3 million}}.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Death of a Nation: Can We Save America a Second Time? (2018) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=deathofanation.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 22, 2018 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331050116/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=deathofanation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
====''2000 Mules'' (2022)====<br />
{{Main|2000 Mules}}<br />
In May 2022, D'Souza released ''2000 Mules'', a [[conspiracy theory|conspiracist]] [[political film]]<ref name="auto3"/> that falsely alleges Democrat-aligned individuals were paid to illegally collect and deposit ballots into drop boxes in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin during the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. The film was based on research by [[True the Vote]]. Former president [[Donald Trump]] praised the film as exposing "great election fraud".<ref name="Swenson_5/3/2022">{{cite news |last1=Swenson |first1=Ali |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Fact Focus: Gaping holes in the claim of 2K ballot 'mules |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-covid-technology-health-arizona-e1b49d2311bf900f44fa5c6dac406762 |quote=Praised by former President Donald Trump as exposing "great election fraud," the movie, called "2000 Mules," paints an ominous picture suggesting Democrat-aligned ballot "mules" were supposedly paid to illegally collect and drop off ballots in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. But that's based on faulty assumptions, anonymous accounts and improper analysis of cellphone location data, which is not precise enough to confirm that somebody deposited a ballot into a drop box, according to experts. |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004035219/https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-covid-technology-health-arizona-e1b49d2311bf900f44fa5c6dac406762 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bump_4/29/2022">{{Cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Analysis {{!}} The dishonest pivot at the heart of the new voter-fraud conspiracy |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/29/dishonest-pivot-heart-new-voter-fraud-conspiracy/ |access-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624232150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/29/dishonest-pivot-heart-new-voter-fraud-conspiracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PolitiFact_5/4/2022">{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Bill |last2=Sherman |first2=Amy |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The faulty premise of the '2,000 mules' trailer about voting by mail in the 2020 election |publisher=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/may/04/faulty-premise-2000-mules-trailer-about-voting-mai/ |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906164912/https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/may/04/faulty-premise-2000-mules-trailer-about-voting-mai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The Associated Press reported the film was based on faulty assumptions, anonymous accounts and improper analysis of cellphone location data.<ref name="Swenson_5/3/2022" /><ref name="Bump_4/29/2022" /><ref name="PolitiFact_5/4/2022" /> ''[[The Dispatch]]'', a conservative<ref name="Coppins">{{cite news |last1=Coppins |first1=McKay |title=The Conservatives Trying to Ditch Fake News |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/01/dispatch-tries-sell-real-news-right/605860/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=January 31, 2020 |quote=''The Dispatch'' produces "serious, factually grounded journalism for a conservative audience". |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310020332/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/01/dispatch-tries-sell-real-news-right/605860/ |url-status=live }}</ref> online magazine, found that "The film's ballot harvesting theory is full of holes", and mentioned that "D'Souza has a history of promoting false and misleading claims".<ref name="Himmelman_5/21/2022">{{cite web | last=Himmelman | first=Khaya | title=Fact Checking Dinesh D'Souza's '2,000 Mules' | website=[[The Dispatch]] Fact Check | date=May 21, 2022 | url=https://factcheck.thedispatch.com/p/fact-checking-dinesh-dsouzas-2000 | access-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521152025/https://factcheck.thedispatch.com/p/fact-checking-dinesh-dsouzas-2000 | url-status=live }}</ref> On May 31, 2024, AP reported that the publisher of the film, Salem Media Group Inc., had apologized to the man they falsely accused of election fraud in the film and accompanying book, and withdrawn both from their platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/2000-mules-film-apology-f1c2de96f17e72241761b4e6deaee5cb|title=Publisher of '2000 Mules' apologizes to Georgia man falsely accused of ballot fraud in the film|date=May 31, 2024|website=AP News|first=Kate|last=Brumback|access-date=June 18, 2024|archive-date=June 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617011641/https://apnews.com/article/2000-mules-film-apology-f1c2de96f17e72241761b4e6deaee5cb|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====''Police State'' (2023)====<br />
Released in October 2023, ''The Washington Post'' reported this film "uses falsehoods, misleading interviews and dramatizations to allege federal persecution of Jan. 6 rioters and Christians." It was screened at Donald Trump's [[Mar-a-Lago]] residence soon after release.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump and allies plot revenge, Justice Department control in a second term|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/05/trump-revenge-second-term/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 5, 2023|first1=Isaac|last1=Arnsdorf|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|first3=Devlin|last3=Barrett|access-date=June 18, 2024|archive-date=November 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105234529/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/05/trump-revenge-second-term/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====''Vindicating Trump'' (2024)====<br />
{{Main|Vindicating Trump}}<br />
In September 2024, D'Souza released ''Vindicating Trump'', exploring the alleged hurdles facing the former president in his 2024 bid for re-election. The documentary features an interview with Trump by D'Souza. Trump also promoted the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Box Office Preview: 'The Wild Robot,' 'Megalopolis' and Pro-Donald Trump Doc All Hit the Big Screen |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-wild-robot-megalopolis-1236011231/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927012829/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-wild-robot-megalopolis-1236011231/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Media appearances and speaking engagements===<br />
[[File:Speaking at CPAC Budapest 2026.jpg|thumb|Speaking at CPAC Budapest 2026]]<br />
D'Souza has appeared on numerous national television networks and programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.speakersnetworkworldwide.com/SpeakerDetails/7225/Dinesh-DSouza.html|title=Dinesh D'Souza profile|publisher=Speakers Network Worldwide|access-date=September 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206011359/http://www.speakersnetworkworldwide.com/SpeakerDetails/7225/Dinesh-DSouza.html|archive-date=December 6, 2010|url-status=usurped|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Six days after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, attacks]], D'Souza appeared on ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'' hosted by [[Bill Maher]]. He disputed the assertion that terrorists were cowards by saying, "Look at what they did. You have a whole bunch of guys who were willing to give their life; none of them backed out. All of them slammed themselves into pieces of concrete. These are warriors." Maher agreed with D'Souza's comments and said, "We have been the cowards. Lobbing cruise missiles from two thousand miles away."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/arts/think-tank-in-new-war-on-terrorism-words-are-weapons-too.html|title=In New War on Terrorism, Words Are Weapons, Too|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Celestine|last=Bohlen|date=September 29, 2001|access-date=June 6, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004142/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/arts/think-tank-in-new-war-on-terrorism-words-are-weapons-too.html|archive-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref><br />
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During an interview on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' on January 16, 2007, while promoting his book ''The Enemy At Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11'', D'Souza maintained that [[Liberalism in the United States|liberals]] had some responsibility for the September 11 attacks. He said liberals' "[[Interventionism (politics)|penchant for interference]]" had a decided effect in convincing the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter administration]] to withdraw support from the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], which brought on Muslim fundamentalists' control of the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian government]]. He also said that the distorted representation of American culture on television is one source of [[Anti-Americanism|resentment of the United States]] by Muslims worldwide. D'Souza believes that traditional Muslims are not too different from traditional Jews and Christians in America. Towards the end of the interview, he admitted that he and Islamic militants share some of the same negative beliefs about liberal Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/80900/january-16-2007/dinesh-d-souza|title=The Colbert Report|publisher=colbertnation.com|date=January 16, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605174503/http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/80900/january-16-2007/dinesh-d-souza|archive-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref><br />
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In late February 2017, students at [[Trinity University (Texas)|Trinity University]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], stole more than 200 flyers advertising D'Souza's planned appearance at the university the first week of March. D'Souza called the protest "pathetic", and suggested the demonstrators "Come out and debate me. In the best case you may win; in the worst, you'll learn something". Twin brothers Manfred and Jonah Wendt, co-founders of the student conservative group Tigers for Liberty, had passed around 600 notices of D'Souza's visit to campus. Those returned by the protesters contained negative comments about D'Souza.<ref>{{cite news|first=Lauren|last=Caruba|url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/education/article/Conservative-student-group-s-fliers-defaced-at-10964039.php|title=Conservative student group's fliers defaced at Trinity|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=February 27, 2017|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222105244/https://www.expressnews.com/news/education/article/Conservative-student-group-s-fliers-defaced-at-10964039.php|archive-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Views==<br />
{{Conservatism US|commentators}}<br />
D'Souza is generally identified as a [[Neoconservatism|neoconservative]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9cQkXIWn2EC|title=The Rebuke of History: The Southern Agrarians and American Conservative Thought|last=Murphy|first=Paul V.|date=2001|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4960-6|page=247|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ourhBwAAQBAJ|title=Race and Resistance: Literature and Politics in Asian America|last=Nguyen|first=Viet Thanh|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-028723-8|language=en}}</ref> He defines [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatism in the American sense]] as "conserving the principles of the [[American Revolution]]."<ref>D'Souza (2002), ''Letters to a Young Conservative'', p. 5</ref> In ''Letters to a Young Conservative'', written as an introduction to conservative ideas for youth, D'Souza argues that it is a blend of [[classical liberalism]] and ancient [[virtue]], in particular, "the belief that there are moral standards in the universe and that living up to them is the best way to have a full and happy life." He also argues against what he calls the modern [[liberalism|liberal]] belief that "human nature is intrinsically good," and thus that "the great conflicts in the world ... arise out of terrible misunderstandings that can be corrected through ongoing conversation and through the mediation of the [[United Nations]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=D'Souza |first=Dinesh |title=Letters to a Young Conservative |year=2002 |page=9}}</ref><br />
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In the book ''Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus'' (1991), D'Souza argued that intolerance of conservative views is common at many universities. He has attributed many modern social problems to what he calls the "cultural left."<ref>{{Cite book |last=D'Souza |first=Dinesh |title=Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus |year=1991}}</ref> In the same book, D'Souza criticized the [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] policies of the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<br />
D'Souza has also been critical of [[feminism]], and Bruce Goldner, in a review of D'Souza's ''Illiberal Education'', noted that he "has a tendency to characterize feminists as castrating [[Misanthropy|misanthropes]]".<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|title=Rev. of ''Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus'' by Dinesh D'Souza|first=Bruce|last=Goldner|journal=[[Michigan Law Review]]|volume=90|issue=6|year=1992|pages=1291–1307|doi=10.2307/1289414|jstor=1289414|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2297&context=mlr|archive-date=October 31, 2020|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031020447/https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2297&context=mlr|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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===Religion===<br />
D'Souza attended the [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] church [[Calvary Chapel]] from 2000 to about 2010.<ref>{{cite news|first=Carl E.|last=Olson|title=Then: Dinesh D'Souza leaves Catholic Church. Now: He leaves wife.|publisher=Catholic World Report|date=October 16, 2012|access-date=October 5, 2019|url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2012/10/16/then-dinesh-dsouza-leaves-catholic-church-now-he-leaves-wife/|archive-date=October 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005210529/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2012/10/16/then-dinesh-dsouza-leaves-catholic-church-now-he-leaves-wife/|url-status=live}}</ref> While stating that his Catholic background is important to him, D'Souza also says he is comfortable with [[Protestant Reformation]] theology and identifies as a nondenominational Christian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/jesuscreed/2010/08/dsouzas-just-plain-confused.html|title=Jesus Creed – Scot McKnight on Jesus and orthodox faith for today|date=August 25, 2010|publisher=beliefnet.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826193306/http://blog.beliefnet.com/jesuscreed/2010/08/dsouzas-just-plain-confused.html|archive-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> A writer of [[Christian apologetics]], D'Souza has debated against prominent atheists and critics of Christianity on religious and moral issues. His debate opponents have included [[Dan Barker]], [[Christopher Hitchens]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~cprelig/nddebate|title=Is Religion the Problem?|publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]|access-date=September 25, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811085727/http://www.nd.edu/~cprelig/nddebate/|archive-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref> [[Peter Singer]],<ref>[http://www.fixed-point.org/index.php/component/search/Peter%20Singer?ordering=&searchphrase=all "Can There Be Morality without God?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165424/http://www.fixed-point.org/index.php/component/search/Peter%20Singer?ordering=&searchphrase=all |date=July 16, 2011 }} Retrieved November 29, 2010.</ref> [[Daniel Dennett]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,1942,Daniel-Dennett-Debates-Dinesh-DSouza,Tufts-University |title=Daniel Dennett debates Dinesh D'Souza |publisher=RichardDawkins.net |date=December 1, 2007 |access-date=January 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120072015/http://richarddawkins.net/article%2C1942%2CDaniel-Dennett-Debates-Dinesh-DSouza%2CTufts-University |archive-date=January 20, 2008 }}</ref> [[Michael Shermer]], [[David Silverman (activist)|David Silverman]],<ref>[http://richarddawkins.net/articles/643668-update-video-replaced-david-silverman-debates-dinesh-d-souza David Silverman Debates Dinesh D'souza] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031154139/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/643668-update-video-replaced-david-silverman-debates-dinesh-d-souza |date=October 31, 2011 }}, ''[[Richard Dawkins Foundation]]''; accessed December 24, 2016.</ref> and [[Bart D. Ehrman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tkc.edu/abouttkc/president/dsouza/president_blog.asp |title=The King's College, ''President's Blog'' |publisher=Tkc.edu |date=August 31, 2010 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214161639/http://www.tkc.edu/abouttkc/president/dsouza/president_blog.asp |archive-date=February 14, 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fixed-point.org/index.php/blog/216-whywesuffer "Debating 'God's Problem': Why We Suffer"]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=Judgesurreal777 |fix-attempted=yes }}, fixed-point.org; retrieved November 29, 2010.</ref><br />
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As a guest contributor for ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|Christian Science Monitor]]'', D'Souza wrote, "The moral teachings of Jesus provide no support for—indeed they stand as a stern rebuke to—the historical injustices perpetrated in the name of Christianity."<ref name="csmonitor">[https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1121/p09s01-coop.html Dinesh D'Souza, "Atheism, not religion, is the real force behind the mass murders of history"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213140711/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1121/p09s01-coop.html |date=December 13, 2007 }}, ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', November 21, 2006.</ref> He often speaks out against [[atheism]], nonbelief in spirituality, and [[secularism]]. D'Souza elaborated on his views in the 2007 book he authored, ''What's so Great about Christianity''. In 2009, he published ''Life After Death: The Evidence'', which argues for an [[afterlife]].<br />
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D'Souza has also commented on [[Islam]]. He stated in 2007 that "radical Islamic" thinkers have not condemned modernity, science or freedom but only United States' support of "secular dictators in the region" which deny "Muslims freedom and control over their own destiny".<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Saint-Paul|url=http://www.catholicity.com/commentary/saint-paul/00041.html|title=Knowing the Enemy – Dinesh D'Souza on Islam and the West|publisher=Catholicity.com|date=January 31, 2007|access-date=September 25, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613182722/http://www.catholicity.com/commentary/saint-paul/00041.html|archive-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> He has debated [[Serge Trifkovic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trifkovic vs. D'Souza|url=http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/007416.html|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.amnation.com|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024090110/http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/007416.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]], who both deem Islam "inherently aggressive, racist, violent, and intolerant." He has labelled Spencer an "[[Islamophobia|Islamophobe]]" and "an effective [[polemics|polemicist]]" in his writings on Islam.<ref name="Bin Laden">{{cite web|first=Dinesh|last=D'Souza|url=http://www.newageislam.com/radical-islamism-and-jihad/is-islam-the-problem?-why-is-america-letting-bin-laden-define-islam?/d/1149|publisher=AOL|title=Letting Bin Laden Define Islam|date=March 2, 2007|access-date=October 18, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129201603/http://www.newageislam.com/radical-islamism-and-jihad/is-islam-the-problem?-why-is-america-letting-bin-laden-define-islam%3F/d/1149|archive-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> D'Souza has also warned against support for "a $100 million mosque scheduled to be built near the site where terrorists in the name of Islam brought down the World Trade Center" (i.e., the [[Park51|Park 51 Islamic community center and mosque project]]),<ref name=forbes-HOT/> and the Middle East becoming a "United States of Islam"<ref name="WEBSTER-12-8-12">{{cite news |last1=WEBSTER |first1=ANDY |title=Documentary Exploring Obama's Political Roots |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/movies/2016-obamas-america-by-dinesh-dsouza.html |access-date=June 9, 2018 |agency=New York Times |date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140429/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/13/movies/2016-obamas-america-by-dinesh-dsouza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in his attacks against President [[Barack Obama]].<br />
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D'Souza has [[Criticism of atheism|criticized atheism]], writing: "The crimes of atheism have generally been perpetrated through a hubristic ideology that sees man, not God, as the creator of values. Using the latest techniques of science and technology, man seeks to displace God and create a [[Secularity|secular]] [[utopia]] here on earth".<ref>{{Cite news |last=D'Souza |first=Dinesh |date=2006-11-21 |title=Atheism, not religion, is the real force behind the mass murders of history |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1121/p09s01-coop.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508012858/https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1121/p09s01-coop.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Promotion of conspiracy theories===<br />
D'Souza has promoted several [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], such as the false claim that [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|Obama was not born in the United States]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seipel|first=Brooke|date=2018-05-31|title=President Trump pardons Dinesh D'Souza|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/390029-trump-to-pardon-dinesh-dsouza/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-01|website=[[The Hill (magazine)|The Hill]]|language=en|quote=Like Arpaio and Trump, D'Souza promoted the unfounded conspiracy theory that Barack Obama was ineligible to serve as president because he was born outside the U.S.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601143931/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/390029-trump-to-pardon-dinesh-dsouza |archive-date=June 1, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":10" /> and the conspiracy theory that [[Clinton body count conspiracy theory|the Clintons had murdered people]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tani|first=Maxwell|date=November 6, 2017|title=Donald Trump Jr. revives conspiracy theory about Clintons amid Donna Brazile controversy|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-jr-donna-brazile-hillary-clinton-2017-11|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-01|website=[[Business Insider]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106012712/http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-jr-donna-brazile-hillary-clinton-2017-11 |archive-date=November 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Peter|date=August 12, 2019|title=Dinesh D'Souza tried to use his time behind bars to bolster Epstein conspiracy theory, failed|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/858426/dinesh-dsouza-tried-use-time-behind-bars-bolster-epstein-conspiracy-theory-failed|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-01|website=[[The Week]]|language=en|quote=Over the weekend, D'Souza tried to leverage his eight months in a federal correctional center to lend authority to the bizarre, evidently Trump-endorsed conspiracy theory that the Clintons might be responsible for Jeffrey Epstein's suicide.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812075658/https://theweek.com/speedreads/858426/dinesh-dsouza-tried-use-time-behind-bars-bolster-epstein-conspiracy-theory-failed |archive-date=August 12, 2019 }}</ref> D'Souza has also promoted false claims about businessman and philanthropist [[George Soros]], including that Soros had collaborated with the Nazis as a youth, and that he has sponsored [[Antifa (United States)|antifa]], a left-wing [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] movement.<ref name=Whitfield /><ref name=EternalSoros /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pink|first=Aiden|date=October 31, 2018|title=4 Times Dinesh D'Souza Should Have Kept Quiet About The Jews|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/402155/4-times-dinesh-dsouza-should-have-kept-quiet-about-the-jews/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-01|website=[[The Forward]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204110615/https://forward.com/fast-forward/402155/4-times-dinesh-dsouza-should-have-kept-quiet-about-the-jews/ |archive-date=December 4, 2018 }}</ref> In an August 2016 interview with ''[[GQ]]'', D'Souza denied being a conspiracy theorist, stating: "I have never advanced a conspiracy theory in my life."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-22|title=Dinesh D'Souza on His Batshit Hillary Doc, Donald Trump, and Why He Doesn't Think He's a Conspiracy Theorist|url=https://www.gq.com/story/dinesh-dsouza-hillarys-america-interview|access-date=2021-08-01|website=GQ|language=en-US|archive-date=September 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195648/https://www.gq.com/story/dinesh-dsouza-hillarys-america-interview|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In August 2017, D'Souza suggested that the [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]] [[Unite the Right rally]] had been [[False flag|staged]].<ref name="NYT20180531">{{Cite news|last=Victor|first=Daniel|date=2018-05-31|title=A Look at Dinesh D'Souza, Pardoned by Trump|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/us/politics/dinesh-dsouza-facts-history.html|access-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165410/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/us/politics/dinesh-dsouza-facts-history.html|archive-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the same month, D'Souza tweeted that it would be "interesting to see" Soros "extradited to [[Israel]] & tried for his complicity in Nazi atrocities against Jews", and referred to Soros as "[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s collection boy".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alterman|first=Eric|date=2017-09-07|title=Soros Slander Reveals Anti-Semitism at the Heart of the Far Right|language=en-US|work=[[The Nation]]|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/soros-slander-reveals-anti-semitism-at-the-heart-of-the-far-right/|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=August 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801085417/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/soros-slander-reveals-anti-semitism-at-the-heart-of-the-far-right/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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After [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|mail bombing attempts on prominent Democratic politicians]] occurred in October 2018, D'Souza tweeted: "Fake sexual assault victims. Fake refugees. Now fake mail bombs." D'Souza argued that the lack of a cancellation mark on the bomb-containing packages was evidence they were not mailed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Andrew|first1=Egger|date=26 October 2018|title=Flight of the #FalseFlag Conservatives|language=en|work=[[The Weekly Standard]]|url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/andrew-egger/the-arrest-of-bomber-cesar-sayoc-and-the-false-flag-conservatives|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027030119/https://www.weeklystandard.com/andrew-egger/the-arrest-of-bomber-cesar-sayoc-and-the-false-flag-conservatives}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shane|first1=Croucher|date=25 October 2018|title=Pro-Trump conservatives are peddling a false flag conspiracy about the mail bombs|language=en|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/mail-bombs-are-false-flag-distract-hordes-illegal-aliens-claim-conservative-1186730|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185724/https://www.newsweek.com/mail-bombs-are-false-flag-distract-hordes-illegal-aliens-claim-conservative-1186730|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Opinions expressed on Twitter===<br />
In November 2013, D'Souza received backlash for referring to Obama as "Grown-Up [[Trayvon Martin|Trayvon]]" in a tweet. In response to the backlash, D'Souza posted: "Feigned outrage on the left over me calling Obama 'grown up Trayvon' except that Obama likened himself to Trayvon!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delreal|first=Jose|date=November 26, 2013|title=D'Souza: Obama 'grown-up Trayvon'|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/dinesh-dsouza-tweet-grown-up-trayvon-100406|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-23|website=[[Politico]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224221122/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/dinesh-dsouza-tweet-grown-up-trayvon-100406 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 }}</ref> D'Souza later deleted the initial post.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Kristian|first=Bonnie|date=May 31, 2018|title=7 of Dinesh D'Souza's most shameful moments|url=https://theweek.com/articles/776256/7-dinesh-dsouzas-most-shameful-moments|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-23|website=[[The Week]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531210446/http://theweek.com/articles/776256/7-dinesh-dsouzas-most-shameful-moments |archive-date=May 31, 2018 }}</ref><br />
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In February 2015, D'Souza wrote: "You can take the boy out of the [[ghetto]]" in a post criticizing Obama for using a [[selfie stick]].<ref name=":102" /><ref name=":10" /> After the post was criticized as racist, D'Souza posted: "I know Obama wasn't actually raised in a ghetto—I'm using the term metaphorically, to suggest his unpresidential conduct".<ref name=":102" /><br />
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In January 2017, after civil rights leader and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] congressman [[John Lewis]] stated that the then-newly elected President [[Donald Trump]] was not a "legitimate president", D'Souza posted: "The left's false narrative inflates minor figures like John Lewis, Democrat, & downplays major ones like [[Frederick Douglass]], Republican".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Shanley|first=Patrick|date=2017-01-14|title='Hillary's America' Filmmaker Dinesh D'Souza Comes Under Fire Following Controversial Rosa Parks Tweet|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/hillarys-america-filmmaker-dinesh-dsouza-comes-under-fire-controversial-rosa-parks-tweet-964417/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201621/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/hillarys-america-filmmaker-dinesh-dsouza-comes-under-fire-controversial-rosa-parks-tweet-964417/|url-status=live}}</ref> D'Souza later posted that civil rights activist [[Rosa Parks]]' contributions to the [[civil rights movement]] were "absurdly inflated"<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> and described her as an "overrated Democrat".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Kirell|first=Andrew|date=February 21, 2018|title=Dinesh D'Souza Mocked Shooting Survivors. Why Is He Still on the 'National Review' Masthead?|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/dinesh-dsouza-national-review-parkland-shooting-survivors-racist-bigot|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043217/https://www.thedailybeast.com/dinesh-dsouza-national-review-parkland-shooting-survivors-racist-bigot|archive-date=February 22, 2018|access-date=June 21, 2021|website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> D'Souza received criticism for the posts,<ref name=":2" /> with [[Charles C. W. Cooke]] of ''[[National Review]]'' stating: "Not only {{Sic|is this is}} incorrect, it's an attitude that would never be struck about a soldier on, say, Veterans Day ... [E]ven if Parks was a minor player (she wasn't), she'd still deserve to be lionized."<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cooke|first=Charles C. W.|author-link=Charles C. W. Cooke|date=January 14, 2017|title=Not only is this is incorrect, it's an attitude that would never be struck about a soldier on, say, Veterans Day.|url=https://twitter.com/charlescwcooke/status/820415364387471360|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207191308/https://twitter.com/charlescwcooke/status/820415364387471360|archive-date=December 7, 2018|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cooke|first=Charles C. W.|date=January 14, 2017|title=Thing is, @DineshDSouza, even if Parks was a minor player (she wasn't), she'd still deserve to be lionized.|url=https://twitter.com/charlescwcooke/status/820415928659755013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207191310/https://twitter.com/charlescwcooke/status/820415928659755013|archive-date=December 7, 2018|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><br />
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In November 2017, D'Souza mocked Beverly Young Nelson, one of the women who accused [[Roy Moore]] of [[Roy Moore sexual misconduct allegations|sexual misconduct]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> and posted: "I was lukewarm on Roy Moore until the last-minute smear. Now we must elect him to show that the [[The Washington Post|@washingtonpost]] sleaze attack failed".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Heer|first=Jeet|date=2017-11-13|title=Roy Moore and the New Republican Civil War|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/145785/roy-moore-new-republican-civil-war|access-date=2021-06-20|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201915/https://newrepublic.com/article/145785/roy-moore-new-republican-civil-war|url-status=live}}</ref> [[David French (political commentator)|David French]], then-senior writer at ''National Review'', posted "What has happened to you?" in response to D'Souza's post about Nelson.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
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In February 2018, D'Souza was criticized for a series of posts which mocked the survivors of the [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]]. In response to a photo of survivors reacting to Florida lawmakers voting down a proposed ban on assault weapons in the aftermath of the shooting, D'Souza posted "worst news since their parents told them to get summer jobs".<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> D'Souza also accused the survivors of "politically-orchestrated grief" and said that their grief "[struck him] as phony and inauthentic".<ref name=":6" /> D'Souza's comments were condemned by both liberal and conservative commentators. Journalist [[Jonathan M. Katz]] wrote: "Let it never be said that Dinesh does not actively root for the death of children."<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Nakamura|first=Reid|date=2018-02-21|title=Even Conservatives Denounce Dinesh D'Souza After He Mocks Parkland School Shooting Survivors|url=https://www.thewrap.com/even-conservatives-denounce-dinesh-dsouza-mocks-parkland-school-shooting-survivors/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-28|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221025928/https://www.thewrap.com/even-conservatives-denounce-dinesh-dsouza-mocks-parkland-school-shooting-survivors/ |archive-date=February 21, 2018 }}</ref> Others accused D'Souza of "trolling kids".<ref name=":8" /><ref name="inq">{{cite web|last=Feinstein|first=Amy|date=February 21, 2018|title=#CPAC2018 Cancels #DineshDSouza From Their Event After Offensive Comments About #Parkland Teens|url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4795614/cpac-removes-dinesh-dsouza-from-list-of-speakers-for-offensive-comments-about-parkland-shooting-survivors/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221123301/https://www.inquisitr.com/4795614/cpac-removes-dinesh-dsouza-from-list-of-speakers-for-offensive-comments-about-parkland-shooting-survivors/|archive-date=February 21, 2018|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=[[Inquisitr]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Elliot|last=Hannon|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/02/right-wing-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-taunts-survivors-of-parkland-shooting-for-losing-florida-weapons-ban-vote.html|title=Right-Wing Pundit Taunts Survivors of Parkland Shooting for Losing Weapons-Ban Vote in Florida Legislature|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=February 20, 2018|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221025551/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/02/right-wing-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-taunts-survivors-of-parkland-shooting-for-losing-florida-weapons-ban-vote.html|archive-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> D'Souza was also denounced by the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]], which removed him from its roster of speakers and stated: "his comments are indefensible".<ref name=":6" /><ref name=inq/> D'Souza subsequently apologized for the initial tweet, saying that it was "aimed at media manipulation" and that he was being "insensitive to students who lost friends in a terrible tragedy."<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=2018-02-21|title=Dinesh D'Souza apologizes for mocking Parkland shooting survivors after massive backlash|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/374819-dinesh-dsouza-apologizes-for-mocking-parkland-shooting-survivors-after-massive/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|archive-date=April 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401090748/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/374819-dinesh-dsouza-apologizes-for-mocking-parkland-shooting-survivors-after-massive/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2021, after the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]] took place, D'Souza suggested that the rioters were little more than "a bunch of rowdy people walking through a hallway".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shepherd|first=Katie|date=February 24, 2021|title=Critics slam Sen. Ron Johnson for unfounded claim that 'fake Trump protesters' led riots: 'It's disgraceful'|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/24/ron-johnson-capitol-riot-disinformation/|access-date=2021-09-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In May, D'Souza posted about the attack: "Does this LOOK like an insurrection? A riot? A coup attempt? If it doesn't walk like a duck or talk like a duck then it probably isn't a duck."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harvey|first=Josephine|date=2021-05-03|title=Right-Wing Pundit's Attempt To Whitewash The Capitol Insurrection Backfires|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dinesh-dsouza-capitol-riot-tweet_n_60908e80e4b02e74d22aad6f|access-date=2021-09-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926065232/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dinesh-dsouza-capitol-riot-tweet_n_60908e80e4b02e74d22aad6f|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===FBI===<br />
''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted D'Souza as saying on Twitter: "The [[FBI]] is the largest criminal gang in the country. It's America's version of the [[KGB]] or the Chinese state police."<ref>{{cite news |author=Adam Goldman |author2=Alan Fruer |date=28 December 2022 |title=Republicans Step Up Attacks on F.B.I. as It Investigates Trump |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/us/politics/fbi-gop-attacks.html |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Presidency of The King's College==<br />
In August 2010, D'Souza was named president of [[The King's College (New York)|The King's College]], a Christian liberal arts college then housed in the [[Empire State Building]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="tkcpr">{{cite web |url=http://www.tkc.edu/abouttkc/president_pressrelease.html |title=The King's College, ''Press Release'' |publisher=Tkc.edu |date=August 23, 2010 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905041508/http://www.tkc.edu/abouttkc/president_pressrelease.html |archive-date=September 5, 2010 }}</ref> In 2012, the college relocated to a larger space next door to the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in Lower Manhattan's financial district.<ref name="tkcpr2">{{cite web |date=July 23, 2012 |url=http://www.tkc.edu/media/newsrelease.asp?id=335 |title=The King's College Occupies Wall St. |publisher=The King's College |type=press release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616171236/http://www.tkc.edu/media/newsrelease.asp?id=335 |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2012 }}</ref> On October 18, 2012, D'Souza resigned his post at The King's College following a press report that he—despite being married—had shared a hotel room at a Christian conference with another woman and introduced her to others as his fiancée. He acknowledged being separated from his wife and having introduced Denise Odie Joseph II as his fiancée at a Christian conference; however, he denied that the two were engaged in an adulterous affair and that he had shared a room with Joseph at the conference, and described the report as "pure libel" that is "worthy of Christian condemnation."<ref name=filmmaker/><ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Sessions|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/18/dinesh-d-souza-resigns-presidency-of-the-king-s-college.html|title=Dinesh D'Souza Resigns Presidency of The King's College|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=October 18, 2012|access-date=October 18, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203557/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/18/dinesh-d-souza-resigns-presidency-of-the-king-s-college.html|archive-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Melissa|last=Steffan|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/october-web-only/dinesh-dsouza-resigns-as-president-of-kings-college.html?start=1|title=Dinesh D'Souza Resigns as President of The King's College|magazine=[[Christianity Today]]|date=October 18, 2012|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920172107/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/october-web-only/dinesh-dsouza-resigns-as-president-of-kings-college.html?start=1|archive-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref> After an investigation by officials at The King's College, D'Souza stated that he had suspended his engagement to Joseph.<ref name="nyt-kings"/><ref name="filmmaker">{{cite web|first=Dinesh|last=D'Souza|url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016-obamas-america-filmmaker-i-am-not-having-an-affair|title='2016: Obama's America' filmmaker – I am not having an affair|publisher=Fox News|date=October 17, 2012|access-date=June 25, 2018|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011120559/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016-obamas-america-filmmaker-i-am-not-having-an-affair|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
After D'Souza's alleged indiscretion became public, the trustees of The King's College announced on October 17, 2012, that D'Souza had resigned his position as president of the university "to attend to his personal and family needs".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=David|last=Weigel|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2012/10/18/dinesh_d_souza_parts_with_his_university_job_over_marriage_scandal.html|title=Dinesh D'Souza Parts With His University |date=October 18, 2012|access-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801051711/http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2012/10/18/dinesh_d_souza_parts_with_his_university_job_over_marriage_scandal.html|archive-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campaign finance violation, felony guilty plea, conviction, and pardon==<br />
[[File:2018-05-31=Trump-Pardon-Dinesh dsouza warrant 2018 05 31.pdf|thumb|2018 pardon granted by Donald Trump]]<br />
On January 23, 2014, D'Souza was charged with making $20,000 in illegal campaign contributions to the New York Senate campaign of [[Wendy Long]] and causing false statements to be made to the [[Federal Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/conservative-author-and-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-charged-in-campaign-finance-case/2014/01/23/69c67ee4-848a-11e3-bbe5-6a2a3141e3a9_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Tom|last1=Hamburger|first2=Alice|last2=Crites|title=Conservative author and pundit Dinesh D'Souza charged in campaign finance case|date=January 24, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724085522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/conservative-author-and-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-charged-in-campaign-finance-case/2014/01/23/69c67ee4-848a-11e3-bbe5-6a2a3141e3a9_story.html|archive-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/January14/DineshDSouzaCharges.php|title=Former College President Indicted In Manhattan Federal Court For Campaign Finance Fraud|publisher=Justice.gov|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=March 20, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416043422/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/January14/DineshDSouzaCharges.php|archive-date=April 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Hunter|last=Walker|work=Talking Points Memo|date=January 23, 2014|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/dinesh-dsouza-campaign-finance-indictment|title=Conservative Author Dinesh D'Souza Charged with Campaign Finance Fraud|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124065127/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/dinesh-dsouza-campaign-finance-indictment|archive-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> His attorney responded to the charges by saying his client "did not act with any corrupt or criminal intent whatsoever" and described the incident as "at most ... an act of misguided friendship".<ref name="Stempel">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSBREA0M22W20140123|title=Dinesh D'Souza indicted for violating U.S. election law|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|date=January 23, 2014|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=January 23, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124021540/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/23/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSBREA0M22W20140123|archive-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="nyt-indictment">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=Dinesh D'Souza Is Charged With Using Straw Donors to Give to a Campaign|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/nyregion/dinesh-dsouza-is-charged-with-using-straw-donors-to-give-to-a-campaign.html|date=January 23, 2014|first=Matt|last=Apuzzo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050220/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/nyregion/dinesh-dsouza-is-charged-with-using-straw-donors-to-give-to-a-campaign.html|archive-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 15, 2014, [[United States district court|United States district judge]] [[Richard M. Berman]] rejected the contention that D'Souza was singled out for prosecution, stating, "The court concludes the defendant has respectfully submitted no evidence he was selectively prosecuted."<ref>{{Citation|first1=Nate|last1=Raymond|first2=Jonathan|last2=Stempel|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-politics-dsouza-idUSL1N0O11WO20140515|title=D'Souza fails to win dismissal of U.S. charges over straw donors|publisher=Reuters|date=May 15, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518223729/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/15/usa-politics-dsouza-idUSL1N0O11WO20140515|archive-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 20, 2014, D'Souza pleaded guilty to one [[felony]] count of making illegal contributions [[straw donor|in the names of others]].<ref name="plea">{{Citation|title=Dinesh D'Souza Pleads Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court to Campaign Finance Fraud|publisher=FBI|date=May 20, 2014|url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/dinesh-dsouza-pleads-guilty-in-manhattan-federal-court-to-campaign-finance-fraud|access-date=November 11, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101014423/https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/dinesh-dsouza-pleads-guilty-in-manhattan-federal-court-to-campaign-finance-fraud|archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref> On September 23, 2014, the court sentenced D'Souza to five years' probation, eight months incarceration in a [[halfway house]] (referred to as a "community confinement center") and a $30,000 fine.<ref name="Raymond">{{cite news|last1=Raymond|first1=Nate|title=Obama critic D'Souza spared prison for violating election law|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSKCN0HI23820140923|work=Reuters|date=September 23, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127230247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/23/us-usa-politics-dsouza-idUSKCN0HI23820140923|archive-date=November 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mahler">{{cite news|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|title=D'Souza Is Spared Prison Time for Campaign Finance Violations|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/us/dsouza-is-spared-prison-time-for-campaign-finance-violations.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 23, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517223423/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/us/dsouza-is-spared-prison-time-for-campaign-finance-violations.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nate|last=Raymond|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-dsouza/dsouza-gets-community-confinement-for-election-law-violation-idUSKCN0HI23820140923|title=Obama critic D'Souza spared prison for violating election law|work=Reuters|date=September 23, 2014|access-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908080551/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-dsouza/dsouza-gets-community-confinement-for-election-law-violation-idUSKCN0HI23820140923|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 31, 2018, President Donald Trump [[Federal pardons in the United States|pardoned]] D'Souza.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-pardon-to-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-for-campaign-finance-violations/2018/05/31/b4939a08-64d5-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html |title=Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |access-date=2019-11-11 |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Wagner |first3=John |language=en |archive-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531182835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-pardon-to-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-for-campaign-finance-violations/2018/05/31/b4939a08-64d5-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Himmelman_5/21/2022" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2018-06-01|title=Indian Americans D'Souza, Bharara in Twitter spat|language=en-IN|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-americans-dsouza-bharara-in-twitter-spat/article24054167.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=September 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927124802/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-americans-dsouza-bharara-in-twitter-spat/article24054167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
D'Souza dated fellow conservatives [[Laura Ingraham]] and [[Ann Coulter]] prior to meeting Dixie Brubaker while working at the White House. D'Souza and Brubaker married in 1992.<ref name=":5" /> They have one daughter, Danielle D'Souza Gill, who is a writer and a member of the [[Women for Trump|Women for Trump Coalition]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham|first=Ruth|date=2019-07-30|title=A Dethroned Beauty Queen Signed On to Trump's Reelection Campaign. What Is the 'Women for Trump Coalition', Exactly?|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/07/women-for-trump-coalition-board-kathy-zhu.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=[[Slate Magazine]]|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507164354/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/07/women-for-trump-coalition-board-kathy-zhu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hook|first=Janet|date=2020-06-26|title=Working-class White Women are Turning on Trump|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-06-26/behind-trumps-sharp-slump-white-women-who-stuck-with-him-before-are-abandoning-him-now|access-date=2021-04-06|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, Danielle D'Souza married [[Brandon Gill]], who became the representative for [[Texas's 26th congressional district]] in 2025; they have two children and live in [[Flower Mound, Texas]].<br />
<br />
D'Souza and Brubaker lived together in California until D'Souza moved to New York as president of [[The King's College (New York)|The King's College]] in 2010.<ref name="crisis">{{cite web|first=Warren Cole|last=Smith|url=http://www.worldmag.com/2012/10/king_s_crisis|title=King's crisis|work=WORLD |publisher=World mag|date=October 16, 2012|access-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608063914/http://www.worldmag.com/2012/10/king_s_crisis|archive-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> He maintained a residence near [[San Diego]], California, where his wife and daughter remained. The couple divorced in 2012.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
While D'Souza was being sentenced for campaign finance fraud in 2014, Brubaker wrote a letter to the judge alleging that D'Souza had physically abused her; she claimed that "in April 2012 ... he, using his purple belt [[karate]] skills, kicked me in the head and shoulder, knocking me to the ground and creating injuries that pain me to this day."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=September 23, 2014|title=Dinesh D'Souza Avoids Jailtime Despite Letter From Estranged Wife Claiming Abuse|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/09/dinesh-dsouza-avoids-prison-in-obamas-america.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]]|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119161009/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/09/dinesh-dsouza-avoids-prison-in-obamas-america.html |archive-date=November 19, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Stephen Rex|date=September 23, 2014|title=Dinesh D'Souza gets 5 years of probation in federal Manhattan court over campaign donations|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/dinesh-souza-5-years-probation-campaign-donations-article-1.1949769|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[New York Daily News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923191821/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/dinesh-souza-5-years-probation-campaign-donations-article-1.1949769 |archive-date=September 23, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 19, 2016, D'Souza married Deborah Fancher, a conservative political activist and mother of two.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Souza|first=Dinesh|date=March 20, 2016|title=We're married! @Debber66 #weddingday|url=https://twitter.com/DineshDSouza/status/711340725640626176|access-date=June 23, 2021|website=[[Twitter]]|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829162811/https://twitter.com/DineshDSouza/status/711340725640626176|url-status=live}}</ref> Fancher emigrated from [[Venezuela]] at age 10. The wedding was held near San Diego with [[Rafael Cruz]], father of U.S. senator [[Ted Cruz]] (R-TX), officiating.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Bond|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dinesh-dsouza-marry-ted-cruzs-876817|title=Dinesh D'Souza to Marry, Ted Cruz's Father to Handle the Nuptials|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 18, 2016|access-date=April 4, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405143523/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dinesh-dsouza-marry-ted-cruzs-876817|archive-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
===Books===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1984<br />
| ''Falwell, Before the Millennium: A Critical Biography''<br />
| [[Regnery Publishing]] ({{ISBN|0-89526-607-5}})<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''The Catholic Classics''<br />
| [[Our Sunday Visitor]] ({{ISBN|0-87973-545-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
| ''My Dear Alex: Letters From The KGB'' (with Gregory Fossedal)<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|0-89526-576-1}})<br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
| ''Illiberal education: The politics of race and sex on campus''<br />
| [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] ({{ISBN|0-684-86384-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| ''The End of Racism''<br />
| Free Press ({{ISBN|0-684-82524-4}})<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| ''Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader''<br />
| Free Press ({{ISBN|0-684-84823-6}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''The Virtue of Prosperity''<br />
| Touchstone Books ({{ISBN|0-684-86815-6}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| ''What's So Great About America''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|0-89526-153-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| ''Letters to a Young Conservative''<br />
| [[Basic Books]] ({{ISBN|0-465-01734-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''The Enemy At Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11''<br />
| [[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]] ({{ISBN|0-385-51012-8}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''What's So Great About Christianity''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|1-59698-517-8}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| Foreword to ''Conspiracies and the Cross'' by Timothy Paul Jones<br />
| Frontline Books ({{ISBN|1-59979-205-2}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''Life After Death: The Evidence''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|978-1-59698-099-0}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''The Roots of Obama's Rage''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|978-1-59698-625-1}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Godforsaken: Bad things happen. Is there a God who cares? YES. Here's proof''<br />
| [[Tyndale House]] ({{ISBN|978-1-4143-2485-2}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Obama's America: Unmaking the American Dream''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|1-59698-778-2}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''America: Imagine a World without Her''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|978-1-62157-203-9}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''What's So Great About America''<br />
| Regnery Publishing ({{ISBN|1-62157-402-4}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''Stealing America: What My Experience with Criminal Gangs Taught Me about Obama, Hillary, and the Democratic Party''<br />
| [[Broadside Books]] ({{ISBN|978-0-06-236671-9}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''The Big Lie: Exposing the Nazi Roots of the American Left''<br />
| [[Regnery Publishing]] ({{ISBN| 978-1-62157-348-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''Death of a Nation: Plantation Politics and the Making of the Democratic Party''<br />
| [[All Points Books]] ({{ISBN| 978-1-250-16377-6}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''United States of Socialism: Who's Behind It. Why It's Evil. How to Stop It.''<br />
| All Points Books ({{ISBN| 978-1-250-16378-3}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''Freedom Day the Asher Way''<br />
| Brave Books ({{ISBN| 978-1-955550-14-7}})<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''2,000 Mules: They Thought We'd Never Find Out. They Were Wrong.''<br />
| Salem Press ({{ISBN|978-1-684-51446-5}})<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Director<br />
! Writer<br />
! Executive Producer<br />
! Actor<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Michael Moore Hates America]]''<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| rowspan=6|Himself<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[2016: Obama's America]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Co-written and co-directed with John Sullivan<br />Also based on his novel ''Obama's America: Unmaking the American Dream''<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[America: Imagine the World Without Her]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Co-directed with John Sulivan and co-written with John Sulivan and Bruce Schooley<br />Also based on his novel ''America: Imagine a World without Her''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''[[Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Co-written and co-directed with Bruce Schooley<br />Also based on his novel ''Stealing America: What My Experience with Criminal Gangs Taught Me about Obama, Hillary, and the Democratic Party''<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Death of a Nation (2018 film)|Death of a Nation]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Co-written and co-directed with John Sulivan<br />Based on his novel ''Death of a Nation: Plantation Politics and the Making of the Democratic Party''<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Trump Card (2020 film)|Trump Card]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Co-written and co-directed with Debbie D'Souza and Bruce Schooley<br />Also producer and based on his novel ''The United States of Socialism''<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Infidel (film)|Infidel]]''<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[2000 Mules]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| rowspan=3|Himself<br />
| Released May 2022<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''Police State''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Vindicating Trump]]''<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Released September 27, 2024 <ref>{{cite web|title=Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vindicating_trump|access-date=September 27, 2024|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|archive-date=September 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926124805/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vindicating_trump|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of people granted executive clemency in the first Trump presidency]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
* {{C-SPAN}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
<br />
{{Dinesh D'Souza}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|title = Awards for Dinesh D'Souza<br />
|list =<br />
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor}}<br />
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|New York City|California|Politics|Conservatism|Christianity|United States}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Dinesh}}<br />
[[Category:Dinesh D'Souza| ]]<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American criminals]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:American Christian writers]]<br />
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]<br />
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people convicted of campaign finance violations]]<br />
[[Category:American political commentators]]<br />
[[Category:American political podcasters]]<br />
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Christian apologists]]<br />
[[Category:Critics of Islamism]]<br />
[[Category:Dartmouth College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:The Heritage Foundation people]]<br />
[[Category:Hoover Institution people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Christians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:John M. Olin Foundation]]<br />
[[Category:The King's College (New York City) faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Male critics of feminism]]<br />
[[Category:Critics of feminism]]<br />
[[Category:National Review people]]<br />
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pacific Beach, San Diego]]<br />
[[Category:Reagan administration personnel]]<br />
[[Category:People pardoned by Donald Trump]]<br />
[[Category:Right-wing politics in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Texas Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from San Diego]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Goan descent]]<br />
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani people]]<br />
[[Category:American film people of Indian descent]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellampalli_Assembly_constituency&diff=490386Bellampalli Assembly constituency2026-04-26T18:14:01Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding Info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bellampalli<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (3-Bellampalli highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Bellampalli Assembly constituency within Telangana<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| district = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]<br />
| division = <br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| constituency_no = 3<br />
| mla = [[Gaddam Vinod Kumar|Gaddam Vinod]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = 1,37,893<br />
}}<br />
'''Bellampalli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 119 constituencies of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. It is located in [[Mancherial district]] of the state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bellampalli Assembly Constituency Details (SC)|publisher=Party Analyst|url=http://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=295|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126155630/http://partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=295|archivedate=26 January 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peddapalli Parliament Constituency Details|publisher=Party Analyst|url=http://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?districtId=1&constituencyId=499|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426073613/http://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?districtId=1&constituencyId=499|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gaddam Vinod is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Mandals==<br />
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bellampalli]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bheemini]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kasipet]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nennal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vemanpalle, Adilabad district|Vemanpalle]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tandur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannepally]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Durgam Chinnaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellampalli }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,217 |percentage = 57.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Durgam Chinnaiah]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 45,339 |percentage = 31.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amurajula Sridevi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,812 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dagam Srinivas |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,357 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durge Eshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Ramtenki |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,289 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsaiah Jadi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,183 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}34.20 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,878 |percentage = 26.00% |change = {{increase}}16.97 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,931 |percentage = 81.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,863}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,500 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.39 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}13.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellampalli }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Durgam Chinnaiah]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 55,026 |percentage = 44.05% |change = {{decrease}}18.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Vinod |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 43,750 |percentage = 35.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondagurla Veda Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,684 |percentage = 8.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,905 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{decrease}}14.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koyyala Emaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,031 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,598 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{increase}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabbani Krishna |party = Bahujana Left Party |votes = 1,812 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dagam Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,801 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durge Mahendar |party = Nava Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 1,202 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakinala Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,120 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,276 |percentage = 9.03% |change = {{decrease}}35.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,526 |percentage = 83.34% |change = {{increase}}9.00 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,903}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,016 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}18.12 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellampalli <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Durgam Chinnaiah]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 73,779 |percentage = 62.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 21,251 |percentage = 17.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pati Subhadra |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 9,167 |percentage = 7.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badikela Sampath Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,648 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadi Shankaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,940 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabbani Krishna |party = Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S.Srivastava) |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Erukala Raj Kiran |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 1,377 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chilumula Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,257 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 781 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,528 |percentage = 44.26% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,672 |percentage = 74.34% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,673}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,990 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br />
{{coord|19.07|79.49|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Mancherial district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellary_Rural_Assembly_constituency&diff=490391Bellary Rural Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:24:16Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding New Stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bellary<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 93<br />
| map_image = 93-Bellary constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[B. Nagendra]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]]<br />
| district = [[Bellary district|Bellary]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:238361}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image = B. Nagendra.png<br />
}}<br />
{{about|the current consistuency of ''Bellary''|the consistuency of Bellary prior to 2008|Bellary Assembly constituency}}<br />
'''Bellary Rural Assembly constituency''' (or just '''Bellary''') is one of the 224 seats in the [[Karnataka State Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency has been reserved for [[Scheduled Tribe]]s since the 2008 delimitation. It is a stronghold of [[B. Sriramulu]]. It consists of 11 wards of [[Bellary City Assembly constituency|Bellary City]]. The areas Cowl Bazar, TB Sanatorium, and Contonment belong to this constituency. It has both urban and rural voters.<br />
<br />
==Geographical scope==<br />
The constituency comprises ward nos. 4, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 of Ballari Municipal Corporation lying in [[Ballari]] taluka. <br />
Urban voters in Bellary (ST) assembly were 85,124 which was 38% in the 2011 census; rural voters were 138,887 which was around 62%.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[B. Sriramulu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 13 October 2011}} || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 elections in India#Karnataka|2014 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 19 March 2014}} || [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. Nagendra]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary Rural <ref name=election2023/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Nagendra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 103,836 |percentage = 56.84% |change = {{increase}}8.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,536 |percentage = 40.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,142 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,300 |percentage = 16.04% |change = {{increase}}14.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,815 |percentage = 76.70% |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,692}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,361 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary Rural <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Nagendra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,186 |percentage = 48.54% |change = {{decrease}}12.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanna Pakkirappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,507 |percentage = 46.90% |change = {{increase}}9.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Ramesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,212 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,679 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}22.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,834 |percentage = 74.71% |change = {{increase}}1.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,128}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,291 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.44 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 elections in India#Karnataka|2014 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bellary Rural <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,906 |percentage = 61.31% |change = {{increase}}26.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Obalesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,802 |percentage = 37.12% |change = {{increase}}35.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Raghu |party = Parcham Party of India |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,104 |percentage = 24.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.68 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,048 |percentage = 73.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,858}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,336 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.79 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary Rural <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu]] |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 74,854 |percentage = 62.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asundi Vannurappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,560 |percentage = 34.79% |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meenalli Tayanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,958 |percentage = 3.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hulugappa Ponnuru |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,478 |percentage = 2.07% |change = {{decrease}}12.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandu Byalachinte |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,347 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,294 |percentage = 27.87% |change = {{decrease}}10.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,320 |percentage = 75.28% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,471}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,111 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.24 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 2011 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bellary Rural <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 74,527 |percentage = 60.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramprasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,737 |percentage = 22.48% |change = {{decrease}}10.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadilimgappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,366 |percentage = 14.08% |change = {{decrease}}42.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramprasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,116 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,790 |percentage = 37.93% |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,381 |percentage = 71.66% |change = {{increase}}11.82 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,369}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,173 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.59 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.18 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary Rural <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,991 |percentage = 56.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramprasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,275 |percentage = 32.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chennappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,207 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dodda Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,593 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaliyal Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Srinivasa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devadas |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,071 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,716 |percentage = 23.33% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,300 |percentage = 59.84% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,239}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,316 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{coords|15.15|76.92|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Ballari district]]<br />
[[Category:Ballari]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Commercial_Taxes_(Jharkhand)&diff=496209Department of Commercial Taxes (Jharkhand)2026-04-19T16:36:24Z<p>MarioStpierre: New Initial Data More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Department of Jharkhand}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = Department of Commercial Taxes, Government of Jharkhand<br />
| nativename = वाणिज्यिक कर विभाग, झारखंड सरकार<br />
| nativename_a = <br />
| nativename_r = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| type = Department<br />
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg<br />
| seal_width = 170<br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| formed = <br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834004<br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]<br />
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Commercial Taxes<br />
| chief1_name = Amitabh Kaushal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]], (Department of Commercial Taxes)<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| chief3_name = <br />
| chief3_position = <br />
| chief4_name = <br />
| chief4_position = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| child3_agency = <br />
| website = {{Official website|https://ctax.jharkhand.gov.in/web/10231/home}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Department of Commercial Taxes''' is department of [[Government of Jharkhand]], tasked with assessing, collecting and enforcing taxes on trade, commerce, and related commercial activity in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Commercial Taxes |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/comtax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224182003/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/comtax |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Commercial Taxes, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://ctax.jharkhand.gov.in/web/10231/home |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |website=www.ctax.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-14 |title=Jharkhand plans revenue boost by revising cess rate on fuel |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-plans-revenue-boost-by-revising-cess-rate-on-fuel-purchases/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Jharkhand grants retrospective exemption in electricity duty for captive power plants |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/jharkhand-grants-retrospective-exemption-in-electricity-duty-for-captive-power-plants/86698709 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> It administers [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services tax]] (GST), [[value-added tax]] (VAT), professional tax and other state-levied taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Covid-19 lockdown: Jharkhand govt increases VAT on liquor by 25% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/covid-19-lockdown-jharkhand-govt-increases-vat-on-liquor-by-25/story-sRBGQj3zM73ItEZHP3YkmM.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=झारखंड में VAT के माध्यम से वाणिज्य कर विभाग ने 6618.51 करोड़ रुपये जुटाए: वित्त मंत्री राधाकृष्ण किशोर |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/hindi-news/2763/The-Commercial-Tax-Department-collected-Rs-6618-51-crore-through-VAT-in-Jharkhand-Finance-Minister-Radhakrishna-Kishore |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |work=Jharkhand State News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Jharkhand commercial tax mop-up jumps 26% in FY22 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/jharkhand-commercial-tax-mop-up-jumps-26-in-fy22-7896783/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=वाणिज्य कर विभाग ने 88 प्रतिशत किया राजस्व संग्रहण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-commercial-tax-department-achieved-88-revenue-collection-9667736.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Illegal coal suppliers syndicate operating through bogus firm busted in Bihar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/illegal-coal-suppliers-syndicate-operating-through-bogus-firm-busted-in-bihar-101653714651735.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The department plays a central role in financing the state's operations, mobilising internal resources and supporting fiscal stability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-04-23 |title=Revenue performance shows progress, policy, accountability in focus: Jharkhand Finance Minister |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/revenue-performance-shows-progress-policy-accountability-in-focus-jharkhand-finance-minister-1503423971.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-04-12 |title=चतरा में वाणिज्य कर विभाग टीम की दबिश, जांच टीम देख व्यापारियों में हड़कंप |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/commerce-department-team-conducted-investigation-campaign-in-tandwa-market-of-chatra-jharkhand-news-jhs25041202145 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=भाषा |date=2024-06-08 |title=झारखंड के मुख्यमंत्री ने वाणिज्यिक कर विभाग को दिए राजस्व संग्रह में तेजी लाने के निर्देश |url=https://hindi.theprint.in/india/economy/jharkhand-chief-minister-gave-instructions-to-the-commercial-tax-department-to-speed-up-revenue-collection/696103/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ThePrint Hindi |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-06 |title=Jharkhand commercial tax generates record revenue in last fiscal |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-commercial-tax-generates-record-revenue-in-last-fiscal/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative structure==<br />
The Administrative section is headed by the Secretary-cum-Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, assisted by Additional, Joint, Deputy and Assistant Commissioners, along with other officers at the headquarters level.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Introduction - Commercial Taxes Department, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://ctax.jharkhand.gov.in/web/10231/introduction |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |website=ctax.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=वाणिज्य कर विभाग के 75 राज्य कर पदाधिकारियों का तबादला |url=https://thefollowup.in/jharkhand/news/75-state-tax-officers-of-the-commercial-tax-department-transferred-65372.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Follow Up |language=hi}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It functions through 5 divisions and 28 circles across the state, supported by VAT audit wings, appellate offices and a state-level Commercial Taxes Tribunal chaired by a judicial officer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand News: झारखंड सरकार के आधा दर्जन वाणिज्य कर पदाधिकारियों को नई जिम्मेदारी - Jharkhand Transfer Posting News: New Responsibility To Six Commercial Tax Officials Of Jharkhand Government, Jharkhand News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-transfer-posting-news-new-responsibility-to-six-commercial-tax-officials-of-jharkhand-government-23157961.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ministerial team==<br />
The Department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Commercial Taxes, Jharkhand. [[Indian Administrative Service|Civil servants]] such as the Principal Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions.<br />
<br />
Since December 2024, the Minister for Department of Commercial Taxes is [[Radha Krishna Kishore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Commercial Taxes |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/comtax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224182003/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/comtax |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
*[[Department of Finance (Jharkhand)|Department of Finance, Jharkhand]]<br />
*[[Income Tax Department]]<br />
*[[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biman_Ghosh&diff=491734Biman Ghosh2026-04-19T00:08:30Z<p>MarioStpierre: New First Entry And Citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Biman Ghosh<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2 May 2021<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = [[Pursurah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pursurah]]<br />
| predecessor = Dr. [[M. Nuruzzaman]]<br />
| successor = Incumbent<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Burdwan]]<br />
| profession = Social Worker<br />
| education = B.A.<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Biman Ghosh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pursurah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pursurah (constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pursurah Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Biman Ghosh of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pursurah-election-result-2021-live-updates-pursurah-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696047.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Missing Khanakul panchayat leader found injured|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/missing-khanakul-panchayat-leader-found-injured/articleshow/82108962.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pursurah, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pursurah-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797279-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bimal Ghosh (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=538|access-date=2021-05-16|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref> He defeated Dilip Yadav of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by 28,178 votes in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Assembly election]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Bimal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Danteswari_Airport&diff=514150Maa Danteswari Airport2026-04-15T14:28:10Z<p>MarioStpierre: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Airport in Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Maa Danteswari Airport<br />
| image = Jagdalpur Airport Terminal.png<br />
| image-width = <br />
| IATA = JGB<br />
| ICAO = VEJR<br />
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 250<br />
| pushpin_label = '''JGB'''<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Chhattisgarh and India<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner = [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]<ref name="PIB1">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=107174|title=Pre-feasibility Study for Jagdalpur Airport Conducted|publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=22 July 2014| access-date= 23 July 2014}}</ref><br />
| operator = Government of Chhattisgarh<br />
| city-served = [[Jagdalpur]]<br />
| location = Jagdalpur, [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]<br />
| elevation-f = 1,822<br />
| elevation-m = 555<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|04|28|N|082|02|13|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br />
| metric-elev = y<br />
| metric-rwy = y<br />
| r1-number = 06/24<br />
| r1-length-f = 5,600<br />
| r1-length-m = 1,707<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| stat-year = April 2023 - March 2024<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 55,019 ({{decrease}} 15.3%)<br />
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat2-data = 1,464 ({{decrease}} 10.4%)<br />
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat3-data = —<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><br />
| caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maa Danteswari Airport''' {{Airport codes|JGB|VEJR}}, also known as '''Jagdalpur Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Jagdalpur]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) conducted a pre-feasibility study in July 2013 for development of the airport<ref name="PIB1"/> and approved of operations of aircraft under [[Visual Flight Rules]] (VFR) conditions.<ref name="TP1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/centre-lays-firm-conditions-prior-to-airport-development-in-cgarh.html |title=Centre lays firm conditions prior to airport development in C'garh |publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date= 23 March 2017| access-date= 11 December 2019}}</ref> The airport was chosen for an upgrade under the Government's [[UDAN]] scheme and the ground breaking ceremony for the construction of a terminal building was performed in January 2017.<ref name="TP4">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/cm-performs-bhoomi-pujan-for-terminal-of-jagdalpur-airport.html |title=CM performs bhoomi pujan for terminal of Jagdalpur airport |publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date= January 2017| access-date= 11 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="TP3">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/jagdalpur-airport-to-be-developed-for-atr-type-aircraft-ops.html |title=Jagdalpur airport to be developed for ATR type aircraft ops |publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date= 6 September 2017| access-date= 11 December 2019}}</ref> It was upgraded to 3C category in 2019, allowing the operations of [[ATR-72]] type of aircraft.<ref name="TP2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/safety-assessment-done-at-jagdalpur-airport-for-3c-licence.html |title=Safety assessment done at Jagdalpur Airport for 3C licence |publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date= 10 December 2019| access-date= 11 December 2019}}</ref> On 21 September 2020, [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] started flights to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] and [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]] using an ATR-72. The airport's name was changed on 21 September 2020.<br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
The district administration has floated a proposal to set up a new airport for Jagdalpur in Ulnar village of [[Bastar district]]. This airport is expected to be set up in an area measuring 250 hectares. It would have a 1.7&nbsp;km long and 30 metres wide runway. The airport would reportedly have a state of the art terminal building. Since about 92% (229 hectares) of the land required is owned by the government, the land acquisition process is expected to be quick leading to a faster development time for the airport.<ref>{{Cite news|last=News Network|first=Partika|date=6 June 2021|title=Ulnar to have the new Jagdalpur airport, district administration has already identified 250 hectares for the airport.|work=Patrika|url=https://epaper.patrika.com/chhattisgarh/jagdalpur/2021-06-06/78/page-1.html|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607044738/https://epaper.patrika.com/chhattisgarh/jagdalpur/2021-06-06/78/page-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Airlines and destinations==<br />
<!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --><br />
{{Airport destination list<br />
|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] | [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/dgca-issues-license-for-ambikapur-airport-to-begin-flight-operations-124031600270_1.html|title=The flight service Delhi-Jabalpur-Jagdalpur-Jabalpur-Delhi was launched on March 12th, as official said|work=Business Standard|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/after-successful-trial-now-aviation-services-to-restart-in-jagdalpur-soon/articleshow/74537004.cms|title=After successful trial, now aviation services to restart in Jagdalpur soon|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
|[[IndiGo]] | [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2024/2/9/IndiGo-to-elevate-services-in-Bastar.html | title=IndiGo to elevate services in Bastar|work=The Hitavada|date=9 February 2024|access-date=15 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Statistics == <br />
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=JGB}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur]]<br />
* [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport, Bilaspur]]<br />
* [[List of airports in India]]<br />
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Jagdalpur]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]<br />
{{authority control}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sansad&diff=532864Sansad2026-04-14T22:08:34Z<p>MarioStpierre: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wikt|संसद}}<br />
'''''Sansad''''' or '''''Sangsad''''' is the word for "Assembly", association, council or "Parliament" in several [[Indo-Aryan languages]], derived from a [[Sanskrit]] root. It may also mean:<br />
{{TOC right}}<br />
<br />
== National parliament ==<br />
===Bangladesh===<br />
* [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ("National Parliament" of Bangladesh; Bengali: জাতীয় সংসদ ''Jatiyô Sôngsôd'')<br />
**[[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban]], National Parliament House of Bangladesh<br />
** [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]]<br />
** [[Sangsad Television]]<br />
<br />
===India===<br />
* ''Bhāratīya Sansad'' ([[Parliament of India]])<br />
**[[Sansad Marg]]<br />
** [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]]<br />
** [[Sansad TV]]<br />
** [[Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana]]<br />
<br />
=== Nepal===<br />
* ''Saṅghīya Sansad Nēpāl'' (Nepali: संघीय संसद नेपाल) [[Federal Parliament of Nepal]]<br />
<br />
==Other uses==<br />
* [[Muktijoddha Sangsad]], a non-political welfare association of the combatants during the Bangladesh Liberation war<br />
* [[Padatik Nattya Sangsad]], a Dhaka based Bengali theatre group<br />
* [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]], a football club in Bangladesh<br />
* [[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]], a literary organisation located in Sylhet, Bangladesh<br />
* [[Narayanganj Suktara Sangsad]], a football team of Narayanganj, Bangladesh<br />
* [[Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*{{in title|Sansad}}<br />
*{{in title|Sangsad}}<br />
<br />
{{disambig}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurugodu_Assembly_constituency&diff=511275Kurugodu Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:56:32Z<p>MarioStpierre: Made a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kurugodu<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]<br />
| division = [[Gulbarga division|Gulbarga]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kurugodu Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Allam Sumangalamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Karibasappa<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. Linga Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || M. Ramappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Naganagouda. H || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. Shivarama Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || N. Suryanarayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Suryanarayana Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 56,517 |percentage = 42.20% |change = {{increase}}33.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalingappa. K. A |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,246 |percentage = 27.81% |change = {{decrease}}13.69 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,749 |percentage = 22.21% |change = {{decrease}}23.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arunkumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,966 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalinga. B |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,813 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{decrease}}1.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jeeru Basavaraj |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,573 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Usha Rani. C |party = Parcham Party of India |votes = 2,058 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,271 |percentage = 14.39% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,922 |percentage = 68.80% |change = {{decrease}}2.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,922}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,643 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.57 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,395 |percentage = 45.75% |change = {{increase}}12.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Suryanarayana Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,987 |percentage = 41.50% |change = {{increase}}32.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Nettakallappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,038 |percentage = 8.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anjinappa Chellagurki |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,027 |percentage = 3.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,408 |percentage = 4.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,707 |percentage = 71.42% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,589}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,086 |percentage = 6.40% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.54 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,341 |percentage = 33.67% |change = {{decrease}}18.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 26,400 |percentage = 28.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivarama Reddy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,297 |percentage = 25.02% |change = {{decrease}}9.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lakshminarayana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,456 |percentage = 9.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayaramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Poranagoud |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 840 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,941 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}12.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,547 |percentage = 68.94% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,095}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,452 |percentage = 4.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.35 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,499 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.99 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,189 |percentage = 52.66% |change = {{increase}}7.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivarama Reddy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,640 |percentage = 34.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Eswaraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,199 |percentage = 11.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Suruyanarayana Sharma |party = Independent politician |votes = 989 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,549 |percentage = 17.74% |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,064 |percentage = 65.44% |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,017}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,047 |percentage = 7.91% |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.14 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.99 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivarama Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,446 |percentage = 54.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,608 |percentage = 44.82% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,838 |percentage = 9.83% |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,030 |percentage = 60.15% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,366}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 2.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,460 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.28 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Naganagouda. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,734 |percentage = 46.23% |change = {{increase}}41.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekharagouda. N. Alias Lokanaguoda |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,575 |percentage = 41.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durugappa. B |party = Lokdal |votes = 5,536 |percentage = 11.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajeshekhargouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 329 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,159 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{decrease}}10.20 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,240 |percentage = 59.74% |change = {{decrease}}10.66 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,174}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,066 |percentage = 4.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,777 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.06 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,833 |percentage = 51.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,168 |percentage = 36.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durugappa. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,003 |percentage = 7.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seetharama Reddy. G |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,531 |percentage = 4.82% |change = {{decrease}}50.74 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,665 |percentage = 14.59% |change = {{increase}}3.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,867 |percentage = 70.40% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,535}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,332 |percentage = 4.25% |change = {{increase}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,935 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.69 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Linga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,914 |percentage = 55.56% |change = {{decrease}}7.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,531 |percentage = 44.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,383 |percentage = 11.11% |change = {{decrease}}15.42 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,290 |percentage = 71.43% |change = {{decrease}}1.48 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,445}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,409 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.72 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.71 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Karibasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,892 |percentage = 63.27% |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Revanasiddaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 14,453 |percentage = 36.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,439 |percentage = 26.53% |change = {{increase}}2.28 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,828 |percentage = 72.91% |change = {{increase}}8.40 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,345}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,372 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.14 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,995 |percentage = 62.13% |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hampa Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,580 |percentage = 37.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,415 |percentage = 24.25% |change = {{increase}}7.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,364 |percentage = 64.51% |change = {{decrease}}4.82 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,575}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,167 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.52 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurugodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Allam Sumangalamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,332 |percentage = 58.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavithalada Doddabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,946 |percentage = 41.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,386 |percentage = 17.22% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,278 |percentage = 69.33% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,278}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,112 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Coord|15.344903|76.834121|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Ballari district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahm_Shankar_Jimpa&diff=492282Brahm Shankar Jimpa2026-04-07T02:18:08Z<p>MarioStpierre: New A Article First Draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Brahm Shankar Sharma (Jimpa)<br />
| order = <br />
| office = [[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for<br>Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management<br />
| term_start = 2022<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]<br />
| constituency = <br />
| majority = <br />
| predecessor = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| office2 = [[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for Water Resources<!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = 2022 <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --><br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]<br />
| successor2 = <br />
| office3 = [[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for Water Supply & Sanitation <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start3 = 2022 <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end3 = <!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --><br />
| predecessor3 = [[Razia Sultana (politician)|Razia Sultana]]<br />
| successor3 = <br />
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| constituency4 = [[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency|Hoshiarpur]]<br />
| term_start4 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| majority4 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| term_end4 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| predecessor4 = [[Sunder Sham Arora]] (INC)<br />
| successor4 = <br />
| office5 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start5 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end5 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <!--Personal data--><br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| salary = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --><br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| website = <br />
| nickname = <br />
}}<br />
'''Pandit Brahm Shankar Sharma Jimpa''' (or '''Bram Shanker Jimpa''') is an Indian politician and the minister for Revenue and Water Resources in the [[Mann ministry]], [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]]. He is the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the [[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=AAP wins 5 seats, Cong & BJP 1 each in Hoshiarpur |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/aap-wins-5-seats-cong-bjp-1-each-in-hoshiarpur-376897 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He has been four time councilor from Hoshiarpur.<ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=Know Your Councillor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/know-your-councillor-217699 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pandit Brahm Shankar Jimpa |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/pandit-brahm-shankar-jimpa |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=PTC News |date=12 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 24 June 2020, Jimpa was appointed by Chief Minister [[Amarinder Singh]] as the Vice Chairman of Punjab State Industrial Development Corporation (PSIDC).<ref name="PSIDC 24 June 2020">{{cite news |title=CHAIRMAN PSIDC IN PRESENCE OF SUNDER SHAM ARORA BRAHM SHANKAR SHARMA ASSUMES CHARGE AS VICE CHAIRMAN PSIDC IN PRESENCE OF SUNDER SHAM ARORA |url=http://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/brahm-shankar-sharma-assumes-charge-vice-chairman-psidc-presence-sunder-sham-arora |access-date=18 March 2022 |date=24 June 2020}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
He was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represented the [[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Kejriwal promised to end 'Parcha Raj', says all fake cases to be dismissed |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/kejriwal-promised-to-end----parcha-raj-----says-all-fake-cases-to-be-dismissed.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AAP wins 5 of 7 segments in Hoshiarpur district |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/aap-wins-5-of-7-segments-in-hoshiarpur-district-101646915266540.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Jimpa took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Jimpa who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]] Jimpa was given the charge of three departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
# Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management<br />
# Department of Water Resources<br />
# Department of Water Supply & Sanitation<br />
<br />
== Revenue Minister ==<br />
Jimpa took charge as the Revenue minister in the Punjab government in March 2022. He announced that his priority was to bring [[Open government|transparency in the department]]. He passed an order to [[live-stream]] the working of the officials in the revenue department. The order also made it mandatory to submit a daily report of working in the department with a follow-up check from the people inquiring if any bribe was taken. The revenue officers objected to the order and threatened protest after which the order was withdrawn.<ref name="Tribune News 24 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Massive drive must to weed out corruption, says Revenue Minister Brahm Shankar Jimpa |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/massive-drive-must-to-weed-out-corruption-says-jimpa-380437 |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 5 December 2019, the [[Amarinder Singh second ministry|Council of Ministers in the Amarinder Singh government]] took a decision to reduce the number of posts of patwari in the revenue department from 4,716 to 3,660. The decision was not publicly disclosed then. In August 2022, only 1,700 patwaris were working in Punjab and more than 3000 seats were vacant. After the new [[Mann ministry|Mann government]] formation, Jimpa ordered the filling of vacancies of 3,660 authorized posts of patwaris.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab abolishes over 1K posts of patwari |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/state-abolishes-over-1k-posts-of-patwari-418206 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Water Resources Minister==<br />
Jimpa took charge as the minister in the Water Resources Department of the Punjab government in March 2022. At the time of taking charge, he expressed concern at the fall in the [[watertable]] in the state. He expressed intentions of launching a '' 'jan andolan' '' (social movement) for water conservation in agriculture, domestic and commercial sectors. He also expressed intentions for promotion of rainwater harvesting.<ref name="Tribune News 24 March 2022" /><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section:Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IjRmUmluditKOGIxbnJ5RXA4U1FIaEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXZBVldCN01ETzk4dFlsdWN2bDJ4Zz09IiwibWFjIjoiMzNjM2Y0YWRkYjk4ZDEwZTc0ZWZiYmY3OWI1Mzg5MWVmMjkxNGZhMTgzYzczY2YyNWJjNDBhYTVkMDFkZTcwZSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}} <br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Aruna Chaudhary]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for<br>Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management <br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Razia Sultana (politician)|Razia Sultana]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for Water Supply & Sanitation<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for Water Resources<br />
|years=Mar – July 2022}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Harjot Singh Bains]]}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN MLA box<br />
| state= Punjab<br />
| constituency= Hoshiarpur<br />
| before= [[Sunder Sham Arora]] (INC)<br />
| after= <br />
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jimpa, Brahm Jimpa}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Mann ministry]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_(Tamil_TV_series)_season_9&diff=491509Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 92026-03-31T11:40:25Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding New Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 season of an Indian television series}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| bg_colour = #624C92<!-- Colours used must meet the contrast requirements of WP:COLOR. --><br />
| season_number = 9<br />
| image = BiggBoss9Tamil.jpg<br />
| caption = Season 9 eye logo<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| presenter = [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
| num_days ={{#ifexpr:{{#time:Ymd|2026-01-18}} >= {{#time:Ymd}}|{{age in days|2025|10|05}}|105}}<br />
| num_housemates = 24<br />
| winner = Divya Ganesh<br />
| runner_up = R. Sabarinathan <br />
}}<br />
| num_episodes = {{#expr:{{#ifexpr:{{#time:Ymd|2026-01-18}} >= {{#time:Ymd}} | {{age in days|2025|10|05}} + 1 | 105 + 1 }} }}<br />
| network = [[Star Vijay]]<br>[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|05}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|01|18|df=y}}<br />
| prev_season = [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 8)|Season 8]]<br />
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss Tamil|Season 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bigg Boss 9''''' is the ninth season of the Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss]],'' produced by [[Banijay]]. [[Vijay Sethupathi]] is returning as a host for the second time in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi returns as host for Bigg Boss Tamil season 9, new logo revealed|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/01/vijay-sethupathi-returns-as-host-for-bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-new-logo-revealed|access-date=1 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil season 9: Vijay Sethupathi returns as host, teaser to drop soon|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-vijay-sethupathi-returns-as-host-teaser-to-drop-soon/b92c495cbb800|access-date=1 September 2025 |website=ottplay.com|language=en}}</ref> The season premiered on 5 October 2025 on [[Star Vijay]] and [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil season 9 set for grand return this October?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-set-for-grand-return-this-october/articleshow/123180085.cms|access-date=1 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 Grand Premiere Details Out! Vijay Sethupathi Hosted Show To Start On...<br />
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-grand-premiere-details-out-vijay-sethupathi-hosted-show-to-start-on-article-152484124|access-date=1 September 2025 |website=Times Now News |date=18 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 First Look Release Date & Time: When Will Vijay Sethupathi's Show's First Look Be Out? Deets|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/bigg-boss-tamil-9-first-look-release-date-time-when-will-vijay-sethupathi-s-show-s-first-look-be-out-477259.html|access-date=1 September 2025 |website=filmibeat.com|date=September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Unseen episodes this seasons will be aired on [[Colors Tamil]].<br />
<br />
The Grand Finale of the show took place on 18 January 2026, Divya Ganesh was declared the winner, while Sabarinathan was declared as runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 9 Winner LIVE Updates: Divya Ganesan named grand champion of Vijay Sethupathi's show; Sabarinathan emerges as first runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-finale-winner-live-updates-vote-results-contestants-runner-up-10480871/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
The creative team for the season includes Deepak Dhar as the project head. The show is produced by the [[Banijay]] Entertainment Group. Rupali Kanchankumar Bandawane serves as the production designer for this season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Every wall tells a story, every colour sparks an emotion ✨ - Bigg Boss Tamil Season 9 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vbk4f3_g5pU |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=Vijay Television |date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Promotions ===<br />
The official first look and logo were unveiled on 1 September 2025, confirming the season's launch with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] returning as the host.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Countdown begins with logo reveal at 6 PM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-countdown-begins-with-logo-reveal-at-6-pm/articleshow/123629235.cms |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VJS to return as host for Bigg Boss Season 9 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vjs-to-return-as-host-for-bigg-boss-season-9-844070 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 5 September 2025, the second teaser was released, featuring Sethupathi emphasising the idea of "trying something new", hinting at a season filled with surprises and unpredictability. The tagline of the season was "Paakka Paakka thaan theriyum" ("You'll only know by watching").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 teaser is out; Host Vijay Sethupathi is full of questions this time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-the-much-awaited-teaser-is-here-vijaysethupathi-charming-avatar-stuns-fans/articleshow/123722626.cms |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 September 2025, the season's poster, which included the launch date, was released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil season 9 launch release date out: When and where to stream Vijay Sethupathi's reality show on OTT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-launch-release-date-out-when-and-where-to-stream-vijay-sethupathis-reality-show-on-ott/3ceb7dcab5969 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=ottplay.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 set for premiere; Vijay Sethupathi's show to launch on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-set-for-premiere-vijay-sethupathis-show-to-launch-on-this-date/articleshow/123869146.cms |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Eye logo ===<br />
The logo features the number nine symbolised in purple neon shades as the iris, with a silver frame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 logo unveiled; Vijay Sethupathi returns with his signature swag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-logo-unveiled-vijay-sethupathi-returns-with-his-signature-swag/articleshow/123636088.cms |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi to host Bigg Boss Tamil 9, makers reveal neon logo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/vijay-sethupathi-to-host-bigg-boss-tamil-9-makers-reveal-neon-logo-2780320-2025-09-01 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Broadcast ===<br />
The show streams 24/7 on [[JioHotstar]], with the main daily episode broadcast on [[Star Vijay]], reflecting a digital-first approach. An unseen episode featuring additional footage not included in the one-hour broadcast is aired on [[Colors Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi hosts Bigg Boss Tamil Season 9: Read all about the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-launch-october-5-vijay-sethupathi-host-2797697-2025-10-04 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=India Today |date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 premiere date out: When and where to watch the reality show hosted by Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-9-premiere-date-out-when-and-where-to-watch-the-reality-show-hosted-by-vijay-sethupathi-101757834611154.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sponsors ===<br />
[[Haier]] serves as a key sponsor for the season of ''Bigg Boss'', providing home appliances for the house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haier India joins hands with Bigg Boss Tamil 9 to connect with southern audiences |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/haier-india-joins-hands-with-bigg-boss-tamil-9-to-connect-with-southern-audiences/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=medianews4u.com |date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== House ===<br />
The ''Bigg Boss 9'' house, located in [[EVP Film City]], Chennai, features an ancient civilisation-inspired theme, primarily influenced by Egyptian and Mesopotamian architecture. The interior design incorporates walls engraved with hieroglyphic-style symbols, colossal sculpted faces reminiscent of pharaohs and deities, and ornate golden and bronze detailing that evoke the grandeur of ancient temples. Symbolic motifs such as wings, triangular emblems, and carved relics highlight the mystical and regal ambience of the space, blending historical opulence with a modern aesthetic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 begins: Vijay Sethupathi takes through home tour; calls it an 'Egyptian palace', separate room for captain |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-tamil-9-begins-vijay-sethupathi-takes-through-home-tour-calls-it-an-egyptian-palace-separate-room-for-captain/04b5a0db8a301 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=ottplay.com |date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Living area''': Circular sand-coloured sofa with Egyptian-style carvings.<br />
* '''Kitchen and dining area''': Round dining table with brown finish and white chairs.<br />
* '''Bedrooms''': Two separate bedrooms, including a common bedroom following the Egyptian theme with artwork and nine beds. A super deluxe bedroom with an attached bathroom and private Jacuzzi is also provided.<br />
* '''Bathroom''': Updated wallpapers featuring a palette inspired by ancient architecture.<br />
* '''Confession room''': Sand-coloured room styled like an Egyptian palace, with carvings of a [[mummy]] behind the seating area.<br />
* '''Garden and outdoor area''': Artificial turf, swimming pool, and lounge chairs.<br />
* '''Medical room''': Dedicated space for health check-ups and emergencies.<br />
* '''Activity area''': Located near the medical room and used for tasks and challenges.<br />
* '''Smoking area''': Designated space in the garden area.<br />
<br />
This season also marks the return of the jail feature, which was absent in the previous season, and the revival of the swimming pool, which had remained empty since Season 3 and had been removed entirely after Season 7. Additionally, for the first time in the show's history, the main entrance to the house has been shifted from the garden-facing area to the location previously used as the activity area entrance.<br />
<br />
==Housemates status==<br />
<!-- HOUSEMATES' NAMES SHOULD NOT INCLUDE THEIR LAST NAMES. DO NOT ANNOUNCE EVICTIONS UNTIL THEY ARE OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED OR BROADCAST. --><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:fit;"<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |S.no<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Housemates<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Day entered<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Day exited<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Housemates status<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Divya<br />
|Day 28<br />
|Day 105<br />
| {{Won|Winner}}<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Sabarinathan<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 105<br />
|{{Runner up|1st runner-up}}<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Vikram<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 105<br />
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|2nd runner-up<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|Aurora<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 105<br />
|style="background:#DDA0DD;"|3rd runner-up<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|Sandra<br />
|Day 28<br />
|Day 98<br />
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 96<br />
|{{Quit|{{nowrap|Walked with ₹17.6 Lakhs}}}}<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|Subiksha<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 91<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|Kamrudin<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 90<br />
|{{cRemoved|Ejected}}<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|Parvathy<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 90<br />
| {{cRemoved|Ejected}}<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|Kani<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 84<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|Amit<br />
|Day 28<br />
|Day 83<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 12<br />
| rowspan="2" | Aadhirai<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 21<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|Day 56<br />
|Day 77<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|FJ<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 77<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|Viyana<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 70<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|Ramya<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 69<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!16<br />
|Prajean<br />
|Day 28<br />
|Day 63<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!17<br />
|Kemy<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 49<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
| Diwagar<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 42<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|Praveen<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 35<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|Tushaar<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 34<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!21<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 28<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!22<br />
|Apsara<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 14<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!23<br />
|Pravin<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 7<br />
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
!24<br />
|Nandhini<br />
|Day 1<br />
|Day 5<br />
|{{Quit|Walked}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Housemates ==<br />
The list of housemates:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 Full Contestants List Revealed: Vijay Sethupathi Returns With Futuristic Season|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/bigg-boss-tamil-9-full-contestants-list-revealed-vijay-sethupathi-returns-with-futuristic-season-ws-kl-9615477.html|access-date=5 October 2025 |website=news18.com|date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* T. Diwagar, YouTuber, physiotherapist.<br />
* Aurora Sinclair, actress, model, influencer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurora Sinclair Model|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/biography/aurora-sinclair-model/#google_vignette|date=24 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Fredrick Johnson (FJ), an actor and [[Beatboxing|beat-boxer]], who gained recognition through the web series ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' and the film ''[[Aranmanai 4]]''.<br />
* VJ Parvathy, VJ, supporting actress and TV personality.<br />
* Tushaar Jayaprakash, a dancer, model and content creator.<br />
* Kani Thiru, winner of ''[[CwC season 2]]'' who has acted in the Tamil web series ''[[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]''. She is the sister of ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 2|Bigg Boss 2]]'' contestant and Survivor Tamil winner [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]].<br />
* Sabarinathan, an actor in the Tamil industry, who has appeared in films including ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'', ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'', and acted in TV shows like ''Velaikkaran'', [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|''Bharathi Kannamma'']] and ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]''.<br />
* [[Pravin Gandhi]], an Indian film director, known for directing films such as ''[[Ratchagan]]'' and ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]''.<br />
* Vyshali Kemkar, popularly known as (Mirchi Kemy), who featured in a Tamil reality cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]'' and began her screen-debut in shows like ''Yatrika'' and [[Office (2025 TV series)|''Office'']].<br />
*Aadhirai Soundarajan, an Indian actress, known for her roles in Tamil films and television. She gained recognition through films like ''[[Bigil]], [[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]'' and ''[[Theerkadarishi]]''. She is also known for a TV show ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]'', airing on Star Vijay.<br />
* Ramya Joo (Stella), a stage dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Contestant Ramya Joo: Here's everything we know about the dancer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-contestant-ramya-joo-heres-everything-we-know-about-the-dancer/articleshow/124290815.cms|access-date=5 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Gana Vinoth Kumar, is an Indian [[folk music]] artist.<br />
* Viyana (Rasheeda Bhanu and Raksha), a model, actress and social media influencer<br />
* Praveen Raj Devasagayam, a television actor and comedian, recognized for Tamil serials like ''Bharathi Kannamma'', [[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|''Kizhakku Vaasal'']] and [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|''Eeramana Rojave'']].<br />
* Subiksha Kumar, a social media influencer and [[YouTube]] blogger known for her blogs on fishing and marine life.<br />
* Apsara CJ, a Tamil transgender model and social media influencer from [[Kanyakumari]].<br />
* Nandhini R, a [[yoga]] teacher<br />
* Vikkals Vikram, a stand-up comedian, actor and content creator.<br />
* Kamrudin K, an Indian actor who appears in the Tamil television serial ''Mahanadhi''.<br />
* Kalaiyarasan, an Indian cultural trainer.<br />
<br />
===Wildcard entrants===<br />
* [[Prajin|Prajean Padmanabhan]], an actor known for his role in the serial ''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'' and films such as ''[[Muthirai]]'', ''[[Manal Naharam|Manal Nagaram]]'' and ''[[Ninaivellam Neeyada]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
*[[Sandra Amy]], an ex actress known for her role in the serial ''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]'', and films such as ''[[6 (film)|6]]'', ''[[Dharani (film)|Dharani]]'' and ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
*Divya Ganesh, a television actress known for her roles in serials such as ''[[Sumangali (TV series)|Sumangali]]'', ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'', ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]'' and ''[[Annam (TV series)|Annam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Wildcard contestant Divya Ganesh—Everything you need to know about the Baakiyalakshmi actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-wildcard-contestant-divya-ganesheverything-you-need-to-know-about-the-baakiyalakshmi-actress/articleshow/124872393.cms |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Amit Bhargav]], an actor known for his role as the Hindu deity [[Krishna]] in the show ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' as-well as other shows such as ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]], [[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]] and'' [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|''Nenjam Marappathillai'']].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Twists==<br />
===Badge selection===<br />
Upon entering the house on launch day, housemates will be able to pick a badge from the fire or water column. This selection will decide their bedroom allotment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9's first big twist: Here's the secret behind the red and blue badges|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/06/bigg-boss-tamil-9s-first-big-twist-heres-the-secret-behind-the-red-and-blue-badges|access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bedroom allotment ===<br />
The 2 bedrooms are depicted as 2 different statues within the one house resembling a common bedroom while the other bedroom is a deluxe bedroom. While there is also separate exclusive bedroom for the house captain is also established. The bedrooms are:<br />
:* {{Color box|orange|border=silver}} '''Common bedroom:''' With a set of 9 beds and a separate attached room and bed located for the house captain, the room's serves as a standard room with combination of sand and Egyptian themed designs.<br />
:* {{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} '''Deluxe bedroom:''' This room is surrounded by neon lighting of black, blue and purple creating a luxurious atmosphere. The room has comfortable beds and an attached spacious and high class toilet with gold finish and a personal Jacuzzi for the housemates in the room only.<br />
:* {{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} '''Captain bedroom:''' An exclusive personal room has been designated for the house captain for this season. Hence the house captain will have his/her own bedroom in the house neither sharing a common or deluxe room.<br />
<br />
:* {{Color box|#fad1d0|border=silver}} '''BB Jail:''' The weak performers of the week will be sent to BB Jail.<br />
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;"><br />
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD BOLD ITALICS WHEN A CELL IS ! like this --><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:13px;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Allotment<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Launch Day}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 2}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 5}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 8}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 11}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 12}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 15}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 19}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 21}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 22}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 25}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 28}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 29}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 33}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 34}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 35}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 40}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 42}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 47}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 49}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 54}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 56}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 60}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 61}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 63}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 68}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 69}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 70}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 75}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 77}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 83}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 84}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 90}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 91}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 93}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 96}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 98}}<br />
!{{nowrap|Day 105}}<br />
|-<br />
!Divya<br />
Ganesh<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered ''<br> (Day 28)<br />
|colspan="5"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="4"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="14"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="background:#73FB76 |'''''Winner'''''<br>(Day 105) <br />
|-<br />
! Sabarinathan<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="9"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="15"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="background:#D1E8EF |'''''1st Runner-up'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
! Vikkals Vikram<br />
|colspan="12" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="25"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="background:#7FFFD4 |'''''2nd Runner-up'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
! Aurora Sinclair<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Kakooz room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Behncho room'''''<br />
| rowspan="24" style="background:yellow;" |'''''Bedroom allotment stopped'''''<br />
| colspan="24"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="background:#DDA0DD |'''''3rd Runner-up'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
!Sandra Amy<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered ''<br> (Day 28)<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="4"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="9"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="7"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 98)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Gana Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="7" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="4"style="background:#FFCCFF" | '''''Walked with cash box (Day 96)'''''<br />
|-<br />
!Subiksha Kumar<br />
|colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="20"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 91)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Kamrudin<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="19"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="7"style="background:#FFE08B;"|'''Ejected (Day 90)'''<br />
|-<br />
!VJ Paaru<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="3"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="15"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="7"style="background:#FFE08B;"|'''Ejected (Day 90)'''<br />
|-<br />
! Kani Thiru<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#cfc;" |'''''Captain Room'''''<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="3"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="14"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 84)'''''<br />
|-<br />
!Amit Bhargav<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered ''<br> (Day 28)<br />
| colspan="17"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 83)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Aadhirai<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 21)'''''<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 21)'''''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Re-Entered ''<br> (Day 56)<br />
|colspan="7" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 77)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! FJ<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="2"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="3"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="8"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 77)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Viyana<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="14"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 70)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Ramya Joo<br />
|colspan="12" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="12"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
|colspan="12" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 69)'''''<br />
|-<br />
!Prajean<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered ''<br> (Day 28)<br />
| colspan="11"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="14" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 63)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Kemy<br />
|colspan="12" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="6"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="19" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 49)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Watermelon Star (Diwagar)<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="3"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#fad1d0;" |'''''Jail '''''<br />
| colspan="21" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 42)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Praveen Raj Dev<br />
|colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#cfc;" |'''''Captain Room''''' <br />
| colspan="2"style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="23"style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 35)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Tushaar<br />
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:#cfc;" |'''''Captain Room'''''<br />
|colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Bigg Boss House'''''<br />
| colspan="24" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 34)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Kalaiyarasan<br />
|colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
| colspan="1" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 27)'''''<br />
| colspan="25" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 27)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Apsara CJ<br />
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 14)'''''<br />
| colspan="25" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 14)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Pravin Gandhi<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:lightblue;" |'''''Deluxe Room'''''<br />
|colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 7)'''''<br />
| colspan="25" style="background:salmon" |'''''Evicted (Day 7)'''''<br />
|-<br />
! Nandhini R<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black;background-color:orange;" |'''''Common Room'''''<br />
|colspan="10" style="background:#FFCCFF" | '''''Walked (Day 5)'''''<br />
| colspan="25" style="background:#FFCCFF" |'''''Walked (Day 5)'''''<br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
=== Secret task ===<br />
<br />
In Week 5, Sandra was assigned a secret task that required Sandra to select a partner. Upon successful completion of the task, the pair were awarded two advantages: a nomination-free pass for one of them and a special power allowing them to directly nominate a housemate for eviction. Prajean used the nomination-free pass to secure his safety, and together they exercised the special power to directly nominate Subiksha for the Week 6 eviction.<br />
<br />
=== Maruti Suzuki eviction task ===<br />
*On Day 49, nominated housemates Kemy and Prajean who were in the eviction hot seat were given a [[Maruti Suzuki]] car each for them to get into and both cars will leave the house, however only one car with the saved housemate will return to the house while the other won't return.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:20px"<br />
! Housemate<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| Kemy<br />
|style="background:salmon;" |Evicted<br />
|-<br />
| Prajean<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" |Saved<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Double ejection (red card)===<br />
In the last task of the ticket to finale, the car task, Kamrudin and VJ Paaru used vulgar language like "Scamdra" And many words that a human can't tolerate been told towards a fellow housemate, Sandra Amy and pushed her out from the car by using their legs. Sandra Amy suffered a panic attack and needed medical attention after she was pushed out of the car. For these reasons, both VJ Paaru and Kamrudin were given a red card each and were ejected from the house on day 90.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/bigg-boss-tamil-9-red-cards-for-parvathy-kamrudin-2-weeks-before-finale-2846311-2026-01-04|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Red cards for Parvathy, Kamrudin 2 weeks before finale|first=India Today Entertainment|last=Desk|date=4 January 2026|website=India Today|accessdate=11 January 2026}}</ref> Yet VJ Paaru didn't realize her mistake and have a stubborn and arrogance after the incident. This was the first time a double red card had happened on ''Bigg Boss''.<ref>https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/television/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-parvathy-and-kamrudeen-evicted-with-red-card-will-they-get-paid-ws-kl-9810826.html</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2026 |title=பிக்பாஸ் 9-ன் கடைசி விக்கெட் அவுட்! நூலிழையில் வாய்ப்பை இழந்த சான்ட்ரா ஏமி - ஃபைனலிஸ்ட் யார் யார்? |url=https://www.ipdtamil.com/2026/01/bigg-boss-9-tamil-sandra-amy-last-week-eviction-update.html |work=IPD Tamil News}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Guest appearances==<br />
Guest Appearances in Bigg Boss season 9 Tamil are mentioned below.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;"<br />
! style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Week<br />
! style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Day<br />
! style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#624C92; color:white;" |Purpose of visit<br />
|-<br />
|'''Week 1'''<br />
|'''Grand Launch'''<br />
|Riya Thiyagarajan, [[Agathiyan]], Aishwarya Appaya, Vikkals crew (Hari Muniyappan,Sibi Jayakumar and Vikram's wife)<br />
|To support the contestants Aurora, Kani, Praveen Raj, and Vikram, respectively.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Week 3'''<br />
|'''Day 15'''<br />
|[[Dhruv Vikram]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Nivas K. Prasanna]], Aruvi Madhan<br />
|As a part of [[Diwali]] celebrations, and to promote their film ''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]''. <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''Week 4'''<br />
|'''Day 24'''<br />
|[[Rio Raj]], [[RJ Vigneshkanth]], Malavika Manoj<br />
|To promote their film ''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]''. <br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 28'''<br />
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi]], Sriranjani Sundaram<br />
|To support the wildcard contestants Divya and Amit respectively.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|'''Week 5'''<br />
|'''Day 30-33'''<br />
|[[Priyanka Deshpande]], [[Deepak Dinkar]] and Manjari Narayanan (Ex- Contestants) <br />
|As a part of the hotel task.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 32'''<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|To promote the upcoming film ''[[Vattakhanal]]''.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 35'''<br />
|[[Deepak Dinkar]]<br />
|To interact with the housemates.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''Week 7'''<br />
|'''Day 43'''<br />
|Surya Sethupathi, Shiv, SK Surya, Sahana Sundar, Mukesh MK, Terance Evers, Jeeva Balachandran, Madhu Vasanth, Kishore, Dominic Donald<br />
|To promote web series ''[[Nadu Center]]''.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 46'''<br />
|[[Poornima Ravi]]<br />
|To promote the film ''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 47'''<br />
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]<br />
|To promote the film ''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''Week 8'''<br />
|'''Day 50'''<br />
|Shalini, Sriranjani Sundaram, Riya Thiyagarajan, [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]], Arjun Manohar, Aryan, [[Vijayalakshmi Ahathian]], [[Aari Arujunan]], Bhavani, Sai Pramoditha, Jayashree, Vanathi, Kiran Keshav, Rekha, Raanav V C.<br />
|(Virtually) As a part of 50th day celebrations to support the contestants Parvathy, Amit, Aurora, Divya, FJ, Kamudin, Kani, Prajean, Ramya, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram, Vinoth and Viyana respectively.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 51'''<br />
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]<br />
|To promote the film ''[[Revolver Rita]]''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Week 11'''<br />
|'''Day 77'''<br />
|[[Soundariya Nanjundan]]<br />
|To celebrate Christmas as Santa Claus on stage.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |'''Week 12'''<br />
|'''Day 78'''<br />
|Family members of Sandra<br />
| rowspan="3" |As a part of the Family week.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 79'''<br />
|Family members of Kani, Sabarinathan and Vinoth<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 80'''<br />
|Family members of Amit and Divya<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 81'''<br />
|[[Soundariya Nanjundan]]<br />
|To celebrate Christmas as Santa Claus inside Bigg Boss house.<br />
|-<br />
|Family members of Parvathy, Aurora and Kamrudin<br />
| rowspan="2" |As a part of the Family week.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 82'''<br />
|Family members of Vikram and Subiksha<br />
|-<br />
|'''Week 13'''<br />
|'''Day 91'''<br />
|Host [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
|To announce the winner of TTF.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Week 14'''<br />
|'''Day 95'''<br />
|[[Vikranth]]<br />
|Promote web series ''[[LBW: Love Beyond Wicket]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 92-104'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Aadhirai Soundarajan, Fredrick Johnson (FJ), Kani Thiru, Subiksha Kumar,[[Prajin|Prajean Padmanabhan]], Tushaar Jayaprakash, [[Amit Bhargav]], Kalaiyarasan,Vyshali Kemkar(Kemy),Apsara CJ, Ramya Joo,[[Pravin Gandhi|Viyana,Pravin Gandhi]], Diwagar, Praveen Raj,Gana Vinoth Kumar, [[Sandra Amy]](All evicted contestants except Nandhini,Parvathy and Kamrudin)<br />
| rowspan="2" |For reunion with the housemates.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''Week 15'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Day 103'''<br />
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], Sandy<br />
|To promote their film poster ''[[Kavin 09]]''.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Weekly summary==<br />
The main events in the ''Bigg Boss 9'' house are summarised in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:20px"<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 1<br />
! Entrances<br />
|During the grand premiere on 5 October 2025, host Vijay Sethupathi introduced 20 housemates. Diwagar, Aurora, FJ, Parvathy, Tushaar, Kani, Sabarinathan, Pravin, Kemy, Aadhirai, Ramya, Vinoth, Viyana, Praveen, Subiksha, Apasara, Nandhini, Vikram, Kamrudin and Kalaiyarasan entered the house in order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 launch highlights: Vijay Sethupathi welcomes 20 contestants into the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-launch-live-update-bigg-boss-tamil-9-contestants-vijay-sethupath-hosted-bigg-boss-tamil-9-live-news/liveblog/124318316.cms|access-date=5 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
* On Day 0, when entering the house, housemates were given the option by Vijay Sethupathi to either pick a red (fire) band or a blue (water) band on the stage. When all the housemates entered the house, Bigg Boss announced that housemates with the blue (water) band will be able to stay in the deluxe bedroom of the house in which they will enjoy facilities like a Jacuzzi, high-class shower system. Where else housemates with the red (fire) band will be staying in a common bedroom with only a simple bed area and bathroom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Privileged housemates get Super Deluxe half of house; contestants face water scarcity on day 1<br />
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-tamil-9-privileged-housemates-get-super-deluxe-half-of-house-contestants-face-water-scarcity-on-day-1/f27d8efef3549|access-date=6 October 2025 |website=ottplay.com|date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* On Day 0, all the housemates came to an agreement to off the supply of the main water tap in the house, hence Bigg Boss announced that there will be no water supply to the house besides the bathroom toilet flush. All the housemates will need to manage with water in a bucket until further notice.<br />
* On Day 2, housemates broke house rules. Hence as a punishment Bigg Boss announced housemates to discuss and swap one deluxe room housemate and a common room housemate to their opposites room. Housemates decided to swap Tushaar from the deluxe to the common room and Viyana from the common room to the deluxe room.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|* On Day 1: Aadhirai, Apsara, Diwagar, Kalaiyarasan, Praveen, Pravin and Viyana were nominated for the first week's eviction process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 first nomination process: Kalaiyarasan receives most votes, followed by Diwagar|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/07/bigg-boss-tamil-9-first-nomination-process-kalaiyarasan-receives-most-votes-followed-by-diwakar|access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!No Captain<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
|<br />
* On Day 1, housemates had to select a co housemate who they didn't really create a connection to with upon their entry into the house and a housemate who is unfit and not worthy to participate in show and paste a sticker on the housemate they select.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 Preview: Diwakar and Viyana receive maximum votes for 'unfit' in the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-preview-diwakar-and-viyana-receive-maximum-votes-for-unfit-in-the-show/articleshow/124334023.cms|access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* On Day 1–5, the house's water supply was cut off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Kamarudin and Sabari Nathan take charge of the water scarcity task|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-kamarudin-and-sabari-nathan-take-charge-of-the-water-scarcity-task/articleshow/124356010.cms|access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
'''Story task'''<br />
* From Day 2: Housemates of the Bigg Boss House shared their past life, their sorrows, strengths, and how they achieved their dreams, with the other housemates. 2 housemates with the best stories will win a nomination free pass in one of the following weeks, and on Day 26 Kalaiyarasan and Kani were announced as winners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Nandhini opens up about her struggles, says "Life was never easy without parents"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-nandhini-opens-up-about-her-struggles-says-life-was-never-easy-without-parents/articleshow/124380704.cms|access-date=8 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|'''Captaincy Tasks'''<br><br />
Captaincy task is divided into 3 tasks.<br><br />
'''Task 1'''<br />
* On Day 3: The task for captaincy was 'Pongudhe Pongudhe'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9 day 3 highlights: From VJ Paru-Viyana's fight to captaincy task|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/09/bigg-boss-tamil-9-day-3-highlights-from-vj-paru-viyanas-fight-to-captaincy-task|access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
'''Task 2'''<br />
*On Day 4: Housemates had only a tiny amount of water to wash some dirty jeans. Aadhirai, Praveen R and Tushaar were the top 3 who completed the task within the time frame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Tushaar, Aadhirai and Praveen Raj compete in the first captaincy task 'Washing Jeans'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-tushaar-aadhirai-and-praveen-raj-compete-in-the-first-captaincy-task-washing-jeans/articleshow/124446439.cms|access-date=10 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
'''Task 3'''<br />
*On Day 5: Aadhirai, Praveen and Tushaar had to pick a responsibility they will hold until Bigg Boss announced. Aadhirai picked a mask, Praveen picked a uniform and Tushaar picked a scaf to cover his mouth. Until the announcement of Bigg Boss they are not allowed to remove them. Housemates later had to vote and pick who out of the three candidates can perform best at captaincy. Tushaar received most votes and hence was captain for week 2.<br />
|-<br />
! Jail<br />
|<br />
* On Day 5, Vinoth and Viyana were sent to jail by housemates due to lack of participation in the weeks activities.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#fcf;"<br />
! style="background:#fcf;" | Walked<br />
| colspan="2" | On Day 5: '''Nandhini R''' voluntarily walked out of the Bigg Boss house after repeatedly requesting to leave the show.<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 7: '''Pravin Gandhi''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 2<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Day 11: Bigg Boss revoked Tushaar from his captaincy role since he wasn't able to perform and fulfil the roles of a house captain, hence as a punishment Tushaar lost his captaincy.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
* On Day 8: Apsara, Aurora, Diwagar, FJ, Kamrudin, Kemy, Parvathy, Ramya and Sabarinathan were nominated for the second week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; | House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |<s>Tushaar Jayaprakash</s><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
|<br />
'''Story task'''<br />
* On Day 8-12: Housemates of the Bigg Boss House shared their past life, their sorrows, strengths, and how they achieved their dreams, with the other housemates. 2 housemates with the best stories will win a nomination free pass in the end of the week.<br />
'''Mask Task'''<br />
* On day 9-11: Eighteen face masks of housemates are kept on a rack, and a "safe house" rack with seventeen slots is placed next to the house's activity area door in the garden area. When the buzzer sounds, each housemate must take a housemate's face from that object and place it in any one of those slots. Housemates are not allowed to take a mask with their face on it. They may exchange the mask they have with another, provided they abide by the exchange conditions mentioned in the specific set of rounds. The housemates who advance to the subsequent rounds must return their mask before the next round begins. The housemate whose mask fails to enter the safe house rack at the end of each round will be eliminated from this task. After a housemate is eliminated, one of the slots using the boards marked with an X sign. The number of slots will decrease with each round. The housemate whose mask is placed into the safe house at the end of the final round will win this task and will be saved from Week 3's nomination process and granted safety from eviction.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Bigg Boss Mask task<br />
|-<br />
!Housemates<br />
!Final position<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Kamrudin<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" | Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Tushaar<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 13<br />
|-<br />
|Sabarinathan<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 12<br />
|-<br />
|Ramya<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 11<br />
|-<br />
|Praveen and Aadhirai<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 10<br />
|-<br />
|Viyana<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 9<br />
|-<br />
|Vikram<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 8<br />
|-<br />
|Diwagar<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 7<br />
|-<br />
|Kani and Subiksha<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 6<br />
|-<br />
| Kalaiyarasan<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 5<br />
|-<br />
|Aurora<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 4<br />
|-<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 3<br />
|-<br />
|Parvathy<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 2<br />
|-<br />
|Kemy<br />
|style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated in Round 1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
* Since Kamarudin won the mask task, he was granted a special immunity to be automatically saved from nomination for the following week.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Captaincy Task'''<br />
* Kamrudin, Kani and Sabarinathan were selected to participate in the captaincy task, the task features a statue of each of the nominee. When the nominee is not looking at their statue another housemate who is against them can place a knife on their statue. The housemate with the least knife stabs will win captaincy. Kani received the least stabs and was elected house captain for week 3.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|<br />
* On Day 12: All the housemates had to do a ramp walk dressed in the show's sponsor brand ''Jeyachandran Textiles'' where the brand offered all the housemates an outfit to be dressed during the ramp walk show.<br />
*Aadhirai and FJ won the task.<br />
|-<br />
! Jail<br />
|<br />
* On Day 12: Aadhirai and Aurora were sent to jail by housemates due to lack of participation in the weeks activities.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 14: '''Apsara CJ''' was evicted after facing public votes. <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 3<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*Host Vijay Sethupathi announced to the audience that there will be wildcard housemates entering the house soon.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 15: Aadhirai, Aurora, Kalaiyarasan, Praveen, Ramya, Subiksha, Tushaar and Viyana were nominated for the third week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |Kani Thiru<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" |Tasks<br />
|<br />
'''Bigg Boss Juice Factory'''<br />
* On Days 16–19: Housemates will be divided into 3 separate groups. The owners group will need to be able to export the juices to Bigg Boss. The packet boxes will be sent to the owners and the bottle collectors for the juice will be able to clean the bottles and supply the bottles to the owners. If the owners are fulfilled with the quality of the bottles they are able to purchase the bottles and fill their juice in the bottle and paste their brand on the juice. There will be 2 juice judges who will judge the owners juice base on appearance, taste and quality. If the juices are approved they earn a point.<br />
*Diwagar and Parvathy were appointed as the Quality Control judges for this task.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Owners<br />
! Coins received<br />
|-<br />
| Aadhirai<br />
|14<br />
|-<br />
| FJ<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
| Ramya<br />
|14<br />
|-<br />
| Sabarinathan<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
| Subiksha<br />
|30<br />
|-<br />
| Vinoth<br />
|10<br />
|}<br />
* Since Subiksha received the most coins and eventually won the task, she was granted nomination free-pass from 4th weeks eviction process. On the supplier team from the common bedroom team Praveen received most coins hence he was also granted nomination free-pass from 4th weeks eviction process<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|<br />
'''Dazller Glow Challenge'''<br />
* On Day 19: Housemates had to get into 3 groups of 4 and the remaining 3 housemates will be the judges. Housemates will need to apply the Dazller products and perform an advertisement kind modelling shoot and a ramp walk along the stage. 1 member from each group will need to talk about the type of make-up look is performed on the members.<br />
* Kalaiarasan, Kani and Ramya were appointed as the judges for the challenge.<br />
*Aurora, FJ, Vikram and Vinoth won the challenge.<br />
|-<br />
! Jail<br />
|<br />
* On Day 19: Parvathy and Kamrudin were sent to jail by housemates due to lack of participation in the weeks activities.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" | On Day 21: '''Aadhirai Soundarajan''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 4<br />
|-<br />
! Entrances<br />
|On Day 28, Amit, Divya, Prajean and Sandra entered the house as wildcard housemates.<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
* On Day 22, Bigg Boss announced to Praveen that since he became the house captain and have the power of nomination free pass which he received in the Bigg Boss Juice Factory task. That he can only select 1 of these 2 options while the unchosen option will be passed on to someone of Praveen's choice. Hence Praveen chose to remain as the house captain for the week and granted the nomination free pass power to Kani.<br />
* On Day 22, Bigg Boss announced that all housemates will need to pack all their belongings which include clothes (except undergarments), make-up, hair products, soap, toothpaste and brush and accessories. And packed up in a luggage and left in the store room, housemates were then given a Bigg Boss uniform as a punishment.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
* On Day 22: Aurora, Kamrudin, Kalaiyarasan, Parvathy and Vinoth were nominated for the fourth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |Praveen Raj Dev<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Tasks<br />
|'''Captaincy Task'''<br />
* Kani, Praveen and Vikram were selected to participate in the captaincy task, the task features a ski board with velcro shoes attached to the board. Nominees should attach their feet on the velcro and start walking around, however they can't sit or stand still on the board. The nominee who survives the longest on the board and eliminating their co nominees will become captain of the week. Praveen was the last nominee standing and hence was elected house captain for week 4.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Art and the Artist'''<br />
* On Day 22, Team deluxe room and Bigg Boss common room housemates will split into 2 of their respective teams. In each team there should be 7 housemates and both teams should play their games at the same time. There is a total of 5 rounds, on the TV there will be a symbol shown to the housemates and housemates on both teams will need to recreate the symbols on the floor. If the team who creates the symbol within the time frame and most accurately depicted will earn a point. If team deluxe wins the house won't go through a swap, however if the common room wins the house will go through a swap. Praveen was the judge of the task.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ '''Task Points'''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Teams<br />
! scope="col" | Total Points<br />
|-<br />
| Deluxe Room || '''1''' <br />
|-<br />
| Common Room || '''3''' <br />
|}<br />
*Team Common Room won the task. Hence there will be house swap.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Redemption'''<br />
* On Days 23–26, Housemates will participate in activities to win back their belongings which have been taken by Bigg Boss. Housemates will be divided into their respective teams of common room and deluxe room. The team which win most activities each round will be able to take certain belongings from the locker.<br />
*Deluxe team won activity 1<br />
*Common team won activity 2<br />
*Common team won activity 3<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 28: '''Kalaiyarasan''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 5<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Day 29, instead of the normal nomination process which is held private in the confession room. Bigg Boss asked the housemates to openly announce their nomination votes in an "open nomination".<br />
*On Days 34 & 35, there were double evictions.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 29: Diwagar, FJ, Kamrudin, Kemy, Parvathy, Praveen, Ramya, Sabarinathan, Tushaar, Vikram, Vinoth and Viyana were nominated for the fifth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!style="background:#cfc; |Divya Ganesh<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Bigg Boss announced that in this captaincy task the wildcard housemates will only be participating which include Amit, Divya, Prajean and Sandra. The task includes a hoop next to them with a rope attached to it and they will need to reach out to the middle where a ball is placed, the first nominee to pull the ball to their square in front of them wins the captaincy.<br />
*Divya won the task.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Aahaa Oohoo Hotel'''<br />
* On Day 30, housemates take roles as hotel staff and will accommodate guests sent by Bigg Boss who are previous season housemates. Bigg Boss selected the candidates for the roles of the manager, chefs, room service, and housekeepers to look after the customers visiting the hotel.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Guest<br />
! Day Checked In<br />
! Day Checked Out<br />
|-<br />
| Deepak Dinkar<br />
|Day 30<br />
|Day 33<br />
|-<br />
| Manjari Narayanan<br />
|Day 30<br />
|Day 33<br />
|-<br />
| Priyanka Deshpande<br />
|Day 30<br />
----<br />
Day 31 (Night)<br />
|Day 31(Morning)<br />
----<br />
Day 33<br />
|}<br />
*On Day 31, Priyanka checked out of the hotel due to some circumstances and re checked in on Day 31 Night.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|'''Healthy Grocer Perugayam'''<br />
*On Day 33, housemates participated in the healthy grocer perugayam task. The task requires housemates to choose a co housemate who they have developed a strong connection and bond too in the house.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Days 34 and 35: '''Tushaar Jayaprakash''' and '''Praveen Raj Devasagayam''' were evicted in double eviction after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 6<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
* On Day 36: Aurora, Divya, Diwagar, Kani, Parvathy, Ramya, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram and Viyana were nominated for the sixth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |'''Sabarinathan'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
* On Day 36, the captaincy task took place with Divya, Parvathy and Sabarinathan as the nominees in the garden area. The task's layout is that there will be 4 cones in a squared box in the middle and nominees will have a box of their own in a distance where they are stood and once the buzzer goes they must run to take the cones that is in the middle box. However, if another nominee has taken the cones and placed it in their box they can run straight to their co nominees box and try to take one. The nominee with the most cones at the final buzzer wins the captaincy. Sabarinathan received most cones at the final buzzer hence he became the captain for the sixth week.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Bigg Boss Samrajiyam'''<br />
*On Days 37–40, the housemates will be in a royal kingdom. Hence they themselves will also occupy roles of royals. Housemates will divide into 2 separate kingdom and will have a rivalry among themselves. Each kingdom will have a raja and other royal roles.<br />
'''Gaana Samrajiyam'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px;"<br />
|-<br />
! Role<br />
! Housemate<br />
|-<br />
|Raja<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|-<br />
|Raja Mandri<br />
|Kamrudin <br />
|-<br />
|Raja Guru<br />
|Divya<br />
|-<br />
|Thalapathy<br />
|Prajean<br />
|- <br />
|Puzhavar<br />
|Vikram<br />
|- <br />
|Kingdom Dancer<br />
|Ramya<br />
|- <br />
|Servants<br />
|Amit & Kemy<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
'''Tharpees Samrajiyam'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px;"<br />
|-<br />
! Role<br />
! Housemate<br />
|-<br />
|Raja<br />
|Diwagar<br />
|-<br />
|Raja Mata<br />
|Kani <br />
|-<br />
|Illavarasi 1<br />
|Parvathy<br />
|-<br />
|Illavarasi 2<br />
|Aurora<br />
|-<br />
|Illavarasi 3<br />
|Viyana<br />
|-<br />
|Thalapathy<br />
|Sandra<br />
|- <br />
|King Servant<br />
|Sabarinathan<br />
|- <br />
|Servants<br />
|FJ & Subiksha<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
|'''Ranking task'''<br />
*On Day 39, Bigg Boss assigned housemates to select three judges among them and let the judges rank all of the housemates from 1 to 14, based on how mature they believe they have been throughout Weeks 1 to 6.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px;"<br />
!Rank<br />
!Contestants<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Sabarinathan<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Subiksha<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Kemy<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Sandra<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Prajean<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Viyana<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Aurora<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Ramya<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Divya<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Kamrudin<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|FJ<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Parvathy<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|Diwagar<br />
|}<br />
*Judges: Amit, Kani and Vikram<br />
*FJ, Parvathy and Diwagar who were ranked in 12th, 13th and 14th positions respectively were sent to the Bigg Boss Jail following Bigg Boss's announcement.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
| {{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 42: '''T. Diwagar''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 7<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
* On Day 43, Bigg Boss conducted a ''Freeze Nomination''. this resulted in the housemates announcing their nomination in public without being allowed to move while announcing their nomination.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 43, Amit, Aurora, Divya, Kani, Kemy, Parvathy, Prajean, Ramya, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram and Viyana were nominated for the seventh week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!style="background:#cfc; |'''FJ'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Nominees will need to be attached to a board and only have 4 grips on the board for support. If all the grips are taken away from them they will be eliminated, however their co housemates who are not in the task will remove a grip from them with who they feel won't be suitable for a captain. FJ had the least grips removed hence he won the captaincy task.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Sooru Soapu Mopu'''<br />
*On Days 44–46, the housemates will be divided into 3 teams, Kitchen team (sambar squad), cleaning team (mop maayavi's) and washroom team (flush fighters).<br />
*Kitchen Team: They required to cook and clean after their vessels after done and which ever housemates desire any type of meal and drinks members within that team will need to do that dish they will need to entertain housemates while they are eating their meals.<br />
*Cleaning Team: This team will need to entertain housemates while they are cleaning the house and bedrooms.<br />
*Washroom Team: Whichever housemate desires to go to the washroom they are required to ring a bell on the desk of the leader of washroom fighters and then they will be greeted by a red carpet to the washroom area and entertain housemates while in the washroom area.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Teams<br />
! Housemates<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
| Kitchen Team (Sambar Squad)<br />
| Kani, Parvathy, Sandra, Divya and Viyana<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaning Team (Mop Maayavi's)<br />
| Subiksha, Vikram, Prajean, Kemy and Kamrudin<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" | 16<br />
|-<br />
| Washroom Team (Flush Fighters)<br />
| Sabarinathan, Ramya, Aurora, Vinoth, FJ and Amit<br />
|10<br />
|}<br />
*Each team will be awarded scores based on their performance and the team with the most points win and will be given an opportunity for all the housemates in the team for participate in the following week's captaincy task.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|'''Maruti Suzuki Eviction Task'''<br />
*On Day 49, nominated housemates Kemy and Prajean who were in the eviction hot seat were given a [[Maruti Suzuki]] car each for them to get into and both cars will leave the house, however only one car with the saved housemate will return to the house while the other won't return.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Housemate<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| Kemy<br />
|style="background:salmon;" |EVICTED<br />
|-<br />
| Prajean<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" |SAVED<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 49: '''Vyishali Kemkar (Kemy)''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 8<br />
|-<br />
! Entrances<br />
|On Day 56, Aadhirai Soundarajan re entered the Bigg Boss house, despite the severe weather conditions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
! Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 50, the initial nomination included Amit, Aurora, Divya, FJ, Kamrudin, Kani, Parvathy, Prajean, Ramya, Sandra, Vikram and Viyana were nominated for the eighth week's eviction process.<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!style="background:#cfc; |'''FJ'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Nominees are required to balance all 5 rounds of tubes without falling it in a minimum time.<br />
Set 1- Vikram and Subiksha<br><br />
Set 2- Kamrudin<br><br />
Set 3- Prajean and FJ<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Nominees<br />
! Time Taken<br />
|-<br />
| FJ<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" |15 minutes 5 seconds<br />
|-<br />
| Kamrudin<br />
|style="background:#FFE3E3;" |17 minutes 59 seconds<br />
|-<br />
| Prajean<br />
|style="background:salmon;" |Did not complete<br />
|-<br />
| Subiksha<br />
|style="background:#FFE3E3;" |21 minutes 14 seconds<br />
|-<br />
| Vikram<br />
|style="background:salmon;" |Did not complete<br />
|}<br />
*FJ finished in balancing all rounds of tubes in minimum time, so he was exempt for this week eviction.<br />
|-<br />
|'''BEE-BEE Residential School'''<br />
*On Days 51–54, all the housemates will turn into school students, teachers and wardens. The Bigg Boss house will turn into a residential school where housemates will learn and also stay in their respective roles.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px; margin: auto;"<br />
! colspan="2" |BEE-BEE Residential School roles<br />
|-<br />
!Housemates<br />
!Role<br />
|-<br />
|Amit<br />
|English Teacher<br />
|-<br />
|Aurora<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Divya<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|FJ<br />
|Assistant Warden<br />
|-<br />
|Kamrudin<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Kani<br />
|Tamil Teacher<br />
|-<br />
|Parvathy<br />
|Warden<br />
|-<br />
|Prajean<br />
|Moral science Teacher and Principal<br />
|-<br />
|Ramya<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Sabarinathan<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Sandra<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
| Subiksha<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Vikram<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|Viyana<br />
|Student<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
|colspan="2" |On Day 55: Host Vijay Sethupathi announced that no eviction would take place, due to severe weather conditions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 9<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*For the captaincy task, Bigg Boss directly nominated Aadhirai as a nominee to participate in the task.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 57, Amit, Divya, FJ, Kamrudin, Kani, Parvathy, Prajean, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram and Vinoth were nominated for the ninth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; | '''Ramya Joo'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
|'''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Initial nominees included Prajean and Ramya. However, Bigg Boss also selected Aadhirai to participate in the task since she has re entered the house.<br />
*On Day 57, the captaincy task was conducted with the rules being that in front of the 3 nominees there will be a long table and a bin on the other end of the table, each nominee will have 15 bricks and 3 soft balls. Once the buzzer is pushed the nominees will need to place the bricks on the table in a domino pattern manner and a ball at the very end, the nominee will then push the first brick and eventually making all the bricks fall over and making the ball fall in the bin, the nominee who does this task first will win captaincy for the week.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Nominees<br />
! Balls in bin<br />
|-<br />
| Aadhirai<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| Prajean<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| Ramya<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" |3<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
|'''Aangalaa?? Pengalaa??'''<br />
*On Day 57, housemates must divide into 2 groups of males and females. They must debate on which gender is it male or female who performs and does a better job at household duties such as cooking, cleaning and washing. There will be 2 judges who will make the verdict of which gender's debate is more powerful.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
! Teams<br />
! Result of debate<br />
|-<br />
| Team Male<br />
|style="background:orange;" |Lost debate<br />
|-<br />
| Team Female<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;" |Won debate<br />
|}<br />
*Kamrudin and Aurora were appointed as judges.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|{{NA}} <br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 63: '''Prajean Padmanabhan''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 10<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Days 69 and 70, there were double evictions.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 64, FJ, Kamrudin, Ramya, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Vinoth and Viyana were nominated for the tenth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; | '''Amit Bhargav'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*On Day 64, members of the winning team from the previous week task participated in the captaincy task, Kani, Aurora, Divya, Subhiksha, Aadhirai and Amit. Each nominee would be blindfolded and the task will take place in the activity area. The nominees must find a ball while blindfolded and must sit on it when the buzzer goes off. The one who does not have a ball in each round would be disqualified. Amit Bhargav won the task and won captaincy. Sabari was the judge for the task.<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|<br />
Housemates took part in Healthy Grocer Perungayam task.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" | On Days 69 and 70: '''Ramya Joo''' and '''Viyana''' were evicted in double eviction after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 11<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Day 71, Instead of the normal nomination process which is held private in the confession room. Bigg Boss asked the housemates to openly announce their nomination votes in garden area and apply paint on the cheeks in an "open nomination".<br />
*On Day 75, The weekly task winning team Emmadi Aathadi Nadanakulu decided Aadhirai's family to stay in Bigg Boss house for 24 hours.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 71, Amit, Aurora, Divya, FJ, Kamrudin, Kani, Parvathy, Sandra, Subiksha, Sabarinathan and Aadhirai were nominated for the eleventh week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!style="background:#cfc; |'''Gana Vinoth Kumar'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Nominees Aadhirai, Amit, Aurora, Parvathy, Subiksha and Vinoth participated in the captaincy task. The task was for each nominee they can select a housemate to assist them will they complete the task, the nominees will be on a wooden roller while their assisting housemate will use their legs in the air to coordinate their direction. The nominees will on the floor with a basket to collect all the balls. The nominee with the highest amount of balls wins the task. Vinoth won the task and won captaincy.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Dance Marathon 2.0'''<br />
*On Days 71–74, housemates will be divided into 3 groups of 4-5 members. Bigg Boss will give the groups a set of task rounds in which they will dance to music randomly played. The team who scores the highest amount of points from all rounds will be able to participate in the following week captaincy task.<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|'''Surf Excel'''<br />
*On Day 76, housemates were given 2 different type of washing liquids from [[Surf Excel]] and they need to explain how the 2 liquids work.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 77: '''Fredrick Johnson (FJ)''' and '''Aadhirai Soundarajan''' were evicted in double eviction after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 12<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*In week 11, Aadhirai was given the special power of being able to have her family in the house for 24 hours. However, since she got evicted she gave that power to Parvathy, hence Parvathy's family was able to stay in the Bigg Boss house for 24 hours.<br />
*During the freeze and release task, housemates must complete a task in order to see their family members. If the longer it takes for them to complete the task the shorter duration time spent with the family.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 78, Amit, Aurora, Divya, Kani, Parvathy, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram and Vinoth were nominated for the twelfth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |'''Kamrudin K'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Captaincy Task'''<br />
*Nominees Aadhirai, Kamrudin, Kani and Parvathy were given a captaincy task since they were selected as the best performers for the dance marathon 2.0 task. The captaincy task included each nominee having 4 balloons attached to their legs and they are responsible for saving their own balloon from being damaged by their co nominees. The nominees are also allowed to pick a co housemate to help and protect them from getting their balloons damaged. In the task Kamrudin was the last nominee with one balloon left that was undamaged and he won the captaincy task.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Freeze and Release'''<br />
*From days 78–82, housemates will be able to reunite with their family back in the house. When Bigg Boss announced "freeze" housemates will need to immediately stop what they are doing and stay in the exact same position and during this time their family will enter the house. After a few seconds Bigg Boss will announce "release" and housemates can then interact with their family.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; font-size:95%; line-height:20px"<br />
!Day<br />
!Housemates<br />
!Family members<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |78<br />
|Sandra<br />
|Husband and two Daughters <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |79<br />
|Kani<br />
|Sister and two Daughters <br />
|-<br />
|Sabarinathan <br />
|Mother, Sister and her Son<br />
|-<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|Wife, Daughter and Baby Boy<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |80<br />
|Amit<br />
|Wife and Daughter <br />
|-<br />
|Divya <br />
|Mother, Father and Brother <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |81-82 (24 Hours)<br />
|Parvathy <br />
|Mother <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |81<br />
|Aurora <br />
|Friends and Dog (pet in AV)<br />
|-<br />
|Kamrudin <br />
|Friend, Sister and her Daughter<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |82<br />
|Vikram <br />
|Mother, Father and Wife <br />
|-<br />
|Subiksha <br />
|Mother, Father and Brother <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|<br />
* On Day 81, Housemates took part in Roff Tiles task.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Days 83 and 84: '''Amit Bhargav''' and '''Kani Thiru''' were evicted in double eviction after facing public votes. <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 13<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Day 85, Bigg Boss conducted an open-nomination allowing housemates to nominate a housemate to evict openly.<br />
*Bigg Boss announced there will no longer be any house captain's for the remainder of the season.<br />
*On day 90, host Vijay Sethupathi told there are no more warnings for any housemates as Parvathy and Kamrudin were speaking bad words and violence behaviour with their co-housemates so first time in this season the host announced that Parvathy and Kamrudin are given red card, so they both are ejected from the show.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 85, Aurora, Divya, Kamrudin, Parvathy, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Subiksha, Vikram and Vinoth were nominated for the Thirteenth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! None<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Tasks<br />
|'''Ticket to Finale'''<br />
* From days 85–89, the top 9 housemates will participate in a series of tasks to gain their position in the finale and get the immunity to become a direct finalist. The housemate with the most amount of points at the end of all the task will win TTF and become the first direct finalist of the season.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"<br />
!S.NO<br />
!Contestants<br />
!Task 1<br />
!Task 2<br />
!Task 3<br />
!Task 4<br />
!Task 5<br />
!Task 6<br />
!Task 7<br />
!Task 8<br />
!Total Points<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Aurora<br />
|8<br />
|5<br />
|6<br />
|5<br />
|1<br />
|5<br />
|9<br />
|8<br />
| style="background:gold; |47<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Divya<br />
|6<br />
|6<br />
|3<br />
|2<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|2<br />
|6<br />
|37<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Kamrudin <br />
|7<br />
|2<br />
|7<br />
|8<br />
|5 <br />
|2<br />
|1<br />
|5<br />
|37<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Parvathy <br />
|5<br />
|4<br />
|5<br />
|6<br />
|9<br />
|3<br />
|5<br />
|7<br />
|44<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Sabarinathan <br />
|4<br />
|7<br />
|8<br />
|9<br />
|6<br />
|1<br />
|7<br />
|3<br />
|45<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Sandra<br />
|1<br />
|9<br />
|4<br />
|7<br />
|4<br />
|6<br />
|8<br />
|2<br />
|41<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Subiksha <br />
|9<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|4 <br />
|7<br />
|7<br />
|6<br />
|9<br />
|44<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Vikram <br />
|2<br />
|8<br />
|9<br />
|1 <br />
|3<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|36<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|2<br />
|3<br />
|2<br />
|9<br />
|3<br />
|4<br />
|29<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#228B22; color:white;" | Winner: '''Aurora Sinclair'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF0000; color:white;" | Lost: Remaining Housemates<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#FFE08B;"<br />
! style="background:#FFE08B;" |Ejections<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 90: '''Kamarudin K''' and '''VJ Parvathy''' were kicked out of the Bigg Boss house by host Vijay Sethupathi for violating the rules and engaging in violent behavior toward their co-housemates.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
| colspan="2" |On Day 91: '''Subiksha Kumar''' was evicted after facing public votes. <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 14<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
|<br />
*On Day 92, Contestants are called individually to the confession room asked to eat chillies to save fellow nominated contestants,since it is 14th week, Bigg Boss announced the result that no one will be saved from the eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 92, Divya, Sabarinathan, Sandra, Vikram and Vinoth were nominated for the fourteenth week's eviction process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
!None<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
| '''Money Box 2.0'''<br />
* From days 92–95, housemates will be given different tasks in order to collect as much of money they can for the money box sent inside the house, each round Bigg Boss will give a set of tasks which will allow housemates to increase the value of the box. If at any cost of the task one housemate decides to take the box they have to leave the Bigg Boss house and will be evicted with the amount of cash in the cash box at that time.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"<br />
!Task<br />
!Round<br />
!Housemate participated<br />
!Duration<br />
!Amount collected in each round (₹)<br />
!Total amount collected in each task (₹)<br />
!Total amount in money box (₹)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1<br />
|1<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|rowspan="3" |45 seconds<br />
|₹10,000<br />
|rowspan="3" |₹1,75,000<br />
| rowspan="3"|₹1,75,000 <br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Aurora, Sabarinathan<br />
|₹44,800<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Aurora, Sabarinathan, Vinoth, Divya, Sandra, Vikram <br />
|₹90,200<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|1-6<br />
|Vikram, Sabarinathan, Vinoth, Aurora, Sandra, Divya<br />
|120 seconds for each round <br />
|₹10,000(Vinoth) ₹10,000(Divya)<br />
|₹20,000<br />
|₹1,95,000<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |3<br />
|1<br />
|rowspan="3" |Aurora, Sabarinathan, Vinoth, Divya, Sandra, Vikram<br />
|rowspan="3" | On Buzzer <br />
|₹30,000(Vinoth, Aurora, Divya)<br />
|rowspan="3" |₹1,40,000<br />
|rowspan="3" |₹3,35,000<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|₹30,000(Vinoth, Sandra)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|₹80,000(Vinoth, Aurora, Divya)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |4<br />
|1<br />
|Vikram, Divya<br />
|rowspan="3" |120 seconds<br />
|₹65,500<br />
|rowspan="3" |₹1,83,500<br />
| rowspan="3" |₹5,18,500<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Vinoth, Sabarinathan<br />
|₹68,700<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Aurora, Sandra<br />
|₹49,300<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| -<br />
|Sabarinathan, Vinoth, Divya (Finalists) vs Viyana, Praveen, Ramya (Evictees)<br />
| Relay<br />
| -<br />
(Evictees Won)<br />
| -<br />
|₹5,18,500<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |6<br />
|1<br />
|rowspan="2" |Aurora, Sabarinathan, Vinoth, Divya, Sandra, Vikram<br />
|rowspan="2" | 4 Hours (Secret Task)<br />
|₹1,00,000<br />
|rowspan="2" |₹3,00,000<br />
|rowspan="2" |₹8,18,500<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|₹2,00,000<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|Gifted by Vikranth<br />
|Gifted to housemates<br />
|₹5,00,000<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|₹13,18,500<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" |8<br />
|1<br />
|Vikram <br />
|rowspan="6" |5 Minutes<br />
|₹60,000<br />
|rowspan="6" |₹4,45,000<br />
|rowspan="6" |₹17,63,500<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Aurora <br />
|₹20,000<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Sandra<br />
|₹70,000<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Vinoth<br />
|₹90,000<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Sabarinathan <br />
|₹1,05,000<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Divya<br />
|₹1,00,000<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#fcf;"<br />
! style="background:#fcf;" | Walked<br />
| colspan="2" | On Day 96: '''Gana Vinoth Kumar''' walked out of the Bigg Boss house after accepting the cash prize offer.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
|On Day 98: '''Sandra Amy''' was evicted after facing public votes.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="16" style="background:#624C92; color:white; " | Week 15<br>Finale Week<br />
|-<br />
! Twists<br />
| <br />
*Instead of the usual 5 finalist, this season only allowed 4 finalist to compete in the finale week.<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | Nominations<br />
|<br />
*On Day 99, Aurora, Divya, Sabarinathan and Vikram were nominated for the finale voting process.<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"<br />
! style="background:#cfc; |House Captain<br />
! None<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Tasks<br />
|'''Winners Speech'''<br />
*On Day 100, Bigg Boss asked the four finalist to present a winner speech on what they will say to the audience if they win the season. Each finalist will need to come in front of the living area and present their speech to all their co-finalist and evicted housemates.<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
! Sponsored<br />
| '''Colgate Toothpaste'''<br />
*On Day 100, the finalist and the returned housemates had to do a sponsor task for [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]] toothpaste. The task featured all the female housemates to do an advertisement for the brand while the male housemates take a photo of them. The duo with the best advertisement dialogue and photography skills wins the Colgate toothpaste package.<br />
*Apsara and Sabarinathan won the task. <br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:salmon;"<br />
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:gold; color: black;" |Day 105<br />
Grand Finale<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center" |3rd Runner-up<br />
! style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center" |Aurora Sinclair <br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |2nd Runner-up<br />
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |Vikkals Vikram <br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |1st Runner-up<br />
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |Sabarinathan<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" | Winner<br />
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Divya Ganesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nomination table==<!--Nominations should be in alphabetical order.--><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%; background:#624C92; color:white;" |#BB9<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 1<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 2<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 3<br />
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 4<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 5<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 6<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 7<br />
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 8<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 9<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 10<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 11<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 12<br />
! colspan="2" |Week 13<br />
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 14<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"|Week 15<br />
|-<br />
!Day 22 – 27<br />
!Day 28<br />
!Day 50 - 55<br />
!Day 56<br />
!Day 85<br />
!Day 86–89<br />
!Day 92<br />
!Day 93–96<br />
!colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |Grand Finale<br>Day 105<br />
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;" |<br />
!Nominees<br>for<br>House Captain<br />
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''No nominees''<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Praveen<br>Tushaar<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Kani<br>Sabarinathan<br />
| colspan="2" |Kani<br>Praveen<br>Vikram<br />
|Amit<br>Divya<br>Prajean<br>Sandra<br />
|Divya<br>Parvathy<br><s>Praveen</s><br>Sabarinathan<br />
|FJ<br>Sabarinathan<br>Subiksha<br>Vinoth<br />
|colspan="2" |FJ<br>Kamrudin<br><s>Kemy</s><br>Prajean<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br><br />
|Aadhirai<br>Prajean<br>Ramya<br />
| colspan="2" |Aadhirai<br>Amit<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br>Kani<br><s>Prajean</s><br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Amit<br>Aurora<br>Parvathy<br>Subiksha<br>Vinoth<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Kamrudin<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Nominees''<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|'''House<br>Captain'''<br />
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''No captain''<br />
|<s>'''Tushaar'''</s><br />
|'''Kani'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Praveen'''<br />
|'''Divya'''<br />
|'''Sabarinathan'''<br />
| colspan="3" |'''FJ'''<br />
|'''Ramya'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Amit'''<br />
|'''Vinoth'''<br />
|'''Kamrudin'''<br />
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captaincy''<br />
|-<br />
!Captain's<br>Nomination<br />
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''No captain nomination''<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
|Subiksha<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Tushaar<br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Viyana<br>Parvathy<br />
|Amit<br>Subiksha<br />
| colspan="2" |Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
|FJ<br>Subiksha<br />
| colspan="2" |FJ<br>Ramya<br />
|Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
|Vikram<br>Subiksha<br />
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Nomination''<br />
|-<br />
!Nomination<br>Free<br />
|Ramya<br>Subiksha<br>Tushaar <br />
|Aadhirai<br>Vinoth<br>Viyana <br />
|Diwagar<br>FJ<br>Kamrudin <br />
| colspan="2" |FJ<br>Kani<br>Sabarinathan<br>Subiksha<br>Viyana <br />
|Kani <br />
|Prajean <br />
|colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|Aadhirai<br />
| colspan="2" |Aadhirai<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br>Kani<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|-<br />
! BB Jail<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Vinoth<br>Viyana<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Aadhirai<br>Aurora<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Kamrudin<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | FJ<br>Sandra<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Diwagar<br>FJ<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Divya<br>Sandra<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#fad1d0" | FJ<br>Vinoth<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" | Aadhirai<br>Divya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#fad1d0" |Ramya<br />
| style="background:#fad1d0" |Sandra<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="22" style="background:black" |<br />
|-<br />
!Vote to:<br />
!colspan="4"|Evict<br />
!Wildcard Entry<br />
! colspan="4" |Evict<br />
!{{nowrap|Re-Entered}}<br />
!Evict<br />
!Task<br />
! colspan="4"|Evict<br />
!{{nowrap|Ticket to Finale}}<br />
!Evict<br />
!Cash Prize<br />
!colspan="2"|WIN<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="22" style="background:black" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!Divya<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered <br> ''(Day 28)<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House<br>Captain''<br />
|Vikram<br>Aurora<br />
|Vikram<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" |Vikram<br><s>FJ</s><br />
|Kamrudin<br>Vinoth<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Vinoth<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Amit<br>Sandra<br />
|Vinoth<br>Vikram <br />
|Subiksha<br>Vikram<br />
| style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''<br />
|style="background:#FF3131;"|{{Font colour|white|Rejected Cash Prize}}<br />
| style="background:Yellow;" |''Finalist''<br />
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
!Sabarinathan<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Parvathy<br />
|Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Vinoth<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Vinoth<br />
|Diwagar<br>Kamrudin<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House<br>Captain''<br />
|Viyana<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Divya<br />
|Parvathy<br>FJ<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Viyana<br>Vinoth<br />
|FJ<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Parvathy<br>Amit<br />
|Vinoth<br>Subiksha<br />
|style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''<br />
|style="background:#FF3131;"|{{Font colour|white|Rejected Cash Prize}}<br />
| style="background:Yellow;" |''Finalist''<br />
|style="background:#D1E8EF;"|'''''{{Nowrap|1st Runner-up}}'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
!Vikram<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Pravin<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Parvathy<br />
|Aurora<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| colspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Divya<br>Aurora<br />
|Prajean<br>Sandra<br />
| colspan="2" |Sandra<br>Divya<br />
|Prajean<br>Divya<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Sandra<br>Ramya<br />
|FJ<br>Parvathy<br />
|Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
|Divya<br>Sandra<br />
|style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''<br />
|style="background:#FF3131;"|{{Font colour|white|Rejected Cash Prize}}<br />
| style="background:Yellow;" |''Finalist''<br />
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''''{{Nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
!Aurora<br />
|Diwagar<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Subiksha<br />
| colspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Sandra<br>Amit<br />
|Parvathy<br>Sabarinathan<br />
| colspan="2" |Prajean<br>Parvathy<br />
|Parvathy<br>Divya<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Viyana<br>Sabarinathan<br />
|Sandra<br>Amit<br />
|Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Sandra<br />
| style="background:#1CAC78;" | {{Font colour|white|''Won Ticket to Finale<br>(Saved)''}}<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''<br />
|style="background:#FF3131;"|{{Font colour|white|Rejected Cash Prize}}<br />
| style="background:Yellow;" |''Finalist''<br />
|style="background:#DDA0DD|'''''{{Nowrap|3rd Runner-up}}'''''<br>(Day 105)<br />
|-<br />
!Sandra<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;|''Not in House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered <br> ''(Day 28)<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Subiksha<br><small>(direct nomination)</small><br />
|Amit<br>Ramya<br />
| colspan="2" |Vikram<br><s>FJ</s><br />
|Amit<br>Kamrudin<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Viyana<br>FJ<br />
|FJ<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Vikram<br>Amit<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Vikram<br />
|style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''<br />
|style="background:#FF3131;"|{{Font colour|white|Rejected Cash Prize}}<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 98)<br />
|-<br />
!Vinoth<br />
|Apsara<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |FJ<br>Parvathy<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Kemy<br />
| colspan="2" |Kalaiyarasan<br>Diwagar <br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Diwagar<br>Viyana<br />
|Divya<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" |Divya<br>Sandra<br />
|Divya<br>Vikram<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Sabarinathan<br>Ramya<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''<br />
|Divya<br>Subiksha <br />
|Sabarinathan<br>Subiksha<br />
|style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''<br />
|style="background:lightgreen;"|Accepted Cash Prize (₹17,63,500)<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |''{{Nowrap|Walked out with cash prize}}''<br>(Day 96)<br />
|-<br />
!Subiksha<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Kalaiyarasan<br>Viyana<br />
|Parvathy<br>Apsara<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Tushaar<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Kamrudin<br>Vinoth<br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Kemy<br>Ramya <br />
|Ramya<br>Sandra<br />
| colspan="2" |Amit<br>Ramya<br />
|FJ<br>Kamrudin<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Sabarinathan<br>Kamrudin<br />
|FJ<br>Sabarinathan<br />
|Aurora<br>Sabarinathan <br />
|Vinoth<br>Divya<br />
|style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 91)<br />
|-<br />
! Kamrudin <br />
|Apsara<br>Diwagar<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Aadhirai<br>Aurora<br />
| colspan="2" |Aurora<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Vikram<br>Kemy<br />
|Kani<br>Vikram<br />
|Kani<br>Kemy<br />
| colspan="2" |Divya<br>Sandra<br />
|Divya<br>Sandra<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Sabarinathan<br>FJ<br />
|Sandra<br>FJ<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''<br />
|Aurora<br>Parvathy<br />
| style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected''<br>(Day 90) <br />
|-<br />
!Parvathy<br />
|Kani<br>Pravin<br />
|FJ<br>Kemy<br />
|Praveen<br>Tushaar<br />
| colspan="2" |Aurora<br>Kemy<br />
|Vikram<br>Kemy<br />
|Kani<br>Vikram<br />
|Vikram<br>Aurora<br />
| colspan="2" |Aurora<br><s>FJ</s><br />
|FJ<br>Amit<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Not Nominated)}}<br />
|Sabarinathan<br>Ramya<br />
|Kani<br>Aurora<br />
|Vikram<br>Aurora<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Aurora<br />
| style="background:red;" | {{Font colour|white|''Lost Ticket to Finale (Nominated)''}}<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected''<br>(Day 90) <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Kani<br />
| rowspan="2" |Aadhirai<br>Viyana<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Parvathy<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House<br>Captain''<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" | {{nowrap|Granted Nomination}} Free from Praveen<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
| rowspan="2" |Prajean<br>Sandra<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
| rowspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Prajean<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:yellow;" |Ramya<br>Sandra<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sandra<br>Kamrudin<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sandra<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 84)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|-<br />
! Amit<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered '' <br>(Day 28)<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Viyana<br />
|Divya<br>Aurora<br />
|Prajean<br>Sandra<br />
| colspan="2" |Divya<br>Prajean<br />
|Prajean<br>Divya<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Divya<br />
|Kani<br>Aurora<br />
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 83)<br />
|-<br />
! Aadhirai<br />
|Diwagar<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Subiksha<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 21)<br />
| style="background:#DAFF99" | ''{{Nowrap|Re-Entered}}<br>(Day 56)''<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |FJ<br>Kani<br />
| style="background:lime;" |{{Font colour|black|Won the task (Saved)}}<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Kamrudin<br>FJ<br />
|Sandra<br>Amit<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 77)<br />
|-<br />
!FJ<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Pravin<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Subiksha<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Diwagar<br>Viyana<br />
|Diwagar<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#cfc;" |''House<br>Captain''<br />
|Parvathy<br>Sandra<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Sandra<br>Ramya<br />
|Subiksha<br>Sabarinathan<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 77)<br />
|-<br />
!Viyana<br />
|Kalaiyarasan<br>Praveen<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Aurora<br>Parvathy<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Aurora<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Vinoth<br>Aurora<br />
|Sabari<br>FJ<br />
|Kani<br>Sandra<br />
|Sabarinathan<br>Aurora<br />
| colspan="2" |Prajean<br>Divya<br />
|Vikram<br>Vinoth<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Sabarinathan<br>Ramya<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 70)<br />
|-<br />
!Ramya<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Aadhirai<br>Diwagar<br />
|Parvathy<br>Aurora<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| colspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Viyana<br />
|Diwagar<br>Tushaar<br />
|Aurora<br>Sandra<br />
|Prajean<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Kani<br />
| style="background:#cfc" ; | ''House<br>Captain''<br />
| style="background:orange;" |{{Font colour|black|Lost the Task (Nominated)}}<br />
|Viyana<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 69)<br />
|-<br />
!Prajean<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in<br>House''<br />
| style="background:#FFFFDE;" |''Entered'' <br> (Day 28)<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Subiksha<br><small>(direct nomination)</small><br />
|Kani<br>Kemy<br />
| colspan="2" |Kani<br>Viyana<br />
|Amit<br>Kamrudin<br />
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 63)<br />
|-<br />
!Kemy<br />
|Diwagar<br>Sabarinathan<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
|Aurora<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
|Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
|Ramya<br>Kani<br />
|Divya<br>Subiksha<br />
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 49)<br />
|-<br />
!Diwagar<br />
|Kemy<br>Praveen<br />
|Kamrudin<br>Ramya<br />
|style="background:#FBF373;"|Praveen<br>Ramya<br />
| colspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Vinoth<br />
|Sabari<br>Ramya<br />
|Ramya<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 42)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Praveen<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kalaiyarasan<br>Pravin<br />
| rowspan="2" |Aurora<br>Diwagar<br />
| rowspan="2" |Aadhirai<br>Ramya<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#D2B48C;" |Granted Nomination Free To Kani<br />
| rowspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Diwagar<br />
| colspan="15" rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 35)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House<br>Captain''<br />
|-<br />
!Tushaar<br />
|style="background:#FBF373;" |Apsara<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |<s>''House<br>Captain''</s><br />
|Aadhirai<br>Kalaiyarasan<br />
| colspan="2" |Parvathy<br>Kamrudin<br />
| Praveen<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 34)<br />
|-<br />
!Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Diwagar<br />
|Diwagar<br>Sabarinathan<br />
|Ramya<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" |Kamrudin<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 27)<br />
|-<br />
!Apsara<br />
|Aurora Kalaiyarasan<br />
|Diwagar<br>Parvathy<br />
| colspan="19" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 14)<br />
|-<br />
!Pravin<br />
|Diwagar<br>Praveen<br />
| colspan="20" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 7)<br />
|-<br />
!Nandhini<br />
| Kalaiyarasan <br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="20" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked''<br>(Day 5)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="22" style="background:black" |<br />
|-<br />
!Notes<br />
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 2|2]], [[#endnote 3|3]]<br />
|[[#endnote 4|4]], [[#endnote 5|5]]<br />
|[[#endnote 6|6]], [[#endnote 7|7]]<br />
|colspan="2"|[[#endnote 8|8]], [[#endnote 9|9]], [[#endnote 10|10]], [[#endnote 11|11]]<br />
|[[#endnote 12|12]], [[#endnote 13|13]]<br />
|[[#endnote 14|14]]<br />
|<br />
|[[#endnote 15|15]], [[#endnote 16|16]], [[#endnote 17|17]]<br />
|[[#endnote 18|18]]<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | [[#endnote 19|19]],[[#endnote 21|21]]<br />
|[[#endnote 20|20]]<br />
|[[#endnote 22|22]],[[#endnote 23|23]]<br />
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 24|24]],[[#endnote 25|25]],[[#endnote 26|26]],[[#endnote 27|27]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="22" style="background:black" |<br />
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"<br />
!Against<br>Public<br>Vote<br />
| Aadhirai<br>Apsara<br>Diwagar<br>Kalaiyarasan<br>Pravin<br>Praveen<br>Viyana<br />
|Apsara<br>Aurora<br>Diwagar<br>FJ<br>Kamrudin<br>Kemy<br>Parvathy<br>Ramya<br>Sabarinathan<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Aurora<br>Kalaiyarasan<br>Praveen<br>Ramya<br>Subiksha<br>Tushaar<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" |Aurora<br>Kalaiyarasan<br>Kamrudin<br>Parvathy<br>Vinoth<br />
|Diwagar<br>FJ<br>Kamrudin<br>Kemy<br>Parvathy<br>Praveen<br>Ramya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Tushaar<br>Vikram<br>Vinoth<br>Viyana<br />
|Aurora<br>Divya<br>Diwagar<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br>Ramya<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br>Viyana<br />
|Amit<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br>Kani<br>Kemy<br>Parvathy<br>Prajean<br>Ramya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br>Viyana<br />
| colspan="2" |Amit<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br><s>FJ</s><br>Kamrudin<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br>Prajean<br>Ramya<br>Sandra<br>Vikram<br>Viyana<br />
|Amit<br>Divya<br>FJ<br>Kamrudin<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br>Prajean<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" |FJ<br>Kamrudin<br>Ramya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Vinoth<br>Viyana<br />
|Aadhirai<br>Amit<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br>FJ<br>Kamrudin<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br />
|Amit<br>Aurora<br>Divya<br>Kani<br>Parvathy<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" |<s>Aurora</s><br>Divya<br>Kamrudin<br>Parvathy<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Subiksha<br>Vikram<br>Vinoth<br />
| colspan="2" | Divya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Sandra<br>Vikram<br><s>Vinoth</s><br />
| colspan="2" |'''Aurora<br>Divya<br>Sabarinathan<br>Vikram'''<br />
|-<br />
|- style="background:#DAFF99;"<br />
! Re-entered<br />
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''<br />
| '''Aadhirai'''<br />
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|Ejected<br />
|rowspan="2" colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|colspan="2" style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Kamrudin'''<br />
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Parvathy'''<br />
|-<br />
|- style="background:#fcf"<br />
!Walked<br />
|style="background:#fcf;" | '''Nandhini'''<br />
| colspan="16" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Vinoth'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''None''<br />
|- style="background:#FA8072"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Evicted<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Pravin'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Apsara'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Aadhirai'''<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Kalaiyarasan'''<br />
|'''Tushaar'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Diwagar'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Kemy'''<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" . | ''No<br>Eviction''<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Prajean'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Ramya'''<br />
|'''FJ'''<br />
|'''Amit'''<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Subiksha'''<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Sandra'''<br />
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Aurora'''<br />
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''Vikram''' <br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Praveen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Viyana'''<br />
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Aadhirai'''<br />
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Kani'''<br />
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Sabarinathan'''<br />
|style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Divya'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
: {{color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.<br />
: {{color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was immune prior to nominations.<br />
: {{color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.<br />
: {{color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant walked out due to emergency.<br />
: {{color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.<br />
: {{color box|#CCFFCC|border=darkgray}} indicates the house captain.<br />
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner.<br />
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the first runner up.<br />
: {{color box|#7FFFD4|border=silver}} indicates the second runner up.<br />
: {{color box|#DDA0DD;|border=silver}} indicates the third runner up.<br />
: {{Color box|#fad1d0|border=silver}} indicates the contestant as the weak performer of the week.<br />
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has re-entered the house.<br />
<br />
* {{note|1|1}}: ''On Day 1 during first week nomination, Bigg Boss announced that all the housemates can come to a conclusion and grant 3 Deluxe room housemates an exemption from public voting. Hence they choose Ramya, Subhiksha and Tushaar to be exempt.''<br />
* {{note|2|2}}: ''On Day 5, Nandhini left the house due to mental health reasons.''<br />
* {{note|3|3}}: ''On Day 5, Vinoth and Viyana were sent to the BB jail due to lack of performance during activities.''<br />
* {{note|4|4}}: ''On Day 8 during second week nomination, Bigg Boss announced that all the housemates can come to a conclusion and grant 3 Deluxe room housemates an exemption from public voting. Hence they choose Aadhirai, Vinoth and Viyana to be exempt.''<br />
* {{note|5|5}}: ''On Day 11, Bigg Boss revoked Tushaar from his captaincy after failing to fulfil his duties as the house captain of the Bigg Boss house.''<br />
* {{note|6|6}}: ''Since Kamrudin won the mask task he was granted an exemption in week 3's nomination process''<br />
* {{note|7|7}}: ''On Day 15 during third week nomination, Bigg Boss announced that all the housemates can come to a conclusion and grant 2 Deluxe room housemates an exemption from public voting. Hence they choose Dhiwagar and FJ to be exempt.''<br />
* {{note|8|8}}: ''Since Praveen and Subiksha received the most coins in the Bigg Boss juice factory task in their own respective teams, they were granted exemption in week 4's nomination process''<br />
* {{note|9|9}}: ''Since Praveen was not able to be granted 2 powers which included the nomination free pass and captaincy, Bigg Boss announced that he should grant either his immunity to a co housemate and he chose to grant the free-pass to Kani, hence Kani was granted an exemption in week 4's nomination process''<br />
* {{note|10|10}}: ''Since Subiksha won the Juice Factory task, Bigg Boss gave her a special power to save another housemate of her choice in week 4's nomination process and she chose Viyana to be saved.''<br />
* {{note|11|11}}: ''On Day 22 during fourth week nomination, Bigg Boss announced that all the housemates can come to a conclusion and grant 2 Deluxe room housemates an exemption from public voting. Hence they choose FJ and Sabarinathan to be exempt.''<br />
* {{note|12|12}}: ''Since Kalaiyarasan and Kani won the story task (week 1-4), they won a nomination free pass in week 5.''<br />
* {{note|13|13}}: ''Amit, Prajean and Sandra were given exemption from nomination in week 5 since they entered the house only 1 week earlier.''<br />
* {{note|14|14}}: ''In week 5, Sandra and Prajean were given a secret task. In that task if they successfully completed it they would be given a nomination free pass for one of them and a special power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction. Hence Prajean took the nomination free pass and was saved, and both of them directly nominated Subiksha for the week 6 nomination.''<br />
* {{note|15|15}}: ''On Day 50, FJ was nominated for eviction but however since he won the captaincy task he was exempt from nomination in week 8.''<br />
* {{note|16|16}}: ''On Day 56, Aadhirai re-entered the Bigg Boss house.''<br />
* {{note|17|17}}: ''No eviction took place in week 8 due to severe weather warning in [[Tamil Nadu]].''<br />
* {{note|18|18}}: ''In week 8, FJ was nominated as one of the worst performers in the "BEE BEE school task" hence as a consequence he was not able to participate in the week 9 captaincy task.''<br />
* {{note|19|19}}: ''In week 13, Aurora won the ticket to finale task and was exempt from the nomination process.''<br />
* {{note|20|20}}: ''Since Aurora won the ticket to finale task, she became the 1st finalist of the season.''<br />
* {{note|21|21}}: ''Parvathy and Kamrudin ejected via red card by the host''<br />
* {{note|22|22}}: ''On Day 96, Vinoth walked out after accepting the 18 lakh cash prize offer.''<br />
* '''''{{note|23|23}}''''': ''Sandra Amy was evicted on Day 98 making this season have only four finalists.''<br />
* {{note|24|24}} : Aurora Sinclair become 3rd runner-up.<br />
* {{note|25|25}} : Vikkals Vikram become 2nd runner-up. <br />
* {{note|26|26}} : Sabarinathan become 1st runner-up. <br />
* {{note|27|27}} : Divya Ganesan become the winner of this season.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 9]]<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalimpong_I&diff=547270Kalimpong I2026-03-19T06:23:41Z<p>MarioStpierre: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kalimpong I<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Kalimpong-I in Kalimpong (West Bengal).svg<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06|N|88.47|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 360.46<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 74,746<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]]<br />
| website = {{URL|kalimpong1bdo.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kalimpong I''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Kalimpong subdivision]] of the [[Kalimpong district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kalimpong is located at {{coord|27.06|N|88.47|E|format=dms|}}.<br />
<br />
The snow-clad mountain ranges, a little to the north of the old Darjeeling district, form the main [[Great Himalayas|Himalayan range]]. Ranges/ ridges branching out from the main Himalayas pass through Darjeeling district. To the north-west towers the giant [[Kangchenjunga]] {{convert|28146|ft|abbr=on}} and to the north-east is Dongkya {{convert|23184|ft|abbr=on}}. From Kangchenjunga the [[Singalila Ridge]] slopes down southward forming the border between India and Nepal. [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling|Manebhanjyang]], [[Sandakphu]] and [[Phalut]] are popular trekking destinations on this ridge. It continues south and south-east through Tunglu and Senchal and other spurs that form the Darjeeling Hills west of the [[Teesta River|Teesta]]. To the east of the Teesta, a lofty ridge runs south of Dongkya, bifurcating at Gipmochi {{convert|11518|ft|abbr=on}}, forming two spurs that contain the valley of the [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]]. The lower portion of this hilly region forms the Kalimpong Hills. Four great hill ranges radiate from a single point at [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]], a saddle {{convert|7372|ft|abbr=on}} high – the first, the Ghum range running due west to Simanabasti; the second, the Senchal-Mahaldiram range sloping south towards Kurseong, the highest points being East Senchel {{convert|8,600|ft|abbr=on}}, Tiger Hill {{convert|8515|ft|abbr=on}} and West Senchel {{convert|8163|ft|abbr=on}}; the third, the Takdah or Takbu range, sloping north-east to a point above the junction of the Great Rangit and Teesta; the fourth, the Darjeeling Jalapahar Range, extending northwards towards Darjeeling.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/gazetteer/District-Gazetteer.pdf | title = District Gazetteer | work= Pages 5-7 Physical aspects | publisher = Darjeeling District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222023508/http://darjeeling.gov.in/gazetteer/District-Gazetteer.pdf | archive-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalimpong I CD block is part of the Kalimpong Range physiographic region. The average elevation varies from 300 m to 3,000 m above sea level. “This region is characterised by abruptly rising hills and numerous small river streams coming down in the north-south direction.”<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Teesta River|Teesta]] forms the boundary between West Bengal and Sikkim along the northern boundaries of Kalimpong II and Kalimpong I CD blocks, up to [[Teesta Bazaar]], after which it flows through Kalimpong I CD block. It enters the plains near [[Sevoke]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15-17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalimpong I CD block is bounded by the [[South Sikkim district]] of Sikkim and [[Kalimpong II]] CD block on the north, [[Gorubathan (community development block)|Gorubathan]] CD block on the east, [[Mal (community development block)|Mal]] CD block in Jalpaiguri district on the south and [[Kurseong (community development block)|Kurseong]] and [[Rangli Rangliot (community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Map of Darjeeling district on the fifth page| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/sikkim/tehsil/ | title = Sikkim Tehsil Map| publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/jalpaiguri.html | title = Tehsil map of Jalpaiguri| publisher = Maps of India|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Kalimpong I CD block has an area of 360.46&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 18 [[gram panchayat]]s, 114 gram sansads (village councils), 51 [[mouza]]s, 43 inhabited villages and 1 [[census town]]. [[Gorubathan#Police station|Gorubathan]] police station serves this block<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=census2001>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Darjeeling district (01)| access-date = 12 February 2020| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040244/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| archive-date = 19 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Kalimpong]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s in Kalimpong I CD block are: Bhalukhop, Bong, Dr. Graham's Homes, Dungra, Kafer Kanke Bong, Kalimpong, Lower Echhay, Neembong, Pabringtar, Putur, Samalbong, Samthar, Seokbir, Sindepong, Tashiding, Tista and Yangmakum.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/misc/District-Detail.pdf | title = Egiye Bangla Darjeeling | work= Miscellaneous - District Detail| publisher = District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Population===<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Kalimpong I CD block had a total population of 74,746, of which 67,957 were rural and 6,789 were urban. There were 37,750 (51%) males and 36,996 (49%) females. There were 7,422 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 5,213 (6.97%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 25,657 (34.33%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Census town]] in the Kalimpong I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Dungra, Kalimpong|Dungra Khasmahal]] (6,789).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Kalimpong I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Icha Khasmahal (4,176), Sindibong Khasmahal (7,606), [[Bhalukhop|Bhalukhop Khasmahal]] (5,404), [[Kalimpong|Kalimpong Khasmahal]] (8,881) and Bong Khasmahal (4,220).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Other villages in the Kalimpong I CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Homes St. and Grahims (3,899), Kanke Bong (1,835), [[Teesta Bazaar]] (2,953), [[Nimbong]] (2,659), Yang Makum Khasmahal (3,350), Samalbong Khasmahal (2,050), Pudung (2,382), Kanke Bong Khasmahal (1,835), [[Mongpong|Mangpong Forest]] (1,111), Kaffir Khasmahal (549) and [[Suntalay Khasmahal]] (209).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
===Literacy===<br />
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Kalimpog I CD block was 54,820 (81.43% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 29,389 (86.55% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 25,431 (76.21% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.34%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD blocks of Darjeeling district (2011) |collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
===Language and religion===<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Kalimpong I CD block (2011)<br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|58.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|19.47}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|18.94}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Kirat Mundhum]]|red|1.63}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|Green|1.14}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 43,903 and formed 58.74% of the population in the Kalimpong I CD block. Christians numbered 14,550 and formed 19.47% of the population. Buddhists numbered 14,156 and formed 18.94% of the population. Muslims numbered 853 and formed 1.14% of the population. Others numbered 1,284 and formed 1.72% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Kalimpong I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value1 = 89.96 |color1 = lightcoral<br />
|label2 = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] |value2 = 5.57 |color2 = midnightblue<br />
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.33 |color3 = orange<br />
|label4 = Others |value4 = 3.14 |color4 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 89.96% of the population spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 5.57% [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] and 1.33% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 declared that Bengali and Nepali were to be used for official purposes in the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong in Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf | title = The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961| publisher = WBJA |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rural poverty==<br />
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Kalimpong I CD block'''<br />
|value1 = 23.99<br />
|label1 = Cultivators<br />
|value2 = 33.47<br />
|label2 = Agricultural labourers<br />
|value3 = 1.38<br />
|label3 = Household industries<br />
|value4 = 41.16<br />
|label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In the Kalimpong I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,089 and formed 23.99%, agricultural labourers numbered 9,891 and formed 33.47%, household industry workers numbered 407 and formed 1.38% and other workers numbered 12,164 and formed 41.16%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 29,551 and formed 39.54% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 45,195 and formed 60.46% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref></small><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 43 inhabited villages in the Kalimpong I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 40 villages (93.02%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (46.51%) have post offices. 31 villages (72.09%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 19 villages (44.19%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 10 villages (23.26%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (13.95%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (9.30%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 85, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
In 2012–13, there were 3 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 36 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Kalimpong I CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, Kalimpong I CD block produced 5,467 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2,531 hectares, 42 tonnes of wheat from 37 hectares, 12,133 tonnes of maize from 5,695 hectares and 2,775 tonnes of potatoes from 293 hectares. It also produced some oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/><br />
<br />
===Tea gardens===<br />
[[Darjeeling tea]] “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.<ref name=tea>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 26: Tea industry of Darjeeling district | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2009–10, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 5.3 (f): Area, production and employment in the tea industry | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=tea/><br />
<br />
As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wblc.gov.in/download/Synopsis-of-Tea-Garden-Survey-Final-Report.pdf | title = Synopsis on Survey of Tea Gardens| publisher = Regional Labour Offices under jurisdiction of Joint Labour Commissioner, North Bengal Zone |access-date = 5 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hydro-electric power===<br />
There is 4 x 40 MW hydroelectric power generation at [[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant]] near [[Kalijhora]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nhpcindia.com/projectdetail.htm?CatId=1&ProjectId=33 | title = Teesta Low Dam IV| publisher = NHPC Limited|access-date = 4 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant]] near [[Rambi Bazar]] produces 132 MW of hydel power.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/7Development-Induced-Displacement-and-its-socio-economic-impact-on-local-communities-A-Case-Study-of-The-Teesta-Low-Dam-Project-Stage-III-TLDP-III-in-Darjeeling-West-Bengal.pdf | title = Development Induced Displacement and its socio-economic impact on local communities: A Case Study of The Teesta Low Dam Project Stage III (TLDP III) in Darjeeling, West Bengal| work= The Dam| publisher = CDEDSE |access-date = 4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Banking===<br />
In 2012–13, Kalimpong I CD block had offices of 1 commercial bank and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Kalimpong I CD block has 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 49&nbsp;km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2013/><br />
<br />
[[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] passes through Kalimpong I CD block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[State Highway 12 (West Bengal)|State Highway 12]] passes through Kalimpong I CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
In 2012–13, Kalimpong I CD block had 111 primary schools with 8,420 students, 6 middle schools with 1,519 students, 5 high schools with 3,036 students and 1 higher secondary school with 2,123 students. Kalimpong I CD block had 207 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,859 students. Kalimpong municipal area (outside the CD block) had 2 general degree colleges with 2,373 students and 3 technical/ professional institutions with 456 students.<ref name=handbook2013/><br />
<br />
See also – [[Education in India]]<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, in Kalimpong I CD block, among the 43 inhabited villages, 7 villages did not have a school, 27 villages had two or more primary schools, 19 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 7 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 394, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
In 2013, Kalimpong I CD block had 1 hospital, 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres with total 62 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 20 family welfare subcentres. 1,089 patients were treated indoor and 16,415 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2013/><br />
<br />
Rambi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Rambi Bazar]], PO Reang, is the major government medical facility in the Kalimpong I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Samthar (with 6 beds) and [[Teesta Bazaar]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kalimpong}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Kalimpong topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Kalimpong district]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raniwara&diff=474612Raniwara2026-03-17T18:59:30Z<p>MarioStpierre: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Raniwara<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = Raniwara Kallan<br />
| native_name_lang = RNV<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7500|N|72.2167|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalore district|Jalore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Gram panchayat<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1023.42<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 204<br />
| population_total = 206,831<br />
| population_as_of = 2022<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 343040<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 912990<br />
| registration_plate = RJ-16 & RJ-46 (NEW)<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raniwara''' is a town in [[Jalore district]] of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]. Situated 35km south of the [[Bhinmal]] on [[Jalore]]-[[Sanchore]] road, it is headquarters of the [[tehsil]] by Raniwala Kallan. Raniwara is 109km from [[Mount Abu]] and 20km from the town of [[Bhinmal]].<br />
<br />
It is part of the Raniwara Assembly constituency. [[Ratan Dewasi Desai|Ratan Dewasi]] of Congress won as MLA in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniwara Constituency Election Results 2023: Raniwara Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/raniwara |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raniwara is connected By [[Samdari]]-[[Bhildi]] railway line. There is a big dairy plant of Rajasthan in the town run by [[Jalore]]-[[Sirohi]] Zila Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Ltd. Malwara, Badgaon, Ajodar, Jakhri, Dhanol, [[Badgaon (Jalore district)]], Silasan, Mokhatra, Sewadiya, Meda, Varetha and Raniwara Khurd are some of its nearby villages. In 2026, Rs.535 crore was sanctioned in the state budget to expand the Sanchore-Raniwara-Mandar-Revdar road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2026 |title=Raniwada approved a mega highway worth 535 crores: |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jalore/raniwara/news/sanchore-raniwara-mandar-revdar-road-expansion-bhinmal-phatak-overbridge-5-crore-137178530.html |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> <br />
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The [[Sundha Mata temple]] is located 20km From Raniwara. The temple is situated on a hilltop called 'Sundha', at 72°-22' E longitude and 24°-50' N latitude. Garba Chowk Temple of Mother Goddess in Raniwara where Garba dance is performed during Navratri days.The Hinglaj Mata temple is also in Raniwara. It is the seat of Hinglaj goddess and worshipped by Khatri community. Pipaji temple is also situated here Pipaji was a lok sant worship by Pipa Khatriya community.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Sanchore district}}<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sanchore district]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Sanchore district]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagadatta&diff=452297Bhagadatta2026-03-08T05:16:59Z<p>MarioStpierre: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Character in the Mahabharata}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox character<br />
| name = Bhagadatta<br />
| info-hdr = Information<br />
| image = File:Bhagadatta fighting with Bhima.JPG<br />
| image_size = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = [[Vajradatta]] and Pushpadatta (sons)<br />
| family = [[Narakasura]] (Father)<br />
| caption = A sculpture of Bhagadatta, seated on Supratika and fighting with Bhima, at the Chennakesava Temple, Belur.<br />
| alt = A sculpture at the Chennakesava Temple, Belur.<br />
| weapon = <br />
| affiliation = <br />
| relatives = <br />
}}{{Pragjyotisha}}'''Bhagadatta''' ({{langx|sa|भगदत्त}}) is a character in the ancient Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. was the son of [[Narakasura|Naraka]], the king of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]] in [[Hindu mythology]]. Bhagadatta was born from a limb of the [[asura]] called Bashkala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01068.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXVII}}</ref> He was a renowned warrior, and was known to be a great friend of [[Indra]]. When [[Arjuna]] embarked on a conquest to help his brother [[Yudhishthira]] perform the [[rajasuya]] yajna, Bhagadatta was one of the first kings to be conquered by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-set-of-10-volumes-by-bibek-debroy-veda-vyasa-vyasa-veda-vyas-z-lib.org/page/n827/mode/2up|title = The Mahabharata, 10 Volumes by B. Debroy}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Mahabharata'' also links Bhagadatta with the [[Yavana]]s. One passage of the ''[[Sabha Parva]]'' describes him as the mighty ruler of the [[mleccha]]s who came with the Yavanas ({{lang|sa|yavanaiḥ sahitaḥ}}), while another, in K. M. Ganguli's translation, refers to him as "that king of the Yavanas ... who is called Bhagadatta".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata-sanskrit/d/doc974215.html |title=Mahabharata, Sabha Parva 2.47.12 |website=Wisdom Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02014.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Section XIV |website=Sacred Texts}}</ref> The word ''Yavana'' is generally understood to derive from ''Ionian'' and in early Indian usage commonly denoted [[Greeks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Karttunen |first=Klaus |title=India and the Hellenistic World |publisher=Finnish Oriental Society |location=Helsinki |year=1997 |pages=9, 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |title=The Hellenistic Far East: Archaeology, Language, and Identity in Greek Central Asia |publisher=University of California Press |location=Oakland |year=2014 |pages=111}}</ref><br />
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He was particularly skilled in the use of elephants in warfare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05168.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Uluka Dutagamana Parva: Section CLXVIII}}</ref> Riding on his elephant [[Supratika]], he fought for the [[Kaurava]]s in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He was succeeded by his son [[Vajradatta]].<ref>{{harv|Sircar|1990|p=81}}</ref> He was the leader of the army of [[Kirata|Kiratas]] and [[Chinas]] in the war.{{sfn|Chatterji|1974|p=32}}<br />
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==Legend==<br />
[[File:Arjuna fight Bhishma.jpg|thumb|Arjuna shoots Bhagadatta.]]<br />
Bhagadatta was the son of Narakasura, the friend of Indra, and an ally of [[Jarasandha]]. He inherited the Vaishnavastra from Naraka, which protected him from being slain on the battlefield. He was also skilled at fighting from elephants. According to Krishna, Bhagadatta vanquished many Asuras and conquered the western region. In the [[Battle of Kurukshetra|Kurukshetra War]], Bhagadatta fought on the side of the [[Kaurava]]s. His father was [[Narakasura]], who had been slain by [[Krishna]]. Despite having a grudge against Krishna, Bhagadatta was very fond of Arjuna due to Arjuna being son of Indra. Before Rajasuya Yaga, when Arjuna was unable to prevail over Bhagadatta even after fighting for 8 days, the latter understood the situation and accepted the defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02026.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXVI}}</ref> Bhagadatta battled with [[Karna]], when Karna was performing the world conquest for Duryodhana's Vaishnav Yagna. Despite being a mighty warrior, Bhagadatta got defeated by Karna and was forced to pay tribute to Duryodhana. During Yudhishthira's [[Ashvamedha|ashvamedha yajna]], Arjuna fought against [[Vajradatta]], Bhagadatta's son.<br />
<br />
During the war, he contributed one [[akshauhini]] of the troops. At this point he was so old that he tied his wrinkled eyelids with a silken handkerchief to cover his eyes in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Myth Connect {{!}} Outlook India Magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/collectors-issue-the-myth-connect/302889 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the first day of the battle, Bhagadatta had a duel with the king of [[Virata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06045.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLV}}</ref><br />
On the fourth day of the Kurukshetra War, [[Bhima]] was raided by Bhagadatta's division. Bhagadatta caused Bhima to faint in the field. The [[rakshasa]] [[Ghatotkacha]], who was the son of Bhima, became enraged and disappeared from the scene there and then. He reappeared in an instant, creating a terrifying illusion of a fierce form riding on thefour trunks of Airavata created by the powers of his [[Maya (religion)|maya]]. He created the other heavenly elephants, such as Anjana, Vamana, and Mahapadma, following him on a wild procession ridden by demons. Ghatotkacha then urged to fight with his own elephant, who wanted to kill Bhagadatta and his elephant. And those other elephants, excited by anger and each with four teeth, urged on by demons of great power, fell on Bhagadatta's elephant from all sides and afflicted him with their teeth. And Bhagadatta's elephant, thus in pain, cried loudly like Indra's thunder. And hearing those terrible and loud cries of that roaring elephant, [[Bhishma]], the commander of the Kauravas, asked all the kings to retreat for the day. He was defeated in his fight with Ghatotkacha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06064.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section LXIV}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the seventh day, there was another confrontation between them. Ghatotkacha attacked Bhagadatta and rained arrows and arrows on him. Heavy weapons were thrown at each other and in the end the king struck Ghatotkacha in all his four limbs. He stood for a while and then exerted all his might and threw a magical golden shaft towards the elephant Supratika. Bhagadatta quickly broke the shaft into three parts. [[Ghatotkacha]] fled the encounter that day and retreated to fight again another day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06083.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section LXXXIII}}</ref> After this there was a war with King Dasharna in which the king was defeated. Shortly thereafter Bhagadatta cut off the hands of Kshatredeva. Bhima's army charioteer Vishoka fell down after being hit by Bhagadatta's arrows and fell unconscious.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06095.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XCV}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the twelfth day of the Kurukshetra war, [[Duryodhana]] sent a large army of elephants against Bhima. Bhima killed all the elephants with his mace. The news spread rapidly and reached Bhagadatta. Bhagadatta charged his elephant against Bhima and crushed his chariot and killed his horse and charioteer under Supratika's feet. Bhima escaped by jumping from his chariot and fell down between the legs of the elephant. Due to pain, he injured the elephant's limbs by cutting it. An enraged Supratika grabbed Bhima by the trunk of her neck but Bhima managed to escape from her grip and came under the elephant again. He also tried to hurt the elephant further, but was waiting for another elephant to come to his rescue. The Kaurava army thought that Bhima had been killed by the animal, and began to celebrate. Bhima's elder brother Yudhishthira felt grieved and asked the king of Dasarana to accuse Bhagadatta with his division of elephants. In a fight between Supratika and Dasara's elephant, Supratika crushed and killed Dasara's elephants. In this scuffle, Bhima escaped safely.<br />
<br />
Bhagadatta killed King Dasharna and Ruciparvan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07026.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Dronabhisheka Parva: Section XXVI}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several warriors like [[Abhimanyu]], [[Satyaki]], Bhima Ghatotkacha tried to stop Bhagadatta, but got defeated by Bhagadatta. Bhagadatta headed towards [[Yudhishthira]]'s position. Bhagadatta with his elephant started crushing the army of Pandavas like a wild elephant. Krishna drove Arjuna to face Bhagadatta and Supratika. The battle ensued with Arjuna on his chariot and Bhagadatta on his elephant, both wearing armour. Bhagadatta tried to kill Arjuna with his elephant, but failed. However he was successful in displacing Arjuna's celestial diadem.<br />
Arjuna cut off Bhagadatta's bow and all the spears he had thrown. Arjuna was successful in destroying the flag hoisting on the elephant seat. Bhagadatta grew furious, employing the weapon [[Vaishnavastra]] to kill Arjuna however Krishna saves Arjuna by taking the astra on him. Arjuna later killed Bhagadatta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07027.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Dronabhisheka Parva: Section XXVII}}</ref><br />
<br />
Arjuna got down from his chariot and went around the fallen Bhagadatta in the practice of [[Parikrama|pradakshina]] to pay his last respects to his father's friend.<br />
<br />
After his death, his son Vajradatta became the king of Pragjyotisha. Later, he was also killed by the Arjuna in a battle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14075.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva: Anugita Parva: Section LXXV}}</ref> His another son Pushpadatta was killed by [[Nakula]] as per [[Drona Parva]]. King Shailaya, who was Bhagadatta's grandfather, attained [[Svarga|Indraloka]] because of the greatness of his penance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14075.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva: Anugita Parva: Section LXXV}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Kalika Purana]], [[Harshacharita]], [[Puranas]] and in other epics, Naraka is said to have sons namely Bhagadatta, Mahasirsa, Madavan, and Sumali. Vajradatta and Pushpadatta are the sons of Bhagadatta.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kamarupa kingdom]]<br />
* [[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Chatterji<br />
| first = S. K.<br />
| title = Kirata-Jana-Krti<br />
| url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096/2015.32096.Kirata-jana-krti_djvu.txt<br />
| publisher = The Asiatic Society<br />
| year = 1974<br />
| location = Calcutta<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sircar |first=D C |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |location=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Pragjyotisha kingdom]]<br />
<br />
[[no:Bhagadatta austenia]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky_Moge_Wali&diff=525573Pinky Moge Wali2026-03-08T02:52:59Z<p>MarioStpierre: starting the biography and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pinky Moge Wali<br />
| image = Pinky Moge Wali - Poster.jpg<br />
| director = [[Vikram Dhillon]]<br />
| producer = [[Rajan Batra]]<br>Swaran Singh<br />
| screenplay = [[Vekeana Dhillon]]<br>[[Vikram Dhillon]]<br />
| story = [[Vikram Dhillon]]<br />
| starring =[[Gavie Chahal]]<br> [[Neeru Bajwa]] <br>Geeta Zaildar<br>[[K S Makhan]]<br>[[Harpal Singh (actor)|Harpal Singh]]<br>[[Dhriti Saharan]]<br>B.N. Sharma<br>Rana Jung Bahadhur<br />
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]<br>Gurmeet Singh & Rohit Composer<br>Guri Bal<br />
| cinematography = Dev Varma<br />
| editing = Omkarnath Bakhari<br />
| distributor = Kapil Batra Production House Pvt. Ltd.<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2012|9|28}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| budget = {{INR}} 4 Crores<br />
| gross = {{INR}} 9 Crores<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pinky Moge Wali''''' (2012) is a [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] film starring [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Gavie Chahal]], Geeta Zaildar, [[K S Makhan]], [[Harpal Singh (actor)|Harpal Singh]], and B.N. Sharma as the prominent characters.<ref>[http://www.planetpunjab.com/pinky-moge-wali Pinki Moge Wali on PlanetPunjab.com]</ref><br />
Music for the film was given by [[Jatinder Shah]], Gurmeet Singh, Rohit Composer and Guri Bal. The film started shooting in March 2012. The Movie was released on 28 September 2012.<ref>[http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/films/pinky-moge-wali Pinky Moge Wali Release Date]. http://www.cinemapunjabi.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905171200/http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/ |date=5 September 2012 }} Retrieved on 2012-08-28.</ref><br />
<br />
The film's title Pinky Moge Wali comes from the popular character of Pinky introduced in the popular Punjabi movie [[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]. The title for the movie was bought for an undisclosed amount in big figures.<ref>[http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/pinky-moge-wali-neeru-bajwa-gavie-chahal-punjabi-movie Pinky Moge Wali on PunjabiPortal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929182942/http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/pinky-moge-wali-neeru-bajwa-gavie-chahal-punjabi-movie |date=29 September 2012 }}. http://www.punjabiportal.com Retrieved on 2012-09-11.</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
* [[Gavie Chahal]] as Raj<br />
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Pinky<br />
* [[K S Makhan]] as Akaal<br />
* Geeta Zaildar as Billu<br />
* B.N. Sharma as Aatma Singh<br />
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Parmattma Singh<br />
* [[Harpal Singh (actor)|Harpal Singh]] as Sherdil Singh<br />
* [[Avtar Gill]] as SSP Gill<br />
* Shavinder Mahal as Pratap Singh Bajwa<br />
* [[Dhriti Saharan]] in the song Thumka<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = ''Pinky Moge Wali''<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Shweta Pandit]], [[Sonu Kakkar]], [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]], Geeta Zaildar, [[K S Makhan]], Gurlez Akhtar, Yuvraj Hans<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{release date|df=y|2012|9|11}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Track !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Lyrics !! Music<br />
|-<br />
| 01<br />
| "Je Main"<br />
| [[Shweta Pandit]]<br>Arun Daga<br />
|<br />
| Gurmeet Singh & Rohit Composer<br />
|-<br />
| 02<br />
| "Darmiyaan"<br />
| [[Mohit Chauhan]]<br />
| [[Kumaar]]<br />
| [[Jatinder Shah]]<br />
|-<br />
| 03<br />
| "Tere Naina"<br />
| Yuvraj Hans<br />
|<br />
| Guri Bal<br />
|-<br />
| 04<br />
| "Tadka"<br />
| [[Sonu Kakkar]]<br />
|<br />
| Gurmeet Singh & Rohit Composer<br />
|-<br />
| 05<br />
| "Jutti"<br />
| [[K. S. Makhan]]<br />
| K. S. Makhan<br>Guri Bal<br />
| Guri Bal<br />
|-<br />
| 06<br />
| "Hune Hune"<br />
| [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]<br />
| Kumaar<br />
| Jatinder Shah<br />
|-<br />
| 07<br />
| "Thumka"<br />
| Geeta Zaildar<br>Yashita<br />
| Geeta Zaildar<br />
| Jatinder Shah<br />
|-<br />
| 08<br />
| "Berri"<br />
| Gurlez Akhtar<br />
| Kumaar<br />
| Jatinder Shah<br />
|-<br />
| 09<br />
| "Sache Saheba"<br />
| Gurmeet Singh Shaant<br />
|<br />
| Guri Bal<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Havyaka_Brahmins&diff=476051Havyaka Brahmins2026-03-06T16:21:03Z<p>MarioStpierre: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect|Havyaka|the dialect|Havigannada dialect}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Havyaka Brahmins<br />
| popplace = [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]<br />
| langs = [[Havigannada|Havyaka Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| rels = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Havyaka Brahmin''', originally called '''Havika Brahmana''', is a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] community native to the districts of [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Kodagu_District|Kodagu / Coorg]],[[Kanara|coastal Karnataka]] and the [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hegde |first=Leena |title=Havyaka Heritage |url=https://www.havyaka.in/heritage |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Havyaka |publisher=Havyaka.in (created by Leena Hegde)}}</ref> Havyakas fall under the [[Pancha-Dravida]] Brahmin category. They are primarily followers of the [[Yajurveda]], but some of them follow the [[Rigveda]] and [[Samaveda|Samaveda Shakas]] as well. They follow the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]] of [[Adi Shankara]]charya.<br />
<br />
== Etymology and origin ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}<br />
The word, as attested by linguist Sediyapu Krishna Bhat, is derived from ''[[Ahichchhatra|Ahichchatra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havyaka Heritage |url=https://www.havyaka.in/heritage |access-date=18 Feb 2025 |website=Havyaka}}</ref> ''Brāhmaṇa''. It was changed to ''Ahika'' and then ''Havika'', and was agreed upon by scholars like Sediyapu and Nadahalli Ranganatha Sharma. The term ''Ahichatra Brāhmaṇa'' is mentioned in inscriptions. Another etymology that is popular for Havyaka is argued to have derived from the Sanskrit word havya, which means "sacred oblation". Thus, ''Havyaka'' could mean "performer of Havana rituals". However, according to Shri Sediyapu Krishna Bhat, the word "Havyaka" is a [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritization]] of Ahika-Havika. They are referred to as "Haviga" in colonial-era documents by British ethnographers. Some variations of this name are "Haiga" and "Havika"; "Haiga" is also the name of the region that is centered around Gokarna and is bounded by [[Tulu Nadu]] to the south; this region is also called ''Parashuramakshethra'', ''Gorastradesha'' or ''Gokarnamandala''. Sanskrit scholar Mahamahopadhyaya Nadahalli Ranganatha Sharma rejects the ''Havya'' + ''kavya'' derivation as grammatically incorrect. The word ''Havyaka'' was not used in official records until 1928, including mathas.<br />
<br />
Havyakas are descended from Brahmins brought from Ahichchatra by King [[Mayurasharma]]n who founded the [[Kadamba dynasty]] in [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]. These Brahmins were originally from the Ahichchatra kingdom near the modern-day [[Ramnagar, Bareilly|Ramnagar]] village in the modern-day [[Bareilly district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They were brought in order to perform [[Vedic rituals]] especially the [[Ashvamedha|Ashwamedha]] and were originally housed in ''Talagunda Agrahara'' near [[Soraba]] and [[Shiralakoppa]] towns where the inscription attesting to this fact is found. [[Banavasi]], which is 24 kilometers from [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] was the capital but Mayuraverma was born in the Talagunda Agrahara. From there, they spread out in the nearby regions primarily following areas which were suitable for areca nut plantations, which they have historically been involved in {{Cite book |last=Thimmappa Kalasi |first=Vidwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBicoAEACAAJ |title=Havyakara Itihasa |date=2012 |language=kn |trans-title=The history of Havyakas}}<br />
<br />
Some claims suggest that the Havyakas originated from the Banavasi region and migrated to Ahichachtra (present-day Uttar Pradesh) in response to the threat posed by non-Vedic sects. Centuries ago, Kadambara Mayuravarman, the founder of Karnataka's first royal family, struggled to carry out his religious rituals due to the lack of Brahmins in those days. Therefore, he invited Havyaka families from Ahichachtra to perform Ashwamedha, provided shelter to some villages, and facilitated their settlement. When the Havyakas were concerned about their protection when they came to the Kadamba kingdom, the Kadamba king gave the Haigunda region of the Sharavati shore, which is an island in the midst of the Sharavati River, to the Havyakas so as not to disturb the Vedic works. Sri Ramachandrapura Mutt, one of the most famous gurupeeths, has recently taken charge of Haigunda temple, renovated it under the guidance of Sri Sri Raghaveshwar Bharati Swami, and performs religious programs on special occasions like Navratri.<br />
<br />
== Geographic distribution ==<br />
Havyakas are native to the [[Soraba]] (ancient town of Surabhipura), Sagara in [[Shimoga]], [[Uttara Kannada]] and the [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of Karnataka and the [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala. A smaller percentage can also be found in the Hosanagara, Shivamogga and Thirthahalli taluks in [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]], [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] districts. They are found in Sirsi, Siddapura, Yellapura, Kumta and Honnavar in [[Uttara Kannada]]; in [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] and [[Sullia]] in Dakshina Kannada and in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district such as Kumbla {{Cite book |last=Thimmappa Kalasi |first=Vidwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBicoAEACAAJ |title=Havyakara Itihasa |date=2012 |language=kn |trans-title=The history of Havyakas}}.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
{{See also|List of Havyakas}}<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Asha Bhat]], Indian actress, model and the winner of the Miss Supranational 2014 pageant.<br />
* [[Raghuram Bhat]], Ex-Cricketer, President [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]]<br />
* [[Vishweshwar Bhat]], Journalist, ex-Editor-in-chief Kannada Prabha, Rajyotsava Awardee. <br />
* [[Urimajalu Ram Bhat]], Politician/MLA, Educationist, Co-founder of [[Vivekananda Degree College]], ex-Chairman of [[Campco]]<br />
* [[Anantkumar Hegde]], Indian politician and Member of Parliament for Uttara Kannada constituency.<br />
* [[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde]], Yakshagana artist. [[Padma Shri]], [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] awardee. <br />
* [[Keremane Shivarama Hegde]], Yakashagana artist/dancer, Sangeet Natak Academy Awardee, 1st Yakshagana artist to win [[Rashtrapati Award]]<br />
* [[Ramakrishna Hegde]], former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]].<br />
* [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]], Indian politician and 22nd speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.<br />
* [[Shashidhar Kote]], Singer, Musician, Teacher.<br />
* [[Thimmappaiah Madiyal]], former Director-General and Inspector-General of Police <br />
* [[Diganth Manchale]], Actor.<br />
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Neernalli Ramakrishna]], Actor.<br />
* [[Abhaya Simha]], film director and screenwriter<br />
* [[K. V. Subbanna]], Founder of [[Ninasam]], [[Padma Shri]], Sahitya Academy, Sangeet Natak and Ramon Magsasay Awardee.<br />
* [[Anant Krishna Shastry]], Indian historian and Professor.<br />
<br />
== Rituals ==<br />
Males undergo the Upanayana to initiate their Vedic studies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/upanayana | title=Upanayana &#124; Hindu ritual &#124; Britannica }}</ref> It is also known as ''Brahmopadesha''. The key ritual during Upanayana is that of putting a sacred thread called ''yajnopavitha'' or ''janivaara'' consisting of three cotton strands across the left shoulder to the right waist of the boy. The initiate is called a dvija "twice-born" and is expected to perform the Sandhyavandana at least twice daily. Yajnopavitha has a special knot in it which is called as "Brahma Gantu". Havyaka Brahmins also undergo the Upakarma, where the sacred thread is changed.<br />
<br />
In old Vedas, it is mentioned that after Upanayana, the boy enters the stage of Brahmacharya ashrama, leading a celibate and austere life of a student in his teacher's home and eating from handouts given by the neighbours. When he has accomplished his studies of the Vedas, he enters the Grahastha ashram, as a married man, becoming head of his household. During the wedding, the groom wears two janivaaras at the same time to signify his marriage.<br />
<br />
== Language ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Main|Havigannada dialect}}<br />
The Havyakas are united by their language, known as Havigannada, which is a dialect of [[Kannada]]. There are two distinct dialects of the Havyaka language. One in [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]] districts and another in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragodu]] districts. The dialect differs from mainstream Kannada; non-Havyakas who understand and speak Kannada cannot usually understand Havigannada.<br />
<br />
Most Havyakas also understand mainstream [[Kannada]] (particularly, the Havyakas living in Bangalore, who speak [[Bangalore Kannada]] outdoors and Havigannada at home); the Havyakas who are native to [[Dakshina Kannada]] also understand [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and those from Kasaragod speak Havigannada at home and [[Malayalam]] outdoors. Havyakas who are settled in Goa and Karwar understand and speak Konkani. Apart from this, many of them, especially those living in metropolitan cities, can speak Hindi and English.<br />
<br />
== Havyaka cuisine ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}<br />
The Havyakas follow a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet. Compared to the cuisines of other communities of [[South India]], Havyaka cuisine is milder and less spicy. [[Rice]], [[curds]], [[buttermilk]] and [[vegetables]] are the staples used in Havyaka cuisine. [[Coconut]] is used in a lot of dishes. Some popular Havyaka dishes include:<br />
* [[Thambuli]]: A dish of chopped vegetables with curd or buttermilk and a seasoning of spices fried in oil.<br />
* Sasime: A dish prepared with the ground paste of any vegetable along with curd and a seasoning of spices fried in oil.<br />
* Appe huli: A sour and tangy watery soup made from unripe mangoes and chilly.<br />
* [[Patrode]]: A dish made of colocasia leaves.<br />
* Melara: Mild coconut-yogurt curry which can be made using various vegetables.<br />
Curries are prepared from unripe jackfruits, the ripe jackfruit is used to cook items such as dosas and halvas.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Shivalli Brahmins]]<br />
*[[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Gowda Saraswat Brahmins]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Thimmappa Kalasi |first=Vidwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBicoAEACAAJ |title=Havyakara Itihasa |date=2012 |language=kn |trans-title=The history of Havyakas}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/Tulunadu/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Tulunadu - Samajika Chariteyalli ondu samshodhanatmaka Vivechane |language=kn |trans-title=Talanadu - A Research Discipline in Social Behavior}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Anand Saletore |first=Bhasker |url=https://archive.org/details/218431AncientKarnatakaHistoryOfTuluvaVolI |title=Ancient Karnataka History Of Tuluva |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |year=1936 |volume=1 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=K. V. |url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfSouthKanara |title=A History Of South Kanara |date=1970 |publisher=[[Karnatak University]]}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Saletore |first=B. A. |url=https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismInVijayanagaraBASaletore_201603 |title=Vaishnavism In Vijayanagara, BA Saletore |date=1940 |id=1111006599313}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.havyakamahasabha.com/ Official Havyaka Mahasabha site]<br />
* [http://www.havyak.com/ Official Havyaka Association of Americas site]<br />
* [https://www.quora.com/Who-are-Havyaka-Brahmins Origin of the name]<br />
[[Category:Kannada Brahmins]]<br />
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Karnataka]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selina_Hossain&diff=448180Selina Hossain2026-03-04T21:32:41Z<p>MarioStpierre: Enhanced and reorganized content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bangladeshi writer}}<br />
{{infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Selina Hossain<br />
| native_name = সেলিনা হোসেন<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| image = Selina Hossain (2) (cropped).JPG<br />
| caption = Hossain in 2014<br />
<br />
| office = President of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]<br />
| term_start = 3 February 2022<br />
| term_end = 17 October 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Rafiqul Islam (educationist)|Rafiqul Islam]]<br />
| successor = [[Abul Kashem Fazlul Haq]]<br />
<br />
| office1 = Chairperson of [[Bangladesh Shishu Academy]]<br />
| term_start1 = 23 April 2014<br />
| term_end1 = 2018<br />
| predecessor1 = Sheikh Abdul Ahad&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Selina Hossain named Shishu Academy Chairperson|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/04/23/selina-hossain-named-shishu-academy-chairperson|access-date=2022-02-18|website=bdnews24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| successor1 = [[Lucky Enam]]<br />
<br />
| occupation = Novelist, administrator<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|6|14|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Rajshahi]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]<br />
| nationality = Bangladeshi<br />
| alma_mater = [[Rajshahi University]] (MA)<br />
| awards = ''[[#Awards|full list]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''Selina Hossain''' (born 14 June 1947) is a Bangladeshi novelist.&lt;ref name=borguna&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.barguna.gov.bd/site/page/8699ad11-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766|script-title=bn:বিখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব|publisher=Bangladesh National Web Portal |language=bn |access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527230636/http://www.barguna.gov.bd/site/page/8699ad11-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766|archive-date=2017-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=loc&gt;{{cite web|title=Selina Hossain|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/selinahossain.html|publisher=The Library of Congress|access-date=20 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Author Selina Hossain is appointed president of Bangla Academy|url=https://bdnews24.com/arts/2022/02/03/author-selina-hossain-is-appointed-president-of-bangla-academy|access-date=2022-02-18|website=bdnews24.com |last1=Com |first1=Bdnews24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her major works include ''Hangor Nodi Grenade'' (1976) and ''Poka Makorer Ghor Boshoti'' (1996).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/prominent-writer-selina-hossain-and-hasan-azizul-haque-get-doctor-of-literature-from-rajshahi-university-1542808|title=Selina Hossain, Hasan Azizul to get DLitt|date=2018-03-03|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She earned all major national awards – [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] in 1980, [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2009 and [[Independence Day Award]] in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/government-finalised-the-names-16-personalities-nominated-independence-award-2018-1537525|title=16 personalities nominated for Independence Award-2018|date=2018-02-20|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her novels and short stories have been translated into English, Russian, French, Japanese, Korean, Finnish and Malay.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name=songbird&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/selina-hossain-another-year-the-literary-songbird-1239619|title=Selina Hossain Another Year for the Literary Songbird|date=2016-06-15|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She served as the chairperson of [[Bangladesh Shishu Academy]] from 2014 until 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://shishuacademy.gov.bd/selina-hossain/ | script-title=bn:চেয়ারম্যান : সেলিনা হোসেন | access-date=19 July 2016 | language=bn | trans-title=Chairman : Selina Hossain | work=Bangladesh Shishu Academy | date=26 November 2015 | archive-date=2 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802202652/http://shishuacademy.gov.bd/selina-hossain/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Selina served as the president of the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] from 3 February 2022 until her resignation on 17 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bangla Academy Prez Selina resigns|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/495478 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Daily Observer|date=2024-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Hossain was born to A. K. Mosharrof Hossain and Mariamennesa Bakul.&lt;ref name=borguna/&gt; She earned MA degree in Bengali language and literature from [[Rajshahi University]] in 1968.&lt;ref name=borguna/&gt;<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 1994–95, Hossain won a scholarship from the [[Ford Foundation]] for her novel, ''Sandhya Gayatri''.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br />
<br />
Hossain retired as the director of the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]].&lt;ref name=songbird/&gt; She served as a member of the [[National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh]] and the representative of her government to the executive board of [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/tagore-neruda-and-cesaire/networks-and-partners/international-sponsoring-committee/selina-hossain/|title=Selina Hossain |publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|language=en|access-date=2018-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, she was appointed the Chairman of the [[Bangladesh Shishu Academy]].&lt;ref name=songbird/&gt;<br />
<br />
Hossain's novel ''Bhumi O Kusum'' was the first work in Bangla literature to address [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|the enclave issue]].&lt;ref name=songbird/&gt;<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
===Novels===<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|<br />
# ''Josnay Shurjo Jala'' (1973)<br />
# ''Jolochchhas'' (1972)<br />
# ''[[Hangor Nodi Grenade]]'' (1976)<br />
# ''Magna Caitanye Shis'' (1979)<br />
# ''Japito Jibon'' (1981) &lt;ref name=conv&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/conversation-selina-hossain-182329|title=In conversation with Selina Hossain|date=2015-12-05|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
# ''Podoshobdo'' (1982)<br />
# ''Neel Moyurer Joubon'' (1983)<br />
# ''Chand Bene'' (1984)<br />
# ''[[Poka Makorer Ghor Bosoti]]'' (1986) &lt;ref name=loc/&gt;<br />
# ''Nirontor Ghontadhoni'' (1987)<br />
# ''Ksharan'' (1988)<br />
# ''Katatare Projapoti'' (1989)<br />
# ''Khun O Bhalobasha'' (1990)<br />
# ''[[Kalketu and Fullora]]'' (1992)<br />
# ''Bhalobasha Pritilota'' (1992)<br />
# ''Tanaporen'' (1994)<br />
# ''Gayetree Shondha'' (1996)<br />
# ''Dipannita'' (1997)<br />
# ''Joddha'' (1998)<br />
# ''Kaktarua'' (1999)<br />
# ''Lara'' (2000)<br />
# ''Kathkoylar Chhobi'' (2001)<br />
# ''Mohinir Biye'' (2002) <br />
# ''Anobic Andhar'' (2003)<br />
# ''Ghumkature Ishwar'' (2004)<br />
# ''Morger Neelpakhi'' (2005)<br />
# ''Opekkha'' (2007)<br />
# ''Deener Roshite Gittu'' (2007)<br />
# ''Mati O Shossher Bunon'' (2007)<br />
# ''Purno Chobir Mognota'' (2008) &lt;ref name=conv/&gt;<br />
# ''Bhumi O Kushum'' (2010)<br />
# ''Jomuna Nodir Mushayra'' (2011)<br />
# ''Gachhtir Chhaya Nai'' (2012)<br />
# ''Shonali Dumur'' (2012)<br />
# ''August-er Ak Raat'' (2013)<br />
# ''Guerilla O Beerangona'' (2014)<br />
# ''Dinkaler Kathkhor'' (2015)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Stories===<br />
* Utso Theke Nirontor (1969)<br />
* Jolobotee Megher Batash (1975)<br />
* Khol Korotal (1982)<br />
* Porojonmo (1986)<br />
* Manushti (1993)<br />
* Motijaner Meyera (1995)<br />
* Onura Purnima (2008)<br />
* Sokhinar Chondrakola (2008)<br />
* Ekaler Pantaburi (2008)<br />
* Obelar Dinkhon (2009)<br />
* Narir Rupkotha (2009)<br />
* Nunpantar Goragori (2014)<br />
* Mrityur Nilpadma (2015)<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
[[File:Recipients of SAARC Literary Award 2015.JPG|thumb| Selina Hossain with [[Sitakanta Mahapatra]], [[Suman Pokhrel]] and other recipients of SAARC Literary Award - 2015 ]]<br />
* Dr. Muhammad Enamul Huq Gold Medal (1969)<br />
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1980)<br />
* Alaol Literary Award (1981)&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br />
* Kamar Mushtari Memorial Prize (1987)<br />
* Philips Literary Prize (1994)<br />
* Alakta Literary Award (1994)<br />
* Premchand Fellowship of [[Sahitya Akademi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Premchand Fellowship Winners|url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5907|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akademi of India]]|access-date=24 June 2021|language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (2009)<br />
* Rabindra Smriti Puraskar by IIPM. New Delhi (2010)<br />
* Chandrabati Academy Gold Medal (2010)<br />
* International Award for Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) from the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] (2010)<br />
* Surma Choudhury Memorial Award by IIPM New Delhi (2011)<br />
* SAARC Literary Award (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/selina-hossain-wins-saarc-lit-award-64230|title=Selina Hossain wins Saarc Lit Award|date=2015-02-11|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
* [[Independence Day Award]] (2018)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Story}}<br />
{{SAARC Literary Award}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Selina}}<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangla Academy Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Best Story National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]<br />
[[Category:University of Rajshahi alumni]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tansen_(film)&diff=463285Tansen (film)2026-03-03T23:08:58Z<p>MarioStpierre: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1943 Indian Bollywood film directed by Jayant Desai}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Tansen<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = ''Tansen''<br />
| director = [[Jayant Desai]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| writer =<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[K. L. Saigal]]|[[Khursheed Bano]]}}<br />
| music = {{ubl|[[Khemchand Prakash]]|Pandit Indra (lyrics)}}<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor =<br />
| studio = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1943}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Tansen ''''' ([[Hindi]]: तानसेन) is a [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]] Indian [[Hindi film|Hindi language film]] directed by [[Jayant Desai]], featuring [[K. L. Saigal]] and [[Khursheed Bano]] in the lead roles. <br />
<br />
The film was based on [[Tansen]],<ref name=Indiatoday>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Prashant|title=Vivek & Ash won"t team up for Tansen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Vivek+%26+Ash+won%E2%AC%22t+team+up+for+Tansen/1/39732.html|work=[[India Today]] (newspaper)|accessdate=18 June 2018|date=1 May 2009|df=dmy-all|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123512/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Vivek+%26+Ash+won%E2%AC%22t+team+up+for+Tansen/1/39732.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 16th century musician in the court of Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]]. The film featured 13 hit songs, performed by the leads, including "More Balapan Ke Saathi", "Rum Jhum Rum Jhum Chal Tihari", "Kahe Guman Kare Gori", "Bina Pankh Ka Panchhi", "Sapt Suran Teen Gram", "Diya Jalao" and "Baag Laga Doon Sajni".<ref name="NettlArnold2000">{{cite book|last1=Nettl|first1=Bruno|last2=Arnold|first2=Alison|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA525|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|page=525}}</ref> It was the second highest grossing Indian film of 1943.<ref name=Gross>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1943|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=148&catName=MTk0Mw==|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=18 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016213838/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=148&catName=MTk0Mw==|archivedate=16 October 2013}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2009, it was reported that another film based on the life of Tansen would be directed by [[Satish Kaushik]].<ref name=Indiatoday/><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Tansen becomes orphan at a very young age and lives with his paternal uncle. He goes to a music teacher to learn music and returns to his native village after many years of training. In the village, the shepherdess Tani is considered a gifted singer, and Tansen falls in love with her. Tani rescues an elephant and Tansen tames it by his singing. This captures the attention of Raja Ramchandra, of Rewa State. He becomes Tansen's friend. At the same time in [[Agra]], the Mughal emperor Akbar regrets that there is no musician in his ''navratnas''. Akbar sends a few of his workers to the countryside to find the best musician. While his workers are searching, they come across Tansen, who while singing for Tani brings a leafless tree to bloom. The workers are overwhelmed at this and ask Tansen to go to the court of Akbar along with them. Tansen refuses at first by saying that he will sing for no one other than his sweetheart Tani. After repeated persuasions, he finally agrees to go to Agra where he enthralls Akbar by his singing. Akbar appoints him as one of his ''navratnas''. The other musicians in the royal court see this move as a threat to their reputation and status in the court.<br />
<br />
On Akbar's birthday, Tani goes to Agra to meet Tansen and in order to meet her, Tansen refuses to sing on the king's birthday. Upon meeting Tani, Akbar tells her that Tansen is married and asks her to leave. He does so thinking that a broken heart will inspire even better music from Tansen. When Akbar later asks Tansen to sing, he refuses to do so saying that he would accept even the death penalty, but would not sing. One of the court musicians, Zehen Khan tells Akbar and his sick princess that the Deepak [[raga|raag]] has the magic of igniting things. Akbar asks Tansen to sing the Deepak raag, but again he refuses. Finally, on repeated persuasions by the sick princess, Tansen agrees to sing. Tansen ignites the candles placed near him when he is singing. He continues singing in extreme heat and gets badly burnt. When Akbar learns from Azam Khan (the court physician) that Zehen Khan and the other court musicians were plotting against Tansen, he orders the arrest of them all. Meanwhile, Tansen's condition worsens. [[Birbal]], the court philosopher suggests to Akbar that a singer who can sing the Malhar raag (known for bringing heavy rain) should be searched for. Akbar himself searches for such a singer, but is unable to find one. The dying Tansen wishes to meet his friend Raja Ramchandra. Along the way to his village, Tansen meets Tani near a fountain and she heals him by singing the Megh Malhar raag.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[K. L. Saigal]] as [[Tansen]]<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name="Patel2012"/><br />
* [[Khursheed Bano|Khurshid]] as Tani<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA28|year=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9|page=28}}</ref><ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name="Patel2012"/><br />
* Mubarak as Emperor [[Akbar]]<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/tansen|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2021|access-date=24 January 2025|title=Tansen (1943 film)|website=Cinemaazi.com website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207223752/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/tansen}}</ref><ref name="Patel2012"/><br />
* Nagendra as [[Birbal]]<br />
* Kamla Chatterji as Shehzadi (Akbar's daughter)<ref name="Johri2010">{{cite book|author=Meera Johri|title=Greatness of Spirit: Profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award Winners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1iegDJAYakC&pg=PA43|year=2010|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|isbn=978-81-7028-858-9|page=43}}</ref><ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* Bhagwandas<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* Kesari<ref name="Patel2012"/><br />
<br />
== Production==<br />
The film was produced under the banner of Ranjit Movietone and directed by Jayant Desai,<ref name="Patel2012"/> who went on to direct another historical film in 1945, based on the life of the Mauryan ruler [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. [[Kundan Lal Saigal]] was under a contract for the film company New Theaters and Jayant Desai had borrowed him for playing the lead role in the film. During the opening of the film, Jayant Desai declared that the film was a love story between Tansen and the shepherdess Tani. Also in the beginning, Saigal himself spoke about the music maestro Tansen.<ref name="Patel2012">{{cite book|author=Bhaichand Patel|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (K. L. Saigal)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA14|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|page=14}}</ref> Munshi Dil had written the dialogues of the film.<ref name="Hansen2013">{{cite book|author=Kathryn Hansen|title=Stages of Life: Indian Theatre Autobiographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7JEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338|date=2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-068-7|page=338}}</ref> The film was released during the period when the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] was demanding the creation of a separate state for Muslims. The film's portrayal of the Mughal era was seen as "affirming the place of the Muslim in India rather than interpreting history."<ref name="BhattacharjeeThomas2013">{{cite book|author1=Sukalpa Bhattacharjee|author2=C Joshua Thomas|title=Society, Representation and Textuality: The Critical Interface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQT-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1332-4|page=165}}</ref> The film has also been categorised as one of the films in which the "Muslims were portrayed in terms of exotic otherness."<ref name="Kavoori">{{cite book|author=Aswin Punathambekar, Anandam P. Kavoori|title=Global Bollywood|date=August 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&pg=PA135|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-2944-1|page=135}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music for the film was composed by [[Khemchand Prakash]].<ref name="Patel2012"/><ref name=IndianCine/> The lyricists were Pandit Indra and [[D. N. Madhok]].<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=IndianCine>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/DXM/info|title=Tansen (1943 film)|website=Indiancine.ma website |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> The lead actor Kundan Lal Saigal had also sung some of the film's songs. Khemchand Prakash composed all the songs based on classical music and based them on the [[Dhrupad]] genre. Saigal had sung the song "Diya Jalao" in the Deepak [[raga|raag]],<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{cite book|author=Samir Bhattacharya|title=NOTHING BUT!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTlcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA567|date=2013|publisher=Author Solutions|isbn=978-1-4828-1476-7|page=567}}</ref> <br />
<br />
"Kahe Gumaan Kare Re Gori" in Gaara raag and "Baag Laga Dun Sajani" in the Megh Malhar raag. In a radio programme, famous composer [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] credited Khamchand Prakash for sticking to historical perspective and musical traditions by making [[K.L. Saigal]] sing the song 'Sapt Suran Teen Gram' in the [[Dhrupad]] style, instead of the [[Khayal]] genre, which was done in other films on [[Tansen]], as he knew well that during the life and times of Tansen, the [[Khayal]] genre did not exist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEtjqtvFAVc&list=PLduXREgbUJjho3PJkvcklhyE3CuNSWr79&index=14|title=Anil Biswas remembers Khemchand Prakash|date=25 August 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Prakash had used a piano for the music of the film. This was considered a minor flaw in a period film. The song "Mohe Panghat Pe Nandlal Chedd Gayo Re" composed by the musician [[Naushad]] for the film Mughal-e-Azaam was inspired by the song ''Kahe Gumaan Kare Re Gori''.<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA26|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|page=26}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
!Raga<br />
|-<br />
|"Ghata Ghanaghor Ghor"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Khursheed Bano<br />
|[[Megh Malhar]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Aao Gori Aao Shyama"<br />
|Khursheed Bano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Kahe Guman Kare Re Gori"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Rumajhum Rumajhum Chaal Tihaari"<br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|[[Shankara (raga)]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Baag Laga Dun Sajani"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"More Balpan Ke Sathi Chhaila Bhul Jaio Na"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal, Khursheed Bano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Sapt Suran Tin Graam Gaavo Sab Gunijan"<br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|[[Yaman (raga)|Darbari Kanada]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Ho Dukhiya Jiyara Rote Naina"<br />
|Khursheed Bano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Ab Raja Baye More Balam"<br />
|Khursheed Bano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Binaa Pankh Panchhi Hun Main"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Diya Jalao Jag Mag"<br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Din Soona Sooraj Bina"<br />
|Kundan Lal Saigal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Baraso Re"<ref name=IndianCine/><br />
|Khursheed Bano<br />
|[[Megh Malhar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Tansen (film)}}<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|tansen<!-- id# 503904 -->}}<br />
* [https://indiancine.ma/DXM/info Tansen (1943)] on indiancine.ma<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fz-OYneJZn8 Tansen (1943)] on YouTube<br />
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1b90ax_tansen-1943-full-movie-k-l-saigal-khurshid-mubarak_shortfilms Tansen (1943)] on Dailymotion<br />
<br />
[[Category:1943 films]]<br />
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]<br />
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Khemchand Prakash]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tansen]]<br />
[[Category:1940s biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Jayant Desai]]<br />
[[Category:1940s historical films]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loitongba&diff=513434Loitongba2026-02-26T18:17:18Z<p>MarioStpierre: new</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Loitongba<br />
| full name = Meidingu Loitongba<br />
| title = Meitei Ningthou<br />
| image = "Loitongba", a ruler of the Manipur Kingdom, in Meitei Mayek.jpg<br />
| reign-type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| caption = "Loitongba" in Meitei Mayek.<br />
| reign = 1122 CE - 1149 CE<br />
| coronation = 1122 CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Loiyumba]]<br />
| successor = [[Atom Yoiremba]]<br />
| house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]<br />
| house-type = <br />
| father = [[Loiyumba]]<br />
| mother = Sum-Leima<br />
| issue = [[Atom Yoiremba]], [[Hemtou Iwanthaba]]<br />
| occupation = Monarch of [[Kangleipak Kingdom]]<br />
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]<br />
| era name = [[Medieval Manipur]]<br />
| era dates = 1122 CE – 1149 CE (2220 [[Meitei calendar|MF]] – 2247 [[Meitei calendar|MF]])<br />
}}<br />
'''Meidingu Loitongba''' ({{Langx|omp|Meitingu Loitongpa}}) was a Meitei king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Manipur]] from 1122 CE to 1149 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=1149|title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais|last=Tensuba|first=Keerti Chand|date=1993|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn=978-81-210-0308-7|language=en}}</ref> He succeeded his father [[Loiyumba]] in 1122 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Loitongba|title=A Short History of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. K. Jhalajit|date=1992|publisher=R.K. Jhalajit Singh|language=en}}</ref> He was inside his mother's womb when his father ascended the throne in 1073 CE.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He is also a player of Meitei traditional games and is often called a religious lover of the game [[Kang Sannaba]]. Other sources say that he is the one who invented the game,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ&q=Kang+Loitongba|title=Manipur, a Tourist Paradise|last=Singh|first=E. Ishwarjit|date=2005|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-506-9|language=en}}</ref> while others say that he was a talented player who popularised the game at his period.<ref name="kangsanaba2">[https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html The Manipur Page: Traditional Games and Culture]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=LAIBA|first=DR MANGANCHA THOUDAM|date=2021-02-06|title=What Meitei Myths and Legends say of Lainingthou Thangching Koylellai the Reigning Deity of the Thangching Ranges » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/what-meitei-myths-and-legends-say-of-lainingthou-thangching-koylellai-the-reigning-deity-of-the-thangching-ranges/|access-date=2025-05-19|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
[[File:ꯀꯥꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄ.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%20%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%84.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Kang Sannaba]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke&diff=477929Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke2026-02-24T16:43:59Z<p>MarioStpierre: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British historian (1953–2012)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke<br />
| image = Goodrick-Clarke.jpg<br />
| caption = Goodrick-Clarke in his office<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1953|01|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], [[Lincolnshire]], United Kingdom<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|8|29|1953|01|15}}<br />
| occupation = Historian, professor, translator<br />
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[University of Bristol]] (B.A.)<br />
* [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]] (D.Phil.)<br />
}}<br />
| thesis_title = The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935: Reactionary Political Fantasy in Relation to Social Anxiety<br />
| thesis_year = 1982<br />
| main_interests = [[Western esotericism]], [[occultism in Nazism]]<br />
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]]'' (1985)|''[[Hitler's Priestess]]'' (1998)|''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]'' (2002)}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Clare Badham|1985}}<br />
| death_place = [[Torquay]], United Kingdom<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke''' (15 January 1953{{spaced ndash}}29 August 2012) was a British historian and professor of [[Academic study of Western esotericism|Western esotericism]] at the [[University of Exeter]], best known for his authorship of several scholarly books on the history of [[occultism in Nazism]] and [[Western esotericism]], including ''[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]]'', ''[[Hitler's Priestess]]'', and ''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]''. <br />
<br />
He edited and translated several other books, and edited two academic book series on religion and esotericism. Goodrick-Clarke was the founder and director of the Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), and the co-founder of the [[European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke was born in [[Lincoln, England]], on 15 January 1953, to David and Phyllis Goodrick-Clarke ({{Nee|Gilbert}}).<ref name="ThomsonGale2003">{{Cite book |title=Contemporary Authors New Revision Series: Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Nonfiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, and Other Fields |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7876-5195-4 |editor-last=Peacock |editor-first=Scot |volume=115 |location=Detroit |pages=173–175 |language=en |chapter=Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, 1953–}}</ref><ref name="DailyTelegraph1985">{{Cite news |date=1985-01-18 |title=Dr. N. Goodrick-Clarke and Miss C. R. Badham |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-dr-n-goodrick-clar/183639563/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |page=12 |language=en-GB |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |issue=40304 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1953-01-16 |title=Births |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-births/183639935/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |issue=30431 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> His father was a lawyer.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /> Nicholas was the pair's only son,<ref name="DailyTelegraph1985" /> though his father had another son, Andrew.<ref name="TheDailyTelegraph1989">{{Cite news |date=1989-05-09 |title=Goodrick-Clarke |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-goodrick-clarke/183649010/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |page=18 |language=en-US |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |issue=41639 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Goodrick-Clarke was an [[exhibition (scholarship)|Open Exhibitioner]] at [[Lancing College]].<ref name="TheTimes2012">{{Cite news |date=2012-10-11 |title=Obituary: Professor Nicholas Goodrick Clarke |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article3564351.ece |access-date=2013-02-24 |work=[[The Times]] |place=London |page=54 |language=en-GB |issue=70701 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> He studied German, politics, and philosophy at the [[University of Bristol]], and gained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] with distinction in 1974.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="TheTimes2012" /> Moving to [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]], Goodrick-Clarke obtained a [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] in 1983.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="McIntosh2013">{{Cite journal |last=McIntosh |first=Christopher |date=February 2013 |title=In Memoriam: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1953–2012) |journal=[[Aries (journal)|Aries]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=169–171 |doi=10.1163/15700593-013010015 |issn=1567-9896 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
During his education he worked as a schoolmaster, first in [[Perth, Scotland]] from 1978 to 1980, before moving to [[Schelklingen]] in [[West Germany]] until 1981, and at [[Cambridge]] until 1982. From 1982 to 1985, he was the manager of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] in London. He also worked on a fundraiser for the [[Campaign for Oxford]].<ref name="TheTimes2012" /><ref name="McIntosh2013" /> He was made a [[visiting scholar]] at [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]] in Cambridge in 1982.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /> <br />
<br />
In 1987, he was involved in the investigation of Austrian president [[Kurt Waldheim]] for war crimes. With two other researchers he visited Germany, and was told to investigate Waldheim's ties to the Nazis; he acted as an interpreter, interviewer, and researcher for the investigation.<ref name="Saltman1988">{{Cite book |last=Saltman |first=Jack |title=Kurt Waldheim: A Case to Answer? |publisher=[[Robson Books]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-86051-516-6 |location=London |pages=72, 116, 118–119, 135, 146, 151, 187 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the director of IKON Productions starting in 1988.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /> In 1992, he became the vice chairman of [[Keston College]], and convinced the college to move to Oxford.<ref name="JournalofContemporaryReligion2004" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bourdeaux |first=Michael |title=One Word of Truth: The Cold War Memoir of Michael Bourdeaux and Keston College |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-232-53414-6 |location=London |pages=254–255}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2002, he was appointed a Research Fellow in Western Esotericism at the [[University of Lampeter]].<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="TheTimes2012" /><ref name="JournalofContemporaryReligion2004">{{Cite journal |date=October 2004 |title=Helena Blavatsky |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]] |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=410 |doi=10.1080/1353790042000302560 |issn=1469-9419}}</ref> In 2005 he was appointed to a personal chair of [[western esotericism]] in the Department of History at [[Exeter University]]. It was the third university to create a chair dedicated to esotericism.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Magee2016" /> <br />
<br />
Goodrick-Clarke was the founder and director of the Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO) within the College of Humanities at Exeter.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> He was a co-founder of the [[European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism]] (ESSWE), the founder of the Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), and was a founding member of the American Association for the Study of Esotericism.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> He edited Aquarian Press's ''Essential Readings'' anthology series on religion and esotericism from 1986 on.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> He also edited for [[North Atlantic Books]] their ''Western Esoteric Masters'' series, which gives biographies on central esoteric figures and anthologies of their writings.<ref name="TheTimes2012" /><ref name="JournalofContemporaryReligion2004" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> <br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
Goodrick-Clarke described his research interests as "globalization of esotericism in modernity; Paracelsica; [[Rosicrucianism]]; [[Hermeticism]], pietism and alchemy in the Enlightenment era; esotericism and modern political ideology; [[conspiracy theory]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/goodrick-clarke/research/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527035300/http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/goodrick-clarke/research/ |archive-date=2012-05-27 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[University of Exeter]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> His 1982 Oxford Ph.D. dissertation, ''The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935: Reactionary Political Fantasy in Relation to Social Anxiety'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=The BRITS Index: An Index to the British Theses Collections, 1971–1987 Held at the British Document Supply Centre and London University |publisher=British Theses Service |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-576-40018-3 |location=Godstone |page=53 |language=en-GB}}</ref> was the basis for his most influential work, ''[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]]''.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Hedesan2021">{{Cite book |last=Hedesan |first=Georgiana D. |title=Innovation in Esotericism from the Renaissance to the Present |last2=Rudbøg |first2=Tim |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-67906-4 |location=Cham |pages=Dedication, xiii–xiv, 256 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic) |date=1998 |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Occult Neo-Nazism |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |doi=10.1525/nr.1998.2.1.148 |issn=1092-6690}}</ref> <br />
<br />
This book is about the connections between [[Nazism and occultism]]. Goodrick-Clarke wrote that he found the previous discussion of the connection to be "a literature rich in mystery and suggestion, but short on facts and hard evidence", but that after looking into it he found "there was a hard kernel of truth" to the connection, the improbable accounts disregarded, once he had done historical research.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /> ''The Occult Roots of Nazism'' has been translated into twelve languages and has been in print since its first publication in 1985.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><br />
<br />
He wrote a 1987 work on Welsh mystic [[Arthur Machen]].<ref name="McIntosh2013" /> In 1998, Goodrick-Clarke wrote a biography of the fascist writer and [[esoteric Hitlerist]] [[Savitri Devi]], titled ''[[Hitler's Priestess]]''.<ref name="Hedesan2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arvidsson |first1=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Arvidsson |date=2001 |title=Review of Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism |journal=[[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]] |language=en-US |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=393–396 |doi=10.1086/463653 |issn=0018-2710 |jstor=3176376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic) |date=1998 |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Occult Neo-Nazism |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |doi=10.1525/nr.1998.2.1.148 |issn=1092-6690}}</ref> He wrote another book as a follow-up to ''The Occult Roots of Nazism'', [[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|''Black Sun'']], published in 2002, focusing on modern occult kinds of [[neo-Nazism]].<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="Whaley2004">{{Cite journal |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |author-link=Joachim Whaley |date=2004-12-01 |title=Book Review: Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity |journal=[[Journal of European Studies]] |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=373–375 |doi=10.1177/004724410403400418 |issn=0047-2441}}</ref> His final book, ''[[The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction]]'', was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drury |first=Nevill |author-link=Nevill Drury |date=2010 |title=The Western Esoteric Traditions by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: |journal=Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=72–75 |doi=10.5840/asrr20101134 |issn=1946-0538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Methuen |first1=Charlotte |date=2010 |title=Review of The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction |journal=[[The Journal of Theological Studies]] |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=420–422 |issn=0022-5185 |jstor=43665107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Churton |first=Tobias |author-link=Tobias Churton |date=2011 |title=Review of The Western Esoteric Traditions—A Historical Introduction |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.1525/nr.2011.15.1.130 |issn=1092-6690 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2011.15.1.130}}</ref> He also contributed several chapters to academic edited volumes and encyclopedias.<ref name="Hedesan2021" /><br />
<br />
Goodrick-Clarke edited several books.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> In 1990, he edited and translated the book ''Paracelsus: Essential Readings'', a collection of the writings of the alchemist [[Paracelsus]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Pamela H. |author-link=Pamela H. Smith |date=1994 |title=Paracelsus as Emblem |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=314–322 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44444371}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shackelford |first1=Jole |date=1992 |title=Review of Essential Readings, Paracelsus |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |language=en |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=494–494 |issn=0021-1753 |jstor=233939}}</ref> which was later reissued as part of the ''Western Esoteric Masters'' series.<ref name="Hedesan2021" /> In 2005 he edited a collection on [[Helena Blavatsky]] titled ''Helena Blavatsky'', also part of the ''Western Esoteric Masters'' series.<ref name="TheTimes2012" /><ref name="JournalofContemporaryReligion2004" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /> He and his wife co-edited and prefaced the book ''G.R.S. Mead and the Gnostic Quest'' in 2005, about Theosophist [[G. R. S. Mead]].<ref name="Hedesan2021" /> Goodrick-Clarke also translated several books, including in 2002 ''Emanuel Swedenborg: Visionary Savant in the Age of Reason'' by Ernst Benz and ''Western Esotericism: A Brief History of Secret Knowledge'' by [[Kocku von Stuckrad]] in 2005.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><ref name="Hedesan2021" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Outside of his studies, Goodrick-Clarke had an interest in photography and [[steam trains]].<ref name="TheTimes2012" /> He was involved in a society that read papers on esoteric subjects. As the members were unable to come up with a better name, the group was simply called "The Society". Other members of The Society included Clare Badham, [[Gerald Suster]], and [[Ellic Howe]].<ref name="McIntosh2013" /> He was fluent in German.<ref name="Saltman1988" /><br />
<br />
Goodrick-Clarke married Clare Radene Badham, a scholar of English literature and publisher, on 11 May 1985.<ref name="ThomsonGale2003" /><ref name="DailyTelegraph1985" /><ref name="McIntosh2013" /> With her he ran a publishing house. She has also written several books on esoteric and alchemical topics, and was also a member of EXESESO. They had a [[Wedding anniversary|silver wedding]] in 2010.<ref name="McIntosh2013" /><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy ==<br />
Goodrick-Clarke died on 29 August 2012, in [[Torquay]], of [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="TheTimes2012" /><ref name="McIntosh2013" /> Following his death, the university decided to close EXESESO.<ref name="Magee2016">{{Cite book |last=Magee |first=Glenn Alexander |author-link=Glenn Alexander Magee |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Western Mysticism and Esotericism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-316-67935-7 |page=xiv |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 2021 academic book ''Innovation in Esotericism from the Renaissance to the Presen''t, edited by Georgiana D. Hedesan and Tim Rudbøg, was dedicated to him. The editors describe him as "one of the foremost pioneering scholars of the academic study of Western Esotericism".<ref name="Hedesan2021" /> <br />
<br />
In 2021, Christian Giudice described ''The Occult Roots of Nazism'' as Goodrick-Clarke's "magnum opus", and as a "ground-breaking work" that decades later "stood the test of time, and it is still today considered as one of the most important works on the topic".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giudice |first=Christian |title=Occult Imperium: Arturo Reghini, Roman Traditionalism, and the Anti-Modern Reaction in Fascist Italy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-761024-4 |location=New York |pages=121–122 |language=en|title-link=Occult Imperium}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
=== Authored ===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |author-mask=2 |title=The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935 |title-link=The Occult Roots of Nazism |year=1985 |publisher=Aquarian Press |location= Wellingborough |isbn=0-85030-402-4 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |author-mask=2 |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism |title-link=Hitler's Priestess |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=0-8147-3110-4 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |author-mask=2 |title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity |title-link=Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book) |year=2002 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=0-8147-3124-4 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-532099-2 |language=en |author-mask=2}}<br />
<br />
=== Edited ===<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Goodrick-Clarke |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |editor-mask=2 |title=Paracelsus: Essential Readings |year=1990 |publisher=Crucible |location=Wellingborough |isbn=1-85274-066-3 |language=en}}<br />
** {{Cite book |editor-last=Goodrick-Clarke |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |editor-mask=2 |title=Paracelsus: Essential Readings |year=1999 |publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=1-55643-316-6 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Goodrick-Clarke |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |editor-mask=2 |title=Helena Blavatsky |year=2004 |publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=1-55643-457-X |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Goodrick-Clarke |editor-first1=Clare |editor-last2=Goodrick-Clarke |editor-first2=Nicholas |editor-link2=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |editor-mask2=2 |title=G.R.S. Mead and the Gnostic Quest |year=2005 |publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=1-55643-572-X |language=en}}<br />
=== Translations ===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Groll |first=Ursula |translator-last=Goodrick-Clarke |translator-first=Nicholas |translator-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |translator-mask=2 |title=Swedenborg and New Paradigm Science |year=2000 |publisher=Swedenborg Foundation Publishers |location=West Chesters |isbn=0-87785-643-5 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Benz |first=Ernst |translator-last=Goodrick-Clarke |translator-first=Nicholas |translator-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |translator-mask=2 |title=Emanuel Swedenborg: Visionary Savant in the Age of Reason |date=2002 |publisher=Swedenborg Foundation |location= West Chester |others=Introduction by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |isbn=0-87785-623-0 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Hakl |first=Hans Thomas |author-link=Hans Thomas Hakl |translator-last=Goodrick-Clarke |translator-first=Nicholas |translator-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |translator-mask=2 |title=Unknown Sources: National Socialism and the Occult |date=2005 |publisher=Holmes Publishing |location=Sequim |isbn=1-55818-470-8 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=von Stuckrad |first=Kocku |author-link=Kocku von Stuckrad |translator-last=Goodrick-Clarke |translator-first=Nicholas |translator-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |translator-mask=2 |title=Western Esotericism: A Brief History of Secret Knowledge |publisher=[[Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)|Equinox Publishing]] |year=2005 |isbn=1-84553-033-0 |location=Sheffield |language=en |others=Introduction by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230409010708/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/exeseso/staff.php EXESESO (Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism)]<br />
* {{imdb name|2657796}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas}}<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:2012 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century British historians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century British historians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century British translators]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century British translators]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the University of Exeter]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in England]]<br />
[[Category:German–English translators]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Lancing College]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lincoln, England]]<br />
[[Category:Western esotericism scholars]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damodar_Rao_of_Jhansi&diff=467696Damodar Rao of Jhansi2026-02-21T20:48:28Z<p>MarioStpierre: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Damodar Raao}}<br />
{{redirect|Anand Rao|the cricketer|Anand Rao (cricketer)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]] (disputed)<br />
| reign = 1857<br />
| regent = [[Rani Lakshmibai]] (adoptive mother)<br />
| name = Prince of Jhansi Shrimant Damodar Rao Newalkar<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = adopted son of Rani Jhansi<br />
| spouses = {{plainlist|<br />
* Lady Shivre<br />
* (personal name unknown)<br />
}}<br />
| issue =[[Lakhsman Rao Jhansiwale]]<br />
| birth_name = Anand Rao <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1849|11|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1906|5|28|1849|11|15|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Indore State]], [[British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day Indore, [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Damodar Rao''' (born as Anand Rao) (15 November 1849 – 28 May 1906) was the adopted son of [[Gangadhar Rao|Maharaja Gangadhar Rao]] and [[Rani Laxmibai]] of [[Jhansi State]].<br />
<br />
Born as Anand Rao to Vasudev Rao Newalkar in 15 November 1849 Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra. Vasudev Rao a cousin of Raja Gangadhar Rao, he was adopted by the maharaja after his own son died. The adoption of Anand Rao, who was renamed Damodar Rao, occurred on the day before the Maharaja died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja instructing that the child be treated with respect and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in 21 November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao) was adopted, the [[British East India Company]], under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. When she was informed of this, Rani Laxmibai cried out "I shall not surrender my Jhansi" ({{Transliteration|hi|"mai apni Jhansi kabhi nahi doongi"}}). In March 1854, Rani Laxmibai was given an annual pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and the fort.<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books, pp. 113–14</ref><ref>N.B. Rao only means "prince"; the maharaja was Gangadhar Newalkar of the Newalkar clan.</ref><br />
<br />
However, actions by mutineers at Jhansi and the failure of negotiations between the Rani and the Company resulted in Jhansi State reasserting its independence. Eventually, Company forces laid siege to the city of Jhansi and after determined resistance, they breached its defences. Rani Laxmibai evaded capture, according to tradition, with Damodar Rao on her back jumping on her horse, Sarangi from the fort. They survived but the horse died. More probably she escaped in the night with her son, surrounded by guards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.remarkableindia.com/jhansi.php|title=Jhansi|publisher=Remarkable India|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010073528/http://remarkableindia.com/jhansi.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jerosch">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N-KpcaLP8VgC Rani of Jhansi, Rebel against will]'' by Rainer Jerosch, published by Aakar Books 2007; chapters 5 and 6</ref><br />
[[File:The place from where Rani Lakshmibai jumped.jpg|thumb|The point from where Rani Lakshmibai jumped with her horse, Sarangi and young Damodar Rao, according to legend, marked at [[Jhansi Fort]].]]<br />
<br />
After the death of Rani Lakshmibai at Kotah ki Sarai in Gwalior on 17 June 1858, he survived that battle and, lived with his mentors in the jungle, in dire poverty. According to a memoir purported to be by Damodar Rao, he was among his mother's troops and household at the battle of Gwalior, together with others who had survived the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22 horses), he fled from the camp of Rao Sahib of Bithur and as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them for fear of reprisals from the British they were forced to live in the forest and suffer many privations.<ref>The whole memoir was published in Marathi in Kelkar, Y. N. (1959) ''Itihasachya Sahali'' ("Voyages in History").</ref> He had taken asylum in [[Jhalrapatan]] when due to the help of some old confidants, he met Raja Pratapsinh of Jhalarpatan. An old confidant, Nanekhan impressed upon the local British political officer, Flink to forgive young Damodar. He was sent to [[Indore]] after he surrendered to the British. Here, Sir Richard Shakespeare, the local political agent, placed him under the guardianship of a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] teacher, called Munshi Dharmanarayan, to teach Damodar – [[Urdu]], English and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. He was allowed to keep only 7 followers (all others had to leave) and was allotted an annual pension of Rs. 10,000.<ref name=c>{{Cite web|url=https://cbkwgl.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/the-fate-of-damodar-rao-the-son-of-rani-lakshmi-bai-of-jhansi-after-the-war/|title=The fate of Damodar Rao, the Son of Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi after the war|date=23 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
He settled down at Indore, where British provided him house in Residency and was paid a pension of Rs. 400/- by British. His first wife died shortly afterwards and he was married again into Shivre family.<ref name=p>{{cite news |title=‘मर्दानी’ के वंशज जी रहे गुमनाम जीवन, क्या आप जानते हैं…सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर है उनकी छठी पीढ़ी {{!}} Descendants of Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmi Baai, Jhansi wale |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/descendants-of-jhansi-ki-rani-lakshmi-baai-jhansi-wale-7810453 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=Patrika News |agency=Patrika Bhopal |date=8 October 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=db>{{cite news |title=सिंधिया के नमन पर लक्ष्मीबाई के वंशजों का दर्द:कहा- हमें तो झांसी के किले पर भी टिकट लेकर जाना पड़ता है; रानी की संपत्ति मांगने पर भी नहीं मिली |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/gwalior/news/we-have-to-buy-tickets-even-at-jhansi-fort-we-have-to-remain-anonymous-129267383.html |access-date=12 March 2025 |agency=DIVYA BHASKAR}}</ref> In 1904, he had a son named Lakshman Rao.<ref name=c/> Later, after end of the [[Company rule in India]], he also petitioned [[British Raj]] for recognition but was refused to be recognised as legal heir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jhansi.html |title=JHANSI |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710033312/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jhansi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=t>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jhansi-honours-its-Ranis-descendents/articleshow/50346778.cms|title=Jhansi honours its Rani's descendents &#124; Lucknow News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Damodar Rao was an avid photographer by passion.<ref name=t/> He died on 28 May 1906 survived by his son [[Lakhsman Rao Jhansiwale|Lakhsman Rao]].<ref name=c/><ref name=t/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:1849 births]]<br />
[[Category:1906 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]<br />
[[Category:People from Indore]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Jhansi]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firozabad_district&diff=461992Firozabad district2026-02-11T04:26:45Z<p>MarioStpierre: fix information as per guidelines after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Firozabad}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chandr Nagar district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name =<br />
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Firozabad.svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Firozabad district in Uttar Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1518|N|78.4016|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coor_pinpoint = Chandr Nagar<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Agra division|Agra]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date =<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Firozabad]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 =<br />
| area_total_km2 = 2,407<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| population_as_of = 2023<br />
| population_total = 3,472,437<ref>As per UIDAI data in 2023</ref><br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| population_urban =<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 74.6%.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 =<br />
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Dr. Ujjwal Kumar (IAS)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://firozabad.nic.in/about-district/dm-profile/ |title=DM Profile &#124; District Firozabad, Government of Uttar Pradesh &#124; India}}</ref><br />
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]<br />
| leader_title2 =<br />
| leader_name2 =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate =<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]<br />
| blank_name_sec2 =<br />
| blank_info_sec2 =<br />
| website = http://firozabad.nic.in/<br />
| image_skyline = Firozabad UP 2.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Jain temple in [[Firozabad]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Firozabad district''' ({{IPA|hns|fɪɾoːzaːbaːd̪}}) is one of the western [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which has [[Firozabad]] city as its district headquarters. Administratively, the district is a part of the [[Agra division]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The city lies in the cultural region of [[Braj]] and was a part of the [[Surasena]] [[Mahajanapada]] of Aheers during the [[Vedic Age]]. It was subsequently ruled by larger kingdoms like the Mauryas, Guptas, Scythians, Kushans, and Indo-Greeks before falling into the hands of local [[Rajput]], [[Ahir]] and [[Jat]] rulers. The Bhadoria Rajputs from Agra, Jats of Bharatpur and Aheers of Gundhau and Dheerpura have ruled the city for some time.<br />
It was named after Firoz Shah Mansab Dar in 1566 during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. The 1596 gazetteer of Agra and Mathura records that Firozabad was upgraded to a [[Pargana]] then given to Nabab Sadulla as a [[jagir]] during the reign of [[Shah jahan]] (r. 1627–1658). Mr. Peter, a businessman connected with the [[East India Company]], visited the town on 9&nbsp;August 1632 and found it in good condition. [[Etawah]], [[Budaun]], [[Mainpuri]] and Firozabad were all first class mansabdars of the emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] (r. 1713–1719). The estate of [[Rajput clans]] the [[Labhowa]] [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] Hindu Rajas were subdued during the Mughal sultanate which captured many regions in the United Provinces, and by 1680 the Rajas of Labhowa lost control of Firozabad district. As written by British historian Matthew Atmore in his book ''Hindu Tribes and Castes'', [[Jadaun]] [[Rajputs]] are here in huge numbers and other cities of [[Firozabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthew Atmore Sherring |url=http://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes |date=1872 |publisher=Trubner and co.; [etc ., etc.] |others=Oxford University |pages=222–223 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bajirao [[Peshwa]] captured Firozabad and Etmadpur in 1737 in the regime of [[Mohammad Shah]]. [[Jat]] Rulers from Mahawan attacked Faujdar Hakim Kajim at Firozabad where they killed him on 9&nbsp;May 1739, then went on to rule Firozabad for 30 years. Firozabad was also part of Bharatpur Kingdom. Gajuddin, Hidayat Vaksh (son of [[Alamgir II]]), his nephew, and Mirza Baba, his son in law, looted Firozabad. Mirza Nabab Khan stayed here until 1782. At the end of 18th century Firozabad was ruled by Himmat Bahadur Gusain with the cooperation of the Raja of Labhowa.<br />
<br />
The French Army Chief Marathas D. Wayan established an ordnance factory in Firozabad in November 1794, an event that Thomas Traving mentions in his book ''Travels in India''. Marathas appointed his subadar Lakwadads here who built a fort near the old [[tehsil]]. General Lek and General Vellajally attacked Firozabad in 1802. At the beginning of the [[British India|British regime]] Firozabad was in the [[Etawah district]] and later attached to the [[Aligarh district]]. When [[Sadabad district]] was created in 1832, Firozabad was made a part of it then later in 1833 the town came under the aegis of [[Agra district]]. In 1847 the ''lakh'' business flourished in Firozabad.{{Clarify|date=May 2011}}<br />
<br />
In 1857, the freedom-fighting Chauhans and Aheers of Mainpuri, the Aheers Jamidar, Zamindaar of Chandwar and the local Malahs all took active parts in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]. Noted [[Urdu]] poet Munir Shikohabadi was sentenced to [[Kala pani (taboo)|Kala pani]] by the ruling East India Company. People from this city took part in the [[Khilafat Movement]], the [[Quit India Movement]] and the [[Dandi March]] with some participants jailed. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Firozabad 1929 followed by Semant Gandhi in 1935, Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1937 and Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1940.<br />
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Firozabad district was established on February&nbsp;4, 1989 by an executive order passed by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Previously, the areas had been part of [[Agra district]] and [[Mainpuri district]].<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=520466|13=1911|14=501357|15=1921|16=464114|17=1931|18=487700|19=1941|20=580115|21=1951|22=6,66,941|23=1961|24=8,21,189|25=1971|26=10,34,964|27=1981|28=12,79,726|29=1991|30=15,55,685|31=2001|32=20,81,752|33=2011|34=24,98,156|35=2021|36=2,959,000|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Firozabad district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|12.60}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]]|pink|0.76}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.95}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Firozabad district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,498,156,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Firozabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |author=US Directorate of Intelligence |title=Country Comparison:Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |access-date=2011-10-01 |quote=Kuwait 2,595,62 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226212024/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=Nevada 2,700,551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 173rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1044 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.62%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Firozabad has a [[sex ratio]] of 867 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 74.6%. 33.35% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 18.97% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = Languages of Firozabad district (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
| label1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| value1 = 97.03<br />
| color1 = Orange<br />
| label2 = [[Urdu]]<br />
| value2 = 2.6<br />
| color2 = green<br />
| label3 = Others<br />
| value3 = 0.37<br />
| color3 = Grey<br />
| thumb = left<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 97% spoke [[Hindi]] as their first language and 2.6% [[Urdu]] as their first language. The local language of the district is [[Brajbhasha]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Firozabad is a primarily rural district, with 66.6% of the population living in rural areas and 33.4% living in urban areas as of 2011.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 26 --> At the sub-district level, this is reversed in the case of Firozabad tehsil, where 63.2% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|26}}<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The city is home to popular Hindu temples, mainly Vaishno Devi Dham, Kela Devi Temple, and Gopal Ashram (Hanuman Temple). There are many [[Jain]] temples in Firozabad including the well-known Chadamilal Jain temple, Shri Shuparshnath Jain Mandir in Gher Khokal (Mahaveer Chowk) and Chandprabhu Jain Mandir in Khidki. The two temples of Gherkhokal and Khidki are approximately 250–300 years old. The old name of Chandwar was taken from the idol of Chandprabhu made at the time of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. [[Muhammad of Ghor]] attacked a holy Jain location situated {{Convert|6|km}} from Firozabad 19 times. An annual fair was held in Chandwar on October&nbsp;2. The Jama Masjid, founded by the 16th century Mughal Emperor Akbar is the oldest [[mosque]].<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi]]<br />
* [[Totaram Sanadhya]]<br />
* [[Anurag Verma]]<br />
* [[Rajeshwar Prasad]]<br />
* [[Raj Babbar]]<br />
* [[Chandrasen Jadon]]<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
===University===<br />
* [[J.S. University]]<br />
* [[F.S. University]]<br />
* [[C.L. Jain College]]<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
* The District is connected by rail and bus to major cities. The nearest airport is in [[Agra]].<br />
* Longitude is 78 degree east and latitude 27 degrees north at a height of {{Convert|164.467|m|ft}} above mean sea level.<br />
<br />
The district borders Etah district to the North and Mainpuri and Etawah to the East with the [[Yamuna]] River forming the southern boundary. The area of the district accounts for about 0.8 percent of the total area of Uttar Pradesh and 1.1 percent of its population. Approximately 73.6 percent of people live in rural areas. Most of the district lies on a plain sloping from north west to south.<br />
<br />
Firozabad has been ranked 1st best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Result - "PRANA" – Portal |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
Firozabad district has good transportation links due to [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] linking [[Delhi]] with [[Kolkata]] & Yammuna Express Way passing through it as does the busy railway route from Delhi to Kolkata. Agra is {{cvt|44|km}} away, Kanpur is {{cvt|250|km}} away, Delhi is {{cvt|250|km}} away.<br />
<br />
The nearest airport is in Agra which is a domestic airport.<br />
<br />
The nearest railway stations are {{rws|Firozabad||Firozabad railway station}} in the center of Firozabad and one in Tundla named {{rws|Tundla Junction}}.<br />
<br />
==Local industries==<br />
Firozabad has a major glass industry producing products that include glass bangles and glass hardware so it is also known as Suhag Nagari. {{Clarify|date=May 2011}}.<br />
Various work is done on bangles in many places known locally as ''godam''.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
Firozabad district is divided into 5 [[tehsil]]s and more than 10 [[community development block]]s, as follows:<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|4}}<br />
* [[Tundla]] tehsil<br />
** Tundla block<br />
** Firozabad block (part)<br />
* [[Firozabad]] tehsil<br />
** [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block<br />
** Firozabad block<br />
* [[Jasrana]] tehsil<br />
** [[Eka, Firozabad|Eka]] block<br />
** [[Kheragarh]] block<br />
** Jasrana block<br />
* [[Shikohabad]] tehsil<br />
** Shikohabad block<br />
** [[Araon, Firozabad|Araon]] block<br />
** [[Madanpur, Firozabad|Madanpur]] block<br />
* Sirsaganj tehsil<br />
<br />
==Municipalities==<br />
Firozabad district has 6 statutory towns, including 4 [[nagar palika parishad]]s (municipal boards) and 2 [[nagar panchayat]]s.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 4 --> There are also 3 non-statutory [[census town]]s in the district.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 4 --> The district's towns are as follows:<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|4, 321–3, 325}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Town name<br />
! Classification<br />
! Tehsil<br />
! Population (in 2011)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tundla]] || [[Nagar palika parishad]] || Tundla || 50,423<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tundla Railway Colony]] || [[Census town]] || Tundla|| 7,404<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tundla Kham]] || [[Census town]] || Tundla || 7,079<br />
|-<br />
| [[Firozabad]] || [[Nagar palika parishad]] || Firozabad || 604,214<br />
|-<br />
| [[Fariha]] || [[Nagar panchayat]] || Jasrana || 6,887<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jasrana]] || [[Nagar panchayat]] || Jasrana || 10,648<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shikohabad]] || [[Nagar palika parishad]] || Shikohabad || 107,404<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sirsaganj]] || [[Nagar palika parishad]] || Shikohabad || 32,098<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makhanpur]] || [[Census town]] || Shikohabad || 7,012<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Villages==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Nagla Beech, Uttar Pradesh|Nagla Beech]]<br />
* [[Nagla Buddh Singh, Shikohabad|Nagla Buddh Singh]]<br />
* [[Parham, Uttar Pradesh|Parham]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://firozabad.nic.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Firozabad district<br />
|North = [[Etah district]]<br />
|Northeast =<br />
|East = [[Mainpuri district]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Etawah district]]<br />
|South =<br />
|Southwest = [[Agra district]]<br />
|West =<br />
|Northwest =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Firozabad district}}<br />
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Agra Division topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Firozabad District}}<br />
[[Category:Firozabad district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1989 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demonic_Resurrection&diff=472599Demonic Resurrection2026-02-07T04:14:21Z<p>MarioStpierre: basic reworked intro after review and added references based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| Indian blackened death metal band}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Demonic Resurrection<br />
| image = Demonic Resurrection.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Demonic Resurrection performing at Brutal Assault in 2010<br />
| image_size = <br />
| years_active = 2000&ndash;present<br />
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Death metal]]|[[blackened death metal]]|[[symphonic black metal]]|[[power metal]]}}<br />
| label = {{hlist|[[Candlelight Records|Candlelight]]|Demonstealer}}<br />
| website = <br />
| current_members = Sahil "The Demonstealer" Makhija <br /> Aditya Swaminathan<br />Swarnava Sengupta<br />Nikhil Rajkumar<br />
| past_members = Virendra "Viru" Kaith<br />Daniel Rego<br /> Nikita Shah <br />Nandani <br />Ashish <br />Prashant <br />Pradeep <br />Aditya "Count Varathora" <br />Yash Pathak <br /> JP <br />Husain Bandukwala <br />Mephisto <br />Ashwin Shriyan <br />Nishith Hegde<br />
| associated_acts = {{hlist|Pin Drop Violence|Exhumation|Scribe|Reptilian Death|Workshop}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Demonic Resurrection''' is a [[blackened death metal]] band from [[Mumbai]], India, formed in 2000. Its 2025 line-up consists of Sahil "The Demonstealer" Makhija on vocals and rhythm guitar, Aditya Swaminathan on lead guitar, Swarnava Sengupta on bass and Nikhil Rajkumar on drums.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-01-10 |title=Demonic Resurrection Announce New Lineup for 25th Anniversary Shows |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/demonic-resurrection-lineup-25th-anniversary-shows/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> Since its formation, the band has released five studio albums and one EP. The band's fourth album, ''The Demon King'', was released on 13 July 2014 in India, 14 July in Europe and 15 July in the US by Candlelight Records and distributed in India by Universal Music.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/reviews/non-film-music-reviews/demonic-resurrections-demon-king-bring-a-treat-all-dr-fans |title=Demonic Resurrection's Demon King to bring a treat to all 'DR' fans |website=Radio and music |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625143537/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/reviews/non-film-music-reviews/demonic-resurrections-demon-king-bring-a-treat-all-dr-fans |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The band has represented India at [[Wacken Open Air]], Germany (2014) and they have also performed at [[Inferno Metal Festival]], Norway (2010), [[Brutal Assault]], Czech Republic (2010) and [[MetalDays]], Slovenia (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bands that have represented India at Wacken Open Air |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/features/151024-bands-have-represented-india-wacken-open |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2025, the band performed at [[Bangalore Open Air]], India and hinted at a tour to mark their 25th year in action.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early years and Demonstealer (2000–2002)===<br />
The band was officially formed in March 2000 by several 17-year-old teenagers with the main focus to play [[extreme metal]]. Within nine months the band released their first album ''Demonstealer'' through Demonstealer Records. The album's musical influences were bands like [[Theatre of Tragedy]], [[The Gathering (band)|The Gathering]], and [[Lacuna Coil]]. The album also featured a female vocalist.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the release of the album, the band faced many problems, and most of the members left. The line-up of the band finally stabilized in 2001, with Sahil "The Demonstealer" Makhija on vocals and guitars, Count Varathora on bass, Nikita Shah on vocals and keyboards and Yash Pathak on the drums. The band has re-recorded Demonstealer with the current lineup. The Brazilian record label Vampiria Records released a tape version of the album in the local market.<ref>[http://www.vampiriarecords.com/Lancamentos.php List of all released albums by Vampiria Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102031141/http://www.vampiriarecords.com/Lancamentos.php |date=2 January 2011 }}. Demonstealer is present in the list.</ref><br />
<br />
===''A Darkness Descends'' (2002–2007)===<br />
In 2002, the group disbanded, but reformed in 2003 with a new-lineup: Husain Bandukwala on bass, Mephisto on keyboards, JP on drums and Sahil Makhija on vocals and guitars.<br />
<br />
The band enlisted lead guitarist Pradeep Pande in 2006 but the same year also saw the exit of drummer JP due to musical differences. The band recorded their EP and third studio effort ''Beyond The Darkness'', which featured on a split CD titled ''Rise of the Eastern Blood'' along with bands Dusk from Pakistan and Severe Dementia from [[Bangladesh]]. Since the band had no drummer, Sahil Makhija took up the drum duties for the EP. ''Beyond the Darkness'' saw a slightly more experimental side of the band, adding ambiance and spacey, ethereal textures to their sound. Filmmaker [[Sam Dunn]] (''Metal: A Headbanger's Journey'', ''[[Iron Maiden: Flight 666]]'') featured the band in his documentary ''[[Global Metal]]''.<ref>Demonic Resurrection in ''[[Global Metal]]'' (2008)</ref> Demonic Resurrection also made it to the soundtrack of ''Global Metal'' along with [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Sepultura]] and [[In Flames]].<br />
<br />
===''Beyond the Darkness'' (2007–2009)===<br />
In August 2007, Virendra ‘Viru’ Kaith joined the band as a permanent drummer. The band continued touring and writing new material, until Pradeep quit in 2008 and was replaced by the 18-year-old guitarist Daniel Rego. In 2009, the band bagan touring across India, becoming the support acts for [[Opeth]] in February 2009 and for [[Amon Amarth]] and [[Textures (band)|Textures]] in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanrock.com/ |title=Deccan Rock |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116164134/http://www.deccanrock.com/ |archive-date=16 November 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===''The Return to Darkness'' (2009–2013)===<br />
The band returned to the studio in August 2009 to record their third album and the final chapter of the Darkness trilogy: ''[[The Return to Darkness]]''. Michael ‘Xaay’ Lorac ([[Nile (band)|Nile]], [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]], [[Vader (band)|Vader]]) designed the artwork for the album, and the band also released their first video for ‘The Unrelenting Surge of Vengeance’ that received (and continues to receive) airplay from mainstream music channels like [[VH1]]. The album was officially released in January 2010 through [[Candlelight Records]] (which they were signed to in April 2010) for worldwide distribution. The album was followed by a nationwide tour: "The Resurrection Festival". The band marked 10 years of existence with their first international show at the [[Inferno Metal Festival]] in Norway in April 2010 and played at the [[Brutal Assault]] festival in the Czech Republic in August 2010. The band released their first music video, 'The Unrelenting Surge of Vengeance' from their 2010 album, ''The Return to Darkness''. The music video received a U/A rating from the Central Board of Film Certification, allowing it to be aired on Indian national TV.<ref>http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc3/hs186.snc3/19345_275639698514_510828514_3367087_2153495_n.jpg{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, bass guitar player Husain Bandukwala left the band due to personal and family commitments, but went on to become the band's manager. The band soon announced Ashwin Shriyan as their new bassist. In 2014, lead guitarist, Daniel Kenneth Rego parted ways with the band to explore other musical possibilities. The band played a farewell show with Rego at the Blue Frog in Mumbai on 19 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guitarist Daniel Rego quits Demonic Resurrection.|url=http://www.nme.in/guitarist-daniel-rego-quits-demonic-resurrection/|publisher=[[NME|NME.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Daniel Rego leaves Demonic Resurrection|url=http://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/daniel-rego-leaves-demonic-resurrection.html|publisher=Rock Street Journal}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''The Demon King'' (2013–2017)===<br />
On 22 May 2014, Demonic Resurrection revealed the artwork and track list for their fourth album titled ''The Demon King''. The artwork was, once again, done by Michal ‘Xaay’ Loranc who had done the band's previous album cover for ''[[The Return to Darkness]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetmosh.com/demonic-resurrection-reveal-cover-artwork-and-tracklist-for-the-demon-king/|title=DEMONIC RESURRECTION reveal cover artwork and tracklist for 'The Demon King'|website=Planetmosh.com|date=22 May 2014|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The album was released on 13 July in India, 14 July in Europe and 15 July in the US by Candlelight Records and distributed in India by Universal Music.<br />
<br />
The theme of the album was similar to the 'Darkness' trilogy. The story is about the resurrection of the Demon King who has awakened on the Earth for the destruction of humankind, the apocalypse. Recorded in the year 2013, Daniel Rego is the guitarist credited for the tracks although Nishith Hegde became the new guitarist.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
On 25 May 2014, the band released a preview video for ''The Demon King'' on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uttIf5zDBl8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/uttIf5zDBl8 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Demonic Resurrection - The Demon King - New Album 2014 - Preview|date=25 May 2014 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
Viru garnered a lot of praise for his drumming with the media bringing attention to Indian metal through interviews with MensXP.com,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mensxp.com/culture/music/30506-the-story-of-india-s-leading-drummer-virendra-kaith-is-something-that-will-inspire-every-budding-musician.html|title=The Story Of India's Leading Drummer, Virendra Kaith, Is Something That Will Inspire Every Budding Musician|website=Mensxp.com|date=4 May 2016 |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> Polkacafe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polkacafe.com/interview-with-virendra-kaith-2584.html |title=Interview with Virendra Kaith |website=www.polkacafe.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412134025/http://www.polkacafe.com/interview-with-virendra-kaith-2584.html |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> and ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/drummer-virendra-kaith-quit-job-to-become-freelance-musician-322289-2016-05-08|title=This drummer left his job to become a full-time freelance musician|author=Srijani Ganguly|website=[[India Today]]|date=8 May 2016 |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> in addition to appearing in an advertisement for [[Signature (whisky)|Signature]] whisky.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OremOtoMbj0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/OremOtoMbj0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Signature StartUp Accessories – Virendra Kaith|date=14 April 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''Dashavatar'' (2017–present)===<br />
On 15 March 2017, the band released their latest studio album, named ''Dashavatar'' - or the 10 forms - continuing on the use of [[Hindu mythology]], also adapted for their previous album. The 10-track record covers the multitudinous forms that mythic god Vishnu takes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2017-03-21 |title=Demonic Resurrection's Epic Innings |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/demonic-resurrections-epic-innings/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> It was released on Sahil Makhija's Demonstealar Records. The album was scored 9/10 by Metal Injection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metalinjection.net/reviews/demonic-resurrection-dashavatar|title=Album Review: DEMONIC RESURRECTION Dashavatar|first=Riley|last=Rowe|date=11 April 2017|website=Metalinjection.net|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Album track listing'''<br />
# Matsya – The Fish<br />
# Kurma – The Tortoise<br />
# Varaha – The Boar<br />
# Vamana – The Dwarf<br />
# Narasimha – The Man-Lion<br />
# Parashurama – The Axe Wielder<br />
# Rama – The Prince<br />
# Krishna – The Cowherd<br />
# Buddha – The Teacher<br />
# Kalki – The Destroyer of Filth<br />
<br />
On 19 April 2018, in an interview with Rolling Stone India, Sahil Makhija said it was time to call it quits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/end-demonic-resurrection/|title=Is This the End of Demonic Resurrection?|website=Rollingstoneindia.com|date=19 April 2018|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> However, the band continued touring and releasing music.<br />
<br />
=== Decades of Darkness (2022-present) ===<br />
On July 2nd 2022, the band released ''Decades of Darkness'', an EP featuring 4 new songs and their instrumental versions. This was a digital-only independent release produced by Australian producer Misstiq. It featured Makhija, new guitarist Aditya Swaminathan, [[Pratika Prabhune]], [[Obscura (band)|Obscura]] drummer David Diepold, and session drummer Kevin Paradis.<br />
<br />
In 2025, Demonic Resurrection joined [[Midhaven]] and [[Calva Louise]] supporting headline act [[Bloodywood]] on a 26-date UK & European Tour. An Indian tour was also undertaken in late 2025 to celebrate the upcoming 25th anniversary of the band.<br />
<br />
On February 6th 2026, the band released the 3-song ''Apocalyptic Dawn'' EP to celebrate 25 years of the band. It featured two new tracks called ''The Great Famine'' and ''Of Blindness and Divinity,'' as well as a re-recorded version of ''Apocalyptic Dawn'' from ''A Darkness Descends''. Anabelle Iratni, who recorded Keyboards for Makhija's solo album ''The Propaganda Machine'', reprised her role. Mastering was handled by Keshav Dhar of [[Skyharbor]]. Makhija revealed that the band had been simultaneously tracking drums for their next full-length album.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pullar |first=Claire |date=2026-02-04 |title=Interview: Demonstealer On 25 Years Of Demonic Resurrection And New EP Apocalyptic Dawn |url=https://www.metaltalk.net/interview-demonstealer-on-25-years-of-demonic-resurrection-and-new-ep-apocalyptic-dawn.php |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Musical style and influences==<br />
Demonic Resurrection describe their music as [[blackened death metal]], specifically "a point of equilibrium between 3 genres, [[Death Metal]], [[Black Metal]] and [[Power Metal]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=Demonic Resurrection - A Darkness Descends review - Metal Storm|url=http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/review.php?review_id=2291|publisher=Metal Storm|accessdate=12 April 2006}}</ref> though it can also be called [[symphonic black metal]]. [[Cradle of Filth]], [[Dimmu Borgir]], [[Emperor (Norwegian band)|Emperor]], Depresy, [[Cannibal Corpse]] and [[Darkthrone]] are some of the bands that have influenced the band from the earliest albums. Use of signature black and death metal motifs like growling vocals, shrieked vocals, highly distorted guitars played with [[tremolo picking]], [[blast beats]] and [[double bass drumming]] along with ambient keyboards and clean vocal passages often serving as a bridge between two heavy parts is prevalent. All through the "Darkness" trilogy, Demonic Resurrection sees their music as a mixture of black and death metal with elements of [[power metal]] easily visible, most notably attributed to acts like [[Blind Guardian]] and [[Angra (band)|Angra]].<br />
<br />
==Band members==<br />
[[File:DR Timeline.png|thumb|Timeline]]<br />
'''Current members'''<br />
* Sahil "The Demonstealer" Makhija – [[Death growl|vocals]], [[rhythm guitar]] <small>(2000&ndash;present)</small><br />
* Aditya Swaminathan - lead guitar (2022–present)<br />
* Swarnava Sengupta - bass guitar (2024–present)<br />
* Nikhil Rajkumar - drums (2025–present)<br />
<br />
'''Former members'''<br />
* Daniel Kenneth Rego – lead guitar <small>(2008&ndash;2014)</small><br />
* Virendra Kaith - drums (2007-2022)<br />
* Nandani – [[Singing|female vocals]] <small>(2000)</small><br />
* Nikita Shah – vocals, [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]s <small>(2000&ndash;2003)</small><br />
* Yash Pathak - drums (2000 - 2002)<br />
* Ashish Modasia – lead guitar <small>(2000)</small><br />
* Prashant Shah – lead guitar <small>(2000&ndash;2001)</small><br />
* Pradeep Pande – lead guitar <small>(2006&ndash;2008)</small><br />
* Aditya Mehta – [[bass guitar]] <small>(2000&ndash;2003)</small><br />
* Husain Bandukwala – bass guitar <small>(2002&ndash;2012)</small><br />
* JP - drums <small>(2003&ndash;2007)</small><br />
* Mephisto – keyboards <small>(2003&ndash;2016)</small><br />
* Ashwin Shriyan – bass guitar <small>(2012&ndash;2017) </small><br />
* Nishith Hegde – lead guitar <small>(2013&ndash;2018)</small><br />
<br />
'''Touring musicians'''<br />
* Leon Quadros - bass guitar <small>(2017&ndash;2019)</small><br />
* Vigneshkumar Venkatraman - lead guitar <small>(2018&ndash;2019)</small><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Studio albums===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!Title<br />
!Released<br />
!Format<br />
!Label<br />
|-<br />
|''Demonstealer''<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} November 2000'''<br />
|'''CD, Tape'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Demonstealer Records<br />
|-<br />
|''[[A Darkness Descends]]''<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} 20 October 2005'''<br />
|'''CD'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}Demonstealer Records<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Return to Darkness]]''<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} 15 January 2010 <br />{{flagicon|EUR}}{{flagicon|USA}} 12 July 2010'''<br />
|'''CD'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Demonstealer Records<br />{{flagicon|EUR}}{{flagicon|USA}} [[Candlelight Records]]<br />
|-<br />
|''The Demon King'' with Lucky Adler <br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} 13 July 2014 <br />{{flagicon|EUR}}{{flagicon|UK}} 14 July 2014 <br />{{flagicon|USA}} 15 July 2014'''<br />
|'''CD'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Universal Music Group <br />{{flagicon|EUR}}{{flagicon|UK}}{{flagicon|USA}} [[Candlelight Records]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Dashavatar''<br />
|15 March 2017<br />
|'''Digital'''<br />
|Independent<br />
|-<br />
|''Decades of Darkness''<br />
|22 July 2022<br />
|'''Digital'''<br />
|Independent<br />
|-<br />
|''Apocalyptic Dawn EP''<br />
|6 February 2026<br />
|'''Digital'''<br />
|Independent<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other works===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!Title<br />
!Released<br />
!Format<br />
!Label<br />
|-<br />
|''Beyond The Darkness''<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} 8 April 2007'''<br />
|'''CD'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Demonstealer Records<br />
|-<br />
|''Rise of the Eastern Blood split with Severe Dementia, Dusk and Helmskey''<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} 2007'''<br />
|'''CD'''<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Demonstealer Records<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Videos===<br />
* "Unrelenting Surge of Vengeance" (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1gjrpMF5ak |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/d1gjrpMF5ak |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Demonic Resurrection - The Unrelenting Surge Of Vengeance|date=5 January 2010 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards]] (2010)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Indian rock]]<br />
*[[Kryptos (band)]]<br />
*[[Nicotine (Metal Band)]]<br />
*[[Inner Sanctum (band)]]<br />
*[[Bhayanak Maut]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.demonicresurrection.in/}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian heavy metal musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Blackened death metal musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Indian melodic death metal musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical quintets]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curry_in_the_Crown:_The_Story_of_Britain%27s_Favourite_Dish&diff=495047Curry in the Crown: The Story of Britain's Favourite Dish2026-01-31T19:26:36Z<p>MarioStpierre: New Some Data And Citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
<!-- |italic title = (see above) --><br />
| name = Curry in the Crown: The Story of Britain's Favourite Dish<br />
| image = Curry in the crown Sharabani Basu.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = ''Curry in the Crown: The Story of Britain's Favourite Dish''<br />
| author = Shrabani Basu<br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />
| subject = Food<br />
| publisher = <br />
| pub_date = 1999<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = 206<br />
| isbn = 978-8172233471<br />
| oclc = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Curry in the Crown: The Story of Britain's Favourite Dish''''' is a book written by [[Shrabani Basu]].<ref name=Blythman>{{Cite news|last=Blythman|first=Joanna|date=2000-05-06|title=Food|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/may/06/weekend7.weekend5|access-date=2020-09-22|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chambers|first=Claire|title=Britain Through Muslim Eyes|date=2015|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-349-55504-8|location=London|pages=169|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137315311}}</ref> It was originally published in [[India]] in 1999, and later published in the [[United Kingdom]] under the title ''Curry: The Story of the Nation's Favourite Dish''. The book discusses how [[Indian cuisine|Indian food]] became a million dollar business in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
[[HarperCollins]] published the book in India,<ref name=Blythman/> whilst [[Sutton Publishing]] published the book in the United Kingdom. The British version includes a guide to restaurants in the United Kingdom which serve curry.<ref name=Patersonreview>{{cite news|last=Paterson|first=Colin|title=Hot off the press|newspaper=[[Sunday Sun]]|place=[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]|date=2003-12-28|page=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/162526245/ 19]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
[[Tunku Varadarajan]], writing in ''[[India Today]]'', said that the history of Indian food in the United Kingdom was a compelling story. However he called Basu's book "shoddily written and mind-bogglingly banal", offering "no anthropological insights, few historical perspectives, no literary conspectus, little sociological research".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Varadarajan|first1=Tunku|date=31 May 1999|title=Curry in a Hurry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19990531-book-review-of-curry-in-the-crown-shrabani-basu-780968-1999-05-30|access-date=30 September 2016|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Colin Paterson of the ''[[Sunday Sun]]'' wrote that he wished that the restaurant guide covered the [[Tyne and Wear]] area.<ref name=Patersonreview/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diaspora mass media]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Shrabani Basu]]<br />
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]<br />
<br />
{{Food-book-stub}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhojan_Mantra&diff=491232Bhojan Mantra2026-01-22T02:20:08Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding A Pg - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian mantra before eating}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhojan Mantra''' (Sanskrit: भोजन मन्त्र) is a prayer that is chanted before consuming a meal.<ref name="arya-bhojan-mantra">{{Cite web |title=Bhojan Mantra & Meaning |url=https://www.aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147&Itemid=140 |website=Arya Samaj Greater Houston |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="hss-bhojan-mantra">{{Cite web |title=Bhojan Mantra |url=https://hssgermany.org/bhojan-mantra |website=Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh E.V. (Germany) |access-date=27 August 2025 |archive-date=20 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720184722/https://hssgermany.org/bhojan-mantra |url-status=dead }}</ref> The recitation of the mantra is a way for the Hindu devotee to offer the food to God and express gratitude before eating.<ref name="food-prayer">{{Cite web |title=Brahmarpanam: The Food Prayer |url=https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/health-corner/food-prayer |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Satya Sai Organisation}}</ref> The mantra is recited in homes, temples, and religious gatherings before meals.<ref name="food-prayer" /><br />
<br />
==Text==<br />
The mantras recited before a meal originate from two key Hindu texts, the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Upanishads|Upanisads]].<br />
<br />
=== Bhagavad Gita ===<br />
The mantra recited from the Bhagavada Gita belongs to the 4th chapter, in which Krishna explains the path of ritual action to Arjuna. <blockquote>ॐ ब्रह्मार्पणं ब्रह्म हविर्ब्रह्माग्नौ ब्रह्मणा हुतम्। <br />
ब्रह्मैव तेन गन्तव्यं ब्रह्मकर्मसमाधिना॥ (''Bhagavad Gita'' 4.24)<ref name="gita">{{Cite web |title=Bhagavad Gita 4.24 |url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/4/verse/24 |website=Holy Bhagavad Gita |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Brahmārpaṇam brahma haviḥ brahmāgnau brahmaṇā hutam. Brahmāiva tena gantavyaṁ brahmakarmasamādhinā.''<br />
<br />
'Brahman is the offering, Brahman is the oblation poured out by Brahman into the fire of Brahman, Brahman is to be attained by him who always sees Brahman in action.'<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bhagavad Gītā |date=2009 |publisher=Excelsior Ed., State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0 |editor-last=Sargeant |editor-first=Winthrop |edition=25th anniversary |series=Suny series in cultural perspectives |location=Albany, NY |pages=224 |editor-last2=Chapple |editor-first2=Christopher Key |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Huston}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
=== Upanishads ===<br />
The Upanishadic mantra recited before meals is found in both the [[Katha Upanishad]] and the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]].<br />
<br />
ॐ सह नाववतु। सह नौ भुनक्तु। <br />
सह वीर्यं करवावहै। <br />
तेजस्विनावधीतमस्तु मा विद्विषावहै॥<ref name="katha-mantra">{{Cite web |title=Katha Upanishad Shanti Mantra: 'Om saha nāvavatu…' |url=https://shlokam.org/texts/katha-invocation/ |website=Shlokam.org |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः॥<br />
<br />
'May Brahman protect us both together. May He nourish us both together. May we both work together with great energy. May our study be vigorous and effective. May we not hate eachother!'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharavananda |first=Swami |title=Taittiriya-Upanishad. With Sanskrit Text, Paraphrase with word-forword Literal Translation, English Rendering and Comments. |publisher=The Ramakrishna Math |year=1921 |location=Mylapore, Madras |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitney |first=W. D. |date=1890 |title=Translation of the Katha-Upanishad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 |journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association |volume=21 |pages=88–112 |doi=10.2307/2935810 |jstor=2935810 |issn=0271-4442|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
Andrea Gutiérrez notes that the practice of reciting a mantra before a meal originates from the [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsa]] school of Indian philosophy which largely focuses on the interpretation of Vedic rituals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gutiérrez |first=Andrea |date=2023-09-23 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of Medieval Temple Food Practices: The View from Srirangam |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article/16/2/182/7208981 |journal=Journal of Hindu Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=182–205 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiad016 |issn=1756-4263|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Purpose==<br />
According to Hindu tradition, food should be consumed with a pure and calm mind. Ancient teachers advised offering food to God before eating, which transforms the meal into ''prasāda'' (sanctified food).<ref name="food-prayer" /><br />
<br />
This prayer purifies food from three possible impurities: <br />
* impurity caused by the cooking process, <br />
* impurity of the ingredients, and <br />
* impurity arising from the mental state of the cook or provider.<br />
<br />
Since it is impossible to ensure purity in all these aspects, offering food to the divine through prayer removes such impurities. Thus, food offered to God is digested by ''Vaishvanara'', the divine fire within the body, ensuring that no impurity affects the consumer.<ref name="food-prayer" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Grace (meals)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu mantras]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]<br />
[[Category:Food and drink in Hinduism]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Jainism&diff=450321Timeline of Jainism2026-01-20T11:10:23Z<p>MarioStpierre: Refined content and updated sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
<br />
[[Jainism]] is an ancient [[Indian religion]] belonging to the [[śramaṇa]] tradition. It prescribes ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) towards all living beings to the greatest possible extent. The three main teachings of Jainism are ''ahimsa'', ''[[anekantavada]]'' (non-absolutism), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). Followers of Jainism take five main vows: ''ahimsa'', ''[[satya]]'' (not lying), ''[[asteya]]'' (non stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (chastity), and ''aparigraha''. Monks follow them completely whereas ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvakas]]'' (householders) observe them partially. Self-discipline and [[Jain monasticism|asceticism]] are thus major focuses of Jainism.<br />
<br />
==Before Common Era (BCE)==<br />
* 584,979–574,979 BCE: [[Naminatha]], 21st [[Tirthankara]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NamiNatha Bhagwan|url=http://jainmuseum.com/history-of-naminath-swami-bhagwan.htm|website=jainmuseum.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Tonks Of 24 Jain Tirthankaras On Parasnath Hills Information-Topchanchi|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jharkhand/topchanchi-attractions/tonks-of-24-jain-tirthankaras-on-parasnath-hills.aspx|website=hoparoundindia.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Neminatha]], 22nd [[Tirthankara]]: According to Jain beliefs, he lived 84,650 years before the 23rd Tirthankara, [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}} He existed in the [[Mahabharata]] era and was the cousin brother of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jinasena|first1=Acharya|last2=Jain (Sahityacharya)|first2=Dr. Pannalal|date=2008|title=Harivamsapurana|trans-title=Harivamsapurana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_sFcJNt1sUC |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith (18, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003)|isbn=978-81-263-1548-2}}</ref><br />
* 877–777 BCE: [[Parshva]]natha, 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain tirthankara who can be reliably dated.<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | chapter =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | isbn =978-0-19-280094-7 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | access-date =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature | publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute | author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra | year=1956 | location=Poona [Pune, India] | pages=59–60}}</ref><br />
* 9th-8th century BCE Avakinnayo Karakandu or 'Karakanda' was a powerful Jain monarch of Kalinga.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI5D5aexThoC&pg=PA167 |date=23 February 1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1382-1 |pages=167 }}</ref><br />
* 847 BCE: Tirthankar [[Parswanath]] attained enlightenment at [[Ahichchhatra]] at the age of 30.<br />
<br />
[[File:Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 18.jpg|thumb|A diorama in Jain Museum of [[Madhuban, Giridih]] depicting the event at Ahichchhatra]]<br />
* 599–527 BCE: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of this era.<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref><br />
* 607-507 BCE: [[Ganadhar Sudharma Swami]]<br />
* d. 470 BCE:establishment of the ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmali]]'' and ''[[Porwal|Porvāl]]'' clans by Swayambrabhasuri of Upkesa Gaccha's.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December}}</ref><br />
* 5th century BCE:Establishment of the [[Oswal|''Oswāl'']] clan by Ratnabrabhasuri of Upkesa Gaccha of [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Jains]].<ref name=":0"/><br />
* d. 443 BCE: Barli Jain inscriptions.{{sfn|Hubbard|1807|p=310}}{{sfn|Goyal|2005|p=22}}{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=152}}<br />
* d. 357 BCE: [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]]<br />
* d. 270 BCE: The tamil brahmi inscriptions mentions that workers of [[Nedunjeliyan I|Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ I]], a [[Pandyan]] king of Sangam period, ({{circa|270 BCE}}) made stone beds for Jain monks. inscription shows that Kaṭalaṉ Vaḻuti, a worker of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ, made a stone bed for the Jain monk Nanta-siri Kuvaṉ.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilvu.org/tdb/titles_cont/inscription/html/mankulam.htm | title=மாங்குளம் தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுக்கள் | publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]] | accessdate=23 February 2014 | language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
* 3rd century BCE:[[Lohanipur torso]] a damaged statue of [[Jainism|Jaina]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Rishabhdev]].{{Sfn|Shah|1995|p=15}}<br />
* 3rd century BCE:The inscriptions at Vaddamanu indicates Vaddamanu as a Jain center during the 3rd century BCE.{{Sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=31-32}} <br />
* 2nd century BCE:Sithanavassal a 2nd-century BCE Tamil Jain cave complex.<ref name="Lālavānī1991">{{cite book|last=Lālavānī|first=Gaṇeśa|title=Jainthology: an anthology of articles selected from the Jain journal of last 25 years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpnXAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 October 2012|year=1991|publisher=Jain Bhawan}}</ref><br />
* d. 162 BCE: [[Hathigumpha inscription]] mentions the ''[[Namokar Mantra]]'' and [[Jain]] monarch [[Kharvela]].<ref>Rapson, "Catalogue of the Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc...", p XVII.</ref><ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm Full text of the Hathigumpha Inscription in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>{{sfn|Cort|2009|p=39-41}}<br />
* 2nd century BCE: ''Namokar Mantra'' epigraphically attested [[Jains of Maharashtra|in Maharashtra]]. Pale cave is one of the oldest Jain cave in Maharashtra, which is believed to be from 200 BCE. Here the Namokar Mantra is written in Brahmi script.<br />
* 2nd century BCE: Thiruparankundram hill in [[Tamil Nadu]] is home to ancient [[Jain]] beds with Tamil Brahmi Jain inscriptions dated to 2nd century BCE.<ref name=Devakunjari312>D. Devakunjari (1957), ''Madurai through the ages'', Editor: R. Nagaswamy, Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical Research, University of Madras Press, pp. 312–316</ref><br />
* 2nd-1st Century BCE:Samanar Malai has several very old Tamil-Brahmi Jain cave inscriptions, likely the early centuries of the common era.<ref name="2,200-year">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece | title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai | work=The Hindu | date=24 March 2012 | accessdate=19 January 2014 | author=T. S. Subramanian}}</ref><br />
* 2nd Century BCE - 1st Century CE: Bronze Images of [[Pārśvanātha]] now stored at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]<br />
* 150 BCE to 1023 CE: Inscriptions of [[Kankali Tila]] dated to 150BCE<br />
<br />
==Common Era (CE)==<br />
[[File:Acharya KundaKunda.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting Acharya Kundkund]]<br />
*1st century CE: Acharya [[Kundkund]]<br />
*87 CE: [[Pushpadanta]] starts to write [[Shatkhandagam]]<br />
*156 CE: Acharya Bhutabali completes writing of [[Shatkhandagam]]<br />
*454 CE: [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman|Devardhigani]] compiles [[Jain Agamas]]<br />
*5th century CE: first mention of the [[Mula Sangh]] order<br />
* 5th century CE: [[Pataini temple]], [[Kahaum pillar]] and [[Kanakagiri Jain tirth]] were constructed<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
* 9th century<br />
** The [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] complex in [[Tamil Nadu]] is established.<br />
* 10th century<br />
** Life of [[Nemichandra]], a famous Jain author.<br />
** Jain temple of Gurjiwada, Cudnem, [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]] was constructed.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}<br />
** 982: Monolithic statue of Bahubali erected at Shravana belagola<br />
* 12th century<br />
** [[Kashtha Sangh]]<br />
** 1172: [[Acharya Hemachandra]]<br />
** 1194: [[Tristutik]]<br />
* 13th century<br />
** 1229: [[Tapa Gachchha]]<br />
* 15th century<br />
** Ancient Jain temple of Gurjiwada, Cudnem, [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]] was in ruins.{{sfn|Kerkar|TNN|2014}}<br />
* 17th century<br />
** 1664: [[Digambar Terapanth]]<br />
** 1658: Digambara Jain Lal Mandir temple [[Jainism in Delhi|in Delhi]] built.<br />
* 18th century<br />
** 1760: [[Swetembar Terapanth]]<br />
** 1780: [[Sthanakvasi]] and [[Svetambar Terapanth|Terapanth]]i orders<br />
<br />
==British India==<br />
* 1868: Jain temple [[Jainism in Mumbai|in Mumbai]]<br />
* 1880s: reform movement of [[Acharya Rajendrasuri]]<br />
* 1888–1896: Mathura [[Kankali Tila]] excavation led by Dr. A.A. Führer, documented by Vincent A. Smith establishing Mathura as major ancient center of Jainism.<br />
* 1893: [[Virachand Gandhi]] participates in Chicago's [[World Parliament of Religions]]& Won Silver Medal.<br />
* 1904: Jain temple at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]<br />
*1927: Madras High Court in Gateppa v. Eramma and others recognizes "[[Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India|Jainism as a distinct religion]]"<br />
<br />
==Post-Partition==<br />
* 1970s: significant presence of [[Jainism in the United States]]<br />
* 1972: Aacharya Shri Vidyasagar Maharaj elevated to the Acharya status.<br />
* 1975: Acharya [[Sushil Kumar (Jain monk)]] ji travels to USA. The first Jain muni to travel by air out of the Indian subcontinent. <br />
* 1975: Monolithic statue of [[Bahubali]] is installed at [[Dharmasthala]], [[Karnataka]], India under the auspices of D. Rathnavarma Heggade and Mathrushree D. Rathnamma Heggade, members of Dharmasthala's Jaina lineage who also manage the local Shivaite temple. Carving work began in 1966 under the sculptor Rejala Gopalkrishna Shenoy of [[Karkala]].<br />
* 1976: In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others (AIR 1976 Delhi 207), the Court referred to [[Heinrich Zimmer]]'s ''Philosophies of India'' describing Jainism as "a heterodox Indian religion" and [[J. N. Farquhar]]'s ''Modern Religious Movements in India'' describing Jainism as "a rival of Hinduism."<br />
* 1981: First Jain convention in Los Angeles<br />
* 1983: Formal organization of JAINA (Jain Associations in North America)<br />
* 1990: Temple Pratishtha, The Jain Sangh Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
* 1990: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Washington<br />
* 1991: Founding of [[Siddhachalam]], the Jain tirtha<br />
* 1991: Death of Jain Acharya Shri Ramchandra Surishwarji <br />
* 1993: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago<br />
* 1995: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Cincinnati and Dayton<br />
* 1998: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Greater Detroit<br />
* 2000: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Northern California (JCNC)<br />
* 2000: Jain Vishwa Bharati Orlando<br />
* 2005: the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to grant Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India, leaving it to the respective states to decide on the minority status of Jainis.<br />
* 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu religion" (''Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.'')<br />
* 2008: [[Delhi]] city government declares Jain community a minority per the Supreme Court Orders.<br />
* 2014: Jain community is designated a minority at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazette of India notification 27th January 2014 |url=http://ncm.nic.in/legislations/Gazette_JainInclusion_27Jan2014.pdf |access-date=2022-03-18 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225154/http://ncm.nic.in/legislations/Gazette_JainInclusion_27Jan2014.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=Inclusion of Jains as a minority community under Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102623 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225214/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102623 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* 2024: Death of Jain [[Acharya Vidyasagar]] ji Maharaj in February 2024<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Religion}}<br />
* [[History of Jainism]]<br />
* [[Jain philosophy]]<br />
* [[Śramaṇa]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*{{citation|last1=Kerkar|first1=Rajendra|last2=TNN|title=Jain heritage dwindles as govt sits pretty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Jain-heritage-dwindles-as-govt-sits-pretty/articleshow/44987827.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2014}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bedrij|first=Orest|title=The Greatest Achievement: Miracle after Miracle the Easy Way|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzC6AgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-4931-0773-5}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bedrij|first=Orest|title=Exodus III: Great Joy and Glory to the Most High as You|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agbf_BJD_O8C|isbn=9781462879915}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Cort|first=John|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=16 November 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|location=United States|isbn=9780199739578}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Sangave|first=Dr. Vilas Adinath|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC|location=[[Mumbai]]|isbn=978-81-7154-839-2}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Glasenapp|first=Helmuth Von|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation|year=1999|location=[[Delhi]]|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC|isbn=81-208-1376-6}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Zimmer|first=Heinrich|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Philosophies Of India|year=1953|editor=Joseph Campbell|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer|isbn=978-8120807396}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.slideshare.net/balpatil/evolution-of-sramanic-jain-culture History & Evolution of Sramanic Jain Culture- Bal Patil]<br />
*[http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=65998 Antiquity of Jainism - Jain, Mahavir Saran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005045856/http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=65998 |date=5 October 2011 }}<br />
<br />
{{Jainism Topics|state=expanded}}{{Timelines of religion}}{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Jainism| Timeline]]<br />
[[Category:Jainism-related lists|Timeline]]<br />
[[Category:Religion timelines|Jainism]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirtola&diff=451735Mirtola2026-01-16T09:15:42Z<p>MarioStpierre: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mirtola<br />
| native_name = <br />
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| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = Temple_of_Krishna_and_Radha_at_Mirtola_ashram_DSCN7933_1.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Radha Krishna Temple at Mirtola Ashram<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|29.59718|N|79.6570|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Almora district|Almora]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
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| elevation_m = 2118<br />
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| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 263623<br />
| registration_plate = UK <br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Alpine (BSh)]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mirtola''' is a village 10&nbsp;km away from [[Almora]], in [[Uttarakhand]] state in India. It is best known for an [[ashram]] by the same name, also called '''Uttar Brindaban''' ("[[Vrindavan|Brindaban]] of the North"), set up by Sri Yashoda Ma,<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190626/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/05/04/stories/2003050400200200.htm The Hindu, 4 May 2003]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 4 May 2003.</ref> a housewife turned ascetic in the 1930,<ref>Guru by Your Bedside, ''S. D. Pandey, pp. 45''</ref> along with her disciple [[Krishna Prem|Sri Krishna Prem]] (1898–1965),<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/12/06/stories/2005120600071600.htm Testament of faith] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 6 December 2005.</ref> a mystic of the 20th Century. The ashram was later run by his disciple, Sri [[Madhava Ashish]] (1920–1997),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/book_details.php?authID=2&BID=5&lang=English |title=Madhav Ashish Biography |access-date=18 December 2007 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825104030/http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/book_details.php?authID=2&BID=5&lang=English |url-status=dead }}</ref> another Briton, who also later settled in India.<br />
<br />
Mirtola is en route to [[Pithoragarh]] from Almora, 3&nbsp;km to the left of the main road after Panuanaula, 25&nbsp;km after [[Almora]]. The place is also known for a [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] temple, Uttar Brindaban, built in 1931 <ref>Letters from Mirtola, Sri Krishna Prem and Sri Madhav Ashish, pp.89</ref> by Sri Yashoda Ma, the founder and the spiritual head of the ashram.<ref>[http://www.sumanroyalresort.com/excursion.html Excursions from Almora] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119081012/http://www.sumanroyalresort.com/excursion.html |date=2007-11-19 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origin===<br />
[[Shri Yashoda Ma|Yashoda Ma]] (née Monika Devi) <ref>[http://www.gaudiya.com/pdf/Women_Saints_in_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism.pdf Women Saints in Gaudiya Vaishnavism]</ref> was the wife of [[Gyanendra Nath Chakravarti]], the first vice-chancellor of [[Lucknow University]], who was a well-known theosophist.<ref>[http://www.theosophical.ca/InfluenceTheosophy%20.htm Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Chennai India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218134804/http://www.theosophical.ca/InfluenceTheosophy%20.htm |date=2007-12-18 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, [[Krishna Prem|Ronald Henry Nixon]], a young English fighter pilot in the World War I, who later took a degree from [[Cambridge University]], came to India in 1921, after he took up a job as a lecturer at the Department of English at the newly opened Lucknow University, it was here that became close to the Chakravartis.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/ied13030.html Coming to the path - S.D. Pandey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111183056/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000713/ied13030.html |date=11 January 2006 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 13 July 2000.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909224248/http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1981/6june81/kp.shtml Yogi Sri Krishnaprem profile]</ref> In 1927, when Monika Devi moved to the hills on doctors' advice, Ronald Nixon, followed his Guru, and together they stayed in Almora for a while.<br />
<br />
Later, in 1928, Monika Devi took the vows of [[sannyasa]] (renunciation), under the name 'Sri Yashoda Ma',<ref>Letters from Mirtola, Sri Krishna Prem and Sri Madhav Ashish, pp.88</ref> and a shortly afterwards, Ronald Nixon under the name, '[[Krishna Prem|Sri Krishna Prem]]'; he was later known as Gopal Da, at the Ashram, which they together established in 1930. Amongst its early inhabitants were Moti Rani (Yashoda Ma's youngest daughter) and Major Robert Dudley Alexander, who retired from his post of Principal, Lucknow Medical College prematurely, to be with Shri Krishna Prem. In October 1943, noted Indian saint [[Sri Anandamayi Ma]], visited the Mirtola Ashram.<ref>[https://www.anandamayi.org/ashram/cc.htm Anandamayi ma life history] ''[[Sri Anandamoyi Ma]]'' Official website.</ref><br />
<br />
Sri Krishna Prem went on to take over the running of the Ashram, after Yashoda Ma's death in 1944, Gopal Da himself passed over on 14 November 1965; before that he wrote books like, ''The Yoga of the Bhagavad Gita'' and ''The Yoga of the Katho-panishad'', amongst others and handed over the working of the Ashram to Sri Madhav Ashish in 1955.<ref>[http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/ind/srikris Poet seers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030040801/http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/ind/srikris |date=2007-10-30 }}</ref> He has the distinction of being the first westerner, to be included in the [[Vaishnav]] form of [[Hinduism]],<ref>[http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/vedic-culture/183745-world-vedic-first-western-vaishnava.html The First Western Vaishnava]</ref> he also was fluent in Hindi and Bengali.<ref>[http://www.arunachala.org/newsletters/1995/?pg=jul_aug May 1938 visit by a Ramana Maharshi's disciple; THE MAHARSHI magazine, August 1995]</ref><br />
<br />
===1960s onwards===<br />
Sri Krishna Prem (Gopal Da), was followed as a guru, by his disciple, 'Sri Madhav Ashish' (Ashish Da), previously 'Alexander Phipps', was an English aircraft engineer assembling Merlin engines, who came to India during the Second World War in 1942, and met Sri Krishna Prem at Mirtola in 1946, and soon became his disciple. In the following years, they together wrote many books including their two-part work on the Stanzas of Dzyan, contained in the [[Book of Dzyan]], 'Man, the measure of all things: In the stanzas of Dzyan', and 'Man, Son of Man'. Mirtola Ashram became a pilgrimage for Indian theosophists and started working extensively with the local communities pioneering hill farming techniques which he encouraged them to adopt,<ref>[http://www.earthscape.org/p1/ES2_6881/6881.pdf International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Report]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a work for which Sri [[Madhava Ashish]] was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992 by the Indian government,<ref>[http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/program/program_detail.asp?ProgId=1870&CatgId=1 India International Centre, New Delhi]</ref> he later died on 13 April 1997,<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970506/ai_n14109106 Obituary: Sri Madhav Ashish] ''[[The Independent]]'', 6 May 1997.</ref> succeeded by his disciple, Sri [[Dev Ashish]].<br />
[[File:Rainwater harvesting at Mirtola Ashram DSCN7979 1.jpg|thumb|Rainwater harvesting at Mirtola Ashram, 2017]]<br />
Over the years, the Ashram evolved a unique philosophy based on Eastern mystical thought from the [[Bhakti]] traditions, ideas of [[Nisargadatta Maharaj|Shri Nisargadatta]] and western philosophies like that of [[G. I. Gurdjieff]], [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]] of [[Madame Blavatsky]], and Jungian dream work, among others. Thus a large number of Gurdjieffians visited the ashram, including [[Olga de Hartmann]], Phillipe Lavastine, Lizelle Reymond, Laurence Rosenthal, James George, and Bernard Courtenay-Mayers; even [[Jeanne de Salzmann]] met Ashish Da in Delhi 1971.<ref>[http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/article_details.php?ID=24&W=9 Interview of Seymour B. Ginsburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024246/http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/article_details.php?ID=24&W=9 |date=24 September 2015 }} Gurdjieff Internet Guide.</ref><br />
[[File:Memorials of Yashoda Ma, Krishna Prem and Madhav Ashish at Mirtola Ashram DSCN7931 1.jpg|right|thumb|Memorials of Yashoda Ma, Krishna Prem and Madhav Ashish at Mirtola Ashram]]<br />
Amongst the noted disciples of the 'Mirtola Ashram' are, Seymour B. Ginsburg, the co-founder of the [[G. I. Gurdjieff|Gurdjieff]] Institute of Florida; [[Karan Singh]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=duseAAAAMAAJ&q=Madhava+Ashish 8 December 1958 - first trip] ''Heir Apparent: An Autobiography'', by Singh Sadr-I-Riyasa Karan, Karan Singh. Oxford, 1985. ''page 41''.</ref> former Indian Ambassador to the US and present Member of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, and travel-writer [[William McKay Aitken|Bill Aitken]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no30146.htm Footloose in the Himalaya]</ref> Besides that, many followers of [[Gurdjieff]] teachings continued to visit the Ashram for several decades <ref>''Gurdjieff Unveiled: An Overview and Introduction to Gurdjieff's Teaching'', by Seymour B. Ginsburg. Published by Lighthouse Editions Limited, 2005. {{ISBN|1-904998-01-1}}. ''Page 102''.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]]<br />
* [[Madame Blavatsky]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Commons category|Mirtola}}<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
* Chapter 10, Uttar Vrindavan, Footloose in the Himalaya, Bill Aitken. ''2003, Sangam Books Ltd''. {{ISBN|81-7824-052-1}}.<br />
* Introduction, Guru by Your Bedside, S.D. Pandey. ''2003, Penguin,'' {{ISBN|0-14-302954-1}}.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* ''The Yoga of the Katho-panishad'', Sri Krishna Prem.''1955 John M. Watkins''.{{ISBN|0722400748}}.<br />
* ''Yogi Sri Krishnaprem'' by [[Dilipkumar Roy]]. ''1968 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan''.<br />
* ''The Yoga of the Bhagavad Gita'', Sri Krishna Prem.''1973 Penguin.''{{ISBN|0140035729}}.<br />
* ''Initiation into Yoga'', Sri Krishna Prem, ''1976,'' {{ISBN|0-09-125631-3}}.<br />
* ''Yoga dalam tindak pemulaan, oleh Sri Krishna Prem'', Tek Hoay Kwee, (Indonesian),''1962 Swastika''.<br />
* ''Writings of Sri Krishna Prem : an introduction'', Narendra Nātha Kaul. ''1980 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan''.<br />
* ''Man, the Measure of All Things: In the Stanzas of Dzyan'' by Sri Krishna Prem, Sri Madhava Ashish. ''1969 Theosophical Publishing House.'' {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0006-4}}.<br />
* ''Man, Son of Man'' by Sri Madhava Ashish. ''1970 Theosophical Publishing House''. {{ISBN|0-8356-0011-4}}.<br />
* ''In Search of the Unitive Vision: Letters of Sri Madhava Ashish to an American Businessman, 1978-1997''. Seymour B. Ginsburg. ''2001, New Paradigm Books'', {{ISBN|1-892138-05-0}}.<br />
* ''Guru by Your Bedside'', S.D. Pandey. ''2003, Penguin'', {{ISBN|0-14-302954-1}}.<br />
* ''Letters from Mirtola: Shri Krishna Prem and Shri Madhav Ashish''. Ed. Jyotsna Singh, ''2004, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan''. {{ISBN|81-7276-356-5}}.<br />
* ''The Unknowable Gurdjieff'', memoir, by [[Margaret C. Anderson|Margaret Anderson]], 1962, Arkana. {{ISBN|0-14-019139-9}}.<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uUkuoFV5XP4C&dq=Sri+Madhava+Ashish&pg=PA47 The Secret Doctrine as a Contribution to World Thought:Sri Madhava Ashish] ''H.P. Blavatsky and the Secret Doctrine: Commentaries on Her Contributions to World Thought'', by Virginia Hanson. Quest Books, 1988. {{ISBN|0-8356-0630-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0630-1}}.''page 47-56''.<br />
* ''What Is Man? Selected Writings of Sri Madhava Ashish''. Foreword by [[Karan Singh]]. Penguin Book, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-14-306574-6}}.<br />
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IDYDGrjqL1cC&dq=Mirtola&pg=PA43 Chapter VII: In the Realm of Krishna] Himalayan Memoirs'', by Navnit Parekh. Published by Popular Prakashan, 1986. {{ISBN|0-86132-126-X}}.<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Seymour B. Ginsburg|title=The Masters Speak: An American Businessman Encounters Ashish and Gurdjieff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5idZCmh_nM8C|year=2010|publisher=Quest Books|isbn=978-0-8356-0882-4}}<br />
<br />
;Articles<br />
* {{cite web | title = Mirtola: A Himalayan Ashram with Theosophical Roots | publisher = [[Theosophical Society in America]], Quest Magazine (Summer 2012) | pages = 98–105 | editor = Seymour B. Ginsburg | url = http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/2754 | access-date = 20 November 2013 | archive-date = 31 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032755/https://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/2754 | url-status = dead }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512004000/http://www.maharshiramana.com/ramana_maharshi_library/Silent_Power.pdf A description of Sri Krishna Prem's encounter with Ramana Maharishi in 1948]<br />
* {{cite web|title=Beyond "Nama-Rupa"|author=Dilip Kumar Roy|authorlink=Dilip Kumar Roy|pages=1–2|publisher=The Maharishi (Newsletter of Arunachala Ashrama, NY)|date=Jan–Feb 2006| url = https://www.arunachala.org/newsletters/2006/jan_feb.pdf}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Mirtola}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618174302/http://www.almoraonline.com/hplaces.htm Places around Almora, almoraonline]<br />
* [https://anantaprema.blogspot.com/2007/11/sri-krishnaprema-richard-nixon.html Excerpts from, "Yogi Sri Krishna Prem " by Dilip Kumar Roy, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Philosophy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Almora]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India|Mirtola Ashram]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Almora district]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakthabandham&diff=456506Rakthabandham2026-01-11T04:53:03Z<p>MarioStpierre: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rakthabandham<br />
| image = Rakthabandham-1951.png<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = M. R. Vittal<br />
| producer = N. K. Karunakaran Pillai<br />
| writer = K. Chellappan Pillai<br />
| screenplay = K. Chellappan Pillai<br />
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]<br /> S. N. Chaami (S. N. Ranganathan)<br />
| released = {{Film date|1951|05|18|df=y}}<br />
| cinematography = Shanmugham<br />
| editing = T. M. Lal<br />
| studio =<br />
| distributor =<br />
| starring = [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]]<br /> [[T. R. Omana]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rakthabandham''''' is a 1951 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by M. R. Vittal and produced by N. K. Karunakaran Pillai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=15|title=Rakthabandham (1951)}}</ref> The film stars [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]] and [[T. R. Omana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=1708-Kerala%20Kesari |title=Kerala Kesari Malayalam Movie Profile, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis, Reviews - metromatinee.com |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017153751/http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=1708-Kerala%20Kesari |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film has a musical score by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and S. N. Chaami (S. N. Ranganathan). It is the only Malayalam film directed by Velswami Kavi. It is the debut Malayalam film of S. D. Subbiah and the debut film of Paravoor Bharathan (as a bank peon), Kuttappa Bhagavathar, and lyricist Swami Brahmavrathan. The movie also introduced R. S. Prabhu to Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rakthabandham-1951/article5408419.ece| title = RAKTHABANDHAM 1951 - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = December 2013| last1 = Vijayakumar| first1 = B.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[T. R. Omana]]<br />
* [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]]<br />
* Kuttappan Bhagavathar<br />
* S. J. Dev<br />
* Vaikkam Mani<br />
* Pisharody<br />
* Meenakshi (Old)<br />
* Cherthala Vasudeva Kurup<br />
* Rajamma<br />
* S. D. Subbayya<br />
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] (debut)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1951 films]]<br />
[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1950s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Club_World_Championship&diff=4831762024 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship2026-01-03T02:33:46Z<p>MarioStpierre: Adding A Post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|International volleyball men's club competition}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox FIVB tournament<br />
| competition = FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship<br />
| gender = men<br />
| continent = World<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| logo = <br />
| size = 300<br />
| caption = <br />
| host = Brazil<br />
| city = [[Uberlândia]]<br />
| dates = 10–15 December<br />
| teams = [[#Qualification|8]]<br />
| confederations = 4<br />
| venues = [[#Venue|1]]<br />
| cities = 1<br />
| champions_other = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]] <br />
| title_number = 5<br />
| mvp = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wallace de Souza]]<br />
| setter = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Matheus Brasília]]<br />
| outside_spikers = {{ubl|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Michieletto|A. Michieletto]]|{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Alireza Abdolhamidi]]}}<br />
| middle_blockers = {{ubl|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas Saatkamp]]|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Pellacani]]}}<br />
| opposite_spiker = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wallace de Souza]]<br />
| libero = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alexandre Elias]]<br />
| matches = <br />
| attendance = <br />
| website = [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/ 2024 Men's Club World Championship]<br />
| last = 2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship<br />
| next = 2025 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2024 [[FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship]]''' was the 19th edition of the competition. It was held in [[Uberlândia]], Brazil. The tournament took place from 10 to 15 December 2024.<ref name="cwc2024">{{Cite web |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/news/volleyball-powerhouse-brazil-announced-host-fivb-volleyball-men-club-world-championship-2024 |title=Volleyball powerhouse Brazil announced as host of FIVB Volleyball Men’s Club World Championship 2024! |date=18 October 2024 |website=volleyballworld.com |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]] won their fifth title after defeating [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]] in four sets (3–1) in the final. [[Foolad Sirjan]] claimed bronze, their first medal and Iran's second podium overall, after they defeated [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]. [[Wallace de Souza]] was named the [[Most valuable player|MVP]] of the tournament.<br />
<br />
== Qualification ==<br />
Starting from 2024, the qualification for the Club World Championships will be as follows: two places per continent for Europe, Asia, and South America; one place for Africa; and finally, a club from the host nation will be granted a place. This change aims to ensure the fair representation from different continents and provides an opportunity for the host country to participate in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIVB Board of Administration approves key proposals from FIVB Commissions and Councils |url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/fivb-board-of-administration-approves-key-proposals?id=100936 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.fivb.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Slots!!Qualified as<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1||Host club<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2||[[CEV Champions League]] winners<br />
|-<br />
||CEV Champions League runners-up<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2||[[Men's South American Volleyball Club Championship|CSV Club Championship]] winners<br />
|-<br />
||CSV Club Championship runners-up<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2||[[Asian Men's Club Volleyball Championship|AVC Club Championship]] winners<br />
|-<br />
||AVC Club Championship runners-up<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|1||[[African Clubs Championship (volleyball)|CAVB Club Championship]] winners<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Total: 8 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Participating teams ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Team (Confederation)<br />
! Qualified as<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Praia Clube]] (CSV)<br />
| Hosts<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]] (CSV)<br />
| [[2024 Men's South American Volleyball Club Championship|2024 South American champions]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]] (CSV)<br />
| 2024 South American runners-up<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]] (CEV)<br />
| [[2023–24 CEV Champions League|2024 European champions]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|POL}} <s>[[Jastrzębski Węgiel]]</s>{{efn-ua|Jastrzębski Węgiel declined the invitation to participate in the Club World Championship citing cost and logistical concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jastrzebskiwegiel.pl/jastrzebski-wegiel-nie-zagra-w-klubowych-mistrzostwach-swiata-2/ |title=Jastrzębski Węgiel nie zagra w Klubowych Mistrzostwach Świata |date=18 October 2024 |website=jastrzebskiwegiel.pl |trans-title=Jastrzębski Węgiel will not play in the Club World Cup |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> They were replaced by Cucine Lube Civitanova.<ref name="cwc2024"/>}} (CEV)<br />
| 2024 European runners-up<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI}} [[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]] (AVC)<br />
| [[2024 Asian Men's Club Volleyball Championship|2024 Asian champions]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI}} [[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]] (AVC)<br />
| 2024 Asian runners-up<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]] (CAVB)<br />
| [[2024 African Men's Club Volleyball Championship|2024 African champions]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]] (CEV)<br />
| [[Wild card (sports)|Wild card]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
; Notes<br />
{{notelist-ua}}<br />
<br />
==Venue==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!All matches<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagdeco|BRA}} '''[[Uberlândia]], [[Brazil]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ginásio Municipal Tancredo Neves|Sabiazinho Arena]]<br />
|-<br />
|Capacity: '''8,000'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Selecao_brasileira_volei_udi.jpg|200px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Format ==<br />
Eight participating teams are divided into two pools of four teams each in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] match. The top two teams of each pool advance to the semifinals (Pool A winner vs. Pool B runner-up and the Pool B winner vs. Pool A runner-up). The winners of the two semifinals advance to the gold medal match and the losers to the bronze medal match.<ref name="format">{{Cite web |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/competition/formula |title=Competition Formula |website=volleyballworld.com |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Pool standing procedure ==<br />
# Number of victories<br />
# Match points<br />
# Sets ratio<br />
# Points ratio<br />
# Result of the last match between the tied teams.<br />
<br />
Match won 3–0 or 3–1: 3 match points for the winner and 0 match point for the loser.<br />
<br />
Match won 3–2: 2 match points for the winner and 1 match point for the loser.<br />
<br />
==Preliminary round==<br />
*All times are [[Time in Brazil|Brasília time]] ([[UTC−03:00]]).<br />
<br />
===Pool A===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Volleyball<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/standings/ FIVB]<br />
<!-- CHANGE only the number when ranking the teams. --><br />
|team3=AHL<br />
|team2=CVA<br />
|team1=SIR<br />
|team4=PRA<br />
<br />
|name_AHL={{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]]<br />
|name_CVA={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]<br />
|name_SIR={{flagicon|IRI}} [[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]<br />
|name_PRA={{flagicon|BRA}} [[Praia Clube]]<br />
<br />
|win3s_AHL=0 |win4s_AHL=1 |win5s_AHL=0 |loss5s_AHL=0 |loss4s_AHL=2 |loss3s_AHL=0 |spw_AHL=260 |spl_AHL=287<br />
|win3s_CVA=1 |win4s_CVA=1 |win5s_CVA=0 |loss5s_CVA=1 |loss4s_CVA=0 |loss3s_CVA=0 |spw_CVA=286 |spl_CVA=247<br />
|win3s_SIR=1 |win4s_SIR=1 |win5s_SIR=1 |loss5s_SIR=0 |loss4s_SIR=0 |loss3s_SIR=0 |spw_SIR=273 |spl_SIR=239<br />
|win3s_PRA=0 |win4s_PRA=0 |win5s_PRA=0 |loss5s_PRA=0 |loss4s_PRA=1 |loss3s_PRA=2 |spw_PRA=207 |spl_PRA=253<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_QSF=#ccffcc |text_QSF=[[#Final round|Semifinals]]<br />
|result1=QSF |result2=QSF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;"><br />
{{Vb res start 5}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|10 Dec|13:30|[[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|nat1=IRI|3–2|nat2=ITA|[[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|25–21|14–25|24–26|25–23|16–14|11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720080 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21401/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|10 Dec|17:00|[[Praia Clube]]|nat1=BRA|1–3|nat2=EGY|[[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]]|23–25|25–23|21–25|25–27||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720081 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21402/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|11 Dec|10:00|[[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|nat1=IRI|3–1|nat2=EGY|[[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]]|19–25|25–15|25–21|25–19||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720137 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21404/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|11 Dec|17:00|[[Praia Clube]]|nat1=BRA|0–3|nat2=ITA|[[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|18–25|19–25|26–28|||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720149 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21406/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|12 Dec|17:00|[[Praia Clube]]|nat1=BRA|0–3|nat2=IRI|[[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|16–25|13–25|21–25|||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720308 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21408 Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|13 Dec|20:30|[[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|nat1=ITA|3–1|nat2=EGY|[[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]]|25–21|24–26|25–16|25–17||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720480 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21411/ Report]}}<br />
{{end}}</div><br />
<br />
===Pool B===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Volleyball<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/standings/ FIVB]<br />
<!-- CHANGE only the number when ranking the teams. --><br />
|team4=CIU<br />
|team2=SDC<br />
|team3=SHY<br />
|team1=TRE<br />
<br />
|name_CIU={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]]<br />
|name_SDC={{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]<br />
|name_SHY={{flagicon|IRI}} [[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]]<br />
|name_TRE={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]<br />
<br />
|win3s_CIU=0 |win4s_CIU=1 |win5s_CIU=0 |loss5s_CIU=0 |loss4s_CIU=1 |loss3s_CIU=1 |spw_CIU=242 |spl_CIU=266<br />
|win3s_SDC=0 |win4s_SDC=1 |win5s_SDC=1 |loss5s_SDC=0 |loss4s_SDC=1 |loss3s_SDC=0 |spw_SDC=296 |spl_SDC=286<br />
|win3s_SHY=0 |win4s_SHY=1 |win5s_SHY=0 |loss5s_SHY=0 |loss4s_SHY=1 |loss3s_SHY=1 |spw_SHY=242 |spl_SHY=259<br />
|win3s_TRE=2 |win4s_TRE=0 |win5s_TRE=0 |loss5s_TRE=1 |loss4s_TRE=0 |loss3s_TRE=0 |spw_TRE=249 |spl_TRE=218<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_QSF=#ccffcc |text_QSF=[[#Final round|Semifinals]]<br />
|result1=QSF |result2=QSF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;"><br />
{{Vb res start 5}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|10 Dec|10:00|[[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|nat1=ITA|3–0|nat2=IRI|[[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]]|25–12|25–22|25–21|||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720079 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21400/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|10 Dec|20:30|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|nat1=BRA|3–1|nat2=ARG|[[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]]|27–29|25–21|25–17|25–22||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720082 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21403/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|11 Dec|13:30|[[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|nat1=ITA|3–0|nat2=ARG|[[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]]|25–22|25–23|25–16|||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720138 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21405/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|11 Dec|20:30|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|nat1=BRA|1–3|nat2=IRI|[[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]]|18–25|25–20|24–26|25–27||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720221 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21407/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|12 Dec|20:30|[[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|nat1=ITA|2–3|nat2=BRA|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|25–19|21–25|25–18|16–25|12–15|11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720349 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21409/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|13 Dec|17:00|[[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]]|nat1=ARG|3–1|nat2=IRI|[[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]]|25–23|25–23|17–25|25–18||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720462 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21410/ Report]}}<br />
{{end}}</div><br />
<br />
== Final round ==<br />
*All times are [[Time in Brazil|Brasília time]] ([[UTC−03:00]]).<br />
<br />
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4<br />
<!-- parameters --><br />
|RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]<br />
|RD2=[[#Final|Final]]<br />
|Consol=[[#Third place match|Third place match]]<br />
|3rdplace=yes<br />
|bold_winner=high<br />
|color=yes<br />
|team-width=200<br />
<!-- Date-Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
<!-- Semi-finals --><br />
|14 December|{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|1|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|3<br />
|14 December|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|3|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|0<br />
<!-- Final --><br />
|15 December|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]] |3|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|1<br />
<!-- Third place match --><br />
|15 December|{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]] |3|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Semi-finals ===<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;"><br />
{{Vb res start 5}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|14 Dec|13:30|[[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|nat1=IRI|1–3|nat2=BRA|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|23–25|11–25|25–23|24–26||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720534 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21412/ Report]}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|14 Dec|17:00|[[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|nat1=ITA|3–0|nat2=ITA|[[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|25–20|28–26|25–19|||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720535 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21413/ Report]}}<br />
{{end}}</div><br />
<br />
=== Third place match ===<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;"><br />
{{Vb res start 5}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|15 Dec|11:00|[[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]|nat1=IRI|3–2|nat2=ITA|[[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]|23–25|25–23|21–25|26–24|19–17|11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720629 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21414/ Report]}}<br />
{{end}}</div><br />
<br />
=== Final ===<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;"><br />
{{Vb res start 5}}<br />
{{Vb res 51|15 Dec|14:30|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|nat1=BRA|3–1|nat2=ITA|[[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]|25–22|20–25|25–16|25–22||11=[https://www.fivb.org/vis2009/getdocument.asmx?no=256720650 P2] [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/schedule/21415/ Report]}}<br />
{{end}}</div><br />
<br />
== Final standing ==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!width=40|Rank<br />
!Team<br />
|-<br />
|{{Gold1}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Silver2}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Trentino Volley|Trentino Itas]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Bronze3}}<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Foolad Sirjan VC|Foolad Sirjan]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volley Lube|Cucine Lube Civitanova]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly (men's volleyball)|Al Ahly]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Shahdab Yazd VC|Shahdab Yazd]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires|Ciudad Vóley]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Praia Clube]]<br />
|}<br />
<small>''Source: [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/standings/#round-f Men's CWC 2024 – Final Standings]''</small><br />
{{col-2}}<br />
{{winners-other|2024 Club World champions|BRA|[[Associação Social e Esportiva Sada|Sada Cruzeiro]]|Fifth}}<br />
{| style="text-align:center; margin-top:2em; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"<br />
|-<br />
| '''Team'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Welinton Oppenkoski]], [[Felipe Albuquerque (volleyball)|Felipe Albuquerque]], [[Otávio Pinto]], [[Matheus Gonçalves (volleyball)|Matheus Gonçalves]], [[Juan Velasco (volleyball)|Juan Velasco]], [[Lucas Batista Silva]], [[Wallace de Souza]] ([[Captain (volleyball)|c]]), [[Rodrigo Leão (volleyball)|Rodrigo Leão]], [[Rodrigo Ribeiro (volleyball)|Rodrigo Ribeiro]], [[Douglas Souza]], [[Gabriel Vaccari]], [[Lucas Saatkamp]], [[Alexandre Elias]], [[Martos Soares]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Coach'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Filipe Ferraz]]<br />
|}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2024 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official|https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/club-world-championship-men/}}<br />
<br />
{{FIVB Volleyball Club World Championship}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Volleyball|Brazil|Sports}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:FIVB Volleyball Club World Championship|2024]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in Brazilian sport|FIVB Men's Club]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in men's volleyball|FIVB Men's Club]]<br />
[[Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Brazil|2024]]<br />
[[Category:December 2024 sports events in Brazil|FIVB Men's Club]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajabheema&diff=528362Rajabheema2025-12-29T02:34:43Z<p>MarioStpierre: starting basic details basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rajabheema<br />
| image = Rajabheema poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| based_on = <br />
| director = Naresh Sampath<br />
| producer = S. Mohan<br />
| writer = Karundhel Rajesh<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = [[Arav]]<br>[[Ashima Narwal]]<br />
| music = [[Simon K. King]]<br />
| cinematography = [[S. R. Sathish Kumar]]<br />
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]<br />
| studio = Surabi Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|1|31}}<br />
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajabheema |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzIyMTAyMDIxMDAwNDI= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Rajabheema''''' (or '''''Raja Bheema''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[action thriller]] film directed by Naresh Sampath on his directorial debut with dialogues written by Karundhel Rajesh. The storyline of the film is based on the connection between a man and elephant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |last2=September 15 |first2=hana On |date=2018-09-15 |title='Raja Bheema' Will Focus On Wildlife Conservation, Says Director |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/raja-bheema-naresh-sampath-aarav-interview-wildlife-conservation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101014024/https://silverscreen.in/news/raja-bheema-naresh-sampath-aarav-interview-wildlife-conservation/ |archive-date=1 January 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Arav]] and [[Ashima Narwal]] in the lead roles. The music for the film is composed by [[Simon K. King]] with lyrics penned by [[Madhan Karky]]. The film is produced by S. Mohan under the production banner Surbhi Films.<br />
<br />
The film was released on 31 January 2025 after having been delayed for over 8 years.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Arav]] as Raja<br />
** [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]] as Young Raja<br />
* [[Ashima Narwal]] as Thulasi<br />
* [[Oviya]] (cameo appearance)<br />
* [[Yashika Aannand]] <br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Raja's father<br />
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Minister Mandranayagam<br />
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Minister Mandranayagam's son<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]<br />
* [[TSR Srinivasan]]<br />
* Jayakumar as Mandranayagam's assistant<br />
* Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy<br />
* Karate Venkatesh<br />
* Ravi Venkatraman<br />
* Jaya Swaminathan<br />
* Thangamani Prabhu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production == <br />
The film was announced by Naresh Sampath on his directorial debut in early 2018 and revealed that [[Arav]] would play the lead role for the first time in his career after taking part in ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 1]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-09-15 |title=Bigg Boss fame Aarav bags a role |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150918/bigg-boss-fame-aarav-bags-a-role.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231144223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150918/bigg-boss-fame-aarav-bags-a-role.html |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> It was also reported that Arav made his film debut as playback singer through this film as he voiced for one song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-29 |title=நடிப்புடன் புது அவதாரம் எடுத்த பிக்பாஸ் ஆரவ்! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actor-biggboss-arav-become-singer-in-raja-bheema/articleshow/67300366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143847/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actor-biggboss-arav-become-singer-in-raja-bheema/articleshow/67300366.cms |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> [[Ashima Narwal]] was approached to play the female lead in the film while she was poised to make her Tamil film debut ''[[Kolaigaran]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2018 |title=Indian-Australian model Ashima opposite Arav in Rajabheema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/indian-australian-model-ashima-opposite-arav-in-rajabheema-1347446-2018-09-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194100/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/indian-australian-model-ashima-opposite-arav-in-rajabheema-1347446-2018-09-24 |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first schedule of the shooting procedure commenced and progressed in Pallakad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Arav's next is Raja Bheema - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aravs-next-is-raja-bheema/articleshow/65809931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129160942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aravs-next-is-raja-bheema/articleshow/65809931.cms |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The second schedule of the film went on floors in around December 2018 in [[Pollachi]] and the final schedule of the film took place in [[Coimbatore]] during January 2019. [[Oviya]], who is known for her speculations as Arav's girlfriend, also appeared in a cameo appearance and is set to feature in an item song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil lovebirds Arav and Oviya groove to a folk song in Raja Bheema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-tamil-lovebirds-arav-and-oviya-groove-to-a-folk-song-in-raja-bheema-1409281-2018-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231195547/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-tamil-lovebirds-arav-and-oviya-groove-to-a-folk-song-in-raja-bheema-1409281-2018-12-14 |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Adithya |date=2018-12-14 |title='Raj Bheema' To Have Oviya In An Extended Cameo |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/raj-bheema-to-have-oviya-in-an-extended-cameo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101014022/https://silverscreen.in/news/raj-bheema-to-have-oviya-in-an-extended-cameo/ |archive-date=1 January 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The shooting of the Luthu song featuring Oviya took place in around January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2018 |title=Oviya does a cameo in Arav's 'Raja Bheema' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-does-a-cameo-in-aravs-raja-bheema/articleshow/67059591.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106044708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-does-a-cameo-in-aravs-raja-bheema/articleshow/67059591.cms |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music was composed by Simon.K.King.<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Beeman<br />
| extra1 = Simon.K.King, Anthony dasan, Keerthana<br />
| length1 = 03:22<br />
| title2 = Ganesaa<br />
| extra2 = Simon.K.King, Chinnaponnu,Gowri Lakshmi<br />
| length2 = 03:13<br />
| title3 = Raani varra<br />
| extra3 = Simon.K.King,G.Vignesh<br />
| length3 = 04:31<br />
| title4 = Thooya<br />
| extra4 = Simon.K.King, Karthik, Keerthana<br />
| length4 = 04:26<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Rajabheema'' was released in theatres on 31 January 2025.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
===Critical Response===<br />
<br />
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Rajabheema'' stands as a sincere but routine wildlife drama. It successfully stokes empathy for its pachyderm players, keeping its feet firmly on the ground rather than attempting to soar".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raja Bheema Movie Review : A well-meaning but generic tale about man and beast lumbers along |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raja-bheema/movie-review/117674753.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A writer from ''[[News Today]]'' wrote, "The movie stays grounded in its primary theme, offering a coherent and engaging narrative from start to finish".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Rajabheema - Review |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/01/30/rajabheema-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130082108/https://newstodaynet.com/2025/01/30/rajabheema-review/ |archive-date=30 January 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=News Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|11535504}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:Films about elephants]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortum&diff=549366Fortum2025-12-18T15:37:03Z<p>MarioStpierre: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Finnish energy company}}<br />
{{For|the antibiotic|Ceftazidime}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Fortnum & Mason}}<br />
{{Redirect|Imatran Voima|the Finnish electronic music duo|Imatran Voima (band)}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Fortum Oyj<br />
| logo = Fortum logo.svg<br />
| image = Fortum HQ Keilaniemi 2017.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Fortum's headquarters in [[Espoo]], [[Finland]].<br />
| type = {{lang|fi|[[Osakeyhtiö#Julkinen osakeyhtiö|Julkinen osakeyhtiö]]}}<br />
| traded_as = {{OMX|HEX24271|FORTUM}}<br />
| industry = [[Electricity]]<br />
| fate = <br />
| predecessor = Imatran Voima (IVO)<br />
| successor = <br />
| founded = {{unbulleted list|{{start date and age|df=yes|1998}}}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| area_served = Nordic countries, Poland, India<br />
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Mikael Silvennoinen {{small|([[Chairperson|Chairman]])}}|Markus Rauramo {{small|([[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}|Tiina Tuomela {{small|([[Chief financial officer|CFO]])}}}}<br />
| products = [[Electric power]]<br/>[[District heating|Heat]]<br />
| brands = <br />
| production = <br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{€|6.711}} billion (2023)<ref name=Fin2020/><br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{€|1.544}} billion (2023)<ref name=Fin2020/><br />
| assets = {{decrease}} {{€|18.739}} billion (2023)<ref name=Fin2020/><br />
| equity = {{increase}} {{€|8.499}} billion (2023)<ref name=Fin2020/><br />
| owner = [[Government of Finland]],<br> Finnish National Institutions ([[Kela (Finnish institution)|Kela]], [[Keva (pension agency)|Keva]], [[Ministry of Finance (Finland)|State Pension Fund]], City Councils of [[Kurikka]], [[Turku]] and [[Kauhajoki]]) (53.03%)<br />
| num_employees = {{decrease}} 5,225 <small>(2023)</small><ref name=Fin2020/><br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| hq_location_city = [[Espoo]]<br />
| hq_location_country = [[Finland]]<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.fortum.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Fortum Oyj''' is a [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Government of Finland|state-owned]] energy company located in [[Espoo]], Finland. It mainly focuses on the [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] region.<ref name="Fin2020">{{Cite web |date= |title=Fortum Financials 2023 |url=https://www.fortum.com/files/fortum-financials-2023/download |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Fortum}}</ref> Fortum operates [[power plant]]s, including [[co-generation plant]]s, and generates and sells [[electricity]] and [[heat]]. The company also sells waste services such as recycling, reutilisation, final disposal solutions and soil remediation and environmental constructions services, and other energy-related services and products e.g. consultancy services for power plants and electric vehicle charging. Fortum is listed on the [[Nasdaq Helsinki]] stock exchange.<br />
<br />
As of 2023 Fortum was the third-largest power generator in the Nordics.<ref name=for1>{{Cite web |title=Fortum Sustainability 2023 |url=https://www.fortum.fi/files/fortum-sustainability-2023-engl/download?attachment= |access-date=2024-05-02 |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502101438/https://www.fortum.fi/files/fortum-sustainability-2023-engl/download?attachment= |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Imatran Voima (1932–1997)===<br />
The predecessor of Fortum was Imatran Voima (IVO), which was founded in 1932 to operate the [[Imatrankoski]] hydroelectric power plant in [[Imatra]].<ref name=Vuorinen>{{Cite book|last=Vuorinen|first=Asko|title=Imatran Voimasta Fortumiksi 1932-2013|year=2015|isbn=9789526705774}}</ref><br />
<br />
The construction of the Imatra power plant began already in 1922 as well as the power lines from Imatra to Helsinki and the power plant was opened in May 1929.<ref name=Vuorinen/> [[Finnish Government]] made a decision to establish Imatran Voima Osakeyhtiö (IVO) in May 1932.<ref name=Vuorinen/><br />
<br />
Imatran Voima acquired and built a number of other power plants, such as the largest hydroelectric power plants along the Oulujoki river, [[Ingå]] and Naantali coal-fired powerplants and the [[Loviisa nuclear power plant]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
In 1997, a merger agreement was made between Neste and IVO.<ref name=Vuorinen/><br />
<br />
===1998–2010===<br />
Fortum Corporation was founded in 1998. It was created from the merging of Imatran Voima and [[Neste Oy]], the Finnish national oil company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1998-06-17|title=IVO-Neste Yhtymästä Fortum|url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/ivo-neste-yhtymasta-fortum/5431626|access-date=2021-07-29|website=mtvuutiset.fi|language=fi}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2003, Fortum bought parts of [[Fredrikstad Energi]] and [[Fredrikstad Energi Nett]] in a swap deal with [[E.ON]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortum i mål i Fredrikstad Energi |url=https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/fortum-i-mal-i-fredrikstad-energi/1879388.html |language=no|date=2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005 most of Neste's assets were divested into a separate stock-listed company [[Neste Oil]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-03-11|title=Fortumin omistajat saavat kevään jakautumisessa Neste Oilin osakkeita|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074030714|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[Turun Sanomat]]|language=fi}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, Fortum acquired 25.66% stake in [[TGK-1]], operating in northwest Russia.<ref name=reuters160207>{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/tgk-1-fortum-idUKL1691603820070216 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142120/http://uk.reuters.com/article/tgk-1-fortum-idUKL1691603820070216 | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 5, 2016 | title = Russia seen blocking Fortum from TGK-1 control | work = [[Reuters]] | date=2007-02-16 | access-date=2014-08-29}}<br />
</ref> In 2008, Fortum privatized the natural gas, power and heat generation company TGK-10 (now: {{ill|OAO Fortum|fi}}), operating in central and northern Russia.<ref name=bloomberg280208>{{cite news |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-02-28/fortum-buys-russian-generator-tgk-10-for-1-2-billion |title = Fortum Buys Russia Utility TGK-10, May Pay $3 Billion |first = Yuriy |last = Humber | work = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] | date = 2008-02-28 |access-date = 2014-08-29 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903084216/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=afFO2T_7ItzU |archive-date = 2014-09-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2011–2021===<br />
In 2011, Fortum sold its 25% stake in the Finnish transmission system operator [[Fingrid]].<ref name=reuters260111>{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/fortum-upm-idUKLDE70P1DS20110126 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222606/http://uk.reuters.com/article/fortum-upm-idUKLDE70P1DS20110126 | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 6, 2016 | title = Utilities Fortum, PVO to sell stakes in Fingrid | first = Jussi | last = Rosendahl | work = [[Reuters]] | date=2011-01-26 | access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> In December 2013 Fortum announced the sale of its distribution network in Finland to [[Caruna|Suomi Power Networks]], owned by [[First Sentier Investors|First State Investments]] (40%), [[Borealis Infrastructure]] (40%), [[Keva Pension Agency|Keva]] (12,5%) and [[LähiTapiola]] (7,5%).<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/fortum_myy_sahkoverkot_255_miljardilla/6980971 Fortum myy sähköverkot 2,55 miljardilla]. 12.12.2013 yle, viitattu 21.12.2013 {{in lang|fi}}</ref><br />
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In 2012, Fortum shared the number one position in the [[Carbon Disclosure Project|Carbon Disclosure Project's]] Nordic climate index.<ref name="CDP2013results">{{cite web | url = https://www.cdp.net/CDPResults/CDP-Nordic-260-Climate-Change-Report-2012.pdf | title = CDP Nordic 260 Climate Change Report 2012 | publisher = Carbon Disclosure Project | access-date = 2014-03-18}}</ref><br />
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In 2013, Fortum opened two new CHP utilities using waste as a fuel in [[Klaipėda]], Lithuania,<ref name="klaipedachp">{{cite web | title= Fortum openes combined heat and power plant in Klaipeda, Lithuania| url= http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/fortum_openes_combined_heat_and_power_plant_in_klaipeda_lithuania/| publisher= Climate Action| date= 2013-05-17 | access-date=2014-05-13}}</ref> and {{interlanguage link|Brista|sv|Bristaverket}}, Sweden<ref name="bristachp">{{cite web| title= Fortum opens new waste-to-energy CHP plant in Stockholm, Sweden| url= http://www.oilandgasobserver.com/news/fortum-opens-new-waste-to-energy-chp-plant-in-stockholm-sweden/029734| work = Oil & Gas Observer| date= 2013-12-06| access-date= 2014-05-13| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140514171544/http://www.oilandgasobserver.com/news/fortum-opens-new-waste-to-energy-chp-plant-in-stockholm-sweden/029734| archive-date= 2014-05-14| url-status= dead}}</ref> as well as new biomass-fuelled CHP plants in [[Jelgava]], Latvia,<ref name="jelgavachp">{{cite web | title= Fortum starts up biomass plant | url= http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/33439/#.U3IIfvtXPAM | newspaper = The Baltic Times| date= 2013-09-19 | access-date=2014-05-13}}</ref> and [[Järvenpää]], Finland.<ref name="järvenpäächp">{{cite web | title= Fortum's biofuel-fired CHP plant inaugurated in Järvenpää | url= https://www.fortum.fi/en/mediaroom/Pages/fortums-biofuel-fired-chp-plant-inaugurated-in-jarvenpaa.aspx | publisher= Fortum Corporation | date= 2013-06-14 | access-date= 2014-05-13 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140514061828/https://www.fortum.fi/en/mediaroom/Pages/fortums-biofuel-fired-chp-plant-inaugurated-in-jarvenpaa.aspx | archive-date= 2014-05-14 | url-status= dead }}</ref> In June, Fortum acquired a 5&nbsp;MW solar power plant in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]].<ref name="solarplant">{{cite web | title= Fortum Buys India Solar Plant, Plans More Investment | url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-11/fortum-buys-india-solar-plant-plans-more-investment.html | work = [[Bloomberg News]] | date= 2013-06-11 | access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref> In September Fortum signed an agreement with [[Rosatom]] and [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]] to develop [[nuclear power]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fortum inks nuclear, wind power deals with UK firms|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/fortum_inks_nuclear_wind_power_deals_with_uk_firms/6817040|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Yle Uutiset|date=5 September 2013|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2014 Fortum sold its Norwegian electricity distribution network and also its stakes in Fredrikstad Energi and Fredrikstad Energi Nett to the [[Hafslund Group]]. The heat business was sold to iCON Infrastructure Partners II, L.P. fund.<ref name=reuters090414>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/fortum-oyj-hafslund-idAFWEB00LE220140409 |title = Fortum sells Norwegian electricity distribution business to Hafslund | work = [[Reuters]] |date = 2014-04-09 |access-date = 2014-08-29}}</ref> Since 2015 the electrical distribution network in [[Sweden]] is owned by [[Ellevio]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
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In 2015 Fortum connected its first greenfield solar park, under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]] (JNNSM) Phase II initiative, in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Fortum-launches-its-first-greenfield-solar-project-in-India/articleshow/46004952.cms |title=Fortum launches its first greenfield solar project in India - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Fortum-connects-10MW-solar-power-plant-in-Madhya-Pradesh-to-grid/articleshow/45731475.cms |title=Fortum connects 10MW solar power plant in Madhya Pradesh to grid - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 January 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
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In 2015, Fortum completed the divestment of its electricity distribution network in Sweden, thus completing the divestment of electricity distribution business.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} In 2016, Fortum acquired Grupa DUON S.A, an electricity and gas sales company in Poland, and Ekokem Corporation, a leading Nordic [[circular economy]] company specialised in material and waste recycling, final disposal solutions, soil remediation and environmental construction.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
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In 2017, the 100&nbsp;MW plant in [[Pavagada solar park]] was connected to the grid. It was the first of a series of planned gigawatt-scale plants facilitated by [[reverse auction]]s in India.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-04-20|title=Fortum connects 100-MW solar plant to grid in India|url=https://www3.fortum.com/media/2017/12/fortum-connects-100-mw-solar-plant-grid-india|website=www3.fortum.com|archive-date=2018-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420212953/https://www3.fortum.com/media/2017/12/fortum-connects-100-mw-solar-plant-grid-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September, Fortum announced it would buy [[E.ON]]'s 47% stake in German power company [[Uniper]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-20/fortum-is-said-to-near-bid-for-eon-s-fossil-fuel-spinoff-uniper | title = Fortum Plans $9.7 Billion Bid for EON Fossil-Fuel Arm Uniper | work = [[Bloomberg News]] | date=2017-09-20 | access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> Fortum increased its stake to 75% in spring 2020.<ref name=TE20201211>{{Cite web|last=Lähteenmäki|first=Pekka|title=Fortum lataa miljardipanokset tuuleen ja aurinkoon ja hyökkää sitten vetybuumiin – "Olemme saman murroksen äärellä, jossa olimme kymmenen vuotta sitten uusiutuvissa"|url=https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/fortum-lataa-miljardipanokset-tuuleen-ja-aurinkoon-ja-hyokkaa-sitten-vetybuumiin-olemme-saman-murroksen-aarella-jossa-olimme-kymmenen-vuotta-sitten-uusiutuvissa/60417379-c3cc-4e43-862c-68d79a06edb0|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Talouselämä|date=11 December 2020 |language=fi}}</ref> Uniper mainly uses oil, natural gas and coal to supply electricity.<ref name=uni1>{{cite web |title=Sustainability at Uniper - Data Overview |url=https://cr.uniper.energy/en/data-overview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154111/https://cr.uniper.energy/en/data-overview/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |date=2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2020 Fortum and [[Kværner]] informed that they would cooperate on a [[Carbon capture and storage]] project for waste [[incineration]] at [[:no:Klemetsrud energigjenvinningsanlegg|Klemetsrud energigjenvinningsanlegg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kværner og Fortum vil samarbeide om CO2-fangst |url=https://www.fjernvarme.no/kvaerner-og-fortum-vil-samarbeide-om-co2-fangst |website=www.fjernvarme.no |date=2020}}</ref><br />
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In 2020 Fortum was the biggest company in Finland by its revenue.<ref name=tes1>{{Cite web|last=Talouselämä|title=TE500|url=https://www.talouselama.fi/te500|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Talouselämä|language=fi}}</ref> The majority of its income came from [[Uniper]]<ref name=HS20210512>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=Osavuosikatsaukset {{!}} Uniper veti Fortumin tuloksen yli miljardiin euroon alkuvuonna|url=https://www.hs.fi/talous/art-2000007972358.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Helsingin Sanomat|language=fi}}</ref> that became Fortum's subsidiary in March 2020.<ref name=IP12032021>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Fortum paransi tulostaan loppuvuonna, taustalla tytäryhtiö Uniperin vahva suoritus|url=https://ilkkapohjalainen.fi/uutiset/talous/fortumin-tulos-yli-kaksinkertaistui-loppuvuonna-taustalla-tytaryhtio-uniperin-vahva-suoritus-1.12676788|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Ilkka-Pohjalainen|language=fi}}</ref><br />
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In 2021 Fortum sold its business in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to [[Partners Group]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
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=== Uniper divestment (2022)===<br />
<br />
On 21 September 2022, Fortum announced that Uniper is to be fully divested to the German state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortum.com/media/2022/09/fortum-fully-divest-uniper-german-state |title=Fortum to fully divest Uniper to the German State}}</ref> Under the agreement, Uniper plans to issue 4.7 billion new ordinary registered shares, which the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] plans to subscribe at a nominal value of EUR 1.70 per share. The German state-owned [[KfW bank]] will provide Uniper with additional liquidity support as required until this EUR 8 billion capital increase is completed. Uniper was thus nationalised by Germany on the 21 September 2022 for 8 billion euros.<ref name=for2>{{cite web | url=https://www.fortum.com/media/2022/09/fortum-fully-divest-uniper-german-state | title=Fortum to fully divest Uniper to the German State }}</ref><br />
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At completion of the capital increase, the Germans plans to buy all of Fortum's approximately 293 million shares in Uniper for EUR 1.70 per share, i.e. for a total of EUR 0.5 billion. At that point, change of control clause in the financing agreement will be triggered and the buyer will provide the financing for the redemption of Fortum's EUR 4 billion shareholder loan granted to Uniper and the release of the EUR 4 billion parent company guarantee.{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br />
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The parties have also agreed that Fortum will have a right of first offer in case Uniper intends to divest all or parts of its Swedish hydro and nuclear assets until the end of 2026.{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br />
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===Russian assets during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2023–present)===<br />
In April 2023, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Fortum's Russian assets were transferred under external management by decree of the [[President of Russia]], as a response to the confiscation of Russian property in Europe. Fortum considered the decision illegal and wrote off assets from the balance sheet, recording a loss of 1.7 billion euros.<ref name=rbc1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/business/26/04/2023/644934889a79478ebe088715 |title="Юнипро» и "Фортум" возглавили менеджеры «Роснефти" |language=ru |date=2023-04-06 |website=RBC}}</ref><ref name=rbc2>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbc.ru/business/11/05/2023/645c872c9a79478bb778362f |title=Fortum спишет российские активы на €1,7 млрд |language=ru|date=2023-05-11 |website=RBC}}</ref> In 2021, Fortum was estimated to have had as much as $32.6 billion in assets in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/talous/a/fdd849ba-513e-4acf-889c-2290b0fe71e2 |title=Fortumin menetetyistä Venäjän-bisneksistä leviää hurja laskelma |trans-title=A staggering estimate is circulating about Fortum's lost Russian business |last=Koskinen |first=Mika |date=25 July 2024 |website=[[Iltalehti]] |language=fi |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><br />
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In July 2023 Russia announced it was changing the name of the Russian business to ''Forward Energo''.<ref name=rtr1>{{cite web |title=Fortum's Russian business to be renamed Forward Energo after seizure -company |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/fortum-russia/fortums-russian-business-to-be-renamed-forward-energo-after-seizure-company-idUKS8N388018 |date=24 July 2023}}</ref><br />
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In February 2024 Fortum launched arbitration proceedings against Russia, seeking compensation for its assets seized by Russian authorities.<ref name=yle1>{{Cite web |title=Finnish energy giant Fortum files legal action against Russia |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20076676 |website=Yle|date=27 February 2024 }}</ref><br />
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In August 2025, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] issued a personal decree according to which the [[Federal Agency for State Property Management]] takes control of the joint-stock company Chelyabinsk Energoremont ({{Langx|ru|Челябэнергоремонт|links=no}}, {{Langx|fi|Tšeljabenenergoremont|links=no}}), whose entire shareholding was owned by Fortum. Chelyabinsk Energoremont specializes in the maintenance of steam turbines, steam boilers, and electrical equipment, as well as in the repair of power plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/ulkomaat/a/52b3a5c0-a742-4822-b6de-2cb795bad396 |title=Putinilta henkilökohtainen kosto suomalaiselle jättiyhtiölle |trans-title=Personal revenge from Putin on the Finnish giant company |last=Shepelenko |first=Mikael |date=26 August 2025 |website=[[Iltalehti]] |language=fi |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
===Hydropower===<br />
[[File:Imatrankoski power plant.jpg|thumb|[[Imatrankoski]] hydroelectric power plant.]]<br />
Hydropower is one of the most significant renewable electricity production form for Fortum.<ref name=TE20201211/> In 2021 Fortum owned or co-owned over 150 hydropower plants in [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]], including power plants on the [[Dalälven]], [[Indalsälven]] and [[Ljusnan]] rivers in central Sweden and on the [[Oulujoki]], [[Kemijoki]] and [[Vuoksi]] rivers in Finland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vesivoimalaitokset|url=https://www.fortum.fi/tietoa-meista/yhtiomme/energiantuotantomme/voimalaitoksemme/vesivoimalaitokset|access-date=2021-07-29|website=fortum.fi|language=fi}}</ref><br />
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===Nuclear power===<br />
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In 2021 Fortum owned the [[nuclear power]] plant in [[Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant|Loviisa]], Finland. Its nuclear assets also cover Sweden with a 43% share ownership in the [[Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant]] and 22% of three [[Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant]]s. Furthermore, Fortum owns a 27% stake in the [[Teollisuuden Voima]], which operates three nuclear power plants at [[Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant|Olkiluoto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ydinvoimalaitokset|url=https://www.fortum.fi/tietoa-meista/yhtiomme/energiantuotantomme/voimalaitoksemme/ydinvoimalaitokset|access-date=2021-07-29|website=fortum.fi|language=fi}}</ref><br />
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=== Combined production of heat and electric power (cogeneration or CHP) ===<br />
<br />
Fortum produces and sells heat in [[Nordic countries]] and [[Poland]], operating with 4 plants combining production of [[heat]] ([[district heating]]) and [[electric power]].<br />
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===Electricity and heat sales===<br />
Fortum sells electricity, electricity products and services to over 2 million consumers predominantly in the Nordics and Poland. In 2014, Fortum closed its 1,000&nbsp;MW coal power plant at [[Ingå]] (Finland) and demolished it in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Ina |title=Her rives Nordens største kullkraftverk |url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/her-rives-nordens-storste-kullkraftverk/488727 | work =[[Teknisk Ukeblad]] |language=no |date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The company also owns and operates about {{convert|1200|km|abbr=on}} of district heat network in Finland, {{convert|2400|km|abbr=on}} in Sweden, {{convert|860|km|abbr=on}} in Poland and {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}} in Russia.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
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===Solar power===<br />
The company has stated that its ambition is to build a small photo-voltaic solar portfolio to gain experience in different solar technologies and in operating in the Indian power market.<ref name="Indiapressrelease">{{cite web | title= Fortum launches solar power production in India by acquiring a 5-MW photo-voltaic solar power plant | url= http://www.fortum.com/en/mediaroom/Pages/fortum-launches-solar-power-production-in-india-by-acquiring-a-5-mw-photo-voltaic-solar-power-plant.aspx| publisher= Fortum Oyj | date= 2013-06-11 | access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref> Fortum also sells solar power kits in the Nordic countries.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
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== Environmental record ==<br />
In 2014 Fortum had the biggest market share of [[ecolabel]]led electricity in Finland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekoenergia.fi/uutiset/ekoenergian-osuus-sahkomarkkinoilla-uuteen-ennatykseen |title=EKOenergy &#124; The European ecolabel for electricity |publisher=Ekoenergia.fi |date=2014-02-03 |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref> Nowadays, they no longer offer ecolabelled electricity in Finland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=List of all Authorised EKOenergy Sellers |url=https://www.ekoenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/List-of-all-Authorised-EKOenergy-Sellers.pdf |website=EKOenergy label}}</ref><br />
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After acquiring a majority stake in Uniper in 2020,<ref name=IP12032021/> Fortum will become one of the EU's worst emitters of [[greenhouse gas emissions]], asserted a report backed by major European environmental groups in 2019.<ref>"[https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/fortumuniper_among_europes_worst_polluters_say_ngos/10728601 Fortum/Uniper among Europe's worst polluters, say NGOs]". YLE. 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-04-05.'</ref> [[Extinction Rebellion]] Finland accused Fortum for [[greenwashing]] for continuing and scaling up its fossil fuel business, for example opening (through Uniper) Dateln4 coal-fired power plant in Germany in 2020 and suing the Netherlands on the basis of the [[Energy Charter Treaty]] for banning coal.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
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== Social responsibility ==<br />
In 2023, Fortum became the first business head-quartered in Finland to secure [[Fair Tax Mark]] certification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drummond |first=Graham |date=2023-12-18 |title=Fortum first company in Finland to gain Fair Tax Mark for responsible tax conduct |url=https://fairtaxmark.net/fortum-first-company-in-finland-to-gain-fair-tax-mark-for-responsible-tax-conduct/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Fair Tax Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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In February 2014, Fortum equipped three schools with solar-powered infrastructure in [[Bhilwara]], [[India]], where they had a solar plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20140209/2336719.html |title=Finland Ex President Halonen visits Fortum plant in Bhilwara|publisher=news.webindia123.com}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Finland|Energy}}<br />
* [[Energy in Finland]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
*{{Official website|https://www.fortum.com/}}<br />
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{{OMX Helsinki 25 companies}}<br />
{{Nasdaq Helsinki}}<br />
{{Energy in Sweden}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Fortum| ]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Espoo]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki]]<br />
[[Category:Companies in the OMX Helsinki 25]]<br />
[[Category:Electric power companies of Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Electric power companies of Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:Electricity retailers in Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear power companies of Finland]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear power companies of Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1998]]<br />
[[Category:Finnish companies established in 1998]]<br />
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies]]<br />
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Finland]]<br />
[[Category:Finland–Russia relations]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahiri_Mahasaya&diff=511547Lahiri Mahasaya2025-12-10T02:23:17Z<p>MarioStpierre: Made details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian hindu yogi and guru}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu leader<br />
| name = Shyama Charan Lahiri<br />
| image = Lahiri Mahasaya.jpg<br />
| caption = Lahiri Mahasaya in the [[lotus position]]<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| birth_name = Shyama Charan Lahiri<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1828|9|30|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ghurni]] village, [[Nadia district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]] (Present day in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1895|9|26|1828|9|30|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| school = [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]]<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| guru = [[Mahavatar Babaji]]<br />
| honors = Yogiraj, Kashi Baba<br />
| disciples = [[Yukteswar Giri]]<br />[[Panchanan Bhattacharya]]<br />[[Keshavananda Brahmachari]]<br />
| philosophy = [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]]<br />
| signature = [[File:Signature-Transparent-Lahiri-Mahasaya.png|180px]]<br />
}}<br />
'''<span lang="gu">Shyama</span> Charan Lahiri''' (30 September 1828 &ndash; 26 September 1895), best known as '''Lahiri Mahasaya''', was an Indian [[yoga|yogi]] and [[guru]] who founded the [[Kriya Yoga (Yoga school)|Kriya Yoga]] system of [[Yoga]]. He was a disciple of [[Mahavatar Babaji]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone_r9k7 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James |date=2008 |publisher=New York : Checkmark Books, an imprint of Infobase Publishing |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8160-7336-8 |pages=255–256}}</ref> Lahiri Mahasaya's life was described in [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]'s ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]'' as a demonstration of the spiritual attainment that could be achieved by a householder "living fully in the world".<ref name=":1" /> A part of Lahiri Mahasaya's face is pictured on the cover of [[The Beatles]]' 1967 album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Are All Those People in SGT Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band - Spacious Planet |url=http://www.spaciousplanet.com/world/guide/who-are-all-those-people-in-sgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-band |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024180614/http://www.spaciousplanet.com/world/guide/who-are-all-those-people-in-sgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-band |archive-date=24 October 2011 |access-date=16 September 2023 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Lahiri Mahasaya was born to [[Bengali Brahmin]] parents Gourmohan and Muktakeshi Lahiri on 30 September 1828, in the village of [[Ghurni]], [[Nadia district|Dist. Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], India, according to Yogananda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |title=[[Autobiography of a Yogi]] |publisher=[[Self-Realization Fellowship]] |year=1998 |edition=13th |pages=292 |author-link=Paramahansa Yogananda}}</ref> In 1832, a flood killed his mother and destroyed their home, after which his family moved to [[Varanasi]], where he received education in philosophy, Sanskrit, and English. His father arranged for him to be married to Kashimoni in 1846, and he taught her how to read. In 1851, he began working as a clerk and tutor.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
On 27 November 1861, Lahiri Mahasaya met Babaji in the mountains near [[Ranikhet]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=Lola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yX4VCgAAQBAJ |title=Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |year=2010 |isbn= |pages=66}}</ref> Babaji taught him a meditation technique called Kriya Yoga,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Timothy |url=http://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill |title=America's alternative religions |date=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7914-2397-4 |location=Albany |pages=178}}</ref> which Lahiri Mahasaya then taught to many others, including his wife,<ref name=":0" /> Paramahansa Yogananda's parents, and [[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri|Sri Yukteswar Giri]], guru of Yogananda.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Hundreds of people sought [[Diksha|initiation]] from Lahiri Mahasaya, who would often gather his devotees for discussions on the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. Lahiri Mahasaya preferred to teach in secret and without forming an organisation, but he eventually allowed his disciples to form the Arya Mission in [[Kolkata]] to spread his teachings. Some disciples copied down his talks and compiled them into books. He died in 1895.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Guru–shishya tradition]]<br />
*[[List of Hindu gurus and sants|List of Hindu gurus and saints]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|Lahiri Mahasaya|display=Lahiri Mahasaya|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=no|d=Q471036}}<br />
<br />
*[[Wikisource:Autobiography of a Yogi|''Autobiography of a Yogi'']] on [[Wikisource]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Hindu reform movements}}<br />
{{Kriya Yoga}} <br />
{{Paramahansa Yogananda}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion|Biography|Philosophy}} <br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Mahasaya}}<br />
[[Category:1828 births]]<br />
[[Category:1895 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian monks]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]<br />
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Kriya yogis]]<br />
[[Category:Paramahansa Yogananda]]<br />
[[Category:People from Krishnagar]]<br />
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udai_Singh_II_of_Dungarpur&diff=542276Udai Singh II of Dungarpur2025-11-13T21:40:55Z<p>MarioStpierre: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharawal of Dungarpur from 1844 to 1898}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Maharawal Sir Udai Singh II<br />
| title = Maharawal of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]]<br />
| succession = Maharawal of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]]<br />
| reign = 1844 –1898<br />
| coronation = 28 September 1847<br />
| predecessor = [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]]<br />
| regent = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]] (1844 – 1852)<br />
* Safdar Hussain (1852 –1857)<br />
}}<br />
| successor = [[Bijai Singh]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1839|05|22|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sabli]], [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], [[Rajputana]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| death_date = 13 February 1898<br />
| death_place = [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], [[Rajputana]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| spouse = *HH Maharaniji Sa Devadiji (Chauhanji) Umaid Kanwarji of [[Sirohi State]]<br />
*HH Maharaniji Sa Chauhanji Shiv Kanwarji of [[Motagaon]] in [[Banswara State]]<br />
| issue = *Yuvraj Khuman Singh<br />
*Baiji Lal Shringar Kanwarji m.to HH Maharawal Sir [[Bairi Sal]] of [[Jaisalmer State]]<br />
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Dungarp.svg}} [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]]<br />
| father = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]] (adoptive)<br />
* Rajvi Jaswant Singh of Sabli in [[Dungarpur]] (biological)<br />
}}<br />
| investiture = 1857<br />
| dynasty = [[Guhilot]]<br />
}}<br />
'''HH Rai-Raian Mahi-Mahendra Shri Ravi Kul Bhushan Maharawal Sir Udai Singh II''' was the [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] [[Guhilot]] ruler of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur State]] from the year 1844 to 1898.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OY2AQAAMAAJ |title=Rajputana Gazetteers: Mewar Residency |date=1908 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Birth ==<br />
He was born on 22 May 1839 to Maharaj Jaswant Singh of [[Sabli]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Roper Lethbridge |first=K. c i e |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150766 |title=The Golden Book Of India |date=1893 |pages=129}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=36–37}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Succession ==<br />
After the death of Maharawat Savant Singh of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], his grandson [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]], who had been adopted into the royal family of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] and served as regent there following the deposition of [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]] from 1825 to 1844, returned to [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] and ascended the throne.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Xxxxxxxx |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52340/ |title=Short History of the Dungarpur State or Western Bagar |date=1911 |pages=110–111, 113–117, 119–123}}</ref> This raised the question of whether it would be in the best interests of both [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] and [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] to unite under a single ruler.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=K.K. Sehgal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08625/ |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Dungarpur |date=1974 |publisher=Jaipur, Government Central Press |pages=35}}</ref> However, it was deemed unsuitable by both the Government of India at the time and the nobles of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":1" /> Seeing all this, the deposed [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh]] tried to adopt Mohkam Singh, but the nobles of the state intervened, prevented him from doing so, and compelled him to go to [[Mathura]].<ref name=":3" /> Eventually, [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]] was granted permission to adopt a successor to the throne of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]], and Udai Singh was selected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
It is said that when the selection committee, which was to choose the successor to the throne, came to [[Sabli]], they distributed sweets among its Thakur's four sons.<ref name=":1" /> Three of them put out their open hands to accept them, but the fourth one, Udai, refused to take them unless they were given to him in a dish.<ref name=":1" /> Next, the committee distributed some money among them.<ref name=":1" /> All of them pocketed it except for Udai, who distributed a portion of it among some poor boys, gave some to [[Brahmin]]s, and from the remaining amount, bought himself a [[pistol]], [[dagger]], and clothes.<ref name=":1" /> This impressed the members of the selection committee, and they immediately chose him as the next Maharawal.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
[[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]] was unwilling to leave the throne of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]], so a force of 400, commanded by Abhai Singh and Arjun Singh, went to [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] to settle the matter by force.<ref name=":1" /> This all took [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat]] by surprise; therefore, he thought it best to resolve the conflict with diplomacy.<ref name=":1" /> He took Udai in his lap and proclaimed him as his adopted son and successor to the throne of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":1" /> Upon this, the party returned to [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] and installed Udai Singh on the throne.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Minority ==<br />
<br />
=== First regent: 1844 – 1852 ===<br />
Udai was only seven years old when he was crowned Maharawal in 1844.<ref name=":1" /> As he was a minor, his adoptive father, [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]], was appointed [[regent]].<ref name=":1" /> During his regency, he oversaw affairs in [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] from [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], which caused things to worsen and disorder to take over.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> This continued for eight years until, in 1852, the regency was taken from him.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Second regent: 1852 – 1857 ===<br />
When the regency was taken from Dalpat Singh, the Government of India at the time appointed Munshi Safdar Hussain as the [[regent]].<ref name=":1" /> He continued the administration of the state until Udai came of age in 1857.<ref name=":1" /> He proved to be a capable administrator, improved state revenue, and kept both the nobles of the state and the [[Bhil]]s in check.<ref name=":1" /> During his regency, Abhai Singh and Arjun Singh became unmanageable, wanted to do everything their way, and had no respect for the Maharawal as they thought they had brought him to the throne.<ref name=":1" /> To bring them to reason, he had Abhai Singh's estate confiscated.<ref name=":1" /> Seeing this, Arjun Singh came to reason.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
The long minority ended in 1857 when he was granted full administrative powers.<ref name=":1" /> Shortly after, the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] started.<ref name=":1" /> During the uprising, he assisted the British Government and Capt. Brooke in suppressing it, both personally and by providing troops, and offered shelter to European refugees.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> He stayed with his army in [[Kherwara Chhaoni|Kherwara]] for six months and stopped a mutiny among the troops in that cantonment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36597 |title=Report On The Administration Of The Dungarpur State Rajputana |date=1946 |pages=4}}</ref> For his services, in 1862, he was given a sanad that granted him the right of adoption.<ref name=":1" /> He was also gifted two [[cannon]]s, which he did not accept as a free gift but instead paid for them.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35787 |title=Report On The Administration Of The Dungarpur State, Rajputana For 1918-19 |date=1920 |pages=25}}</ref> His early rule was generally marked by constant disputes between him and the nobles of his state, who had both civil and criminal powers within their estates.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> As the powers his nobles had were the cause of his troubles, he stripped them of all civil and criminal powers and became the absolute ruler of his state, as all powers were now vested in him.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[Rajputana famine of 1869]], he handled it well by providing generous and careful relief efforts to relieve his suffering subjects.<ref name=":1" /> The measures he took were described as humane and judicious.<ref name=":3" /> He established regular courts, founded a hospital, and opened schools.<ref name=":4" /> He built [[Udai Bilas Palace]] on the shores of [[Gaib Sagar Lake|Gaib Sagar lake]] at a cost of over a lakh of rupees.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Museum at Dungarpur |url=https://www.wmf.org/blog/museum-dungarpur |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=World Monuments Fund |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He was married in 1855 to the daughter of the Maharao of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]] and had issue, a son, Khuman Singh.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died in February 1898<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35691 |title=Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1911 |date=1911 |pages=119}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> and was succeeded by his grandson, [[Bijai Singh|Vijay Singh]], as Maharawal of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd9mEAAAQBAJ |title=Tribe, Space and Mobilisation: Colonial Dynamics and Post-Colonial Dilemma in Tribal Studies |date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-0059-4 |pages=412 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:1839 births]]<br />
[[Category:1898 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:People from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyadaan_(2020_TV_series)&diff=508374Kanyadaan (2020 TV series)2025-11-12T18:03:53Z<p>MarioStpierre: Made pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Bengali television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Title card of Kanyadaan serial.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| genre = [[Drama]]<br />
| creator = Babu Banik Production<br/>Chitrayon<br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| screenplay = Arindam Guha<br/>'''Dialogues'''<br>Kheyali Dastidar<br />
| story = Sun TV Network Limited<br />
| director = Shuvo<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = Arindam Ganguly <br><br />
Deepsheta Mitra <br> Priya Malakar <br> Swapnila Chakraborty <br> Ritobrota Dey <br> Laboni Ghosh<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 756<br />
| executive_producer = Poulomi<br> Oindrila (Sun Bangla)<br />
| producer = Arup Kumar Som <br> Sayantan Som Chitrayon<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 21 minutes (approx.)<br />
| company = Babu Banik Production Chitrayon<br />
| network = [[Sun Bangla]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|07|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|02|05|df=y}}<br />
| related = Phanguner Mohona<br />
| endtheme = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kanyadaan''''' is a 2020 [[India]]n [[Bengali Language]] [[Drama]] television series which is premiered on 7 December 2020 on Bengali general entertainment channel [[Sun Bangla]]. The show is produced by Arup Kumar Som and Sayantan Som Chitrayon of Babu Banik Production Chitrayon and stars Arindram Ganguly, Priya Malakar and [[Manasi Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kanyadaan-a-new-family-drama-on-sun-bangla/cid/1799915|title=Kanyadaan, a new family drama on Sun Bangla|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Arindam|last=Chatterjee|date=9 December 2020|accessdate=20 May 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235116/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kanyadaan-a-new-family-drama-on-sun-bangla/cid/1799915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/playing-rana-in-kanyadaan-is-a-risk-worth-taking-ridhish-chowdhury/articleshow/79492315.cms|title=Playing 'Rana' in Kanyadaan is a risk worth taking: Ridhish Chowdhury|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 November 2020|accessdate=20 May 2023|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521014118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/playing-rana-in-kanyadaan-is-a-risk-worth-taking-ridhish-chowdhury/articleshow/79492315.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-kanyadaan-to-launch-on-december-7/articleshow/79166165.cms|title=New TV show 'Kanyadaan' to launch on December 7|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601084304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-kanyadaan-to-launch-on-december-7/articleshow/79166165.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is inspired from 2002 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Metti Oli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-tv-show-kanyadaan-to-end-soon/articleshow/97298489.cms|title=Bengali TV Show 'Kanyadaan' To End Soon|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Arindam Ganguly as Anjan Basu: Tithi, Nira, Moon, Bithi and Jinuk's father.<br />
* Royshreema Das / Deepsheta Mitra as Tithi: Anjan's daughter; Nira, Moon, Bithi and Jinuk's sister; Rana's wife.<br />
* Priya Malakar as Nira: Anjan's daughter; Tithi, Moon, Bithi and Jinuk's sister; Indra's wife.<br />
* Swapneela Chakrabarty as Moon: Anjan's daughter; Tithi, Nira, Bithi and Jinuk's sister; Robi's wife.<br />
* Ritobrota Dey as Bithi:Anjan's daughter; Tithi, Nira, Moon and Jinuk's sister; Sayan's wife. <br />
* Laboni Ghosh as Jinuk:Anjan's daughter; Tithi, Nira, Moon and Bithi's sister. <br />
* Ridish Chowdhury / Raj Bhattacharya / Aditya Roy as Rana: Tithi's husband. <br />
* Nilankur Mukhopadhyay as Indra: Nira's husband.<br />
* Daipayan Chakraborty as Bishu: Trisha's first husband; Moon's love interest. <br />
* [[Neil Chatterjee (actor)|Neil Chatterjee]] as Sayan: Bithi's husband<br />
* Aditya Chowdhury as Robi: Moon's husband<br />
* Debojyoti Roy Chowdhury as Dr. Ayon<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[Manasi Sinha]] / Swagata Mukherjee as Mandira: Indra's mother.<br />
* Debipriya Sarkar as Sona: Indra's sister; Sagnik's wife.<br />
* Atmadeep Ghosh as Sagnik: Sona's husband.<br />
* Shabnam Mustafi as Trisha: Mainak's wife; Bishu's former wife.<br />
* Joy Banerjee as Mainak: Trisha's second husband. <br />
* Ananda Chowdhury as Shiladitya: Trisha's brother.<br />
* Sreejita Biswas as Snigdha: Bishu's love interest; Koushik's fiancee.<br />
* Sudip Sengupta as Koushik: Snigdha's fiance. <br />
* Hiya Roy as Radha: Ranjan's sister; Sona's friend. <br />
* Sagar Sinha as Ranjan: Sona's former lover.<br />
* Indranil Mallick as Abir: Bithi's former lover. <br />
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Borsha: Indra's lover.<br />
* Anindita Das as Nima<br />
* Shubhanki Dhar as Kaveri<br />
* Raima Sengupta as Nirmala<br />
* Saibal Bhattacharya as Robi's father<br />
* Parometa Mukherjee as Robi's mother<br />
* Sukanya Basu as Sivani<br />
* Anaya Ghosh as Mita<br />
* Toushik Chakraborty as Rahul<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sun Bangla original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka&diff=500890Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka2025-10-22T22:48:47Z<p>MarioStpierre: New Initial Article More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|18th-century Odissi musician, poet and composer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka<br />
| birth_place =[[Paralakhemundi]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = 1784<br />
| notableworks = <br />
| period = <br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = Kabi Kalahansa - Basanta Kokila<br />
| occupation = Odissi poet-musician<br />
| caption = Wooden statue of Gopalakrushna at his residence in Paralakhemundi, made by an artisan who had seen him in real life<br />
| image = Antique statue of Odissi musician ancient poet Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka at Paralakhemundi, Odisha.jpg<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| native_name = ଗୋପାଳକୃଷ୍ଣ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| genre = [[Odissi music]]<br />
| death_date = 1862<br />
| death_place = [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka''' (Alternatively spelled Gopalakrishna, Pattnaik; Gopāḷakruṣṇa Paṭṭanāyaka, {{IPA|or|gopaːl̪ɔkrusɳɔ pɔʈʈɔnaːjɔkɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-ଗୋପାଳକୃଷ୍ଣ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ.wav}}; 1784-1862) was an [[Odia people|Odia]] poet & composer of [[Odissi music]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Parhi|first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan|title=The Classicality of Orissi Music|publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=2017|isbn=9788193215128|location=India|pages=383}}</ref> His Odissi songs in various traditional ragas and talas are widely sung across the state,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Parhi|first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan|title=Perspectives on Orissa|publisher=Centre for study in civilizations|year=2009|editor-last=Mohapatra|editor-first=PK|location=New Delhi|pages=613–626|chapter=Odissi Music : Retrospect and Prospect}}</ref> as well as other allied traditional artforms of Odisha, such as ''[[Pala (dance)|pala]]''. The 20th-century Odissi musician, vocalist & binākara [[Apanna Panigrahi]], also from the poet's hometown, was well-known for his renditions of Gopalakrusna's lyrics. Some of the most iconic Odissi songs, such as ''Syamaku Juhara Tara Premaku Juhara Ma'', ''Jala Ani Jai Kali Kalindasutaku'', ''Sangini Re Rasarangini Re'', ''Kadamba Bane Bansi Bajila Re'', ''Uthilu Ede Begi Kahinkire, Ki Nadare Prana Sangini'', ''Manasija Mana Mohana'' are creations of Gopalakrusna. Many of his songs are popular ''abhinaya'' items in [[Odissi|Odissi dance]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dāsa|first=Phakīramohana|title=Bhakta Kavi Gopāla Krishna|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2002|isbn=978-81-260-1201-5}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pattanayaka|first=Gopalakrusna|title=Gopalakrusna Rachanabali|publisher=Sahitya Sangraha Prakasana|year=2002|editor-last=Behera|editor-first=Dr. Krushna Charan|location=Gopalpur, Cuttack|language=or}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pattanayaka|first=Gopalakrusna|title=Gopalakrusna Granthabali|publisher=Odisha Kohenoor Press|year=1969|editor-last=Panigrahi|editor-first=Saroj Kumar|location=Cuttack, Odisha}}</ref><br />
<br />
Born in 1784 in an aristocratic [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family of [[Paralakhemundi]], Gopalakrusna's father Banabasi Pattanayaka was in the service of the Gajapati kings of the powerful princely state of Odisha. His mother's name was Lalita Dei. At the age of twenty, Gopalakrusna was married to a young girl by the name of Hira Dei. In the early days of his life, Gopalakrusna remained in the service of the Gajapati king as a ''panjia karana'', an accountant-scribe. Later, after training from the virtuoso musician poet ''Bakrabak'' Chakrapani Pattanayaka, his fame as a poet and musician grew and the king subsequently offered him an exclusive position in the court to encourage his musical & literary pursuits.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Indrajeet|date=June 2005|title=The Lyrics of Gopal Krushna|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jun2005/engpdf/the_lyrics_of_gopal_krushna.pdf|journal=Orissa Review}}</ref> ''Kabisurjya'' [[Baladeba Ratha]] and ''Utkala Ghanta'' [[Jadumani Mahapatra]] were his contemporaries. Another Odissi musician, the poet [[Haribandhu Bebartta Pattanayaka|Haribandhu]] was inspired by Gopalakrusna to write lyrics and set them to music. Haribandhu is credited with documenting a significant number of Gopalakrusna's songs, as the poet himself was not concerned with preserving his songs. Gopalakrusna would sing impromptu, overcome by divine inspiration and Haribandhu as a child would follow him, noting everything down onto a palm leaf.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagabandhu|title=Prachina Utkala|publisher=Odisha Sahitya Akademi|year=1982|edition=3|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha}}</ref>[[File:Odissi_poet_Gopalakrusna's_handwritten_Gitagobinda_Pothi.jpg|link=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Odissi_poet_Gopalakrusna's_handwritten_Gitagobinda_Pothi.jpg<nowiki/>|thumb|432x432px|Gopalakrusna's handwritten ''talapatra pothi'' (palm leaf manuscript) of Jayadeva's ''[[Gitagovinda]]'', in Odia script]]<br />
Gopalakrusna's writings have been published as anthologies more than once. The first significant anthology was made by the poet's own great-grandson, Ramakrusna Pattanayaka in 1919. Before Ramakrusna's anthology, smaller collections of the poet's work had appeared in bits and pieces in Damodar Patnaik's ''Sangita Sagara'' (1889-1903) and Gobinda Ratha's ''Chaupadi Chandrodaya'' (1895). The Gajapati press in Paralakhemundi had also published small booklets of the poet's work in the early 1900s. Subsequently, larger anthologies have been collated and published by Babaji Baisnaba Charana Dasa (195-60), [[Kali Charan Patnaik|''Kabichandra'' Kali Charan Patnaik]] (1959), Saroj Kumar Panigrahi (1969) and Dr. Krushna Charan Behera (2002).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A musical album called ''Lyrics of Gopalakrushna'' was made by the involvement of leading Odissi musicians and erstwhile chief minister [[Nandini Satpathy|Nandini Satapathy]] in the year 1970. Eminent Gurus such as [[Balakrushna Das|''Sangita Sudhakara'' Balakrushna Dash]], [[Shyamamani Devi]], ''Suramani'' [[Raghunath Panigrahi]], [[Bhubaneswari Mishra]] and Indira Pratihari lent their voices to the various tracks.<br />
<br />
Gopalakrusna died in 1862. His last poem is said to be a prophecy of his death :<br />
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{{Verse translation|{{lang|or|ଜୀବ ଯିବାକୁ ହୋଇଲା ସଜ<br />
ରାଧେ ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ ଭଜ}}|The life is ready to depart<br />
utter the names of ''Radhe Gobinda''!|italicsoff=yes|attr1=|attr2=}}<br />
<br />
At the poet's residence in Paralakhemundi, there is a life-size wooden statue of the poet. This statues was made in 1921 by Brundabana Chandra Patnaik, an elderly craftsman who had seen the poet during his lifetime. Some other items of his use, such as a ''karani'' stylus used by Odia scribes and his bodybuilding tools are preserved by the family.<br />
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== Compositions ==<br />
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Some well-known Odissi compositions of the poet are:<ref name=":0" />{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}<br />
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* ''Brajaku Chora Asichi''<br />
* ''Patha Chhadi De Mu Jibi Phula Toli''<br />
* ''Kananara Bitanare''<br />
* ''Muhamuhin Kisora Chandramankara Mora''<br />
* ''Karuthili Mun Nahi Nahi Re''<br />
* ''Bajuchhi Sahi Bajare To Naare Brajabajare''<br />
* ''Chhailabara Chhamure Padili''<br />
* ''Aja Sri Gostha Chandrama''<br />
* ''Banchiba Kehire''<br />
* ''Syama Ja Ja Juhara To Piratiki''<br />
* ''Bhaja Mana Brajabana Dwijarajanku''<br />
* ''Kaha Re Sangini Ke Se Nua Lalana''<br />
* ''Etharaka Syama Dosa Kara Khyama''<br />
* ''Anusarita Prabhu Kala Jaka Gala Sarita''<br />
* ''Ki Sunili Aja Νua Kari Re''<br />
* ''Mote Laganare Brajabidhu Lata''<br />
* ''Mohana Riti Chinha Padila Ma''<br />
<br />
Many of Gopalakrusna's compositions have become iconic in the voice of legendary Odissi musicians, such as :<br />
<br />
* ''Mohana Madhuri Dekhithila Nari'' by [[Apanna Panigrahi]]<br />
* ''Mane Paduchhi Re Sehi Chandramukha'' by [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami|Mohan Sunder Deb Goswami]]<br />
* ''Gostha Chandrama Asibe Aja'' by [[Tarini Charan Patra]]<br />
* ''Ki Nama Boilu Tuhi Go Lalite'' by ''Banikantha'' Nimai Charan Harichandan<br />
* ''Brajendra Nandana Sahi Eka Sri Radhara'' by ''Banikantha'' Nimai Charan Harichandan<br />
* ''Kanta Mora E Basanta Kalare'' by ''Banikantha'' Nimai Charan Harichandan<br />
* ''Banchiba Kehire'' by [[Singhari Shyamasundar Kar]]<br />
* ''Aja Sri Gostha Chandrama'' by [[Balakrushna Das]]h<br />
* ''Kaha Chitta Taha'' by [[Balakrushna Das]]h<br />
* ''E Ghana Dina Eka Nebe Ki Kari'' by [[Balakrushna Das]]h<br />
* ''Galabele Mo Jiba'' by [[Balakrushna Das]]h<br />
* ''Manasija Mana Mohana'' by [[Raghunath Panigrahi]]<br />
* ''Ki Nadare Prana Sangini'' by [[Raghunath Panigrahi]]<br />
* ''Syamaku Juhara Tara Premaku Juhara'' by Shyamamani Devi<br />
* ''Syama Apabada Mote Lagithau'' by Shyamamani Devi<br />
* ''Kadamba Bane Bansi Bajila'' by [[Bhubaneswari Mishra]]<br />
* ''Jala Ani Jai Kali'' by [[Bhubaneswari Mishra]]<br />
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== Lineage ==<br />
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Source:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pattanayaka|first=Gopalakrusna|title=Gopalakrusna Rachanabali|publisher=Sahitya Sangraha Prakasana|year=2014|editor-last=Behera|editor-first=Dr. Krusna Charan|location=Gopalpur, Cuttack}}</ref><br />
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{{tree chart||14=~|Banab=Banabasi|Lalit=Lalita Dei|22=|21=Braja|20=|19=|18=|17=Banab|16=~|15=y|13=Lalit||12=|11=|10=|9=|8=|7=|6=|5=|4=||Braja=Brajabasi}} <br />
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{{tree chart||18=|Gopal='''Gopalakrusna'''|Hiram=Hiramani|Kanha=Kanheichanda|Radha=Radhakrusna|Jayak=Jayakrusna|26=|25=Radha|24=|23=Kanha|22=|21=Jayak|20=|19=|17=||16=|15=|14=Gopal|13=~|12=y|11=~|10=Hiram|9=|8=|7=|6=|5=|4=||boxstyle_Gopal=background-color: #faecc8;}}<br />
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{{tree chart||Lalit=Lalita Ma|24=|25=Gorac|26=|27=Banka|28=|29=|Sunam=Sunama|Bisak=Bisakha|22=|Sudeb=Sudebi|Gaurc=Gaurachandra|Harib=Haribandhu|Karun=Karunanidhi|Nitya=Nityananda|Magta=Magata|Chait=Chaitanya|Gorac=Gorachanda|23=Chait|21=Magta||10=|Sunam|~|y|~|Gaurc||Harib|11=Karun|20=|12=|13=Lalit|14=|15=Bisak|16=|17=Sudeb|18=|19=Nitya|Banka=Bankabihari}}<br />
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{{tree chart|Ramak|11=Chakr|Gobin=Gobindachandra|Banab=Banabasi|Nilam=Nilamani|Surya=Surjyanarayana|Ramak=Ramakrusna|12=|10=||9=Gobin|8=|7=Banab|6=|5=Nilam|4=|Surya|Chakr=Chakrapani}}<br />
{{tree chart/end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Odissi music}}<br />
{{Odia culture}}<br />
{{Odia language}}<br />
{{Odia literature}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1784 births]]<br />
[[Category:1862 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Paralakhemundi]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamia_Arabia_Masoodia_Noorul_Uloom&diff=505523Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom2025-08-28T20:46:51Z<p>MarioStpierre: Made new data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Islamic seminary in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom, Bahraich<br />
| native_name = جامعہ عربیہ مسعودیہ نور العلوم، بہرائچ<br />
| native_name_lang = ur<br />
|image_name =<br />
|image_size =<br />
|image = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Noorul Uloom Bahraich.7.jpg<br />
| photo1b = Noorul Uloom Bahraich.2.jpg <br />
| photo2a = Noorul Uloom Bahraich.1.jpg<br />
| position = centre<br />
| spacing = 2<br />
| color_border = black<br />
| color = black <br />
| size = 290<br />
}}<br />
|caption = <br />
|latin_name =<br />
|motto =<br />
|tagline =<br />
|established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1931|03|29}} <br />
|type = [[Darul uloom]]<br />
|endowment =<br />
|staff = <br />
|faculty =<br />
|president =<br />
|provost =<br />
|founder = [[Mahfoozur Rahman Nami]]<br />
|rector = Zubair Ahmad Qasmi<ref name="etv">{{cite news|title=Bahraich: The ceremony of memorizing the Holy Quran and Khathm-e-Bukhari Sharif was organized|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/programme-organized-in-jamia-arabia-masoodia-noorul-uloom-in-bahraich/na20200315224548225|work=ETV Bharat|date=15 March 2020|access-date=30 December 2023|language=ur}}</ref><br />
|chancellor = <br />
|vice_chancellor = <br />
|dean =<br />
|students = 950<ref name="amarujala">{{cite news|title=1.82 करोड़ के चंदे से चल रहे शहर के तीन मदरसे|trans-title=Three madrassas of the city are running with a donation of Rs 1.82 crore.|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/bahraich-bahraich-news-lko649287758|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|date=20 September 2022|access-date=30 December 2023|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|undergrad =<br />
|postgrad =<br />
|doctoral =<br />
|profess =<br />
|address = HHGQ+GC6, Qazipura, Qazipura South<br />
|city = [[Bahraich]]<br />
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|country = India<br />271801<br />
|campus =<br />
|free_label =<br />
|free =<br />
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|coor =<br />
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}}<br />
'''Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom''', also known as '''Noorul Uloom Bahraich''', is the oldest [[Darul uloom|Islamic saminary]] belonging to the Deobandi school of thought in the Bahraich City of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom (then ''Madrasa Arabia Noorul Uloom'') was founded in Qazipura, [[Bahraich]], on 1 [[Dhu al-Qadah]] 1349 AH (29 March 1931 AD) by [[Mahfoozur Rahman Nami]], after the demise of his father Noor Muhammad Bahraichi, on the suggestion of [[Khwaja Khalil Ahmad Shah]], a freedom fighter and political leader of the [[Indian Congress Party]] in Bahraich.<ref name="Junaid">{{cite book|last=Noor|first=Junaid Ahmad|title=Bahraich Ek Tareekhi Shahar|trans-title=Bahraich: a historical city|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/bahraich-ek-tareekhi-shahar-junaid-ahmad-noor-ebooks|volume=1|pages=94, 126–127, 187–188|location=[[Bahraich]], India|publisher=Junaid Ahmad Noor|edition=First |date=2019|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Ameer">{{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Ameer Ahmad|title=Noorul Uloom Ke Darakhshinda Sitare|trans-title=The shining stars of Noorul Uloom|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/noorul-uloom-ke-darakhshanda-sitare-ebooks|pages=21, 28–29|location=[[Bahraich]], India|publisher=Hafiz Zameer Ahmad|edition=First |date=2011|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Madāris">{{cite book |last=Ishaq|first=Mohammad Qamar|title=Hindustan Ke Aham Madāris|trans-title=Important Madrasas of India|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hindustan-ke-aham-madaris-volume-001-mohammad-qamar-ishaq-ebooks|volume=1|publisher= Institute Of Objective Studies|location=New Delhi|date=1996|page=82|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Qadeer|title=Mukhtasar Halaat-e-Shah Noor Mohammad Bahraichi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mukhtasar-halaat-e-shah-noor-mohammad-bahraichi-ebooks|date=1931|edition=|publisher=Muhammad Ehsanul Haq|location=Bahraich, India|pages=23–24|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Govt.">{{cite book |last=Pande|first=Kailash Narayan|title=Uttar Pradesh District gazetteers: Bahraich|url=https://archive.org/details/uttar-pradesh-district-gazetteers-bahraich-1988/page/211/mode/1up?view=theater|year=1988|edition=|publisher=Department of District Gazetteers, Government of Uttar Pradesh|location=[[Lucknow]]|page=211|language=en}}</ref> At the time of independence, Nami also founded a modern educational institution, ''Maulana Azad Noorul Uloom High School'', now known as ''Azad Inter College'', in Bahraich in 1948 for the promotion and dissemination of contemporary studies.{{sfn|Noor|2019|p=127}}{{sfn|Pande|1988|p=214}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammad Ashraf |date=1 June 2021 |title=جامعہ مسعودیہ نورالعلوم بہرائچ میں |trans-title=At Jamia Masoodia Noor-ul-Uloom, Bahraich |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/144756 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122133746/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/144756 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 1937, the seminary established a private school teaching leather goods manufacturing under the name ''Noorul Uloom'' for the Economic Development of Underprivileged Muslim Youth, which was also given an annual grant of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 600 by the government through the Department of Industries.<ref name="Rawat">{{cite book |last=Rawat|first=Ramnarayan S.|author-link=Ramnarayan Rawat|title=Reconsidering Untouchability Chamars and Dalit History in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&dq=noorul+uloom+bahraich&pg=PA113|date=2011|edition=|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington, Indiana|page=113|isbn=9780253222626 |access-date=30 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India) Industries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYkZAQAAIAAJ |title=Administration Report |date=1938 |pages=2, 58 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Graduates there are known by the suffix ''Noori''.<ref name="Adrawi">{{cite book|last=Adrawi|first=Asir|author-link=Asir Adrawi|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|url=https://archive.org/details/Tazkira-Mashaheer-i-Hind-Karwan-i-Rafta/page/n237/mode/1up?view=theater|pages=236–237|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |edition=First |date=1994|language=ur}}</ref>{{sfn|Qasmi|2011|p=33}}<br />
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=== In the Independence movement ===<br />
The people of this seminary have also participated in the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement in India]]. In connection with the [[Quit India Movement]], Salamatullah Baig Qasmi, a former principal of the madrasa, went to jail. Kaleemullah Noori, a former working rector of the saminary, in his student days, on the instructions of his teachers, joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha|Satyagraha movement]] in 1941, and in this connection, he had to spend more than a year in the jails of [[Bahraich]] and [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]. He worked under the Quit India Movement in 1942 in order to remain associated with the freedom movement until the independence of India. Both of them were given the title of freedom fighter during the ministry of Indira Gandhi.{{sfn|Noor|2019|pp=133–134, 137–138}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2011|pp=51, 57–58, 118}}<br />
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== Administration ==<br />
The first rector of the institution was Muhammad Ehsanul Haq{{sfn|Qasmi|2011|pp=22, 117}} and the current rector of the institution is Zubair Ahmad Qasmi.<ref name="etv"></ref><br />
<br />
Abdul Hafeez Balyawi, the author of the bilingual Arabic-Urdu dictionary ''Misbahul Lughat''<ref name="JOTPHS">{{cite journal|last=|first=|title=With reference to Abdul Hafiz Balyawi...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_ttAAAAMAAJ&q=misbahul+lughat|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|volume=49|issue=3–4|year=2001|publisher=[[Pakistan Historical Society]]|page=82|access-date=30 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kairanawi">{{cite book |last=Kairanawi|first=Wahiduzzaman|author-link=Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi|title=Al Qamoos al-Waheed|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXpIAQAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA&pg=PA89|chapter=Foreword by Ameed-uz-Zaman Kairanawi|date=2000|edition=|publisher=Idara Islamiat|location=Lahore & Karachi, Pakistan|page=89|access-date=30 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Adrawi|1994|p=158}} and the third editor of [[Monthly Darul Uloom]],<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama|trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah|page=117|edition=first|date=2013 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |page=725|location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref> was an academic staff member and the warden {{small|({{langx|ar|ناظر الكلية}})}} of the seminary.<ref name="Mubarakpuri">{{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Qazi Athar|author-link=Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri|title=Karwan-e-Hayat|url=https://archive.org/details/karwan-e-hayat-by-qazi-athar-mubarakpuri|publisher=Farid Book Depot|location=New Delhi|date=November 2003|edition=First|pages=105–106|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Masoodia">{{cite book |last=|first=|title=Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom Bahraich Mukhtasar Ta'aruf Khidmat Mansube|trans-title=Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom Bahraich: Brief Introduction, Services, and Projects|url=https://archive.org/details/jamia-masoodia-noorul-uloom-bahraich-mukhtasar-taaruf-khidmat-mansube|year=1980|edition=|publisher=Broadcasting Department, Noorul Uloom|location=Bahraich|page=11|language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following is a list of the seminary's rectors, vice rectors, and working rectors.<ref name="Masoodia"></ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2011|pp=117–118}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Number ! colspan=2|Name<br />
! colspan=2|Term of office<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Muhammad Ehsanul Haq ||1931 || September 1945 <br />
|-<br />
| 2|| [[Mahfoozur Rahman Nami]] || September 1945 || February 1946<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Muhammad Ehsanul Haq || February 1946 || September 1954<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Fazl-e-Haq || September 1954 || December 1956<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Muhammad Ehsanul Haq || December 1956 || January 1961<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Muhammad Iftikhar-ul-Haq || January 1961 || January 2008 <br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Kaleemullah Noori {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|(as vice rector|as working rector)}}}}|| {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|July 1958|August 1989}}}}|| {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|August 1989|May 2000}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Hayatullah Qasmi {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|(as vice rector|as working rector|as rector)}}}}|| {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|August 1989|June 2000|March 2008}}}} || {{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|May 2000|March 2008|January 2018}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || Zubair Ahmad Qasmi|| January 2018|| "in office"<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
== Notable alumni ==<br />
The notable alumni of Jamia Arabia Noorul Uloom, Bahraich, arranged alphabetically by their names:{{sfn|Qasmi|2011|pp=8–9, 111–112}}<br />
* Abdur Rahim Bastawi, Teacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qasmi|first1=Ishtiaque Ahmad|author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi|title=Maulana Bastavi Ka Zikr-e-Jamīl|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-bastawi-ka-zikr-e-jameel-doctor-mufti-ishtiyaq-ahmad-qasmi-ebooks| edition=1st|date=2016| location =[[Deoband]]|publisher =Hijaz Book Depot|lang=ur}}</ref><br />
* Abid Ali Salarganji<br />
* Abdul Ali Farooqi, Principal of Darul Uloom Farooqia and Editor of Al-Badr magazine, Kakori, Lucknow<br />
* Abdul Bari Qazipurvi<br />
* Abdul Latif Latif Bahraichi<br />
* Abdul Razzaq Sonipati<br />
* Aziz Ahmad Noori Akbarpurvi<br />
* [[Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi]], Teacher of Hadith and Fiqh, [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbasi |first=Ibn al-Hasan |title=Yādgār-e-Zamāna Shakhsiyyāt Ka Ahwāl-e-Mutāla'a |trans-title=Study life of memorable personalities |url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa |publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam |location=[[Karachi]] |edition=1st |date=October 2020 |pages=236–237|language=ur}}</ref><br />
* Habib Ahmad A'ma, Gadri<br />
* Hakim Abu al-Barkat, Kolkata<br />
* Junaid Ahmad Banarasi<br />
* Mohammed Ilyas Barbankavi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=Hazrat Maulana Mohammed Ilyas Barbankavi – Jamiatul Banat |url=https://jamiatulbanat.co.in/2018/07/19/ilyas-barbankavi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209144916/https://jamiatulbanat.co.in/2018/07/19/ilyas-barbankavi/ |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=2024-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* Muhammad Irfan Baig Fakhrpuri<br />
* Muhammad Noman Baig Fakhrpuri<br />
* Muhammad Zakaria Qasmi Sambhali, Sheikhul Hadith, Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow<br />
* Muhibb-ur-Rahman Baliyawi<br />
* Mumtaz Ahmad Barabankavi<br />
* Rahat Ali Khan Nanparvi<br />
* Shabbir Ahmad Darbhangvi<br />
* Shakeel Ahmad Sitapuri, Former Teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
* ''Monthly Noorul Uloom'', publishing since February 2006.{{sfn|Qasmi|2011|p=16}}<ref name="Haqqani">{{cite web|last=Al-Qasmi|first=Haqqani|title=Madaris Ke Majallat: Ek Jayeza|trans-title=Seminary Journals: An Overview|url=https://qindeelonline.com/madaris-ke-majallat-ek-jayeza-by-haqqani-alqasmi/|website=Qindeel Online|date=13 March 2022|access-date=30 December 2023|language=ur|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204194507/https://qindeelonline.com/madaris-ke-majallat-ek-jayeza-by-haqqani-alqasmi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1931]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandi madrasas]]<br />
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bahraich]]<br />
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamdard_India&diff=458793Hamdard India2025-07-22T07:02:23Z<p>MarioStpierre: adjusted references and added references for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Unani pharmaceutical company}}<br />
{{for|the pharmaceuticals company in Pakistan|Hamdard Pakistan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{cleanup-PR|1=article|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Paid contributions|date=July 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Hamdard Laboratories (India)<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| type = [[Non-profit]]<br />
| industry = [[Healthcare]], [[Food]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1906}}<br />[[Old Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| founder = {{ubl|Hafiz Abdul Majeed|Ansarullah Tabani}}<br />
| location = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
| key_people = Hamid Ahmed (CEO)<br />
| products = {{ubl| Hamdard Laboratories - [[Safi (medicine)|Safi]], Roghan Badam Shirin, Sualin, Joshina, Cinkara | Hamdard Food Division - [[Rooh Afza]]}}<br />
| brands = [[Rooh Afza]], Hamdard Khaalis, Hamdard Glucose-D, Hamdard Diabeat<br />
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|http://www.hamdard.in|hamdard.in}} (Healthcare division)|{{URL|http://www.hamdard.com|hamdard.com}} (Food division)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hamdard Laboratories (India)''' is an Indian [[Unani]] [[pharmaceutical]] and [[food]] company established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in [[Delhi]].<ref name="financialexpress"/><ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Moinak |title=Meet the men behind 113-year-old Hamdard's modernisation drive |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/meet-the-men-behind-113-year-old-hamdards-modernisation-drive/articleshow/20086927.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 May 2013}}</ref> It is known for its popular Unani products, such as Safi, Raughan-e-Badam Shireen, Sualin, Joshina, and Cinkara. Their food division is best known for [[Rooh Afza]].<ref name="products">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sharmila |title=Hamdard enters ready-to-drink beverage segment with RoohAfza Fusion |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/hamdard-enters-ready-to-drink-beverage-segment-with-roohafza-fusion/58135603 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 April 2017}}</ref> Hamdard Laboratories (India) is associated with the Hamdard National Foundation, a charitable educational trust.<ref name="economictimes"/><br />
<!-- To any future editors coming to this source page, Raughan-e-Badam Shireen is the correct spelling of the product --><br />
== History ==<br />
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, who were both Unani practitioners. The name Hamdard ([[Urdu]]: ہمدرد) is a Persian word which means "companion in suffering".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of hamdard in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-hamdard |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English translation of Hamdard |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Collins Dictionaries |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in the city of [[Pilibhit]], in modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhs. He is said to have learnt the complete [[Quran|Quran Sharif]] by heart. He also studied the origin of [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language]]s. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the [[Unani medicine|unani system of medicine]].<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Meet Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed, the man behind Rooh Afza: Know about his journey, family & net worth |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-hakim-hafiz-abdul-majeed-the-man-behind-rooh-afza-know-about-his-journey-family-net-worth/3085003/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=13 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan{{when|date=September 2016}}, who had a keen interest in [[Herb|herbs]] and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in [[Delhi]] in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.{{fact|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
After the founder's passing in 1922, his wife Rabea Begum and her two sons founded the 'Hamdard Trust,' with a commitment to allocate 85 percent of its profits for charitable purposes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manmohan |first1=Nutan |title=Hamdard's Rooh Afza—the medicine syrup that turned into luxury drink for India & Pakistan |url=https://theprint.in/feature/hamdards-rooh-afza-the-medicine-syrup-that-turned-into-luxury-drink-for-india-pakistan/1731459/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |date=26 August 2023}}</ref> His son [[Hakeem Abdul Hameed]] took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen. Abdul Hameed would then be joined by his younger brother [[Hakeem Muhammad Saeed]] in running the company until the latter's move to Pakistan in 1948 and forming [[Hamdard Pakistan]] in Karachi.{{fact|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation. <ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20010120/fco20038.html New-look Hamdard gets down to business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102093329/http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20010120/fco20038.html |date=2 January 2013 }} in ''[[Indian Express]]'', 20 January 2001</ref><br />
<br />
Hamdard Laboratories has a twin manufacturing plant in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and one plant in [[Manesar]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="cbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/heavy-metal-warning-for-ayurvedic-medicinal-products-1.524035|title=Heavy metal warning for Ayurvedic medicinal products|date=4 March 2005|publisher=CBC News|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617152343/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/heavy-metal-warning-for-ayurvedic-medicinal-products-1.524035|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBN Live">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/metal-content-found-in-ayurvedic-drugs/3322-17.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212013734/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/metal-content-found-in-ayurvedic-drugs/3322-17.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2008|title=Metal content found in Ayurvedic drugs|date=5 January 2006|work=IBN Live|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
The company has over 500 natural and herb-based products. Some of its known products are [[Rooh Afza|Sharbat Rooh Afza]], [[Safi (medicine)|Safi]], Pachnaul, Roghan Badam Shirin, Sualin, Joshina and Cinkara. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hamdard Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Hamdard Public School]]<br />
* [[Jamia Hamdard]]<br />
* [[CRIUM, Hyderabad]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.hamdard.in/ Official website (Healthcare division)]<br />
* [http://www.hamdard.com/ Official website (Food division)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1906]]<br />
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Unani medicine organisations]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Ayurvedic companies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1906]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maqtha_Art_District&diff=516391Maqtha Art District2025-07-09T22:51:08Z<p>MarioStpierre: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Neighborhood in Hyderabad, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
The '''Maqtha Art District''' is a neighborhood in [[Hyderabad]], India, known for its street art and murals that cover building walls and public spaces.<ref name="atlasobscura">{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/maqtha-art-district |title=Maqtha Art District |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> It is located near [[Raj Bhavan]] and [[Hussain Sagar Lake]], next to the [[Necklace Road]] station.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-gets-its-own-art-district/article22364607.ece |title=Hyderabad gets its own art district |website=The Hindu |date=4 January 2018 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/red-gully-yellow-street-and-pink-road-welcome-hyderabad-s-official-art-district-73354 |title=Red Gully, Yellow Street and Pink Road: Welcome to Hyderabad's official art district |website=The News Minute |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> It is among several urban art districts in India, including the [[Lodhi Art District]] in [[Delhi]] and the [[Mahim]] (East) Art District in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="swadesi">{{cite web |url=https://swadesi.com/the-maqtha-art-district/#:~:text=The%20project%20of%20converting%20the,Blue%20chowk%20indicated%20by%20arrows. |title=The Maqtha Art District |website=Swadesi |date=24 August 2019 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Origins and St+art India Foundation ==<br />
The Maqtha Art District project began in 2016, led by the St+Art India Foundation in partnership with [[Asian Paints]]. St+art India Foundation is a non-profit organization that promotes street art in public spaces across India. The initiative included contributions from 38 artists, including international participants such as Delphine Delas (France) and Sadhu X (Nepal).<ref name="atlasobscura"/><ref name="swadesi"/> Since their inception, the murals have been periodically repainted.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/revisiting-maqtha-the-boulevard-of-bright-dreams/articleshow/70331600.cms |title=Revisiting Maqtha: The boulevard of bright dreams |website=The Times of India |date=23 July 2019 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Structure and districts ==<br />
The area is informally divided into four zones: Pink Gully, Yellow Gully, Green Gully, and Blue Chowk. These color-coded sections and directional arrows help visitors navigate the area.<ref name="swadesi"/><br />
<br />
== List of artists involved ==<br />
Artists who have painted works in the district include:<br />
<br />
*Delphine Delas ([[France]])<br />
*SadduX ([[Nepal]])<br />
*Raghav Balla ([[Bangalore]], India)<br />
*Swathi Vijay ([[Hyderabad]], India)<br />
*Hoozinc ([[Hyderabad]], India)<br />
*Varun Vedavyas ([[Hyderabad]], India)<br />
*Harit Puram ([[Hyderabad]], India)<br />
*Rouge ([[France]])<br />
*Ness Lee ([[Canada]])<br />
*Manola Mesa ([[Spain]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/india/maqtha-art-district-hyderabad/ |title=The Beautiful Murals in Hyderabad's Maqtha Art District That We Didn't Know Existed! |website=Travel + Leisure Asia |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia"/><br />
<br />
== Mural themes ==<br />
In the Maqtha Art District, murals depict themes related to social concerns, daily life, and regional culture. One example is a work by French artist Rouge, which features a composition of intertwined [[Sari|saris]], symbolizing challenges faced by women in a patriarchal context.<ref name="timesofindia"/><br />
<br />
== Social impact and community engagement ==<br />
Initially, the project received a mixed response from local residents. However, as changes became visible, more residents supported the initiative. The project has contributed to changes in the area's visual appearance, and has attracted interest from outside the community.<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="timesofindia"/> According to the St+art Foundation, the project is part of a larger effort to make public art more accessible and inclusive.<ref name="atlasobscura"/><br />
<br />
== Visiting Maqtha ==<br />
The district can be explored on foot, with painted arrows leading visitors through the streets.{{fact|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|17|25|11|N|78|27|49|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Arts districts]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanghata&diff=500317Ghanghata2024-12-02T03:33:48Z<p>MarioStpierre: New A Details Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2011}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ghanghata<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|33|15.10|N|83|0|29.02|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 653.17<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 272162<br />
| area_code = 91-5547<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = UP 58<br />
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ghanghata''' is a village and [[tehsil]] in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uttar Pradesh Administrative Atlas|volume=2|author=Director of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|page=260|date=2007}}</ref> It is one of three tehsils in the Sant Kabir Nagar district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sknagar.nic.in/history/|title=Sant Kabir Nagar district - History|publisher=[[Sant Kabir Nagar district]]|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demography==<br />
In 2011 Ghanghata had a total population of 425,101, of which males constituted 214,258 (50.4%) of the population, and females 210,843 (49.6%), according to India census.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=09&district_code=56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226214329/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=09&district_code=56 |archive-date=2013-12-26 |title=Sub-District Details|website=Census of India|date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/ghanghata-population.html|title=Ghanghata Tehsil Population|publisher=Census India|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> In 2021 the population had increased to 641,851.<br />
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==Towns and villages==<br />
There is one town and 579 villages in Ghanghata Tehsil, including:<br />
* [[Chhapra Magarbi]]<br />
* Lutuhi<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Sant Kabir Nagar district]]<br />
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{{SantKabirNagar-geo-stub}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhubani&diff=514448Madhubani2024-10-27T06:19:30Z<p>MarioStpierre: </p>
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<div>'''Madhubani''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
*[[Madhubani district]] in Bihar, India<br />
**[[Madhubani, India]], the city serving as district headquarters<br />
**[[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
**[[Madhubani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
**[[Madhubani art]]<br />
*[[Madhubani, Nepal]]<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Madhuban (disambiguation)]]<br />
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{{dab|geodis}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavani&diff=524921Pavani2024-10-08T18:54:50Z<p>MarioStpierre: </p>
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<div>{{wiktionary|Pavani}}<br />
'''Pavani''' may refer to:<br />
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*[[Pavani (raga)]], a rāga in Carnatic music<br />
*[[Pavani Parameswara Rao]] (1933–2017), Indian lawyer<br />
*[[Pavani Reddy]], Indian model and actress<br />
*[[Gullipilli Sowria Raj v. Bandaru Pavani]], an Indian Supreme Court ruling in a lawsuit involving the legality of the marriage to a Hindu woman of a Christian<br />
*[[Andrea Pavani]] (born 1954), Italian curler<br />
*[[Enea Pavani]] (1920–1998), Italian curler<br />
*Pavani, character in the 2005 Indian film ''[[Vennela]]''<br />
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{{disambiguation|surname|given name}}</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=UBA_TBCU&diff=542229UBA TBCU2023-10-30T03:40:08Z<p>MarioStpierre: redirect created</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]<br />
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[[Category:Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikri,_Amethi&diff=541305Tikri, Amethi2023-09-12T23:49:06Z<p>MarioStpierre: new.</p>
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<div>{{Other uses|Tikri (disambiguation){{!}}Tikri}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tikri<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Bhetua block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Tikri (#450) in Bhetua CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.209259|N|81.892049|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 9.002<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 7165<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Tikri''' is a village in [[Bhetua]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=226–42 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 7,165 people, in 1,142 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 3 primary schools and no healthcare facilities and does not host a weekly [[haat]] or permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Amey Maphi]].<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
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The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Tikri as comprising 17 hamlets, with a total population of 2,700 people (1,283 male and 1,417 female), in 555 households and 536 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=104–5, 198 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,453 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 19 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Amethi]] and the [[thana]] of Raipur.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village had a district board-run primary school with 99 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951"/><br />
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The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Tikri as comprising 17 hamlets, with a total population of 2,835 people (1,353 male and 1,482 female), in 588 households and 562 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xlvi-xlvii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,453 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/><br />
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The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Tikri as having a population of 3,853 people, in 789 households, and having an area of 909.77 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=104–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
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The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Tikri (as "Tikree") as having a total population of 4,627 people (2,359 male and 2,268 female), in 915 households and 910 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 140–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 910.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 881, or 19% of the total; this group was 56% male (495) and 44% female (386).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 1,055, or 23% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 40% (1,124 men and 382 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 1,401 people were classified as main workers (1,176 men and 225 women), while 121 people were classified as marginal workers (5 men and 116 women); the remaining 3,105 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 974 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 267 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 8 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 11 household industry workers; 7 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 2 [[construction worker]]s; 31 employed in trade and commerce; 14 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 87 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Amethi district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]</div>MarioStpierrehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhandara_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)&diff=455734Bhandara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)2022-05-22T08:42:10Z<p>MarioStpierre: cleanup</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Bhandara Assembly constituency]]<br />
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Humnabad Assembly constituency]]<br />
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