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Harit Pradesh

2026-05-07T19:46:41Z

Marinavan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harit Pradesh
| official_name =
| other_name = Haritanchal
| type = Proposed state
| image_map = India Harit Pradesh locator map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Harit Pradesh in India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Northern India]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Language]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Khadi Boli]]
| seat_type = Proposed [[Capital (political)|capital]]
| seat = [[Meerut]]
| parts_type = Proposed Divisions
| parts_style = list
| p1 = [[Meerut division]]
| p2 = [[Moradabad division]]
| p3 = [[Agra division]]
| p4 = [[Saharanpur division]]
| p5 = [[Aligarh division]]
| p6 = [[Bareilly division]]
}}

'''Harit Pradesh''' is a [[Proposed states and union territories of India#Uttar Pradesh|proposed new state]] of [[India]] comprising [[Western Uttar Pradesh|the western parts]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Citation |author=Sajal Basu |title=Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uApuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=81-7033-930-8 |quote=''... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 17 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...''}}</ref> The etymology derives from ''harit'', meaning 'green', and ''pradesh'', meaning 'state'. Other proposed names include [[Braj Pradesh]] (which would include only parts of this region),<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2009 |title=Demand for separate 'Braj Pradesh' gains momentum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Demand-for-separate-Braj-Pradesh-gains-momentum/article16855342.ece |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Haritanchal and Paschim Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent cities in Paschim Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/uttar-pradesh-division-paschim-pradesh-mayawati-145836-2011-11-14 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=India Today |date=15 November 2011 |language=en}}</ref> It consists of an area of 71,231 km2, which is 29.27% of UP and a population of 6.67 crores, which is roughly 34% of UP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ajit Kumar |date=2016 |title=The Demand for Division of Uttar Pradesh and Its Implications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44166057 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=53 |pages=124–129 |jstor=44166057 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and North [[Rajasthan]] areas. For instance, dialects of Hindi spoken here ([[Khadiboli]] and [[Braj Bhasha]]) are distinct from [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] spoken in [[Purvanchal]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] in Central UP. Similarly, some of the festivals like [[Chhath]] puja are also significantly more popular in Purvanchal compared to Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anshuman |first=Kumar |date=6 November 2021 |title=Chhath Puja to get special place in BJP's attempt to woo eastern UP voters in Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/chhath-puja-to-get-special-place-in-bjps-attempt-to-woo-eastern-up-voters-in-delhi/articleshow/87559094.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Proposed capital==
[[Meerut]] has been constantly proposed as the capital of this state by many leaders, including Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R Ambedkar]],<ref name="ambedkar1955" /> former Chief Minister [[Mayawati]], and Union Minister [[Sanjeev Balyan]].<ref name="SS">{{Cite web |title=पश्चिमी यूपी को बनाया जाए अलग राज्य, मेरठ बने राजधानी, केंद्रीय मंत्री संजीव बालियान ने की मांग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-western-up-should-be-made-separate-state-meerut-should-become-capital-union-minister-sanjeev-balyan-demanded-8788525.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Baliyan remark on separate state of west UP draws flak from oppn |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/baliyan-remark-on-separate-state-of-west-up-draws-flak-from-oppn-101696357725270.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, possibility of making a Tricity type of capital near Agra is also there.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} When the reorganisation happens, some other city may also emerge as the capital of state. Due to industrialisation and presence of infrastructure there are plenty of good candidates for a state capital in this region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==History==
In his 1955 critique of the proposed [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] had advocated the division of Uttar Pradesh into three states – Western, Central, and Eastern, with capitals at [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Prayagraj]], respectively – in order to prevent excessively large states from dominating politics at the national level.<ref name="ambedkar1955">{{Citation | title=Thoughts on Linguistic States | author=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | year=1955 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYgIOgAACAAJ | quote=''... The only remedy is to break up the Northern States of U.P., Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. How did this solution not strike the Congress Working Committee I am unable to understand ... My proposal with regard to the Uttar Pradesh is to divide it into three States. The three States of the Uttar Pradesh could have as their capitals (1) Meerut (2) Kanpur and (3) Allahabad ...''}}</ref>

Later, socialists like [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and Acharya Kripalani favoured a re-drawing of the administrative map of India. However, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the prime minister at the time, supported the [[States Reorganisation Commission]]'s (SRC) recommendation of re-forming states on a linguistic basis. K.M. Panikkar, in his dissenting note to the SRC report, however, opposed linguistic states and preferred the formation of a state of western Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Now-demand-to-divide-Uttar-Pradesh-picks-momentum/2013/07/31/article1711023.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801194616/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Now-demand-to-divide-Uttar-Pradesh-picks-momentum/2013/07/31/article1711023.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|title=Now demand to divide Uttar Pradesh picks momentum}}</ref>

In 1972, fourteen [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] in the Uttar Pradesh [[Vidhan Sabha|state assembly]] supported an unsuccessful resolution to divide the state into three units (Braj Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh and Purvi Pradesh).<ref name="kluyev1981">{{Citation |title=India: National and Language Problem |author=Boris Ivanovich Kluyev |year=1981 |publisher=Sterling | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s96JAAAAMAAJ |quote=''... For example, in May 1972 fourteen members of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly submitted a resolution for setting up three new States - Braj Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh and Purvi Pradesh. The resolution was defeated. Curiously enough, the arguments of those supporting division were essentially the same, although the representatives hailed from different regions of Uttar Pradesh ...''}}</ref> A similar resolution, however, was successfully passed from the state assembly in 2011 under then Chief Minister Mayawati.<ref name="UP">{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Manmohan |date=21 November 2011 |title=Mayawati government passes resolution for division of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mayawati-government-passes-resolution-for-division-of-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/10818445.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Regional disparities ==
Western UP alone accounts for more than 50% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="DP">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> By comparison, Bundelkhand contributes just 5.2%, Central UP 17.52% and Eastern UP 28%. Out of top 10 districts that contribute the most to state GSDP, 7 are from Western UP.<ref name="PC">{{Cite web |title=UPDES website |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/ddp_annual.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=updes.up.nic.in}}</ref> In terms of Per Capita Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) as well, 7 out of top 10 districts in the state are from Western UP. These include (in descending order):<ref name="DP" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Top districts by contribution to GSDP
!Top districts by per capita GDDP
|-
|[[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
|Gautam Buddha Nagar
|-
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|Meerut
|-
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|-
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|Agra
|-
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|-
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|-
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|}
In FY 21–22, the total GDDP of Western UP region on market prices was 9.44 lakh crores while that of entire UP was 19.17 lakh crores.<ref name="DP" /> Constant GDDP of Western UP during the same period was 5.89 lakh crores, and for entire UP it was 11.81 lakh crores.<ref name="PC" /> Based on these figures, the per capita GDDP of Western UP turns out 79,425.47 INR, much higher than that of all UP at around 59,065 INR.

Western UP is also ahead of the rest of UP in terms of infrastructure, industrialisation, urbanisation, and overall quality of life. Some of its cities (i.e. [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]]) are on par with largest metro cities of the country. Even among smaller cities the quality of life is better compared to the rest of UP, as most of them are [[Classification of Indian cities|Tier-2 cities]]. Nine out of 15 tier-2 cities in the state are in Western UP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tier wise list of cities |url=https://sects.up.gov.in/hospital/cities.aspx |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Rajya Karmchari Cashless Chikitsa Yojana}}</ref>

Additionally, Western UP also accounts for almost 54% of all court cases reaching [[Allahabad High Court]], which is on average around 500 km away from the cities of this proposed state and requires travelling all day for a simple hearing. Residents of western Uttar Pradesh have been demanding a high court bench in Meerut from a long time, but so far it hasn't been heard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=Allahabad HC bench in west UP: Govt says no complete proposal pending |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/allahabad-hc-bench-in-west-up-govt-says-no-complete-proposal-pending/articleshow/90704393.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="WU">{{Cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=Lawyers to meet over HC Bench in West UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/lawyers-to-meet-over-hc-bench-in-west-up/articleshow/104712622.cms |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

These huge economic disparities give people in Western UP a sense of having to pay up for the economic backwardness of other regions in their state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=Growth story divides the west from the rest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/growth-story-divides-the-west-from-the-rest/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sumit Mishra, Pramit |date=16 March 2015 |title=The regional divide within Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/DMcfpnKjECm7Hyg31FVp6O/The-regional-divide-within-Uttar-Pradesh.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the prospect of being clubbed with economically backward state of [[Bihar]] in general conversation with terms like "''UP-Bihar"'', despite having a far more developed and advanced economy than Bihar, also doesn't go down well with the people in this region. These feelings, when combined with cultural differences and other incidents, such as having to struggle for a high court bench for decades,<ref name="WU" /> and allegations of lower allocations in state budget,<ref name="AS" /> further increase the discontent among politically aware people of the state, thus fuelling the demand for statehood of this region.

==Proponents and opponents==

=== Political parties and leaders ===
Among the most prominent advocates for the creation of the new state in recent days have been [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] Supremo Mayawati and Late [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]], the son of former Prime Minister [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]] and leader of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD).

After coming to power, Mayawati wrote letters to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] three times in 2007, March 2008, and December 2009 regarding partitioning of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP division Mayawati asks Congress, BJP to clarify stand |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/11/16/up-division-mayawati-asks-congress-bjp-to-clarify-stand/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chief Minister Mayawati said the Centre's inaction over a 2007 letter forced her government to take the matter to the House. |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-division-plan-not-a-political-trick-says-mayawati-135870.html}}</ref> In November 2011, Mayawati's [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] also passed a resolution in State assembly to partition the state into four different states—Harit Pradesh, [[Awadh|Awadh Pradesh]], [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Purvanchal]]—for better administration and governance.<ref name="UP" /><ref name="ZeeNews 2011">
{{cite web |date=15 November 2011 |title=Mayawati wants UP divided into four new states |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mayawati-wants-up-divided-into-four-new-states_741932.html?pagenumber=4 |access-date=2 July 2013 |work=zeenews.india.com |publisher=Zee News Ltd}}
</ref> However, since creating states is the domain of Central Government and the proposal wasn't actively taken by the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] Government of that time, it couldn't be implemented.

Similarly, RLD also pushed for the statehood of Harit Pradesh in 2011. Pushpendra Singh, former General Secretary of Youth wing of RLD, even launched a political party called Harit Pradesh Party to demand the creation of a separate state of Western Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, Chaudhary Ajit Singh of RLD said:<ref name="AS">{{Citation |title=Ajit Singh reiterates Harit Pradesh demand |date=10 January 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ajit-Singh-reiterates-Harit-Pradesh-demand/articleshow/7250029.cms |quote=''...In turn, what western UP gets is not enough ...''}}</ref><blockquote>''"Western UP contributes to a large chunk – nearly 72% – of the state's total income. In turn, what western UP gets is not enough. Just 18% of the state's budget is spent on developing west UP. This anomaly, understandably, makes the people of this area dissatisfied".''</blockquote>He also alleged that in most years, funds allocated to west Uttar Pradesh were never spent.

Other Jat leaders, such as [[Om Prakash Chautala]] in [[Haryana]], the leader of the [[Indian National Lok Dal]], have also made efforts to involve themselves in the politics of creating a separate state.<ref name="tribune2001jsh">{{Citation |title=INLD bid to get foothold in UP |date=5 July 2001 |newspaper=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010706/haryana.htm#2 |access-date=24 July 2009 |quote=''... the move of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) supremo and Chief Minister of Haryana, Mr Om Prakash Chautala, to raise the demand of a separate 'kisan pradesh' out of western UP ... Since Mr Ajit Singh has also raised the demand of creating a 'harit pradesh' in the same region, the move by both Mr Chautala and Mr Ajit Singh is seen as only a political strategy to 'outwit' each other ...''}}</ref>

Of the other main political forces in Uttar Pradesh, the [[Samajwadi Party]] has opposed the proposal, while the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] have adopted a non-committal stance.<ref name="thehindu2001oia">{{Citation |title=Mayawati joins issue with Paswan, Ajit Singh |date=26 June 2001 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/27/stories/0227000h.htm |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606183637/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/27/stories/0227000h.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=usurped |quote=''... She said the BSP stood for creation of Harit Pradesh ...''}}</ref> Individual leaders of both Congress as well as BJP, however, have time and again spoken in favour of the statehood for Harit Pradesh. For instance:

* After the Congress working committee passed a resolution to recommend the creation of Telangana on 31 July 2013, [[Jairam Ramesh]] suggested that Uttar Pradesh's reorganisation was necessary as it is difficult to run such a big state effectively.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=31 July 2013 |title=Jairam Ramesh Favours Reorganisation of UP |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=805707 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831191652/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=805707 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |access-date=17 July 2022 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> He said:

<blockquote>''"From an administrative point of view, a state of over 200 million people, 75 districts, over 800 blocks ... It's just not governable. It is my personal view...Its politics is a separate issue."''</blockquote>

* Similarly, BJP leader Sanjeev Balyan also said while attending a university event in Meerut that Harit Pradesh should be a separate state with Meerut as its capital.<ref name="SS" /> He clarified though that this is his personal opinion and not the official party line.
In April 2024, while campaigning for Lok Sabha elections Mayawati again raised the issue of statehood for Western Uttar Pradesh, promising to take "concrete steps" for the same if her government came to power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=Maya revives west UP statehood debate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maya-revives-west-up-statehood-debate-101713201459832.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Communities ===
The creation of three new states in 2000 ([[Jharkhand]] from the division of [[Bihar]], [[Uttarakhand]] from the division of Uttar Pradesh, and [[Chhattisgarh]] from the division of [[Madhya Pradesh]]) gave new impetus to the demand for Harit Pradesh among communities.<ref name="singh2001gdj">{{Citation |author=Jagpal Singh |title=Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State |date=4 August 2001 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=31 |pages=2961–2967 |jstor=4410945 |quote=''... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of Jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...''}}</ref> The support further increased after formation of Telangana out of Andhra Pradesh in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Telangana cues fresh demand to divide UP into four states |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/telangana-cues-fresh-demand-to-divide-up-into-four-states/story-wzl5LwYITQt3YpiDXdgVRJ.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Jats]] of this region, who are a dominant political and agricultural community spread across [[Pakistan]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and Uttar Pradesh, have found themselves in a "politically disadvantageous position" in western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="singh2001gdj" /> Therefore, they are largely in support of statehood for Harit Pradesh.

Also, since the [[Muslim]] population in western Uttar Pradesh (27%, according to 2011 census) is higher than in Uttar Pradesh as a whole (20%), the proposal has found support from Muslim organisations as well.<ref name="toi2006tak">{{Citation |title=Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned |date=19 July 2006 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ministers-demand-for-Muslim-Pradesh-condemned/articleshow/1773733.cms |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/lucknow/27821622_1_harit-pradesh-azam-khan-muslim-intellectuals |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live |quote=''... demand is neither feasible nor proper,"said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 33% in Western UP. ...''}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote |date=12 February 2002 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/13/stories/2002021301391000.htm |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105020121/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/13/stories/2002021301391000.htm |archive-date=5 November 2004 |url-status=usurped |quote=''... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ...''}}</ref><ref>Khan, M.E., Patel, Bella, C., "Reproductive Behaviour of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh", ''The Journal of Family Welfare'', March 1997. 43(1) p. 13-29. Available online at [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/grhf-asia/suchana/0804/rh319.html]</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Imams back campaign for 'Harit Pradesh' |date=18 August 2001 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/0219000h.htm |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051235/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/0219000h.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |quote=''... campaign for 'Harit Pradesh' ... appears to be gathering momentum with the All-India Imam Association, an influential body of Muslim clerics, today pledging support ...''}}</ref>

==Geography==

===Soil conditions===
Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state.<ref>{{Citation |title=Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach |author=Aijazuddin Ahmad |year=2009 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2009 |isbn=9788180695681 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC |quote=''... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...''}}</ref> The soil tends to be lighter-textured [[loam]] with some occurrences of sandy soil.<ref>{{Citation |title=Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2 |author=A.K. Kolay |date=July 2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007 |isbn=9788126908035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dWU_2nhMnMC |quote=''... ...''}}</ref> Some [[loess]] soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's [[Thar Desert]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography |author=M. Hanif |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005 |isbn=9788126124824 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBuPAmUqfqkC |quote=''... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...''}}</ref>

===Precipitation===

Harit Pradesh receives rain through the [[monsoon]] and [[Western Disturbance|western disturbance]]s. The monsoon carries moisture northwards from the [[Indian Ocean]], occurs in late summer and is important to the [[Kharif crop|Kharif or autumn harvest]].<ref>Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, {{ISBN|81-210-0245-1}}.</ref><ref>Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.</ref> Western disturbances carry moisture eastwards from the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm |title=Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=17 November 2005 |access-date=20 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214030132/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wang2006">Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, {{ISBN|3-540-40610-7}}.</ref><ref>R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.</ref><ref>A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", ''[[Meteorological Applications]]'', 11, pp 129–139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.</ref> They primarily occur during the winter season and are important for the main staple of the region, [[wheat]], which is classified as a [[rabi crop]].<ref name="wang2006" />

==Demographics==
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=March 2025}}

===People of Harit Pradesh===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Harit Pradesh
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|71.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|27.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|yellow|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey |0.71}}
|caption= 
Others Includes [[Christian]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Jain]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/9-uttar-pradesh.html/ |title=Uttar Pradesh Religion Data - Census 2011 |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113955/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/9-uttar-pradesh.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}According to the [[2011 census of India]], the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 67,766,583 people. Hindu population in this region is 48,440,741 (71.48%) ,Muslim population is 18,146,986 (27.20%) and Sikh Population is 418,234 (0.61%).The population of Harit Pradesh is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including [[Jat]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayasthas]], [[Tyagi]]s, [[Ahir]] ([[Yadav]]s), [[Bhar]] ([[Rajbhar]]s), [[Brahmins]], [[Kutchi people|Kachhi]], [[Kahar]] ([[Kashyap (caste)|Kashyap]]s), [[Gadaria]], [[Kumhar]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Khatik]], [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhis]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Jatav]], [[Kurmi]]s and [[Rohilla|Saini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-18 |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान {{!}} Brahmin says will not vote for BJP UP Election 2017 News in Hindi |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/brahmin-says-will-not-vote-for-bjp-up-election-2017-news-in-hindi-1490467 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh administrative divisions.svg|thumb|276x276px|Divisions which form part of Harit Pradesh are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10]]
Western Uttar Pradesh includes 26 districts in six divisions:

# [[Saharanpur division]]: [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]] districts
# [[Moradabad division]]: [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Rampur district|Rampur]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]] districts
# [[Bareilly division]]: [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Budaun district|Badaun]], [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] districts
# [[Meerut division]]: [[Meerut district|Meerut]] (Proposed Capital), [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]], [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Bagpat district|Baghpat]] districts
# [[Aligarh division]]: [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Kasganj]], [[Etah district|Etah]] districts
# [[Agra division]]: [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] districts

==Special economic zones==
* [[Noida]]
* [[Greater Noida]]
* [[Meerut]]
*[[Bareilly]]
* [[Bulandshahr]]
* [[Moradabad#Special Economic Zone|Moradabad]]

==Transport networks==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png
| alt1 = Delhi Meerut Expressway
| caption1 = Delhi Meerut Expressway
| image2 = Yamuna Expressway India 2012.jpg
| alt2 = Yamuna Expressway
| caption2 = Yamuna Expressway
| image3 = Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg
| alt3 = Delhi Meerut RRTS
| caption3 = Delhi Meerut RRTS
| image4 = Yamuna Expressway Delhi Agra India August 2013.jpg
| alt4 = NH-58 in Meerut
| caption4 = NH-58 in Meerut
| image5 = Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg
| alt5 = DND flyway in Noida
| caption5 = DND flyway in Noida
| perrow = 3/3
| direction = horizontal
| image6 = Yamuna Expressway Toll Plaza Delhi Agra India.jpg
| alt6 = Toll Plaza at Mathura
| caption6 = Toll Plaza at Mathura
| caption_align = center
}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 =
}}
Major state and national highways and other public transport systems in the proposed area include:
*[[DND Flyway]]
*[[Noida Greater Noida Expressway]]
*[[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi Meerut Expressway]]
*[[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]]
*[[Ganga Expressway]]
*[[Yamuna Expressway]]
*[[Ghaziabad Metro]]
*[[Noida Metro]]
*[[Meerut Metro]]
*[[Agra Metro]]
*[[Bareilly Metro]]

The major highways running through the intrastate region include:
*[[NH-58]]
*[[NH-24]]
*[[National Highway 2 (India)|NH-2]]
*[[National Highway 87 (India)|NH 87]]
*[[NH 73]]
*[[NH 74]]
*[[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]]
*[[NH 93]]

==Most populous cities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=9 | Most populous cities
|-
! !! City !! District !! Population

! !! City !! District !! Population
|-
!1
|'''[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]'''
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| 1,729,000

!7
|'''[[Saharanpur]]'''
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|705,478
|-
!2
|'''[[Agra]]'''
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
| 1,585,704
!8
|'''[[Noida]]'''
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|637,272
|-
!3
|'''[[Meerut]]'''
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| 1,571,434
!9
|'''[[Muzaffarnagar]]'''
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|495,543
|-
!4
|'''[[Bareilly]]'''
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|903,668
!10
|'''[[Mathura]]'''
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|441,894
|-
!5
|'''[[Moradabad]]'''
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|889,810
!11
|'''[[Budaun]]'''
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|369,221
|-
!6
|'''[[Aligarh]]'''
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|874,408
!12
|'''[[Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Shahjahanpur]]'''
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|329,736
|-
| colspan="11" | '''Source:''' [[Census of India]] 2011<ref>{{nobold|(2011 Census of India estimate){{cite web |title=India: Harit Pradesh |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-up.html |website=City Population |via=Population Census India |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 February 2015}}}}</ref>
|}

== Education ==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |School
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Comment
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|[[Aligarh]]
|1920
|Aligarh Muslim University is a public university funded by the Government of India. It was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} History |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/amuhistory.jsp |access-date=25 September 2016 |website=www.amu.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
|[[Meerut]]
|1965
|The university is named after [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], the fifth Prime Minister of India.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut {{pipe}} About Us |url=http://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/new/About-us.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150202/http://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/new/About-us.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=ccsuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dr B. R. Ambedkar University]]
|[[Agra]]
|1927
|This university was formed as Agra University and renamed in 1996.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr B. R. Ambedkar University |url=http://www.dbrau.ac.in/about_university.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150204/http://www.dbrau.ac.in/about_university.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=dbrau.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gautam Buddha University]]
|[[Greater Noida]]
|2002
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.gbu.ac.in/User_Pages/AboutUs.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150311/http://www.gbu.ac.in/User_Pages/AboutUs.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=gbu.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]
|[[Bareilly]]
|1975
|M.J.P. Rohilkhand University was established in 1975 as an affiliating University. The senior faculty members of different disciplines in Humanities, Science and Technology are running research projects funded by various agencies and so far 49 projects funded by UGC, AICTE, DST, CST, ICAR, ICHR, MIF have been completed.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=M.J.P. Rohilkhand University |url=http://www.mjpru.ac.in/AboutUs/OverviewChild.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731140906/http://www.mjpru.ac.in/AboutUs/OverviewChild.aspx |archive-date=31 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=mjpru.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology
|[[Meerut]]
|2004
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel University |url=http://www.svbpmeerut.ac.in/ |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=svbpmeerut.ac.in |archive-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221163158/http://www.svbpmeerut.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Teerthanker Mahaveer University]]
|[[Moradabad]]
|2008
|Teerthanker Mahaveer University is a private university in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=Teerthanker Mahaveer University |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/teerthanker-mahaveer-university |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glocal University]]
|[[Saharanpur]]
|2012
|Glocal University is a private and coeducational institution located in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated in the foothills of Shivalik mountains.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Glocal |title=Why Glocal {{!}} Glocal University |url=http://www.glocaluniversity.edu.in/why-glocal |access-date=25 September 2016 |website=www.glocaluniversity.edu.in}}</ref>
|-
|Invertis University
|[[Bareilly]]
|2010
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Invertis University |url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/14383.htm |access-date=1 March 2017 |website=UniRank}}</ref>
|-
|[[Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh University]]
|[[Aligarh]]
|2021
|
|
|-
|[[Maa Shakumbhari University]]
|[[Saharanpur]]
|2021
|
|
|-
|[[Guru Jambheshwar University]]
|[[Moradabad]]
|2024
|
|
|-
|}

== In pop culture ==
In 2022, a [[social comedy]] film titled [[Dasvi]] showed protagonist [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as the [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of Harit Pradesh. The film was premiered on [[Netflix]] and [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Etimes.in {{!}} |date=7 April 2022 |title='Dasvi': Abhishek Bachchan passes with flying colours, but the film, fails to make a mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/etimes-movie-review-dasvi-abhishek-bachchan-passes-with-flying-colours-but-the-film-fails-to-make-a-mark/videoshow/90705434.cms |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttarakhand]]
*[[Western Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050519134118/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/08/19/stories/0219000h.htm Hindu on Net]}}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020130/nation.htm#5 Tribune India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001110015800/http://www.saag.org/papers2/paper142.html South Asia Anal]

[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Prema Parva

2026-05-06T19:04:04Z

Marinavan: made a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Parva
| image = Prema Parva.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[S. Siddalingaiah]]
| writer = B L Venu
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Siddalingaiah
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Bhavya]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1983|08|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹25 lakh<ref name="Y">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZJWWazndBI&t=124s|title=Tamil actor Murali's interview|date=8 September 2010 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
| gross = ₹1 crore<ref name="Y"/>
}}
'''''Prema Parva''''' is a 1983 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by [[S. Siddalingaiah]] starring his son [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Bhavya]] in their lead film debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150312/entertainment-bollywood/article/veteran-sandalwood-director-siddalingaiah-passes-away|title=Veteran Sandalwood director Siddalingaiah passes away|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 March 2015 |access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2018-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102121324/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150312/entertainment-bollywood/article/veteran-sandalwood-director-siddalingaiah-passes-away|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Sadhguru
*[[Bhavya]] as Sarasa
*[[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]]
*[[Vijay Kashi|Vijayakashi]]
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]]
*Shashikala
*Master S. D. Suresh

== Production ==
[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]'s entry into films was debated at home, but his mother encouraged his father to direct his debut film. While shooting in [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru]], a bystander yelled "Yeno kariya, neenu act madtiya" (What dark fellow, are you acting?).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/caught-in-colour/articleshow/21784731.cms|title=Caught in colour|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516025818/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/caught-in-colour/articleshow/21784731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Although it was Murali's first film that he shot for, ''Geluvina Hejje'' (1982) was released first.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2018/06/08/geluvina-hejje-1982/|title=Geluvina Hejje – ಗೆಲುವಿನ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ (1982/೧೯೮೨)|first=Prakashchandra|last=Said|date=8 June 2018|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PREMA PARVA (Original Motion Soundtrack) - EP by RAJAN & NAGENDRA on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/prema-parva-original-motion-soundtrack-ep/1625899202 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=19 December 2023 |date=4 September 1983}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Prema Parva
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1983
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:45
| language = Kannada
| label = MRT Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| prev_title = [[Ibbani Karagithu]]
| prev_year = 1983
| next_title = [[Olavu Moodidaga]]
| next_year = 1984
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|K9JCOsoIDr4|Prema Parva – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anuragada Aaradhane
| length1 = 4:41
| lyrics1 = Shyamsundar Kulkarni
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Ba Mellage
| length2 = 4:51
| lyrics2 = [[Doddarangegowda]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title3 = Yene Sarasavva
| length3 = 4:56
| lyrics3 = Doddarangegowda
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chorus
| title4 = Aalisiri Sodarare
| length4 = 4:17
| lyrics4 = Doddarangegowda
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| total_length = 18:45
}}

==Release and remakes==
The film was a box office failure shattering Siddalingaiah's hopes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/sep/09/actor-murali-passes-away-in-chennai-185207.html|title=Actor Murali passes away in Chennai|website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/remembering-ace-filmmaker-s-siddalingaiah-on-his-83rd-birth-anniversary/articleshow/79740040.cms|title=Remembering ace filmmaker S. Siddalingaiah on his 83rd birth anniversary|date=15 December 2020|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Despite this, the film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Poovilangu]]'' (1984)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpFVViF04K8|title="ತಮಿಳು ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮುರಳಿ ಪಾದಾರ್ಪಣೆ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು ಹೇಗೆ" .. ನೂರೊಂದು ನೆನಪು (ಭಾಗ 04)|date=26 November 2023|via=YouTube|language=kn|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> and in Hindi as ''[[Jeena Marna Tere Sang]]'' (1992).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1389544}}

{{Siddalingaiah}}
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddalingaiah]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

Vadodara Municipal Corporation

2026-05-01T15:39:08Z

Marinavan: made.

{{Short description|Local civic body in Vadodara, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Mcn|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = teal
| name = Vadodara Municipal Corporation
| native_name = વડોદરા મહાનગરપાલિકા
| native_name_lang = Gujarati
| transcription_name = Vaḍōdarā Mahānagarapālikā
| coa_pic = Vadodara-Emblem.jpg
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Seal of the VMC
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem]] of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and years ago|1950|07}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Pinky Soni, '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Chirag Barot, '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Arun Mahesh Babu, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader4_type = Chairperson of the Standing Committee
| leader4 = Dr. Shital Mistry
| seats = 76
| session_room =
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = Khanderao Market, [[Vadodara]]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Vadodara, Gujarat Municipal Corporation 2021.svg|300px]]|By party}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (69)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (69)

'''Opposition (7)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent politician|1}}
| website = [https://vmc.gov.in/ Vadodara Municipal Corporation]
| motto = ઉદ્યોગ સ્વ-સહાય સેવા {{small|([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]])}}
 (Handwork, self-reliance, service)
| last_election1 = [[2026 Vadodara Municipal Corporation election|26 April 2026]]
| next_election1 = 2031
| term_length = 5 years
}}

The '''Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC)''' is the governing civic body of the city of [[Vadodara]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].

Established in July 1950 under the ''Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949'', the VMC is responsible for the civic infrastructure, urban planning, and public administration of the city and its surrounding suburbs. Governing a population of over 2 million and an area of 220 km², the corporation has historically been a pioneer in implementing civic technology in Gujarat, including automated street light controllers and the issuance of green municipal bonds.

__TOC__

== History ==
The civic administration of Vadodara has its roots in the visionary leadership of the Gaekwad dynasty. Prior to Indian independence, the city's civic affairs were managed under the Baroda State. [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] was instrumental in laying the foundation for a modern municipality, introducing underground drainage, planned markets, and piped water supply via the Ajwa reservoir in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Following the integration of Baroda State into the Union of India, the modern Vadodara Municipal Corporation was established in July 1950 under the ''Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949'' (which was later adopted by the Gujarat government upon the state's formation in 1960). The corporation was set up to streamline civic operations and provide democratic representation to the residents of Vadodara.

== Administration ==
The governing structure of the VMC consists of a political wing and an administrative wing.

The political wing is an elected body of councillors headed by a Mayor. The administrative wing is headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), who wields executive power and is appointed by the Government of Gujarat. The Commissioner is responsible for strategic and operational planning, developing and maintaining civic infrastructure like water supply, roads, and drainage, and efficient delivery of various services. The Commissioner takes decisions on behalf of the board or the standing committee.

The office of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation is located in the historic [[Khanderao Market]] on Chamaraja Road. The road was named after [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], to earmark his close friendship with Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ City officials
|-
| [[Mayor]]
| Pinky Soni
|-
| [[Deputy Mayor]]
| Chirag Barot
|-
| [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| Arun Mahesh Babu, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|-
| Chairperson of Standing Committee
| Dr. Shital Mistry
|}

== Legislature ==
In order to make the administration of the city convenient, it has been divided into 19 administrative wards across four primary zones (North, South, East, West). For each ward, 4 councillors (also known as corporators) are elected, making a total of 76 seats in the corporation. Out of these, 50% of the seats (38 seats) are reserved for women candidates.

The Corporators among themselves elect a Mayor, who serves as the First Citizen of Vadodara. The Mayor holds primarily a ceremonial role of representing and upholding the dignity of the city and presiding over the deliberations of the Corporation, while executive powers remain with the Municipal Commissioner.

As is the case with Legislative Bodies, the elections for electing the Corporators are held every 5 years. The previous elections were held on [[2026 Vadodara Municipal Corporation election|26 April 2026]].

== Current members ==
The 19 wards of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation and their councillors following the 2026 elections are listed below. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] maintained its stronghold, winning 69 seats, while the [[Indian National Congress]] won 6, and 1 seat went to an Independent.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#F98C1F; color:white" colspan=6|Mayor: Pinky Soni
|-
!style="background-color:#E37405; color:white" colspan=6|Deputy Mayor: Chirag Barot
|-
! Zone
! Ward No.
! Ward Name / Areas Covered
! Councillor
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="4" | North
| rowspan="4" | 1
| rowspan="4" | Sayajigunj, Fatehgunj, MS University
| Ami Ravat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Pushpa Waghela
|-
| Jaha Desai
|-
| Harish Patel || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | North
| rowspan="4" | 2
| rowspan="4" | Harni, Warasia, Sawad, Shweta Park
| Rashmika Vaghela || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Varsha Vyas
|-
| Bhanji Patel
|-
| Manoj Patel
|-
| rowspan="4" | East
| rowspan="4" | 3
| rowspan="4" | Waghodia Road, Bapod, Kapurai
| Snehal Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Rupal Shah
|-
| Vikas Thakkar
|-
| Nilesh Rathod
|-
| rowspan="4" | East
| rowspan="4" | 4
| rowspan="4" | Karelibaug, Sangam, VIP Road
| [[Pinky Soni]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Rakhi Shah
|-
| Ajit Dadhich
|-
| Parimal Bhatt
|-
| rowspan="4" | West
| rowspan="4" | 5
| rowspan="4" | Raopura, Dandia Bazar, Mandvi
| Hitendra Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Prafula Jethva
|-
| Ketan Brahmbhatt
|-
| Shilpa Patel
|-
| rowspan="4" | West
| rowspan="4" | 6
| rowspan="4" | Akota, Gotri, Hari Nagar
| Dr. Sheetal Mistry || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Hemisha Thakkar
|-
| Chirag Barot
|-
| Shruti Surti
|-
| rowspan="4" | North
| rowspan="4" | 7
| rowspan="4" | Nizampura, Chhani, TP-13
| Bandish Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Bhumika Rana
|-
| Dinesh Choksi
|-
| Meera Patel
|-
| rowspan="4" | North
| rowspan="4" | 8
| rowspan="4" | Nagarwada, Karelibaug (part)
| Rajesh Prajapati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Meenaba Chauhan
|-
| Sonal Rajput
|-
| Sunil Solanki
|-
| rowspan="4" | North
| rowspan="4" | 9
| rowspan="4" | Ajwa Road, Kishanwadi
| Shailesh Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Jyoti Dave
|-
| Rakesh Patel
|-
| Nita Mistry
|-
| rowspan="4" | West
| rowspan="4" | 10
| rowspan="4" | Subhanpura, Gorwa, Laxmipura
| Nitin Donge || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Bhavna Kakadiya
|-
| Dhaval Parmar
|-
| Priti Bhatt
|-
| rowspan="4" | West
| rowspan="4" | 11
| rowspan="4" | Vasna-Bhayli, Diwalipura
| Jigeesha Sheth || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Kedar Bhalerao
|-
| Sangita Patel
|-
| Rakesh Sevak
|-
| rowspan="4" | South
| rowspan="4" | 12
| rowspan="4" | Makarpura, Maneja, GIDC
| Dharmesh Patanwadiya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Ranjita Rathwa
|-
| Suresh Patel
|-
| Meenakshi Parmar
|-
| rowspan="4" | East
| rowspan="4" | 13
| rowspan="4" | Wadi, Ghadiali Pole, Khanderao
| Alpa Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Balkrishna Patel
|-
| Jagruti Kaka || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Manish Desai
|-
| rowspan="4" | East
| rowspan="4" | 14
| rowspan="4" | Tarsali, Soma Talav, Danteshwar
| Hasmukh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Neha Yadav
|-
| Dattatreya Shinde
|-
| Pallavi Kadam
|-
| rowspan="4" | East
| rowspan="4" | 15
| rowspan="4" | Bapod, Ajwa Road (Outer)
| Aashish Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Kalpana Patel
|-
| Sanjay Rajput
|-
| Usha Mishra
|-
| rowspan="4" | South
| rowspan="4" | 16
| rowspan="4" | Kishanwadi, Soma Talav
| Chandrakant Shrivastav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alka Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamlesh Parmar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Suman Solanki
|-
| rowspan="4" | South
| rowspan="4" | 17
| rowspan="4" | Manjalpur, Atladra, Bill-Chapad
| Yogesh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Hansa Patel
|-
| Ketan Patel
|-
| Seema Mali
|-
| rowspan="4" | South
| rowspan="4" | 18
| rowspan="4" | Tandalja, Vasna Road
| Kalpesh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Artiben Jaiswal
|-
| Imran Khedawala
|-
| Shabana Shaikh
|-
| rowspan="4" | South
| rowspan="4" | 19
| rowspan="4" | Kapurai-Tarsali (South)
| Mahesh Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Darshna Rajput
|-
| Sanjay Patel
|-
| Heena Mahida
|}

== Finances and Revenue sources ==
The VMC prepares an annual budget catering to the infrastructural and developmental needs of the city. The VMC's budget for the fiscal year 2024-25 stood at an estimated ₹5,300 crore, focusing heavily on roads, storm water drainage, and public transport infrastructure.

In 2024, Vadodara Municipal Corporation marked a financial milestone by successfully raising ₹1 billion through the issuance of five-year green municipal bonds, carrying a coupon rate of 7.90%. The funds raised from these bonds were earmarked for deployment in three significant water pumping and drainage projects aimed at enhancing the efficiency of sewage water disposal in the region.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the tax-related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax (one of the largest internal revenue sources)
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from the State Government of Gujarat and Central Government (including GST compensation and Smart City mission grants)
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the non-tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services and building permissions
* Rent received from municipal property and auditoriums
* Funds from municipal bonds

== Controversies and criticism ==
The VMC has faced routine criticism during the monsoon seasons due to severe waterlogging issues in low-lying areas. The corporation's handling of the Vishwamitri River's floodplains has frequently come under scanner by environmentalists and citizens alike. Unchecked encroachments and inadequate storm-water drain desilting have been blamed for the recurring floods in 2019 and 2024. Additionally, during heavy floods, the VMC has had to deploy special teams to rescue mugger crocodiles that wash up into residential areas from the river.

The corporation has also received flak for delays in major infrastructure projects, including the prolonged beautification phases of the historic Sursagar Lake and the slow pace of pothole repairs across major city arterial roads following the monsoons.

== Achievements ==
The VMC received the inaugural BEE award for "Energy Conservation in Street Lighting" in 2008. The award was given in recognition of the city's outstanding achievements in energy efficiency within its street lighting system on 14 December 2008, by the Union Power Minister. The VMC repeated history again in 2010, by acquiring a second award for 'Energy Conservation in Street Lighting’ from the BEE.

The Corporation is the first in the country to implement international level lighting, life cycle cost, and intelligent street light controllers, with GSM monitoring and controlling systems, manufactured by a local company to provide good service to citizens, remote data collection, and quick maintenance.

== See also ==
* [[List of urban local bodies in Gujarat]]
* [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://vmc.gov.in}}

{{Vadodara topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Government of Vadodara]]

Bhokar Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T06:45:36Z

Marinavan: Put up a post with sources...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhokar
| constituency_no = 85
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 85-Bhokar.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sreejaya Chavan]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =303,352
}}
'''Bhokar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. This constituency is located in [[Nanded district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=13 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhokar Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/bhokar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Digambarrao Govindrao Bindu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao|Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Kinhalkar]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao|Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Srinivas Alias Bapusaheb Balajirao Gorthekar Deshmukh|Bapusaheb Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Ameeta Ashokrao Chavan|Ameeta Chavan]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sreejaya Chavan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhokar">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhokar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1385.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216065513/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1385.htm|archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sreejaya Chavan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 133,187 |percentage = 57.15% |change = {{increase}}36.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tirupati Alias Pappu Baburao Kadam Kondhekar|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,636 |percentage = 35.46% |change = {{decrease}}32.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Tikaram Rathod |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,872 |percentage = 3.81% |change = {{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamleshkumar Pandurangrao Choudante |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 284 |percentage = 0.12% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,551 |percentage = 21.69% |change = {{decrease}}25.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 233,349 |percentage = 76.92% |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 233,065}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 303,352 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Chavan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 140,559 |percentage = 68.20% |change = {{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bapusaheb Gorthekar|Bapusaheb Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,114 |percentage = 20.92% |change = {{decrease}}8.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayalwad Namdev Nagorao |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 17,813 |percentage = 8.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Bhimrao Kadam |party = Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,297 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ratnakar S/o Shamrao Taru |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 97,445 |percentage = 47.28% |change = {{increase}}21.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 207,385 |percentage = 74.33% |change = {{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ameeta Ashokrao Chavan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 100,781 |percentage = 54.84% |change = {{decrease}}24.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,224 |percentage = 28.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baban Alias (Khobaji) Ramrao Barse |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,760 |percentage = 6.94% |change = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmraj Ganpatrao Deshmukh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,809 |percentage = 4.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shyam Pawar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,299 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Siddharth Chandrakant Kadam |party = Republican Sena |votes = 2,107 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,368 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Yusuf Sayyad Murtuza |party = Welfare Party of India |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,557 |percentage = 25.88% |change = {{decrease}}44.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 185,711 |percentage = 70.47% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,782}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,518 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Chavan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 120,849 |percentage = 79.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,346 |percentage = 8.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kshirsagar Bhimrao Mariba |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,405 |percentage = 4.22% |change = {{decrease}}27.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajbhare Bapurao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,279 |percentage = 4.14% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kshirsagar Balaji Digambar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hulgunde Kishanrao Vithoba |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 1,433 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 107,503 |percentage = 70.85% |change = {{increase}}66.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,782 |percentage = 69.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}43.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bapusaheb Gorthekar|Bapusaheb Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 51,694 |percentage = 36.61% |change = {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naganath Lakshman Ghisewad |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 44,992 |percentage = 31.86% |change = {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,610 |percentage = 20.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Khanderao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,295 |percentage = 5.17% |change = {{decrease}}26.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Rajaram Hobaji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,188 |percentage = 2.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prop. Madhukar Gangaram Dhuture |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,789 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Sainath Datta |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doiwad Vyankatrao Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,232 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,702 |percentage = 4.75% |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,235 |percentage = 74.34% |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,203}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,990 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao| Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,411 |percentage = 34.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghisewad Naganath Lakshman |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 32,773 |percentage = 31.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 22,147 |percentage = 21.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manurkar Bhagwan Shankar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 11,607 |percentage = 11.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Sattya Narayan Ramu |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,992 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,638 |percentage = 2.54% |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,996 |percentage = 71.07% |change = {{decrease}}12.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,930}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,002 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,183 |percentage = 28.66% |change = {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao| Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,411 |percentage = 27.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghisewad Naganath Lakshman |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 16,468 |percentage = 13.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjaykumar Dattatry Kulkarni |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,622 |percentage = 12.37% |change = {{decrease}}8.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Solunke Hanmantrao Tripatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,231 |percentage = 9.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Uttamrao Lachchma |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,467 |percentage = 5.12% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Kishan Satwaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,810 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Ramdhan Alu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,069 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,772 |percentage = 1.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,897 |percentage = 83.17% |change = {{increase}}17.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,177 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,838 |percentage = 23.83% |change = {{decrease}}21.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kesrale Kishor Bhujangrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,774 |percentage = 21.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttam Lachma Jadhav |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,351 |percentage = 21.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyankar Venkatrao Bapurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,475 |percentage = 10.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yerawad Dattatrayrao Rajaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,317 |percentage = 7.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puyed Balaji Ganpati |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,119 |percentage = 6.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manoorkar Ganpat Piraji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,267 |percentage = 3.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Battewad Sitaram Dyanoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,249 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,064 |percentage = 2.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,131 |percentage = 66.07% |change = {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,847}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,536 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao| Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,912 |percentage = 45.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Dr. Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 28,569 |percentage = 41.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karkhelikar Venkat Sayanna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,792 |percentage = 11.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Motilal Bhoju |party = Independent politician |votes = 418 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,343 |percentage = 3.43% |change = {{decrease}}66.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,168 |percentage = 61.22% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,333}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,609 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}38.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao| Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 45,582 |percentage = 83.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundada Chandulal Bajranglal |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,431 |percentage = 13.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalikwar Manohar Babarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,283 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,151 |percentage = 70.26% |change = {{increase}}53.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,928 |percentage = 51.49% |change = {{decrease}}19.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,296}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,622 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}33.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Chavan]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,896 |percentage = 50.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao| Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,645 |percentage = 34.40% |change = {{decrease}}38.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karkhalikar Venkatarao Sayanna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,042 |percentage = 10.25% |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digambararao Bapurao Dhanorkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Assadulla M. Ubedulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 876 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,251 |percentage = 16.37% |change = {{decrease}}35.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,818 |percentage = 71.31% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,727}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,713 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Chavan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,803 |percentage = 72.41% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atnod. T. D |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 13,171 |percentage = 20.82% |change = {{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Sayamna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,714 |percentage = 2.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Fakirappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,471 |percentage = 2.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belurkar B. Natupaoo |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,094 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,632 |percentage = 51.59% |change = {{increase}}14.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,362 |percentage = 69.00% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,253}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,174 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Chavan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,910 |percentage = 68.35% |change = {{increase}}28.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Vibhute |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 15,241 |percentage = 31.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,669 |percentage = 36.69% |change = {{increase}}21.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,361 |percentage = 61.37% |change = {{increase}}26.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,151}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,692 |ref = |change = {{increase}}81.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}28.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digamber Rao Bindu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,512 |percentage = 40.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundalik Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 4,066 |percentage = 25.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangrao Saheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,989 |percentage = 24.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balwant Rao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,625 |percentage = 10.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,446 |percentage = 15.11% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,192 |percentage = 35.03% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,192}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,223 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhokar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Nanded district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.2208604|77.6683612}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Dabugam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:12Z

Marinavan: started new pg!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Dabugam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dabugam
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 76
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Manohar Randhari]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,04,966{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Dabugam''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Nabarangpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=76|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092352/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=76|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Dabugam (76) District: Nabrangpur|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref> After 2008 Delimitation, [[Kodinga Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

This constituency includes Dabugam block, Papadahandi block and 14 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Atigam, Badagumuda, Balenga, Bankuli, M. Karagam, Butimajhisemla, Ekori, Kodinga, Kosagumuda, Majhidhanua, Motigam, Santoshpur, Taragam and Temara) of Kosagumuda block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp92.htm|title= 92 - Dabugam (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.95}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.43}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.72}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.30}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.91}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.02}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|45.38}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|72.29}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.13}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|43.52}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|47.75}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Dabugam constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=List of members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title= Dabugam Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/dabugam.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dabugam Assembly Election Results 2024: Dabugam Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/dabugam-constituency-result-18076 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Randhari]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |Jadav Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Damburu Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Phulamani Santa
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Shyamghan Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Damburu Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Jagannath Tripathy
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manohar Randhari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Lipika Majhi by a margin of 21,455 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dabugam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manohar Randhari]]
|votes = 77,511
|percentage =44.95
|change = {{up}}0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lipika Majhi
|votes = 56,056
|percentage = 32.51
|change = {{down}}7.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somnath Pujari
|votes = 34,318
|percentage = 19.90
|change = {{up}}9.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,543
|percentage = 2.63
|change = {{up}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,455
|percentage = 12.44
|change = {{up}}7.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,428
|percentage = 84.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manohar Randhari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhujabal Majhi]] by a margin of 7,363 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dabugam <ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manohar Randhari]]
|votes = 73,264
|percentage = 44.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|votes = 65,901
|percentage = 39.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Padman Nayak
|votes = 16394
|percentage = 9.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Manohar Randhari
|votes = 3,407
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,799
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,363
|percentage = 4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,885
|percentage = 83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhujabal Majhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Motiram Nayak by a margin of 6,097 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dabugam<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|votes = 62,957
|percentage = 41.72
|change = {{up}}4.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Motiram Nayak
|votes = 56,860
|percentage = 37.68
|change = {{up}}6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sasi Dhar Majhi
|votes = 10,853
|percentage = 7.19
|change = {{down}}11.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,696
|percentage = 3.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,097
|percentage = 4.04
|change = {{down}}2.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,912
|percentage = 85.42
|change = {{up}}13.11
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,76,666
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhujabal Majhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Motiram Nayak by a margin of 7,374 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=7374 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dabugam<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhujabal Majhi]]
|votes = 44,723
|percentage = 37.30
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Motiram Nayak
|votes = 37,349
|percentage = 31.15
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohan Majhi
|votes = 22,543
|percentage = 18.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samruddha Odisha
|candidate = Mangal Charan Naik
|votes = 9,773
|percentage = 8.15
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Majhi
|votes = 5,519
|percentage = 4.60
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,374
|percentage = 6.15{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,909
|percentage = 72.31
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = 5.88 {{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 66.43%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nabarangpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.46|82.403|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nabarangpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Sarvesh Singh Yadav

2026-04-12T00:56:56Z

Marinavan: New Basic Bio Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarvesh Singh Yadav
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sirsaganj Assembly constituency|Sirsaganj]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Udayveer Singh
}}
'''Sarvesh Singh Yadav''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Sirsaganj Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=12834 |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UPLA]] |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> He is affiliated with the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1658 |title=Sarvesh Singh(Samajwadi Party(SP)) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://samajwadiparty.in/members-of-vidhan-sabha |title=Member Of Vidhan Sabha |publisher=[[Samajwadi Party]] |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sarvesh Singh Yadav was born in village Fatehpur Nasirpur, Sirsaganj, Uttar Pradesh to a Yadav family headed by Udayveer Singh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sarvesh-singh/ |title=Sarvesh Singh, SP MLA from Sirsaganj |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sarvesh Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Philosopher king

2026-03-29T14:25:59Z

Marinavan: made entry

{{Short description|Hypothetical wise ruler described by Plato}}
{{Other uses|Philosopher King (disambiguation)}}
{{Platonism}}

The '''philosopher king''' is a [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] ruler in whom political skill is combined with philosophical knowledge. The concept of a city-state ruled by philosophers is first explored in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', written around 375 BC. Plato argued that the ideal state – one which ensured the maximum possible happiness for all its citizens – could only be brought into being by a ruler possessed of absolute knowledge, obtained through philosophical study. From the [[Middle Ages]] onwards, [[Islamic]] and [[Jewish]] authors expanded on the theory, adapting it to suit their own conceptions of the perfect ruler.

Several historical figures, including [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]], have been described by ancient and modern writers as embodying the philosopher king ideal.

==In the ''Republic''==
The ''Republic'' is a [[Socratic dialogue]]. In the first two books, [[Socrates]] is challenged to give a definition of [[justice]], which he proposes to accomplish by imagining how an ideal city-state would function. He suggests that the ideal state would be ruled over by a specially trained Guardian class, in whom a spirited nature would be combined with a philosophic disposition.<ref>''Republic'' 2.375–6; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|pages=68–70}}</ref>

Socrates goes on to discuss various aspects of life within the state. In the fifth book, Socrates' interlocutors ask him whether the state he is describing could ever exist in reality. He replies that this could only happen on one condition:
{{blockquote
|text=Until philosophers are kings, or the kings and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy ... cities will never have rest from their evils,—no, nor the human race, as I believe,—and then only will this our State have a possibility of life and behold the light of day.<ref>''Republic'' 5.473; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|page=203}}</ref>
}}

Socrates clarifies this comment by distinguishing between true and false philosophers. The true philosopher (or "lover of wisdom") is one who loves "the truth in each thing", as opposed to those who only love the things themselves.<ref>''Republic'' 5.480; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|page=213}}</ref> This is a reference to Plato's belief that all particular things are only shadows of eternal [[Theory of Forms|Forms]]. Only the philosopher, therefore, is qualified to rule, as only the philosopher has knowledge of the absolute truth and is able to apply this knowledge for the good of the state.<ref>''Republic'' 6.484; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|pages=214–5}}</ref>

Socrates next outlines the qualities which the ideal philosopher must possess, including truthfulness, temperance, justice, and a good memory.<ref>''Republic'' 6.485–7; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|pages=215–8}}</ref> It is observed, however, that this ideal is in sharp contrast to reality, as many philosophers are "utter rogues", and the best of them are generally considered to be useless. Socrates explains the poor reputation of philosophers through the metaphor of the [[Ship of State]], in which he compares [[Athenian democracy]] to a group of mutinous sailors vying with one another for control of the helm of a ship. The sailors, having themselves no knowledge of the art of navigation, deny that this is a necessary qualification for a pilot, and heap abuse on anyone who does not help them to achieve their goals.<ref>''Republic'' 6.488–9; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|pages=220–1}}</ref> Socrates then acknowledges that many philosophers are indeed corrupt, but attributes this to the fact that they are brought up in a corrupt society. Only in the ideal state will a philosopher be able to achieve his full potential, "and be the saviour of his country, as well as of himself".<ref>''Republic'' 6.497; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|page=232}}</ref>

Having returned to the subject of the ideal state, Socrates elaborates on the way in which his Guardians would be educated, in order to lead them to a full and total knowledge of the Forms. This education will last thirty-five years, and prospective Guardians must then spend a further fifteen years occupying lesser offices, in order to gain experience of life. At the age of fifty, they will be qualified to rule. As philosophers, however, they will have no desire to engage in politics; they will do so only from a sense of duty.<ref>''Republic'' 7.520, 540; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|pages=260–1, 289}}</ref>

Socrates concludes this portion of the dialogue by reaffirming that the ideal state is capable of being realised, but only if one or more philosophers were to somehow come to power in a city. He further suggests that if this were to happen, the quickest way for a philosopher king to bring the perfect state into existence would be to send away every inhabitant over the age of ten, so as to be able to bring up the younger generation in accordance with philosophic principles.<ref>''Republic'' 7.540–1; {{harvnb|Jowett|1991|page=290}}</ref>

==History of interpretation==
[[Aristotle]], in his ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'', criticises many aspects of Plato's political theory, and sets out his own ideas about how a perfect city should be governed. Rather than proposing, as Plato does, the establishment of a ruling class, Aristotle argues that all citizens should take an equal share in the administration of the city. However, in one passage (book 3, ch. 13), Aristotle does write that if one or more people happened to be found who far excelled their fellow citizens in virtue, it would be against the natural order for such people to be subject to the rule of their inferiors, and they should therefore be made "kings in their state for life". While Aristotle here comes close to endorsing the philosopher-king ideal, he does not expressly state that this virtuous leader should be skilled in philosophy, and his writings more usually draw a sharp distinction between the theoretical wisdom of a philosopher and the political wisdom of a ruler.{{sfn|Desmond|2011|pp=49–51}}

When the ''Politics'' was translated into Latin in the thirteenth century, it became the foundational text for political philosophy in the Christian world, and Plato's ideas were marginalised in favour of an Aristotelian separation of temporal and spiritual authority. Islamic scholars, on the other hand, were heavily influenced by Plato's ''Republic'', finding in the philosopher king a counterpart to the traditional figure of the "lawgiver-prophet".<ref>{{cite book |last=Melamed |first=Abraham |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CarNyTThFqYC&pg=PA1 |title=The Philosopher King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Thought |pages=1–3 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-7914-5568-8}}</ref> [[Al-Farabi]], for example, followed Plato closely, writing that the ideal state was that which most carefully attended to the spiritual education of its citizens, and that its ruler must therefore have a highly developed understanding of the purpose of human existence. Where Al-Farabi departed from Plato was in asserting that the founder of the perfect state must not only be a philosopher but also a prophet, as the perfect law could only come from God. The founder's successors need not be prophets, but they must still be philosophers, able to correctly interpret and apply the received law.<ref>{{harvnb|Melamed|2003|pages=17–19}}</ref>

Medieval Islamic philosophers had many opportunities to put their political theories into practice, as they often held positions in the royal court, with many even serving as [[vizier]]s. Despite their belief in the philosopher king ideal, no Islamic philosophers are known to have attempted to seize power for themselves, apparently being contented with a subservient position. Al-Farabi makes a concession to this state of affairs when he writes that, since rulers possessed of all the necessary virtues are rare, it is possible for the kingship of the ideal state to be shared between two people, "one of whom is a philosopher and the other fulfils the remaining conditions".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stroumsa |first=Sarah |date=2003 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oO68GslcYYC&pg=PA433 |chapter=Philosopher-king or philosopher-courtier? Theory and reality in the falāsifa's place in Islamic society |editor-last=de la Puente |editor-first=Cristina |title=Identidades marginales |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |pages=433–59 |isbn=84-00-08146-3}}</ref>

The translation into Hebrew of the works of Al-Farabi and [[Averroes]] saw the concept of the philosopher king enter into Jewish political thought. Biblical figures such as [[Moses]], [[Abraham]] and [[Solomon]] were held up as examples of ideal rulers, with Plato's theory undergoing further distortions in order to meet the needs of Jewish philosophers. The popularity of the idea finally declined during the seventeenth century, as influential authors such as [[Baruch Spinoza]] began to formulate more secular political philosophies modelled on the works of [[Machiavelli]].<ref>{{harvnb|Melamed|2003|pages=5–6}}</ref>

==Real-world examples==
===Dionysius and Dion===
It appears from the ''Republic'' that Plato did not think it impossible for his ideal state to be established in reality,<ref>{{cite book |last=Klosko |first=George |date=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofpla0000klos/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |title=The Development of Plato's Political Theory |pages=174, 178–9 |publisher=Methuen and Co |isbn=0-416-38660-1}}</ref> and he did make one notable attempt to educate a ruler in the principles of philosophy. In 367 BC, [[Dionysius II of Syracuse|Dionysius II]] came to power in [[Syracuse, Sicily]], under the supervision of his uncle [[Dion of Syracuse|Dion]], who was a friend and disciple of Plato. Dion invited Plato to Syracuse to serve as an advisor to Dionysius, and Plato accepted. However, he probably hoped for nothing more than to exercise a moderating influence on the tyrant; he is unlikely to have believed that he could transform Dionysius into a true philosopher king. In the event, Dionysius proved an unwilling student, and nothing came of the endeavor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crombie |first=I. M. |date=2013 |orig-date=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZP7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=An Examination of Plato's Doctrines |volume=1 |page=8 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-63216-4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Klosko|1986|page=186}}</ref>

Later, Dion attempted to seize power for himself, and was ultimately assassinated. In his possibly spurious ''[[Seventh Letter]]'', Plato regretted Dion's death, and wrote that:

{{blockquote
|text=... if he had got the supreme power,{{nbsp}}... he would then by every means in his power have ordered aright the lives of his fellow-citizens by suitable and excellent laws; and the thing next in order, which he would have set his heart to accomplish, was to found again all the States of Sicily and make them free from the barbarians{{nbsp}}... If these things had been accomplished by a man who was just and brave and temperate and a philosopher, the same belief with regard to virtue would have been established among the majority which, if Dionysios had been won over, would have been established, I might almost say, among all mankind and would have given them salvation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://classics.mit.edu/Plato/seventh_letter.html |title=The Seventh Letter by Plato |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |accessdate=19 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Other examples===
Many other historical figures have been put forward as potential examples of philosopher kings. According to [[W. K. C. Guthrie]] and others, Plato's friend [[Archytas]] may have been the original inspiration behind the concept. Not only was Archytas a distinguished [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]] philosopher, he was also a skilled military general and a popular political leader, serving seven terms as ''[[strategos]]'' in the city of [[Taranto|Tarentum]], Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huffman |first=Carl |date=2005 |title=Archytas of Tarentum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ietQ7tX8TEC&pg=PA44 |page=44 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83746-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |date=1962 |title=A History of Greek Philosophy |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=333 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekph0001unse/page/332/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-521-05159-0}}</ref>

[[Alexander the Great]], as a student of Aristotle, has often been described as a philosopher king. His contemporary [[Onesicritus]] spoke of him as a "philosopher in arms", and the 1st-century Platonist [[Plutarch]] wrote in laudatory terms of his wisdom, generosity, temperance and courage. Plutarch's justification for calling Alexander a philosopher was that he had actualised principles which had previously only been spoken of as ideals and had "changed the brutish customs of countless nations".<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|2011|pages=51–3}}</ref> However, Alexander remains a controversial figure, as various historians have portrayed him very differently even into the modern day.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martyn|first=John R. C.|date=2014-02-28|title=From Tyrant to Philosopher-King: A Literary History of Alexander the Great in Medieval and Early Modern England by Charles Russell Stone (review)|url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/australian-new-zealand-association-of-medieval-early-modern-studies-inc-anazamems-inc/from-tyrant-to-philosopher-king-a-literary-history-of-alexander-the-7mVEUSXkoj|journal=Parergon|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=214–216 |doi=10.1353/pgn.2014.0139|s2cid=143769027|issn=1832-8334|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Roman emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] is also frequently cited as a fulfilment of the philosopher king ideal. Ancient sources such as the ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' call him "the philosopher" and praise him for the clemency of his reign, while his [[Stoicism|Stoic]] tome ''[[Meditations]]'' is still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |date=9 May 2018 |title=Marcus Aurelius: Plato's Philosopher King|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/174/marcus-aurelius-platos-philosopher-king/ |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=van Ackeren |first=Marcel |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yt78Z9GY8RgC&pg=PA485 |title=A Companion to Marcus Aurelius |publisher=Blackwell |page=485 |isbn=978-1-4051-9285-9}}</ref>

Further examples include:

*[[Ashoka]] (268–232 BCE), Buddhist Emperor of Maurya dynasty, India
*[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] (330–363), Roman emperor and Platonic philosopher, best known for renouncing Christianity and reviving Greco-Roman religion{{sfn|Desmond|2011|pp=117–118}}
*[[Khosrow I]] (512–579), ruler of [[Iran]], admired in Persia and elsewhere for his character, virtues, and knowledge of Greek philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axworthy |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Axworthy |title=Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=9780141036298 |page=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wākīm |first1=Salīm |title=Iran, the Arabs, and the West: the story of twenty-five centuries |date=1987 |publisher=Vantage Press |page=92 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Jenny |title=Zoroastrianism: An Introduction |date=2011 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=9781848850880 |page=133 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Al-Ma'mun]] (786–833), [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliph]] at the peak of the [[Islamic Golden Age]], famous for supporting the [[Graeco-Arabic translation movement]], opening the largest research library of his time [[House of Wisdom|Bayt Al Hikmah]] to the public, patronizing many philosophers and polymaths such as [[Al-Khwarizmi|Al-Khawarizmi]] in publishing his [[Al-Jabr|famous book known as "Algebra"]], patronizing the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazila]] as a rational Islamic theology movement, and succeeded in preserving many [[Science in classical antiquity|Greek manuscripts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooperson |first=Michael |title=Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World) |publisher=Oneworld |year=2005 |isbn=9781851683864 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldschmidt |first=Arthur |title=A concise history of the Middle East |publisher=Westview Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8133-3885-9 |location=Boulder, Colorado |pages=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī |volume=XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-058-8 |location=Albany, New York |publication-date=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gutas |first=Dimitri |title=Arabic culture: the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early Abbasid society |year=1998 |location=Routledge, London}}</ref>
*[[Al-Mu'tasim]] (796–842), Abbasid caliph and military general, became Al-Ma'mun successor and continued his support for scientific endeavors during the Islamic Golden Age. He is known as the patron of philosophers and polymaths such as [[Al-Kindi]] and [[Al-Jahiz]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNfgAwAAQBAJ |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |date=2014-06-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19888-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNQZCAAAQBAJ |title=Light from the East: How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World |date=2015-03-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-78453-138-6 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Leo VI the Wise]] (866–912), Byzantine Emperor, military strategist and legislator. He finished writing the Byzantine code of law, known as the [[Basilika]] and authored the [[Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise|''Tactica'']], an influential military manual. Christian philosophers like [[Arethas of Caesarea]], famous for preserving the ''[[Meditations]]'' of Marcus Aurelius, flourished under his reign.
*[[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] (1135–1184), [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] caliph and patron of [[Averroes]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes|title=Averroës|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stroumsa |first=Sarah |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHjWaXf7NKsC&pg=PA80 |title=Maimonides In His World |page=80 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13763-6}}</ref>
*[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] (1194–1250), Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, famous as a polymath and polyglot, a statesman and lawgiver, as well as a philosopher, poet, naturalist, and mathematician, who patronized a vibrant cosmopolitan court in 13th century Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geise |first1=John Jacobs |title=Man and the Western World |date=1947 |publisher=Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge |page=447 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHxNAQAAMAAJ |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Cleve |first1=Thomas Curtis |title=The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi |date=1972 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=242, 315, 384 |isbn=978-0-19-822513-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorfrederick0000vanc/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref>
*[[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] (1402–1472), [[tlatoani]] of the city-state of [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] (part of the [[Aztec Empire|Aztec Triple Alliance]]) who cultivated a golden age of law, poetry, and culture for his city.<ref>{{cite Appletons'|wstitle= Netzahualcoyotl |volume= IV | pages = 495–496|short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Matthias Corvinus]] (1443–1490), king of [[Hungary]] and [[Croatia]], who was influenced by the [[Italian Renaissance]] and strongly endeavored to follow in practice the model and ideas of the philosopher king as described in the ''Republic''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://integralleadershipreview.com/5397-feature-article-marsilio-ficino-magnus-of-the-renaissance-shaper-of-leaders |title=Marsilio Ficino: Magnus of the Renaissance, Shaper of Leaders |date=March 2007 |website=Integral Leadership Review}}</ref>
*[[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (1494–1566), Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]], who was particularly known for his patronage of art and poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atil |first=Esin |date=July–August 1987 |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|title=The Golden Age of Ottoman Art|website=Saudi Aramco World}}</ref>
*[[Akbar]] (1542–1605), [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor who was known for his patronage of culture, learning, religion, and philosophy and the founder of the religion [[Din-i Ilahi]]
*[[Frederick the Great]] (1712–1786), king of [[Prussia]] and a widely read political philosopher,<ref>{{cite book |last=Schieder |first=Theodor |date=2000 |title=Frederick the Great
|url=https://archive.org/details/frederickgreat0000schi/page/240/mode/2up?&view=theater |url-access=registration |pages=240–41 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01768-8}}</ref> and author of ''[[Anti-Machiavel]]'', a rebuttal of Machiavelli's ''[[The Prince]]''.
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] (1743–1826), [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]] and President of the [[United States]], author of the [[U.S. Declaration of Independence]], and founder of the [[University of Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Max |title=Thomas Jefferson: America's Philosopher-King |date=2014 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=9781412852760}}</ref>
*[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1888–1975) President of [[India]] and scholar of [[comparative religion]] and philosophy.
*[[Dr Kwame Nkrumah]] (1909–1972) First President of [[Ghana]] who gained independence from British colonial rule on Wednesday, 6th March, 1957.
*[[Lee Kuan Yew]] (1923–2015), Prime Minister of [[Singapore]], who oversaw the country's transformation from a poor country into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation through his leadership style of [[benevolent dictatorship]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Buruma |first1=Ian |title=Lee Kuan Yew: The Philosopher King |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1047503,00.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |magazine=Time |date=10 April 2005}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Benevolent dictator]]
*[[Enlightened absolutism]]
*[[Geniocracy]]
*[[Natural aristocracy]]
*[[Technocracy]]
*[[Government by algorithm]]
*[[Theocracy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Desmond |first=William |date=2011 |title=Philosopher-Kings of Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GYFzuGi00EC |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-4411-0882-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Jowett |first=Benjamin |title=Plato: The Republic |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |date=1991 |orig-date=1st pub. 1888 |isbn=0-679-73387-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/republiccomplete0000plat }}

===Further reading===
*{{cite book |first=C. D. C. |last=Reeve |title=Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/philosopherkings0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1988 |isbn=0-691-07326-0}}

{{Plato navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:4th-century BC introductions]]
[[Category:Republic (Plato)]]
[[Category:Political systems]]
[[Category:Kings]]

Enthiran

2026-03-27T19:44:14Z

Marinavan: quick adjusted formatting to improve readability additionally and added references after review

{{short description|2010 Indian film directed by Shankar}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Enthiran poster.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster of the film Enthiran
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| producer = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
| writer = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]|[[Madhan Karky]]|Shankar}}
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajinikanth]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
* [[Danny Denzongpa]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Sun Pictures]]
| distributor = Sun Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2010|10|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 180 minutes{{refn|[[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com]] lists the runtime as 176 minutes, while the [[British Board of Film Classification]] lists the runtime as 180 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enthiran (English Subtitled) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Enthiran-English-Subtitled-HD-Rajnikanth/dp/B00RA9G2V0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122160952/http://www.amazon.com/Enthiran-English-Subtitled-HD-Rajnikanth/dp/B00RA9G2V0 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref><ref name="Tamil version runtime">{{Cite web |title=Enthiran - The Robot|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/enthiran-the-robot-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjmxmzq |access-date=28 January 2026|website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128004601/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/enthiran-the-robot-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjmxmzq|archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>|group=Note}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}132–150 crore{{refn|''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Baahubali, Ra.One to Dhoom 3, here are India's most expensive movies even as Rs 1,000-cr Mahabharata reportedly on way |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-from-baahubali-ra-one-to-dhoom-3-here-are-indias-most-expensive-movies-even-as-rs-1000-cr-mahabharata-reportedly-on-way-632524/ |work=The Financial Express |date=18 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> reported ₹132 crore, and ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref name="timesofindia_64543488">{{Cite news |title='Baashha' to 'Kabali': Highest grossing films of Rajinikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/baashha-to-kabali-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth/baashha/photostory/64543488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/baashha-to-kabali-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth/baashha/photostory/64543488.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajnikanth-Ash Enthiran is India's costliest film |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajnikanthash-enthiran-is-indias-costliest-film/658998/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308070449/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajnikanthash-enthiran-is-indias-costliest-film/658998/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2020 |title='Enthiran' rewrote South's place in Indian cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/enthiran-rewrote-south-s-place-in-indian-cinema-899877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041107/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/enthiran-rewrote-south-s-place-in-indian-cinema-899877.html |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endhiran: The costliest film in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/rajini/story/endhiran-the-costliest-film-in-india-80199-2010-08-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092929/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/rajini/story/endhiran-the-costliest-film-in-india-80199-2010-08-10 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[India Today]]|date=11 August 2010 }}</ref> reported that the budget was ₹150 crore.}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|283–320}} crore{{refn|Reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹283 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=3 August 2015 |title=Five non-Hindi films that smashed records at the box office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/five-non-hindi-films-that-smashed-records-at-the-box-office/story-0BtaVxS8AxqGm7ZHbvLLFK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718085258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/five-non-hindi-films-that-smashed-records-at-the-box-office/story-0BtaVxS8AxqGm7ZHbvLLFK.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>) – ₹290 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=8 August 2023 |title=Before 'Jailer', here's a look at top 7 highest-grossing films of Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/before-jailer-heres-a-look-at-top-7-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth-2417510-2023-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828091047/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/before-jailer-heres-a-look-at-top-7-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth-2417510-2023-08-08 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>) – ₹300 crore (''[[The New Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghu |first=Sunita |date=4 May 2014 |title=Setting the Cash Registers Ringing. The Top Ten Grossers So Far |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/May/04/setting-the-cash-registers-ringing.-the-top-ten-grossers-so-far-607866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126063622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/may/04/Setting-the-Cash-Registers-Ringing.-The-Top-Ten-Grossers-So-Far-607866.html |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>) – ₹320 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=2.0: All India – Overseas – Worldwide Update |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091131/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4486 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Enthiran''''' ({{translation|Robot}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction action film]] co-written and directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]].<ref name="AV Club">{{Cite web |last=Koski |first=Genevieve |date=3 March 2011 |title=Enthiran |url=https://www.avclub.com/enthiran-1798224462 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123151947/http://www.avclub.com/article/ienthirani-52653 |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=1 August 2011 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> It is the first instalment in the [[Enthiran (film series)|''Enthiran'' film series]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in dual lead roles as a scientist and the robot he created. Along with [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], actors like [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Karunas]] play supporting roles. The [[Enthiran (soundtrack)|soundtrack album and background score]] were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] while the dialogues, cinematography, editing and art direction were handled by [[Madhan Karky]], [[R. Rathnavelu]], [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and [[Sabu Cyril]] and action sequences was done by [[Peter Hein]] respectively. The story revolves around the struggle of a scientist named Vaseegaran to control his sophisticated [[Android (robot)|android robot]] named [[Chitti (character)|Chitti]], after Chitti's software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and exhibit human emotions and to commission it to the Indian Army. The project backfires when Chitti falls in love with Vaseegaran's girlfriend Sana, and is manipulated by Vaseegaran's mentor Bohra into becoming homicidal.

After being stalled in the [[development hell|development]] phase for nearly a decade, the film's principal photography began in 2008 and lasted two years. The film marked the debut of [[Legacy Effects]] studio (which was responsible for the film's [[Facial prosthetic|prosthetic make-up]] and [[animatronics]]) in Indian cinema. ''Enthiran'' was released worldwide on 1 October 2010. Produced by [[Kalanithi Maran]], it was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release.

The film received generally positive reviews upon release, with critics being particularly appreciative of Shankar's direction, storyline, Rajinikanth's performance as Chitti, music, action sequences, production values and the visual effects by [[V. Srinivas Mohan]]. ''Enthiran'' emerged as the [[List of Indian films of 2010#Box office collection|highest-grossing Indian film of 2010]]. It won two [[National Film Awards]], three [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], seven [[Vijay Awards]] and two [[Screen Awards]]. ''Enthiran'' was followed by a [[Standalone film#Standalone sequel|standalone sequel]], ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'', which released in late 2018.

== Plot ==
The scientist K. Vaseegaran creates an [[android (robot)|android robot]] named [[Chitti (character)|Chitti]] with the help of his assistants, Siva and Ravi, to commission it into the [[Indian Army]]. Chitti helps Sana, Vaseegaran's [[medical student]] girlfriend, cheat on her examination, then saves her from a group of thugs in an electric train while returning. Vaseegaran's mentor, Bohra, is secretly contracted to create similar robots for a terrorist organisation but so far has been unsuccessful. Threatened with death if he fails to meet the deadline, Bohra seeks the details of Chitti's [[Image schema|neural schema]], intending to program his robots correctly.

Vaseegaran prepares Chitti for an evaluation by the Artificial Intelligence Research and Development (AIRD) Institute, headed by Bohra. During the evaluation, Chitti nearly stabs Vaseegaran at Bohra's command, which convinces the evaluation committee that the robot is a liability and [[AI safety|cannot be used for military purposes]]. Hoping to prove Bohra wrong, Vaseegaran deploys Chitti to save people from a burning building but fails when Chitti saves a girl bathing but flees being ashamed filmed naked on TV and is hit by a truck and dies. Vaseegaran requests Bohra for one month to modify Chitti's neural schema to enable it to understand human behaviour and emotions to which Bohra agrees. While nearing the deadline, Vaseegaran insults Chitti, who becomes angry with Vaseegaran, demonstrating to him that it can manifest emotions.

Chitti uses Sana's textbooks and an ancient delivery method to help Sana's sister, Latha's childbirth complication. Bohra congratulates Vaseegaran and belatedly lets Chitti pass the AIRD evaluation. Chitti develops romantic feelings for Sana after she congratulates Chitti by kissing it. Later, at Sana's birthday party, Chitti seduces her while dancing and is confronted by Vaseegaran and Sana, to whom it confesses its love towards her. Vaseegaran reprimands Chitti, while Sana explains that they can only be friends. Chitti is saddened by her rejection, until Bohra convinces it to fight for its love for Sana, at Vaseegaran's expense. Chitti purposely fails an evaluation by the Indian Army by talking off-topic. Enraged, Vaseegaran chops Chitti into pieces, which Siva and Ravi dump into a landfill site.

Bohra visits the site to retrieve Chitti, which has crudely reassembled itself. He reconstructs Chitti, in exchange for its neural schema, with the help of Siva and Ravi. Bohra embeds a red chip which converts it into a ruthless killer. Bohra tells Siva and Ravi that he is doing this to earn money through his business and defame Vaseegaran. Chitti gatecrashes Vaseegaran and Sana's wedding, kidnaps Sana, kills many police officers, and creates replicas of itself using Bohra's robots. Bohra tries to stop Chitti, who kills him. Using its robot army, Chitti occupies AIRD. After informing Sana that it has acquired the human ability to reproduce, Chitti wishes to marry her so that a machine and a human being can give birth to a preprogrammed child, but Sana refuses. It eventually finds Vaseegaran, who entered AIRD to stop it, and nearly kills him before the police appear. The ensuing battle between Chitti's robot army and the police personnel leads to many casualties. Vaseegaran eventually captures Chitti using a magnetic wall and accesses its internal control panel, whereby he instructs all the other robots to self-destruct, and removes Chitti's red chip, making him back to normal.

In a court hearing, Vaseegaran is sentenced to death for the casualties caused by the robot army, but Chitti explains that Bohra is the culprit and shows the court video footage of Bohra installing the red chip. The court drops all charges on Vaseegaran but orders Chitti to be dismantled. Left with no choice, Vaseegaran tells Chitti to dismantle itself. Chitti does so while apologising to Sana and Vaseegaran, and receives their forgiveness.

By 2030, Chitti has become a museum exhibit. A curious school student asks her guide why it was dismantled, to which Chitti responds that it started thinking.

== Cast ==
{{quote box
| quote = I thought that playing Chitti the robot would be very difficult. He is a machine. His movements should not be like a human being's. We had to draw a line. If I deviated even slightly, Shankar would point it out and say I was being too human. After four to five days of shooting, we found a rhythm.
| source =— Rajinikanth, on his experience of playing Chitti.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=227}}
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
{{cast listing|* [[Rajinikanth]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Dr. K. Vaseegaran
** [[Chitti (character)|Chitti]]<ref name="OC">{{Cite AV media |title=Enthiran |date=1 October 2010 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Sun Pictures]] |place=India |time=01:00 to 02:00 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as Sana, K. Vaseegaran's girlfriend (later wife)<ref name="netflix">{{Cite web |last1=Movies |first1=Netflix |date=2010 |title=Enthiran |url=https://www.netflixmovies.com/enthiran-2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171005082958/https://www.netflixmovies.com/enthiran-2010 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=8 October 2017 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref>
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Professor Bohra, K. Vaseegaran's mentor, who secretly contracted to create similar robots for a terrorist organisation, and upgrading Chitti using the red chip<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Siva, Vaseegaran's assisstant scientist<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Karunas]] as Ravi, Vaseegaran's co-assisstant scientist<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as the traffic police officer<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Pachaimuthu<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Delhi Kumar]] as Vaseegaran's father<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Raaghav]] as the neighbourhood bully<ref name="OC" />
* [[Devadarshini]] as Latha, Sana's sister<ref name="netflix" />
* [[Revathi Sankaran]] as Vaseegaran's mother<ref name="OC" />
* [[Sabu Cyril]] as Shah{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=231}}
* [[Chaams]] as one of the barbers working at [[The Park, Chennai|The Park Hotel]]<ref name ="CC">{{Cite AV media |title=Enthiran |date=1 October 2010 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Sun Pictures]] |place=India |time=2:55:05 |time-caption=Closing credits at}}</ref>
* [[Devadas Kanakala]] as K. Bhajanlal, a customer at The Park Hotel<ref name="CC" />
* [[Sai Dheena|Dheena]] as a thug<ref name="CC" />
* Sugunthan as the police inspector<ref name="CC"/>
* [[Shriya Sharma|Shriya]] as the curious student<ref name="CC" />
* ''Boys'' Rajan as a professor (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8MVoMY4i9w|title=திருநங்கை Role-ல நடிக்கணும் - Kana Kaanum Kaalangal Actor 'Boys' Rajan Interview {{!}} DotsMedia|publisher=YellowBench Tamil|language=ta|via=[[YouTube]]|date=3 June 2022|access-date=11 May 2025|time=12:23-12:26}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 1996, following the release of ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', [[S. Shankar]] approached and pitched three storylines to [[Rajinikanth]] to consider for his next venture. This included scripts which would later become ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), ''Enthiran'' (2010) and ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015). Rajinikanth was sceptical and refused all three scripts at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeYKXbj9oOo |title=Super Star Rajini – Special Interview |date=October 2010 |type=Interview |language=ta |publisher=Sun TV |place=Chennai |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/HeYKXbj9oOo |archive-date=14 November 2021 |url-status=live |people=[[Rajinikanth]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Following the completion of his first directorial venture in Hindi, ''[[Nayak: The Real Hero|Nayak]]'' (2001), Shankar announced his next project, ''Robot'', which was to feature [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Preity Zinta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2010 |title=Shankar's Endhiran to become a reality soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Shankars-Endhiran-to-become-a-reality-soon/articleshow/6215072.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118101009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Shankars-Endhiran-to-become-a-reality-soon/articleshow/6215072.cms |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=27 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="BZ">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2002 |title=Boys Zone |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/02south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130544/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/02south.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was to be produced by the now-defunct company [[Media Dreams]], a division of [[Pentamedia Graphics]].<ref name="BZ" /><ref name="Govardan">{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=5 January 2008 |title=Rajinikanth replaces Shah Rukh Khan in India's costliest movie |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-01-05/news/28413738_1_rajinikanth-lulla-owned-eros-multimedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126124918/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-01-05/news/28413738_1_rajinikanth-lulla-owned-eros-multimedia |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The film was reported to be a futuristic [[techno-thriller]] set in Chennai in around 2200 or 3000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2004 |title=Man vs. machine |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081600740200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118100919/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081600740200.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2008 |title=Nirav and Sabu sign up for Robot! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nirav-and-sabu-sign-up-for-robot-news-tamil-kkfuh8aidcdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118162759/http://www.sify.com/movies/nirav-and-sabu-sign-up-for-robot-news-tamil-kkfuh8aidcdsi.html |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite the completion of a photoshoot featuring Haasan and Zinta,<ref name="RFR" /> the project was shelved as a result of scheduling conflicts with Haasan.<ref name="Fate">{{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=27 December 2010 |title=Script decides the fate of the movie |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/script-decides-the-fate-of-the-movie/article982047.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118101504/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/script-decides-the-fate-of-the-movie/article982047.ece |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Shankar consequently started work on ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003).<ref name="BZ" />

After ''Boys'', Shankar began work on his next feature starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], which was initially reported by [[Rediff.com]] to be ''Robot'' revived,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2003 |title=Shankar now wants sci-fi with Vikram |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118101527/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24south.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> but was later revealed as ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=11 March 2005 |title=Director's dream project |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031101810100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151544/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031101810100.htm |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=19 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M.I.N |date=15 March 2004 |title=Shankar's next |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031500800200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529005859/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031500800200.htm |archive-date=29 May 2005 |access-date=19 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> One month post the release of ''Sivaji: The Boss'' in June 2007, he approached [[Shah Rukh Khan]] for the lead in ''Robot''.<ref name="srkcasting">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 July 2007 |title=Shah Rukh to star in Shankar's 'Robot' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/shah-rukh-to-star-in-shankars-robot/article1881733.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118101927/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/shah-rukh-to-star-in-shankars-robot/article1881733.ece |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Shankar had cast [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the lead opposite him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Gaurang |date=28 November 2018 |title=Not Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra were the first choice for Robot |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/not-rajinikanth-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-were-the-first-choice-for-robot-bollywood-news/322385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165639/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/not-rajinikanth-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-were-the-first-choice-for-robot-bollywood-news/322385 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Khan was about to produce it under his own banner, [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], but in October the same year the project was officially aborted due to creative differences between him and Shankar.<ref name="srkcasting" /><ref name="Superstar casting">{{Cite web |last=Vilakudy |first=Rajaneesh |date=2 January 2008 |title=Shankar signs on Rajnikanth for Robot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/02robot.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118101954/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/02robot.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The project was revived in January 2008 with [[Eros International]] and the [[London]]-based production company [[Ayngaran International]] willing to produce the film.<ref name="Govardan" /> The state government of [[Tamil Nadu]] granted tax exemptions for films titled in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], resulting in the new production being renamed ''Enthiran''.<ref name="Fate" /> While [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] was originally assigned to write the dialogue for the film, [[Madhan Karky]] took over after Sujatha's death in February 2008.<ref name="RFR">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 August 2010 |title=Ready for Robot? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article566585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118103719/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article566585.ece |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In December 2008, Eros International withdrew from funding the project after financial difficulties caused by the box-office failure of ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]'' (2008) and ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Suresh |date=30 December 2008 |title=Hollywood dreams |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/301208-Rajinikanth-Aishwarya-Rai-Enthiran-Hollywood-HBO-simultaneous-release.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118162001/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/301208-Rajinikanth-Aishwarya-Rai-Enthiran-Hollywood-HBO-simultaneous-release.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> with the subsequent departure of Ayngaran International, which struggled during the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravikumar |date=26 December 2008 |title=Sri Lankan born producer edged out of Rs. 150 crore Rajanikanth's mega film 'Endhiran' |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/14840 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605045455/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/14840 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=[[Asian Tribune]]}}</ref> The film's production and release rights were sold to [[Sun Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Sun Pictures to produce Rajni's Endhiran |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/18sun-pictures-to-produce-endhiran.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118102809/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/18sun-pictures-to-produce-endhiran.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===
In January 2008, Rajinikanth accepted the lead role in the film for a salary of {{INR}}450 million ([[Indian rupee]]s).<ref name="Superstar casting" /><ref name="R+R">{{Cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Lakshmi |last2=Bamzai |first2=Kaveree |date=9 October 2010 |title=Robot+Rajini=Rs. 300 cr |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20101018-robot-rajini-rs-300-cr-744412-2010-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122111859/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/robot%2Brajini%3Drs-300-cr/1/115629.html |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>{{refn|The average exchange rate in 2008 was 49.82 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="ex2010">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>|name=exchange2008|group=Note}}{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=227}} Shankar rewrote the original script to suit Rajinikanth's acting style.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=227}} Although [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] was Shankar's original choice for the female lead in 2001, she declined it owing to a busy schedule and was replaced by Zinta.<ref name="Touch">{{Cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |date=1 October 2010 |title=The HUMAN Touch |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-human-touch-6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120151720/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-human-touch-6/ |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> When Shankar revived the project with Rajinikanth,<ref name="Superstar casting" /> contenders for the part included [[Deepika Padukone]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2008 |title=Who should Rajni romance in Robot: Deepika or Ash? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/10robot.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118164646/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/10robot.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> [[Shriya Saran]] and Rai, who was ultimately selected and paid {{INR}}60 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupshup |first=Gullu |date=17 March 2008 |title=Ash is back in Rajni's Robot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/17ash.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118170445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/17ash.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=Should Shriya star opposite Rajni in Robot? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17msg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506070110/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17msg.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2008|group=Note}} Rai's voice was dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2013 |title=Savitha Reddy to dub for Deepika in 'Kochadaiyaan' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/savitha-reddy-to-dub-for-deepika-in-kochadaiyaan-113101000828_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225062543/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/savitha-reddy-to-dub-for-deepika-in-kochadaiyaan-113101000828_1.html |archive-date=25 February 2015 |access-date=24 February 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>{{refn|In an interview with Geety Sahgal of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Shankar stated that Rai had her dialogues translated from Tamil to English and rehearsed it the night before each day of filming.<ref name="Touch" />|group=Note}}

Several actors were considered for the role of Professor Bohra, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]],<ref name="IT">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2016 |title=Rajinikanth told me not to play villain in Enthiran, says Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-told-me-not-to-play-villain-in-enthiran-says-amitabh-bachchan-301937-2016-01-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605050104/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rajinikanth-told-me-not-to-play-villain-in-enthiran-says-amitabh-bachchan/1/561739.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj]] and British actor [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 January 2012 |title=Character Call |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/character-call/article2839950.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118171750/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/character-call/article2839950.ece |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Manoj" /> but it was [[Danny Denzongpa]] who eventually received it, making ''Enthiran'' his first film in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Purba |date=8 September 2010 |title=Rajini's unflappable: Danny |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajinis-unflappable-Danny/articleshow/6512564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108142816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajinis-unflappable-Danny/articleshow/6512564.cms |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=18 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dubbing for Denzongpa was provided by Kadhir.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=17 December 2011 |title=Over to the voices ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/over-to-the-voices/article2723614.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119031821/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/over-to-the-voices/article2723614.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Comedians [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Karunas]] were cast to portray Vaseegaran's assistants Siva and Ravi respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2010 |title=Rajnikanth's 'Endhiran' truly entertaining movie |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/101071/rajnikanths-endhiran-truly-entertaining-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005083136/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/101071/rajnikanths-endhiran-truly-entertaining-movie.html |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=5 October 2017 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman.<ref name="Roll">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2008 |title=Endhiran set to roll out |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/endhiran-set-to-roll-out/article1424451.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121024256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/endhiran-set-to-roll-out/article1424451.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vairamuthu]], [[Pa. Vijay]] and Madhan Karky authored the lyrics for the songs.<ref name="Roll" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=5 May 2011 |title=Carry On Karky |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/carry-on-karky/article1993594.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325054559/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/carry-on-karky/article1993594.ece |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] was signed on to be an assistant director after he approached Shankar and helped him find the location for Rajinikanth's house in the film.<ref name="Manoj">{{Cite news |last=Malini |first=Shankaran |date=14 September 2010 |title=Manoj Bharatiraja and 'Endhiran' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article301242.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119024947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article301242.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Arul and Manoj, uncredited, worked as body doubles for both the Vaseegaran and Chitti characters.<ref name="CC" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2020 |title=Manoj played Rajini's body double in Enthiran |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/dt-next/20200413/282076278993514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250326221111/https://www.pressreader.com/india/dt-next/20200413/282076278993514 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=பாரதிராஜா மகன் மனோஜின் நிறைவேறாத ஆசை என்ன? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cvgdxyw1xl4o |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ta}}</ref> Also working as assistant directors were [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=15 March 2014 |title=Atlee displays his chops |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/atlee-displays-his-chops/article5788431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119025905/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/atlee-displays-his-chops/article5788431.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Shree and Karthik G. Krish.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 March 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Damaal Dumeel – Hitting the high notes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-damaal-dumeel-hitting-the-high-notes/article5764172.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119030538/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-damaal-dumeel-hitting-the-high-notes/article5764172.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=5 May 2014 |title=Reading between friendship |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reading-between-friendship/article5979081.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119030857/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reading-between-friendship/article5979081.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sabu Cyril]], in addition to being the film's art director, made a guest appearance as Shah, an interpreter between Bohra and the terrorist organisation.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=231}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=23 July 2011 |title=All in a set's work |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/all-in-a-sets-work/article2287617.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119031637/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/all-in-a-sets-work/article2287617.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[R. Rathnavelu]] was hired as the cinematographer after [[Ravi K. Chandran]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=13 July 2008 |title=Seeing through the lens, he creates magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/seeing-through-the-lens-he-creates-magic/article1295670.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119033950/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/seeing-through-the-lens-he-creates-magic/article1295670.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Nirav Shah]] and [[Tirru]] were considered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=22 January 2014 |title=Light, camera and a lens to top it all |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5604618.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119034410/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5604618.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Shoote">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2008 |title=''Robot'' shoot starts! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/robot-shoot-starts-news-tamil-kkftUPbiagdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422081847/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14605537 |archive-date=22 April 2008 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] was the film's editor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Renju |date=30 September 2010 |title='Robot': 'Endhiran' – Behind the camera |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/robot-endhiran--behind-the-camera/131984-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119040451/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/robot-endhiran--behind-the-camera/131984-8-66.html |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Yuen Woo-ping]], known for his work in [[The Matrix (franchise)|''The Matrix'' trilogy]] and the ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1|Kill Bill]]'' films, was selected to be the stunt co-ordinator, while [[Legacy Effects]], a visual effects studio based in the United States, were in charge of the prosthetic make-up and animatronics in the film.<ref name="MYS" /> [[Munich]]-based film technical company, [[Panther (company)|Panther]], were responsible for the [[crane shot]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2012 |title=The sea inside |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-sea-inside/article3657464.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120080408/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-sea-inside/article3657464.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{refn|In [[filmmaking]] and [[video production]], a crane shot is a shot taken by a [[video camera|camera]] on a [[Crane (machine)|crane]] or [[Jib (camera)|jib]].|group=Note}} The film's [[Subtitles|subtitle captioning]] was done by Rekha Haricharan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |date=28 September 2010 |title=Rekhs Interview |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/rekha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412124101/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/rekha.html |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

=== Costume design ===
[[Manish Malhotra]] and Mary E. Vogt were chosen to design the film's costumes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2009 |title=Manish Malhotra's fab filmi fashion – Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Endhiran |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/01slide3-best-of-manish-malhotra.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119041810/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/01slide3-best-of-manish-malhotra.htm |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{refn|Vogt was also the costume designer for the ''[[Men in Black (film series)|Men in Black]]'' film series.<ref name="MYS">{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Pushpa |date=30 September 2010 |title=Platinum Man's Dance |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Platinum-Mans-Dance/266773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119042620/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Platinum-Mans-Dance/266773 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>|group=Note}} Fifty-seven costumes were used for Rai, including a "Mexican tribal" look that she sported during the filming of the "[[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]]" segment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Nithya |date=21 May 2009 |title='Ash's tribal look in Enthiran is very glamorous' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/20slide-show-1-ojas-talks-about-favourite-stars.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120170121/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/20slide-show-1-ojas-talks-about-favourite-stars.htm |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> According to make-up artist [[Banu (make-up artist)|Banu]], no prosthetics were used for Rajinikanth to avoid bothering him by withholding his time on set.<ref name="Banu">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=8 October 2010 |title=Man behind Rajni's looks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Man-behind-Rajnis-looks/articleshow/6706929.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713014228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Man-behind-Rajnis-looks/articleshow/6706929.cms |archive-date=13 July 2016 |access-date=29 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Additional make-up was by Vance Hartwell, an employee of Legacy Effects.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mathai |first1=Kamini |last2=Nurullah |first2=Abdullah |date=8 December 2014 |title=What's the secret behind 63-year-old superstar Rajinikanth's youthful looks? |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whats-the-secret-behind-63-year-old-superstar-rajinikanths-youthful-looks/articleshow/45409978.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150130131858/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whats-the-secret-behind-63-year-old-superstar-rajinikanths-youthful-looks/articleshow/45409978.cms |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The visual appearance of Chitti was based on the [[G.I. Joe]] [[action figure]]s. For Chitti's "villain robot" look, its hair was spiked and brown coloured lenses were used for its eyes, whereas for its "good robot" look, green coloured lenses were used.<ref name="Banu" /> The wig used for Chitti's "villain robot" look had a silver streak in the middle, made out of [[Yak]] hair,<ref name="Banu Sify">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2010 |title=Banu – I give full credit to Rajini sir |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/banu-i-give-full-credit-to-rajini-sir-news-tamil-kkjrmldfhchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221074710/http://www.sify.com/movies/banu-i-give-full-credit-to-rajini-sir-news-tamil-kkjrmldfhchsi.html |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while its leather jacket was designed by Vogt.<ref name="Banu Sify" /> To make Vaseegaran look mature, the team made Rajinikanth sport an [[Beard#Styles|Oakley beard]].{{refn|According to Banu, an Oakley beard is "neither a French beard not a full beard". It developed as a result of shaping Rajinikanth's already grown beard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingston |first=Daya |title=Make – up artist Banu interview |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/make-up-artist-banu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225062905/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/make-up-artist-banu.html |archive-date=25 February 2015 |access-date=24 February 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>|group=Note}} Suits made of copper were used for Chitti's costumes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2009 |title=Rajini's metallic look! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Rajinis-metallic-look/articleshow/4131575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323035744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Rajinis-metallic-look/articleshow/4131575.cms |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=29 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Principal photography ===
{{multiple image

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| footer = The residential section of the Incan city of Machu Picchu, which features in the song, "Kilimanjaro".
| width = 200px


| image1 = MachuPicchu Residential (pixinn.net).jpg
| width1 = 100
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}}
For Sabu Cyril's sets, Shankar required approximately twice as much studio floor space as for his previous film. After rejecting [[Ramoji Film City]] for technical reasons, ''Enthiran''{{'s}} producer, [[Kalanithi Maran]], took six months to set up three air-conditioned studio floors on land in [[Perungudi]] owned by Sun TV Network.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=226}} Filming began on 15 February 2008 at [[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]] in Chennai.<ref name="Shoote" /> After the initial stages of filming, Shankar and Rathnavelu toured the world for three weeks, scouting for exotic filming locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2008 |title=Shankar goes on a global location hunt! |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14694570 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617110015/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14694570 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> They visited Austria, Germany, Peru, Brazil and Argentina, looking for a backdrop to shoot the "Kilimanjaro" and "Kadhal Anukkal" segments,<ref name="YHSH">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2 October 2010 |title=Your hunt stops here |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/your-hunt-stops-here/article804495.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120164057/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/your-hunt-stops-here/article804495.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> eventually deciding on Peru and Brazil.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref name="EL" /> "Kilimanjaro" was filmed at the ruins of the [[Inca Empire|Incan]] city of [[Machu Picchu]] in Peru, with some 100 Brazilian extras.<ref name="YHSH" /><ref name="WSJ">{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |date=1 October 2010 |title=Machu Picchu Welcomes Rajinikanth (and India) |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/machu-picchu-welcomes-rajnikanth-and-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120104833/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/machu-picchu-welcomes-rajnikanth-and-india/ |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> It was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]] and supervised by Fernando Astete, director of the Machu Picchu archaeological park.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=Shakti |date=19 April 2014 |title=Why Bollywood filmmakers are spending generously on a song shoot |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-bollywood-filmmakers-are-spending-generously-on-a-song-shoot/15239094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120105528/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-bollywood-filmmakers-are-spending-generously-on-a-song-shoot/15239094 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> "Kadhal Anukkal" was filmed in [[Lençóis Maranhenses National Park]] in northeastern Brazil.<ref name="EL">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 October 2010 |title=Kollywood in search of exotic locations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kollywood-in-search-of-exotic-locations/articleshow/6809384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120161715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kollywood-in-search-of-exotic-locations/articleshow/6809384.cms |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The filming for Chitti's introduction to the international robotics conference was completed in December 2008 at [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering]] and [[Vellore Institute of Technology]], where more than 400 students were used as extras.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2008 |title=Aishwarya, Rajnikanth in Vellore for Endhiran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Aishwarya-Rajnikanth-in-Vellore-for-Endhiran/articleshow/3897654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605082449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Aishwarya-Rajnikanth-in-Vellore-for-Endhiran/articleshow/3897654.cms |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2010 |title='Enthiran' highest budget Indian film! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article427262.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120073105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article427262.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Further footage was shot over five days at the [[Ennore Port]] on the [[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines]] car carrier, ''Neptune Ace''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padamanabhan |first=Geeta |date=6 June 2012 |title=Cresting the tech wave |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cresting-the-tech-wave/article3497160.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120072000/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cresting-the-tech-wave/article3497160.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An action sequence where Chitti saves Sana from thugs was filmed in [[Lonavala]], under the supervision of the action choreographer [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2009 |title=''Endhiran'' action scenes in Lonavala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-action-scenes-in-lonavala-news-tamil-kkfrgkfbfjesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122163026/http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-action-scenes-in-lonavala-news-tamil-kkfrgkfbfjesi.html |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Scenes featuring Rajinikanth as Chitti were captured over five days at the [[Perungudi#Dump Yard|Perungudi Dump Yard]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=H. Ramakrishnan |first1=Deepa |last2=Lakshmi |first2=K. |date=5 May 2010 |title=Now garbage dump turns shooting spot |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/now-garbage-dump-turns-shooting-spot/article761579.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120065159/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/endhiran-almost-complete-shankar/article76198.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sabu Cyril told Uma Kannan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that the sets for the climax sequence, which was filmed at [[Mayajaal]], consisted of a tar road and glass buildings which rose to {{convert|65|ft|m}}, and that [[Sandwich panel|aluminium composite panels]], reported to have cost {{INR}}50 million, were also used to design the sets.<ref name="Sabu">{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=29 September 2010 |title=Sets, Sabu and 'Enthiran' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article479419.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120100715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article479419.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Endhiran shot on expensive sets |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-shot-on-expensive-sets-news-tamil-kkfrK8bjcdjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122162428/http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-shot-on-expensive-sets-news-tamil-kkfrK8bjcdjsi.html |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>{{refn|The average exchange rate in 2010 was 45.09 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="ex2010" />|name=exchange2010|group=Note}}

The set for "Arima Arima", a sequence choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]],<ref name="Dancing" /> was designed and constructed by Cyril at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad.<ref name="Sabu" /> Filming of the number took place over 22 days in April 2009.<ref name="Dancing">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=28 April 2009 |title=Dancing in 100 ways, Rajini style |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dancing-in-100-ways-rajini-style/article317305.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120161226/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dancing-in-100-ways-rajini-style/article317305.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Junior artists were employed by Rathnavelu to wear masks of Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=15 October 2010 |title=Unveiled! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/unveiled/article831081.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121043753/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/unveiled/article831081.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For the sequence entitled "Irumbile Oru Irudhaiyam", choreographed by [[Remo D'Souza]] and featuring Rai and Rajinikanth as Chitti,<ref name="D" /> three different sets were used: one of copper, one of gold and one in silver.<ref name="Sabu" /> The musical number, which was filmed in AVM Studios for eight days, was the last portion of the film's principal photography. D'Souza incorporated the [[popping]] style of [[street dance]]s, but encountered difficulties in performing the dance movements in tandem with the robot, and with the restrictions created by the rigid costumes.<ref name="D">{{Cite news |last=Malini |first=Shankaran |date=21 September 2010 |title=Remo D'Souza and the 'Enthiran' dance |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article488740.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120155914/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article488740.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Principal photography ended on 7 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth, Aishwarya and Shankar at the Enthiren party |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-aishwarya-and-shankar-at-the-enthiren-party-imagegallery-kollywood-khnkP2egjifsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609155103/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-aishwarya-and-shankar-at-the-enthiren-party-imagegallery-kollywood-khnkP2egjifsi.html |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Visual effects ===
Impressed with the film's script, [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] became the visual effects supervisor in December 2007. He asked Shankar to increase the filming schedules by six months to include pre-production requirements.<ref name="SMBW">{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |date=22 October 2010 |title=Endhiran VFX Supervisor Srinivas Interview |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/srinivas-mohan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121032143/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/srinivas-mohan.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name="Clone">{{Cite news |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=31 October 2010 |title=Animatronics maketh the clone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/animatronics-maketh-the-clone/article860359.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121041958/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/animatronics-maketh-the-clone/article860359.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Both Mohan and Shankar visited several visual effects companies, including the New Zealand–based [[Weta Digital]] and the United States–based [[Industrial Light & Magic]], [[Cafe FX]] and [[Tippett Studio]] before partnering with Legacy Effects.<ref name="SMBW" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 August 2010 |title=Science meets cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/science-meets-cinema/article567194.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121030008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/science-meets-cinema/article567194.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The original Eros-Ayngaran visual effects budget was {{INR}}700 million,{{refn|name=exchange2008|group=Note}} but after Sun Pictures took over production, it was significantly reduced to {{INR}}200 million.{{refn|name=exchange2008|group=Note}} As a result, the visual effects team had to omit and alter some sequences, making Chitti wear sunglasses for most of the film to reduce the cost and difficulty of animating his eyes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkadesan |first=S. |date=18 October 2012 |title=Why Enthiran Rajini wore coolers? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1304321.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121034556/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1304321.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

After a series of [[previsualisation]] tests, including a scene in which Chitti jumps on a train to save Sana, Mohan eventually decided to use the technique in 40 out of the 60 visual effects scenes featured in the film,<ref name="SMBW" /> consisting of 2,000 takes.<ref name="Behind">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 October 2010 |title=Behind the Robot |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/behind-the-robot/article859242.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119040836/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/behind-the-robot/article859242.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Further previsualisation supervision was conducted by P. C. Sanath of Firefly Creative Studios, a visual effects company based in [[Hyderabad]]. [[Storyboard#Creation|3D storyboards]] were constructed using 3D animation programs for every scene in the film and were shot from different angles.<ref name="Clone" /> In an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Mohan said all the pre-production work took one-and-a-half years to complete.<ref name="Behind" />

Rathnavelu used the [[Arriflex 435#435 Xtreme|435 Xtreme]] camera and also wrote a 1,600-page manual, in which he listed all the possible angles from where he could film the characters Rajinikanth played.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |date=22 October 2010 |title=Cameraman Rathanvelu Interview |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/rathnavelu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120171704/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/rathnavelu.html |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=29 November 2014 |title=Lingaa through Randy's lens |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-cinematographer-rathnavelu/article6646451.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120080947/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-cinematographer-rathnavelu/article6646451.ece |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Legacy Effects and the Hong Kong–based visual effects companies Kinomotive Studios and Menfond Electronics took responsibility for the film's [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] work.<ref name="Behind" /> To create the robots with Rajinikanth's appearance, a complete scan of his face in 3D digital format in all possible lighting conditions was conducted using the Doom Light Stage,{{refn|The Doom Light Stage is based on an original research conducted by [[Paul Debevec]] at the [[Institute for Creative Technologies|ICT]] division of the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. The Light Stage systems efficiently capture how an actor's face appears when lit from every possible lighting direction. From this captured imagery, realistic virtual renditions of the actor are created in the illumination of any location or set, faithfully reproducing the colour, texture, shine, shading and translucency of the actor's skin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seymour |first=Mike |date=23 October 2010 |title=Light Stage brings The Robot to life in India |url=http://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/light-stage-brings-the-robot-to-life-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123145843/http://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/light-stage-brings-the-robot-to-life-in-india/ |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=[[Fxguide]]}}</ref>|group=Note}} so that his face could be replicated on the [[mannequin]]s.<ref name="Clone" /> The technique, according to Shankar, was previously used in ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=29 September 2010 |title='Enthiran doesn't have a regional mosaic' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Enthiran-doesnt-have-a-regional-mosaic/articleshow/6644888.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604084807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/enthiran-doesnt-have-a-regional-mosaic/articleshow/6644888.cms |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=26 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The robot Chitti featured in the film was a mannequin made by a Legacy Effects team of 100 technicians in Los Angeles. For every robotic mannequin used, six puppeteers were employed to control the mannequin's movements.<ref name="Behind" />

== Themes and influences ==
''Enthiran'' focuses on the battle between man and machine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=23 October 2010 |title=Enjoy the carnival folks |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/enjoy-the-carnival-folks/article842791.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127041324/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/enjoy-the-carnival-folks/article842791.ece |archive-date=27 January 2015 |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Despite Shankar's claim that ''Enthiran'' was a purely original idea,<ref name="RFR" /> it has been compared to [[Mary Shelley]]'s 1818 novel ''[[Frankenstein]]'', owing to the similar personae of Chitti and [[Frankenstein's monster]], both of whom turn against their respective creators.<ref name="malini">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 October 2010 |title=Enthiran |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article287453.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123151201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article287453.ece |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=G. Tilak |first=Sudha |date=10 October 2010 |title=BBC News – India's most expensive film is another Rajinikanth hit |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11498630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123151717/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11498630 |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake, in their book ''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'', noted the similarity between the two works, arguing that Chitti was "manipulated by Bohra to become a Frankenstein-like figure".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |author-link1=Wimal Dissanayake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67774-5 |pages=294 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413223856/http://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', Genevieve Koski observed, "The plot of ''Enthiran'' is essentially ''Frankenstein'' via [[Isaac Asimov|[Isaac] Asimov]]'s [[Three Laws of Robotics]]."<ref name="AV Club" />

Director and film critic [[Sudhish Kamath]] called ''Enthiran'' "a superhero film, a sci-fi adventure, a triangular love story with a hint of the [[Ramayana]]", while remarking that ''Enthiran''{{'s}} similarities to ''[[The Terminator]]'' (1984) were "more than obvious. Not just visually—where we see the Superstar with one human eye and one scarred metallic eye but also intentionally spelt out when the bad robot announces that he has created Terminators." Kamath compared two of the film's robots to [[C-3PO]] and [[R2-D2]], [[droid (Star Wars)|droids]] from the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series, which was referenced in ''Enthiran'' when Vaseegaran refers to one of his creations as "R2".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=19 October 2010 |title=Superstar Wars: Man versus Machines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/superstar-wars-man-versus-machines/article836818.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126074813/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/superstar-wars-man-versus-machines/article836818.ece |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was noted to have similarities with the 2002 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Hollywood (2002 film)|Hollywood]]'' which had its lead actor playing three roles – one of which was a scientist and another was a humanoid robot invented by that scientist which falls in love with the girlfriend of his creator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2010 |title=Is Endhiran a rich man's Hollywood? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-endhiran-a-rich-mans-hollywood/articleshow/21774804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173123/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-endhiran-a-rich-mans-hollywood/articleshow/21774804.cms |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=28 May 2021 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

Although Shankar initially claimed that ''Enthiran'' would be made for all audiences, including those lacking [[computer literacy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=I |first=Shaheen |date=29 September 2010 |title=Interview : Shankar |url=https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/interview/interview-shankar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180846/https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/interview/interview-shankar |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Glamsham}}</ref> the film is influenced by and makes references to many scientific principles relating to the fields of engineering, computer science and robotics, including [[terabyte]]s and Asimov's laws of robotics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=2 October 2010 |title=The experience of first show of a Rajinikanth film |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/business-of-bollywood/the-experience-of-first-show-of-a-rajinikanth-film/articleshow/6668088.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812230024/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/business-of-bollywood/the-experience-of-first-show-of-a-rajinikanth-film/articleshow/6668088.cms |archive-date=12 August 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Visual references are made to the [[science book]]s ''[[A Briefer History of Time (Hawking and Mlodinow book)|A Briefer History of Time]]'' (2005) and ''[[Freakonomics]]'' (2005).<ref name="R+R" /> In his book ''Visual Perception and Cultural Memory: Typecast and Typecast(e)ing in Malayalam Cinema'', Sujith Kumar Parayil notes the similarities between Kalabhavan Mani's role in the film to the one Mani played in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Sallapam]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parayil |first=Sujith Kumar |year=2014 |title=Visual Perception and Cultural Memory: Typecast and Typecast(e)ing in Malayalam Cinema |url=http://synoptique.hybrid.concordia.ca/index.php/main/article/view/40/50 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Synoptique |pages=75–76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413071441/http://synoptique.hybrid.concordia.ca/index.php/main/article/view/40/50 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Chitti taking revenge by duplicating himself and combining his duplicates together to form larger beings was compared to ''[[Voltron]]'', [[Agent Smith]] in ''[[The Matrix Reloaded|Reloaded]]'' and ''[[The Matrix Revolutions|Revolutions]]'' (both 2003), and Indian mythology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reactormag.com/review-enthiran-english-the-robot/|title=Review: Enthiran ("The Robot")|first=Danny|last=Bowes|work=Reactor|date= 8 October 2010|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Enthiran (soundtrack)}}
The film marked the debut of Rahman's daughter [[Khatija Rahman|Khatija]] as a playback singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2010 |title=Daughter croons for AR Rahman |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG/2010/08/01&ID=Ar04102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316051521/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG%2F2010%2F08%2F01&ID=Ar04102 |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack album to ''Enthiran'' was released on 31 July 2010.<ref name="ndtv-soundtrack">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2010 |title=Aishwarya, Rajnikanth launch Endhiran music |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aishwarya-rajnikanth-launch-endhiran-music-615789 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124043033/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aishwarya-rajnikanth-launch-endhiran-music-615789 |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions were released by [[Think Music]], while the dubbed Hindi version was released by [[Ishtar Music|Venus Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2010 |title=Venus acquires Hindi audio rights of Endhiran |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/venus-acquires-hindi-audio-rights-of-endhiran-615772 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124043413/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/venus-acquires-hindi-audio-rights-of-endhiran-615772 |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=30 July 2010 |work=NDTV |agency=IANS}}</ref> Think Music purchased the release rights of the original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions of the album for {{INR}}70 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=20 July 2011 |title=Sony Music buys 146 catalogues of Think Music but loses on Rajinikanth starrer Endhiran's rights |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/news/29795015_1_sony-music-shridhar-subramaniam-endhiran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124043155/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/news/29795015_1_sony-music-shridhar-subramaniam-endhiran |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} The album of the film's dubbed Telugu version, ''Robo'', was released on 6 August 2010, while its dubbed Hindi version, ''Robot'', was released on 14 August 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2010 |title=Ash down with high fever, gives Endhiran music launch a miss |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ash-down-with-high-fever-gives-endhiran-music-launch-a-miss-615920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124054557/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ash-down-with-high-fever-gives-endhiran-music-launch-a-miss-615920 |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Krishnakumar |date=16 August 2010 |title=When superstar Rajnikanth met superstar Big B |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-robot-launch-in-mumbai/20100816.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124054705/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-robot-launch-in-mumbai/20100816.htm |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> After the second day of release, the album's original Tamil version reached the number one position in the Top 10 World Albums chart on [[iTunes]], making it the first Tamil album to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=4 August 2010 |title='Endhiran' tops iTunes chart |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article200776.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124043426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article200776.ece |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Fells">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T. E. |date=2 October 2010 |title=Rajini fells all records with sci-fi entertainer Endhiran |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rajini-fells-all-records-with-sci-fi-entertainer-endhiran-110100200074_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605123527/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rajini-fells-all-records-with-sci-fi-entertainer-endhiran-110100200074_1.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

The Tamil album was officially released on 31 July 2010 with a promotional event held at the [[Putrajaya International Convention Centre]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name="ndtv-soundtrack"/> Co-hosted by [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Punnagai Poo Gheetha]], the event was attended by most of the film's cast and crew members. Other invited guests were [[Dayanidhi Maran]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth|Aishwarya]] and [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], and [[Sangeetha Arvind]]. Furthermore, [[Silambarasan]], [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]], and [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] were part of stage performances. The release event of the Telugu version, titled ''Robo'', was held in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 6 August 2010, which was attended by [[Chiranjeevi]], [[D. Ramanaidu]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Srinu Vaitla]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], and [[Kamna Jethmalani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2010 |title=Audio launch: 'Robo' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/hyderabad/audio-launch-robo/articleshow/6299003.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072013/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/hyderabad/audio-launch-robo/articleshow/6299003.cms |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] version, titled ''Robot'', was released by Venus<ref>{{Cite web |last=NDTV |year=2010 |title=Venus acquires Hindi audio rights of Endhiran |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100148241&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=40943 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802025856/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100148241&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=40943 |archive-date=2 August 2010 |access-date=30 July 2010 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> on 14 August 2010, in a function held in [[Mumbai]]. The event was attended by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]], along with the crew of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2010 |title=Amitabh is my inspiration, says Rajini |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article572627.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818001213/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article572627.ece |archive-date=18 August 2010 |access-date=15 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Enthiran'' was released on 1 October 2010. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Robot'' and in Telugu as ''Robo'' and later in Kannada as ''Bombat Robo''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombat Robo (2010) Movie – JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/bombat-robo-?type=0&id=4a0cc7a03ae711eba75671a92ff069dc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131112045/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/bombat-robo-?type=0&id=4a0cc7a03ae711eba75671a92ff069dc |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="CNN Travel">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Anirban |date=7 October 2010 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Robot' to end all robots |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/rajinikanths-robot-end-all-robots-538335/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605125444/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/rajinikanths-robot-end-all-robots-538335/ |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=[[CNN Travel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2010 |title=''Enthiran'' – D-Day is here! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/enthiran-d-day-is-here-news-tamil-kkgu7Xchbedsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221064709/http://www.sify.com/movies/enthiran-d-day-is-here-news-tamil-kkgu7Xchbedsi.html |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was released in 2,250 theatres worldwide, including 500 theatres in Tamil Nadu,<ref name="HBLScreens" /> 350 theatres in [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref name="HBLScreens">{{Cite news |last=Ravikumar |first=R. |date=29 September 2010 |title=Enthiran – curious audience, optimistic Kollywood |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/enthiran-curious-audience-optimistic-kollywood/article1005373.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084052/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/enthiran-curious-audience-optimistic-kollywood/article1005373.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> 128 theatres in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=''Enthiran'' creates record in Kerala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14957682&cid=2362 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121083015/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14957682&cid=2362 |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> 23 theatres in [[Karnataka]], and 750 theatres in North India.<ref name="Fells" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2010 |title=Enthiran crosses screening limit; Kannada producers irked |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/enthiran-stalls-new-releases/article811969.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084058/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article817325.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=26 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> With an estimated budget of {{INR}}1.32{{mdash}}1.62 billion,<ref name="Q3">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2011 |title=Sun TV Network Q3 Net up 48.40% at Rs 225.49 cr |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news/28425591_1_interim-dividend-satellite-rights-enthiran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204082505/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news/28425591_1_interim-dividend-satellite-rights-enthiran |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>{{refn|''[[The Economic Times]]'' claims the film's budget to be {{INR}}132 crore,<ref name="Q3" /> whereas Anirban Bhattacharya of [[CNN Travel]] and T. S. Sreenivasan Raghavan of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' state that it is {{INR}}162 crore.<ref name="CNN Travel" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=T. S. Sreenivasan |date=22 October 2010 |title=Chitti, the robot, delights tax officials |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/chitti-the-robot-delights-tax-officials/articleshow/21756582.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813085423/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/chitti-the-robot-delights-tax-officials/articleshow/21756582.cms |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>|name=budget|group=Note}}{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} ''Enthiran'' was [[List of most expensive Indian films|India's most expensive film]] up to that point,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2010 |title=Endhiran: The costliest film in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/rajini/story/endhiran-the-costliest-film-in-india-80199-2010-08-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203012913/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/endhiran-the-costliest-film-in-india/1/108599.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=11 August 2010 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=3 October 2010 |title=Meet India's biggest film star |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/meet-indias-biggest-film-star-2096273.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122065142/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/meet-indias-biggest-film-star-2096273.html |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=3 October 2010 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> surpassing the Hindi film ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'' (2009), which was filmed on a budget of {{INR}}750 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=10 August 2010 |title=At 150 crore, Rajinikant's Robot costliest ever movie |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/news/27627378_1_first-film-special-effects-yuen-woo-ping |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141214014845/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/news/27627378_1_first-film-special-effects-yuen-woo-ping |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>{{refn|The average exchange rate in 2009 was 46.29 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="ex2010" />|group=Note}}

''Enthiran'' became the first Tamil film to be released at the [[Colosseum kino]], a [[Norway|Norwegian]] theatre complex in [[Oslo]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj K. |first=Rohith |date=10 October 2010 |title='Enthiran's bitter pill to Malayalam cinema |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article289735.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208085811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article289735.ece |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and it was screened at the 21st [[Bath Film Festival]], held in the United Kingdom in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Bath film festival |url=http://bathfilmfestival.org.uk/the-robot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101081726/http://bathfilmfestival.org.uk/the-robot.html |archive-date=1 November 2010 |access-date=24 November 2011 |website=[[Bath Film Festival]]}}</ref> Additionally, a version of the film, edited to a running length of two hours, was released in Japan in May 2012, and later screened at the 24th [[Tokyo International Film Festival]], where it won a special award under the section "Winds of Asia–Middle East".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winds of Asia-Middle East – Film Panorama of Asia-Middle East: The Robot |url=http://2011.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/works.php?id=108 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714152139/http://2011.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/works.php?id=108 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=2 November 2011 |website=[[Tokyo International Film Festival]]}}</ref><ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |title=24th Tokyo International Film Festival – List of Winners |url=http://2011.tiff-jp.net/en/tiff/awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121094438/http://2011.tiff-jp.net/en/tiff/awards.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=Tokyo International Film Festival}}</ref> By public demand, the original, unedited version was later released in that country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Rajnikanth's 'Robot' hit with cine goers in Japan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/rajnikanths-robot-hit-with-cine-goers-in-japan_113554.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130212936/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/rajnikanths-robot-hit-with-cine-goers-in-japan_113554.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marketing and distribution ===
The first poster for ''Enthiran'' was released on 8 September 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2008 |title=Enthiren (Robot) – First Look! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/enthiren-robot-first-look-news-tamil-kkfsWHedhfisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605085125/http://www.sify.com/movies/enthiren-robot-first-look-news-tamil-kkfsWHedhfisi.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 11 September 2010, at the [[SPI Cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] theatre complex in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2010 |title=Endhiran trailer released |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/endhiran-trailer-released/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121100152/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/endhiran-trailer-released/ |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> To promote ''Enthiran'', [[AGS Entertainment]] organised a festival from 25 September 2010 until its release date, in which they screened popular films of Rajinikanth at the company's theatre in [[Villivakkam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2010 |title=One for the fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-for-the-fans/article791697.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208044841/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-for-the-fans/article791697.ece |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In Coimbatore, the [[India Post|Department of Posts]] printed 100,000 post cards advertising the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2010 |title=Endhiran advertisement on post cards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/endhiran-advertisement-on-post-cards/article799913.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208044846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/endhiran-advertisement-on-post-cards/article799913.ece |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sun Pictures invested a total of {{INR}}500 million on promotional activities.<ref name="R+R" />{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}}

Advance bookings for the film began two weeks before the release date in the United States. In the [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]] neighbourhood in New York, tickets were sold out within ten minutes of going on sale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nivas |first=Namita |date=1 October 2010 |title=Endhiran makes news even before release |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/endhiran-makes-news-even-before-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121100802/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/endhiran-makes-news-even-before-release/ |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In Kerala the distribution rights were sold for {{INR}}50 million,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2010 |title=Malayalam rights of 'Endhiran' sets record |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article209164.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121080239/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article209164.ece |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=Sampurn Wire}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} while in Karnataka they were sold for {{INR}}100 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Shyam |date=25 September 2010 |title=Enthiran will singe you |url=http://bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010092520100925051125158c0163429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213303/http://bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010092520100925051125158c0163429 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=24 December 2010 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} The distribution rights in Mumbai were sold to Shringar Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Aminah |date=4 October 2010 |title=Robot, Anjaana Anjaani sweep box office |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-04/news/27624325_1_box-office-anjaana-anjaani-occupancies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126024710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-04/news/27624325_1_box-office-anjaana-anjaani-occupancies |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ''Enthiran'' was released by Ayngaran International, while ''Robot'' was released by [[B4U (network)|B4U Network]].<ref name="Tamil version runtime" /> DVD marketing in India was handled by [[Moser Baer]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endhiran (Movie, DVD) |url=http://www.flipkart.com/endhiran/p/itmdgyahufaytfhh?pid=AVMDGY9Y6P2RHTKK&otracker=from-search&srno=t_1&query=endhiran&ref=18d2e162-a197-461c-9b97-f2efd7a691b1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130155109/http://www.flipkart.com/endhiran/p/itmdgyahufaytfhh?pid=AVMDGY9Y6P2RHTKK&otracker=from-search&srno=t_1&query=endhiran&ref=18d2e162-a197-461c-9b97-f2efd7a691b1 |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015 |website=[[Flipkart]]}}</ref> Ayngaran International released the two-DVD set of the film in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endhiran 2 DVD Special Edition |url=https://www.amazon.com/Endhiran-2-DVD-Special-Edition/dp/B004L2FCOW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808143758/http://www.amazon.com/Endhiran-2-DVD-Special-Edition/dp/B004L2FCOW |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=30 January 2015 |website=Amazon}}</ref>

ASTPL, an Indian software developer, also released a [[mobile video game]] based on the film, titled ''Enthiran The Robot''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enthiran The Robot |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j28459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123143705/https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j28459 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Plagiarism allegations ===
The novelist Aarur Thamizhnadan made a complaint with the [[Chennai Metropolitan Police]] against the filmmakers in November 2010, stating that the producers plagiarised his 1996 novel ''Jugiba''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Pushpa |date=11 November 2010 |title=Chennai Corner – So who wrote Endhiran? |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Chennai-Corner/267919 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122035951/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Chennai-Corner/267919 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=Scribe stakes claim to Enthiran story |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/scribe-stakes-claim-enthiran-story-743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010555/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/scribe-stakes-claim-enthiran-story-743 |archive-date=30 May 2011 |access-date=15 December 2011 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Thamizhnadan demanded {{INR}}10 million{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} from the director and producers for damages and filed a case against Kalanithi Maran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2010 |title=Plea to restrain screening of 'Enthiran' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/plea-to-restrain-screening-of-enthiran/article877295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054356/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/plea-to-restrain-screening-of-enthiran/article877295.ece |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="EPMHC">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2011 |title=HC stay on case against Kalanithi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/HC-stay-on-case-against-Kalanithi/articleshow/8794646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604084620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/HC-stay-on-case-against-Kalanithi/articleshow/8794646.cms |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=15 March 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2011, the [[Madras High Court]] dismissed the case after a petition filed by Maran denying the allegation was approved.<ref name="EPMHC" /> The case was dismissed by courts in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Madras High Court dismisses civil suit alleging Rajinikanth-starring film Enthiran's script was stolen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-dismisses-civil-suit-alleging-rajinikanth-starring-film-enthiran-script-was-stolen/article66971054.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617030144/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-dismisses-civil-suit-alleging-rajinikanth-starring-film-enthiran-script-was-stolen/article66971054.ece |archive-date=17 June 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In February 2025, Shankar's assets amounting to approximately ₹10 crore were attached to the case by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] for violating Section 63 of the [[Copyright law of India|Copyright Act, 1957]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/enthiran-plagiarism-case-ed-attaches-director-shankars-assets-worth-over-10-crore-under-pmla-101740059671625.html |title=ED attaches director Shankar's assets worth over ₹10 crore under PMLA in Enthiran plagiarism case |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=PTI |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The daily newspaper ''[[Business Line]]'' reported that ''Enthiran'' grossed {{INR}}58 crore from all versions in the opening weekend,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Varada |date=4 October 2010 |title=Bollywood buoyant as Q3 opens on positive note |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/bollywood-buoyant-as-q3-opens-on-positive-note/article1005838.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206082026/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/bollywood-buoyant-as-q3-opens-on-positive-note/article1005838.ece |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=Business Line}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} and ''[[The Economic Times]]'' stated it netted {{INR}}117 crore by the end of its opening week.<ref name="first week">{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |date=9 October 2010 |title=Rs 117 cr in just 7 days, 'Robot' Rajini smashes all records |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-09/news/27593126_1_film-collection-endhiran |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126032109/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-09/news/27593126_1_film-collection-endhiran |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=9 October 2010 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} According to a February 2015 report by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the film has grossed ₹256 crore worldwide in its lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2015 |title=Vikram's I crosses Rs 200 crore mark, eyes Enthiran record |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-s-i-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-eyeing-endhiran-record/story-yiOmxaPA0HSNn8v8s3T1mK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919134414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-s-i-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-eyeing-endhiran-record/story-yiOmxaPA0HSNn8v8s3T1mK.html |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] stated in July 2015 that the film grossed ₹290 crore from both its original and its dubbed versions.<ref name="2.90 billion">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2015 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali enters RS 300 crore club |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-enters-rs-300-crore-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919134359/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-enters-rs-300-crore-club/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} ''Enthiran'' became the top-earning Indian film of 2010 ahead of ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' and ''[[Dabangg]]'' and became the highest-grossing Tamil film at that point.<ref name="worldwide gross">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=Endhiran – The Robot Expected Lifetime Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2171&nCat=box_office_news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233643/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2171&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> It is currently [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|12th highest-grossing Tamil film worldwide]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=5 May 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' Becomes All-Time No. 1 Indian Film at Worldwide Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-record-box-office-india-imax-north-america-worldwide-prabhas-1202079770/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505171227/http://deadline.com/2017/05/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-record-box-office-india-imax-north-america-worldwide-prabhas-1202079770/ |archive-date=5 May 2017 |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=30 July 2016 |title='Magizhchi' at the box-office |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kabali-has-had-the-biggestever-opening-for-a-tamil-film/article8921554.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731061021/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kabali-has-had-the-biggestever-opening-for-a-tamil-film/article8921554.ece |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Box Office India]] estimated that ''Enthiran'' netted {{INR}}195 crore across India with the Tamil version netting {{INR}}120 crore, the Telugu version netting {{INR}}53 crore and the Hindi version netting {{INR}}22 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Kabali Set To Be Biggest Tamil Grosser |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727095155/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2189 |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=27 July 2016 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabali (Hindi) And Madaari Are Low On Monday |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727095208/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2187 |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=27 July 2016 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>{{refn|name=exchange2010|group=Note}} The website estimated the overseas earnings of the film (including its dubbed versions) at approximately $12 million as of November 2010 with the Tamil version grossing $11 million and the remaining $1 million coming in from the Telugu and Hindi versions.<ref name="worldwide gross" />

In Japan, the film grossed $407,438, including $370,697 for the Hindi version and $36,741 for the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2019 |title=Japan's love for Indian films continues to rise |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/japans-love-for-indian-films-continues-to-rise-3505491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209095056/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/japans-love-for-indian-films-continues-to-rise-3505491.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|77|6|13|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2010 |title=Endhiran (2010) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/endhiran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422065031/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/endhiran |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=30 May 2019 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]}}</ref>

==== India ====

''Enthiran'' received positive reviews from critics in India, with praise particularly directed at Rathnavelu's cinematography, Cyril's art direction, Srinivas Mohan's visual effects and Rajinikanth's performance as Chitti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2010 |title=Critics give a thumbs up to Endhiran |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-give-a-thumbs-up-to-endhiran/story-o1InoBdTUUJ7tpF1Xtcl8K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127100230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-give-a-thumbs-up-to-endhiran/article1-606784.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Vibhuti |date=1 October 2010 |title=Review Round-Up: 'Endhiran'/'Robot' |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/review-round-up-endhiranrobot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129105107/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/review-round-up-endhiranrobot/ |archive-date=29 January 2015 |access-date=29 January 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and believed it had the "best special effects ever seen in a Tamil film" and that it was "one of the most entertaining Tamil films—across all languages—ever made."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |date=1 October 2010 |title=Robot (Endhiran) is an Indian film to be proud of |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-robot-endhiran-is-an-indian-film-to-be-proud-of-1446033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123151434/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-robot-endhiran-is-an-indian-film-to-be-proud-of-1446033 |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=1 October 2010 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Both [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''The Times of India'' and Kaveree Bamzai of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film four out of five stars. Kazmi called it "the perfect getaway film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi |date=30 September 2010 |title=Robot Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Robot/movie-review/6658514.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612223402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Robot/movie-review/6658514.cms |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=1 October 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Bamzai praised Rajinikanth's acting in the film and said, "Rajni tells us why robot sapiens are superior to homo sapiens".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=1 October 2010 |title=Film review: Endhiran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/film-review-endhiran-83022-2010-09-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204095812/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-endhiran/1/114755.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=9 July 2011 |work=India Today}}</ref> Cable Shankar of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' magazine praised the technical aspects, music, stunts and direction while calling Chitti's character attracts more attention than Vaseegaran. He also stated that first half was interesting using Chitti's character but the second half had uninteresting sequences which proves to be a obstacle to the screenplay yet they manage to compensate with graphics in the film's climax and concluded saying little bit of science fiction + usual emotions + many Rajinis + logic = Enthiran.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கேபிள் சங்கர் |date=17 October 2010 |title=எந்திரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2010-10-17/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 October 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=2–3 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Both [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[NDTV]] and Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff.com gave ''Enthiran'' a rating of three-and-a-half stars out of five. Chopra criticised the film's portions in the second half, describing them as "needlessly stretched and cacophonous", but concluded her review by saying, "''Robot'' rides on Rajinikanth's shoulders and he never stoops under the burden. Aided by snazzy clothes, make-up and special effects, he makes Chitti endearing."<ref name="Chopra">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=1 October 2010 |title=Review: Robot |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-robot-551 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204151648/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-robot-551 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=1 October 2010 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Srinivasan, however, said that Shankar "strikes the balance between science fiction and masala quotient." She concluded that, "Whichever way you look at it, ''Enthiran'' is one of those rare films that give you just enough material to pull you in, and enjoy yourself."<ref name="PRrediff">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=1 October 2010 |title=Shankar, Rajinikanth make Endhiran work |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/oct/01/south-tamil-review-endhiran.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204094855/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/oct/01/south-tamil-review-endhiran.htm |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=9 July 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] gave a rating of three out of five stars and said, "In the end, it's the fantastic special effects and an inspired performance from {{sic|Rajnikant|nolink=y}} that keeps the film fresh."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=8 October 2010 |title='Robot' is an adventure waiting for you |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-robot-is-an-adventure-waiting-for-you/132161-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013055753/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-robot-is-an-adventure-waiting-for-you/132161-47-84.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

[[Mayank Shekhar]], writing for ''Hindustan Times'', rated it three stars and said, "Leave aside jokes running on the Internet. This film, just a few feet too long, is fine entertainment by itself."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=4 October 2010 |title=Mayank Shekhar's Review: Robot |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-robot/story-QvlgAwwSQRpAbqpE5utmRO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922090833/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-robot/story-QvlgAwwSQRpAbqpE5utmRO.html |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=22 September 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''The New Indian Express'' noted ''Enthiran'' for having "An engaging script, brilliant special effects, and a debonair hero who still carries his charisma effortlessly."<ref name="malini" /> Karthik Subramanian of ''The Hindu'' observed that actors "tend to get lost in special effects movies." He believed it was not the case in ''Enthiran'': "Rajinikanth and [Aishwarya Rai] carry the movie on their shoulders, and considering the fact that much of the acting must have been in front of green screens, one has to say that nothing looks artificial right through."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=1 October 2010 |title=Unabashed entertainer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/unabashed-entertainer/article807284.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204094450/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/unabashed-entertainer/article807284.ece |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=1 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''Hindustan Times'' rated it two out of five stars, writing that "Shankar's work slips into a loud, overdramatic and exaggerated mess".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=1 October 2010 |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's Review: Endhiran |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-endhiran/story-ENP80sXGeoKJxuITEAdiyN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204100758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-endhiran/article1-606907.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=26 October 2010 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==== International ====
Lisa Tsering from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said, "Rajinikanth is such a badass that [[Chuck Norris]] is [[Chuck Norris facts|afraid of him]]." She praised the filming locations, especially the "Kilimanjaro" song sequence, but criticised the length of the film's climax portions.<ref name="LSHR">{{Cite news |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=14 October 2010 |title=Robot – Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/robot-film-review-30163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205164503/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/robot-film-review-30163 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=1 August 2011 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Genevieve Koski from ''The A. V. Club'' believed that ''Enthiran'' was "pretty good" and concluded that "if you prefer elaborate costumes and dance music mixed in with your killer-robot action, expect to enjoy up to an hour of ''Enthiran''."<ref name="AV Club" /> Marc Savlov of ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' called ''Enthiran'' "the best apocalyptic sci-fi-romcom-melodrama-dance-off date movie of the year."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savlov |first=Marc |date=25 February 2011 |title=Endhiran (Robot) |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-02-25/endhiran-the-robot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206072711/http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-02-25/endhiran-the-robot/ |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Roger Moore, writing for the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'', gave a mixed review, evaluating it as a "melodramatic kitschy Indian musical about a robot built for national defense but who discovers his human side."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Roger |date=7 October 2010 |title=Movie Review: Endhiran |url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2010/10/movie-review-endhiran.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013034935/http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2010/10/movie-review-endhiran.html |archive-date=13 October 2010 |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> Following the film's screening at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]], American film director [[Oliver Stone]] praised ''Enthiran''{{'s}} originality.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Balasubramanianram |first1=P. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaabAwAAQBAJ |title=Grand Brand Rajini |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=N. |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-291-2059-5 |pages=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614154325/https://books.google.com/books?id=SaabAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=14 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, [[Joe Leydon]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' believed that Shankar "riffs on everything" from ''Frankenstein'' to ''The Terminator'', but suggested that the film was an "overwhelming mash-up of American-style, f/x-driven sci-fi spectacle and a Bollywood musical."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leydon |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Leydon |date=8 October 2010 |title=Review: 'Endhiran – The Robot' |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/endhiran-the-robot-1117943809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223083911/http://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/endhiran-the-robot-1117943809 |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=20 January 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by Enthiran}}

At the [[58th National Film Awards]], ''Enthiran'' won for [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] and [[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=58th National Film Awards for 2010 announced |url=http://dff.nic.in/awards.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233408/http://dff.nic.in/awards.asp |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=19 May 2011 |website=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> It won in three categories at the [[58th Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Director – South|Best Art Director]] and Best Costume Design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards South winners |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-winners-10839/slide/21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122121638/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-winners-10839/slide/21 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[NDTV]] |pages=21, 22, 23 27, 28, 30}}</ref> At the [[5th Vijay Awards]], it was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven, including [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]] for Rajinikanth, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]] and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]].<ref name="Vijay">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl0sMfvSm_M |title=Vijay Awards 07/15/11 |date=6 June 2012 |place=[[Chennai]] |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063254/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl0sMfvSm_M |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> At the [[Screen Awards|17th Screen Awards]], the film won awards under the [[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] and Spectacular Cutting Edge Technology categories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1748/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126105906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1748/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> However, the film missed out on being the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|official Indian submission for the Academy Awards]] since the jury noted out that it had sequences lifted from four American films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=Tamil entries for Oscars lack originality |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/oct/05/tamil-entries-for-oscars-lack-originality-297658.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200707165253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/oct/05/tamil-entries-for-oscars-lack-originality-297658.html |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Enthiran'' was the only Tamil film featured on the [[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]] (IMDb) list of the 50 best films of 2010.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth: Lesser known facts – Page 7 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Rajinikanth-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/34830196.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204161154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Rajinikanth-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/34830196.cms |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was also included as a case study in a postgraduate elective course of the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], "Contemporary Film Industry: A Business Perspective".<ref name="Facts" />

Scenes from ''Enthiran'', particularly one known as the "Black Sheep" scene,{{refn|The "Black Sheep" scene refers to a scene where Chitti finds Dr. Vaseegaran disguised as him amidst the robot army.<ref name="Behind" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gunasekaran |first=Ranjitha |date=10 October 2010 |title=Why you should watch Endhiran |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article289615.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206165657/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article289615.ece |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>|group=Note}} have been parodied in subsequent films, including ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mankatha |date=2011 |last=[[Venkat Prabhu|Prabhu, Venkat]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Cloud Nine Movies]] |place=India |time=45:12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mankatha |date=2011 |last=[[Venkat Prabhu|Prabhu, Venkat]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Cloud Nine Movies]] |place=India |time=2:17:26}}</ref> ''[[Osthe]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Osthe |date=2011 |last=[[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=Balaji Real Media |place=India |time=2:01:16}}</ref> ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Singam II |date=2013 |last=[[Hari (director)|Hari]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=Prince Pictures |place=India |time=14:25}}</ref> ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ya Ya |date=2013 |last=I. Rajasekaran (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=M10 Productions |place=India |time=53:13}}</ref> ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015) with the same director,<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=I |date=2015 |last=[[S. Shankar]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=Aascar Film |place=India |time=25:34}}</ref> ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Harshini S. |date=11 August 2023 |title=Jailer First Day First Impression: Despite The Flaws, Rajinikanth and Nelson Are Back and How! |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/jailer-first-day-first-impression-despite-the-flaws-rajinikanth-and-nelson-are-back-and-how-ramya-krishnan-mohanlal-jackie-shroff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822115347/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/jailer-first-day-first-impression-despite-the-flaws-rajinikanth-and-nelson-are-back-and-how-ramya-krishnan-mohanlal-jackie-shroff |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> as well as in the Telugu films ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/give-parama-veera-chakra-a-miss-telugu-movie-review_23400|title=Give 'Parama Veera Chakra' a miss ( Telugu Movie Review)|date=16 January 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Dookudu |date=2011 |last=[[Srinu Vaitla|Vaitla, Srinu]] (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=14 Reels Entertainment |place=India |time=1:43:02}}</ref> and ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=18 March 2012 |title=Old wine, same old bottle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/old-wine-same-old-bottle/article3007871.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122041218/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/old-wine-same-old-bottle/article3007871.ece |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{refn|The satellite rights of ''Mankatha'', ''Osthe'' and ''Singam II'' were purchased by Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=K – Family unites to release ''Mankatha'' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/k-family-unites-to-release-mankatha-news-tamil-lizkKhjibjesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314135235/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-family-unites-to-release-mankatha-news-tamil-lizkKhjibjesi.html |archive-date=14 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Osthi'', all clear for Dec 8 release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-all-clear-for-dec-8-release-imagegallery-kollywood-lmfpb5aabfisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314135338/http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-all-clear-for-dec-8-release-imagegallery-kollywood-lmfpb5aabfisi.html |archive-date=14 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Sun TV Grabs Rights for Anjaan |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Sun-TV-Grabs-Rights-for-Anjaan/2014/05/01/article2198491.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605113455/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Sun-TV-Grabs-Rights-for-Anjaan/2014/05/01/article2198491.ece |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>|group=Note}} In the film, Chitti often introduces himself by stating the [[clock rate]] of his [[central processing unit]], which is 1 terahertz (1012 [[hertz]]), and his [[random-access memory]] limit, which is 1 zettabyte (1021 [[byte]]s). This introduction dialogue, which is spoken by Chitti as "Hi, I'm Chitti, speed 1 terahertz, memory 1 zettabyte" became popular.<ref name="Clone" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2RPAk2Tipw |title=Chitti meets G.One sequence – RA.One |date=5 January 2012 |author=
Eros Now Music |type=Motion picture |publisher=[[Eros International|Eros Now]] |place=India |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914034010/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2RPAk2Tipw |archive-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajinikanth featured in a cameo role as Chitti in the science-fiction film ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2011 |title=Rajnikanth plays Chitti – the robot in SRK's "Ra. One" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajnikanth-plays-chitti-the-robot-in-srks-ra-one/article2511736.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122041225/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajnikanth-plays-chitti-the-robot-in-srks-ra-one/article2511736.ece |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On Rajinikanth's 64th birthday, an agency named Minimal Kollywood Posters designed posters of Rajinikanth's films, in which the [[Minions (Despicable Me)|Minion]] characters from the ''[[Despicable Me]]'' franchise are dressed as Rajinikanth. The digital art was hand drawn on a digital pad by Gautham Raj. One of the posters depicted a mutated Minion, reminiscent of Chitti's "villain robot" look in ''Enthiran''.<ref name="Minions">{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Shiva |date=15 December 2014 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth as Minions – Enthiran (2010) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/Superstar-Rajinikanth-as-Minions/photostory/45519505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/Superstar-Rajinikanth-as-Minions/photostory/45519505.cms |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In March 2015, Kamath, in his review of the science fiction film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'', compared its eponymous lead character to Chitti in terms of learning human emotions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=14 March 2015 |title=Chappie: Chitti's Hollywood cousin |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/chappie-chittis-hollywood-cousin/article6993688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330064030/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/chappie-chittis-hollywood-cousin/article6993688.ece |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While promoting ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' in India, co-director [[Russo brothers|Joe Russo]] said that the sequence in ''Enthiran'' where numerous clones of Chitti come together to form a giant python inspired a similar scene in ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''{{'}}s predecessor ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron|Age of Ultron]]'' (2015) where [[Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ultron]] and his clones come together to form a gigantic version of himself, but that the scene was cut from the final version of the film to accommodate its runtime.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=1 April 2019 |title=What to expect as the countdown to 'Avengers: Endgame' begins: 'The cost of being a hero' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/918568/what-to-expect-as-the-countdown-to-avengers-endgame-begins-the-cost-of-being-a-hero |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402140056/https://scroll.in/reel/918568/what-to-expect-as-the-countdown-to-avengers-endgame-begins-the-cost-of-being-a-hero |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naahar |first=Rohan |date=1 April 2019 |title=Avengers: Endgame director Joe Russo confirms he is 'talking to Priyanka Chopra' about future project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-confirms-marvel-is-talking-to-priyanka-chopra-about-future-project/story-Ty0qzYYZeLzZgQ8xWFchCM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402135840/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-confirms-marvel-is-talking-to-priyanka-chopra-about-future-project/story-Ty0qzYYZeLzZgQ8xWFchCM.html |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|2.0 (film)}}

In September 2015, writer [[B. Jeyamohan]] announced that the pre-production stage of a standalone sequel to ''Enthiran'' was "going on in full swing" and that principal photography would commence once Rajinikanth finished filming for ''Kabali'', by the end of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=3 September 2015 |title=Enthiran sequel to start filming by the end of this year |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-sequel-to-start-filming-by-the-end-of-this-year/articleshow/48773748.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909053314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-sequel-to-start-filming-by-the-end-of-this-year/articleshow/48773748.cms |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Nirav Shah]] would be the cinematographer and A. R. Rahman would return as music director, while Muthuraj would handle the art direction. Titled ''2.0'', the film entered production in December 2015 and was released worldwide on 29 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express Web Desk |date=11 July 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar starrer 2.0 to hit screens on November 29, 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-release-date-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5254093/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180712032616/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-release-date-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5254093/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth reprised his roles as Vaseegaran and Chitti,<ref>{{Cite news |title='2.0' Teaser Review: Chitti, Chitti, Bang Bang. End. |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/20-review-teaser-chitti-saves-the-day-rajinikanth-photocopy-hollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081136/https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/20-review-teaser-chitti-saves-the-day-rajinikanth-photocopy-hollywood |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018 |work=The Quint |language=en}}</ref> with the additional cast played by [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Amy Jackson]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=29 November 2018 |title=2.0 Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/2-0/movie-review/66858163.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129130545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/2-0/movie-review/66858163.cms |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[En Iniya Iyanthira]]''
* ''[[Meendum Jeano]]''
* [[Science fiction films in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}

{{Enthiran franchise}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects}}
{{S. Shankar}}
{{Sujatha (writer)}}

[[Category:Enthiran| ]]
[[Category:2010 controversies]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about androids]]
[[Category:Films about artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2030s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peru]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Sun Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]

Romance (1983 film)

2026-03-26T18:44:34Z

Marinavan: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Romance
| image = Romance-1983-1.JPG

| caption =
| director = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| producer = Ramanand Sagar
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kumar Gaurav]] [[Poonam Dhillon]] [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Sushma Seth]] [[Saeed Jaffrey]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|10|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Romance''''' is a 1983 [[Hindi]]-language [[Cinema of India|Indian]] film produced and directed by [[Ramanand Sagar]]. The film stars [[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Poonam Dhillon|Poonam, Dhillon]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sushma Seth]] and [[Saeed Jaffrey]]. '''Romance''' is a colorful, lively story of two teenage lovers of the jet age: Sonia, a half-English girl, and Amar, an Indian youth, whose romance blossoms across thousands of miles and crosses all barriers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Romance (1983) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/romance-1983-hindi-movie |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
British-based Mr. and Mrs. Roy are thrilled when their son announces that he is going to marry a Caucasian woman. Soon they are blessed with a granddaughter, Sonia. Tragically, their son dies, leaving them heartbroken.

Sonia grows up under her mother's strict control and guidance, and the love of her grandparents, who encourage her to visit India, which she does. When she returns, she announces that she has met her soulmate 'Amar', whom she is going to invite to Britain, where they will marry.

Her mother does not approve of this, as she wants Sonia to marry the Caucasian male of her choice and will not permit any interference from her in-laws, who are asked to leave her house. In the meantime, Amar's passport and money are stolen. He manages to board a ship bound for Britain, where he is subsequently apprehended, arrested, and turned over for prosecution and possible deportation as an illegal immigrant. It looks like Sonia's mother will have her way with her daughter after all.

==Cast==
* [[Kumar Gaurav]] as Amar
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Sonia
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Mr. Roy(Cameo)
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Mrs. Roy
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Journalist / Editor
* [[Prema Narayan]] as Journalist / Editor's Wife
* [[Helena Luke]] as Sonia's Mother
* [[Tom Alter]] as Priest
* [[Viju Khote]] as Thief
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Guest Appearance
* [[Ranjeeta Kaur|Ranjeeta]] as Guest Appearance

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yeh Zindagi"
| [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
| "Aur Intezar Ab"
| [[Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Aayi Aayi Aayi"
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Maang Lunga"
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "O My God"
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Love Love Love"
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle]], Chandrashekhar Gadgil
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0268585}}
* [https://cultofkumar.tumblr.com Cult of Kumar]

{{Sagar Arts}}

[[Category:1983 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Student No: 1

2026-03-24T05:41:18Z

Marinavan: New New Pg Needs Work!

{{short description|2001 film by S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Student No: 1
| image = Student_No.1.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]] [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] {{small|(supervision)}}
| writer = '''Story''': Pruthvi Teja '''Screenplay''': K. Raghavendra Rao '''Dialogues''': Pruthvi Teja—Viswanth
| producer = K. Raghavendra Rao [[C. Aswani Dutt]] {{small|(presenter)}}
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] [[Gajala]] [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Swapna Cinema]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|09|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹1.8 crore<ref name="idlebrain1">[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html Chatrapati – Post mortem – Telugu cinema – SS Rajamouli – Prabhas, Shriya]. Idlebrain.com. Retrieved on 27 September 2015.</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}₹12 [[crore]]'''(Share)'''<ref name="idlebrain1"/>
}}

'''''Student No: 1''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Coming-of-age film|coming-of-age]] [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] film directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], marking his [[feature film]] directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number Seventh Blockbuster of the year 2001 - Student No.1 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/y2k1/student.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=K Raghavendra selected Raja Mouli, his assistant director of 'Santhi Nivasam' Tele serial, as the director. Incidentally Raja Mouli is the son of Samarasimha Reddy's storywriter Vijayendra Prasad and the cousin of music director Keeravani.}}</ref> Produced and written by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], based on a story by Pruthvi Teja, and dialogues by Pruthvi Teja and Viswanth. The film's music is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Gajala]] and [[Rajeev Kanakala]]. The film follows Aditya (N. T. Rama Rao Jr.), a mysterious man who joins a [[law]] college. He faces numerous hurdles while trying to reform the unruly students, all while grappling with a terrifying past.

It was one of the most successful Telugu films of 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number Seventh Blockbuster of the year 2001 - Student No.1 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/y2k1/student.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=This film is a very big hit in Andhra, Uttarandhra and Ceded area. Student No.1 is a moderate hit in Nizam.}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Student Number 1]]'' (2003). The title of the 2012 Bollywood film, ''[[Student of the Year]]'', was inspired by this film's title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-06 |title=Karan Johar says he was 'obsessed' with S.S. Rajamouli; 'I have watched all his films' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-says-he-was-obsessed-with-s-s-rajamouli-i-have-watched-all-his-films/articleshow/124325760.cms |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Aditya joins a law college in [[Vizag]] as a student. The college is notorious for its unruly students headed by Satya. Aditya is shown as a mysterious young man, and throughout the first half, there are flashbacks to his story. He makes the unruly students mend their ways. In the interval, we come to know that Aditya is a criminal facing murder charges and is serving his life term in Vizag central jail. He attends college with the special permission of the jail authorities. Aditya lives in [[Hyderabad]] with his parents. He has finished his intermediate studies (10th grade plus 2). He wants to pursue [[engineering]], but his father wants him to study [[law]]. This presents a tension between them, leading to a confrontation. Meanwhile, Aditya unintentionally murders a goon while saving a girl from getting raped. Scared of losing face in society, Aditya's father disowns him as his son, and Aditya surrenders at a police station. The rest of the film is how Aditya wins his father's heart with the law degree he earns.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as R. Aditya
* Malladi Raghava as Raghava Rao, Aditya's father
* [[Gajala]] as Anjali (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Sathya
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Samba Sivam a.k.a. "Leakage" Sambayya, the main antagonist
* Swathi as Aditya's sister
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Dr. Brahmanandam
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Engineer Ali
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Jailor
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Aditya's mother
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Law college lecturer
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Satya's batchmate
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar|Sekhar]] as a goon
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as a lecturer
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Hostel chef
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Police officer
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Samba Sivam's assistant
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Samba Sivam's lawyer
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Student No 1
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| caption =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|9|27}}
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:30
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Bava Nachadu]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Akasa Veedhilo]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and released by Aditya Music. Part of the song "Kuchipudi Kaina" is based on "Kurukku Siruthavaley" from ''[[Mudhalvan]]''.{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:30
| title1 = Koochipudi Kaina
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Kaastha Ninnu
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Okariki Okarai
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Srivarthini
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Paddanandi Premalo
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Ekkado Putti
| extra5 = M. M. Keeravani
| length5 = 5:17
| title6 = Yemetti Chesado
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 5:11
| all_writing =[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
}}

==Release==
The film was released with 40 prints.<ref>[http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory33.html Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231844/http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory33.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. Idlebrain.com (26 December 2001). Retrieved on 2015-09-27.</ref>

==Box office==
''Student No: 1'' was sold at a price of ₹2.75 crore and collected a share of ₹12 crore.<ref name="idlebrain1"/> It had a 50-day run in 73 centres.<ref>[http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory27.html Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190214/http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory27.html |date=29 September 2011 }}. Idlebrain.com (13 November 2001). Retrieved on 2015-09-27.</ref> This movie had a 100-day run in 42 centres.<ref>[http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory34.html Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826013042/http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/tradestory34.html |date=26 August 2015 }}. Idlebrain.com (31 December 2001). Retrieved on 2015-09-27.</ref>

==Awards==
*[[M. M. Keeravani]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song "Ekkado Putti"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1283956|Student No.1}}
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]

Lighthouse

2026-03-22T20:20:02Z

Marinavan: quick update

{{Short description|Structure designed to emit light to aid navigation}}
{{Other uses}}

[[File:NJ LBI Lighthouse 04.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Barnegat Lighthouse]] at the coast of [[Ocean County]], [[New Jersey]], U.S., facing the [[Atlantic Ocean]] at [[sunrise]]]]
[[File:Roman Rock Lighthouse.webm|thumbnail|Aerial drone footage of the [[Roman Rock Lighthouse]] off the southern coast of South Africa.]]

A '''lighthouse''' is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and [[lens]]es and to serve as a [[beacon]] for [[navigational aid]] for [[maritime pilot]]s at sea or on inland waterways.

Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous [[shoal]]s, [[reef]]s, rocks, and safe entries to [[Harbor|harbors]]; they also assist in [[aerial navigation]]. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and the advent of much cheaper, more sophisticated, and more effective electronic navigational systems.

==History==
{{Main|History of lighthouses}}

===Ancient lighthouses===
[[File:Torre de Hércules 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Tower of Hercules]] lighthouse in north-western Spain]]

Before the development of clearly defined [[port]]s, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since elevating the fire would improve visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse.<ref>Trethewey, K. R.:Ancient Lighthouses, Jazz-Fusion Books (2018), 326pp. {{ISBN|978-0-99265-736-9}}</ref> In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as an entrance marker to ports than as a warning signal for [[reef]]s and [[promontory|promontories]], unlike many modern lighthouses. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the [[Lighthouse of Alexandria|Pharos]] of [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]], which collapsed following a series of [[Earthquake|earthquakes]] between 956 and 1323.

The intact [[Tower of Hercules]] at [[A Coruña]], Spain gives insight into ancient lighthouse construction; other evidence about lighthouses exists in depictions on coins and mosaics, of which many represent the lighthouse at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]]. Coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and [[Latakia|Laodicea in Syria]] also exist.

===Modern construction===
The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, as the number of lighthouses being constructed increased significantly due to much higher levels of [[Atlantic Ocean|transatlantic]] commerce. Advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses was gradually changed from indicating ports to the providing of a visible warning against shipping hazards, such as rocks or reefs.

[[File:Edystone Winstanley lighthouse Smeaton 1813.jpg|thumb|Original [[Eddystone Lighthouse#Winstanley's Lighthouse|Winstanley lighthouse]], Eddystone Rock, by Jaaziell Johnston, 1813.]]
The [[Eddystone Rocks]] were a major shipwreck hazard for mariners sailing through the [[English Channel]].<ref name="smiles">{{citation|first=Samuel|last=Smiles|title=The Lives of the Engineers|year=1861|volume=2|page=16|url=https://archive.org/stream/livesofengineers02smil#page/16/mode/2up}}</ref> The [[Eddystone Lighthouse#Winstanley's lighthouse|first lighthouse built there]] was an octagonal wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock, and was built by [[Henry Winstanley]] from 1696 to 1698. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been fully exposed to the open sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340721/lighthouse/72148/The-beginning-of-the-modern-era|title=lighthouse|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref>

The [[civil engineer]] [[John Smeaton]] rebuilt the [[Smeaton's Tower|lighthouse]] from 1756 to 1759;<ref name="MAJ">Majdalany, Fred: ''The Eddystone Light''. 1960</ref> his tower marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses and remained in use until 1877. He modeled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an [[oak tree]], using [[granite]] blocks. He rediscovered and used "[[hydraulic lime]]", a form of [[concrete]] that will set under water used by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using [[dovetail joint]]s and marble [[dowels]].<ref name="TRI">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/eddystone.html |title=Eddystone – Gallery |publisher=Trinity House |access-date=3 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909043743/http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/eddystone.html |archive-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref> The dovetailing feature served to improve the [[structural stability]], although Smeaton also had to taper the thickness of the tower towards the top, for which he curved the tower inwards on a gentle gradient. This profile had the added advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the modern lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers|chapter=Note on the Eddystone Lighthouse|author=Douglass, James Nicholas|location=London|publisher=Institution of Civil Engineers|year=1878|volume=53, part 3|pages=247–248|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx4AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref>

[[File:Smeaton's Lighthouse00.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[John Smeaton]]'s rebuilt version of the [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], 1759. This represented a great step forward in lighthouse design.]]
One such influence was [[Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)|Robert Stevenson]], himself a seminal figure in the development of lighthouse design and construction.<ref name="NLB">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/HistoricalInformation/StevensonEngineers/Robert-Stevenson/|title=NLB – Robert Stevenson|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> His greatest achievement was the construction of the [[Bell Rock Lighthouse]] in 1810, one of the most impressive feats of engineering of the age.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} This structure was based upon Smeaton's design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white.<ref>{{citation|title=John Rennie, 1761–1821: The Life and Work of a Great Engineer|first=Cyril Thomas Goodman|last=Boucher|page=61|year=1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wu8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59}}</ref> Stevenson worked for the [[Northern Lighthouse Board]] for nearly fifty years<ref name="NLB" /> during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and later improvement of numerous lighthouses. He innovated in the choice of light sources, mountings, reflector design, the use of [[Fresnel lens]]es, and in rotation and shuttering systems providing lighthouses with individual signatures allowing them to be identified by seafarers. He also invented the movable jib and the balance-crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction.
[[File:Marjaniemen majakka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Marjaniemi Lighthouse]], the 19th-century lighthouse in the [[Hailuoto]] island, neighbouring municipality of [[Oulu]], [[Finland]]]]
[[Alexander Mitchell (engineer)|Alexander Mitchell]] designed the first [[screw-pile lighthouse]] – his lighthouse was built on piles that were [[screw]]ed into the sandy or muddy seabed. Construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the [[Thames]] and was known as the [[Maplin Sands]] lighthouse, and first lit in 1841.<ref name=Tomlinson>{{cite book|title=Tomlinson's Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts|year=1852–1854|publisher=Virtue & Co.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaofuse02tomlrich/page/177 177]|editor=Tomlinson|url=https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaofuse02tomlrich|quote=[Maplin Sands] was not, however, the first screw-pile lighthouse actually erected, for during the long preparation process which was carried on at Maplin Sands, a structure of the same principle had been begun and completed at Port Fleetwood...}}</ref> Although its construction began later, the [[Wyre Light (Fleetwood)|Wyre Light]] in [[Fleetwood]], [[Lancashire]], was the first to be lit (in 1840).<ref name=Tomlinson />

===Lighting improvements===
Until 1782 the source of illumination had generally been wood pyres or burning coal. The [[Argand lamp]], invented in 1782 by the Swiss scientist [[Aimé Argand]] revolutionized lighthouse illumination with its steady smokeless flame. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a [[Gas mantle|mantle]] of [[thorium dioxide]] suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnmoncrieff.co.uk/shop-2/products.php?cat=32|title=Lamp Glass Replacement Glass Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Chimneys, Oil Lamp Spares|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106160403/http://www.johnmoncrieff.co.uk/shop-2/products.php?cat=32|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The Argand lamp used [[whale oil]], [[colza]], [[olive oil]]<ref>"Lamp." ''Encyclopædia Britannica: or, a dictionary of Arts, Science, and Miscellaneous Literature.'' 6th ed. 1823 [https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wnAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22argand+lamp%22+%22olive+oil%22&pg=PA505 Web.] 5 December 2011</ref> or other [[vegetable oil]] as fuel, supplied by a [[gravity feed]] from a reservoir mounted above the burner. The lamp was first produced by [[Matthew Boulton]], in partnership with Argand, in 1784, and became the standard for lighthouses for over a century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/lighthouse/Modern-lighthouses#ref668277|title=Modern Lighthouses|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

[[Souter Lighthouse]] was the first lighthouse to be built for the purpose of electric illumination in 1871.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Souter lighthouse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-34307206}}</ref>

[[South Foreland Lighthouse]] was the first tower to successfully use an electric light in 1875. The lighthouse's carbon [[arc lamp]]s were powered by a steam-driven [[magneto (generator)|magneto]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Baird |first=Spencer Fullerton|title=Annual record of science and industry |publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|year=1876|pages=460}}</ref> [[John Richardson Wigham]] was the first to develop a system for [[coal gas|gas]] illumination of lighthouses. His improved gas 'crocus' burner at the [[Baily Lighthouse]] in county Dublin, Ireland, near Dublin city was 13 times more powerful than the most brilliant light then known.<ref name=cil>{{cite journal| title=John Richardson Wigham 1829–1906 | url=http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/media/35546/Beam_2006.PDF#page=23 | publisher=Commissioners of Irish Lights | journal=BEAM | volume=35 | date=2006–2007 | pages=21–22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312014229/http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/media/35546/Beam_2006.PDF|archive-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Sumburgh Lighthouse Lamp.jpg|thumb|An {{convert|85|mm|in}} Chance Brothers ''Incandescent Petroleum Vapour Installation'' which produced the light for the [[Sumburgh Head]] lighthouse until 1976. The lamp (made in approx. 1914) burned vaporized [[kerosene]] (paraffin); the vaporizer was heated by a [[denatured alcohol]] (methylated spirit) burner to light. When lit, some of the vaporised fuel was diverted to a [[Bunsen burner]] to keep the vaporizer warm and the fuel in vapor form. The fuel was forced up to the lamp by air; the keepers had to pump the air container up every hour or so, pressurizing the paraffin container to force the fuel to the lamp. The "white sock" pictured is an unburnt mantle on which the vapor burned.]]
The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by [[Arthur Kitson]], and improved by David Hood at [[Trinity House]]. The fuel was vaporized at high pressure and burned to heat the mantle, giving an output of over six times the luminosity of traditional oil lights.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The use of gas as illuminant became widely available with the invention of the [[Dalén light]] by Swedish engineer [[Gustaf Dalén]]. He used [[Agamassan]] (Aga), a [[Substrate (materials science)|substrate]], to absorb the gas, allowing the gas to be stored, and hence used, safely. Dalén also invented the '[[sun valve]]', which automatically regulated the light and turned it off during the daytime.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=May 2021}} The technology was the predominant light source in lighthouses from the 1900s to the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aga.com/web/web2000/com/WPPcom.nsf/pages/History_SunValve|title=The Linde Group - Gases Engineering Healthcare -|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018000926/http://www.aga.com/web/web2000/com/WPPcom.nsf/pages/History_SunValve|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Optical systems===
[[File:Fresnel lighthouse lens diagram.png|thumb|right|Diagram depicting how a spherical [[Fresnel lens]] collimates light]]
With the development of the steady illumination of the Argand lamp, the application of optical lenses to increase and focus the light intensity became a practical possibility. [[William Hutchinson (privateer)|William Hutchinson]] developed the first practical optical system in 1777, known as a [[catoptrics|catoptric]] system.<ref>{{cite web | title=Illumination, Refraction, Fresnel Lens | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=9 October 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/lighthouse/Optical-equipment#ref593050 | access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> This rudimentary system effectively collimated the emitted light into a concentrated beam, thereby greatly increasing the light's visibility.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340721/lighthouse/72152/Oil-lamps|title=Lighthouse|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The ability to focus the light led to the first revolving lighthouse beams, where the light would appear to the mariners as a series of intermittent flashes. It also became possible to transmit complex signals using the light flashes.

French physicist and engineer [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] developed the multi-part [[Fresnel lens]] for use in lighthouses. His design allowed for the construction of lenses of large [[aperture]] and short [[focal length]], without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can also capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances.

The first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the [[Cordouan lighthouse]] at the mouth of the [[Gironde estuary]]; its light could be seen from more than {{convert|20|mi|km}} out.<ref>Watson, Bruce. "Science Makes a Better Lighthouse Lens." ''Smithsonian''. August 1999 v30 i5 p30.
produced in ''Biography Resource Center''. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.</ref> Fresnel's invention increased the [[luminosity]] of the lighthouse lamp by a factor of four and his system is still in common use.

===Modern lighthouses===
The introduction of electrification and [[automatic lamp changer]]s began to make [[lighthouse keeper]]s obsolete. For many years, lighthouses still had keepers, partly because lighthouse keepers could serve as a [[emergency service|rescue service]], if necessary. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety, such as the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS), led to the phasing out of non-automated lighthouses across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/keep/keep19th.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915095022/http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/keep/keep19th.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 15, 2007|title=Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Although several closed due to safety concerns, [[Canada]] still maintains 51 staffed lighthouses, split roughly evenly across east and west coasts, including [[Machias Seal Island]] which is staffed to assert Canadian sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2024-10-09 |title=Lighthouses in Canada |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/otw-am/lighthouses-phares/canada-eng.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fogwhistle.ca/bclights|title=Lighthouses of British Columbia|access-date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103070010/http://www.fogwhistle.ca/bclights/|archive-date=3 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Staffing at 2 B.C. lighthouses to end following safety concerns |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/lighthouses-vancouver-island-coast-not-staffed-1.7281513 |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref>

The remaining modern lighthouses are usually illuminated by a single stationary flashing light powered by [[Solar power|solar]]-charged batteries and mounted on a steel skeleton tower.<ref name="Crompton"/> Where the power requirement is too great for solar power alone, ''cycle charging'' of the battery by a [[Diesel generator]] is provided. The generator only comes into use when the battery needs charging, saving fuel and increasing periods between maintenance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Christopher |title=Rock lighthouses of Britain: The end of an era? |date=2000 |publisher=Whittles |location=Caithness, Scotland |isbn=978-1870325417 |page=126}}</ref>

===Famous lighthouse builders===
[[John Smeaton]] is noteworthy for having designed the third and most famous [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], but some builders are well known for their work in building multiple lighthouses. The Stevenson family ([[Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)|Robert]], [[Alan Stevenson|Alan]], [[David Stevenson (engineer)|David]], [[Thomas Stevenson|Thomas]], [[David Alan Stevenson|David Alan]], and [[Charles Alexander Stevenson|Charles]]) made lighthouse building a three-generation profession in Scotland.
[[Richard Henry Brunton]] designed and built 26 [[Template:Lighthouses of Japan|Japanese lighthouses]] in [[Meiji era]] Japan, which became known as Brunton's "children".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/imotp.1901.18577 |title=Obituary - Richard Henry Brunton | work=Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |volume=145 |issue=1901 |year=1901 |pages=340–341 |doi=10.1680/imotp.1901.18577 |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Blind Irishman [[Alexander Mitchell (engineer)|Alexander Mitchell]] invented and built a number of screw-pile lighthouses. Englishman [[James Nicholas Douglass|James Douglass]] was knighted for his work on the fourth Eddystone Lighthouse.<ref>{{cite DNBSupp|title=Douglass, James Nicholas |first=Thomas Hudson|last=Beare}}</ref>

[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] Lieutenant [[George Meade]] built numerous lighthouses along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts before gaining wider fame as the winning general at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. Colonel [[Orlando M. Poe]], engineer to [[General William Tecumseh Sherman]] in the siege of Atlanta, designed and built some of the most exotic lighthouses in the most difficult locations on the U.S. [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/keep/architect.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805090033/http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/keep/architect.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 5, 2012|title=Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

French merchant navy officer [[Marius Michel Pasha]] built almost a hundred lighthouses along the coasts of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in a period of twenty years after the [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856).<ref name="hnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11049 |publisher=Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online |title=Review of Thobie, Jacques, L'administration generale des phares de l'Empire ottoman et la societe Collas et Michel, 1860–1960. H-Mediterranean, H-Net Reviews. January, 2006 | author=Guigueno, Vincent |date=January 2006 |access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref>

==Technology==

In a lighthouse, the source of light is called the "lamp" (whether electric or fuelled by oil) and the light is concentrated, if needed, by the "lens" or "optic". Power sources for lighthouses in the 20th–21st centuries vary.

===Power===
Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the [[Argand lamp|Argand hollow wick lamp]] and [[parabolic reflector]] were introduced in the late 18th century.

[[Whale oil]] was also used with wicks as the source of light. [[Kerosene]] became popular in the 1870s and electricity and [[acetylene]] gas derived on-site from [[calcium carbide]] began replacing kerosene around the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="Crompton"/> Carbide was promoted by the [[Dalén light]], which automatically lit the lamp at nightfall and extinguished it at dawn.

In the second half of the 20th century, many remote lighthouses in [[Russia]] (then [[Soviet Union]]) were powered by [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (RTGs). These had the advantage of providing power day or night and did not need refuelling or maintenance. However, after the collapse of the Soviet government in 1990s, most of the official records on the locations, and condition, of these lighthouses were reportedly lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/nuke-weapons/nonproliferation/28067|title=Nuclear lighthouses to be replaced - Bellona|date=June 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623055427/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/nuke-weapons/nonproliferation/28067 |archive-date=2011-06-23 }}</ref> Over time, the condition of RTGs in Russia degraded; many of them fell victim to vandalism and scrap metal thieves, who may not have been aware of the dangerous radioactive contents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellona.no/bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598|title=Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators - Bellona|date=March 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315151209/http://www.bellona.no/bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598 |archive-date=2011-03-15 }}</ref>

Energy-efficient LED lights can be powered by [[solar panel]]s, with batteries instead of a diesel generator for backup.<ref name=baraniuk/>

===Light source===
Many Fresnel lens installations have been replaced by rotating [[aerobeacon]]s, which require less maintenance.

In modern automated lighthouses, the system of rotating lenses is often replaced by a high intensity light that emits brief omnidirectional flashes, concentrating the light in time rather than direction. These lights are similar to obstruction lights used to warn aircraft of tall structures. Later innovations were "Vega Lights", and experiments with [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) panels.<ref name="Crompton"/>

LED lights, which use less energy and are easier to maintain, had come into widespread use by 2020. In the United Kingdom and Ireland about a third of lighthouses had been converted from filament light sources to use LEDs, and conversion continued with about three per year. The light sources are designed to replicate the colour and character of the traditional light as closely as possible. The change is often not noticed by people in the region, but sometimes a proposed change leads to calls to preserve the traditional light, including in some cases a rotating beam. A typical LED system designed to fit into the traditional 19th century Fresnel lens enclosure was developed by Trinity House and two other lighthouse authorities and costs about [[Euro|€]]20,000, depending on configuration, according to a supplier; it has large fins to dissipate heat. Lifetime of the LED light source is 50,000 to 100,000 hours, compared to about 1,000 hours for a filament source.<ref name="baraniuk">{{Cite web|author=Baraniuk|first=Chris|date=15 September 2020|title=When changing a light bulb is a really big deal|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-53756582|url-status=live|website=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619143546/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53756582|archive-date=Jun 19, 2023}}</ref>

====Laser light====
[[File:Point Danger lighthouse.jpg|thumb|upright 0.6|[[Point Danger Light|Point Danger lighthouse]], [[Queensland]], 1971]]
Experimental installations of [[laser]] lights, either at high power to provide a "line of light" in the sky or, utilising low power, aimed towards mariners have identified problems of increased complexity in installation and maintenance, and high power requirements. The first practical installation, in 1971 at [[Point Danger Light|Point Danger lighthouse]], [[Queensland]], was replaced by a conventional light after four years, because the beam was too narrow to be seen easily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Point Danger Lighthouse |url=https://lighthouses.org.au/qld/point-danger-lighthouse/ |publisher=Lighthouses of Australia Inc. |access-date=11 August 2020 |language=en-AU |date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Lasers |journal=Aids to Navigation Manual |date=March 2010 |page=43 |publisher=[[International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities]] |location=St Germain en Laye, France}}</ref>

====Light characteristics====
{{see also|Light characteristic}}
In any of these designs an observer, rather than seeing a continuous weak light, sees a brighter light during short time intervals. These instants of bright light are arranged to create a [[light characteristic]] or pattern specific to a lighthouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aids To Navigation Abbreviations |url=http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/aton/abbreviations.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925160404/http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/aton/abbreviations.htm |archive-date=September 25, 2008}}</ref> For example, the [[Scheveningen Lighthouse]] flashes are alternately 2.5 and 7.5 seconds. Some lights have sectors of a particular color (usually formed by colored panes in the lantern) to distinguish safe water areas from dangerous shoals. Modern lighthouses often have unique reflectors or [[Radar beacon|racon transponders]] so the radar signature of the light is also unique.

===Lens===
{{see also|Fresnel lens}}
[[File:Cape Meares Lighthouse lens - Oregon.jpg|thumb|[[Cape Meares Lighthouse]] in Oregon; first-order Fresnel lens]]
Before modern [[strobe light]]s, [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source. Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the [[light beam]] swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying [[light characteristic]].

This concentration of light is accomplished with a rotating lens assembly. In early lighthouses, the light source was a [[kerosene lamp]] or, earlier, an animal or vegetable oil Argand lamp, and the lenses rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers, sometimes as often as every two hours. The lens assembly sometimes floated in [[mercury (element)|liquid mercury]] to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.<ref name="Crompton"/>

Efficiently concentrating the light from a large omnidirectional light source requires a very large diameter lens. This would require a very thick and heavy lens if a conventional lens were used. The [[Fresnel lens]] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|f|r|eɪ|ˈ|n|ɛ|l}}) focused 85% of a lamp's light versus the 20% focused with the parabolic reflectors of the time. Its design enabled construction of lenses of large size and short focal length without the weight and volume of material in conventional lens designs.<ref name=mhp/>

Fresnel lighthouse lenses are ranked by ''order'', a measure of refracting power, with a first order lens being the largest, most powerful and expensive; and a sixth order lens being the smallest. The order is based on the focal length of the lens. A first order lens has the longest focal length, with the sixth being the shortest. Coastal lighthouses generally use first, second, or third order lenses, while harbor lights and beacons use fourth, fifth, or sixth order lenses.<ref name="nps"/>

Some lighthouses, such as those at [[Cape Race Lighthouse|Cape Race]], Newfoundland, and [[Makapuu Point Light|Makapuu Point]], Hawaii, used a more powerful [[hyperradiant Fresnel lens]] manufactured by the firm of [[Chance Brothers]].

==Building==
===Components===
[[File:Lighthouse lantern room with Fresnel lens.png|thumb|Lighthouse lantern room from mid-1800s]]

While lighthouse buildings differ depending on the location and purpose, they tend to have common components.

A light station comprises the lighthouse tower and all outbuildings, such as the keeper's living quarters, fuel house, boathouse, and [[Foghorn|fog-signaling]] building. The Lighthouse itself consists of a tower structure supporting the lantern room where the light operates.

The lantern room is the glassed-in housing at the top of a lighthouse tower containing the lamp and lens. Its glass storm panes are supported by metal [[muntin]]s (glazing bars) running vertically or diagonally. At the top of the lantern room is a stormproof ventilator designed to remove the smoke of the lamps and the heat that builds in the glass enclosure. A [[lightning rod]] and grounding system connected to the metal cupola roof provides a safe conduit for any lightning strikes.

Immediately beneath the lantern room is usually a Watch Room or Service Room where fuel and other supplies were kept and where the keeper prepared the lanterns for the night and often stood watch. The clockworks (for rotating the lenses) were also located there. On a lighthouse tower, an open platform called the gallery is often located outside the watch room (called the Main Gallery) or Lantern Room (Lantern Gallery). This was mainly used for cleaning the outside of the windows of the Lantern Room.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/ltcomp.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703130301/http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/ltcomp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2007 |title=Light Station Components |publisher=nps.gov }}</ref>

Lighthouses near to each other that are similar in shape are often painted in a unique pattern so they can easily be recognized during daylight, a marking known as a [[daymark]]. The black and white barber pole spiral pattern of [[Cape Hatteras Lighthouse]] is one example. [[Race Rocks Light]] in western Canada is painted in horizontal black and white bands to stand out against the horizon.

===Design===

For effectiveness, the lamp must be high enough to be seen before the danger is reached by a mariner. The minimum height is calculated by trigonometry (see [[Horizon#Distance to the horizon|Distance to the horizon]]) as <math alt="D is 1.22 times the square root of H"> D = 1.22 \sqrt {H} </math>, where ''H'' is the height above water in feet, and ''D'' is the distance from the lighthouse to the horizon in nautical miles, the '''lighthouse range'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Calculate the Distance to the Horizon |url=https://www.boatsafe.com/calculate-distance-horizon/}}</ref>

Where dangerous shoals are located far off a flat sandy beach, the prototypical tall masonry coastal lighthouse is constructed to assist the navigator making a landfall after an ocean crossing. Often these are cylindrical to reduce the effect of wind on a tall structure, such as [[Cape May Light]]. Smaller versions of this design are often used as harbor lights to mark the entrance into a harbor, such as [[New London Harbor Light]].

Where a tall cliff exists, a smaller structure may be placed on top such as at [[Horton Point Light]]. Sometimes, such a location can be too high, for example along the west coast of the United States, where frequent low clouds can obscure the light. In these cases, lighthouses are placed below the clifftop to ensure that they can still be seen at the surface during periods of fog or low clouds, as at [[Point Reyes Lighthouse]]. Another example is in [[San Diego]], [[California]]: the [[Old Point Loma lighthouse]] was too high up and often obscured by fog, so it was replaced in 1891 with a lower lighthouse, [[New Point Loma lighthouse]].{{Citation needed paragraph|date=May 2021}}

As technology advanced, prefabricated skeletal iron or steel structures tended to be used for lighthouses constructed in the 20th century. These often have a narrow cylindrical core surrounded by an open lattice work bracing, such as [[Finns Point Range Light]].

Sometimes a lighthouse needs to be constructed in the water itself. Wave-washed lighthouses are masonry structures constructed to withstand water impact, such as [[Eddystone Lighthouse]] in Britain and the [[St. George Reef Light]] of California. In shallower bays, [[Screw-pile lighthouse]] ironwork structures are screwed into the seabed and a low wooden structure is placed above the open framework, such as [[Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse]]. As screw piles can be disrupted by ice, steel caisson lighthouses such as [[Orient Point Light]] are used in cold climates. [[Orient Long Beach Bar Light]] (Bug Light) is a blend of a screw pile light that was converted to a caisson light because of the threat of ice damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/constype/constype.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703164106/http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/constype/constype.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2007|title=Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Skeletal iron towers with screw-pile foundations were built on the [[Florida Reef#Shipwrecks and lighthouses|Florida Reef]] along the Florida Keys, beginning with the [[Carysfort Reef Light]] in 1852.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Love|title=Reef Lights|publisher=The Historic Key West Preservation Board|year=1982|isbn=0-943528-03-8|location=Key West, Florida}}</ref>

In waters too deep for a conventional structure, a [[Lightvessel|lightship]] might be used instead of a lighthouse, such as the former [[United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604)|lightship ''Columbia'']]. Most of these have now been replaced by fixed light platforms (such as [[Ambrose Light]]) similar to those used for offshore [[oil exploration]].<ref name="nps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/maritime/index.htm|title=Maritime Heritage Program | National Park Service|website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>

===Range lights===
{{main|Range lights}}
[[File:Margaree Harbour Range Lights.jpg|right|thumb|Range Lights in [[Margaree Harbour, Nova Scotia]]. When a vessel is on the correct course, the two lights align one above the other.]]
Aligning two fixed points on land provides a navigator with a [[line of position]] called a range in North America and a [[navigational transit|transit]] in Britain. Ranges can be used to precisely align a vessel within a narrow channel such as a river. With landmarks of a range illuminated with a set of fixed lighthouses, nighttime navigation is possible.

Such paired lighthouses are called [[Leading lights|range lights]] in North America and [[leading lights]] in the United Kingdom. The closer light is referred to as the beacon or front range; the further light is called the rear range. The rear range light is almost always taller than the front.

When a vessel is on the correct course, the two lights align vertically, but when the observer is out of position, the difference in alignment indicates the direction of travel to correct the course.

===Location===
[[File:Faro Les Éclaireurs, Ushuaia 11.JPG|thumb|The [[Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse]] in [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]].]]
[[File:Kapu Beach Lighthouse .jpg|thumb|[[Kapu, Karnataka|Lighthouse]] located on a higher mound in India]]
[[File:Europa Point Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Lighthouse at [[Europa Point]], [[Gibraltar]]]]
There are two types of lighthouses: ones that are located on land, and ones that are offshore. 

''Offshore Lighthouses'' are lighthouses that are not close to land.<ref name="SeaGirt">{{Citation | title = Lighthouse Terminology Part 2 | work = Sea Girt Lighthouse | url = http://www.seagirtlighthouse.com/page/Lighthouse-Terminology-Part-2.aspx | postscript = . | quote = A lighthouse located offshore, built on a foundation of pilings, rocks or caissons. | access-date = 15 February 2013 | archive-date = 4 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404003030/http://www.seagirtlighthouse.com/page/Lighthouse-Terminology-Part-2.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> There can be a number of reasons for these lighthouses to be built. Offshore lighthouses are commonly used to project sovereignty or territorial assertions over maritime claims, often having manifested as early public services and state building.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Allen S. |date=2010 |title="The Lighthouse Top I See": Lighthouses as Instruments and Manifestations of State Building in the Early Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839333 |journal=Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=13–34 |issn=1936-0886}}</ref> Examples of such lighthouses include the [[Raffles Lighthouse]] which asserts Singapore's southern maritime claims, the [[Subi Reef]] lighthouse which asserts the disputed Chinese claim over the South China Seas, and [[Machias Seal Island]] lighthouse which affirms Canada's disputed claim in its boundary dispute with the United States of America in the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy. There can be a [[shoal]], [[reef]] or submerged [[island]] several miles from land.

The current [[Cordouan Lighthouse]] was completed in 1611, {{convert|7|km|mi}} from the shore on a small islet, but was built on a previous lighthouse that can be traced back to the 880s and is the oldest surviving lighthouse in [[France]]. It is connected to the mainland by a causeway. The oldest surviving oceanic offshore lighthouse is [[Bell Rock Lighthouse]] in the [[North Sea]], off the coast of [[Scotland]].<ref name="Cadbury2012">{{Citation | last1 = Cadbury | first1 = Deborah | title = Seven Wonders of the Industrial World | edition = Text only | publisher = HarperCollins UK | page = 106 | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0007388929 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KHhkY0XVXFwC&pg=PA106 | postscript= .}}</ref>

==Maintenance==
{{see also|Lighthouse keeper}}

===Asia and Oceania===
In [[Australia]], lighthouses are conducted by the [[Australian Maritime Safety Authority]].

In [[India]], lighthouses are maintained by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships, an office of the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/WriteReadData/Publication/Publication_Pdf_File/LighthousesofIndia(2).pdf|title =Indian Lighthouses - An Overview|access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships|author =R.K. Bhanti}}</ref>
===Europe===
The former Soviet government built a number of automated lighthouses powered by [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s in remote locations in northern Russia. They operated for long periods without external support with great reliability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atomicinsights.com/sep96/materials.html|title=RTG Heat Sources: Two Proven Materials - Atomic Insights|date=1 September 1996|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> However, numerous installations deteriorated, were stolen, or vandalized. Some cannot be found due to poor record-keeping.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators – Bellona |url=http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613062909/http://bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |archive-date=June 13, 2006}}</ref>

The [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] together have three bodies: lighthouses around the coasts of England and Wales are looked after by [[Trinity House]], those around Scotland and the Isle of Man by the [[Northern Lighthouse Board]] and those around Ireland by the [[Commissioners of Irish Lights]].

===North America===
In Canada, lighthouses are managed by the [[Canadian Coast Guard]].

In the United States, lighthouses are maintained by the [[United States Coast Guard]], into which the [[United States Lighthouse Service]] was merged in 1939.<ref name="nps"/>
==Preservation==
As lighthouses became less essential to navigation, many of their historic structures faced demolition or neglect. In the United States, the [[National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act]] of 2000 provides for the transfer of lighthouse structures to local governments and private non-profit groups, while the USCG continues to maintain the lamps and lenses. In Canada, the [[Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society]] won heritage status for [[Sambro Island Lighthouse]], and sponsored the [[Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act]] to change Canadian federal laws to protect lighthouses.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.heritagecanada.org/eng/featured/current.html
|title = Lighthouse Bill Protecting Our Lighthouses – The Icons of Canada's Maritime Heritage
|publisher = Canadian Heritage Foundation
|work = Featured Heritage Buildings
|author = Douglas Franklin
|access-date = 10 June 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513182532/http://www.heritagecanada.org/eng/featured/current.html
|archive-date = 13 May 2008
}}</ref>

Many groups have formed to restore and save lighthouses around the world, including the [[World Lighthouse Society]] and the [[United States Lighthouse Society]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uslhs.org/|title=Home | United States Lighthouse Society|website=uslhs.org}}</ref> as well as the [[Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society]], which sends amateur radio operators to publicize the preservation of remote lighthouses throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arlhs.com/|title=Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society – Contacting the Light Beacons of the World|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Oceans}}
*[[Marine navigation]]
*[[Aviation obstruction lighting]]
*[[Crib lighthouse]]
*[[Day beacon]]
*[[Foghorn]]
*[[Fresnel lens#Lighthouse lens sizes|Fresnel lens sizes (orders)]]
*[[Lens lantern]]
*[[Lighthouse keeper]]
*[[Lists of lighthouses]]
*[[Lists of lightvessels]]
*[[Pharology]]
*[[Pintsch gas]]
*[[Sea mark]]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Crompton">Crompton & Rhein (2002)</ref>
<ref name=mhp>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/light/admin.htm
| title = Lighthouses: An Administrative History
| work = Maritime Heritage Program – Lighthouse Heritage
| publisher = U.S. National Park Service
| access-date = 10 June 2008
}}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
* Bathurst, Bella. ''The lighthouse Stevensons''. New York: Perennial, 2000. {{ISBN|0-06-093226-0}}
* Beaver, Patrick. ''A History of Lighthouses''. London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1971. {{ISBN|0-432-01290-7}}.
* Crompton, Samuel, W; Rhein, Michael, J. ''The Ultimate Book of Lighthouses''. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-59223-102-0}}.
* Jones, Ray; Roberts, Bruce. ''American Lighthouses''. Globe Pequot, 1998. 1st ed. {{ISBN|0-7627-0324-5}}.
* Stevenson, D. Alan. ''The world's lighthouses before 1820''. London: [[Oxford University Press]], 1959.

== Further reading ==
* Noble, Dennis. ''Lighthouses & Keepers: U. S. Lighthouse Service and Its Legacy''. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1997. {{ISBN|1-55750-638-8}}.
* Putnam, George R. ''Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933.
* Rawlings, William. 2021. ''Lighthouses of the Georgia Coast.'' Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
* Weiss, George. ''The Lighthouse Service, Its History, Activities and Organization''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1926.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Lighthouses}}
{{Wiktionary|lighthouse}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lighthouses}}
*[http://unitedstateslighthouses.com United States Lighthouses]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=sygDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1931+plane&pg=PA66 "Lighthouses Of Strange Designs, December 1930, Popular Science]
*{{cite rowlett|index}} Research tool with details of over 14,700 lighthouses and navigation lights around the world with photos and links.
*Pharology Website: [http://www.pharology.eu Pharology: The Study of Lighthouses] . Reference source for the history and development of lighthouses of the world.
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lighthouse |volume=16 |pages=627–651 |first1=W. T. |last1=Douglass |first2=N. G. |last2=Gedye |short=1}} Includes 54 diagrams and photographs.

{{Lighthouses}}
{{Lightvessels}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lighthouses| ]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek technology]]
[[Category:Egyptian inventions]]
[[Category:Greek inventions]]
[[Category:Maritime safety]]

Tractors India

2026-03-22T00:06:58Z

Marinavan: New New Post Added Tags!

{{About|an Indian company||Tractors in India}}
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| embed =
}}

'''Tractors India Private Ltd. (TIPL or TIL)''' is India's oldest [[Crane (machine)|crane]] manufacturer company.<ref name="one">{{Cite web |title=From Rs 431 Crore Loss to Recovery: Inside TIL’s Comeback |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/from-crisis-to-growth-130532 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=autocarpro.in |publisher=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TIL to target global markets for new crane line |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/til-to-target-global-markets-for-new-crane-line |website=constructionweekonline.in |publisher=Construction Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Paul |date=July 31, 2025 |title=TIL on target |url=https://www.worldcargonews.com/cargo-handling-equipment/2025/07/til-on-target/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=WorldCargo News |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821022436/https://www.worldcargonews.com/cargo-handling-equipment/2025/07/til-on-target/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="two">{{Cite web |title=Gainwell Group takes over management control of TIL Ltd after Rs 120 cr investment |url=https://theprint.in/economy/gainwell-group-takes-over-management-control-of-til-ltd-after-rs-120-cr-investment/1937918/ |publisher=ThePrint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tractors India gets part of the expanded mining distribution business from Caterpillar |url=https://im-mining.com/2014/03/28/tractors-india-gets-part-of-the-expanded-cat-mining-distribution-business-from-caterpillar/ |website=im-mining.com |publisher=International Mining |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
It was established in 1944 by three [[Scottish people|Scotsmen]], Alan Ramsay, Charles Porter, and Robert Wilson. Tractors India was started as an [[Authorized service provider|authorized dealer]] for [[Caterpillar Inc.]].<ref name="one"/>

Tractors India was one of the first companies to introduce American earthmoving technology to India.<ref name="one"/>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=TIL at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]]
|width=175 | height=175 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (112).jpg
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (113).jpg
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (114).jpg
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Crane manufacturers]]
[[Category:Construction equipment manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1944]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Football at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games

2026-03-21T18:29:31Z

Marinavan: refine section further and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox International Football Competition
| tourney_name = Afro-Asian Games Football Tournament
| year = 2003
| yearr =
| other_titles =
| image = Football_pictogram.svg
| size = 200px
| caption =
| city = Hyderabad
| country = India
| dates = 22–31 October 2003
| num_teams = 7
| confederations = 2
| venues = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| cities =
| champion_other = {{fbu|23|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
| count =
| second = India
| third = Zimbabwe
| third_other =
| fourth = Rwanda
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| top_scorer = {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Albert Mbano]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[I. M. Vijayan]] (4 goals each)
}}
'''[[Association football|Football]]''' at the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]] was held in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]] from 22 to 31 October 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|title=Afro-Asian Games 2003|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=2001}}</ref> The football preliminaries commenced two days before the Opening Ceremony of the Games.

The football tournament was a men's-only event. Eight teams were set to participate, but only seven played. The [[Uzbekistan national under-23 football team|Uzbekistan U-21]] youth team were the gold medalists beating the host country [[India national football team|India]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-national-team-performance-african-opponents/blt96984fe7d939944d|title=How have the Indian national team performed against African opponents?|access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> The host country took silver, while [[Zimbabwe national football team|Zimbabwe]] won bronze.

==Original setting and withdrawals==

Initially, eight teams were set to participate in the football events - [[India national football team|Burkina Faso]], [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]], [[India national football team|India]], [[Rwanda national football team|Rwanda]], [[Zimbabwe national football team|Zimbabwe]], the U-21 youth teams of [[Uzbekistan national under-23 football team|Uzbekistan]] and [[Malaysia national under-23 football team|Malaysia]], and the U-23 youth team of [[Malavan F.C.]] which is an Iranian football club that represented their country.

[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] withdrew, and [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] was chosen as the replacement. However, just before the preliminaries, Ghana pulled out of the event, leaving only seven teams participating.

==Venues==

The football events were held in two stadiums - the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], which was the main stadium of the Games; and the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]. The football finals were held in the latter stadium.

==Group A==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150 |Team
!width=20 abbr="Played" |{{Tooltip| Pld | Total games played}}
!width=20 abbr="Won" |{{Tooltip| W | Total games won}}
!width=20 abbr="Drawn" |{{Tooltip| D | Total games drawn (tied)}}
!width=20 abbr="Lost" |{{Tooltip| L | Total games lost}}
!width=20 abbr="Goals for" |{{Tooltip| GF | total goals scored (goals for)}}
!width=20 abbr="Goals against" |{{Tooltip| GA | total goals conceded (goals against)}}
!width=20 abbr="Goal difference" |{{Tooltip| GD | Goals difference (GF–GA)}}
!width=20 abbr="Points" |{{Tooltip| Pts | Total points accumulated (3W+D)}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|India}}
|2||2||0||0||5||2||3||'''6'''
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|Rwanda}}
|2||1||0||1||3||4||1||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align="left"|{{fbu|23|MAS|name=Malaysia U-21}}
|2||0||0||2||1||4||−3||'''0'''
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align="left"|{{fb|Ghana}}
|colspan="8"|''Withdrew''
|}

===Matches===
{{football box
|date = '''22 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fb|India}}
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|Rwanda}}
|goals1 = [[I. M. Vijayan|Vijayan]] {{goal|13}} [[Muttath Suresh|M. Suresh]] {{goal|54}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 = Aziz Balinda {{goal|61}}
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
-----
{{football box
|date = '''24 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fb|India}}
|score = 2–0
|report =
|team2 = {{fbu|23|MAS|name=Malaysia U-21}}
|goals1 = [[Jatin Singh Bisht|Jatin ]] {{goal|50}} [[I. M. Vijayan|Vijayan]] {{goal|64}}
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
-----
{{football box
|date = '''26 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fb|Rwanda}}
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fbu|23|MAS|name=Malaysia U-21}}
|goals1 =
Jimmy Iraguha {{goal|81||87}}
|goals2 =
[[Mohd Amri Yahyah|Yahyah]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Group B==
Iran were represented by U-23 club side [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150 |Team
!width=20 abbr="Played" |{{Tooltip| Pld | Total games played}}
!width=20 abbr="Won" |{{Tooltip| W | Total games won}}
!width=20 abbr="Drawn" |{{Tooltip| D | Total games drawn (tied)}}
!width=20 abbr="Lost" |{{Tooltip| L | Total games lost}}
!width=20 abbr="Goals for" |{{Tooltip| GF | total goals scored (goals for)}}
!width=20 abbr="Goals against" |{{Tooltip| GA | total goals conceded (goals against)}}
!width=20 abbr="Goal difference" |{{Tooltip| GD | Goals difference (GF–GA)}}
!width=20 abbr="Points" |{{Tooltip| Pts | Total points accumulated (3W+D)}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
|3||2||1||0||3||1||2||'''7'''
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|Zimbabwe}}
|3||1||2||0||6||3||3||'''5'''
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align="left"|{{fb|Burkina Faso}}
|3||1||0||2||3||6||−3||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan U-23]]
|3||0||1||2||2||4||−2||'''1'''
|}

===Matches===
{{football box
|date = '''23 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Zimbabwe}}
|score = 4–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|Burkina Faso}}
|goals1 = Prince Vusumuzi Nyoni {{goal|3||74}} Albert Mbano {{goal|26||82}}
|goals2 = Barro Samba Seydou {{goal|16}}
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = '''23 October'''
| time =
| team1 = [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan U-23]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
| score = 0–1
| report =
| team2 = {{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Marat Bikmoev {{goal|48}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
-----
{{football box
| date = '''25 October'''
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|Zimbabwe}}
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan U-23]]
| goals1 = Brian Badza {{goal|3}}
| goals2 = Seyed Jalal Hosseini-Khoshkbijari {{goal|59|pen.}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box
|date = '''25 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Burkina Faso}}
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Yaroslav Krushilnitskiy {{goal|66}}
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{football box
|date = '''27 October'''
|time =
|team1 = {{fbu-rt|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fb|Zimbabwe}}
|goals1 = Ilkom Suyunov {{goal|50}}
|goals2 = Leonard Tsipa {{goal|17}}
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = '''27 October'''
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|Burkina Faso}}
| score = 2–1
| report =
| team2 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan U-23]]
| goals1 = Abdul Moctar Diallo {{goal}} Germain Bationo{{goal}}
| goals2 = Germain Bationo {{goal|o.g.}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

==Knockout stage==

=== Bracket ===
{{Round4 | align="center"


| | '''{{fb|IND}}'''|'''5'''|{{fb|ZIM}}|3
| | '''{{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}'''|'''2'''|{{fb|RWA}}|1

| | {{fb|IND}}|0|'''{{fbu|23|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}'''|1
|}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2003|10|29|df=y}}
| team1 = {{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
| team2 = {{fb|RWA}}
| time =
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 1
| goals1 =
*Mansur Saidov {{goal|63}}
*Konstantin Boev {{goal|102}}
| report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html
| goals2 =
*[[Jimmy Mulisa|Mulisa]] {{goal|73}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
| location = Hyderabad
}}

{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2003|10|29|df=y}}
| team1 = {{fb|IND}}
| team2 = {{fb|ZIM}}
| time =
| score1 = 5
| score2 = 3
| goals1 =
*[[I. M. Vijayan|Vijayan]] {{goal|25||33}}
*[[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|41||83|pen.}}
*[[Renedy Singh|R.Singh]] {{goal|58}}
| report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html
| goals2 =
*[[Albert Mbano|Mbano]] {{goal|5}}
*Edmore Mashiri {{goal|81|pen.}}
*Simon Chipunza {{goal|87}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
| location = Hyderabad
}}

===Third place match===
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2003|10|31|df=y}}
| team1 = {{fb|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{fb|RWA}}
| time =
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 2 
| aet = yes
|penaltyscore = 5–3
| goals1 =
*Prince Vusumuzi Nyoni {{goal|65}}
*[[Albert Mbano|Mbano]] {{goal|90}}
| report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html
| goals2 =
*Hassan Milly {{goal|37}}
*Jimmy Iraguha {{goal|75}}
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
| location = Hyderabad
}}

=== Final ===
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2003|10|31|df=y}}
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{fbu|21|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
| time =
| score1 = 0
| score2 = 1
| goals1 =
| report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html
| goals2 =
[[Islom Inomov]] {{goal|90}}
| stadium = Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
| attendance =
| referee = Lu Chun ([[Chinese Football Association|China]])
| location = Hyderabad
}}

==Overall ranking==

{| class="wikitable" align="center" border="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Results'''
! colspan="8" width="10%" | Teams
|-
! width="8%" | {{fbu|23|UZB|name=Uzbekistan U-21}}
! width="8%" | {{fb|India}}
! width="8%" | {{fb|Zimbabwe}}
! width="8%" |{{fb|Rwanda}}
! width="8%" |{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Malavan F.C.|Malavan U-23]]
! width="8%" |{{fb|Burkina Faso}}
! width="8%" |{{fbu|23|MAS|name=Malaysia U-21}}
! width="8%" |{{fb|Ghana}}
|-
! rowspan="14" |
! colspan="8" | '''Quarter-finals''' || rowspan="14"| ''Withdrew''
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Victories
| style="text-align:centre; background:#f2f2f2;" | 1 || '''2''' || 1 || style="text-align:centre; background:#efefef;" | 1 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Losses
| style="text-align:centre; background:#f2f2f2;" | 1 || 0 || 0 || style="text-align:centre; background:#efefef;" | 1 || 1 || '''2''' || '''2'''
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Draws
| style="text-align:centre; background:#f2f2f2;" | 1 || 0 || '''2''' || style="text-align:centre; background:#efefef;" | 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
|- bgcolor="ccccfff"
| style="text-align:left; background:ccccfff;" | ''Points''
| style="text-align:centre; background:ccccfff;" | '''7''' || 6 || 5 || style="text-align:centre; background:ccccfff;" | 3 || 3 || 3 || 0
|-
! colspan="8" | '''Semi-finals'''
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | '''Semifinalists'''
| style="text-align:centre; background:#f2f2f2;" | [[File:Green tick.svg|20 px]] || [[File:Green tick.svg|20 px]] || [[File:Green tick.svg|20 px]] || [[File:Green tick.svg|20 px]] || style="text-align:centre; background:#efefef;" | – || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
|- bgcolor="ccccfff"
| style="text-align:left; background:ccccfff;" | ''Points''
| style="text-align:centre; background:ccccfff;" | '''3''' || '''3''' || 0 || style="text-align:centre; background:ccccfff;" | 0 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
|-
!colspan="8" | '''Final'''
|- bgcolor="#FFDEAD"
| style="text-align:left; background:#FFDEAD;" | '''''Finalists'''''
| style="text-align:centre; background:#FFDEAD;" | [[File:Green tick pointed.svg|20 px]] || [[File:Green tick pointed.svg|20 px]] || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
|-
!colspan="8" | '''''Final Statistics'''''
|- bgcolor="#EEDC82"
| style="text-align:left; background:#EEDC82;" | '''Ranking'''
| style="text-align:centre; background:#EEDC82;" | '''1''' || style="text-align:centre; background:#EEDC82;" | '''2''' || '''3''' || '''4''' || '''5''' || '''6''' || '''7'''
|- bgcolor="#FFDEAD"
| style="text-align:left; background:#FFDEAD;" | '''Medal'''
| style="text-align:centre; background:#FFDEAD;" | [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|10px]]'''Gold''' || [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|10px]]'''Silver''' || [[File:Bronze medal blank.svg|10px]]'''Bronze''' || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | '''Total points'''
| style="text-align:centre; background:#f2f2f2;" | '''13''' || 9 || 5 || style="text-align:centre; background:#efefef;" | 3 || 3 || 3 || 0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|title=''[[Afro-Asian Games]]'' Host City
|before= -
| after=''[[2nd Afro-Asian Games|Algiers]]''
|years=''I Afro-Asian Games'' (2003)
}}
{{S-end}}

{{EventsAt2003Afro-AsianGames}}
[[Category:2003 in Asian football|A]]
[[Category:2003 in African football|As]]
[[Category:2003 Afro-Asian Games]]
[[Category:Football at the Afro-Asian Games|2003]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by India|2003]]

Sky Sports

2026-03-16T18:59:44Z

Marinavan: refine content per standard format and added references per standard format

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|British television channels}}
{{About||other uses|Sky Sport (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|The Sports Channel|other television channels relating to sports|List of sports television channels}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sky Sports
| logo = Sky Sports 2025.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1990|03|27|df=yes}}
| replaced = [[Eurosport 1|Eurosport]] (1989–1991)
| picture_format = [[1080p]] [[MPEG-4]] [[HDTV]] [[4K resolution|4K]]
| country = United Kingdom
| owner = [[Sky Group]] ([[Comcast]])
| area = United Kingdom Ireland
| headquarters = [[Sky Campus]], [[Isleworth]], [[London]], [[England]]
| former_names = The Sports Channel (1990–1991)
| sister_channels = [[Sky UK#Television channels|List of Sky UK channels]]
| website = [https://www.sky.com/tv/sports sky.com/tv/sports] [https://www.skysports.com skysports.com]
| online_serv_1 = [[Sky Go]]
| online_chan_1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140528023020/http://go.sky.com/vod/page/default/home.do Watch live] (UK and Ireland only)
| online_serv_2 = [[Now (Sky)|Now TV]]
| online_chan_2 = [https://www.nowtv.com/ Watch live] (UK and Ireland only)
| online_serv_3 = Virgin TV Go
| online_chan_3 = [http://virgintvgo.virginmedia.com/en/tv/watch-tv.html Watch live] (UK only)
}}

'''Sky Sports''' is a group of British [[broadcasting of sports events|subscription sports channels]] operated by the [[satellite television|satellite]] [[pay television]] company [[Sky Group]] (a division of [[Comcast]]), and is the dominant subscription television sports brand in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It has played a major role in the increased commercialisation of British sport since 1991, and has sometimes played a large role inducing organisational changes in the sports it broadcasts, most notably when it encouraged the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] to break away from the [[English Football League|Football League]] to form the [[Premier League]] in 1992.

Sky Sports Main Event, Premier League, Football, Cricket, Golf, F1, Action, Tennis and + are available as a premium package on top of the basic Sky package. These services are also available as premium channels on nearly every satellite, [[cable television|cable]] and [[IPTV]] broadcasting system in the United Kingdom and Ireland. [[Sky Sports News]], [[Sky Sports Racing]] and Sky Sports Mix are all provided as part of basic packages. The Sky Sports network is managed by Jonathan Licht.

==History==
{{Further|Timeline of Sky Sports}}

===1989–1991: Predecessors===
Sky Television launched on 5 February 1989 and one of its four channels was [[Eurosport]], which it co-founded with the [[European Broadcasting Union]]. However, in 1991, Eurosport was the subject of a complaint by the competitor [[Screensport (TV channel)|Screensport]], who argued the effect of restricting and distorting competition in the sports market and Sky pulled out of the venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991D0130:EN:NOT|title = EUR-Lex – 31991D0130 – EN|access-date = 25 February 2015|website = European Union}}</ref> Also in the same year, it was sold to the [[TF1 Group]] and merged with Screensport two years later.

[[British Satellite Broadcasting]] operated '''The Sports Channel''', which launched on 27 March 1990. It broadcast part-time hours, especially during the week, and it therefore timeshared with [[The Computer Channel (BSB)|The Computer Channel]], which broadcast in the early mornings when it was off-air. That same year (2 November), BSB merged with [[Sky Television (1984–1990)|Sky Television]] to form [[Sky UK|British Sky Broadcasting]].

===1991–1998: Beginnings===
{{Infobox television channel
| name = The Sports Channel
| country = United Kingdom
| area = United Kingdom Ireland
| owner = [[British Satellite Broadcasting]] (1990) [[British Sky Broadcasting]] (1990-1991)
| language = [[English language|English]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1990|03|27|df=yes}}
| closed_date = {{end date and age|1991|04|20|df=yes}}
| replaced_by = Sky Sports
}}
The Sports Channel was renamed '''Sky Sports''' on 20 April 1991 and began broadcasting to Sky viewers via the newly launched [[Astra 1B]] satellite on that date. It continued to transmit on BSB's [[Thor (satellite)|Marcopolo satellite]]. The channel was sold as one of the major draws of the Sky system and initially aired sports such as [[Rugby football|rugby]] and golf before acquiring rights to [[Fußball-Bundesliga|German]] and [[Serie A|Italian league]] football (both previously carried over from the Sports Channel). The channel was initially [[encryption|encrypted]]. It was broadcast free-to-view but an analogue [[VideoCrypt]] decoder was required to watch the channel. Since VideoCrypt decoders were only officially available within the United Kingdom, this measure was intended to prevent viewing of the service outside the United Kingdom and Ireland.

However, it was following the formation of the [[Premier League]] for the 1992/93 football season, believed to have been assisted by the promise of higher television payments, that Sky Sports became well known. By bidding £304 million, BSkyB beat [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] to acquire the exclusive live Premier League [[association football|football]] broadcasting rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland for a five-year period. In doing so, they had taken live top-flight English league football from terrestrial and [[free-to-air]] television for the first time. At this point, from 1 September 1992, Sky Sports became a monthly subscription channel and was sold either on a standalone basis, or at a reduced price if taken with Sky's movie channels.

On 19 August 1994, a secondary channel called Sky Sports 2 was launched, although it initially only aired at weekends. On 1 November 1995, Sky launched a classic sports service called Sky Sports Gold, however it was ceased broadcasting after only a year on the air. On 16 August 1996, Sky launched Sky Sports 3, and soon after on 1 September the original channel was renamed to Sky Sports 1. This meant that Sky could accommodate a substantial new set of rights that it had recent acquired, which included the [[English Football League]], the [[EFL Cup|League Cup]] and Scottish football. On 1 September 1997, Sky Sports 2 became a full-time service.

===1998–2017: Digital era===
[[File:Sky Sports viewing figures.png|right|200px|thumb|Sky Sports share of viewing 2000–08]]
[[File:Sky Sports 2007 logo.svg|right|200px|thumb|Sky Sports former logo]]
With the launch of the Sky Digital satellite platform on 1 October 1998, Sky Sports launched [[Sky Sports News]], a channel carrying rolling sports news coverage, followed by Sky Sports Xtra (later branded as Sky Sports 4 since 2010, then Sky Sports Golf since 2017) in August 1999.

During a Premier League match between [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] on 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched an [[interactive television]] service known as [[Sky Sports Active]] via the digital platform, allowing viewers to watch matches with access to additional on-screen statistics, and a choice of alternate camera angles and replays. Sky also expected to extend the interactive services to other sports for the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/418668.stm|title='Play TV' on the way|website=BBC News|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/aug/13/newsstory.sport|title=Now armchair fans get to control what they watch|last=Chaudhary|first=Vivek|date=12 August 1999|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On 25 January 2011, Sky Sports' Premier League football coverage was at the centre of controversy when footage emerged of long serving presenters [[Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955)|Andy Gray]] and [[Richard Keys]] making comments perceived as sexist where Gray was sacked over the comments,<ref>[http://metro.co.uk/2011/01/25/andy-gray-sacked-after-charlotte-jackson-video-emerges-following-sian-massey-sexism-row-633036/ Andy Gray sacked for offensive behaviour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164422/http://metro.co.uk/2011/01/25/andy-gray-sacked-after-charlotte-jackson-video-emerges-following-sian-massey-sexism-row-633036/ |date=1 July 2017 }} Metro.co.uk, 25 January 2011</ref> and fellow reporter [[Andy Burton (TV presenter)|Andy Burton]] was suspended by Sky due to his involvement in the sexist comments made about a female assistant referee [[Sian Massey]], which also involved Gray and Keys.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jan/25/sky-andy-burton-suspended-sian-massey|title=Sky reporter Andy Burton dropped in wake of Sian Massey comments|last=Gibson|first=Owen|date=25 January 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, unlike Gray and Keys, Burton later returned to his regular duties at Sky.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/9108625/Jamie-Carragher-1-Andy-Burton-0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/9108625/Jamie-Carragher-1-Andy-Burton-0.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jamie Carragher 1 Andy Burton 0|work=Telegraph|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 29 July 2011, it was announced that Sky Sports had acquired rights to [[Formula One]] racing from 2012 through 2018, with the [[BBC]] to share free-to-air rights to roughly half of the events and have highlights rights for the remainder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jul/29/bbc-sky-share-f1-broadcast-rights|title=BBC and Sky to share F1 broadcast rights|last=Plunkett|first=John|date=29 July 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9550930.stm|title=BBC and Sky awarded rights in new Formula 1 deal|website=BBC Sport|date=29 July 2011|language=en-GB|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> Sky subsequently announced that it would introduce a new channel dedicated specifically to its coverage, [[Sky Sports F1]], which would air practices, qualifying and advert-free coverage of each race; the service was made available at no extra charge to all Sky high-definition subscribers, regardless of whether they were a Sky Sports subscriber.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/25/sky-f1-channel-hd|title=Sky to launch F1 channel in HD|last=Plunkett|first=John|date=25 November 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sky extended its contract from 2016 to last through 2024; beginning in 2019, Sky became the exclusive broadcaster of all F1 races excluding the British GP which will also be broadcast on the free-to-air [[Channel 4]] (who also hold rights for all the highlights races).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/23/sky-buys-exclusive-rights-to-all-formula-one|title=Sky buys exclusive rights to all Formula One|last=Jackson|first=Jasper|date=23 March 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On 12 August 2014, Sky launched a new channel called Sky Sports 5, which would be dedicated primarily to European football, including [[UEFA European Championship]] qualifiers, [[La Liga]] and [[Eredivisie]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rumsby |first=Ben |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/10888216/Sky-Sports-to-launch-new-European-football-channel.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/10888216/Sky-Sports-to-launch-new-European-football-channel.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Sky Sports to launch new European football channel |publisher=The Telegraph |date=10 June 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 24 August 2016, Sky launched Sky Sports Mix, a new channel designed to offer a shop-window of content from the full range of Sky Sports networks to those who are not subscribers. On Sky, the channel is included as a basic service with all plans, and was also available on certain [[Virgin Media]] packages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/sky-sports-to-launch-new-channel-which-will-offer-free-premier-league-matches-34552857.html|title=Sky Sports to launch new channel which will offer free Premier League matches|work=The Independent|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/12040/10543289/new-channel-sky-sports-mix-to-launch-on-wednesday|title=New channel Sky Sports Mix launches today|work=Sky Sports|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===2017–present: Channel re-alignment and expansion===
[[File:Chequerfield Hotel, The Circle, Pontefract temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic (1st June 2020) 004.jpg|thumb|right|Pubs which have Sky Sports often display it, such as this one in [[Chequerfield]], [[Pontefract]], [[West Yorkshire]].]]
On 18 July 2017, Sky re-aligned its sports channels, dropping the numbered services in favour of dedicated channels devoted to their core sports properties including cricket, Formula One, golf, and two football channels (with one specifically dedicated to the Premier League), and three channels dedicated to general sports coverage.<ref name="pocketlint-newsky">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/141570-10-new-sky-sports-channels-explained-what-they-are-and-how-to-get-them|title=10 new Sky Sports channels explained: What they are and how to get them|website=Pocket-lint|date=10 July 2017 |language=en|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian-newsky17"/> In addition, Sky announced that it would revise the pricing structure of the channels to make them more attractive to viewers; Sky customers can purchase up to three of the channels on an ''[[a la carte pay television|a la carte]]'' basis, or the entire bundle. Sky Sports Mix continued to air selected programming from across the channels as part of Sky's basic service. On Sky's [[Now (Sky)|Now TV]] service, the entire Sky Sports service continues to be available through the timed pass system. The availability and packaging of the new service varies on other providers.<ref name="pocketlint-newsky"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/sky-sports-football-channel-package-13251448|title=What you need to know about the new Sky Sports football channel and packages|last=Cooper|first=Matthew|date=18 July 2017|work=Manchester Evening News|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian-newsky17">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jun/27/sky-sports-channels-prices-football-golf-cricket|title=Sky Sports to replace numbered channels and slash prices in revamp|last=Sweney|first=Mark|date=27 June 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=28 June 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The American [[NBC Sports]] division became a sibling of Sky Sports following [[Comcast]]'s acquisition of Sky plc and on 29 January 2019, Sky and sister American pay television network [[NBCSN]] partnered on coverage of the [[transfer deadline]] ([[NBC]] holds the [[Premier League on NBC|Premier League rights in America]]), and the network later announced that it would add an hour-long simulcast of the Sky Sports News channel to its weekday morning line-up beginning 4 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awfulannouncing.com/nbc/first-nbc-sky-collaboration-since-comcast-bought-sky-is-premier-league-transfer-deadline-coverage.html|title=First major NBC-Sky collaboration is for extra Premier League transfer deadline coverage|date=29 January 2019|website=Awful Announcing|language=en-US|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awfulannouncing.com/nbc/nbcsn-will-replace-the-dan-patrick-show-with-a-pft-live-replay-and-an-hour-of-sky-sports-news.html|title=NBCSN will replace the Dan Patrick Show with a PFT Live replay and an hour of Sky Sports News|date=26 February 2019|website=Awful Announcing|language=en-US|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> For the PGA Tour's [[2019 Players Championship]], Sky Sports Golf trialled similar synergies with its new sister [[Golf Channel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/pga-players-championship-simulcast-nbc-sky-sports|title=The Players Championship to be simulcast on NBC Sports and Sky Sports|website=SportsPro|date=12 March 2019|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> For the [[2019–20 Premier League|2019–20 season]], NBC began more extensive on-air integration of Sky Sports resources into its American coverage of the Premier League, including adding Sky's studio programmes to its [[NBC Sports Gold|"Premier League Pass"]] subscription service, adoption of on-air presentation reminiscent of Sky, and originating coverage from Sky's studio during the opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldsoccertalk.com/2019/08/09/nbc-embarks-tighter-relationship-sky-sports-enhance-premier-league-coverage/|title=NBC embarks on tighter relationship with Sky Sports to enhance Premier League coverage|last=Harris|first=Christopher|date=9 August 2019|website=World Soccer Talk|language=en-US|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awfulannouncing.com/nbc/nbcs-premier-league-pass-now-includes-some-sky-programming-other-shoulder-coverage.html|title=NBC's Premier League Pass now includes some Sky programming, other shoulder coverage|date=9 July 2019|website=Awful Announcing|language=en-US|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

In May 2021, Jonathan Licht became the managing director of Sky Sports.

In May 2023, Sky renewed its rights to the EFL through 2028–29 for £935 million, announcing that it planned to televise over a thousand matches per-season via linear television and streaming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Max |title=Sky Sports to air over 1000 games-a-season in £935m EFL renewal |url=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/broadcasting/sky-sports-to-air-over-1000-games-a-season-in-935m-efl-renewal/5181694.article |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Broadcast |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, Sky announced "Sky Sports+", a new streaming platform that will house its expanded EFL and tennis rights, among other properties; the platform will be capable of streaming up to 100 concurrent programmes. Sky also announced that one of its channels would also be rebranded under the Sky Sports+ name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bickerton |first=Jake |date=2024-05-08 |title=Sky introduces Sky Sports+ |url=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/broadcasting/sky-introduces-sky-sports/5193159.article |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Broadcast |language=en}}</ref> The new service launched on 8 August and the channel which was rebranded was Sky Sports Arena.

In November 2025 Sky Sports launched a new [[TikTok]] channel called ''Sky Halo'', intended to promote women’s sport to younger audiences. Within a few days of its launch the channel was taken down following widespread criticism. Coverage in outlets including [[BBC]] News, [[CNN]] and [[The Guardian]] reported that viewers had condemned some of the content as sexist and out of touch with the way women’s sport is usually presented. Marketing Week later described the project as a failed brand launch and argued that the tone and creative execution of the channel had been badly misjudged.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Topping |first1=Alexandra |last2=reporter |first2=Alexandra Topping Senior news |date=2025-11-16 |title=Sky Sports ditches 'unbelievably sexist' TikTok channel Halo after three days |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2025/nov/16/sky-sports-axes-unbelievably-sexist-tiktok-channel-halo-after-three-days |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Sky Sports axes 'sexist' TikTok channel Halo after three days |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdrz8g7evyxo |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ronald |first=Issy |date=2025-11-17 |title=Sky Sports ditches new women's TikTok account after viewers brand it 'sexist' and 'patronizing' {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/17/media/sky-sports-womens-tiktok-account-intl-scli |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==Channels==
The Sky Sports network has thirteen main channels <ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporate.sky.com/media-centre/news-page/2017/new-sky-sports-line-up-gives-customers-more-choice-and-channels-at-the-same-price-and-individual-channel-packs-for-the-first-time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822222126/https://corporate.sky.com/media-centre/news-page/2017/new-sky-sports-line-up-gives-customers-more-choice-and-channels-at-the-same-price-and-individual-channel-packs-for-the-first-time |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2017 |title=New Sky Sports line-up gives customers more choice and channels at the same price and individual channel packs for the first time |publisher=Sky plc |date=10 July 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 }}</ref> (with a fourteenth channel for [[EE TV]]):
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! colspan=2|Content
! rowspan=2|Notes
|-
! Dedication
! Other
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Main Event}}
| '''Sky Sports Main Event'''|| Flagship events
| Simulcasts [[Sky Sports News]] outside live events|| [[Association football|Football]] • [[F1]] • [[boxing]] • [[Rugby football|rugby]] • [[cricket]] • etc.
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Premier League}}
| '''Sky Sports Premier League'''|| [[Premier League]]
|[[Women's Super League]]
|rowspan=2|Live, ancillary coverage and documentaries
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Football}}
| '''Sky Sports Football'''|| Non-Premier League football
|[[EFL Championship]] • the [[Scottish Premiership]] • European league football
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Cricket}}
| '''Sky Sports Cricket'''
|colspan=3|[[Cricket]] (domestic and international)
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Golf}}
| '''Sky Sports Golf'''
| colspan=3|[[Golf]]
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports F1}}
| '''[[Sky Sports F1]]'''|| [[Formula One]] racing
| General motor racing ||[[FIA Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2]] • [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|Formula 3]] • [[IndyCar Series]]. Sky Sports Darts replaces this channel for the duration of the [[PDC World Darts Championship]].
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Action}}
| '''Sky Sports Action'''|| Alternative sport types
|colspan=2|Rugby, [[netball]] • boxing • the [[National Football League|NFL]] • darts
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Arena}}
| '''Sky Sports Arena'''|| Alternative sport types
|colspan=2|Rugby, [[netball]] • boxing • darts
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports+}}
| '''Sky Sports+'''|| Alternative matches
|[[English Football League|EFL]] • [[Super League]] (rugby) • [[tennis]] • netball • boxing • darts • golf • cricket • [[National Football League|NFL]] (Some regular season Games) • [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Tennis}}
| '''Sky Sports Tennis'''||[[Tennis]]
| colspan=2| [[ATP Tour]] • [[WTA Tour]] • [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Racing}}
| '''[[Sky Sports Racing]]'''||[[Horse racing]]
|[[Greyhound racing]]
| rowspan=3| Available with Sky's basic TV package (Sky Signature).
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports Mix}}
| '''Sky Sports Mix''' || General || Supplementary programming from across the network
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports News}}
| '''[[Sky Sports News]]'''
|colspan=2|News across all of sport
|- {{Anchor|Sky Sports News}}
| '''[[Sky Sports Extra]]'''
|colspan=2| Premier League games (alternative matches to Sky Sports Main Event)|| For [[EE TV]] customers<ref>{{cite web |title=Watching Sky Sports channels with NOW, on BT TV |url=http://bt.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14138/~/how-do-i-get-sky-sports-1-and-sky-sports-2-on-bt-tv%3F|website=BT|publisher=British Telecom|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>
|}

===Temporary services===
Sky occasionally gives one of their channels a temporary rebrand to coincide with a sports event. Examples of this include:
* '''Sky Sports Ashes''': To coincide with the [[2013 Ashes series]], Sky Sports 2 was renamed as Sky Sports Ashes on 30 June until 31 August 2013.<ref name="Sky Sports Ashes">{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/cricket/news/12172/8772756/The-Ashes-2013-Sky-Sports-dedicates-channel-to-the-Ashes|title=The Ashes 2013: Sky Sports dedicates channel to the Ashes|publisher=Sky Sports|date=13 June 2013}}</ref> As well as covering the Ashes, the dedicated cricket channel also featured [[the Women's Ashes]], domestic cricket, various magazine and review shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/12/sky-cricket-ashes-bt-sport|title=Sky Ashes arises to fight off the looming summer challenge of BT Sport|work=The Guardian|date=12 June 2013}}</ref> The practice was repeated for the [[2015 Ashes series]] and also for the [[2019 Ashes series]].
* '''Sky Sports Ryder Cup''': From 18 September to 2 October 2014, Sky rebranded Sky Sports 4 as Sky Sports Ryder Cup. The channel was dedicated to the coverage of the [[2014 Ryder Cup]] from Gleneagles. It repeated from 26 September to 5 October 2016 for the [[2016 Ryder Cup|Ryder Cup for that year]]. In 2018, Sky Sports Golf was rebranded to Sky Sports Ryder Cup to bring coverage of the [[2018 Ryder Cup|2018 tournament]]. The channel will return on 20 September 2021 after a 4-year hiatus.
* '''Sky Sports Darts''': In recent years, Sky Sports has launched Sky Sports Darts for the duration of the [[PDC World Darts Championship]]. The channel mixes live coverage with replays of the most recent sessions and classic moments from the tournament's history. Sky Sports Darts was first seen for the [[2015 PDC World Darts Championship|2015 World Darts Championship]] as a rebrand of Sky Sports 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2014/11/15/sky-sports-launches-darts-channel/|title=Sky Sports launches darts channel|date=15 November 2014|access-date = 18 February 2015|first = Robert|last = Briel|website = Broadband TV News}}</ref> It returned for the [[2016 PDC World Darts Championship|2016 event]] when Sky Sports F1 was temporarily renamed Sky Sports Darts instead,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.skysports.com/darts/news/12288/10062188/sky-sports-darts-returns-for-pdc-world-championship | title=Sky Sports Darts returns for PDC World Championship | work=Sky Sports | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> while in [[2017 PDC World Darts Championship|2017]] it was Sky Sports 3 that was rebranded again. After this, Sky Sports Arena was rebranded as Sky Sports Darts for all subsequent events, until the 2025 Championship when it returned to Sky Sports F1.
* '''Sky Sports World Cup''': From 14 February to 29 March 2015, Sky rebranded Sky Sports 2 as Sky Sports World Cup. The channel was dedicated to the coverage of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], from [[Australasia|Australia and New Zealand]].
* '''Sky Sports The Open''': During their first live broadcast of golf's [[The Open Championship|Open Championship]] from 11 to 18 July 2016, Sky Sports 1 rebranded as Sky Sports The Open. From 17 to 24 July 2017, Sky Sports 4 was rebranded Sky Sports The Open, and would be replaced by Sky Sports 4's replacement, Sky Sports Golf.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.a516digital.com/2016/06/sky-dedicates-channel-to-open-does-u.html | title=Sky dedicates channel to The Open, does U-turn on channel numbers | work=a516digital | access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Sky Sports The Open returned in 2018, 2019 and 2021 during the week in which the Open was held.
* '''Sky Sports The Players''': From 8 to 14 May 2017, Sky rebranded Sky Sports 4 as Sky Sports The Players. The channel was dedicated to the coverage of the [[2017 Players Championship]]. This was repeated on Sky Sports Golf for the 2018, 2019 and 2021 competitions, and also the 2020 competition prior to it being cancelled due to the [[Coronavirus pandemic]].
* '''Sky Sports US Open''': From 11 to 19 June 2018, Sky rebranded Sky Sports Golf as Sky Sports US Open, dedicated to the coverage of the [[2018 U.S. Open (golf)|2018 US Open]] golf tournament.
* '''Sky Sports USA''': From 3 January to 5 February 2019, Sky Sports Action was rebranded as Sky Sports USA, with a focus on the [[National Football League]] (highlighted by the [[2018–19 NFL playoffs|playoffs]] leading up to [[Super Bowl LIII]]) and [[National Basketball Association]] coverage (highlighted by the [[NBA Global Games]] series at [[The O2 Arena]] in London), as well as shoulder and archive programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2018/12/20/sky-launching-dedicated-american-sports-channel/|title=Sky launching dedicated American sports channel|date=20 December 2018|website=Digital TV Europe|language=en-GB|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://advanced-television.com/2018/12/20/sky-sports-launches-usa-pop-up-channel/|title=Sky Sports USA pop-up channel|last=Mann|first=Colin|website=advanced-television.com|date=20 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
* '''Sky Sports Cricket World Cup''': From 31 May 2019 to 14 July 2019, Sky Sports Cricket was rebranded as Sky Sports Cricket World Cup. The channel was dedicated to the coverage of the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] in [[England and Wales]].
*'''Sky Sports Netball''': From July 2019 to August 2019, Sky Sports Mix was rebranded as Sky Sports Netball. The channel was dedicated to coverage of the [[2019 Netball World Cup]].
*'''Sky Sports NFL''': In August 2020, to mark its 25th season of its broadcast rights to the [[National Football League|NFL]], it was announced that Sky Sports Action would be rebranded annually as Sky Sports NFL, lasting from early September through the [[Super Bowl]] in February. It was stated that at least five games per-week would air on the channel, including all ''[[Monday Night Football]]'' and ''[[Thursday Night Football]]'' games.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2020|title=Sky to launch Sky Sports NFL|url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2020/08/12/sky-to-launch-sky-sports-nfl/|access-date=10 October 2020|website=Broadband TV News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NFL and Sky's new five-year deal sees launch of dedicated channel|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/sky-sports-nfl-channel-tv-rights-2020-super-bowl|access-date=10 October 2020|website=SportsPro Media|date=13 August 2020}}</ref> This has been repeated in subsequent years.
*'''Sky Sports The Lions''': From 17 July 2021 to 10 August 2021, Sky Sports Action was rebranded as Sky Sports The Lions. This channel was dedicated to coverage of the [[2021 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa]]. It returned again from 28 June to 2 August 2025 for the [[2025 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia]].
*'''Sky Sports The Hundred''': From 21 July 2021 to 23 August 2021, Sky Sports Cricket was rebranded as Sky Sports The Hundred. This channel was dedicated to coverage of the inaugural [[2021 season of The Hundred]]. This returned since the [[2022 season of The Hundred|2022 season]].
* '''Sky Sports Tennis''': From 28 August to 11 September 2023, Sky Sports Arena was rebranded as Sky Sports Tennis so that the channel could provide non-stop live and recorded coverage of the [[2023 US Open (tennis)|2023 US Open]]. The channel was launched as a 24-hour channel on 11 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky Sports Tennis: Channel launching on February 11 as home of ATP, WTA Tours and US Open in UK and Ireland|url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13059433/sky-sports-tennis-channel-launching-on-february-11-as-home-of-atp-wta-tours-and-us-open-in-uk-and-ireland |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.skysports.com}}</ref>

===Sky Sports Racing===
{{Main|Sky Sports Racing}}

'''Sky Sports Racing''' is the only channel not wholly owned by Sky, although purchased majority control of it in 2017. The channel was founded in 2000 as '''At the Races''' by the Go Racing consortium, a partnership of [[Channel 4]], Sky and Arena Leisure plc (owner of [[Ascot Racecourse]], and acting on behalf of a further 27 out of the 59 British racecourses) in July 2004. Following its high-profile collapse (and Channel 4 removing itself from the consortium) the network – now purely a joint venture between Sky plc and Arena Leisure – focuses on [[horse racing]] from the United Kingdom, Ireland, North America and Germany, showing many live races and related shows. The station is "affiliated" with various [[betting]] companies, since gamblers are generally the sport's main audience, and its pictures, provided by satellite link provider [[Satellite Information Services|SIS]], are also commercially distributed to betting shops across the country.

On 1 January 2019, At the Races relaunched as '''Sky Sports Racing'''; the relaunch includes wider availability and heavier integration with the remaining Sky Sports channels, the relocation of production facilities to [[Sky Campus]] in Isleworth from their former base at SIS's facilities in [[Milton Keynes]], and availability in high-definition. The network also acquired rights to fixtures from the Ascot Racecourse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/30/at-the-races-channel-relaunch-sky-sports-racing-start-of-2019-horse-racing|title=Sky Sports Racing has plenty going for it in two-horse race with Racing UK|last=Wood|first=Greg|date=30 April 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sky launches racing channel in rebranding of At The Races |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/04/30/chester-bangor-switch-sky-racing-rebranding/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/04/30/chester-bangor-switch-sky-racing-rebranding/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018|last1=Armytage |first1=Marcus }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mann |first1=Colin |title=Sky Sports Racing: Jan 1st Starter's Orders |url=https://advanced-television.com/2018/12/06/sky-sports-racing-jan-1st-starters-orders/ |website=advanced-television.com |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Imi |first1=Matthew |title=Sky Sports Racing will deliver new prospects for horseracing |url=https://www.sbcnews.co.uk/europe/2018/12/06/matthew-imi-sky-sports-racing-will-deliver-new-prospects-for-horseracing/ |website=SBC News |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

===Defunct channels===
====PremPlus====
{{Main|PremPlus}}

'''PremPlus''' was a [[pay-per-view]] channel dedicated to airing live Premier League football. It was launched on 18 August 2001, showing 40 pay-per-view Premier League matches. The main presenter on PremPlus was Marcus Buckland with former Arsenal manager [[George Graham (footballer, born 1944)|George Graham]] providing punditry. The channel was called ''Premiership Plus'' from 2001 to 2004, before being shortened to the later PremPlus for the beginning of the 2004–05 season. PremPlus closed down after the last match of the 2006–07 season after [[Setanta Sports]] obtained a third of the Premier League rights for 2007–10. This left Sky with only 92 live matches, meaning a pay-per-view service was unsustainable. An internet television service named Now TV was launched in 2012, offering a non-contract subscription to Sky Sports thus making the service a part spiritual successor to PremPlus.

====Sky Sports News Radio====
{{Main|Sky Sports News Radio}}

'''Sky Sports News Radio''' was a British online radio station broadcasting sports news, results and information 24 hours a day. It was a sister service to the television channel Sky Sports News HQ.

The station was launched in June 2010 and broadcasts online and via digital platforms from the Teamtalk studios in [[Leeds]]. It originally broadcast from 8.00am to 6.00pm, expanding to a full 24-hour schedule in August 2010 to coincide with the start of the 2010–11 football season. The station was initially only available to Sky Sports subscribers, but became free to all listeners when its sister television channel was removed from Freeview. The station can also be listened to via the Sky Sports apps and third party platforms such as TuneIn Radio and The Pure Lounge.

News reports were sourced from the Sky Sports News newsroom, Sky News Radio and information was shared with SkySports.com, based in the same office. The station's managing editor was Mark Chesworth. The station closed in September 2014.

==Technological advances==
===Sky Sports channels in HD===
Sky Sports Main Event [[High-definition television|HD]] launched on 22 May 2006 as Sky Sports HD, and airs live all sports screened in HD like [[cricket]], Premier League and [[English Football League]] as well as [[English Premiership (rugby union)|English Premiership]], [[Super League]] Rugby and among others. The 2008 Ryder Cup was also screened in HD.

In July 2006, ''Sky Sports HD2'' launched on Sky channel 409, at the same time, the original HD channel was renamed ''Sky Sports HD1'' and moved to channel 408, with Sky Sports News switching to channel 405. There was also a HD version of PremPlus, called ''PremPlus HD'', which broadcast on Sky channel 483 until the football season ended. It was briefly branded ''Sky Sports HDX'' and used to broadcast other Sky Sports content in HD, before it ceased broadcasting.

HD broadcasts of rugby league's Super League began from the start of the 2007 season in February 2007. [[Super Bowl XLI]] marked the first NFL broadcast in HD in the UK; additional NFL games in HD have since been phased in. ''[[Monday Night Football]]'', ''[[Thursday Night Football]]'', ''[[NFL on Thanksgiving Day|Thanksgiving Day games]]'' and the NFL Playoffs were shown in HD from 2008.

Sky Sports HD3 launched on 17 March 2008, to coincide with [[WWE]]'s first UK HD broadcast. The channel broadcast a large quantity of WWE and golf.

Sky Sports HD4 launched on 29 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.sky.com/media/press_releases/2010/hd_channel_milestone|title=Sky Extends High Definition Leadership with HD Channel Milestone|publisher=British Sky Broadcasting|date=12 March 2010|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220041347/http://corporate.sky.com/media/press_releases/2010/hd_channel_milestone|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to an Ofcom review of premium services, Sky Sports HD1 and HD2 launched on the Virgin Media platform on 2 August 2010. This marked the first time that Sky's HD programming was shown via a rival service. [[Smallworld Cable]] added Sky Sports HD1 and HD2 in the first quarter of 2012. UPC Ireland added Sky Sports 1 HD and 2 HD along with Sky Sports News HD on 16 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techcentral.ie/upc-adds-19-sky-channels-in-hd/|title=UPC adds 19 Sky channels in HD|publisher=TechCentral|date=15 August 2012}}</ref>

Sky Sports News HD launched on 23 August 2010. It was rebranded as Sky Sports News HQ HD on 12 August 2014 along with the standard channel.

On 1 March 2012, the HD channels were given a minor rebrand, with the 'HD' moving to the end of the channel names, for example Sky Sports 1 HD instead of Sky Sports HD1. Sky Sports F1 HD launched on 9 March 2012.<ref name="Sky Sports F1">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.sky.com/media/press_releases/2011/sky_sports_f1|title=Sky Sports F1 TM HD – The Ultimate Formula 1 TM Experience|publisher=BSkyB|date=25 November 2011|access-date=25 November 2011|archive-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129025514/http://corporate.sky.com/media/press_releases/2011/sky_sports_f1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sky Sports 2 HD was also rebranded to '[[2013 Ashes series|Sky Sports Ashes HD]]' in the same move used for the standard channel on 30 June until 31 August 2013.<ref name="Sky Sports Ashes" /> Sky Sports 4 HD was also rebranded to '[[2014 Ryder Cup|Sky Sports Ryder Cup HD]]' in the same move used for the standard channel on 18 September 2014 until 2 October 2014.

Sky Sports 3 HD, Sky Sports 4 HD and Sky Sports F1 HD launched on Virgin Media on 15 July 2014. Sky Sports 5 HD launched on 12 August 2014 as well as being added on Virgin Media. Sky Sports 3, 4 and 5 HD launched on Virgin Media Ireland on 15 October 2014.

On 1 January 2015, Sky Sports News HQ HD, along with Sky News HD were added on Virgin.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/news/tv/two-new-sky-hd-channels-arrive-on-virgin-media-tivo-00143|title = Two new Sky HD channels arrive on Virgin Media TiVo|date = 5 January 2015|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = Broadband Choices|last = Heaney|first = Duncan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/132166-sky-sports-news-hq-hd-finally-comes-to-virgin-media|title = Sky Sports News HQ HD finally comes to Virgin Media|date = 2 January 2015|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = Pocket-Lint|last = Henderson|first = Rik}}</ref>

===Sky 3D===
{{Main|Sky 3D}}

Sky Sports has made a number of high-profile broadcasts available on its [[Sky 3D|3D television service]]. The first sports broadcast on [[Sky 3D]] was the [[Manchester United]] vs. [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] Premier League game on 3 April 2010. But as of 25 September 2014, the future of Sky 3D looked in serious doubt as Sky announced they will not be airing a Premier League game for the 2014–15 season.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11102038/3D-TV-falls-further-out-of-favour-as-Sky-omits-Premier-League-matches-from-schedule.html|title = 3D TV falls further out of favour as Sky omits Premier League matches from schedule|date = 17 September 2014|access-date = 17 February 2015|website = The Telegraph|last = Furness|first = Hannah}}</ref> The channel closed on 9 June 2015.

====3D broadcasting tests====
On 31 January 2010, the match between [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and Manchester United was shown in 3D in around 30 pubs around the United Kingdom. The special glasses were seen being tried by [[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]] and [[Arsène Wenger]], and the commentators and the studio presenters mentioned of this being a world premiere live sports 3D presentation several times.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11979/5889013/sky-makes-3d-history|title = Sky makes 3D history|date = 28 January 2010|access-date = 15 February 2015|website = Sky Sports}}</ref>

===4K UHD===
On 13 August 2016, selected Sky Sports events became available to watch in [[Ultra-high-definition television|UHD]] for the first time. 124 Premier League matches were broadcast in the 2016–17 season along with every race, qualifying session and practice in the [[2017 Formula One season]] and [[England cricket team|England cricket]]'s [[South African cricket team in England in 2017#Test series|Test match series against South Africa in summer 2017]]. Customers need to be Sky Q 2TB multiscreen customers who subscribe to Sky Sports pack in order to receive UHD broadcasts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/138218-sky-q-major-software-update-rolling-out-here-s-what-your-sky-q-box-can-do-now|title=Sky Q major software update rolling out: Here's what your Sky Q box can do now – Pocket-lint|website=www.pocket-lint.com|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

====4K broadcasting tests====
It was widely reported that Sky used the West Ham United v Stoke City Premier League game on 31 August 2013 as an internal production test for broadcasting 4K/Ultra HD picture.

In the "Sky Views Blog", Barney Francis as the managing director stated that, although it was only viewed internally, the test has been key in helping Sky evaluate whether it will start broadcasting in 4K:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.sky.com/story/1135574/ultra-high-definition-tv-coming-soon|title = Ultra High Definition TV Coming Soon|date = 1 September 2013|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = Sky News|last = Stanford|first = Martin}}</ref>
{{cquote|We saw enough in this test event to know that live sport in UHD has real potential. The broadcast also demonstrated the capability of our satellite platform, which is ideally placed to continue supporting high-bandwidth video. That said, we've still much more to learn, particularly about how to make full use of UHD from a live production perspective.}}

Sky later tested 4K by broadcasting a whole week of [[Ryder Cup]] in 4K format.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-8246-sky-sports-makes-4k-broadcast-history/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150130151622/http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-8246-sky-sports-makes-4k-broadcast-history/|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 30 January 2015|title = Sky Sports makes 4k broadcast history|date = 25 November 2014|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = Digital Production}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/techfacils/sky-sports-tests-4k-graphics-workflow-during-ryder-cup/5079190.article|title = Sky Sports tests 4K graphics workflow during Ryder Cup|date = 30 October 2014|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = Broadcast NOW (UK)|last = Bevir|first = George}}</ref>

It was later reported that Sky would launch their own 4K set top box to broadcast sporting events in mid-end of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/11381115/Sky-accelerates-new-set-top-box-launch.html|title = Sky accelerates new set-top box launch|date = 30 January 2015|access-date = 18 February 2015|website = The Telegraph|last = Williams|first = Christopher}}</ref>

====Permanent UHD channel====
On 27 July 2022, Sky Sports launched a UHD channel for Sky Sports Main Event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rxtvinfo.com/2022/sky-sports-main-event-to-launch-in-uhd-hdr |title=Sky Sports Main Event to launch in UHD/HDR |work=RXTV |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725123435/https://rxtvinfo.com/2022/sky-sports-main-event-to-launch-in-uhd-hdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023 The Sky Sports F1 UHD channel was launched in time for the start of the 2023 season. The channel is also available on Virgin Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky Sports UHD {{!}} Sky Sports {{!}} Sky.com |url=https://www.sky.com/watch/sky-sports-uhd |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=www.sky.com}}</ref>

==Programming==
Sky owns exclusively United Kingdom and Ireland or rights to a number of sports, most notably the ones listed below. They also transmit a large range of other sports. Some of the BSB's Sports Channel programming were the [[FA Cup]], [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] tennis, and American football from the [[National Football League|NFL]].

Many of the BSB Sports Channel's rights packages, such as those for the FA Cup, Wimbledon and Test cricket, were acquired in tandem with the BBC.

===Football===
====Premier League====
Sky Sports showed 128<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020|title=Premier League confirms extra 20 live TV games but no blanket coverage|url=https://talksport.com/football/748373/premier-league-extra-games-2020-21-season-no-blanket-coverage/|access-date=23 August 2020|website=talkSPORT|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Premier League to be televised in September|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54076539|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> live Premier League matches each season until 2024–25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9708810/sky-sports-wins-live-premier-league-rights-to-end-of-2018-19-season|title=Sky Sports wins live Premier League rights to end of 2018-19 season|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> These games were played on Friday nights, Saturday evenings and nights, Sundays and Monday nights, for which Sky broadcasts the dedicated programmes ''Friday Night Football'' (FNF), ''Saturday Night Football'' (SNF), ''[[Super Sunday (British TV programme)|Super Sunday]]'' and ''[[Monday Night Football (British TV programme)|Monday Night Football]]'' (MNF). Games that Sky Sports broadcast outside these time slots have the programme title, ''Premier League Live''. [[David Jones (presenter)|David Jones]] is the presenter of ''Super Sunday'' and ''Monday Night Football'' and [[Kelly Cates]] is the presenter of ''Friday Night Football'' and ''Saturday Night Football''. Both presenters take it in turns to present ''Premier League Live''. The later (16:30) ''Super Sunday'' game, is usually billed as the "main event" of that Premier League matchweek.

The main studio pundits include [[Gary Neville]], [[Jamie Carragher]], [[Jamie Redknapp]], [[Roy Keane]], [[Micah Richards]], [[Karen Carney]], [[Daniel Sturridge]], [[Shay Given]] and [[Michael Dawson (footballer)|Michael Dawson]]. Sky Sports' lead commentators include [[Peter Drury]], [[Rob Hawthorne]] and [[Bill Leslie (commentator)|Bill Leslie]] with [[Ian Crocker (commentator)|Ian Crocker]], Daniel Mann, Gary Weaver and Seb Hutchinson appearing occasionally, while co-commentary is regularly provided by Gary Neville, Jamie Carragher, [[Alan Smith (footballer, born 1962)|Alan Smith]], [[Andy Hinchcliffe]] and occasionally, [[Don Goodman]] and [[Lee Hendrie]]. Sky Sports usually utilise a standard two-person commentary team across the Premier League coverage, however, on bigger games, a three-person commentary team of Peter Drury, Gary Neville and Jamie Carragher is used. Patrick Davison, David Craig and Emma Saunders are the main reporters on the Premier League coverage. Saunders also presents from pitch-side from the ground at which the earlier game is held on Super Sunday coverage.

It was announced in December 2023 that the number of matches that Sky will televise from the start of the 2025–26 season will almost double, increasing to a minimum of 215 games per season. The increase is partly due to Sky taking over the midweek rounds previously shown by Amazon and by showing all ten fixtures from the final day of the season. This arrangement will be in place until the end of the 2028/29 season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Premier League agrees record £6.7bn domestic TV rights deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67619756 |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PA |date=2023-12-05 |title=Premier League TV rights sold for record UK£6.7bn as Sky keeps lion's share of domestic coverage |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/premier-league-tv-rights-deal-sky-tnt-amazon-2025-2029/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=SportsPro |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |date=2023-12-04 |title=Premier League agrees new £6.7bn TV rights deal with Sky and TNT Sports |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/dec/04/premier-league-agrees-67bn-tv-rights-deal-with-sky-and-tnt-sports |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=====''Game of the Day''/''Premier League Replay''=====
* ''Game of the Day'': On-air at 8.30pm every Saturday evening with the full 90 minutes of a match selected from the day's 3.00pm kick-offs.
* ''Premier League Replay'': On-air at 10.30pm every Saturday with a choice of extended highlights of every Premier League game played that day except matches shown live on [[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|TNT Sports]]. Viewers on the [[Sky UK|Sky Digital]] and [[Virgin TV]] platforms can choose extended highlights of up to eight games. Viewers who do not use the interactive service will see 30 minutes of highlights from one match.

The lead commentators that appear on ''Game of the Day'' and ''Premier League Replay'', consist of a variety of freelancers including: [[Peter Drury]], [[Jim Proudfoot]], Joe Speight, [[Ian Darke]], [[Gary Taphouse]], Nigel Adderley, Mark Scott and Jonathan Beck. Whilst the co-commentators include, [[Tony Gale]], [[Keith Andrews (footballer)|Keith Andrews]], [[Andy Walker (footballer, born 1965)|Andy Walker]], [[Garry Birtles]], [[David Provan (footballer, born 1956)|Davie Provan]], [[Don Goodman]], [[David Phillips (footballer)|David Phillips]], [[Danny Gabbidon]], [[Terry Gibson]], [[Iain Dowie]] and [[Efan Ekoku]]. These are the same feeds as [[IMG (company)|IMG]] use for the [[Premier League Productions]] World Feed to broadcast to international audiences. Games that air on TNT Sports, that Sky Sports show highlights clips of, across their digital and interactive platforms, feature Premier League Productions World Feed commentary.

====English Football League====
From the start of the 2024–25 season, Sky broadcast over 1000 matches per season, including 328 [[EFL Championship|Championship]], 248 [[EFL League One|League One]], 248 [[EFL League Two|League Two]], all 15 play-off, all 93 [[EFL Cup]], all 127 [[EFL Trophy]] matches respectively. This included a live stream every match of the opening weekend of the 2024/25 season live, including games scheduled for 3pm.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=EFL approves record broadcasting deal |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37638584/efl-signs-record-broadcasting-deal-sky-sports |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |date=2024-05-08 |title=Sky to screen 3pm Saturday kick-offs among 1,000 EFL live games in 2024-25 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/article/2024/may/08/sky-to-screen-3pm-saturday-kick-offs-among-1000-efl-live-games-in-2024-25 |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[David Prutton]], Michelle Owen and Julian Warren are the presenters of the EFL coverage. Gary Weaver, Daniel Mann, David Stowell, Pien Meulensteen, Ian Crocker, Seb Hutchinson, Rob Palmer and Gary Taphouse are the main commentators. The main studio pundits and co-commentators include Andy Hinchcliffe, Keith Andrews, Don Goodman and Lee Hendrie. Freelance pundits, [[Clinton Morrison]], [[Jobi McAnuff]] and Curtis Davies also occasionally appear in the studio and in co-commentary respectively. Jonathan Oakes, David Craig and Guy Havord are the reporters.

As of the [[2018–19 EFL Championship|2018/2019 season]], Sky gained rights to show all midweek Championship fixtures across interactive and digital platforms. This means that whilst one game is being shown on the main channel, Sky Sports Football, alternative channel, Sky Sports Action, the [[red Button (digital television)|red button]] and the Sky Sports app shows coverage of numerous other games on at the same time, with commentary. Commentators of these games include, Guy Havord, Andy Bishop, Rob Palmer, Ian Crocker, Gary Taphouse, David Stowell and Phil Blacker with former [[La Liga]] commentators, Kevin Keatings, Jon Driscoll and Dominic Johnson also commentating. Tony Gale, Lee Hendrie and Danny Gabbidon work as summarisers.

====EFL Cup====
From the 2024–25 season, Sky Sports broadcast all Carabao Cup matches.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Mark Chapman is the main host of EFL Cup games. Punditry is provided by select guests associated with the clubs involved, but in the latter stages of the competition, pundits from the Premier League output are used on coverage too. Rob Hawthorne, Bill Leslie, Gary Weaver, David Stowell, Ian Crocker, Pien Meulensteen, Daniel Mann, Seb Hutchinson and Rob Palmer are the lead commentators throughout the competition with the co-commentators including, Gary Neville, Jamie Carragher, Alan Smith, Andy Hinchcliffe, Don Goodman and Lee Hendrie. The main reporter on EFL Cup games is Guy Havord however Jonathan Oakes and David Craig are occasionally called upon to cover.

====EFL Trophy====
Sky Sports broadcast every EFL Trophy game since the 2024/2025 season.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The same personnel that appear on Sky's EFL coverage, also appear on EFL Trophy coverage.

====Scottish Professional Football League====
Sky Sports owns live rights to the [[Scottish Professional Football League]], showing 48 games per season. SPFL Coverage is presented by [[Eilidh Barbour]], alongside regular studio pundits, [[Kris Boyd]], [[James McFadden]] and [[Chris Sutton]]. The likes of [[Neil Lennon]], [[Stuart Lovell]], [[Neil McCann]], [[Ryan McGowan]] and [[Stiliyan Petrov]] also appear as non-regular studio pundits.

The lead commentator of the SPFL coverage is [[Ian Crocker (commentator)|Ian Crocker]], and he is regularly joined by either James McFadden or Chris Sutton as co-commentator. If there is a SPFL double header, Gary Weaver would also appear as a lead commentator. Luke Shanley is the main match reporter or occasionally, Gordon Duncan and Adam Binnie also reports.

As of the 2025/26 season, Sky Sports shares SPFL broadcast rights with [[Premier sports|Premier Sports]], ending the exclusivity Sky used to have over the broadcasting rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPFL agree expanded Premier Sports deal {{!}} SPFL |url=https://spfl.co.uk/news/spfl-agree-expanded-premier-sports-deal |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=spfl.co.uk}}</ref>

====NIFL Premiership====
In February 2017, Sky Sports gained rights to show five [[NIFL Premiership]] games per season until the end of the 2021/2022 season, as well as live coverage of the [[Northern Ireland Football League Cup]] Final. Presentation comes from freelance presenter, [[Graham Little]] who hosts games, on-site, at the ground. Commentary comes from Northern Ireland national game reporter, Paul Gilmour.

====Bundesliga====
On 5 August 2021, Sky Sports acquired the rights to Germany's [[Bundesliga]] and Supercup for the following four seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-sports-announces-exclusive-bundesliga-rights-for-uk-ireland-in-four-season-deal|title=Sky Sports announces exclusive Bundesliga rights for UK & Ireland in four-season deal|website=www.skygroup.sky|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/12371653/bundesliga-to-be-shown-live-on-sky-sports-for-next-four-seasons|title=Bundesliga to be shown live on Sky Sports for next four seasons|website=Sky Sports|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>

====Women's Super League====
On 21 June 2021, Sky Sports won the live broadcast rights to the [[Women's Super League|FA Women's Super League]] for the next three seasons through to 2024. As part of the deal, Sky Sports would broadcast 35 games per season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/28508/12148265/womens-super-league-to-be-shown-live-on-sky-sports-from-2021-22-season|date=21 June 2021|title=Women's Super League to be shown live on Sky Sports from 2021/22 season |work=Sky Sports }}</ref> The presenter of the WSL on Sky Sports is [[Caroline Barker]], and the main studio pundits are [[Karen Carney]] and [[Casey Stoney]]. Lead commentators comes from Seb Hutchinson and [[Jacqui Oatley]] alongside co-commentators [[Sue Smith (footballer)|Sue Smith]] and [[Siobhan Chamberlain]]. Lynsey Hooper is the pitchside reporter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12372781/karen-carney-michael-dawson-and-michelle-owen-join-sky-sports-and-soccer-saturday-line-ups-for-2021-22-season|date=9 August 2021|title=Karen Carney, Michael Dawson and Michelle Owen join Sky Sports and Soccer Saturday line-ups for 2021/22 season|work=Sky Sports }}</ref>

In October 2024 a new deal with Sky Sports and the BBC for the broadcast rights for the rest of the decade was announced, extending Sky Sports' coverage of the competition until 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garry |first=Tom |date=2024-10-30 |title=WSL agrees record £65m domestic five-year TV deal with Sky Sports and BBC |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/oct/30/wsl-agrees-record-65m-domestic-five-year-tv-deal-with-sky-sports-and-bbc |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=BBC Sport secures Women's Super League coverage until 2030 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/bbc-sport-secures-womens-super-league-coverage-until-2030 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

====Supplementary programming====
=====''Soccer AM''=====
{{Main|Soccer AM}}

Launched on 20 August 1994, ''[[Soccer AM]]'', is a Saturday morning talk show presented by [[John Fendley|John "Fenners" Fendley]] and ex-footballer [[Jimmy Bullard]], with a focus on humorous analysis of British football, largely but not exclusively based around the Premier League. The programme ended its run on 27 May 2023, the day before the end of the [[2022–23 Premier League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2023|title=Soccer AM AXED! Sky Sports' iconic show will only run for 10 more episodes after surprise decision that has left co-host Jimmy Bullard 'fuming'|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccer-am-axed-sky-sports-iconic-show-will-only-run-for-10-more-episodes/bltd4bc569aff5a13b9|access-date=22 March 2023|website=Goal.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/22/time-runs-out-for-soccer-am-as-sky-sports-pulls-plug-on-programme|title= Time runs out for Soccer AM as Sky Sports pulls plug on programme|date=22 March 2023|work=Guardian|accessdate=23 March 2023}}</ref>

=====''Soccer Saturday''=====
{{Main|Soccer Saturday}}

Launched in 1992, ''Soccer Saturday'' is a live updates show, broadcast on Saturdays during the football season. The programme updates viewers on the progress of association football games in the United Kingdom on Saturday afternoons. The current host is [[Simon Thomas (presenter)|Simon Thomas]], who had replaced [[Jeff Stelling]] at the start of the 2023–24 season. Stelling had hosted the programme since 1998. The lead studio pundit is, [[Paul Merson]]. Other studio pundits include [[Tony Cottee]], [[Iain Dowie]], [[Alan McInally]], [[Matt Murray (English footballer)|Matt Murray]], [[Glen Johnson]], [[Clinton Morrison]] and [[Sue Smith (footballer)|Sue Smith]]. Regular reporters include Bianca Westwood, David Craig, Dickie Davies, Rob Palmer, Johnny Phillips, [[Neil Mellor]], Peter Smith, Peter Stevenson, Stuart Jarrold, [[Paul Walsh]], Simon Watts, Faye Carruthers, Tony Colliver, Jonathan Beales, Steve Jackson, Mike Jones, Russ Taylor, Mark Benstead, Charles Paterson, Frank Gilfeather, Andy Walker, Stuart Lovell, Davie Donaldson and John Temple. A midweek programme with the same format, fronted by Julian Warren, is also broadcast when there are a number of major games taking place, such as on [[UEFA Champions League]] nights, and is called ''Soccer Special''. Warren also hosts ''Soccer Saturday'' when Thomas is unavailable.

=====''Sunday Supplement''=====
{{Main|Sunday Supplement}}

Launched in 1999, ''[[Sunday Supplement]]'' was a Sunday morning magazine style pundit show, presented by Neil Ashton from 2012 to January 2020, when [[Jacqui Oatley]] took over until the show ceased to air in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosser|first=Jack|date=6 August 2020|title=Sky Sports axe Sunday Supplement after more than 20 years on the air|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/sunday-supplement-cancelled-by-sky-sports-a4517891.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> Originally ''Jimmy Hill's Sunday Supplement'', but after a revamp in 2007, Hill was dropped.

=====''Goals on Sunday''=====
{{Main|Goals on Sunday}}

''[[Goals on Sunday]]'' was a Sunday morning highlights show, presented by Chris Kamara and Ben Shepherd. The show was axed in 2020.

====Football presenters====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Coverage
|-
|[[Eilidh Barbour]]||SPFL, EFL
|-
|[[Caroline Barker]]||Women's Super League, EFL
|-
|[[Kelly Cates]]||Premier League Live, Friday Night Football and Saturday Night Football
|-
|[[Mark Chapman (broadcaster)|Mark Chapman]]
|Premier League Live, Super Sunday, EFL Cup
|-
|[[David Jones (presenter)|David Jones]]||Premier League Live, Saturday Night Football, Super Sunday, Monday Night Football
|-
|Michelle Owen||EFL
|-
|Julian Warren
|EFL
|-
|Emma Saunders
|EFL
|-
|[[David Prutton]]||EFL
|}

====Lead commentators====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Commentator
!Coverage
!Notes
|-
|[[Peter Drury]]
|Premier League
EFL Cup

England National Games
|Sky Sports' lead Premier League commentator
Most major matches

Trophy Lift commentator
|-
|[[Rob Hawthorne]]
|Premier League
EFL Cup

Republic of Ireland National Games
|Sky Sports' Number 2 Premier League commentator

Some major matches
|-
|[[Bill Leslie (commentator)|Bill Leslie]]
|Premier League

EFL Cup

EFL (Occasional)

Wales National Games

|Sky Sports' Number 3 Premier League commentator
|-
|Daniel Mann
|Premier League (occasional)

EFL

Championship Play-Off Final

EFL Cup

England Under-21 Internationals

|Sky Sports' lead EFL commentator
|-
|[[Ian Crocker (commentator)|Ian Crocker]]
|Premier League (occasional)

EFL

SPFL

Scotland National Games

|Sky Sports' lead SPFL commentator
|-
|Gary Weaver
|Premier League (occasional)

EFL

EFL Cup

SPFL (Occasional)

Women's Super League (Occasional)

EFL Trophy

Northern Ireland National Games
|
|-
|Seb Hutchinson
|Premier League

EFL Cup

EFL (Occasional)

Women's Super League
|
|-
|[[Pien Meulensteen]]
|Premier League (Occasional)
EFL (Occasional)

EFL Cup

EFL Trophy

Women's Super League
|
|-
|David Stowell
|EFL

EFL Cup

Women's Super League (Occasional)

EFL Trophy
|
|-
|Rob Palmer
|EFL

EFL Trophy

|
|-
|[[Gary Taphouse]]
|Premier League (Occasional)
EFL
Women's Super League (Occasional)

|
|-
|Paul Gilmour
|NIFL Premiership
|
|-
|[[Jacqui Oatley]]
|Women's Super League
|
|-
|Jon Driscoll
|International Matches

|
|-
|}

====Studio pundits/co-commentators====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Nat.
! Role(s)
! Coverage
|-
|[[Kris Boyd]]||{{flagicon|SCO}}||Studio pundit||SPFL
|-
|[[Jamie Carragher]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit and co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL Cup and England National Games
|-
|[[Siobhan Chamberlain]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Co-commentator||Women's Super League
|-
|[[Curtis Davies]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit|| EFL, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy
|-
|[[Michael Dawson (footballer)|Michael Dawson]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit||Premier League, EFL and EFL Cup
|-
|[[Don Goodman]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} ||Studio pundit and co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy
|-
|[[Lee Hendrie]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit and co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy
|-
|[[Andy Hinchcliffe]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit and co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL, EFL Cup and Women's Super League
|-
|[[Roy Keane]]||{{flagicon|IRE}}||Studio pundit|| Premier League and EFL Cup
|-
|[[Jobi McAnuff]]||{{flagicon|JAM}}||Studio pundit|| EFL, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy
|-
|[[James McFadden]]||{{flagicon|SCO}}||Studio pundit and co-commentator||SPFL
|-
|[[Gary Neville]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Lead studio pundit and co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL Cup and England National Games
|-
|[[Jamie Redknapp]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit||Premier League, EFL Cup and England National Games
|-
|[[Micah Richards]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit||Premier League and EFL Cup
|-
|[[Alan Smith (footballer, born 1962)|Alan Smith]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Co-commentator|| Premier League, EFL Cup and England National Games
|-
|[[Sue Smith (footballer)|Sue Smith]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Co-commentator||Women's Super League
|-
|[[Casey Stoney]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Studio pundit||Women's Super League
|-
|}

====Reporters====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Reporter
! Nat.
! Coverage
|-
| Patrick Davison||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Premier League and England National Games
|-
| Emma Saunders||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Premier League and EFL
|-
| Jonathan Oakes||{{flagicon|ENG}}||EFL, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy
|-
| David Craig||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Premier League, EFL and EFL Cup
|-
| Luke Shanley||{{flagicon|Scotland}}||SPFL and Scotland National Games
|-
|| Paul Gilmour||{{flagicon|Northern Ireland}}||Northern Ireland National Games
|-
|| Geraint Hughes||{{flagicon|Wales}}||Wales National Games
|-
|| Lynsey Hooper||{{flagicon|ENG}}||Women's Super League
|}

===Cricket===
Sky was the first broadcaster to show live coverage of a complete overseas tour involving [[England cricket team|England]] when they toured the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 1990. This was originally shown on [[Sky One]] acquired the rights to show home international series involving England, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at various times as well as showing almost every England overseas tour and ICC tournaments such as the [[Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] and [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]. Sky also shows extensive coverage of [[county cricket]], with over 60 live games each season involving every county in all competitions. The [[Women's Cricket Super League|Kia Super League]] was added to Sky's coverage of Women's cricket in 2017 when it shows eight matches from the [[2017 Women's Cricket Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sky Sports to broadcast live Kia Women's Super League cricket|url=http://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10751551/sky-sports-to-broadcast-live-kia-womens-super-league-cricket|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Sky Sports|date=3 August 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Sky Sports won the rights off [[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|BT Sport]] to broadcast all 34 games of the [[Caribbean Premier League]] from the 2018 season which continued into the 2019 and 2020 seasons. In 2015, Sky Sports won exclusive UK rights to broadcast the [[Indian Premier League]] for three years taking the rights from then broadcaster [[ITV4]] and in 2018, these rights were renewed on a multi-year deal. [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]], the global distributor of IPL coverage then unexpectedly cut their contract for the [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 season]], however, these rights were reinstated from the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]] onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/11932371/ipl-returns-to-sky-sports-in-2020-as-part-of-a-three-year-contract|title= IPL returns to Sky Sports in 2020 as part of a three-year contract|work= Sky Sports|date=13 February 2020}}</ref> In 2020, while 2021 IPL season all 60 matches also shown on Sky,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.cricketzine.com/ipl-2021-live-streaming-tv-channel-indian-premier-league-2021/ |title= IPL 2021 on Sky Sports Cricket |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Sky won rights to show all games from the inaugural season of the [[Lanka Premier League]]. As of 2021, Sky Sports have agreements with [[Cricket South Africa]] and the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]], to show live Tests, ODIs and T20Is from these countries. As part of the deal with the Pakistan Cricket Board, Sky won rights to show the [[Pakistan Super League]] for three years until 2024. Having not won the rights to the [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21#Test series|Test series]] of [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|England's tour of India in 2021]], Sky Sports gained the rights to the white ball series of this tour and subsequently, for the remainder of 2021, will broadcast all Indian home games.

Sky Sports first started broadcasting Home England Tests in 1999. In a joint deal with terrestrial broadcaster [[Channel 4]], it began showing one home Test each summer plus one-day internationals (Channel 4 were the senior broadcast partner). This arrangement continued until 2006, when Sky Sports' flagship live coverage of England's home test series began. The previous year, it was announced by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] that it had awarded Sky exclusive coverage of all of England's home tests, one-day internationals and Twenty20 Internationals including the [[2009 Ashes series|2009 Ashes]] with highlights on [[5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]] produced by Sunset + Vine who produced Channel 4's coverage. The ECB have since renewed Sky Sports' deal until 2024 with BBC taking over the rights held by Channel 5 and picking up additional rights.<ref name="Sky plc">{{cite web|title=Sky Sports and ECB agree landmark partnership for England Cricket|url=http://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10932229/sky-sports-and-ecb-agree-landmark-partnership-for-england-cricket|website=Sky Sports|publisher=Sky plc}}</ref> The Fifth Test vs India at the Oval, (commencing 15 August 2014) was the 200th England Test shown live on Sky Sports.

Test cricket coverage is presented by [[Ian Ward (cricketer)|Ian Ward]] alongside a commentary team of [[Michael Atherton]], [[Nasser Hussain]], [[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]], [[Ebony Rainford-Brent]] and occasionally, [[Sir Andrew Strauss]]. Ward himself also appears in the commentary box regularly. [[Michael Atherton]] usually conducts the post-match presentation after each game. Along with Sky's team, a guest commentator from the touring side also contributes to the coverage. In recent series, these have included, [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|India]]), [[Simon Doull]] ([[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2021|New Zealand]]), [[Ian Bishop (cricketer)|Ian Bishop]] ([[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|West Indies]]), [[Ricky Ponting]] ([[2019 Ashes series|Australia]]) and [[Wasim Akram]] ([[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2020|Pakistan]]). Highlights are broadcast in a prime time slot each evening.

Ian Ward fronts all of England's home ODI and T20 International games alongside commentators, Michael Atherton, Nasser Hussain, Nick Knight, [[Mark Butcher]], Ebony Rainford-Brent and occasionally, [[Kevin Pietersen]], [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and [[Stuart Broad]] along with other international guest analysts from the touring side. Ward also contributes to commentary.

Overseas series involving England are presented from the London studio by Nick Knight alongside the likes of Mark Butcher, Ebony Rainford-Brent, [[Dominic Cork]], [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]], Stuart Broad and many other guests. Ian Ward, Michael Atherton and Nasser Hussain contribute to coverage from where England would be touring, as they would usually join the host broadcaster for these series.

Sky Sports also have international cricket rights to matches played in India, Pakistan and South Africa. The match coverage is taken from the host broadcasters from these countries.

Coverage of county cricket is presented by Nick Knight or Mark Butcher. Commentary comes from [[Charles Dagnall]], Ebony Rainford-Brent, [[Lydia Greenway]], [[Adam Collins]], Niall O'Brien, Dominic Cork and [[Alex Tudor]], along with many other guest commentators. Knight and Butcher also contributes to commentary.

Coverage of women's cricket on Sky Sports is presented by Nick Knight, Mark Butcher or [[Mel Jones]] alongside commentators, Charles Dagnall, Adam Collins, Ebony Rainford-Brent, Lydia Greenway and Charlotte Edwards. Knight, Butcher and Jones also contribute to commentary.

In 2021, the inaugural season of [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] commenced with Sky Sports broadcasting every single game live. Sky Sports unveiled a new presentation team for coverage of The Hundred. Joining Sky's existing presentation and commentary team, were [[Andrew Flintoff]], [[Kass Naidoo]] and [[Zainab Abbas]], as presenters, and Simon Doull, [[Daren Sammy]], [[Darren Gough]] and [[Tammy Beaumont]], as analysts and commentators.

Sky Sports' additional cricket programming includes:
{{Div col}}
* ''The Cricket Debate''
* ''Cricket Classics''
* ''Masterclasses''
* ''In the Zone''
{{Div col end}}

====Presenters====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Coverage
|-
|[[Ian Ward (cricketer)|Ian Ward]]
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours and The Hundred
|-
|[[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]]
|Overseas England Tours, County Cricket, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Mark Butcher]]
|County Cricket and Women's Cricket
|-
|[[Andrew Flintoff]]
|The Hundred
|-
|[[Kass Naidoo]]
|The Hundred
|-
|[[Zainab Abbas]]
|The Hundred
|-
|[[Mel Jones]]
|Women's Cricket
|}

====Studio analysts and commentators====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Role
! Coverage
|-
|[[Ian Ward (cricketer)|Ian Ward]]
|Lead commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours and The Hundred
|-
|[[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]]
|Lead commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours, County Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Michael Atherton]]
|Lead studio analyst and commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours and The Hundred
|-
|[[Nasser Hussain]]
|Studio analyst and commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours and The Hundred
|-
|[[Mark Butcher]]
|Studio analyst and commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours, County Cricket, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Ebony Rainford-Brent]]
|Studio analyst and commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours, County Cricket, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Sir Andrew Strauss]]
|Studio analyst and commentator
|Home Tests
|-
|[[Charles Dagnall]]
|Studio analyst and commentator
|County Cricket, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Lydia Greenway]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|County Cricket, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Mel Jones]]
|Studio analyst and lead commentator
|Home Tests, Women's Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Kevin Pietersen]]
|Studio analyst and lead commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is and The Hundred
|-
|[[Stuart Broad]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is, Overseas England Tours and The Hundred
|-
|[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|Home Tests, ODIs, T20Is and The Hundred
|-
|[[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|Overseas England Tours, County Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Adam Collins]]
|Lead commentator
|County Cricket and Women's Cricket
|-
|[[Alex Tudor]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|County Cricket and The Hundred
|-
|[[Dominic Cork]]
|Studio analyst and lead commentator
|Overseas England Tours and County Cricket
|-
|[[Charlotte Edwards]]
|Studio analyst and co-commentator
|Women's Cricket
|}

===Rugby union===
In 2014, Sky Sports extended their already long-term deal with the [[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] to continue showing [[England national rugby union team|England]] Internationals (outside of the [[Six Nations Championship|Six Nations]]) exclusively live up until the end of the 2019–20 season. This includes their autumn test matches at [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] and their [[Quilter Cup|annual Spring fixture]]. Furthermore, Sky broadcast live [[England Saxons]], under 18, under 20 and [[England women's national rugby union team|England Women]]. As a part of the deal with the RFU, Sky also had the rights to broadcast at least 11 games per season from the [[RFU Championship]].

Sky holds the rights to broadcast [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]], [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] tests and [[The Rugby Championship]]. This meant that, aside from [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]], [[France national rugby union team|France]], [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]], Sky held the right to show all [[List of international rugby union teams#Tier 1|Tier 1 nations]] home Tests (outside the Six Nations Championship). Highlights of England Internationals are shown on [[BBC Sport]] and Ireland Internationals are shared with [[RTÉ Sport]].

Sky also held the rights to tour matches by England, [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]], Scotland and France, to [[Rugby union in South Africa|South Africa]], [[Rugby union in Australia|Australia]] and [[Rugby union in New Zealand|New Zealand]] (as a part of their contract with [[SANZAAR]] until 2018 and from 2022).

Sky Sports broadcast two live matches each weekend from the [[Top 14]]. Sky's contract with SANZAAR also allowed them to show live matches from the [[Super Rugby]] competition, as well as the [[Currie Cup]] and [[Mitre 10 Cup]].

Rugby union coverage on Sky Sports is fronted by [[Alex Payne]], James Gemmell and Rupert Cox. With guests including [[Will Greenwood]], [[Sean Fitzpatrick]], [[Michael Lynagh]], [[Paul Wallace (rugby union)|Paul Wallace]], [[Scott Quinnell]], [[Pat Sanderson]], [[Marcelo Bosch]], [[Johan Ackermann]], [[Maggie Alphonsi]], [[Rory Lawson]], [[Shane Horgan]], [[Stuart Barnes]], [[Ieuan Evans]], [[Dewi Morris]], [[Frankie Sheahan]], [[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]] and [[Alan Quinlan]]. Lead commentators include [[Miles Harrison]], Rupert Cox, Johnnie Hammond and [[Martin Gillingham]].

===Rugby league===
The power of television over sport can perhaps be best portrayed by the change of [[rugby league]] from a winter sport to one played during the summer months under the banner of Super League. These changes caused great controversy when they were introduced in 1996, yet they have been seen as positive and as having an impact even greater than the broadcaster has had with football.

The sport is now seen as being in a healthy state with two live matches from the [[Super League]] every week fronted by [[Brian Carney (rugby)|Brian Carney]], who is joined pitch-side or in the studio by pundits - usually two of: [[Jon Wilkin]], [[Sam Tomkins]], [[Jamie Jones-Buchanan]] and [[Jodie Cunningham]]. [[Dave Woods (commentator)|Dave Woods]], Mark Wilson, Fraser Dainton, [[Stuart Pyke]] or Rod Studd lead the commentary team alongside a summariser, usually one of: [[Kyle Amor]], [[Jon Wells]], [[Terry O'Connor (rugby league)|Terry O'Connor]], [[Barrie McDermott]], [[Jon Wilkin]] and [[Courtney Winfield-Hill]]. Jenna Brooks is the usual pitch-side reporter, but is occasionally replaced by [[Jon Wells]] or [[Danika Priim]].

Live Super League broadcasts routinely rank amongst the top ten most watched programmes in a week on Sky Sports {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}. As of the [[Super League XXIX|2024 season]], Sky Sports broadcast every Super League match live. This was announced in October 2023 as part of a new three-year contract, extending the partnership with the Super Leaguebeyond 30 years. All six matches in each round are shown live, with two of these being exclusive to Sky Sports. These two matches have additional TV cameras and a studio team; the remaining four matches use six TV cameras and are presented solely by the commentary team. Non-exclusive matches are shown via the Sky Sports + Red Button service, as well as the new dedicated streaming platform [[SuperLeague+]]. Non-exclusive matches are sometimes shown on free-to-air television via [[BBC Sport]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title=Super League: BBC to show live games for first time after signing three-year broadcast deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/68229917#:~:text=Super%20League%20matches%20will%20be,and%20the%20BBC%20Sport%20website. |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In addition to coverage of the men's game, Sky Sports show three matches live from the [[RFL Women's Super League|Women's Super League]] per season, in addition to two play-off matches and the Grand Final. Sky Sports also broadcasts the Wheelchair Super League Grand Final.

Between 2012 and 2021, Sky Sports aired [[Challenge Cup]] matches alongside [[BBC Sport]]: usually, Sky Sports' coverage included one match in the fourth and fifth rounds and two of the quarter-finals - with highlights of the Semi-Finals and Finals which are shown live exclusively on the BBC.

Coverage of the Australia and New Zealand's [[National Rugby League]] returned to Sky Sports in 2018 on a five-year contract. The deals includes selected matches from the [[National Rugby League#Premiership rounds|Telstra Premiership]] plus the [[NRL Grand Final]] as well as the [[State of Origin series]], [[Pacific Rugby League International|Pacific Tests]], [[NRL Auckland Nines|Auckland Nines]] and the [[All Stars Match]]. This deal was later extended until the end of 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Contract Status |url=https://www.rugbyleagueontv.com/contracts |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=rugbyleagueontv |language=en}}</ref>

===Motorsport===
Sky Sports broadcasts major motorsport events, this includes:
* [[Formula One]] – since 2012, all race weekends exclusively live except [[British Grand Prix|British GP]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9550930.stm BBC and Sky awarded rights in new Formula 1 deal] BBC Sport, 29 July 2001</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/mar/08/sky-sports-bbc-f1 Sky and BBC go head to head: F1 as you've never seen it before] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927195956/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/mar/08/sky-sports-bbc-f1 |date=27 September 2016 }} guardian.co.uk, 8 March 2012</ref>
* [[Race of Champions]], [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]], [[FIA Formula 2 Championship|FIA Formula 2]], [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3]] and [[IndyCar]] all shown on [[Sky Sports F1]].
* [[Extreme E]] – for the inaugural 2021 series shown on Sky Sports Action (or Arena) and Sky Sports Mix.<ref name="tvbeurope.com">{{cite web |last1=Priestley |first1=Jenny |title=Sky Sports drives off with Extreme E deal |url=https://www.tvbeurope.com/live-production/sky-sports-drives-off-with-extreme-e-deal |website=TVBEurope |access-date=12 January 2021 |date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

====Formula One====
{{Main|Sky Sports F1}}

In July 2011, Sky Sports acquired joint rights to broadcast [[Formula One]] in the United Kingdom from {{F1|2012}} until 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/93447|title=Sky and BBC to share UK F1 television coverage from 2012 to 2018|work=Autosport|publisher=Haymarket Publications|date=29 July 2011|access-date=31 July 2011|first=Matt|last=Beer}}</ref> The deal included the rights to show all practice and qualifying sessions, in addition to the races. The joint broadcast rights were held by BBC but transferred to Channel 4 from the {{F1|2016}} season. The shared nature of the contract initially meant that [[Sky Sports F1]] showed all races live, with 10 races being shown by both Sky and Channel 4 (who were also televising highlights of all races on a delayed basis),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/sporteditors/2011/07/f1_coverage_to_be_shared_betwe.html|title=New F1 deal explained|first=Ben|last=Gallop|date=29 July 2011|access-date=31 July 2011|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref name="Channel 4 to show f1">{{cite web|title=Channel 4 becomes terrestrial home of formula 1|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-becomes-terrestrial-home-of-formula-1?hootPostID=dde274dfb372ab4d0ede906f68a35e34|website=Channel 4|publisher=Channel 4 Television Corporation|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> however since the start of the 2019 season, Sky have had exclusive rights to broadcast every race live except the British GP, which is both live on Sky and Channel 4, however Channel 4 still show highlights of both qualifying and the race from every other GP. Whilst the initial announcement did prove controversial (with early promises that the races would not be uninterrupted by commercials<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/93461|title=Sky Sports says it won't show adverts during grands prix next year|work=Autosport|first=Jamie|last=O'Leary|publisher=Haymarket Publications|date=29 July 2011|access-date=31 July 2011}}</ref> doing little to quell the negative initial reaction from many fans and observers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/07/29/keeping-f1-freetoair/|title=So much for keeping F1 free-to-air|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|first=Keith|last=Collantine|date=29 July 2011|access-date=31 July 2011}}</ref>), in its first two years of broadcasting, the coverage has twice won F1 International Broadcaster of the Year from the [[FIA]] (in 2012 & 2013).

Sky Sports F1 currently broadcast the entire [[2023 Formula One World Championship|2023 season]] in 4K Ultra-HD, on the Sky Q Silver Ultra-HD package.

Presentation team at Grands Prix:
* [[Simon Lazenby]] hosts coverage with [[Martin Brundle]], [[Karun Chandhok]], [[Jenson Button]], [[Naomi Schiff]], [[Bernadette Collins|Bernie Collins]], [[Danica Patrick]], [[Jamie Chadwick]] and [[Anthony Davidson]] as race weekend analysts across the season. [[Nico Rosberg]] also serves as an analyst for some races, either being at the track or more recently live from his Monaco home due to being banned from the entering the F1 paddock as he is not vaccinated against COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://formula1news.co.uk/formula-1-bans-nico-rosberg-from-the-paddock/|title=Formula 1 bans Nico Rosberg from the paddock|work=Formula 1 News|date=11 June 2022|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> If Lazenby is unavailable for a weekend, hosting duties fall in the hands of [[Natalie Pinkham]].
* Anthony Davidson, Bernie Collins and Karun Chandhok all serve as touchscreen analysts to the coverage.
* [[David Croft (broadcaster)|David Croft]] provides commentary on practice sessions, qualifying and the race with Harry Benjamin filling in on occasion where Croft is absent. During practice sessions, two of, Button, Collins, Davidson or Chandhok join Croft for co-commentary, while Brundle provides trackside analysis. For qualifying sessions and the race, Brundle is the primary co-commentator, but if unavailable for a race weekend, Chandhok, Davidson or Button stand in as replacements, with [[Ted Kravitz]] or Chandhok contributing from the pit lane depending on the race.
* Ted Kravitz, Natalie Pinkham and Rachel Brookes report/present across the pit-lane and paddock and cover for Lazenby as host of some practice sessions.
* Craig Slater reports on races for [[Sky Sports News]].

Sky Sports' additional F1 programming includes:
{{Div col}}
* ''The F1 Show''
* ''Ted's Notebook''
* ''Welcome to the Weekend''
* ''The Inside Line'' {{small|(not a Sky production)}}
{{Div col end}}

===Golf===
Golf is one of the most broadcast sports across the Sky Sports channels, with at least one tournament shown live in 50 weeks of the year. Sky Sports' golf presenters include, [[Nick Dougherty]], [[Sarah Stirk]], [[Robert Lee (golfer)|Rob Lee]] and James Haddock. The expert analysts include [[Paul McGinley]], [[Rich Beem]], [[Mark Roe]], [[David Howell (golfer)|David Howell]] and [[Tony Johnstone]]. The lead commentators include [[Ewen Murray]], [[Richard Boxall]] and Richard Kaufman, as well as presenter, Rob Lee. The co-commentators include expert analysts, McGinley, Beem, Roe, Howell, Johnstone, and presenter, Nick Dougherty, as well as many other guests, with [[Wayne Riley]] and [[Andrew Coltart]] providing on-course commentary. Tim Barter and Sarah Stirk are the main interviewers on the golf coverage, with James Haddock reporting on majors for Sky Sports News. Sky Sports also use [[Golf Channel]]'s commentary for broadcasts of the PGA Tour.

====Major championships====
Sky Sports has exclusive UK rights for all four majors including the [[U.S. Open (golf)|US Open]], [[The Open Championship]], the [[PGA Championship]] and the [[Masters Tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/11637349/the-masters-pga-championship-us-open-the-open-live-on-sky-sports-in-2019 |title=The Masters, PGA Championship, US Open, The Open live on Sky Sports in 2019|work=Sky Sports |date=15 February 2019}}</ref>

Sky also broadcast major championships from the [[Women's major golf championships|women's tour]] and [[Senior major golf championships|senior tour]], including the [[Kraft Nabisco Championship]], [[US Women's Open]], [[Senior PGA Championship]], [[Senior British Open Championship]], [[US Senior Open]], and [[Women's British Open|The Women's Open]].

Sky will use Golf Channel (another Comcast property) feeds for USGA championships.

====World Golf Championships====
Since its inception in 1999, Sky Sports has broadcast the [[World Golf Championships]] exclusively live, with the exception of the 2001 [[WGC-American Express Championship]], which was broadcast on the BBC. They usually present the broadcast on site, as they do for major championships and the Ryder Cup, reflecting their importance in the game as the next most important series of events after the majors.

====PGA Tour====
Sky also have exclusive live UK rights to broadcast the [[PGA Tour]] including [[The Players Championship]] and PGA Tour Playoffs for the [[FedEx Cup]] until 2022, as well as up to seven events per year from the [[LPGA Tour]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/news/12232/9159762/golf-sky-sports-agrees-new-seven-year-deal-to-show-live-pga-tour-events-until-2022|title=Golf: Sky Sports agrees new seven-year deal to show live PGA Tour events until 2022.|website=Sky Sports}}</ref>

====European Tour====
Sky have rights to at least 32 events on the [[European Tour]] until 2022, including the [[Dubai World Championship]] and exclusive live coverage of the [[BMW PGA Championship]] with highlights only on the BBC.

====Ryder Cup====
Sky Sports shows live coverage of the sport's premier event, the [[Ryder Cup]]. Since 1995, they have held the exclusive live UK rights to the biennial team event between USA and Europe, broadcasting the event in its entirety for the first time at Oak Hill in 1995. The event was broadcast in High Definition for the first time in 2006 at the K Club in [[County Kildare]] Ireland. Since 1999, it has also offered interactive coverage with options including the American coverage, Highlights and course guides. Sky holds the rights until 2012, with BBC broadcasting evening highlights. In 2010, Sky broadcast the Ryder Cup in 3D, making it the first live event on Sky 3D, Europe's first residential 3D channel.<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/rydercup The Ryder Cup in 3D!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213064101/http://www1.skysports.com/rydercup |date=13 December 2013 }} Sky Sports, 27 September 2010</ref>

They also broadcast all of the other major professional team events in the sport such as the [[Presidents Cup]], [[Seve Trophy]],<ref name="OpenStays">[http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12178_3696769,00.html US Open stays on Sky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926015037/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12178_3696769,00.html |date=26 September 2008 }} Sky Sports, 16 June 2008</ref> [[Royal Trophy]], [[Omega Mission Hills World Cup]] and [[Solheim Cup]].<ref name="OpenStays" />

In 2010, Sky Sports broadcast in excess of 150 tournaments from the men's and women's tours.<ref>[http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12176_5711597,00.html PGA Tour on Sky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227204203/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12176_5711597,00.html |date=27 December 2009 }} Sky Sports, 23 November 2009</ref>

===Darts===
During its first two years, Sky Sports covered some BDO tournaments, in a contract it inherited from BSB. The tournaments covered were the [[World Masters (darts)|World Masters]], [[BDO Gold Cup|Gold Cup]], [[British Open (darts)|British Open]] and [[British International Championships (darts)|British International Championships]], all four of which were previously broadcast on ITV. Since the creation of the World Darts Council in 1992, since renamed the [[Professional Darts Corporation]] (which was formed when many of the leading players, including [[Phil Taylor (darts player)|Phil Taylor]], [[Eric Bristow]], [[John Lowe (darts player)|John Lowe]] and [[Dennis Priestley]], [[split in darts|broke away]] from the [[British Darts Organisation]], which had been the game's sole ruling body), Sky Sports has broadcast their main darts tournaments live. Between 1993 and 2007, Sky were the only regular UK broadcaster of PDC Darts (apart from the 1999 PDC v BDO showdown between [[Phil Taylor (darts player)|Phil Taylor]] and [[Raymond van Barneveld]] which was broadcast on ITV). However this changed in 2007 when ITV covered the [[Grand Slam of Darts]]. This moved to Sky in 2011, but ITV continued to show the Players Championship Finals, with their coverage expanding to include the Masters and the return of the European Championship from 2013, the UK Open (formerly on Sky) from 2014, and the World Series of Darts events from 2015.

Sky's coverage includes the [[PDC World Darts Championship]] which it shows on a temporary channel Sky Sports Darts. The tournament has been broadcast live and in its entirety by Sky Sports in the United Kingdom since its inception. From 2009 onwards, this event has been shot and broadcast in high-definition. The tournament has become more and more popular in recent years with the 2007 World Final achieving a viewing figure in excess of one million for the first time. Sky also shows the [[World Matchplay (darts)|World Matchplay]], [[World Grand Prix (darts)|World Grand Prix]], [[Grand Slam of Darts]], [[Premier League Darts|Premier League]], [[PDC World Cup of Darts|World Cup of Darts]], and the final of the World Youth Championship. Sky used to show the [[UK Open]] but since 2014 this has been shown on ITV.

Sky Sports has not covered any BDO darts since the [[split in darts]].

Sky Sports darts coverage was initially presented by [[Jeff Stelling]] with [[Eric Bristow]] and commentary from [[John Gwynne (commentator)|John Gwynne]] and [[Dave Lanning]], while [[Sid Waddell]] joined Sky from the BBC in 1994. [[Dave Clark (television presenter)|Dave Clark]] replaced Stelling in 2002 although he had already covered some tournaments in 2001. [[Stuart Pyke]] joined the commentary team in 2003 (he also works for ITV coverage of PDC Darts), [[Rod Harrington]] and Nigel Pearson joined in 2005, Rod Studd joined in 2008 and former BBC Darts commentators [[David Croft (broadcaster)|David Croft]] and [[John Part]] joined in 2013.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sky Sports Darts team
!Name
!Role
|-
|Emma Paton
|Lead presenter
|-
|Anna Woolhouse
|Presenter
|-
|[[Stuart Pyke]]
|Lead commentator and interviewer
|-
|Rod Studd
|Lead commentator and interviewer
|-
|[[Wayne Mardle]]
|Pundit and lead commentator
|-
|Dan Dawson
|Pundit and lead commentator
|-
|[[John Part]]
|Pundit and lead commentator
|-
|[[Mark Webster (darts player)|Mark Webster]]
|Pundit and co-commentator
|-
|[[Laura Turner (darts player)|Laura Turner]]
|Pundit and co-commentator
|-
|[[Glen Durrant]]
|Pundit and co-commentator
|-
|Michael Bridge
|Interviewer and relief presenter
|-
|Abigail Davies
|Interviewer and lead commentator
|-
|[[Polly James (broadcaster)|Polly James]]
|Interviewer
|}
Former Sky Sports Darts team:
* [[Eric Bristow]] (1993–2016)
* [[Dave Clark (television presenter)|Dave Clark]] (2002–2020)
* [[David Croft (broadcaster)|David Croft]] (2013-2021, only on the World Championship and Premier League)
* [[John Gwynne (commentator)|John Gwynne]] (1993–2013, subsequently with Eurosport's BDO Darts coverage)
* [[Rod Harrington]]
* [[Dave Lanning]] (1993–2010 & 2013, previously worked for ITV Sport 1972–1988)
* Nigel Pearson (2006–2022)
* [[Jeff Stelling]] (1993–2002)
* [[Sid Waddell]] (1994–2012, previously worked for BBC Sport 1978–1994)
* [[Laura Woods (English presenter)|Laura Woods]] (2020-2023, World Championships only)
* [[Corrine Hammond]] (2023 World Championship)

===Boxing===
After Sky Sports' six-year contract with [[Matchroom Sport|Matchroom]] ended in 2021, Sky announced it had signed a new contract with [[Top Rank]] and BOXXER to broadcast live coverage of their fights until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sky Sports announces new partnerships with Top Rank and BOXXER until 2025|url=https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12183/12330123/sky-sports-announces-new-partnerships-with-top-rank-and-boxxer-until-2025|access-date=23 June 2021|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref>

[[Anna Woolhouse]] is the lead presenter, alongside former boxers, [[Johnny Nelson]], [[Spencer Oliver (boxer)|Spencer Oliver]], [[Paulie Malignaggi]], [[Carl Froch]] and [[Tony Bellew]], with also the likes of [[Paul Smith (boxer)|Paul Smith]] and [[Matthew Macklin]]. Commentator Adam Smith is alongside Carl Froch or Matthew Macklin for the primary commentary pairing on main event cards. On larger pay-per view events, Tony Bellew, Paulie Malignaggi or [[David Haye]] join the commentary team. Andy Clarke and Matthew Macklin commentate on undercard action. The reporter and post-fight interviewer is Andy Scott.

===Mixed martial arts===
In February 2019, Sky Sports announced a deal with [[Bellator MMA|Bellator]] to broadcast [[mixed martial arts]] events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky Sports to show Bellator MMA |url=http://www.skysports.com/more-sports/other-sports/news/29877/11631366/sky-sports-to-show-bellator-mma |website=Sky Sports}}</ref>

In December 2023, Sky Sports became exclusive home for [[ONE Championship]] events, which features both mixed martial arts and [[kickboxing]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite press release|title=ONE Championship And Sky Sports Announce Exclusive Partnership To Broadcast Live ONE Events In The UK And Ireland|url=https://www.onefc.com/press-releases/one-championship-and-sky-sports-announce-exclusive-partnership-to-broadcast-live-one-events-in-the-uk-and-ireland/|date=December 12, 2023|access-date=February 22, 2024}}</ref>

===American football===
{{main|NFL on Sky Sports}}

Sky Sports has covered the [[NFL]] since 1995 and following a deal in August 2020 in which Sky and the NFL has agreed a new five-year partnership which sees Sky continue to broadcast games until the end of the 2024 season, now extended until the 2027/28 season. Sky Sports broadcasts every [[Thursday Night Football|Thursday night]], [[NBC Sunday Night Football|Sunday night]] and [[Monday Night Football|Monday night]] game live, alongside two Sunday evening games.<ref name=nflonsky2019>{{cite web |title=How to follow the NFL on Sky Sports in 2019/20 |url=https://www.skysports.com/nfl/news/12118/11791088/how-to-follow-the-nfl-on-sky-sports-in-2019-20 |website=Sky Sports |access-date=2 September 2019 |language=en |date=2 September 2019}}</ref> and this will be increased further under Sky's latest deal which will Sky covering five more Sunday night games - two more 6pm matches and three more 9pm games. Altogether, Sky will now be showing more than half of all NFL matches.<ref>[https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-sports-to-show-more-nfl-games-than-ever-as-part-of-new-rights-agreement Sky Sports to show more NFL games than ever as part of new rights agreement]</ref>

It was also confirmed that Sky Sports NFL, an in-season rebrand of Sky Sports Action would launch on 3 September 2020 and run for the entire duration of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NFL and Sky Sports unveil 'Sky Sports NFL' as part of five-year partnership|url=https://www.skysports.com/nfl/news/12118/12047354/nfl-and-sky-sports-unveil-sky-sports-nfl-as-part-of-five-year-partnership|access-date=12 August 2020|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> Sky Sports NFL has returned in subsequent seasons.

===Tennis===
For nearly 25 years, Sky Sports was the main broadcaster of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], covering the even between 1991 and 2015 but decided not to renew its contract to broadcast this event in 2016. The company was able to bid to regain broadcast rights to the US Open for 2023 when Amazon did not extend its contract in 2022.<ref name=SBJ>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Global/2022/04/01/Sky-Sports.aspx|title=Sky Sports taking back U.S. Open rights in U.K.|last=insider.co.uk|date=1 April 2022|work=Sports Business Journal|access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> This bid was successful and Sky will now show the tournament until 2027.<ref>[https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/us-open-tennis-championships-returning-to-sky-sports-from-2023 US Open Tennis Championships returning to Sky Sports in 2023]</ref>

Sky was the broadcaster of [[ATP Tour]] events from 2002 until 2018, when [[Amazon Prime Video]] became the exclusive UK broadcaster.<ref name="insider.co.uk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.insider.co.uk/news/watch-atp-tour-tennis-11532491|title=Amazon Prime Video snatches coverage of ATP Tour tennis from Sky|last=insider.co.uk|date=6 June 2018|work=businessInsider|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=SBJ/> Sky has now regained these rights and will provide coverage of more than 80 events each year until 2028. The events covered will include the Nitto ATP Finals and WTA Finals, all ATP Masters 1000 and WTA 1000 events, 500s and 250 events (excluding domestic events) and the Next Gen ATP Finals. [[Gigi Salmon]] will present the coverage with [[Tim Henman]] and [[Laura Robson]] being the main pundits.<ref>[https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-secures-new-partnerships-for-the-atp-and-wta-tours-which-will-see-year-round-tennis-for-fans-on-sky-sports Sky Secures New Partnerships for the ATP and WTA Tours]</ref>

==Summary of sports rights==
===Football===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Football broadcasting rights acquired by Sky
|-
! Competition !! Region !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[FIFA Women's Champions Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Final Four matches live in 2026
|-
|[[Premier League]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| 2019–2029: 215 extra matches were broadcast in [[2019–20 Premier League|2019–20]] and [[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21]] as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] live matches per season (packages B, C, D and E)
|-
|[[English Football League]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| 138 live matches per-season and all 15 play-off matches, including all three finals until May 2024<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mkweb.co.uk/PREMIER-LEAGUE-Sky-Bet-League-clubs-set-receive/story-26054351-detail/story.html|title = PREMIER LEAGUE: Sky Bet League clubs set to receive more funding from TV deal and Premier League|date = 19 February 2015|access-date = 19 February 2015|website = MK Web}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9721439/sky-sports-extends-football-league-deal-for-further-season|title = Sky Sports extends Football League deal for further season|date = 19 February 2015|access-date = 19 February 2015|website = Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off-the-pitch/news/sky-sports-extends-fl-broadcast-deal_206474.html|title = Sky Sports extends Football League broadcast deal by one season|date = 19 February 2015|access-date = 19 February 2015|website = Sports Mole|last = Joynson|first = Danielle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/19/efl-595m-tv-deal-sky-clubs-championship|title=EFL agrees new five-year £595m TV deal with Sky but risks wrath of clubs|agency=Press Association|date=19 November 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> From 2024–25, Sky will broadcast over 1,000 matches each season, including 328 Championship, 248 League One and 248 League Two games.
|-
|[[EFL Cup]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}{{flagicon|WAL}}|| 15 live matches per-season, including semi-finals and final until 2024. From the 2024/25 season they will broadcast every game from every round. Many will be on their new service Sky Sports +. 
|-
|[[EFL Trophy]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live coverage of the semi-finals and final until May 2024 
|-
|[[Women's Super League]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live coverage until 2030
|-
|[[Scottish Premiership]]||{{flagicon|SCO}}|| 2020–2029: Live coverage of 60 matches per season, plus all six play-off matches<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46264665|title=Scottish Premiership: Matches to be shown live on Sky only as new £160m TV deal struck|date=19 November 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=24 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[NIFL Premiership]]||{{flagicon|NIR}}|| 5 live matches per season until the end of 2021/2022 season
|-
|[[Northern Ireland Football League Cup]]||{{flagicon|NIR}}|| NIFL League Cup Final Live
|-
|[[Bundesliga]]||{{flagicon|GER}} || 2025–2029
|-
|}

===Cricket===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12796423/sky-sports-to-remain-home-of-icc-cricket-until-2031-in-uk-and-ireland|title=Sky Sports to remain home of ICC cricket until 2031 in UK and Ireland|website=Sky Sports}}</ref>
|-
|[[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031
|-
|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031
|-
|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Women's World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031
|-
|[[Women's T20 World Cup|ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031
|-
|[[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2031
|-
|[[England cricket team]] and [[England women's cricket team]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} || All home [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International|ODIs]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] matches live until 2024,<ref name="Sky plc" /> selected tests available in 4K
|-
| International Test matches and [[Limited overs cricket]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live coverage of most England's overseas Tours, plus Tests, ODIs, and T20Is from India (until 2022), South Africa and Pakistan (until 2024)
|-
|[[County Championship]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live until 2024. At least 60 days of domestic cricket each summer covering each of the major competitions
|-
|[[One-Day Cup (England)|One-Day Cup]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live until 2024
|-
|[[T20 Blast]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| 36 live matches per season until 2024
|-
|[[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live from 2021 to 2024
|-
|[[Caribbean Premier League]]||{{flagicon|West Indies}}||All 34 matches live in 2020
|-
|[[Indian Premier League]]||{{flagicon|India}}||All matches live until 2022
|-
|[[Pakistan Super League]]||{{flagicon|Pakistan}}||All matches live until 2024
|-
|[[Lanka Premier League]]||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}||All matches live in 2020
|-
|[[Abu Dhabi T10|Abu Dhabi T10 League]]||{{flagicon|UAE}}||All matches live in 2021
|}

===Rugby union===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! League name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[IRB Sevens World Series]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live
|-
|[[IRB Junior World Championship]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live
|-
|[[British and Irish Lions]]||{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}}|| Live in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/11095/9140875/sky-sports-secures-six-long-term-rights-agreements-across-six-different-sports|title=Sky Sports secures six long-term rights agreements across six different sports|website=Sky Sports}}</ref>
|-

|-
|[[The Rugby Championship]]||{{flagicon|Argentina}} {{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}} {{flagicon|South Africa}}||
|-
|[[SANZAAR]] Tests ||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Including tours to Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Live until 2025
|-
|[[Super Rugby]]||{{flagicon|Fiji}}{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}}|| Live until 2025
|-
|[[National Provincial Championship (2006–present)|National Provincial Championship]]||{{flagicon|New Zealand}}|| Live
|-
|[[Currie Cup]]||{{flagicon|South Africa}}|| Live
|}

===Golf===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Masters Tournament|U.S. Masters]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live coverage in 2023
|-
|[[The Open Championship]]||{{flagicon|UK}}|| Live until 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/9698005/the-open-championship-to-be-broadcast-exclusively-live-on-sky-sports-from-2017|title=The Open Championship to be broadcast exclusively live on Sky Sports from 2017|work=Sky Sports }}</ref>
|-
|[[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]]||{{flagicon|USA}}||
|-
|[[PGA Championship]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live coverage until 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.sportbusiness.com/2019/03/skys-reunion-with-us-pga-championship-to-stretch-to-2023/|title=Sky's reunion with US PGA Championship to stretch to 2023|date=March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ryder Cup]]||{{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Europe}}|| Live until 2029
|-
|[[World Golf Championships]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live until 2024
|-
|[[PGA Tour]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| 32 live PGA Tour events including FedEx Cup play-offs and Presidents Cup until 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/watch/news/9159762/golf-sky-sports-agrees-new-seven-year-deal-to-show-live-pga-tour-events-until-2022|title=Golf: Sky Sports agrees new seven-year deal to show live PGA Tour events until 2022.}}</ref>
|-
|[[European Tour]]||{{flagicon|Europe}}|| 32 live events until 2024
|-
|[[Scottish Open (golf)|Scottish Open]]||{{flagicon|SCO}}|| Live until 2024
|-
|[[Wales Open]]||{{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live on Sky Sports
|-
|[[Women's British Open]]||{{flagicon|UK}}|| Live on Sky Sports
|-
|[[Irish Open Golf]]||{{flagicon|IRE}}|| Live on Sky Sports
|}

===Motorsport===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Nationality !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Formula One]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| All races live until 2024 on Sky Sports F1 with two prime time races and British Grand Prix on Sky Sports Mix, as well as events exclusively available in 4K
''Exclusive live rights from 2019 to 2024 with [[British Grand Prix]] and highlights free to air''
|-
|[[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] (previously known as GP2) ||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live on Sky Sports F1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.skysports.com/formula-1/news/12433/7474325/Sky-Sports-to-show-GP2-GP3 |title=Sky Sports to show GP2 & GP3 |publisher=Sky Sports |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617121048/http://www1.skysports.com/formula-1/news/12433/7474325/Sky-Sports-to-show-GP2-GP3 |archive-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|[[FIA Formula 3 Championship]] (previously known as GP3)||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live on Sky Sports F1
|-
|[[IndyCar Series]]||{{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|CAN}} || Live on Sky Sports F1 from 2019
|-
|[[Extreme E]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live on Sky Sports Action (from round 2 onwards), Sky Sports Arena and Sky Sports Mix for 2021<ref name="tvbeurope.com"/>
|}

===Rugby league===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Competition !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Super League]]||{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|FRA}}|| All 167 matches per season live from 2024 to 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.skygroup.sky/article/sky-sports-to-show-every-betfred-super-league-match-in-historic-new-broadcast-deal-|title = Sky Sports to show every Betfred Super League match in historic new broadcast deal|date = 14 October 2023|access-date = 13 February 2024|website = Sky Group}}</ref>
|-
|[[World Club Challenge]]||{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|FRA}} {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZ}}|| Live
|}

===Horse racing===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Race name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Dubai World Cup]]||{{flagicon|UAE}}|| Live coverage
|-
|[[Sky Sports Racing]]||{{flagicon|UK}}|| Live coverage from 29 UK courses including [[Chepstow Racecourse|Chepstow]] and [[Lingfield Racecourse|Lingfield]]
|}

===Equestrianism===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Race name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Horse of the Year Show]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live
|-
|[[British Jumping Derby|Hickstead Derby]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live
|}

===Darts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tournament !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[PDC World Darts Championship]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live until 2030 <ref>[https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-extends-partnership-with-the-pdc-to-remain-the-home-of-darts-until-2030 Sky extends partnership with the PDC to remain the home of darts until 2030]</ref>
|-
|[[Premier League Darts]]||{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|NED}} {{flagicon|GER}}|| Live until 2030
|-
|[[Grand Slam of Darts]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live until 2030
|-
|[[World Matchplay (darts)|World Matchplay]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live until 2030
|-
|[[World Grand Prix (darts)|World Grand Prix]]||{{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live until 2030
|-
|[[PDC World Cup of Darts]]||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live
|}

===Triathlon===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[British Triathlon Federation|British Triathlon Super Series]]||{{flagicon|UK}}|| Highlights
|}

===American football===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Competition !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Super Bowl]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live until 2028
|-
|[[National Football League playoffs|NFL playoffs]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live until 2028
|-
|[[NFL regular season]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live until 2028
|-
|[[NFL International Series|NFL London Games]]||{{flagicon|UK}}|| Live until 2028
|}

===Netball===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[Netball Superleague]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}|| Live coverage
|}

===Badminton===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[National Badminton League]]||{{flagicon|ENG}}|| Live coverage
|}

===Bowls===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|International Open Bowls||{{flagicon|UN}}|| Live coverage
|}

===Basketball===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series name !! Country !! Broadcast details
|-
|[[NBA]]||{{flagicon|USA}}|| Live until the mid-2030s<ref>{{Cite web |title=NBA announces new 11-year media agreements |url=https://www.nba.com/news/nba-media-agreements-2024 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=NBA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Previous coverage==
===Football===
====Premier League====
Between the 2016–17 and 2018–19 seasons, Sky Sports broadcast a 3.00pm Saturday match exclusively for subscribers in the Republic of Ireland. The coverage went out under the ''Premier League Live'' banner and was anchored by the match commentators. The rights for these games were taken over by [[Premier Sports]] for the 2019–20 season onwards.

====UEFA Champions League====
Sky Sports covered the [[UEFA Champions League]] between 2003 and 2015 but in 2013, Sky was outbid by BT Sport and the rights transferred at the end of the 2014/15 tournament,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24879138 |title=Champions League: BT Sport win £897m football rights deal |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 November 2013 |access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> with highlights on ITV Sport. Since 2018, BT Sport has also acquired the rights to the highlights of the Champions League and [[UEFA Europa League]].

====FA Cup and FA Community Shield====
Sky Sports covered the [[FA Cup]] since it first went on air as [[British Satellite Broadcasting|BSB]]'s Sports Channel in 1990 alongside the BBC but has not broadcast the FA Cup since 2008 after both broadcasters were outbid by ITV and Setanta. After the collapse of Setanta, Sky did not bid for the rights so they went to ESPN UK. In 2014–15, the rights transferred from ITV and ESPN to BBC and BT Sport after bidding together. From 2020, ITV won the rights back off BT Sport meaning live coverage of all FA Cup games is on free-to-air television with BBC and ITV sharing the rights.

Sky Sports had been the first channel to show the [[FA Community Shield|Community Shield]] live and as with the FA Cup, Sky has not broadcast this event since 2011 after rights transferred to ITV and then BT Sport, then later back to ITV.

====England National Football Team====
One of Sky's first major live football rights deal was exclusive live coverage of the [[England national football team|England football team]] and held these rights throughout the 1990s. The live rights transferred to BBC Sport in 2001 until 2008, and currently remain free to air with ITV owning the rights.

Sky Sports currently still provide coverage of England matches, however not nearly on the same scale as in the 1990s. They are limited to just [[UEFA Nations League]] and mid-season international friendlies which thanks to the aforementioned competition, have not occurred as often as they once did.

====UEFA Nations League====
Until 2022 Sky Sports held the rights to every home and away match featuring [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]], [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] and [[Wales national football team|Wales]] and cover every other match in the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying|European Qualifiers]] except the England match which is on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], under this Sky Sports have highlights of England matches. However, in 2018, Sky won the rights to show the [[UEFA Nations League]] meaning all home nations games would be broadcast exclusively by Sky, including England games. England matches in the Nations League are presented by [[David Jones (presenter)|David Jones]] with pundits including Gary Neville, Jamie Carragher and Jamie Redknapp. The commentators include Martin Tyler and Alan Smith with Patrick Davison reporting. For highlights of England matches in the European Qualifiers, there is no studio presentation and Martin Tyler and Alan Smith provide commentary.

The games were broadcast across four channels, Sky Sports Main Event, Sky Sports Premier League, Sky Sports Football and Sky Sports Mix. Other UEFA Nations League, European Qualifiers and international friendly matches broadcast on these channels involve countries such as [[France national football team|France]], [[Spain national football team|Spain]], [[Italy national football team|Italy]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]], [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] and [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] or games that kick off at an earlier time than the prime time 7.45pm slot. These games are commentary only broadcasts with no studio presentation. The rest of the UEFA Nations League and European Qualifiers are broadcast via the Sky Sports Football [[Red Button (digital television)|Red Button]] feature or online via the Sky Sports App with World Feed commentary.

====La Liga====
Sky Sports was the long-time home of [[La Liga]], the top-tier of Spanish domestic football, having broadcast the competition for 21 years. From the 2018–19 season, the rights to broadcast La Liga were won by [[Eleven Sports Network UK|Eleven Sports]], then subsequently Premier Sports. During Sky Sports' tenure as La Liga broadcaster, live matches were broadcast on Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Monday nights. Towards the end of the contract, Sky Sports broadcast up to ten live matches each round with the coverage handled by the commentators who included Rob Palmer, Kevin Keatings, Jon Driscoll and Dominic Johnson. They would usually be joined by summarisers, [[Gerry Armstrong (footballer)|Gerry Armstrong]], [[Terry Gibson]], David Phillips, Garry Birtles and Efan Ekoku. Highlights and weekly review of La Liga, were shown on Revista de La Liga, presented by the Spanish football experts. Mark Bolton, and [[Guillem Balagué]].

====Eredivisie====
In 2014, Sky Sports signed an exclusive four-year deal to show live matches from the Dutch top-flight league [[Eredivisie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isportconnect.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27269:sky-sports-reveal-new-eredivisie-rights-deal-with-launch-of-new-channel&catid=10:media--broadcasting&Itemid=20|title=Sky Sports Reveal New Eredivisie Rights Deal with Launch of New Channel|last=Desk|first=iSportconnect News|website=www.isportconnect.com|date=7 September 2015 }}</ref> The commentary was taken from the world feed provided by [[IMG (company)|IMG Worldwide]]. Starting with the 2018–19 season, live and exclusive rights were won by Eleven Sports.<ref name="auto1"/>

====Chinese Super League====
In 2016, Sky Sports added another competition to its schedule of live football with the addition of the Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10512505/super-league-to-be-shown-on-sky-sports|title=Chinese Super League to be shown on Sky Sports|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Commentary was from the World Feed, usually by Wayne Boyce, Paul Walker or [[Dan O'Hagan]]. From the start of the 2019 season, live and exclusive rights were won by Eleven Sports.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://elevensports.com/eleven-sports-scores-more-top-flight-football-for-fans-in-uk-and-ireland/|title=ELEVEN SPORTS SCORES MORE TOP FLIGHT FOOTBALL FOR FANS IN UK AND IRELAND - Eleven Sports HQ|date=18 July 2018|work=Eleven Sports HQ|access-date=26 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906190550/http://elevensports.com/eleven-sports-scores-more-top-flight-football-for-fans-in-uk-and-ireland/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rugby union===
Sky Sports was the first channel to show live rugby union every week when it picked up the rights to show the [[Aviva Premiership|top division of England club rugby]] in the mid-1990s. The rights transferred to ESPN in 2009 and the league is now covered by BT Sport. Sky Sports also covered England matches from the Five/Six Nations from 1997 to 2002 as well as France v England with all other matches being live on the BBC, the rights were sold to the BBC in 2003 and they covered every match live from the Six Nations until 2015 when BBC and ITV teamed up to keep the rights free to air after the BBC were outbid by Sky Sports with BBC covering France, Wales and Scotland home matches and ITV covering England, Ireland and Italy.

In 2003, Sky Sports began its coverage of the [[Heineken Cup]], when it outbid the previous rights holder [[BBC Sport]] with its offer of £20 million for three years. Coverage of ten matches each pool weekend and all knockout matches from the Heineken Cup was the norm. Additionally, up to three matches per round in the Amlin Challenge Cup were usually shown. Following the demise of the Heineken Cup, Sky Sports shared the rights to the newly formed [[Rugby Champions Cup]] with BT Sport, until the 2017–18 season. Sky exclusively broadcast up to 30 pool matches, two quarter-finals and one semi-final from each competition with the finals being shown by both. Sky also received first pick on Challenge Cup matches involving Premiership Rugby clubs. From the 2018–19 season, Sky Sports no longer have the shared rights to the Champions Cup, these passed to Channel 4 and so did the contracts to cover [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]'s Autumn Internationals after 2018.

Commencing from the 2014–15 season, Sky Sports began showing games from the [[Pro14]] (covering 30 matches alongside the current terrestrial broadcasters [[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Wales]], [[S4C]], [[TG4]], [[BBC Northern Ireland]] and [[BBC Alba]]). From 2018, Premier Sports broadcast all 152 games live.

===Rugby league===
Until 2012, Sky aired [[Championship (rugby league)|Championship]] and [[Northern Rail Cup]] games on Thursdays and Sundays, until the rights for these were purchased by Premier Sports.

Sky also held the rights to show the majority of the matches from the [[Rugby League Four Nations|Four Nations]] and the previous competition the Tri Nations live, with the other games being shown live or in highlights form on BBC Sport and Sky Sports previously showed the [[2008 Rugby League World Cup|2008 World Cup]] exclusively live with only highlights on the BBC. This agreement ended in 2012 and Sky Sports surprisingly lost the rights to International Rugby League from the 2013 Rugby League World Cup to the BBC and Premier Sports. The matches for the 2013 and 2017 Rugby League World Cup were shared between the BBC and Premier Sports with BBC covering all England matches, Wales v Italy, One Quarter Final, One Semi-final and the Final in 2013. The BBC and Premier Sports had also signed a deal to cover the 2014 and 2016 Four Nations.

===Tennis===
Until 2015, tennis was a major staple of Sky Sports' output but decided to withdraw from the sport until 2023 when it resumed coverage of two events which it had previously shown for many years - the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] and the ATP Tour.

Other previous tennis coverage on Sky had included the Davis Cup tennis but these rights moved to the BBC and Eurosport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/07/sky-sports-us-open-tennis-premier-league-formula-one-open-golf |title=Sky Sports drops US Open tennis after 25 years |work=The Guardian |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> Sky was the broadcaster of ATP Tour events from 2002 until 2018, when [[Amazon Prime Video]] became the exclusive UK broadcaster.<ref name="insider.co.uk"/><ref name=SBJ/> And during the early 1990s, BSB and then Sky Sports broadcast highlights of Wimbledon.

The Sky Sports tennis coverage until 2015 was presented by Marcus Buckland with pundits [[Annabel Croft]], [[Greg Rusedski]] and [[Peter Fleming (tennis)|Peter Fleming]]. Commentators included Barry Millns, [[Leif Shiras]], [[Mark Petchey]] and [[Barry Cowan (tennis)|Barry Cowan]].

===Ice hockey===
In 2006, Sky Sports began showing a replay from a match in the [[Elite Ice Hockey League]] every week. Due to large audience numbers, even though it is normally on Sky Sports 4, they decided to show a live game for the first time in several years when they showed the play-off finals in 2010. A new deal was signed for the 2010/11 season in which Sky agreed to show eight live games throughout the season and a weekly highlights show. However, the broadcast rights have since moved to Premier Sports.

===Boxing===
In 1994, Sky Sports won the contract to show fights promoted by [[Matchroom Sport]] and the two enjoyed a deal which lasted for 27 years. The most recent contract provided Sky Sports with upwards of 20 boxing events per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12040/9858554/sky-sports-and-matchroom-extend-their-exclusive-boxing-deal-to-2021|title=Sky Sports and Matchroom extend their exclusive boxing deal to 2021|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> In June 2021, fights promoted by [[Matchroom Sport]] moved to streaming service [[DAZN]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/03/eddie-hearn-enters-game-changing-boxing-deal-with-streaming-service-dazn |title=Eddie Hearn enters 'game-changing' boxing deal with streaming service DAZN |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601134427/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/03/eddie-hearn-enters-game-changing-boxing-deal-with-streaming-service-dazn |url-status=live |last1=McRae |first1=Donald }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/57336020 |title=Eddie Hearn signs five-year DAZN deal as Sky Sports contract ends |work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601134746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/57336020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2019, Sky Sports aired nine fights of the [[World Boxing Super Series]] in the 2018–19 season, starting with the semi-final world title bouts between [[bantamweight]]s [[Nonito Donaire]] and Stephon Young followed by [[super-lightweight]]s [[Regis Prograis]] and [[Kiryl Relikh]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2019|title=LONG READ: Sauerland strikes back|url=http://www.boxingmonthly.com/stories/long-read-sauerland-strikes-back/|access-date=29 July 2020|website=Boxing Monthly|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807053709/http://www.boxingmonthly.com/stories/long-read-sauerland-strikes-back/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ending in November with the bantamweight final between Nonito Donaire and [[Naoya Inoue]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2019|title=Sky Sports and DAZN will televise Inoue vs Donaire WBSS Final|url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/sky-sports-inoue-donaire/|access-date=29 July 2020|website=World Boxing News}}</ref> Previously, the event had been aired on [[ITV Box Office]] in the 2017–18 season but [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] did not renew the contract for the following season.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===WWF/WWE===
In 1989, Sky acquired the rights to [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]], which later changed its name to ''World Wrestling Entertainment'' in May 2002 due to legal issues with [[World Wide Fund for Nature]].

Part of the deal with Sky stated that major pay-per-view's such as [[WrestleMania]], [[Survivor Series]], [[Royal Rumble]] and [[SummerSlam]] were part of the [[Sky Box Office|Sky Sports Box Office]] pay-per-view service, and that ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]''{{'}}s first broadcast moved from [[Sky One]] to Sky Sports. As part of the deal, ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' was shown live early on Tuesday morning because of the time difference. ''SmackDown'' was broadcast live early Wednesday morning for the same reason. Sky also broadcast WWE's third brand, ''[[ECW (WWE brand)|ECW on Sci-Fi]]'' before it was cancelled. For a couple of months it replaced ''[[WWE Velocity]]'' on Sunday mornings. It was shown two nights after the US broadcast after a viewer complained to [[Ofcom]] in August 2006 about an image in the opening credits, and Sky agreed to air the program after the [[Watershed (broadcasting)|watershed]]. The deal of 14 pay-per-views did not account for WWE's extra pay-per-views which have been added subsequently, and therefore [[WWE Cyber Sunday]] would not have been picked up by Sky. However, a last-minute deal was struck between Sky and WWE, that allowed the pay-per-view to be shown live on Sky Sports 1.<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/news-wire/ Sky to show 2 major WWE PPVs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208111548/http://www1.skysports.com/news-wire/ |date=8 December 2013 }} Sky Sports, 1 November 2006</ref>
{{Clear}} The first WWE event to be shown in widescreen (16:9) format on Sky Sports was [[WWE No Way Out|No Way Out]] on 18 February 2008 at 1.00am on Sky Sports 1. Although after this, other WWE programming were still in standard (4:3) format however due to complaints all WWE programming will now be airing in widescreen from a down-scaled HD feed.

When ''[[WWE Heat]]'' ended in June 2008, it was replaced with [[WWE Vintage|WWE Vintage Collection]], a programme which showcases classic archive matches from the extensive [[WWE Libraries|WWE Video Library]].

On 30 January 2014, Sky Sports announced they had signed another five-year deal with WWE, it will now continue to exclusively broadcast flagship shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland through to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s216/wwe/news/a547640/wwe-signs-five-year-deal-with-sky-through-to-2019.html#~p5jKzXG2c5n2Xy|title = WWE signs five-year deal with Sky through to 2019|date = 30 January 2015|access-date = 25 February 2015|website = Digital Spy United Kingdom|last = Nissim|first = Mayer}}</ref> WWE pay-per-views were previously shown on Sky Sports for free roughly every five months, with all remaining pay-per-views being broadcast on Sky Sports Box Office at an additional cost. However, as of 2015, all pay-per-views were broadcast on Sky Sports Box Office at a cost of £19.95. On 20 June 2019, it was announced that WWE would be leaving Sky Sports after 30 years, with BT Sport taking over the rights from January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.bt.com/news/bt-sport-and-wwe-announce-exclusive-new-tv-partnership-in-multi-year-deal-S11364370135846 |title=BT Sport and WWE announce new partnership in multi-year TV deal |publisher=BT |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

===Darts===
Sky Sports previously broadcast the [[UK Open]] from its inception in 2003 up until the 2013 tournament, after which it moved to ITV.

===Basketball===
Sky has previously covered the [[NBA]], including during the early 1990s, and most recently from 2019 until 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/basketball/news/12375/11526415/sky-sports-and-nba-announce-four-year-broadcast-and-digital-partnership|title=Sky Sports and NBA announce four-year broadcast and digital partnership|website=Sky Sports|language=en|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> However, after that deal expired, TNT Sports took over as the UK broadcaster of the NBA.<ref>[https://rxtvinfo.com/2023/over-250-live-nba-games-coming-to-tnt-sports/ Over 250 NBA games coming to TNT]</ref>

===Gaelic games===
On 2 April 2014, Sky Sports signed a deal with the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA) to broadcast fixtures from both the [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]] (SFC) and the [[All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship]] (SHC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2014/0401/606028-gaa-rights-deal/|title=RTÉ & Sky secure GAA rights, RTÉ in worldwide deal|date=2 April 2014|access-date=2 April 2014|work=RTÉ}}</ref> The deal gave Sky Sports 20 championship matches across both sports ([[hurling]] and [[Gaelic football|football]]), including both semi-finals and both finals. Sky would have exclusive rights in both the [[Republic of Ireland]] and the United Kingdom to 14 of these matches, with the remaining six matches being simultaneously broadcast by [[RTÉ]] as the deal covered the years from 2014 to 2016. It was estimated that the GAA would make €0.5 million from the deal. The deal led to debate in Ireland, with Many loyal fans were unable to watch some key games during the All-Ireland season. The debate was reignited, with former [[Offaly county hurling team|Offaly]] hurler and television match analyst [[Michael Duignan (hurler)|Michael Duignan]] stating publicly on RTÉ: "The biggest disgrace of the weekend was on Saturday evening, that [[Waterford county hurling team|Waterford]] and [[Kilkenny county hurling team|Kilkenny]] (Round 2 hurling match) wasn't shown free-to-air in this country", a statement which resounded with many GAA fans across Ireland and gained much public sympathy, bringing further into question the continuation of the Sky GAA deal in the long term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://historyhub.ie/sports-rights-commercialization-revisited-sky-and-the-gaa|title=Sports Rights Commercialization Revisited: Sky and the GAA – History Hub|publisher=History Hub|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> On the other hand, the GAA was unlikely to receive the same amount of money from RTÉ as it got from Sky, especially given increasing emphasis on soccer.

On 24 October 2022, Sky Sports and the GAA announced a mutual agreement to end their broadcast partnership after nine years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the42.ie/sky-sports-2-5901809-Oct2022/|title=Sky Sports announce end of TV broadcast partnership with the GAA|date=24 October 2022|work=The 42|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/football/2022/1024/1331154-sky-sports-and-gaa-end-broadcast-agreement/|title=Sky Sports and GAA end broadcast agreement|date=24 October 2022|work=RTE Sport|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>

===NCAA===
In November 2023, Sky announced an agreement with [[ESPN International]] to acquire rights to ''[[ESPN College Football]]'' broadcasts for the remainder of the 2023 season and the 2024 season on Sky Sports NFL, including three games a week during the regular season, studio programs such as ''[[College GameDay (football TV program)|College GameDay]]'' and ''Half-time Report'', and ESPN-televised [[bowl game]]s. The deal also saw Sky show three ''[[ESPN College Basketball]]'' games a week plus [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|March Madness]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sky Sports secures rights to show NCAA College Football and Basketball |url=https://www.skysports.com/nfl/news/12118/13010262/sky-sports-secure-rights-to-show-ncaa-college-football-until-the-end-of-2024-25-season |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref> For the 2025/26 season the rights passed to [[DAZN]].<ref>[https://dazngroup.com/press-room/dazn-reaches-agreement-with-espn-for-u-s-college-football-and-basketball-rights-in-selected-territories-in-europe-and-mena/ DAZN reaches agreement with ESPN for US College Football and Basketball Rights]</ref>

===Basketball===
In 2018, Sky Sports signed a four-year deal to broadcast the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/basketball/news/12375/11526415/sky-sports-and-nba-announce-four-year-broadcast-and-digital-partnership|title=Sky Sports and NBA announce four-year broadcast and digital partnership|work=Sky Sports |date=16 October 2018}}</ref> The rights then moved to TNT Sports.

In November 2020, coverage of the [[British Basketball League]] returned to Sky Sports in a new two-year deal which saw Sky broadcasting 30 games per season, including BBL Trophy Final, BBL Cup Final and BBL Playoffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbl.org.uk/british-basketball-league-returns-to-sky-sports/|title=British Basketball League returns to Sky Sports|website=bbl.org.uk|date=13 November 2020|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> This has been extended to cover the 2023/24 season. However, when the competition was relaunched in 2024 as [[Super League Basketball]], coverage moved to DAZN.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Television|Sports}}

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Osama Idris Nadwi

2026-03-15T03:10:59Z

Marinavan: made a info

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, lawyer, and politician (b. 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Advocate, Mufti
| name = Osama Idrīs Nadwi
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1994|1|1}}
| birth_place = Phulat, [[Muzaffarnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = {{Bulleted list|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]|[[Glocal University]]}}
| occupation = Islamic scholar, lawyer, social worker, politician
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| known_for =
| awards = Nishān-e-I'tirāf (2023)
(AIMPLB)
}}

'''Osama Idrīs Nadwi''' (born 1 January 1994), also written as '''Mufti Osama Nadwi''', is an Islamic scholar, lawyer, social activist, and politician. He is recognized for his exceptional efforts in protecting the rights of Muslims and addressing social issues.

== Early life and education ==
Osama Idrīs Nadwi was born on 1 January 1994, in Phulat, [[Muzaffarnagar district]]. His Rasm-e-Bismillah (initiation into reading the Quran) was conducted in 1996 by [[Kaleem Siddiqui]]. He completed his primary education at Jamia Imam Shah Waliullah, Phulat, and graduated as an Aalim from [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow, in 2012. Subsequently, he specialized in Islamic jurisprudence (Takhassus fil Fiqh wal Ifta) at [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]] and authored a research thesis titled ''Cyber Jaraim aur Islami Nuqta-e-Nazar'' ({{translation|Cyber Crimes and the Islamic Perspective}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Ghafran Sajid |date=9 December 2024 |title=Advocate Mufti Osama Idrees Nadwi: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/219334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174418/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/219334 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=Urdu}}</ref>

Following this, on the advice of [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]], he pursued an LLB degree from [[Glocal University]], Saharanpur.<ref name=":1"/>

== Career ==
Nadwi chose the legal profession as a means to serve the community. He has worked extensively on securing bail and the release of prisoners, providing legal guidance to the public, and offering free legal advice to those in need.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Advocate Osama Nadwi secures release of Mohammad Azeem after two years in Lucknow Jail |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/199777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531182114/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/199777 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=Urdu}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=29 July 2022 |title=दाईयें: इस्लाम हजरत मौलाना कलीम सिद्दीक़ी साहब ने जेल में रहते हुए भी एक ऐसे अहम काम को अंजाम दिया है कैसा है उनका ये बड़ा काम? जानिए |trans-title=Daiyaan: Islam Hazrat Maulana Kalim Siddiqui sahab has done such an important work even while being in jail. How is this big work of his? Know |url=https://www.mediadetection.com/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Media Detection |language=hi}}</ref> He also serves as the legal counsel for [[Kaleem Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=12 September 2024 |title=In First Major Conviction Under UP Conversion Law, Prominent Islamic Scholar and 11 Others Sentenced to Life |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/in-first-major-conviction-under-up-conversion-law-prominent-islamic-scholar-and-11-others-sentenced-to-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912115859/https://m.thewire.in/article/law/in-first-major-conviction-under-up-conversion-law-prominent-islamic-scholar-and-11-others-sentenced-to-life |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=M. Ghazali |date=13 September 2024 |title=India: Islamic preachers sentenced for Life for preaching Islam |url=https://muslimnews.co.uk/news/south-asia/india-islamic-preachers-sentenced-for-life-for-preaching-islam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209190807/https://muslimnews.co.uk/news/south-asia/india-islamic-preachers-sentenced-for-life-for-preaching-islam/ |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=The Muslim News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 April 2023|title=مولانا کلیم صدیقی کے تئیں ملی تنظیموں کا رویہ مایوس کن، ایڈوکیٹ اسامہ ندوی |trans-title=The attitude of the organizations towards Maulana Kaleem Siddiqui is disappointing, advocate Osama Nadvi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/maulana-kaleem-siddiqui-is-likely-to-be-released-in-a-week-but-disappointed-from-religious-organisations-says-advocate-osama-nadvi/na20230406122145297297318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209192611/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/maulana-kaleem-siddiqui-is-likely-to-be-released-in-a-week-but-disappointed-from-religious-organisations-says-advocate-osama-nadvi/na20230406122145297297318 |archive-date=9 December 2024|access-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>

Nadwi has played a significant role in strengthening the organizational structure of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) in [[western Uttar Pradesh]]. He has served as the President of Muzaffarnagar district (thrice), former President of [[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur Division]], and former Provincial Vice President and General Secretary of western UP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=AIMIM appoints Mufti Osama Idrīs Nadwi as Commissioner President |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/45065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209183107/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/45065 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=मण्डल अध्यक्ष मुफ़्ती ओसामा नदवी ने जनपद सहारनपुर का दौरा किया |trans-title=Mandal President Mufti Osama Nadvi visited Saharanpur district |url=https://watansamachar.com/Mandal-President-Mufti-Osama-Nadvi-visited-district-Saharanpur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111140348/https://watansamachar.com/Mandal-President-Mufti-Osama-Nadvi-visited-district-Saharanpur |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Watan Samāchār |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 September 2019 |title=मुफ़्ती ओसामा नदवी को मिला AIMIM से वफादारी का ईनाम-बनाये गए सहारनपुर मण्डल अध्यक्ष - |trans-title=Mufti Osama Nadvi got the reward of loyalty from AIMIM- made Saharanpur Mandal President |url=https://waraquetaza.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-aimim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627075625/https://waraquetaza.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-aimim/ |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Waraqu-e-Taza |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=हम एक हाथ में क़ुरआन दूसरे में संविधान रखते हैं: AIMIM नेता |trans-title=We hold the Quran in one hand and the Constitution in the other: AIMIM leader |url=https://upuklive.com/deshvidesh/we-hold-the-quran-in-one-hand-and-the-constitution-in-the/c75722-w2887-cid345544-s10906.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210021819/https://upuklive.com/deshvidesh/we-hold-the-quran-in-one-hand-and-the-constitution-in-the/c75722-w2887-cid345544-s10906.htm |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=upuklive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
In recognition of his contributions, Nadwi was honored with several awards, including the ''Nishān-e-I'tirāf'' by the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Advocate Maulana Osama Idrīs Nadwi honored with Nishān-e-Itirāf Award |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/208618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209182701/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/208618 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>

He has also published articles<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Osama |date=28 July 2022 |title=Sixteen-Year Imprisonment Ends: Maulana Kaleem Siddiqui Secures Release of Mohammad Rais |url=https://qindeelonline.com/mohammad-raees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728143344/https://qindeelonline.com/mohammad-raees/ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Osama |date=7 July 2022 |title=Bakra Eid se pehle Hazrat Maulana Kaleem Siddiqui, Hafiz Idrees Qureshi wa un ke rufaqa se jail mein mulaqat ki dastaan |trans-title=The Story of Meeting Hazrat Maulana Kaleem Siddiqui, Hafiz Idrees Qureshi, and Their Companions in Jail Before Bakra Eid |url=https://qindeelonline.com/baqarid-se-qabal-ml-kaleem-siddiqi-hafiz-idrees-quraishi-aur-unke-rufaqa-se-mulaqat-by-adv-usama-nadwi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209193421/https://qindeelonline.com/baqarid-se-qabal-ml-kaleem-siddiqi-hafiz-idrees-quraishi-aur-unke-rufaqa-se-mulaqat-by-adv-usama-nadwi/ |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref> and presented papers at seminars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=Islamic Fiqh Academy India Organizes Three-Day Summer Camp |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/92101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209190109/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/92101 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref>
== Views ==
In March 2025, Nadwi commented on public criticism of Indian cricketer [[Mohammed Shami]] for not fasting during the Islamic month of [[Ramadan]] while playing in an international cricket match. Citing provisions in the [[Quran]] that permit travellers to postpone fasting (Qur'an 2:184–185), he stated that Shami, being on a journey exceeding 92.5 km, was religiously permitted to abstain from fasting without being sinful. Nadwi argued that the matter was between Shami and Allah, and that public condemnation without knowing the circumstances was inappropriate. He added that such statements by religious leaders for publicity could harm both Islam and the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=मोहम्मद शमी के रोज़ा न रखने पर बवाल, आलोचना करने वाले जान लें क्या कहता है इस्लाम और कुरान |trans-title=Row over Mohammed Shami not fasting – Critics should know what Islam and the Quran say |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/mohammed-shami-indian-cricketer-roza-row-islam-point-of-view-explained-3159417.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref>

In July 2025, Nadwi commented on the application of [[Qisas]] (retributive justice) in [[Sharia|Islamic law]] during discussions surrounding the case of Indian nurse [[Nimisha Priya]], who was sentenced to death in [[Yemen]] for murder. He explained that Qisas—derived from the [[Quran]] ([[Al-Baqara|Surah Al-Baqarah]], 2:178)—mandates equal retaliation in cases of intentional harm, such as "an eye for an eye" or "a life for a life", and applies equally to men and women. Nadwi further noted that Islamic law allows for clemency through afw ([[pardon]]) or [[Blood money in Islam|diyyah]] (blood money), but only at the discretion of the victim’s family. He added that while gender equality in punishment is maintained, certain compassionate considerations—such as for nursing mothers—may influence the timing of punishment under Sharia-based legal systems.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=निमिषा प्रिया को शरिया क़ानून में 'क़िसास' के तहत सज़ा-ए-मौत देने की मांग, जानिए क्या है ये नियम? |trans-title=Nimisha Priya Faces Death Sentence Under Sharia Law's 'Qisas' – What Does This Islamic Legal Principle Mean? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c62dxm78j6mo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718035838/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c62dxm78j6mo |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[BBC Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadwi, Osama Idrīs}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]

Siddhartha Nuni

2026-03-13T11:10:47Z

Marinavan: New Basic Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian film director and cinematographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddhartha Nuni
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1983
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{Ubl
| [[IIT Madras]]
| Viewfinder Erasmus European Joint Masters in Cinematography
}}
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2012–present
}}
[[File:Siddhartha Nuni in 2018.jpg|thumb|Siddhartha Nuni in 2018]]

'''Siddhartha Nuni''' is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] based in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Working with Ang Lee on Life of Pi was an amazing experience' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/south-slide-show-1-working-with-ang-lee-on-life-of-pi-was-an-amazing-experience/20130823.htm |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031045829/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/south-slide-show-1-working-with-ang-lee-on-life-of-pi-was-an-amazing-experience/20130823.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
Siddhartha attended high school at [[Sainik School, Korukonda]] and graduated in [[Electrical Engineering]] from [[IIT Madras]]. He learnt cinematography at Mindscreen Film Institute, [[Chennai]], run by the Indian cinematographer [[Rajiv Menon]]. Siddhartha graduated with a Master of Arts from Viewfinder Erasmus Mundus European Joint Masters in Cinematography '19.

== Filmography ==
;As cinematographer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Siddhartha Nuni film cinematography credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! ! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2012
|''[[Software Hardware Kya Yaaron]]''{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
|English
|Debut
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]''
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title='Lucia' Movie Review – A modern artistic triumph for all involved |url=https://uk.blastingnews.com/entertainment/2015/04/lucia-movie-review-a-modern-artistic-triumph-for-all-involved-00368549.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Blasting News |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029131443/https://uk.blastingnews.com/entertainment/2015/04/lucia-movie-review-a-modern-artistic-triumph-for-all-involved-00368549.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Brahman Naman]]''
|English
|
|
|-
|''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
|Kannada
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Filming Mallipoo is one of my most memorable experiences, says Siddhartha Nuni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/26/filming-mallipoois-one-of-my-most-memorable-experiences-sayssiddhartha-nuni-2501833.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130326/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/26/filming-mallipoois-one-of-my-most-memorable-experiences-sayssiddhartha-nuni-2501833.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Limitless (documentary)|Limitless]]''
|English
|Documentary
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kõik Teavad]]''
|Estonian
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu: Part I - The Kindling]]''
|rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=First look of Dhanush-Arun Matheswaran's 'Captain Miller' out |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-dhanush-arun-matheswarans-captain-miller-out/article67027127.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130123/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-dhanush-arun-matheswarans-captain-miller-out/article67027127.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-10-24 |title=Cast and crew of Vijay – Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' revealed |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Andhra King Taluka]]'' || Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra King Taluka title glimpse: Ram Pothineni plays a loud-and-proud fan of a superstar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/15/andhra-king-taluka-title-glimpse-ram-pothineni-plays-a-loud-and-proud-fan-of-a-superstar |date=15 May 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>




|}

;Other roles
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Siddhartha Nuni film credits in other roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2012
|''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
|English
|VFX Production Assistant
|
|-
|2018
|''Love in Neon''
|English
|Director
|Short film
|-
|2019
|''Kõik Teavad''
|Estonian
|Director
|Short film
|-




|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Siddhartha Nuni awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|2014
|''Lucia'' (Kannada film, 2013)
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Cinematographer
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2019
|''Kõik Teavad'' (Estonian Short film, 2019)
|Best of Baltic Film and Media School 2019
|Best Short Film
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2020
|''Kõik Teavad'' (Estonian Short film, 2019)
|2nd Diorama International Film Festival
|Best International Short Film
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2023
|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'' (Tamil film, 2022)
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Cinematographer
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2024
|''Captain Miller'' (Tamil film, 2024)
|[[Film Companion Gold]]
|Cinematography
|Winner
|}

== Recognition ==
Siddhartha was featured in the [[India Today]] magazine as one of 37 young Indians making a difference in their field of work in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/indians-of-tomorrow-368873-2012-12-13|title=Indians of Tomorrow – {{!}} Photo2 {{!}} India Today {{!}}|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-date=2016-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024223802/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/indians-of-tomorrow/2/8401.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkG4ZCFvf7Q}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4394265}}
* [https://vimeo.com/siddharthanuni Official Vimeo Channel]
* [https://www.instagram.com/siddnuni.dop Instagram handle of Siddhartha Nuni]
* [https://x.com/siddnunidop Twitter handle of Siddhartha Nuni]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuni, Siddhartha}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]

Billa (1980 film)

2026-03-12T13:24:44Z

Marinavan: started details!

{{short description|1980 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film by R. Krishnamoorthy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Billa
| image = Billa 1980 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Krishnamoorthy]]
| writer = A. L. Narayanan (dialogues)
| producer = [[Suresh Balaje]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]''|[[Salim–Javed]]}}
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sripriya]] [[K. Balaji|Balaji]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = G. Or. Nathan
| editing = V. Chakrapani
| studio = Suresh Arts
| released = {{Film date|1980|1|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Billa''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[R. Krishnamoorthy]] and produced by [[Suresh Balaje]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in a dual role, alongside [[Sripriya]] and [[K. Balaji|Balaji]]. It is a remake of ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'', a 1978 [[Hindi]] film written by [[Salim–Javed]] and starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. The film revolves around [[Don (character)#Other versions|David Billa]], a powerful ganglord who is fatally wounded during an encounter with the police. Wanting to uncover Billa's accomplices, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Alexander trains a lookalike simpleton Rajappa to pose as Billa and infiltrate the gang. The rest of the film deals with how Rajappa learns more about Billa's gang, and tries to get all of them arrested.

''Billa'' was released on 26 January 1980, and emerged a blockbuster, running for over 25 weeks in theatres. It was a turning point in Rajinikanth's career, disproving detractors that claimed he was "finished" and which saw him accepted as a full-fledged hero. He was subsequently cast in a series of roles modelled after Bachchan's "angry young man" persona, in various Tamil remakes of Hindi films written by Salim–Javed and starring Bachchan, who Rajinikanth has credited as his inspiration. The success of ''Billa'' established Rajinikanth as one of the top stars of [[Tamil cinema]]. It was remade in 2007 in Tamil under the [[Billa (2007 film)|same title]].

== Plot ==
[[Don (character)#Other versions|David Billa]] is a powerful ganglord, who, despite being one of the most wanted on the list of Interpol, remains elusive to the police. Along with the police, he makes a few other enemies through his merciless approach in running his organisation, especially when he kills one of his own men, Rajesh, when Rajesh decides to leave the business. This introduces Billa to two new enemies: Reena (Rajesh's fiancée) and Rajesh's sister Radha. When Reena seduces Billa and attempts to have the police arrest him, her plan backfires, as Billa outsmarts her and escapes, and in the process, Reena is killed.

Radha, seeking revenge, infiltrates Billa's gang. After several unsuccessful attempts at nabbing Billa, the police finally succeed, but Billa dies during the pursuit, botching [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Alexander's plan to reach the source of all crime—the man Billa reported to—by capturing Billa alive. Alexander buries Billa's body, ensuring that people believe that he is still alive. Alexander remembers his chance encounter with Rajappa, a simpleton trying to support two small foster children, who is a [[doppelgänger]] of Billa. Alexander hatches a plan to transform Rajappa into Billa and place him back into the criminal nexus, but this time as a police informer.

Around the time Rajappa infiltrates Billa's gang as Billa under the guise of amnesia, former circus man JJ, just released from prison, begins his mission of revenge against Alexander (for his wife's death) and his search for his children who had been saved and taken care off by Rajappa. Rajappa manages to replace the red diary with a blank one, and tells his gang that he is going to take revenge on Alexander, but is actually going there to give him the red diary. Radha attacks Rajappa, who tries to explain to her that he is not Billa. She refuses to believe him until Alexander intervenes and confirms Rajappa identity.

Meanwhile, as Rajappa learns more and more about Billa through the discovery of his diary and Radha's help, he announces to his colleagues that his memory is back. Celebrations ensue, as "Billa" announces his return to the underworld, but things take a drastic turn when the police raid the celebrations, acting upon Rajappa's information. Rajappa's only witness to his true identity, Alexander, dies in the crossfire and Rajappa is arrested.

Tangled in a web of confusion when the police refused to believe that he is Rajappa, whereas his underworld gang realise that he is indeed not Billa, Rajappa becomes not only hated by the police, but also by Billa's right-hand and the rest of his gang. To add to Rajappa's woes, Billa's diary, which he had handed over to Alexander – his last hope of proving his innocence – is stolen by JJ in an attempt to track down his lost children, without realising that only Rajappa can reunite them. Rajappa escapes from the police and the underworld with Radha's help, but struggles to prove his identity and innocence.

Rajappa eventually discovers that the interpol officer Gokulnath is Jagdish, the real underworld crime boss who had killed Alexander, and after a long fight against Jagdish's men, Radha ends up getting the diary and one of the gangster's snatches it and burns it. It is later revealed that the diary which was burnt was, in fact, the fake diary and Rajappa had the real one to trick Jagdish. He gives the evidence to the police and is cleared of all charges against him. Jagdish is arrested, and Rajappa returns to his old life.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Rajinikanth]] in a dual role as
**[[Don (character)#Other versions|David Billa]]
**Rajappa
* [[Sripriya]] as Radha
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as DSP Alexander
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Jagadish / Gokulnath (fake)<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Ranjith<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as J.Jaganath (JJ)<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=When Rajni was Billa |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07sli3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113350/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07sli3.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 3}}</ref>
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Inspector Varma<ref name="When Rajni was Billa 2" />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Amarnath, Radha's gym trainer<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Praveena Bhagyaraj|Praveena]] as Rupa<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pattu, Rajappa's friend<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Reena}}

== Production ==
By the end of the 1970s, [[Rajinikanth]] had become a popular actor in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hariharan |first=K. |date=2 July 2011 |title=The Rajini mystique |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-rajini-mystique/article2153059.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107121345/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-rajini-mystique/article2153059.ece |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=6 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During this phase of his career, he abruptly chose to quit acting, but was coaxed back.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=101–102}}<ref name="expressindia" /> He made a comeback with the [[R. Krishnamoorthy]]-directed ''Billa'', which was a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978) written by [[Salim–Javed]].{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=102}} The film was named after [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case|Billa]], a real criminal.<ref name="Dhananjayan" /> For the first time in his career, Rajinikanth was cast in dual roles: the [[Don (character)#Other versions|eponymous gangster]] and the street entertainer Rajappa.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=102}} Although the film was a [[shot-for-shot]] adaptation of ''Don'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |journal=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170523083451/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref> Rajinikanth avoided aping [[Amitabh Bachchan]], the lead actor of the original, and instead interpreted the roles in his own unique style.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=103}} [[K. Balaji|Balaji]], in addition to playing the [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Alexander,<ref name="When Rajni was Billa 2" /> was credited as the film's presenter.<ref name="movie" /> [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was initially offered the female lead role of Radha, but declined; the role went to [[Sripriya]].<ref name="kamadenu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=6 December 2016 |title=When Jayalalithaa turned down Rajinikanth's Billa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/rip-amma-jayalalitha-tunred-down-thalaivar-rajinikanth-billa-355889-2016-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206160909/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rip-amma-jayalalitha-tunred-down-thalaivar-rajinikanth-billa/1/827845.html |archive-date=6 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], who appeared in ''Don'', reprised her role in ''Billa''.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=103}} The dialogues were written by A. L. Narayanan, cinematography was handled by G. Or. Nathan, and the editing by V. Chakrapani. The film was produced by Balaji's son [[Suresh Balaje]] under Suresh Arts.<ref name="movie" />

== Soundtrack ==
The film's original soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billa Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/billa-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722050903/https://mossymart.com/product/billa-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billa (Old) (1980) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000034 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307010323/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000034 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |access-date=29 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Vethalayai Potendi" replaces "Khaike Paan Banaras Wala" from the 1978 Hindi original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2006 |title=Don: For Megastars Only |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/26sld3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180518101919/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/26sld3.htm |archive-date=18 May 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 3}}</ref> That, and "My Name is Billa" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2012 |title=அஜித் பிறந்த நாளில் பில்லா 2 ரீலிஸ்? |trans-title=Billa 2 to release on Ajith's birthday? |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/6648/cinema/Kollywood/Ajiths-billa-2-in-Ajiths-birthday.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415015141/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/6648/cinema/Kollywood/Ajiths-billa-2-in-Ajiths-birthday.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 22:14
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = My Name Is Billa
| length1 = 04:26
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Iravum Pagalum
| length2 = 04:39
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| title3 = Veththalaya Pottendi
| length3 = 04:48
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| title4 = Nattukulla Enakkoru
| length4 = 04:38
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, L. R. Anjali
| title5 = Ninaithale Inikkum Sugame
| length5 = 04:23
| extra5 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Billa'' was released on 26 January 1980,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2006 |title=Ajit-The new 'Billa'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-the-new-billa-news-tamil-kkfvgVcaegdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107122518/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-the-new-billa-news-tamil-kkfvgVcaegdsi.html |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=14 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref name="kamadenu" /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 46 out of 100, criticising the screenplay but calling it an enjoyable entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 1980 |title=பில்லா – ஆனந்த விகடன் விமர்சனம் |url=http://www.rajinifans.com/review/billa.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127162705/http://rajinifans.com/review/billa.php |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |via=Rajinifans.com}}</ref> It ran for over 25 weeks in theatres, and became Rajinikanth's biggest commercial success to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Best films of Rajinikanth |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/40-years-of-rajinikanth-south/20150827.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170107120017/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/40-years-of-rajinikanth-south/20150827.htm |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Billa'' was a turning point in his career, disproving detractors that claimed he was "finished" and which saw him accepted as a full-fledged hero.<ref name="expressindia" /> He was subsequently cast in a series of roles modelled after Amitabh Bachchan's "angry young man" persona,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2017 |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033352/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=12 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> in various Tamil remakes of Hindi films written by Salim–Javed and starring Bachchan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2016 |title=What do Amitabh Bachchan and Rajinikanth have in common? |url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/like-amitabh-bachchan-does-rajinikanth-owe-his-success-to-salim-khan-and-javed-akhtar-catch-flash-back-bollywood-news-1469260347.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033736/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/like-amitabh-bachchan-does-rajinikanth-owe-his-success-to-salim-khan-and-javed-akhtar-catch-flash-back-bollywood-news-1469260347.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |work=Catch News |language=en}}</ref> who Rajinikanth has credited as his inspiration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2010 |title=Amitabh is my inspiration, says Rajini |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amitabh-is-my-inspiration-says-Rajini/article16133086.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516093145/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amitabh-is-my-inspiration-says-Rajini/article16133086.ece |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The success of ''Billa'' established Rajinikanth as one of the top stars of Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 July 1988 |title=Rajanikant: His name spells box-office magic in the south |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880731-rajanikant-his-name-spells-box-office-magic-in-the-south-797520-1988-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516093145/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880731-rajanikant-his-name-spells-box-office-magic-in-the-south-797520-1988-07-31 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, historian [[G. Dhananjayan]] lamented that it also started the trend in Tamil cinema where the protagonist enjoys being a gangster and the audience is not shown the character's backstory, in contrast to earlier films where the protagonist takes to crime due to societal issues.<ref name="Dhananjayan" /> Billa's dialogue "''En kodi parakavendiya yedathula vera yevan kodi da parakum''" (How can another man's flag fly in a place where my flag should fly?) attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=19 May 2017 |title=Will Rajinikanth finally enter politics? |url=https://scroll.in/article/838119/will-rajinikanth-finally-enter-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529094147/https://scroll.in/article/838119/will-rajinikanth-finally-enter-politics |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Krishnamoorthy became popularly known as "Billa" Krishnamoorthy after this film's release.<ref name="When Rajni was Billa 2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=26 October 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Jannal Oram – A fascinating journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jannal-oram-a-fascinating-journey/article5275632.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230043015/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jannal-oram-a-fascinating-journey/article5275632.ece |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Venkateswaran Narayanan, the deputy editor at ''[[The Times of India]]'', said, "I would think [Rajinikanth's] road to superstardom began with the steps he took in ''Billa''. You can make a clear distinction between the roles he did before and after ''Billa''."{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=254}}

== ''Billa'' series ==
''Billa'' was remade again in 2007 [[Billa (2007 film)|under the same title]] by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], with [[Ajith Kumar]] portraying Billa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nivas |first=Namita |date=9 December 2011 |title=Sudhanshu Pandey plays a baddie in Billa 2 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/sudhanshu-pandey-plays-a-baddie-in-billa-2/885449/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913013942/http://www.screenindia.com/news/sudhanshu-pandey-plays-a-baddie-in-billa-2/885449/ |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=29 February 2012 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> This remake featured remixes of the songs "Vethalayai Potendi" and "My Name is Billa".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2018 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 333 – எஸ்.கணேஷ் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/44107 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516093145/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/44107 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=29 November 2007 |title=Billa's music rocks! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/29billa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021053242/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/29billa.htm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=2 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> After its commercial success, Vishnuvardhan decided to launch a prequel – ''[[Billa II]]'' with Ajith Kumar reprising his role. But due to date issues, Vishnuvardhan left the project, leaving it to [[Chakri Toleti]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=18 February 2011 |title=Vishnu cancels billa date |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103224452/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=15 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 13 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2012 |title=Billa 2 to hit theatres on July 13 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/billa-2-to-hit-theatres-on-july-13-107335-2012-06-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630125544/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/billa-2-to-hit-theatres-on-july-13/1/202819.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Dhananjayan">{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=22 May 2017 |title=Why mafia flicks are K'wood's pet genre |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Why-mafia-flicks-are-Kwoods-pet-genre-22052017006022# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180516102535/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Why-mafia-flicks-are-Kwoods-pet-genre-22052017006022%23 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Billa |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Suresh Arts |year=1980 |time=0:00 to 3:31 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="When Rajni was Billa 2">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=When Rajni was Billa |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07sli2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325223658/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07sli2.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 2}}</ref>
<ref name="expressindia">{{Cite news |last=Jinnaa |first=Girija |date=15 June 2007 |title='Yesterday I was a conductor, today I'm a star' |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=88218 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617192827/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=88218 |archive-date=17 June 2007 |access-date=4 January 2011 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=Ramji |first=V. |date=8 June 2018 |title=பில்லா – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3239-billa-appave-appadi-kadhai-4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190112033037/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3239-billa-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |archive-date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Don And Remakes|state=expanded}}
{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:1980 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1980 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1980 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980s crime action films]]
[[Category:1980s gangster films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Interpol]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Krishnamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

I. M. Vijayan

2026-03-11T19:44:28Z

Marinavan: revised

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = I.M. Vijayan
| image = IM..Vijayan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vijayan in 2017
| fullname = Inivalappil Mani Vijayan
| height = {{height|m=1.80}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|4|25}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| years1 = 1987–1991
| clubs1 = [[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
| caps1 = ?
| goals1 = 33
| years2 = 1991–1992
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 = 27
| goals2 = 27
| years3 = 1992–1993
| clubs3 = [[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
| caps3 = ?
| goals3 = 30
| years4 = 1993–1994
| clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps4 = 55
| goals4 = 18
| years5 = 1994–1997
| clubs5 = [[JCT Mills Football Club|JCT Mills Phagwara]]
| caps5 = 44
| goals5 = 19
| years6 = 1997–1998
| clubs6 = [[FC Kochin]]
| caps6 = 50
| goals6 = 24
| years7 = 1998–1999
| clubs7 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps7 = 33
| goals7 = 15
| years8 = 1999–2001
| clubs8 = [[FC Kochin]]
| caps8 = 47
| goals8 = 22
| years9 = 2001–2002
| clubs9 = [[East Bengal FC]]
| caps9 = 18
| goals9 = 19
| years10 = 2002–2004
| clubs10 = [[JCT Mills Football Club|JCT]]
| caps10 = 34
| goals10 = 10
| years11 = 2004–2005
| clubs11 = [[Churchill Brothers Sports Club|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps11 = 16
| goals11 = 22
| years12 = 2005–2006
| clubs12 = [[East Bengal FC]]
| caps12 = 41
| goals12 = 11
| totalcaps = 338+
| totalgoals = 250
| nationalyears1 = 1992–2003
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 72
| nationalgoals1 = 29
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[association football|football]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1995 South Asian Games|1995 Madras]]|[[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[1993 South Asian Games|1993 Dhaka]]|[[Football at the 1993 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]|[[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993 Lahore]]|Team}}
{{Medal|W|[[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997 Kathmandu]]|Team}}
{{Medal|W|[[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999 Goa]]|Team}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003 Dhaka]]|Team}}
}}

'''Inivalappil Mani Vijayan''' (born 25 April 1969), also known by the nickname '''Kalo Harin''' ([[Blackbuck]]), is an Indian former professional [[association football|footballer]] who captained the [[India national football team]]. He played as a [[Forward (association football)|striker]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19980202-with-over-rs-1-cr-as-prize-money-for-philips-league-local-clubs-sign-up-foreign-players-825596-1998-02-02 |title=With over Rs 1 cr as prize money for Philips League, local clubs sign up foreign players |date=2 February 1998 |access-date=1 February 2022 |first=Binoo |last=K. John |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201101437/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19980202-with-over-rs-1-cr-as-prize-money-for-philips-league-local-clubs-sign-up-foreign-players-825596-1998-02-02 |archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> where he formed a successful attacking partnership with [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] for the [[India national football team]] in the late nineties and early 2000s.

Vijayan started his career with the [[Kerala Police FC|Kerala Police football club]] and rose to become one of the top names in domestic football. A highly aggressive player, he eventually became the highest earner in Indian club football as well as a regular choice in the Indian team.

Vijayan's talents attracted interest from the clubs in Malaysia and Thailand, although he spent his entire career in India until retirement. By the end of his career he had scored 29 international goals in 72 matches for India. Since retiring from international football, Vijayan has set up a football academy to train young players in his home town. He was the captain of Indian football team from 2000 to 2004.

Vijayan has also acted in some notable roles in many movies. One of his movies, ''[[Mmmmm]]'' was shortlisted for India's entry into the [[93rd Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor or footballer or both? IM Vijayan-starrer 'Mmmmm' shortlisted for Oscars - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Feb/27/actor-or-footballer-or-both-im-vijayan-starrer-mmmmm-shortlisted-for-oscars-2269855.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710185453/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/27/actor-or-footballer-or-both-im-vijayan-starrer-mmmmm-shortlisted-for-oscars-2269855.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

He received many awards and honors including the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2003 and [[Padma Shri]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207055857/https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130112736/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and domestic career==
[[File:India and Bangladesh in action during the 1999 South Asian Games semi final.png|thumb|left|Vijayan in action for [[India national football team|India]] against [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] at the [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]] semi-finals]]
Vijayan was born into a [[Malayali]] family<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/deer-footed-magician/299447 |title=Deer-Footed Magician |work=Outlook |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618204039/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/deer-footed-magician/299447 |url-status=live}}</ref> on 25 April 1969 in [[Thrissur]] City, [[Kerala]]. He began his life in a gravely poor environment and had to sell soda bottles in the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]] to help his family. He started out as a soda seller in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kerala, earning 10 paise (0.02 cents) per bottle. He studied at [[Church Mission Society High School]], [[Thrissur]] (CMSHSS, Thrissur).

Vijayan had passion for the game of football, and somehow caught the eye of the then DGP of [[Kerala]], M.K. Joseph who got him selected for the Kerala Police football club at 17 years of age. Vijayan delivered brilliant performances for Kerala Police at Quilon Nationals 1987, and was able to impress the national football fraternity very soon with his impeccable skills and highly aggressive style of playing. He continued to play for Kerala Police until 1991. He then joined [[Mohun Bagan]], before coming back to Kerala Police in 1992 and then switching back to Mohun Bagan the very next year for a second spell at the club. In 1994, he joined [[JCT FC|JCT Mills Phagwara]] and stayed with them for 3 more years until 1997, when he left JCT to join [[FC Kochin]]. After spending a one year tenure with the club, he moved once more to Mohun Bagan in 1998, his third spell with the club, and then returned to FC Kochin in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers1999.html |title=Season ending transfers 1999 |website=Indianfootball.de |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers1999.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html |title=Season ending transfers 2000 |website=Indianfootball.de |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2000, during the off-season, Vijayan joined the Bangladeshi [[Dhaka Senior Division Football League|Dhaka Premier Division League]] club [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC|Muktijoddha Sangsad]] and appeared in five league matches,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vijayan-takes-aiff-fine-in-his-stride/articleshow/1932191317.cms |title=Vijayan takes AIFF fine in his stride |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi |date=19 July 2001 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101051903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vijayan-takes-aiff-fine-in-his-stride/articleshow/1932191317.cms |archive-date=1 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html |title=NEWS FOR THE MONTH OF March 2001 — March 3 and 5 — Note: 1 |website=www.indianfootball.de |publisher=Indian Football Network |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005046/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html |url-status=dead |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri}}</ref> while the lack of an international transfer certificate behind the signing caused a fine of 50,000 rupees by the [[All India Football Federation]] in March 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/mar/26vijayn.htm |title=Vijayan fined, allowed time to appeal |website=rediff.com |publisher=Rediff Mail Sports |location=New Delhi |date=26 March 2001 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101074841/https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/mar/26vijayn.htm |archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> He rejoined FC Kochin later and played until 2001.<ref>[https://www.sports-nova.com/2020/05/30/glorytales-of-indian-football-fc-kochin-im-vijayan-and-their-amazing-success-story/ Glorytales of Indian Football: FC Kochin, IM Vijayan and their amazing success story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714105924/https://www.sports-nova.com/2020/05/30/glorytales-of-indian-football-fc-kochin-im-vijayan-and-their-amazing-success-story/ |date=14 July 2021 }}. ''sports-nova.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</ref> He later signed with [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] before leaving in 2002 to join JCT Mills Phagwara once more. After finishing a two-year stint with the club, he left JCT in 2004 and joined [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] He left the club after one year and joined [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] in 2005, which was his last professional football club as an active football player. He left East Bengal in 2006. In the 2020–21 season, Vijayan appeared with Gokulam Kerala's futsal team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ug/news/indian-football-2020-21-futsal-championship-august-september/10bjd4ea1blf1iis9zcyv0g2t |title=Indian Football: 2020-21 season likely to start with Futsal Championship}}</ref>

==International career==

I.M. Vijayan made his debut in international football in the year 1992 and played in a number of tournaments such as [[Nehru Cup]], Pre-Olympics, [[FIFA]] World Qualifiers, [[SAFF Championship]] and [[South Asian Games|SAF Games]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13819/Invalappil_Mani_Vijayan.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Invalappil Mani Vijayan|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114131802/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13819/Invalappil_Mani_Vijayan.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref> Vijayan was part of the victorious Indian team in the 1999 [[SAFF Championship|South Asian Football Federation Cup]] and scored one of the fastest international goals in history of sport during the tournament, hitting the net against [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]] after only 12 seconds.<ref name="ESPN FC">{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3269663/gone-in-13-seconds-or-less-the-fastest-international-goals |title=Gone in 13 seconds or less: The fastest international goals |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=ESPN FC |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020120315/https://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3269663/gone-in-13-seconds-or-less-the-fastest-international-goals |url-status=live}}</ref> He also finished top scorer in the [[Afro-Asian Games]] event held in India in 2003 with four goals. Vijayan formally retired from international football after the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games of 2003]].<ref name=Sportstar/>

== Contributions ==
'''Leadership of Magic City FC''': In August 2024, I. M. Vijayan led the launch of Magic City FC, Kerala’s first inclusive football team comprising players with disabilities from the Different Art Centre. The team played its inaugural match against former Santosh Trophy players, ending in a 5–5 draw. Vijayan expressed pride in the team's strength and potential, highlighting its significance in promoting inclusivity in sports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=19 August 2024 |title=Magic City FC makes history as Kerala's first inclusive football team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Aug/19/magic-city-fc-makes-history-as-keralas-first-inclusive-football-team |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Retirement from Kerala Police''': In April 2025, Vijayan retired from the Kerala Police, concluding a distinguished career that began when he was recruited at age 17. He rose through the ranks to become an Assistant Commandant, balancing his duties with a prolific football career. His retirement marked the end of an era for the Kerala Police football team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2025 |title=Vijayan, the policeman retires. The footballer plays on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/vijayan-the-policeman-retires-the-footballer-plays-on/articleshow/120739477.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

==Career statistics==
=== International ===
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[FIFA]] Statistics<ref name="rsssf">{{cite news |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/imvijayan-intlg.html |title=Invalappil Mani Vijayan - Goals in International Matches |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103633/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/imvijayan-intlg.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|1992||2||2
|-
|1993||17||6
|-
|1994||4||0
|-
|1995||3||2
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||7||6
|-
|1998||7||1
|-
|1999||12{{efn|[[Bhutan Football Federation]] became a member of FIFA only in the year 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/world-s-worst-football-team-pulls-off-miracle-win/story-2CJ8nBdVWN9OkF6YGTi6bI.html |title=World's worst' football team pulls off miracle win |date=12 March 2015 |access-date=7 June 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> so, the match against [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]] at the [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]] is not considered a FIFA 'A' international match by [[FIFA]].}}||10
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||8||3
|-
|2003||8||2
|-
!Total||72||29
|}
{{col-end}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Key
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#9F9"|
|Indicates India national football team won the match
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb"|
|Indicates the match ended in [[Tie (draw)|draw]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F99"|
|Indicates India national football team lost the match
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by I. M. Vijayan
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
| align="center"|1. || rowspan="2"|9 May 1992 || rowspan="2"|[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] || rowspan="2"|{{fb|PAK}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|2–0}} || rowspan="2"|[[1992 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1992 Asian Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|2. || align="center"|2–0
|-
| align="center"|3. || 24 January 1993 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] || {{fb|Cameroon}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{pending|1–1}} || [[1993 Nehru Cup]]
|-
| align="center"|4. || rowspan="2"|13 June 1993 || rowspan="2"|[[Bourj Hammoud Stadium]], [[Beirut]] || rowspan="2"|{{fb|HKG|1959}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|3–1}} || rowspan="2"|[[1994 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|1994 World Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|5. || align="center"|3–1
|-
| align="center"|6. || 16 July 1993 || [[Railway Stadium, Lahore|Railway Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{fb|SRI}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{won|2–0}} || [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|7. || 21 July 1993 || [[Railway Stadium, Lahore|Railway Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{fb|NEP}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{won|1–0}} || [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|8. || 23 July 1993 || [[Railway Stadium, Lahore|Railway Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{fb|PAK}} || align="center"|1–1 || align="center" {{pending|1–1}} || [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|9. ||23 December 1995 ||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] ||{{fb|SRI}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{won|1–0}} ||[[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995 South Asian Games]]
|-
| align="center"|10. ||25 December 1995 ||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] ||{{fb|NEP}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{won|3–0}} ||[[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995 South Asian Games]]
|-
| align="center"|11. || rowspan="2"|7 September 1997 || rowspan="2"|[[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]] || rowspan="2"|{{fb|BAN}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|3–0}} || rowspan="2"|[[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|12. || align="center"|2–0
|-
| align="center"|13. || rowspan="2"|11 September 1997 || rowspan="2"|[[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]] || rowspan="2"|{{fb|PAK}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|2–0}} || rowspan="2"|[[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|14. || align="center"|2–0
|-
| align="center"|15. || rowspan="2"|13 September 1997 || rowspan="2"|[[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]] || rowspan="2"|{{fb|MDV}} || align="center"|3–0 || rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|5–1}} || rowspan="2"|[[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|16. || align="center"|5–1
|-
| align="center"|17||7 December 1998 ||[[Supachalasai Stadium]] [[Bangkok]] ||{{fb|Turkmenistan}} || align="center"|1–3 || align="center" {{lost|2–3}} ||[[Football at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's tournament|1998 Asian Games]]
|-
| align="center"|18.|| rowspan="3"|26 September 1999 || rowspan="3"|[[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]] || rowspan="3"|{{fb|PAK}} || align="center"|3–0 || rowspan="3" align="center" {{won|5–2}} || rowspan="3"|[[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]]
|-
| align="center"|19. || align="center"|4–0
|-
| align="center"|20. || align="center"|5–0
|-
| align="center"|21. ||4 October 1999 ||[[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]] ||{{fb|MDV}} || align="center"|1–1 || align="center" {{won|3–1}} ||[[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]]
|-
| align="center"|22. || 20 November 1999 ||[[Tahnoun bin Mohammed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]] || {{fb|UAE}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{lost|1–3}} || [[2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2000 Asian Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|23. || 24 November 1999 ||[[Tahnoun bin Mohammed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]] || {{fb|UZB}} || align="center"|2–1 || align="center" {{lost|2–3}} || [[2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2000 Asian Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|24. || 28 November 1999 ||[[Tahnoun bin Mohammed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]] || {{fb|BAN}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{pending|2–2}} || [[2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2000 Asian Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|25. || 4 May 2001 ||[[Althawra Sports City Stadium]], [[Sanaa]] || {{fb|Yemen}} || align="center"|3–2 || align="center" {{pending|3–3}} || [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round|2002 World Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|26. || 20 May 2001 ||[[Bangalore Football Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || {{fb|Brunei}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center" {{won|5–0}} || [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round|2002 World Cup qualifier]]
|-
| align="center"|27. || 26 June 2001 ||[[Stadium Merdeka]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] || {{fb|UZB}} || align="center"|1–2 || align="center" {{lost|1–2}} || [[2001 Merdeka Tournament]]
|-
| align="center"|28. || 18 January 2003 ||[[Bangabandhu Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || {{fb|PAK}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{won|2–1}} || [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| align="center"|29. || 24 March 2003 ||[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]] || {{fb|DPRK}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center" {{pending|1–1}} || [[2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2004 Asian Cup qualifier]]
|}

==Honours==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi felicitating the Indian football legends, at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup match, in New Delhi on October 06, 2017.jpg|thumb|Vijayan being felicitated by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] opening ceremony, in [[New Delhi]], 6 October 2017.]]
[[File:Vijayan with Bhutia.jpg|thumb|right|Vijayan with [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] in the inauguration ceremony of [[Palakkad]] Noorani Football stadium]]
'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]], [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]], [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999]]; third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995]]; Silver medal: [[Football at the 1993 South Asian Games|1993]]; Bronze medal: [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999]]
* [[Afro-Asian Games]] Silver Medal: [[Football at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]<ref name="Afro-Asian">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html |title=Afro-Asian Games 2003 |access-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html |archive-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]] |first1=Arunava |last1=Chaudhuri |first2=Karel |last2=Stokkermans |date=2001}}</ref>

'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1992–93 Santosh Trophy|1992–93]] runner-up [[1987–88 Santosh Trophy|1987–88]], [[1988–89 Santosh Trophy|1988–89]], [[1989–90 Santosh Trophy|1989–90]], [[1990–91 Santosh Trophy|1990–91]], [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–2000]]

'''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]]

'''[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]'''
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 1990, 1991

'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]'''
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 1992, 1993, 1994

'''[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]'''
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 1995, 1995-96

'''Individual'''
* [[Padma Shri]]: 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=PR Sreejesh chosen for Padma Bhushan; Ashwin, Vijayan among 4 in sports to get Padma Shri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/pr-sreejesh-chosen-for-padma-bhushan-ashwin-vijayan-among-4-in-sports-to-get-padma-shri-3373032 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arjuna Award]]: 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football |title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Award winning Footballers |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html |website=indianfootball.de |publisher=IndianFootball |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=2000 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001123849/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[AIFF Player of the Year]]: 1992, 1997, 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html |title=AIFF PLAYER OF THE YEAR — FROM STARTING |publisher=Kolkata Football |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823101258/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html |archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jeje Lalpekhlua is 2016 AIFF Player of the Year |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227132308/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All India Football Federation Awards: Sunil Chhetri and Bala Devi win Player of the Year Trophy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |access-date=26 September 2020 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926234124/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000311/spr-trib.htm |date=11 February 2000 |first=Ramu |last=Sharma |title=Marketing Indian Football Abroad |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune Sports |location=Chandigarh |access-date=30 April 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126230953/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000311/spr-trib.htm}}</ref>
*[[Nehru Cup]] Best Player: 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehru Cup 1993 |last1=Bobrowsky |first1=Josef |last2=King |first2=Ian |publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=22 June 2018 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru93.html |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005151547/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nehru93.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*SAARC Gold Cup top scorer: [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]]
*Afro-Asian Games top scorer: 1993<ref name="Afro-Asian"/>
*Nominated for [[Padma Shri]]: 2020
*[[Honorary degree|Doctorate]] from Northern State Medical University, [[Arkhangelsk]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=M. R. Praveen Chandran |author2=Praveen Chandran M. |date=25 August 2022 |title=I.M. Vijayan felicitated by Kerala Education Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vijayan-felicitated-by-kerala-education-minister/article65811003.ece |access-date=27 September 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=22 June 2022 |title=ഐ.എം. വിജയൻ ഇനി ഡോ. ഐ.എം. വിജയൻ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/football/im-vijayan-is-now-dr-im-vijayan-1032948 |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623104826/https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/football/im-vijayan-is-now-dr-im-vijayan-1032948 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഐ.എം.വിജയനും 'ഡോക്ടറാ'യി; ചികിത്സ പക്ഷേ, സ്പോർട്സിനു മാത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2022/06/23/malappuram-im-vijayan.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624005149/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2022/06/23/malappuram-im-vijayan.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=ഇന്ത്യൻ ഫുട്‌ബോളിന് നൽകിയ 'സുഖചികിത്സ'ക്ക് ആദരം; ഇനി ഡോ. ഐ.എം വിജയൻ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/sports/football/im-vijayan-is-now-doctor-182420 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927040418/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/sports/football/im-vijayan-is-now-doctor-182420 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==''Kalo Harin''==
A biographical film, titled ''Kalo Harin'' and directed by Cherian Joseph, was released in 1998. The title translates as ''blackbuck'' and is a reference to Vijayan's popular nickname during his playing days.<ref name="theweek">{{cite web |title=I.M. Vijayan: Up, close and personal with 'Kalo Harin' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/10/28/im-vijayan-up-close-and-personal-with-kalo-harin.html |publisher=The Week |publication-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213959/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/10/28/im-vijayan-up-close-and-personal-with-kalo-harin.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bfi">{{cite web |title=KALO HARIN (1998) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8493f649 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215557/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8493f649 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Acting career==
After retiring from football, Vijayan started his acting career. His debut was through playing the lead role in the film ''[[Shantham]]'', directed by [[Jayaraj]]. Later on, he went to act more than 20 films, in Malayalam & Tamil. In 2021, the movie 'Mmmmm' (sound of pain), starring Vijayan in the lead role was shortlisted as one of India's official entries for the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Soorarai Pottru', IM Vijayan starrer 'Mmmmm' among films in contention for Oscar Awards |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-soorarai-pottru-im-vijayan-starrer-mmmmm-among-films-in-contention-for-oscar-awards-1.5472500 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=26 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306224312/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-soorarai-pottru-im-vijayan-starrer-mmmmm-among-films-in-contention-for-oscar-awards-1.5472500 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2001 || ''[[Shantham]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''[[Akashathile Paravakal]]'' || Walayar Manikyam ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Quotation'' || Vettu Rajan ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2006 || ''[[Thimiru]]'' || Chinna Karuppu || Tamil film
|-
| ''Shyaamam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kisan (film)|Kisan]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasamudram]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || Valarpadam Kurudhu Musthafa ||
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Komban]]'' || Muthukalai || Tamil film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gethu]]'' || Rajendran || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Anto ||
|-
| ''Mythili Veendum Varunnu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''Mattancherry'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DYSP]] Muhammed Jalal ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Ganesha Meendum Santhipom]]'' || Katthari || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Kuriyachira George ||
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]'' || Alex || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Muddy (film)|Muddy]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam action thriller Muddy to release on December 10 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/16/malayalam-action-thriller-muddy-to-release-on-dec-10-2372014.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mmmmm|Mmmmm: Sound of Pain]]'' || ||Oscar shortlisted<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor or footballer or both? IM Vijayan-starrer 'Mmmmm' shortlisted for Oscars |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/27/actor-or-footballer-or-both-im-vijayan-starrer-mmmmm-shortlisted-for-oscars-2269855.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Siddy (film)|Siddy]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=3 October 2022 |title=Everything Releasing This Week In Theatres (October 3rd - 9th) |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/movies-releasing-this-week-october-2022-theatres-god-father-the-ghost-rorschach-goodbye-saturday-night |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]'' || Gunashekharan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=The Teacher trailer: Amala Paul promises a hard-hitting film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-teacher-trailer-amala-paul-promises-a-hard-hitting-film-8281470/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029203118/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-teacher-trailer-amala-paul-promises-a-hard-hitting-film-8281470/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanaparambile World Cup|Anaparambile Worldcup]]'' || Himself ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony Varghese's Aanaparambile World Cup gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/28/antony-vargheses-aanaparambile-world-cup-gets-release-date-35124.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || ''Idiyan Chandhu'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=17 July 2024 |title=Chandhune Tholpikkan Aavoollada song from Idiyan Chandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/17/chandhune-tholpikkan-aavoollada-song-from-idiyan-chandhu-out |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]''|| Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Gumasthan]]'' ||Bhadran
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Shooting Of Bibin George-starrer Malayalam Film Gumasthan From October 24: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-bibin-george-starrer-malayalam-film-gumasthan-from-october-24-reports-8630681.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
Vijayan was crowned Indian Player of the Year in 1993, 1997 and 1999,<ref name="Sportstar">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss2647/stories/20031122002804700.htm |title=A down to earth footballer |date=22 November 2003 |publisher=Sportstar |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915045201/http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss2647/stories/20031122002804700.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> the first player to win the award multiple times.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.topnews.in/bhaichung-bhutia-declared-aiff-player-year-2100937 |title=AIFF award 2008 |date=24 December 2008 |publisher=Top news.in |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309233756/http://www.topnews.in/bhaichung-bhutia-declared-aiff-player-year-2100937 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/03/stories/2003080306181700.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125040032/http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/03/stories/2003080306181700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Arjuna award 2003 |date=3 August 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> He received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=25 January 2025 |title=A special one, says I.M. Vijayan on Padma award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-special-one-says-im-vijayan-on-padma-award/article69141266.ece |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Family==
Vijayan is married to Raji.
He has 3 children:
Aromal, Archana and Abhirami. He has a son in law, Abdul Aadil, and a granddaughter named Adeeva.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/vijayans-son-in-law-at-east-bengal-trials/articleshow/59672032.cms |title=Vijayan's son-in-law at East Bengal trials|work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2017 }}</ref>

==Other activities==
In 2004, he started a sports equipment company named "Boxer Sports Goods Company (BSGC)" in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://boxersports.in/about_us |website=boxersports.in |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412161813/http://boxersports.in/about_us |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijayan's 'football' ready for launch |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/14/stories/2004071404991800.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217134647/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/14/stories/2004071404991800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2014 |agency=UNI |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 July 2004}}</ref>

After retirement from active football, Vijayan concentrated his attention upon his football School that he had opened in Thrissur.

He was also a member of the now defunct [[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)|National Congress (Indira)]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071501400200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519035743/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071501400200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2006 |title=A new role for Vijayan |date=15 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> In 2010, Vijayan formally took over a coaching job with [[Southern Samity]], a premier division side in the Calcutta Football League.<ref name ="coaching">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/18/stories/2010071855211600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722024215/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/18/stories/2010071855211600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2010 |title=Vijayan begins coaching career |date=18 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, appointed Vijayan as the national observer for football.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government designates 12 Olympians as National Observers |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/government-designates-12-olympians-as-national-observers-4577915/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710185454/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/government-designates-12-olympians-as-national-observers-4577915/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, Vijayan announced that he is starting a film production company called 'Bigdaddy Entertainment' jointly with his friends, which will be mainly revolving around football.<ref>{{cite web |title=Footballer-turned-actor IM Vijayan launches production company |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/10/footballer-turned-actor-im-vijayan-launches-production-company-8253.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 October 2018 |publisher=Cinema Express |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107233131/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/10/footballer-turned-actor-im-vijayan-launches-production-company-8253.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IM Vijayan to make his production debut with a football based film |date=9 October 2018 |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/im-vijayan-make-production-debut-football-based-film/ |publisher=ONLOOKERS MEDIA |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129025038/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/im-vijayan-make-production-debut-football-based-film/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2017, Vijayan officially unveiled the club crest of newly formed [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fwdbusiness.com/2017/04/rediscovering-football-glory%E2%80%8B-of-kerala%E2%80%8B/ |title=Rediscovering Football Glory of Kerala {{!}} Eyeing to make Gokulam FC the first professional club in Kerala|date=12 April 2017|access-date=26 January 2022|website=fwdbusiness.com|publisher=FWD Business (March – April 2017 issue)|first=FWD|last=Media|location=Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065411/https://fwdbusiness.com/2017/04/rediscovering-football-glory%E2%80%8B-of-kerala%E2%80%8B/|archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> In February 2021, Vijayan was appointed as the director of Kerala Police Football Academy, a new police football academy, which is going to be set up in [[Malappuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=My aim is to scout for budding footballers, make them world-beaters: IM Vijayan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/12/my-aim-is-to-scout-for-budding-footballers-make-them-world-beaters-2262837.html |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212040353/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/12/my-aim-is-to-scout-for-budding-footballers-make-them-world-beaters-2262837.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 September 2022, Vijayan was elected as a member of the technical committee of the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president |title=Former goalkeeper Kalyan Chaubey appointed new AIFF President |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100011/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president |first=FPJ |last=Sports Desk |website=www.freepressjournal.com |publisher=The Free Press Journal |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list |title=List of AIFF executive committee members & co-opted eminent players |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100030/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list |website=khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIFF Executive Committee appoints Shaji Prabhakaran as new Secretary General |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general |website=www.the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |first=AIFF |last=Media Team |language=en |date=3 September 2022 |access-date=4 September 2022 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904095136/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Association football}}
* [[AIFF Player of the Year]]
* [[List of India national football team hat-tricks]]
* [[List of India national football team captains]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |first1=Boria |last1=Majumdar |first2=Kausik |last2=Bandyopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69 |title=A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2006 |isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book |first1=Jaydeep |last1=Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC |title=Stories from Indian Football |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |archive-date=11 October 2022 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |date=2003 |isbn=9788174764546}}

'''Other sources'''
*{{cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=SportMob – Best Indian football players of all time: I. M. Vijayan |url=https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=SportMob.com |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100523/https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time}}
*{{cite web |first=Jaydeep |last=Basu |url=https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |title=Legendary Football Coach Sukhwinder Singh Shifts to Canada for Good |publisher=News Click India |website=newsclick.in |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130095420/https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |archive-date=30 January 2023}}
*{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms |title=Minerva Punjab FC rope in Sukhwinder as technical director |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=26 September 2023 |location=Chandigarh |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718015832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms |archive-date=18 July 2018 |first=Pratyush |last=Raj |url-status=live |agency=TNN}}
*{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html |title=FC Kochin rope in coach Chathunni |website=expressindia.indianexpress.com |publisher=The Indian Express |date=7 December 1999 |first1=Ravi |last1=Menon |location=Kochi |access-date=28 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219071340/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html |archive-date=19 February 2014}}
*{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-futile-exercise-to-say-the-least/article29636257.ece/ |title=A futile exercise, to say the least |first1=A. |last1=Vinod |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |date=4 May 2002 |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111140426/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-futile-exercise-to-say-the-least/article29636257.ece |archive-date=11 January 2024}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [http://imvijayan.in/ I. M. Vijayan Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622054144/http://muraleedharan.com/legends_vijayan.html Indian legends profile]
* {{NFT player}}
* {{FIFA player|169927|I. M. Vijayan}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2322020|name=I. M. Vijayan}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0AC1513BA1CB051A Interview with Vijayan in Malayalam]
* [https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/movies.php?tag=Search&actor=IM%20Vijayan&limit=6&alimit=2&cl=1 I.M. Vijayan - Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063307/https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/movies.php?tag=Search&actor=IM%20Vijayan&limit=6&alimit=2&cl=1 |date=19 June 2018 }}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, I. M.}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:FC Kochin players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Muktijoddha Sangsad KC players]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1993 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1995 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1999 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]

Karunamoyee metro station

2026-03-07T20:55:38Z

Marinavan:

{{short description|Kolkata Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Karunamoyee
| native_name = করুণাময়ী
| other_name = Senco Gold & Diamonds Karunamoyee Metro Station
| style = Kolkata Metro
| type = {{Kolkata Metro Infobox station line
| line = Green
}}
| symbol = ewm
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Karunamoyee metro station 05.jpg
| address = Karunamoyee, Sector - III, [[Bidhannagar, West Bengal]] 700091
| country = {{flag|India}}
| owned = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]] [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
| operator = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Green|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] Platform-2 → [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|13 February 2020}}<ref>{{cite news |title=অবশেষে চলার পথে, ১৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি থেকে শুরু ইস্ট-ওয়েস্ট মেট্রো |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-east-west-metro-may-be-start-journey-in-13th-february/articleshow/73901943.cms |accessdate=3 February 2020 |publisher=eisamay.indiatimes.com |date=3 February 2020 |location=Kolkata |language=Bengali |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203162854/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-east-west-metro-may-be-start-journey-in-13th-february/articleshow/73901943.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Green|left=Salt Lake Sector-V|right=Central Park}}
| map_type = India Kolkata Metro
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Green Line}}
|code = KESA
}}

'''Karunamoyee''' (also known '''Senco Gold & Diamonds Karunamoyee'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunamoyee Metro station renamed, Ritabhari walks the ramp and more |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/karunamoyee-metro-station-renamed-ritabhari-chakraborty-walks-the-ramp-and-more-photogallery/cid/1859563 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> for sponsorship reasons) is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]], serving Kaurnamoyee area of [[Bidhannagar|Saltlake City]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is located just beside the Karunamoyee bus terminal.

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Karunamoyee track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Green}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Central Park metro station|Central Park]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] {{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Orange|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines 
|-
| rowspan="4" width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] next station is [[Central Park metro station|Central Park]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Kazhakoottam flyover

2026-03-04T05:55:11Z

Marinavan: creating some entry needs work

{{Short description|Flyover in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Kazhakoottam flyover
| translation= കഴക്കൂട്ടം മേൽപ്പാലം
| lang=ml
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_notes =
| length_km = 2.4
| established = {{start date|2022|12|03|df=y}}
| history = 
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Techno Park, phase 3]]
| terminus_b = [[Kazhakoottam]]
| cities = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| photo = Kazhakoottam Flyover.jpg
| photo_notes =
| junction =
| formed =
}}

'''Kazhakoottam flyover''' is a flyover, that is a part of the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inauguration of elevated highway at Kazhakoottam might take longer - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/nov/28/inauguration-of-elevated-highway-at-kazhakoottam-might-take-longer-2522797.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The 2.7 km long four line flyover is the longest elevated highway in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Kerala's longest 4-lane flyover at Kazhakootam opened unofficially |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=959249&u=kerala%E2%80%99s-longest-4-lane-flyover-at-kazhakootam-opened-unofficially |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> The flyover runs above the [[Kazhakoottam|Kazhakootam]] junction, where the original national highway intersects with the bypass road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Kazhakuttam flyover to be opened on November 15 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kazhakuttam-flyover-to-be-opened-on-november-15/article66040950.ece |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Vehicles travelling from [[Kollam]] can enter the elevated highway near the CSI Mission Hospital in Kazhakootam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukkola-Karode bypass to be opened in August - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/may/05/mukkola-karode-bypass-to-be-opened-in-august-2449840.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
The flyover is 22 metres wide and contains 61 pillars and 420 girders. Its development began in December 2018 at a cost of Rs 195.5 crore and the construction was supposed to be finished in two years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-04 |title=Kazhakkoottam elevated highway opened to public |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kazhakkoottam-elevated-highway-opened-to-public/articleshow/95972781.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It starts from CSI Mission Hospital at Kazhakkoottam to [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Techno Park phase-III]]. The construction of the flyover started with the announcement that it would be open to public in two years. But it got delayed due to many reasons including the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-03 |title=Kazhakuttam elevated highway thrown open for traffic, without inauguration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kazhakuttam-elevated-highway-thrown-open-for-traffic-without-inauguration/article66218804.ece |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Originally, the flyover was scheduled to open on 1 November 2022. It was later moved to 15 November and again to 29 November. The inauguration date was again postponed to 2 December and the venue was decided. However the inauguration was cancelled due to the unavailability of Union minister [[Nitin Gadkari]]. As the protests intensified, the [[National Highways Authority of India]] opened the flyover unofficially to public on 3 December and official inauguration was postponed to 15 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=Kazhakootam elevated highway opens for traffic without official inauguration |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/kazhakootam-elevated-highway-opened-without-official-inauguration-1.8101263 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}

[[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]
[[Category:National highways in Kerala|66]]
[[Category:Roads in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2022]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kerala]]

Aa Aiduguru

2026-03-03T21:51:59Z

Marinavan: Put up first info more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aa Aiduguru
| image = Aa Aiduguru.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Anil Gurudu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sarita Patra
| starring = Kranthi Reddy [[Tanishq Reddy]] Kranthi Kumar Shashi Krishna Teja
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Anand
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|7|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aa Aidiguru''''' ({{Translation|Those five members}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by Anil Gurudu and starring Kranthi Reddy, [[Tanishq Reddy]], Kranthi Kumar, Shashi and Krishna Teja. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Kranthi Reddy as John
*[[Tanishq Reddy]] as Siddhu
*Kranthi Kumar as Altaf
*Shashi as Balaram
*Krishna Teja as Krish
*[[Venkat (actor)|Venkat]] as Thota Chakravarthi
*[[Asmita Sood]] as Police Officer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Asmita-Sood-on-a-roll/articleshow/26475771.cms|title=Asmita Sood on a roll|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=28 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128033901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Asmita-Sood-on-a-roll/articleshow/26475771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nagineedu]] as Ex-Chief Minister
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Krishna Murali
*[[Babu Mohan]]
*[[Fish Venkat]]
*Vasu as Raghuram
}}

== Production ==
[[Tanishq Reddy]] plays a spoilt brat in the film who later decides to become a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tanisshq-reddy-turns-a-spoilt-brat/articleshow/36558616.cms|title=Tanisshq Reddy turns a spoilt-brat|work=The Times of India|date=14 June 2014|access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by ''Mantra'' Anand.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/aa-aiduguru-audio-review/articleshow/36474391.cms?from=mdr | title=Aa Aiduguru audio review | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=19 February 2024 | archive-date=19 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219010244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/aa-aiduguru-audio-review/articleshow/36474391.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Pum Puhar Mama Pista Bahar" (lyrics by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]])
*"Repo Mapo" - [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Dinakar, Chaitra, [[Sahithi]]
*"Edure Ledani"
*"Nee Mayalo"
*"Athade CM"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The story is built on an idea that has a purpose but wastage of quite some screen time could have been avoided if only some forced and crude humour was not part of the script".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aa-aiduguru-athade-cm/movie-review/37782791.cms | title=Aa Aiduguru - Athade CM Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=19 February 2024 | archive-date=19 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219011747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aa-aiduguru-athade-cm/movie-review/37782791.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The director likens the five characters in the story to Pandavas, Venkat as Dronacharya and CM Raghuram as Krishna. The characters go about their job mechanically. A little more spark would have brightened up the screen".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aa-aidiguru-mishmash-of-an-idea/article6177420.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707110419/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aa-aidiguru-mishmash-of-an-idea/article6177420.ece | archive-date=2014-07-07 | title=Aa Aidiguru: Mishmash of an idea | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 July 2014|first=Y. Sunitha|last=Chowdhary}}</ref> A critic from ''India Herald'' wrote that "''Aa Idhuguru'' is the kind of film it feels bad to say anything negative about, because it so obviously comes from a place of good intentions and sincere efforts. But good intentions on their own, do not make way for a hearty film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/60575/Aa-Aiduguru-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating|title=Review : Aa Aiduguru|work=India Herald|date=4 July 2014|first=Kotii Reddy|last=Saripalli|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219011749/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/60575/Aa-Aiduguru-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8976690}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]

Qarib Qarib Singlle

2026-03-02T09:46:49Z

Marinavan: minor refine section per sources further and added references for accuracy

{{short description|2017 film directed by Tanuja Chandra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Qarib Qarib Singlle
| native_name =
| image = Qarib Qarib Singlle poster.jpg
| caption = Qarib Qarib Singlle poster
| director = [[Tanuja Chandra]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Zee Studios
* [[Sutapa Sikdar]]
* Shailja Kejriwal
* Ajay G. Rai
}}
| writer = [[Tanuja Chandra]] [[Gazal Dhaliwal]] Ramashrit Joshi
| starring = [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| music = '''Score:''' Benedict Taylor Naren Chandavarkar '''Songs''' [[Anu Malik]] [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| story = [[Kamna Chandra]]
| cinematography = Eeshit Narain
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] [[JAR Pictures]]
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|2017|11|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|link=yes}}24.11 million<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-qarib-qarib-singlle/ Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Qarib Qarib Singlle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217203950/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-Qarib-Qarib-Singlle/ |date=17 December 2017 }} Box Office</ref>
}}

'''''Qarib Qarib Singlle''''' ({{translation|Almost single}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film co-written and directed by [[Tanuja Chandra]] and produced by [[Zee Studios]], [[JAR Pictures]] and Sutapa Sikdar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/carrying-work-home/article19993236.ece |title=Irrfan Khan and Sutapa Sikdar on making 'Qarib Qarib Singlle' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 November 2017 |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027183555/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/carrying-work-home/article19993236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] in the lead roles and [[Neha Dhupia]] in cameo role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/qarib-qarib-singlle-parvathy-irrfan-khan-interview-1064577-2017-10-14|title=I am a fan, but had no time to be starstruck: Malayalam star Parvathy about co-star Irrfan Khan|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220151511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/qarib-qarib-singlle-parvathy-irrfan-khan-interview/1/1068551.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 10 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/irrfans-next-qarib-qarib-singlle-to-release-on-november-10/articleshow/60932118.cms|title=Irrfan's next 'Qarib Qarib Singlle' to release on November 10|work=Times of India|date=4 October 2017|access-date=4 October 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028193758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/irrfans-next-qarib-qarib-singlle-to-release-on-november-10/articleshow/60932118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-upcoming-film-qarib-qarib-single-poster-release|title=बैग उठाकर लुंगी में बाहर निकले इरफान, बने 'करीब करीब सिंगल'|work=Amar Ujala|date=5 October 2017|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005201848/http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-upcoming-film-qarib-qarib-single-poster-release|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jaya Shashidharan is a 35-year-old widow leading a monotonous life, still grieving the loss of her husband Manav. She works in an insurance firm, and tired of being needled constantly by her friends and family, she creates a profile on a dating website and eventually fixes a date with a man with a decent profile, Yogendra "Yogi" Kumar Devendra Nath Prajapati, a lesser known poet and a happy-go-lucky person. He helps Jaya get rid of the people sending her weird messages on the dating site. Although initially Jaya wants to avoid Yogi, she agrees to meet him again. During their conversation he tells her about his past 3 girlfriends who still yearn for him. Jaya challenges him to meet them to find out whether that is in fact the truth. Yogi asks Jaya if she will accompany him on this quest. She reluctantly accepts, ready to pose as his ‘cousin’ if someone asks.

They head to [[Dehradun]] first. Yogi misses the flight, frightening Jaya. He meets her eventually at the airport and they commence their journey. On the way he asks for some water but she refuses, saying she doesn't share her bottle.

Jaya has booked their stay in an [[Ashram]]. At night they have a telephonic conversation from their adjoining rooms and Yogi falls asleep instantly to a restless Jaya's chagrin. The next day they meet Radha, his first girlfriend who is now happily married. Jaya is surprised when Yogi is addressed as a maternal uncle to Radha's kids.
After the awkward encounter they board the [[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]] train and head to [[Jaipur]]. Yogi, in search of [[pakoras]], misses the train, again scaring Jaya. Initially Jaya decides to abort her trip due to Yogi's whimsical ways. But he explains to her that their ways of looking at and leading life are simply different, but that's all. Jaya relents and on their way to meet Anjali, Yogi's second girlfriend, buys "sleeping pills" from a medical store. She gobbles down 3–4 pills to shut the inquisitive Yogi. She soon goes under influence of the sedatives and begins to act funny.

Yogi's ex-girlfriend Anjali meets them. It is revealed that she abandoned her anniversary party to make it to the meeting. Yogi walks Anjali back to her home, she hugs and gives him a peck. An inebriated Jaya sees this and rants at Yogi, calling him a cheat, hints of her developing feelings for him starting to show. Finally exhausted, she crashes on him and falls asleep under the starry sky.

Next morning the duo head to [[Gangtok]], to meet his third girlfriend. A still seething Jaya reveals that she has accompanied Yogi only so that she could meet her ex-boyfriend from college, now a very famous industrialist in the city. This revelation upsets Yogi.
At the hotel Jaya puts on a beautiful saree and waits for her ex-boyfriend at a café, while Yogi books his return ticket and prepares to leave.
Jaya meets her ex-boyfriend and they spend some lovely time together at his home. Yogi goes to see his third girlfriend who is a dance teacher. From the window he watches her dance lessons in progress. He leaves a note at her doorstep, which salutes her for her victories and then silently goes away. Back at the hotel he packs his bags and goes to Jaya's room when he finds her laptop. She has created a [[webpage]] of Yogi's poems. Realizing his feelings for Jaya, Yogi runs out. He gets into a [[Aerial lift|ropeway]] car while searching for Jaya. Their paths cross and Jaya calls to him from an opposite car. An excited Yogi finally doesn't miss and makes the jump into the [[Aerial lift|cable Car]]. The couple look at each other, smiling in a knowing way.
Yogi asks her if she would share her water bottle with him, which she willingly does.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/equal-parts-funny-and-dramatic/article19998846.ece |title=Romcoms are more challenging: Tanuja Chandra |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2017 |last1=Sinha |first1=Sayoni |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103020404/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/equal-parts-funny-and-dramatic/article19998846.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/chat-with-director-tanuja-chandra |title=Qarib Chat With Tanuja Chandra About Her Upcoming Film |publisher=[[The Quint]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052408/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/chat-with-director-tanuja-chandra |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Yogendra "Yogi" Kumar Devendra Nath Prajapati
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Jaya Shashidharan
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Anjali (cameo)
* [[Pushtiie Shakti]] as Radha
*[[Avneet Kaur]] as a teen girl at the clothing store
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Hotel Receptionist
* Aman Sharma as Salil, Taxi Driver
* [[Isha Sharvani]] as Gauri
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Sidkong
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Mrs. Saluja
* Nidhi Joshi as Meghna
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as Ashish, Jaya's Younger Brother
* Babil Khan as young man on bike at the medical store (Titles scene, uncredited)
* Anud Singh Dhaka as DJ Chintu

== Production ==
[[File:Irrfan Khan and Parvathy Thiruvothu (cropped).jpg|alt=Irrfan Khan and Parvathy Thiruvothu at a special screening of 'Qarib Qarib Singlle'|thumb|[[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] at a special screening of ''Qarib Qarib Singlle''.]]
=== Development ===

''Qarib Qarib Singlle'' is based on a story which was originally written many years ago as a radio play by director [[Tanuja Chandra]]'s mother [[Kamna Chandra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/kamna-chandra-the-scripts-she-wrote-5014060/ |title=Kamna Chandra: The scripts she wrote |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 January 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052849/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/kamna-chandra-the-scripts-she-wrote-5014060/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-irfan-tanuja-chandra-qarib-qarib-single-bollywood-even-when-we-are-single-we-are-never-free-4931913/ |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle director Tanuja Chandra: Even when we are single, we are never free |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094439/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-irfan-tanuja-chandra-qarib-qarib-single-bollywood-even-when-we-are-single-we-are-never-free-4931913/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2016, it was reported that [[Irrfan Khan]] would be the lead actor in Tanuja Chandra's next film which would be a romantic comedy about an odd couple falling in love on a road trip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-irrfan-khan-s-next-a-love-story-2246551 |title=Irrfan Khan's next – a love story! |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052511/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-irrfan-khan-s-next-a-love-story-2246551 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-piku-irrfan-khan-to-play-romantic-characters-again-in-next-three-films/story-t9VH9SyDeVbaHp1achY6PJ.html |title=After Piku, Irrfan Khan to play romantic characters again in next three films |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2016 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-piku-irrfan-khan-to-play-romantic-characters-again-in-next-three-films/story-t9VH9SyDeVbaHp1achY6PJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The production team approached [[Richa Chadha]], [[Kalki Koechlin]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] for the film but talks didn't materialize with any of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fresh-pair-alert-irrfan-khan-to-team-up-with-richa-chadha-2282391 |title=Fresh pair alert! Irrfan Khan to team up with Richa Chadha |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=13 December 2016 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618122505/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fresh-pair-alert-irrfan-khan-to-team-up-with-richa-chadha-2282391 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irrfan-khan-romance-four-actresses-tanuja-chandra-film-bollywood-news/17718170 |title=Irrfan to romance four actresses in Tanuja Chandra's film |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052700/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irrfan-khan-romance-four-actresses-tanuja-chandra-film-bollywood-news/17718170 |url-status=live }}</ref> While scouting for the lead actress of the film, [[Gazal Dhaliwal]], who is the co-writer of the film, suggested the name of [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], an actress who was supposed to work in a [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] film written by [[Gazal Dhaliwal]] but could not as the film got shelved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/parvathy-you-have-to-find-the-depths-of-a-role-any-other-way-is-dishonest-4943301/ |title=Parvathy: You have to find the depths of a role; any other way is dishonest |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 November 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/parvathy-you-have-to-find-the-depths-of-a-role-any-other-way-is-dishonest-4943301/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/qarib-qarib-singlle-does-not-have-the-darkness-of-my-past-films-says-director-tanuja-chandra-4200825.html |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle does not have the darkness of my past films, says director Tanuja Chandra |publisher=First Post |date=9 November 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052415/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/qarib-qarib-singlle-does-not-have-the-darkness-of-my-past-films-says-director-tanuja-chandra-4200825.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2017, it was confirmed by [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] herself that she would be making her debut in [[Hindi]] cinema with Tanuja Chandra's film opposite [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/parvathy-to-star-in-a-travel-romance-with-irrfan-khan/articleshow/57038828.cms |title=Parvathy to star in a travel romance with Irrfan Khan |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701160314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/parvathy-to-star-in-a-travel-romance-with-irrfan-khan/articleshow/57038828.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===

The [[principal photography]] of the film began in February 2017 in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bikaner-bound-irrfan/articleshow/56898609.cms |title=Bikaner bound Irrfan |publisher=[[Pune Mirror]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102061440/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bikaner-bound-irrfan/articleshow/56898609.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-begins-shooting-for-tanuja-chandras-next-in-rewari-1348098.html |title=Irrfan Khan Begins Shooting For Tanuja Chandra's Next in Rewari |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075334/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-begins-shooting-for-tanuja-chandras-next-in-rewari-1348098.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-is-shooting-with-fairy-queen-and-we-are-super-excited-about-his-next-film-see-pic-4519214/ |title=Irrfan Khan is shooting with 'fairy queen' and we are super excited about his next film. |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052743/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-is-shooting-with-fairy-queen-and-we-are-super-excited-about-his-next-film-see-pic-4519214/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot across multiple locations of [[Dehradun]], [[Delhi]], [[Alwar]], [[Bikaner]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-loves-to-hangout-with-locals-during-film-shoot/story-i59qPSwx4Jc5YWa85lDgAL.html |title=Irrfan Khan loves to hangout with locals during film shoot |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-loves-to-hangout-with-locals-during-film-shoot/story-i59qPSwx4Jc5YWa85lDgAL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rishikesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/irrfan-shoots-in-rishikesh/articleshow/57345370.cms |title=Irrfan shoots in Rishikesh |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613063736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/irrfan-shoots-in-rishikesh/articleshow/57345370.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roorkee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/here-s-looking-at-you-irrfan-182045 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052853/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/here-s-looking-at-you-irrfan-182045 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2018 |title=Here's looking at you, Irrfan! |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and [[Gangtok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-receives-a-grand-welcome-by-his-fans-in-gangtok/story-Zy3uK8GMsQIhNeD4PFM0EN.html |title=Irrfan Khan receives a grand welcome by his fans in Gangtok |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052830/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-receives-a-grand-welcome-by-his-fans-in-gangtok/story-Zy3uK8GMsQIhNeD4PFM0EN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-arrives-in-gangtok-for-tanuja-chandras-next-1356098.html |title=Irrfan Khan Arrives in Gangtok for Tanuja Chandra's Next |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052411/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-arrives-in-gangtok-for-tanuja-chandras-next-1356098.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Qarib Qarib Singlle
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|11|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/qarib-qarib-singlle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1311469763 |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072045/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/qarib-qarib-singlle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1311469763 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:44
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|cu68UuefWCs|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Qarib Qarib Singlle
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Khatam Kahani
| single1date = 13 October 2017
| single2 = Tu Chale Toh
| single2date = 19 October 2017
| single3 = Jaane De
| single3date = 25 October 2017
}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Anu Malik]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] while the lyrics have been penned by Raj Shekhar, [[Hussain Haidry]] and Varun Grover. The first song of the film titled, "Khatam Kahani" sung by [[Nooran Sisters]], was released on 13 October 2017. The second song of the film, "Tu Chale Toh" which is sung by [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], was released on 19 October 2017. The third single to be released was "Jaane De" which is sung by [[Atif Aslam]] was released on 25 October 2017. The soundtrack was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 10 November 2017.

{{Tracklist
| total_length=17:44
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline= Track listing
| title1= Khatam Kahani
| length1=03:35
| extra1= [[Nooran Sisters]], Vishal Mishra
| music1= [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1= Raj Shekhar
| title2= Tu Chale Toh
| length2=03:34
| extra2=[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
| music2= [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics2= [[Hussain Haidry]]
| title3=Jaane De
| extra3 =[[Atif Aslam]]
| music3= Vishal Mishra
| lyrics3 =Raj Shekhar
| length3 =04:59
| title4= Tanha Begum
| length4=03:33
| music4= Rochak Kohli
| lyrics4= Hussain Haidry
| extra4=[[Antara Mitra]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Rochak Kohli
| title5= Qarib Qarib Singlle Mashup
| note5 = Mashup by Ali Merchant
| length5= 02:03
| extra5= Various Artists
| lyrics5= Various Artists
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Promotional song – Not part of Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title6 = Dana Paani<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fe__BC2AB-8 |title=Dana Paani – Full Video – Qarib Qarib Singlle |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505084107/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fe__BC2AB-8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| length6 = 03:56
| music6 = [[Anu Malik]]
| lyrics6 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| extra6 = [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], Mujtaba Aziz Naza, [[Anmol Malik]], Chorus
| all_writing =
| title1 =
| length1 =
| total_length =
}}

== Critical reception ==

The film received mainly positive reviews. On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Qarib Qarib Singlle'' has an approval score of 86% based on 7 reviews with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/qarib_qarib_singlle |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle – 2017 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130130749/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/qarib_qarib_singlle/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "Yogi and Jaya won my heart, and I wouldn't have minded spending more time in their company."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/romance-on-the-road/ |title=Romance, on the road |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071959/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/romance-on-the-road/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-is-in-excellent-form-1573171.html |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle Movie Review: Irrfan Khan is in Excellent Form |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135348/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-is-in-excellent-form-1573171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neil Soans of [[The Times of India]] praised the performances of the leading actors of the film, [[Irrfan Khan]] and Parvathy and gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5. The critic concluded his review by saying that, "As long as you don't expect fireworks, enjoy this sweet film that will leave you smiling."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/qarib-qarib-singlle/movie-review/61580049.cms |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/qarib-qarib-singlle/movie-review/61580049.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sweta Kausal of [[Hindustan Times]] was impressed with the performances of [[Irrfan Khan]] and Parvathy and said that ''Qarib Qarib Singlle'' is "A heartfelt film where Parvathy outshines a superb Irrfan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/qarib-qarb-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-parvathy-film-will-charm-its-way-in-your-heart/story-8lR4NlcF7uV3hFANxffHVL.html |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle movie review: A heartfelt film where Parvathy outshines a superb Irrfan |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/qarib-qarb-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-parvathy-film-will-charm-its-way-in-your-heart/story-8lR4NlcF7uV3hFANxffHVL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The critic gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5. [[Namrata Joshi]] of [[The Hindu]] applauded the movie as well as the acting performances of Irrfan Khan and Parvathy saying that, "QQS is a happy confluence of many things besides an absolutely entrancing, candid and un-self-conscious Khan who makes acting seem utterly easy and effortless."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qarib-qarib-singlle-the-odd-couple/article20088644.ece |title='Qarib Qarib Singlle' review: The odd couple |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 November 2017 |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |access-date=20 December 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225538/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qarib-qarib-singlle-the-odd-couple/article20088644.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "Qarib Qarib Singlle might put off average film goers but if you see value in a film that breaks away from norm and derives strength from understatement rather than flashy storytelling methods, your search ends here."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-parvathy-star-in-freewheeling-tale-of-lonely-hearts-1773586 |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle Movie Review: Irrfan Khan, Parvathy Star In Freewheeling Tale Of Lonely Hearts |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=20 December 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105122842/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-parvathy-star-in-freewheeling-tale-of-lonely-hearts-1773586 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] complimented the performance of leading actress Parvathy saying that, "Qarib Qarib Singlle's beating heart is Parvathy (the lead actor of the terrific Malayalam film Take Off). She is such a breath of fresh air, such a break from the dressed up dolls of Bollywood." About the movie the critic said that, "This Irrfan Khan starrer is a well-crafted, winsome rom-com" and gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-parvathy-film-star-rating-4929736/ |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle movie review: This Irrfan Khan starrer is a well-crafted, winsome rom-com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135224/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-parvathy-film-star-rating-4929736/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Murtaza Ali Khan (film critic)]] of [[Huffington Post]] said that, "Qarib Qarib Singlle is a beautiful slice-of-life film about solitude and companionship that takes time to cast a spell on the viewers but once they are hooked there is no escape from its irresistible charm." and gave the film a rating of B+.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/murtaza-ali-khan/qarib-qarib-singlle-review-irrfan-and-parvathys-chemistry-shines-in-this-fun-film_a_23272839/ |title='Qarib Qarib Singlle' Review: Irrfan And Parvathy's Chemistry Shines In This Fun Film |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135234/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/murtaza-ali-khan/qarib-qarib-singlle-review-irrfan-and-parvathys-chemistry-shines-in-this-fun-film_a_23272839/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachit Gupta of [[Filmfare]] gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 and said that ''Qarib Qarib Singlle'' is "A light but spectacularly adroit romantic comedy."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-refreshingly-sublime-romcom-25009.html |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071901/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-refreshingly-sublime-romcom-25009.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of [[The Quint]] gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and said that, "The screenplay by Tanuja Chandra and Gazal Dhaliwal is a mature and sensitive meditation on life and love, but the unhurried pace at which the story unfolds might disappoint some."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/qarib-qarib-singlle-film-review |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle Review: Irrfan and Parvathy's Chemistry Clicks |publisher=[[The Quint]] |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072322/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/qarib-qarib-singlle-film-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| Vishal Mishra – "Jaane De"
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| Best Male Playback Singer
| Vishal Mishra – "Khatam Kahani"
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7399470}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|qarib-qarib-singlle}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tanuja Chandra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]

Bharadvaja

2026-02-23T18:40:21Z

Marinavan: quick added layout for consistency and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Sage in Hinduism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = Bharadwaja (detail).jpg
| affiliation = [[Brahmarshi]], [[Saptarishi]]
| father = [[Brihaspati]]
| spouse = Sushila
| siblings = [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]], Revati, [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]]
| children = [[Garga (sage)|Garga]], [[Drona]] and [[Ilavida]]
| type = hindu
| dynasty =
| caption = Watercolour painting of Bharadvaja, 19th century
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Bharadvaja''' ({{langx|sa|भरद्वाज}}, {{IAST3|Bharadvāja}}; also spelled '''Bharadwaja''') was one of the revered [[Vedic]] sages
([[maharishi]]) in [[Ancient India]]. He was a renowned scholar, economist, grammarian and a physician. He is one of the [[Saptarshi]]s (seven great sages or [[Maharishi|Maharṣi]]s).<ref name=sanjana391>{{cite journal | last=Sanjana | first=Darab Dastur Peshotan | title=17. Gotama in the Avesta | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=30 | issue=2 | year=1898 | pages=391–394 | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00025417 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

His contributions to ancient Indian literature, specifically the ''[[Rigveda]]'', provide significant insight into ancient [[Vedic]] society.<ref name="Williams2008p82"/><ref name="Dalal2010p67">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-341421-6| page=67}}</ref><ref name=barbara229>{{cite book |author=Barbara A. Holdrege |title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657|year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|pages=229, 657 |quote=Bharadvaja (Vedic seer)...}}</ref> He and his family of students were the authors of [[Mandala 6]] in the ''Rigveda''.<ref name=jamisonbharad>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2= Joel Brereton| title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1680–1681}}</ref> In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Bharadvaja was the father of [[Drona|Droṇācārya]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp076.htm|title = The Vishnu Purana: Book III: Chapter II}}</ref> the guru and instructor to the [[Pandava]] and [[Kaurava]] princes in the [[Mahabharata]]. Bharadvaja is also mentioned in ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'', an authoritative ancient Indian medical text.

==Etymology==
The word ''Bharadvaja'' is a compound Sanskrit from "''bhara(d)''" and "''vaja(m)''", which together mean "bringing about nourishment".<ref>{{cite book|author=Thaneswar Sharma |title=The Bharadvājas in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFyu7MANWPAC | year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0639-9|pages=58–60}}</ref> The sage lends his name to at least one [[yoga]] [[asana]]{{clarify|date=March 2024}} called [[Bharadvajasana]] ("nourishing pose").{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==Description==
His full name in Vedic texts is ''Bharadvaja Barhaspatya'', the last name referring to his father and Vedic deity-sage [[Brihaspati]]. His mother was Mamata, wife of Utathya Rishi, who was the elder brother of Barhaspati.<ref name="Dalal2010p86">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-341421-6| pages=86–87}}</ref> In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', he is named as Vitatha.<ref name="Dalal2010p86b">{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/9/21/1/|title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) » Canto 9: Liberation » Chapter Twenty-One}}</ref> He is one of seven rishis mentioned four times in the ''Rigveda'' as well as in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', thereafter revered in the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Puranas''.<ref name="holdrege229">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657 |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|pages=229–230, 243–244}}</ref> In some later Puranic legends, he is described as the son of Vedic sage [[Atri]].<ref name="Williams2008p82">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA82| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=82–83}}</ref>

In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The [[Buddha]] names ten [[rishi]]s, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Bharadvaja.<ref name=sanjana391/><ref name=walshe188f>{{cite book|author=Maurice Walshe|title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj86AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-979-2|pages=188–189}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either [[Ashtavakra]] or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".<ref name=walshe188f/>}}

The ancient Hindu medical treatise ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' attributes Bharadvaja learning medical sciences to [[Indra]], after pleading that "poor health was disrupting the ability of human beings from pursuing their spiritual journey", and then Indra provides both the method and specifics of medical knowledge.<ref name="Glucklichtsov141">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|year= 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-531405-2|pages= 141–142}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kaviratna|Sharma|1913|pp=ii–iii, 1–3 (Volume 1 of 5)}}

Bharadvaja is considered to be the initiator of the ''Bharadvāja'' [[gotra]] of the [[Brahmins]], [[Khatris]], ''Bharadvaja'' is the third in the row of the [[Pravaras|Pravara Rishis]] (''Aangirasa'', ''Barhaspatya'', ''Bharadvaja'') and is the first in the ''Bharadvaja Gotris'', with the other two rishis being initiators of Gotras with their respective names.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=Hari |title=Gotras and Pravaras |url=https://www.indiafacts.org.in/gotras-and-pravaras/ |website=Indiafacts.org}}</ref>

==Texts==
Bharadvaja and his family of students are 55.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2= Joel Brereton| title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1691–1693}}</ref> Bharadvaja and his family of students were the traditional poets of king Marutta of the Vedic era, in the Hindu texts.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Brereton| first= Joel P.| title= The Bharadvajas in Ancient India| journal= The Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume= 113| number= 4| year= 1993| pages= 599–600| doi= 10.2307/605794| jstor= 605794}}</ref>

Bharadvaja is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in the ancient and medieval eras are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include:
* ''Dhanur-veda'', credited to Bharadvaja in chapter 12.203 of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', is an Upaveda treatise on archery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657 |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|page=504 note 177}}</ref>
* ''Bharadvaja samhita'', a [[Pancharatra]] text (an [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] text of [[Vaishnavism]]).<ref name="Dasgupta1940">{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-TCIGuP9YIC&pg=PA379 |year=1940|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04780-7|page=379}}</ref>
* ''Bharadvaja srautasutra and grhyasutra'', a ritual and rites of passage text from first millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thaneswar Sharma |title=The Bharadvājas in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFyu7MANWPAC&pg=PA253|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0639-9|page=253 note 17a}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Bowles|title=Dharma, Disorder and the Political in Ancient India: The Āpaddharmaparvan of the Mahābhārata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MOwCQAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-2260-0|pages=xiii (see: BhaGS)}}</ref><ref>A. Berriedale Keith (1914), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189257 Reviewed Work: Bhāradvāja Gṛhya Sütra by Henriette J. W. Salomons], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1078–1089</ref> After the ''Kalpasutra'' by Baudhayana, these Bharadvaja texts are among the oldest ''srauta'' and ''grhya'' sutras known.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz |author-link1=Moriz Winternitz |author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma |title=A History of Indian Literature |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C |year=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|page=259}}</ref>
* Sections in ''[[Ayurveda]]''. Bharadvaja theories on medicine and causal phenomenon is described in ''[[Charaka Samhita]]''. Bharadvaja states, for example, that an embryo is not caused by wish, prayers, urging of mind or mystical causes, but it is produced from the union of a man's sperm and menstrual blood of a woman at the right time of her menstrual cycle, in her womb.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. Wujastyk|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&pg=PA51|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-044824-5|pages=51–53}}</ref><ref name="Meulenbeld1999p152">{{cite book|author=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbwrAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|pages=152–155}}</ref> According to [[Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld]], Bharadvaja is credited with many theories and practical ideas in ancient Indian medicine.<ref name="Meulenbeld1999p152"/>
* ''Niti sastra'', a treatise on ethics and practical conduct.<ref name="Meulenbeld1999p153">{{cite book|author=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbwrAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|page=153}}</ref>
* ''Bharadvaja-siksa'', is one of many ancient Sanskrit treatises on phonetics.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author-link1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA266 |year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=266 with footnotes}}</ref>

==Epics and Puranic scriptures==
[[File: Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana at the Hermitage of Bharadvaja Page from a dispersed Ramayana (Story of King Rama), ca. 1780.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century painting of [[Rama|Śrī Rāma]], [[Sita|Sītā]] and [[Lakshaman|Lakṣmaṇa]] with sage Bharadvāja]]
According to one legend, Bharadvaja married Sushila and had a son named Garga and a daughter named Devavarshini. According to some other legends, Bharadvaja had two daughters named [[Ilavida]] and Katyayani, who married [[Vishrava]] and [[Yajnavalkya]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/76 76]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> According to ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Bharadvaja had a brief liaison with an [[apsara]] named Ghritachi, and together they had a child who grew up into a warrior-Brahmin named [[Dronacharya|Drona]]. In the Mahabharata, Drona is instead born when Bharadvaja ejaculated his semen in a pot. Bharadvaja is therefore directly linked to two important characters of the epic [[Mahabharata]] — Dronacharya and [[Ashwatthama|Aśvatthāma]], the son of Drona.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp076.htm Vishnu Purana -Drauni or Asvathama as Next saptarishi] Retrieved 2015-02-15</ref> According to the Mahabharata, Bharadvaja trained [[Drona]] in the use of weapons.<ref>Ganguly [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/ The Mahabharata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115104843/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/ |date=15 November 2013 }} Retrieved 2015-02-15</ref> Bharadvaja had two disciples: Agnivesa and [[Drupada]]. Agnivesa taught [[Drona]] the mastery of the weapon Agneya, while Drupada became the king of Panchala kingdom.

One legend in the [[Mahabharata]] states that King [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] adopted Bharadvaja as his son when he was delivered to the king by the [[Marutas]]. Bharadvaja married a kshatriya woman named Sushila. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Bharadvaja beget a son named Manyu also known as [[Bhumanyu]] while in the [[Mahabharata]] Bhumanyu is born to him by a yajna.

===Rāmāyaṇa===
[[File:Bharadvaja orders a great feast prepared for Bharata and his men.jpg|thumb|Bharadvaja orders a great feast prepared for Bharata and his men]]
In the epic ''Ramayana'', Rama, Sita and Lakshmana meet Bharadvaja at his ''ashrama'' (hermitage) at the start of their fourteen-year exile. The sage asks them to stay with him through the exile, but they insist on going deeper into the forest to Chitrakuta, which was three [[Kos (unit)|krosha]] away from the ashram. Bharadvaja gives them directions. Bharata is received at the ashrama by Bharadvaja when attempted to locate Rama in order to bring Sita, Lakshmana, and him back to Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramesh Menon|title=The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWFEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |year=2004|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-86547-695-0|pages=109–110}}</ref> He reappears at various times in the epic. According to James Lochtefeld, the Bharadvaja in the ''Ramayana'' is different from the Vedic sage mentioned in Panini's ''Ashtadhyayi''.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA102|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=102}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Kaviratna |first1= Avinash C. |first2= P. |last2= Sharma | title=The Charaka Samhita 5 Vols.| year=1913| publisher= Sri Satguru Publications|isbn= 81-7030-471-7 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002074393}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Rigveda}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharadwaja-Ashram}}
[[Category:Brahmin gotras]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Sages in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Saptarishi]]

D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T18:16:26Z

Marinavan: cleaned up article per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Protected area in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| location = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], {{flag|India}}
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coords|27|56|16|N|95|26|45|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{cvt|190|km2}}<ref name=wdpa>{{Cite web |author=World Database on Protected Areas |year=2020 |title=D' Ering Memorial Sanctuary |website=Protected Planet United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/d-ering-memorial-lali-sanctuary}}</ref>
| established = 1978
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| nearest_city =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}
'''D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[protected area]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India, with an area of {{cvt|190|km2}}. It was established in 1978.<ref name=wdpa/>
About 80% of the area is [[grassland]], and the remaining is [[riverine forest]] mixed with bamboo and secondary forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dering-memorial-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india|access-date=2021-05-25 |work=Birdlife International}}</ref>
The fauna in the sanctuary includes [[tiger]] and [[leopard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary |work=District East Siang, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://eastsiang.nic.in/tourist-place/daying-ering-memorial-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref> The [[Indian hare]] is particularly common.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=A. |chapter=Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh, India |date=2018 |title=Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management |volume=2 |pages=165–176 |editor-last=Sivaperuman |editor-first=C. |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_9 |isbn=978-981-10-6983-3 |editor2-last=Venkataraman |editor2-first=K.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |author=BirdLife International |year=2020 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/18037}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Aparnaa World School

2026-02-21T10:00:12Z

Marinavan: Put up a data initial version

{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox school
| name = APARNAA WORLD SCHOOL
| motto = Satyam vada dharmam chara
| location = ESPL Road, Buxi Chowk
| city = Jharsuguda
| county = India
| state = Odisha
| postal_code = 768203
| religious_affiliation =
| coordinates = {{coord |21.880657|83.988462}}
| established = 2014
| founder = Sri Om Prakash Poddar
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| school_number = +919238180100
| chairman = Mr. Ajay Kumar Poddar
| director = Mr. Ashu Poddar
| principal = Mr. Manoj Kumar Panda
| enrollment = 600
| ratio = 15:1
| language = English
| campus_size = 18 Acres
| website = www.aparna.edu.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aparnaa World School''' is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated, English Medium, day cum residential school established in 2014, situated in [[Jharsuguda]], [[Odisha]]. The school operated from Nursery to Class XII. The school is now an [[India]]n [[Boarding school|Boarding School]]. As of 2021 the school has enrolled 600 students, with a teacher student ratio of 1:15. The school occupies a 18-acre lush green campus.

== History ==
Aparnaa World School was founded by Mr. Ajay Kumar Poddar of Jharsuguda in 2014, as the chairman of the school. It was meant exclusively for academics. It is carried forward with the aim of educating students and making bringing them a step closer for being world leaders. It is now headed by Mr. Ateek Poddar.

In the city of [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], there exists the Preprimary Campus of the school. The main campus of the school is located at the junction of four districts - [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] and [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]. Aparnaa World School has now opened up one more branch in Laikera. Aparnaa World School is ranked the best school in [[Western Odisha]] for its amazing infrastructure and faculty.

== Student life ==
The school is built on 18 acres. It is filled with an environment which motivates to excel.

The school has classes from Nursery to 12th. It is believed to give the best results for students every year. The school has also started preparing students for NEET/[[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]] entrance examinations.

=== Hostels ===
The school is in built in a Village concept (It takes a village to raise a child), and is built horizontally. The school building do not go more than 3 floors. There are 3 Prime Buildings and the teachers live in the residential quarters.

The school is divided into 4 houses, Atulya, Abhaya, Ajaya and Akshaya

The buildings have rooms and the junior students are looked after by housemistresses, matrons and other domestic staff. The senior students have a housemaster and a resident tutor along with the domestic staff. The housemaster's residence and that of another faculty member are attached to each house to ensure the availability of pastoral guidance.

=== Activities ===
Extracurricular activities are organised by students and supervised by faculty. The school has Junior and Senior Debating Society teams and two literary societies — one for English and one for Sanskrit and Hindi. The School Council, composed of elected students teachers, give students a large degree of self-government.

Students take up hobbies like music, photography, painting, glass painting, batik dying, papier-mâché, clay modelling, pottery, stone carving, wood work and metal work. They are encouraged to learn first aid, automobile mechanics and to develop an interest in Information Technology. Students participate in educational camps, nature camps, adventure activities — outdoor survival, mountaineering expeditions, are few of many examples.

=== Sports ===
Students participate in sports including track & field athletics, soccer, cricket, basketball, skating, horse riding, archery, rifle shooting, boxing, badminton, swimming and more. A large multi-purpose gym serves the students in their indoor sporting pursuits.

=== End Word ===
The Aparnaa World School, [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Odisha]] gives students [http://www.aparna.edu.in/contact-us/ career] counseling, guidance, advice and many more to help the students achieve their career goals. All our teaching and non-teaching staff is enthusiastic about helping students to achieve their individual potential and set their career goals high.

==References==
{{reflist|}}

# "[https://cbse.directory/jharsuguda/aparna-world-school Complete Information Form]". ''cbseaff.nic.in''.
# [https://www.aparna.edu.in/ Website]
# Branches - [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aparnaa+Gurukul/@21.9029393,84.2176703,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a20f9c2ea36d975:0x627f07dcdb0bf62e!8m2!3d21.9029231!4d84.2199607 Aparnaa Gurukul School] & [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aparnaa+World+School+Junior/@21.8368491,84.012466,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x2842e252322c5bdd?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZy8yOo-_0AhU9zDgGHWl7A0cQ_BJ6BAgoEAM Aparnaa Junior School]

==External links==
{{official website|url=http://aparna.edu.in/}}

[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2014]]

Final Solution (2004 film)

2026-02-14T15:07:23Z

Marinavan: started post!

{{Short description|2004 film by Rakesh Sharma}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2023}}
{{Italic title|string=Final Solution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Final Solution
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004}}
| runtime = 218 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati Hindi Urdu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Final Solution''''' a documentary film directed by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] concerning the [[2002 Gujarat violence]] in the state of [[Gujarat]] in which 254 Hindus and 790 Muslims were killed. Hindu right-wing organizations and mobs perpetrated the anti-Muslim violence, which occurred after the deaths of 70 Hindu pilgrims in the [[Godhra train burning]] on 27 February 2002. But as the film proceeds with victims continuing to come forward and share their experiences, a more unsettling possibility seems to emerge-that far from being a spontaneous expression of outrage, the makers of the film claim that the violence had been carefully coordinated and planned.

An official estimate states that 254 Hindus and 790 Muslims were killed during the violence, with 223 more missing and rendering more than 100,000 Muslims refugees. The documentary consists mostly of interviews with both Muslims and Hindus, of multiple generations and both sexes, with different views regarding the causes, justifications, and the actual events of the violence that occurred, as well as their prospects for the future.

== Synopsis ==
Part 1: Pride and Genocide deals with the carnage and its immediate aftermath. It examines the patterns of pre-planned genocidal violence (by right-wing Hindutva cadres), which many claim was state-supported, if not state-sponsored. The film reconstructs through eyewitness accounts the attack on Gulbarg and Patiya (Ahmedabad) and acts of barbaric violence against Muslim women at Eral and Delol/Kalol (Panchmahals) even as Chief Minister Modi traverses the state on his Gaurav Yatra

Part 2 : The Hate Mandate documents the poll campaign during the Assembly elections in Gujarat in late 2002. It records in detail the exploitation of the Godhra incident by the right-wing propaganda machinery for electoral gains. The film studies and documents the situation months after the elections to find shocking faultlines – voluntary ghettoisation, segregation in schools, formal calls for economic boycott of Muslims and continuing acts of violence.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Screenings and censoring==
The movie was initially banned in India in 2004 for alleged fears that massive communalism and radicalism would be ignited by the film. The Censor Board's ruling itself was a violation of the Indian Supreme Court rulings on this specific issue.

''Final Solution'' was banned in India by the Censor Board for several months. The ban was lifted in Oct.'04 after a sustained campaign (an online petition, hundreds of protest screenings countrywide, multi-city signature campaigns and dozens of letters to the Government sent by audiences directly).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rakeshfilm.com/finalsolution.htm |title=RAKESH SHARMA - Final Solution |publisher=Rakeshfilm.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-18}}</ref>

This was because it was depicting the [[2002 Gujarat violence]] which was highly controversial.

A Pirate-and-Circulate campaign was conducted in protest against the ban (Get-a-free-copy-only-if-you-promise-to-pirate-and-make-5-copies). Over 10,000 free Video CDs of the film were distributed in India during this campaign, which ended in Dec. 2004. Final Solution was offered free to [[ANHAD|Anhad]] for their campaigns; it was included in their anthology titled "In defence of our dreams". Subscribers of several journals/mags also got a copy of the film free of cost. These included [[Communalism Combat]] (Ed : [[Teesta Setalvad]] and [[Javed Anand]]), Samayik Varta (Ed : Yogendra Yadav), Janmat and several smaller journals.

''Final Solution'' was rejected by the government-run Mumbai International Film Festival, but was screened at 'Vikalp: Films for Freedom', organised by the Campaign Against Censorship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patwardhan.com/writings/Freedom%20of%20Expression.htm |title=Freedom of Expression and the Politics of Art | Films of Anand Patwardhan |publisher=Patwardhan.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-18 |archive-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205012123/http://www.patwardhan.com/writings/Freedom%20of%20Expression.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rakesh Sharma has been an active member of the Campaign since its inception.

A pilot movement to copy-and-redistribute the movie was held, briefly to protest the censoring of the movie screenings. The film has been screened on BBC, NHK, DR2, YLE and several other channels. It is yet to be shown on Indian television.

== Awards for ''Final Solution'' ==
*[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (non-feature film)]] in 2005
*Wolfgang Staudte award (now rechristened the Golden Bear for Best Debut), Berlinale <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Film-on-Gujarat-riots-wins-two-awards-in-Berlin/articleshow/500473.cms|title = Film on Gujarat riots wins two awards in Berlin | India News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 February 2004 }}</ref>
*Special Jury Award (Netpac), Berlin International film festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indian-entry-final-solutions-bags-two-awards-at-berlin/202079|title=Indian entry 'Final Solutions' bags two awards at Berlin}}</ref>
*Humanitarian Award for Outstanding Documentary, HongKong International film festival
*Montgolfiere d’Or (Best Documentary) & Le Prix Fip/Pil’ du Public, Festival des 3 Continents at Nantes (France)
*Best Documentary, Apsara Awards (Indian Film industry awards)
*Best Film, Freedom of Expression awards by Index on Censorship (UK)
*Silver Dhow, Zanzibar International film festival
*Human Rights Award, Docupolis (Barcelona)
*Special Jury Award, Mar Del Plata Independent film festival (Argentina)
*Special Jury Awards, Karafest (Karachi), Worldfest (Houston) and Film South Asia (Kathmandu)
*Special Jury Mentions, Munich Dokfest and Bangkok International filmfest
*Nominee, Best Foreign Film, Grierson Awards (UK)
*Special Award by NRIs for a Secular and Harmonious India (NRI-SAHI), NY-NJ, USA
*Special Award by AFMI, USA-Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/final_solution_won_two_more_international_awards_at_3_continents_at_nantes|title = Final Solution won two more international awards at 3 Continents at Nantes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1595330/awards|title=Rakesh Sharma|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[India: The Modi Question]]'' ― 2023 two-part BBC documentary series about Narendra Modi and his relationship with the Muslim minority

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/viral/narendra-modis-bjp-spreading-hatred-in-name-of-religion-in-gujarat-circa-2002-watch-video-460884/|title=Final Solution: Rare footage in the award winning documentary on Godhra riots (Watch Video) |website=India.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-was-assaulted-says-rakesh-sharma/story-8PSmNQ7D4fBkjkC80iFDVM.html|title=I was assaulted, says Rakesh Sharma|date=2006-02-08|website=Hindustan Times}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/culture/filmmakers-return-their-national-awards-to-protest-against-rising-violence|title=Filmmakers Return Their National Awards To Protest Against Rising Violence|website=The Wire}}
*{{Cite web |website=humanrightshouse.org |url=https://humanrightshouse.org/articles/winners-announced-for-the-2005-index-free-expression-awards/|title=Winners announced for the 2005 Index Free Expression Awards|date=2005-03-04}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/final_solution_won_two_more_international_awards_at_3_continents_at_nantes|title=Final Solution won two more international awards at 3 Continents at Nantes|website=www.filmfestivals.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.torinofilmfest.org/en/film-card/|title=Film card |website=torinofilmfest.org}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3542340.stm|title=India bans religious riot movie|date=2004-08-06|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Film-on-Gujarat-riots-wins-two-awards-in-Berlin/articleshow/500473.cms|title=Film on Gujarat riots wins two awards in Berlin|date=2004-02-17|website=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://rec.arts.movies.local.indian.narkive.com/veoImQWK/final-solution-by-rakesh-sharma-4-different-awards|title="Final Solution" by Rakesh Sharma - 4 different awards!|website=rec.arts.movies.local.indian.narkive.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/765420/as-ftii-students-call-off-strike-dibakar-banerjee-and-11-other-filmmakers-will-return-their-awards|title=As FTII students call off strike, Dibakar Banerjee and 11 other filmmakers will return their awards|first=Mridula|last=Chari|website=Scroll.in|date=28 October 2015 }}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/four-psbt-films-win-at-national-film-awardsfinal-soultions-finally-gets-its-due-27206.html|title=Four PSBT films win at National Film Awards; 'Final {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Soultions}}' finally gets its due - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=11 August 2007 }}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-anupam-kher-is-lying-nda-govt-banned-final-solution-he-was-censor-chief-director-rakesh-sharma-1980072|title=Anupam Kher is lying. NDA govt banned 'Final Solution'. He was Censor Chief: Director Rakesh Sharma|website=DNA India}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/abolish-censor-board-rakesh-sharma/story-8lnBWtWw6gg3Cs7i93WHEI.html|title=Abolish Censor Board: Rakesh Sharma|date=2006-02-17|website=Hindustan Times}}
*https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/final-solution-rejected-censor-board-certificate/240479
*https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indian-entry-final-solutions-bags-two-awards-at-berlin/202079
*http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cujsas/Volume%20I/John%20Fischer%20-%20Oppression2.pdf

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|OaMDIUkoXrg|Final Solution}}
* [http://vimeo.com/channels/rakeshfilm On Vimeo]
* {{IMDb title|0402178|Final Solution}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/storyville/final-solution.shtml BBC screening news]

{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2004 documentary films]]
[[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]

V. A. K. Ranga Rao

2026-02-12T03:18:44Z

Marinavan: New Basic Bio From Scratch!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V.A.K Ranga Rao
| parents = Ravu Janardana Krishna Ranga Rao and Saraswathi Devi
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = [[Madras]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar, dancer, film historian, book reviewer, art critic, orator, collector, film and music critic
| notable_works = Alapana, Maro Aalapana
| known_for = Largest collection of 78rpm records in the world and for Music reviews.
}}
'''Ravu Venkata Anandakumara Krishna Ranga Rao''', better known as '''V.A.K Ranga Rao''', is an Indian [[Musicology|music scholar]], [[Indian classical dance|dancer]], film historian, [[Literary criticism|book reviewer]], [[art critic]], and orator. He was born to Ravu Janardana Krishna Ranga Rao, the younger brother of [[Raja of Bobbili]] and Saraswathi Devi, the younger sister of Rani of Bobbili and is a descendant of the royal family of [[Bobbili]], near [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]. His father was titled the Zamindar of Chikkavaram.

He is known for having the largest collection of [[78rpm record#78 rpm disc developments|78 rpm record]]s in the world.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19961115-india-largest-78-rpms-records-collection-born-of-chennai-man-60-year-passion-834046-1996-11-15 | title=India's largest 78 rpms records collection born of Chennai man's 60-year passion | date=15 November 1996 | publisher=India Today | first=G.C. | last=Shekhar | accessdate=17 June 2019 }}</ref> The ''[[Limca Book of World Records]]'' claims the number of records to be 53,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil33.html | title=V A K Ranga Rao | date=28 December 2003 | publisher=Narthaki | accessdate=17 June 2019 }}</ref>

He possesses first recordings of more than 50 Indian singers; among them are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Hemant Kumar]], M.S Subbalakshmi, and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. It was V A K Ranga Rao who had admired Ghantasala as the most majestic voice. His collection has music in more than 15 foreign languages some of which are [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] and more than 40 Indian languages including [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Toda language|Toda]]. His collection also includes plays, speeches, and recitations of eminent personalities such as [[Tagore]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/simple-lyrics-stand-out-says-vak-ranga-rao/article5134062.ece Thehindu.com]
*[http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/personalities/music7.asp Interview with VAK Ranga Rao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191501/http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/personalities/music7.asp |date=29 April 2014 }}
*[http://sandhyasridhar.blogspot.in/2005/03/they-record-life-v-k-ranga-rao-values.html They record life]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/authority-on-arts/article3966301.ece Authority on arts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/man-of-many-facets/295580-60-121.html Man of many facets]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, V. A. K. Ranga}}
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gaudapada

2026-02-08T13:25:47Z

Marinavan: basic improve formatting and added references

{{short description|Medieval era Hindu philosopher and scholar}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Gauḍapāda
| image = Shri Gaudapadacharya Statue.jpg
| caption = Adi Guru Shri Gauḍapādāchārya
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| founder = [[Shri Gaudapadacharya Math]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Gauḍapāda''' ([[Sanskrit]]: गौडपाद; {{floruit}}{{circa|6th century CE}}),{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}} also referred as '''Gauḍapādācārya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: गौडपादाचार्य; "Gauḍapāda the Teacher"),{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}} was an early medieval era [[Hindu]] philosopher and scholar of the [[Advaita Vedanta|''Advaita'']] [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}}<ref>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, page 114</ref> While details of his biography are uncertain, his ideas inspired others such as [[Adi Shankara]] who called him a ''Paramaguru'' (highest teacher).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}}{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|pp=125-126}}

Gaudapada was the author or compiler of the ''{{IAST|Māṇḍūkya Kārikā}}'', also known as ''Gaudapada Karika''.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=308}} The text consists of four chapters (also called four books{{Sfn|Potter|1981|pp=106-111}}), of which Chapter Four<ref name="trvmurti114" /> uses [[Buddhist influences on Advaita Vedanta|Buddhist]] terminology thereby showing it was influenced by [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Isayeva |first=N. |title=Shankara: A Hindu Revivalist or a Crypto-Buddhist? |publisher=Georgia State University |year=1992 |url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses/4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603235303/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/rs_theses/4/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |page=23 |quote=According to Hacker (1952), the profound influences of Buddhism on Gaudapada were from the Lankavatara-sutra and the writings of Nagarjuna and Vasuvandhu. Thus, some scholars are of the opinion that he was a 'crypto-Buddhist.' Isayeva says, 'His work mandukya-karika was undoubtedly composed under the direct impact of Buddhist ideas'. |access-date=30 June 2025 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> However, doctrinally Gaudapada's work is Vedantic, and not Buddhist.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}}<ref name=trvmurti116/>{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=311}} The first three chapters of Gaudapada's text have been influential in the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition. Parts of the first chapter that include the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'' have been considered a valid scriptural source by the [[Dvaita]] and [[Vishistadvaita]] schools of Vedanta.<ref name=trvmurti114/><ref name=iepgauda/>

==Dates==
The century in which Gaudapada lived and his life details are uncertain.<ref name=iepgauda/> Estimates vary from early 6th{{sfn|Michael Comans|2000|p=163}}{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}} to 7th century CE.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=3}} He is generally dated based on estimates for [[Adi Shankara]], whose teacher [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]] is presumed to be the direct disciple of Gaudapada. Shankara, in some texts, refers to Gaudapada as the "teacher's teacher" who knows the tradition of the Vedānta (sampradāya-vit). Assuming how long each lived and when, Gaudapada is estimated to have lived sometime in the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}} Alternatively, states Potter, the phrase "teacher's teacher" should not be taken literally, and more in the sense of another phrase he uses for Gaudapada, namely ''Paramaguru'' (highest teacher).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}} According to Michael Comans, Gaudapada may have been the guru of Sankara's teacher but was likely a more distant guru (aka [[Vasudevacharya]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}).{{Sfn|Michael Comans|2000|p=2, 163}}

Another estimate places him around the early 6th century.<ref name=iepgauda>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/gauḍapad/ Gaudapada], Devanathan Jagannathan, University of Toronto, IEP</ref>{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|pp=125-126}} This estimate is based on Buddhist literature, and particularly the works of scholars [[Bhāviveka|Bhavaviveka]], [[Śāntarakṣita|Santaraksita]] and [[Kamalaśīla|Kamalasila]], who cite ''Gauḍapada kārikās''.<ref name=iepgauda/>{{Sfn|Michael Comans|2000|pp=45-46}} Bhavaviveka was a contemporary of [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapala]], states Karl Potter, while Chinese texts and travel accounts place Dharmapala in the mid 6th century CE.<ref name=iepgauda/> Assuming the Buddhist and Chinese records are reliable, and for Bhavaviveka to have quoted ''Gauḍapada kārikās'', Gaudapada must have lived around 500 CE, or sometime in the first half of 6th century CE. But, it is certain that Gaudapada lived after the 4th century because he cites some Buddhist views of [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] and [[Asanga]], the latter of whom various accounts place in 4th century.<ref name=iepgauda/>

==Mandukya Karika==
[[File:Gaudapada Mandukya Karika manuscript page sample i, Sanskrit, Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|left|The Mandukya Karika is an influential Vedanta text. Above: a manuscript page (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)]]

===Authorship===
Gaudapada wrote or compiled{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=308}} the ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'', also known as the ''{{IAST|Gauḍapāda Kārikā}}'' or the ''{{IAST|Āgama Śāstra}}''.{{refn|group=note|Nakamura notes that there are contradictions in doctrine between the four chapters.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=308}}}} Karl Potter notes that some scholars doubt whether the {{IAST|Gaudapāda Kārikā}} was written by one author, but others note that Shankara's commentary on Chandogya Upanishad clearly indicates it was written by one author.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}}

The ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'' is a concise explanation, in verse form,{{refn|group=note|Karika is defined by Monier-Williams as "concise statement in verse of (esp. philosophy and grammar) doctrines" in the Indian traditions.<ref>Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, कारिका</ref>}} of the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'', one of the shortest but a profound [[Upanishad]], consisting of just 12 sentences.{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|p=126}} Even before the time of Adi Shankara, Mandukya Upanishad was considered to be a [[Śruti]], but not one particularly important during his era.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=280}} In later periods, it gained notability as expressing the Upanishadic essence.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=280}} The Karika, notably, presents rational arguments from dream states, infinitude and finitude, space and time, causality, disintegration, and generation in support of the Advaita doctrine.<ref>See Introduction of ''Mandukya Upanishad with the Karika of Gaudapada and the Commentary of Shankaracharya'' (trans.Swami Gambhirananda. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1995) and Domenic Marbaniang, "The Advaitin Search for Unity in Diversity", ''Epistemics of Divine Reality: An Argument for Rational Fideism'', PhD Dissertation (Bangalore: ACTS Academy of Higher Education, 2007).</ref>

According to Sarma, the ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'' is the earliest extant systematic treatise on {{IAST|Advaita Vedānta}},{{sfn|Sarma|1997|p=239}} though it is not the oldest work to present Advaita views,{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=211}} nor the only pre-Sankara work with the same type of teachings.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=211}} According to Hajime Nakamura, not only was the ''Gaudapada Karika'' treasured in the Advaita tradition, the text was also revered and highly respected in [[Vishistadvaita]] and [[Dvaita]] Vedanta schools of Hinduism.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=280}} Gaudapada's text, adds Nakamura, was treasured but not considered a Sruti by Advaita scholars, while [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhvacharya]] of non-Advaita schools considered its first chapter to be a Sruti.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=280}}

===Contents===
The Gaudapadiya Karika has 215 [[Sanskrit prosody|metered verses]] which are divided into four chapters:<ref name=iepgauda/>
# Chapter One (29 verses) — [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agama, or Agama Prakarana]] (Traditional doctrine, includes 12 verses of the Mandukya Upanishad){{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}}{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|p=126}}
# Chapter Two (38 verses) — Vaitathya Prakarana (Unreality){{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}
# Chapter Three (48 verses)  — Advaita Prakarana (Nonduality){{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}
# Chapter Four (100 verses) — Alatasanti Prakarana (The Peace of the Firebrand){{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=110}}

Chronologically, according to [[Hajime Nakamura]], the Buddhist texts that quote from ''Gaudapada Karikas'' imply that the Vedantic ideas in the first three chapters are of greater antiquity. Nakamura states that most of Chapter Three of the ''Gaudapada Karika'' was complete by 400–500 CE.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=309}} He estimates that most of Chapter One was complete by 300–400 CE, while Chapter Two, which presupposes Chapter One, can be dated after Chapter One but before Chapter Three.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=310}} Most of the Chapter Four was written sometime between 400 and 600 CE.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=309}}

====Chapter One: Traditional Doctrine (Agama)====
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Om is bliss'''
<poem>
[[Om]] is [[Brahman]],
both the higher and lower,
as well as [[Ishvara]] residing in the hearts of everyone,
it is both without measure and of unlimited measure,
the cessation of duality,
it is bliss.
</poem>
|source = —''Gaudapada Karika 1.28–29'' Translator: Karl Potter{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953|p=9 with footnotes, 66-67}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Self]] resides in one's body in three forms: waking state, sleeping dreamy state and deep sleep state, according to Potter's translation. In the awake state, the Self experiences the [[Vaishvanara|Vishva]] – the external objects and the visible; in the dream state, it experiences the [[Taijasa]] – the internal mind objects and dream appearances; and in deep sleep, it experiences [[Prajñā (Hinduism)|Prajna]] – the unpolarised, the fruits of the heart and bliss.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2012|pp=41-48}} Arvind Sharma notes that the description of these states of self are similar to those found in [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and other ancient Hindu texts.{{Sfn|Sharma|2012|p=43-45}}

In Karikas 1.6-1.9, Gaudapada presents the competing traditional theories about life in vogue, before and in his times. Some claim that creation is the result of the expansion of the Self, some claim it is a mere magic show, some claim the creation is from God's desire, some claim ''Kala'' (time) creates all beings.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}} In Karika 1.10, the text states there is a fourth state of the Self, called [[Turiya]], one of ''Advaita'' (nonduality), all pervading, unchanging and without ''[[Duḥkha|Dukkha]]'' (sorrow).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2012|pp=41-48}} This fourth state of Self in ''Gaudapada Karika'' is found in chapters 8.7 through 8.12 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]], which discusses the "four states of consciousness" as awake, dream-filled sleep, deep sleep, and beyond deep sleep.<ref name=ptrajuchandogya>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 32-33; '''Quote''': "We can see that this story [in Chandogya Upanishad] is an anticipation of the Mandukya doctrine, (...)"</ref><ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n289/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad - Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda], Oxford University Press, pages 268-273</ref>

According to Gaudapada, the ''Vishva'' and ''Taijasa'' state of Self can be a source of cause and effect, the ''Prajna'' state is only cause, while ''Turiya'' state is neither. In the ''Prajna'' state, consciousness lies dormant like a seed, whereas in the ''Turiya'' it is fully awake and always seeing.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}} It is the waking state and dream state that lead to awareness, errors and unawareness. The perceived duality of the world is [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], when in reality there is only nonduality.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106}} Karikas 1.19-1.29 identify ''Vishva'', ''Taijasa'', and ''Prajna'' with the syllables A, U, and M of [[Om]], while Turiya, beyond all measure, transcends every state. Chapter One ends with the discussion of the syllable Om and its symbolism for Brahman and for the Atman within the heart of all living beings.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106-107}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||p=9 with footnotes 66-67}}{{Sfn|Isaeva|1995|p=30-34}}
====Chapter Two: Unreality (Vaitathya)====
Unreal are the dream objects during sleep, states Gaudapada, because the one who dreams never actually goes to the places he dreams of, and because whatever situation he dreams about is something he leaves upon waking up. This is in the scripture Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}

In the same sense, Karikas 4-15 of Chapter Two state that the true reality is covered up for man even in his waking state, because, translates Potter, "any object nonexistent in the beginning and in the end is also nonexistent in the middle".{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=10-11 with footnotes}} Just as dream objects are found to be unreal upon waking, so too in the waking state, whatever we apprehend as real or unreal is unreal.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=10-11 with footnotes}} But this assertion leads to the obvious question, states Gaudapada, that if both internal and external are not true reality, who is it that imagines, who apprehends them and who cognises?{{Sfn|Isaeva|1995|p=43}} Gaudapada submits his answer as the Atman (Self, soul).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}{{Sfn|Isaeva|1995|p=43}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=12 with footnotes 11-12}}

''Gaudapada Karika'' states that while we do grasp objects, we perceive, we think, but this does not connote the nature of reality and unreality, just like our fear of "a rope for a serpent in darkness".{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=107}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=13-14 with footnotes}} We construct realities, states Gaudapada, and imagine ''Jivatman'' to be various things such as ''praana'' (breath), ''loka'' (world), ''deva'' (gods), ''bhoktr'' (enjoyer), ''bhojya'' (enjoyables), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''sthula'' (gross), ''murta'' (material), ''amurta'' (nonmaterial) and so on.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=15-17 with footnotes 77-84}}{{Sfn|Isaeva|1995|pp=44-45}}

We imagine things in our mind, we create things in our mind, we destroy things in our mind, says Gaudapada; yet all these things are not different from It, the ''atman'' (gender neutral).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=15-17 with footnotes 77-84}} All such constructions create dualities in our imagination, are ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]''. The true reality, state Karikas 33–36, is nondual and it is ''atman''.{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=18-19 with footnotes 85-88}}{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}} Those who have mastered and grown past all attachments, past all fear and past all anger, they are past all dualities, know their Self, have secured the nonduality within. According to Karikas 36–38, such wise individuals, do not care about praise from anyone, are beyond all rituals, are homeless wanderers, for they have realised the truth inside them and outside; they, translates Potter, "remain steadfastly true to nature".{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=18-19 with footnotes 85-88}}

====Chapter Three: Nonduality (Advaita)====
{{Quote box
| quote = '''Duties of worship'''
<poem>
Duties of worship arise only for those
who think something is born
and who are thus miserable.
I shall therefore speak of the
nonmiserable state in which (...)
</poem>
| source = —''Gaudapada Karika 3.1–2'' Translator: Karl Potter{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=19-20 with footnotes 1 & 2 for Third Chapter}}
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
Gaudapada begins this chapter by criticising [[Upasana]] (worship), which assumes that the Brahman-Atman is unborn in the beginning and in the end, but is presently born (as jiva).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=108}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=20-21 with footnotes}} He argues that the nondual Brahman-Atman (Self) can give rise to apparent duality (''Jivas'', individual souls), while remaining unaffected, like space within jars.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|pp=108-109}} Self is like space and the Jivas are like space in jars. Just as space is enclosed in a jar, so is the Self manifested as Jivas. When the jar is destroyed the space in the jar merges into space so likewise, are the Jivas one with the Self.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|pp=108-109}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=20-21 with footnotes}}

Gaudapada states that the Upanishads like the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' teach that one's Atman (self) is identical with the Atman in all beings and that all Atman are identical with Brahman.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=109}} While some Upanishads, acknowledges Gaudapada, imply a difference between individual soul and the Brahman, those texts are discussing the apparent distinction (duality) when one believes in apparent creation. In reality, states Gaudapada, there is no creation of souls from Brahman as they are identical.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=109}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=21-23 with footnotes}} We must not confuse passages meant for spiritual instruction. According to Karikas 3.17-18, Gaudapada admits that dualists disagree with this view, but the ancient texts admit duality in the context of appearances, while "nonduality is indeed the highest reality" as translated by Karmarkar.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=109}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=23=24 with footnotes, 17-18}}

According to Karl Potter's translation of Karikas 3.33-36, an awareness without conceptual construction is unborn, real, and is identical with [[Brahman]]. This awareness is beyond words and thought, shines forth without fear, calm and unwavering, equanimous, and full of light.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=110}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=27-29 with footnotes}} It comes from self-reflection, understanding, detachment from ''[[Duḥkha|dukkha]]'' (frustration) and ''sukha'' (pleasure), where the mind rests in indescribable calmness within.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=110}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=29-31 with footnotes}}{{refn|group=note|दुःखं सर्वमनुस्मृत्य कामभोगान्निवर्तयेत् । अजं सर्वमनुस्मृत्य जातं नैव तु पश्यति ॥ ४३ ॥(...) नाऽऽस्वादयेत्सुखं तत्र निःसङ्गः प्रज्ञया भवेत् । निश्चलं निश्चरच्चित्तमेकीकुर्यात्प्रयत्नतः ॥ ४५ ॥(...) स्वस्थं शान्तं सनिर्वाणमकथ्यं सुखमुत्तमम् । अजमजेन ज्ञेयेन सर्वज्ञं परिचक्षते ॥ ४७ ॥{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=29-31 with footnotes}}}}

Karikas 3.39-46 describe ''Asparsa Yoga,'' through which this calmness is attained.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=367}} In this practice of 'non-contact' (''a-[[Sparśa|sparsa]]''), the mind is controlled and brought to rest, and does not create "things" ([[Yogachara#Mere representation|appearances]]) after which it grasps; it becomes non-dual, free from the grasping subject-object dualism.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=365-366}}{{sfn|Reddy Juturi|2021}} Knowing that only ''Atman-Brahman'' is real, the creations of the mind are seen as illusory, and negated (MK 3.31-33). When the mind is brought to rest, it becomes or is ''Brahman'' (MK 3.46).{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=367}} According to Gaudapada, Asparsa Yoga is difficult for most, including the [[yogis]], who see fear, namely a loss of atman, in what is fearlessly blissful.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=110}}{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=365-367}}{{refn|group=note|Adi Shankara interprets this Karika somewhat differently, according to Comans.{{Sfn|Michael Comans|2000|p=166}}}}

====Chapter Four: The Peace of The Firebrand (Alatasanti)====
The last chapter of ''Gaudapada Karika'' has a different style than the first three, and it opens by revering "the greatest of men", who are like the cosmic space through their awareness of nonduality, free from self-contradictions and confusion, and who understand [[Dharma]].{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=110}} Karikas 4.3–10 repeat some content from previous chapters, but with some word substitutions.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=111}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=32-33 with footnotes}} Karikas 4.11–13 quote the key duality premise of [[Samkhya]] school of Hindu philosophy, cross examines it, then asks how and why is cause eternal? The text states that the Samkhya premise "cause is born as its effect" leads to infinite regress, which is not persuasive.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=111}}

''Gaudapada Karika'' then acknowledges the [[Ajativada]] (non-origination) theory of the Buddhists.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=111}} Like Samkhya premise, the text praises and cross examines it, in three ways. First, the non-origination premises makes sense when neither the point of origin nor the end of something is known, but we know the point of origin of any example of something produced and therefore the ''Ajativada'' premise does not follow; secondly, the ''Ajativada'' premise commits the ''Sadhyasama'' fallacy of reasoning by offering examples of what is yet to be proved.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=111}} Third, according to Karikas 4.29–41, neither [[samsara]] nor [[moksha|mukti]] has a beginning or end, because if something is born it must have an end, and something that is unborn has no end.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=112}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=39-41 with footnotes}}

Karikas 4.45–52 state that only consciousness (''Vijnana'') is real, explaining this with an example of fire stick before and during the time it burns, and adding that we construct and deconstruct our state of awareness.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=112}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=43-44 with footnotes}} Karikas 4.53–56 assert that there is no causation, no effects, and repeats that consciousness is the only real thing.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|pp=112-113}} Everything is [[impermanence|impermanent]], non-eternal, and without the origination by nature, state Karikas 4.57–60.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=113}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=45-46 with footnotes}}

Karikas 4.61–81 repeat text on four states from earlier chapters to re-emphasise the premises about impermanence and non-origination.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=113}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=47-52 with footnotes}} Attachment to unreality causes desire, sorrow (''dukkha'') and fear, while detachment leads to freeing from such states and to ''[[samadhi]]''.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=113}} Three stages of understanding are described in Karikas 4.87–89: ''Laukika'' (ordinary. which cognises object and subject as real), ''Shuddha laukika'' (purified ordinary, where perceiving is considered real but not the objects) and ''Lokottara'' (supramundane, where neither objects nor perceiving are cognised as real).{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=113}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=53-54 with footnotes}}

Karikas 4.90–100 presents ''Agrayana'' (vehicle to knowing). The text states, "all dharmas are without beginning, without variety, and are consciousness only".{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=113}} Duality is for the unwise, nonduality and undifferentiated Reality is for the wise, and difficult to grasp. The last ''Karikas'' of the Chapter Four add, as translated by Karl Potter, "this the ''Buddhas'' understand, the Buddha instructs us that consciousness does not reach the dharmas, yet the Buddha said nothing about either consciousness or dharmas!"{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=114}}{{sfn|Karmarkar|1953||pp=55-56 with footnotes}}

=== Gaudapada's Soteriology ===
According to Gaudapada, liberation is the realisation that the Self is the unborn and has never truly entered into bondage. He describes the liberated Self as "unborn" and "calm" and awareness in this state as "independent, calm" and "blissful, unborn, all-knowing".{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106-112}} In the doctrine of ''Ajativada'', he explains that what does not exist in the beginning or end cannot be real in the present and origination is impossible from being, non-being, both, or neither. He further states that bondage and liberation are only imagined states, and that bondage arises though mental projection (''vikalpa''). Liberation follows when both ignorance (sleep) and error (dream/waking) are transcended and the "fourth" state (''turiya'') is realised. Gaudapada separates liberation from waking, dreaming, and the non-awareness of deep sleep. Shankara interpreted these states as empirical and as stages through which self-knowledge is attained and liberation is realised through the removal of ignorance by knowledge.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=106-112}}{{Sfn|Sarma|1997|pp=230-240}}

===Relationship to Buddhism===
The influence of Buddhist doctrines on Gaudapada has been a vexed question,{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}}{{sfn|Michael Comans|2000|p=2}} though "most recent writers seem to be willing to admit Buddhist influence,"{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}} yet also note that Gaudapada was a Vedantin and not a Buddhist.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}}

Gaudapada took over the Yogachara teaching of ''[[Yogacara#Representation-only|vijñapti-mātra]]'', "representation-only," which states that the empirical reality that we experience is a fabrication of the mind, experienced by consciousness-an-sich,{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}}{{refn|group=note|It is often used interchangeably with the term ''citta-mātra'', but they have different meanings. The standard translation of both terms is "consciousness-only" or "mind-only." Several modern researchers object this translation, and the accompanying label of "absolute idealism" or "idealistic monism".{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=1}} A better translation for ''vijñapti-mātra'' is ''representation-only''.{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=5}}}} and the four-cornered negation, which negates any positive predicates of 'the Absolute'.{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}}{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|pp=126, 143-144}}{{refn|group=note|1. Something is. 2. It is not. 3. It both is and is not. 4. It neither is nor is not.{{sfn|Garfield|Priest|2003}}{{page needed|date=August 2016}} The 'four-cornered negation' is an English gloss of the Sanskrit, [[Catuṣkoṭi|Chatushkoti]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}}} Gaudapada "wove [both doctrines] into the philosophy of ''Mandukaya Upanisad'', which was further developed by Shankara".{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177-178}}{{refn|group=note|The influence of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] on other religions and philosophies was not limited to Vedanta. Kalupahana notes that the [[Visuddhimagga]] – a Theravada Buddhist tradition, contains "some metaphysical speculations, such as those of the Sarvastivadins, the Sautrantikas, and even the [[Yogacara|Yogacarins]]".{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=206}}}} In this view,
{{quote|the ultimate ontological reality is the pure consciousness, which is bereft of attributes and intentionality. The world of duality is nothing but a vibration of the mind (manodṛśya or manaspandita). The pluralistic world is imagined by the mind (saṁkalpa) and this false projection is sponsored by the illusory factor called māyā.<ref name=iepgauda/>}}

According to Bhattacharya, ''Asparsayoga'' also has Buddhist origins.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}} In chapter Four, according to Bhattacharya, two karikas refer to the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}} According to Murti, "the conclusion is irresistible that Gaudapada, a Vedanta philosopher, is attempting an advaitic interpretation of Vedanta in the light of the Madhyamika and Yogcara doctrines. He even freely quotes and appeals to them."<ref name=trvmurti114>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, pages 114-115</ref>

However, adds Murti, the doctrines are unlike Buddhism. Chapter One, Two and Three are entirely Vedantin and founded on the Upanishads, with little Buddhist flavour.<ref name=trvmurti114/> While the first three chapters discuss [[Brahman]] and Atman (soul, Self), Chapter Four doesn't. This, according to Murti,<ref name=trvmurti114/> may be because this was authored by someone else and not Gaudapada, a position shared by Richard King.<ref name=iepgauda/> Further, state both Murti and King, no Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada ever quoted from Chapter Four, they only quote from the first three.<ref name=trvmurti114/><ref name=iepgauda/> According to Sarma, Chapter Four may well have been written by Gaudapada assuming he was fully conversant with Mahayana school's teachings, yet "to mistake him to be a hidden or open Buddhist is absurd".{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|pp=145-147}} The doctrines of Gaudapada and Buddhism are totally opposed, states Murti:<ref name=trvmurti114/>

{{Quote|We have been talking of borrowing, influence and relationship in rather general terms. It is necessary to define the possible nature of the borrowing, granting that it did take place. (...) The Vedantins stake everything on the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Brahman) and accept the authority of the Upanishads. We have pointed out at length the [[Anatta|Nairatmya]] standpoint of Buddhism and its total opposition to the Atman (soul, substance, the permanent and universal) in any form.
|TRV Murti|''The Central Philosophy of Buddhism''<ref name=trvmurti116>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, page 116</ref>}}

[[Sengaku Mayeda]] states that "it might be Gaudapada the author of the Mandukyakarika, or his predecessors, and not Shankara who can be called a ‘Buddhist in disguise'", and credits Shankara with "re-inject[ing] the upanishadic spirit into the extremely buddhisticized Mandukyakarika of his paramaguru, pouring new life into it as it were, giving it an interpretation that followed the line of Vedanta school and achieved the re-vedantinization of the buddhisticized vedantic tradition".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mayeda|first=Sengaku|date=23 May 2012|title=Shankaracharya and Buddhism|url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=1111&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1|access-date=23 November 2020|website=www.kamakotimandali.com}}</ref>

[[Swami Nikhilananda]] denies Buddhist influence, arguing that Gaudapada used Buddhist terminology because Buddhism was prevalent at that time, but he was ultimately an Advaita Vedantin and he disagrees with [[Gautama Buddha]] in the second last verse of the Alatasanti Prakarana in the Kārikā.<ref>{{Citation|title={{!}}{{!}} Freedom {{!}}{{!}} by Swami Sarvapriyananda| date=18 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW1iUV3xcX0|language=en|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> Dasgupta explicitly states that Nikhilanda is incorrect in denying Buddhist influence, stating, in Sangharakshita's words, that "the influence of Buddhism on his thinking could not be denied."<ref>Sangharakshita, ''Facing Mount Kanchenjunga'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOpdDwAAQBAJ&dq=gaudapada+buddhism&pg=PT170 p.4]</ref>

==Other works by Gaudapadacharya==
A number of additional works are attributed to Gaudapada, but their authenticity is uncertain.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=104}} The attributed works are:{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=104}}{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=311}}
* A [[bhasya]] on ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]''
* A bhasya on ''[[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]''
* A bhasya on [[Anugita]]
* ''Durga Saptashati Tika'' — A bhasya on [[Devi Mahatmya]]
* ''Sri Vidyaratna Sutra'' bhasya
* ''Subhagodaya'' on [[Shri Vidya]]
* ''Uttara Gita Bhashya''

Gaudapada is also credited with a commentary on ''Samkhyakarikas''. According to Potter, the naive nature of this commentary is in sharp contrast to the depth of reflection in ''Gaudapada Karikas'', and it is unlikely that the commentary on the ''Samkhyakarikas'' was written by Gaudapada.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=104}}

==Advaita guru-paramparā==
{{Main|Advaita Guru Paramparā}}

Gaudapada is one of the key persons in the Advaita Vedanta.{{Sfn|Michael Comans|2000|p=2}} He is traditionally said to have been highly influential on [[Adi Shankara]],{{sfn|Potter|1981|p=103}} one of the most important figures in Vedic philosophy.

==Shri Gaudapadacharya Math==
{{Main|Shri Gaudapadacharya Math}}

Shri Gaudapadacharya Math{{refn|group=note|{{langx|sa|श्री संस्थान गौडपदाचार्य मठ}}, {{IAST|Śrī Sansthāna Gauḍapadācārya Maṭha}}}}, also known as '''{{IAST|Kavaḷē maṭha}}''' {{lang|skt|कवळे मठ}}, is the oldest [[matha]] of the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume)| page=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shrikavalemath.org.in/ |title=Gold ore flotation separar flotation machine,Mineral spiral classifier gold ore spiral separator |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225124923/http://shrikavalemath.org.in/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Peetadhipathi]] "head monk" is Śrī Gauḍapadācārya. [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] and [[Smartism|Smartist]] [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s are its main disciples.<ref>http://www.shrikavalemath.org.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225124923/http://shrikavalemath.org.in/ |date=25 December 2018 }}, Title: About Kavale matha.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Philosophy of experience (Hinduism)]]

'''List of Math'''
*[[Gaudapadacharya Math|Kavaḷē maṭha]]
*[[Kashi Math]]
*[[Gokarna Math]]
*[[Chitrapur Math]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author=Michael Comans|title=The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sx12hxoFVqwC|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1722-7}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Garfield | first1 =Jay L. | last2 =Priest | first2 =Graham | year =2003 | title =Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought, Philosophy East & West Volume 53, Number 1 January 2003 1–21 | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/NagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf }}
* {{cite book|last=Isaeva|first=Natalia V.|title=From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCFQ39cHNkC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2449-0}}
* {{Citation | last =Kalupahana | first =David J. | year =1994 | title =A History of Buddhist Philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Cite book |last=Karmarkar |first=Raghunath Damodar |url=http://archive.org/details/Gaudapada-Karika.English |title=Gaudapada-Karika [Sanskrit-English] |date=1953 | publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona}}
* {{Citation | last =Kochumuttom | first =Thomas A. | year =1999 | title =A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience. A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Nakamura | first =Hajime | year =2004 | url =https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfEarlyVedantaPhilosophyHajimeNakamura |title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =Potter | first =Karl. H. | year =1981 | title =''Gaudapada,'' Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and his pupils, Volume 3, ''pp. 103-114'' | place =Delhi | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =81-208-0310-8}}
* {{Citation | last =Raju | first =P.T. | year =1971 | title =The Philosophical Traditions of India | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass (1992 Reprint)}}
* {{Citation |last=Reddy Juturi |first=Ravi Kumar |year=2021 |title=Gaudapadacharya "asparsa yoga" for attaining "no mind": A historical method of advaita vedanta for teaching "human liberation" in a profound way |journal=International Journal of Yoga: Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.4103/2347-5633.329692 |s2cid=240322563 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Chandradhar |url=http://archive.org/details/indian-philosophy-a-critical-survey |title=Indian Philosophy A Critical Survey |date=1997}}
* {{Citation | last =Sarma | first =Chandradhar | year =2007 |isbn= 978-8120813120 | title =The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVc5Deglvb8C |title=Sleep as a State of Consciousness in Advaita Vedānta |year=2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8430-2 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last =Bhatta | first =Rathnakara | year =2013 | title =Shree Shankarayana (May. 2013), pp. 190–380. | url =http://www.goodreads.com/author_blog_posts/4295191-shree-shankarayana }}
* {{cite book | last =Dvivedi | first =Manilal N. | author-link=Manilal Dwivedi | year =2003 | title =The Mandukyopanishad: With Gaudapada's Karikas and the Bhashya of Sankara | publisher =Jain Publishing Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Fox|first=Douglas|title=Dispelling the Illusion|location=Albany|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1993}}
*{{cite book |author=Gauḍapāda Ācārya |author2=Śaṅkarācārya |author3=Nikhilananda, Swami |author4= V Subrahmanya Iyer |year=1990 |title=Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad : with Gauḍapāda's Kārikā and Saṅkara's commentary |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-7505-022-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Richard H.|title=Gaudapada: Advaita Vedanta's First Philosopher|location=New York|publisher=Jackson Square Books|year=2014}}
* {{cite book | last =King | first =Richard | year =1995 | title =Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika | publisher =SUNY Press}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mandukya-upanishad-karika-bhashya/index.html The Mandukya Upanishad/Karika, Shankara’s Commentary and Anandagiri’s Tika] Translated by Swami Nikhilananda, online ebook
* [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/gaudapada.html advaita-vedanta.org, ''Gaudapada'']
* [http://www.swamij.com/upanishad-mandukya-karika.htm Mandukya Upanishad with Gaudapada's Karika]
* [http://www.advaitayoga.org/advaitayogaarticles/karika.html P.J. Mazumdar, ''Gaudapada's Karika on the Mandukya Upanishad''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316063537/http://www.advaitayoga.org/advaitayogaarticles/karika.html |date=16 March 2022 }}

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{philosophy of religion}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaudapada}}
[[Category:6th-century Indian philosophers]]
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[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
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[[Category:Consequentialists]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Idealists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:Pantheists]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian writers]]

Kamalakar Tripathi

2026-02-07T23:20:46Z

Marinavan: creating initial post needs work!

{{Short description|Indian physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamlakar Tripathi
| birth_place = Madanpur
| occupation = Physician
| known_for = Giving free consultation to patients
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| honours =
}}

'''Kamlakar Tripathi''' (born [[Madanpur, India|Madanpur]], [[Siddharth nagar]]) is an Indian physician and Former Professor in the Department of Medicine, [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU Institute of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=SSU fetes three Padma awardees from Varanasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ssu-fetes-three-padma-awardees-from-varanasi-101643646871191.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पद्म पुरस्‍कार 2022 : बीएचयू चिकित्सा विज्ञान संस्थान के पूर्व प्रोफेसर डा. कमलाकर त्रिपाठी को पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-padma-awards-2022-padma-bhushan-to-dr-kamalakar-tripathi-former-professor-of-bhu-institute-of-medical-sciences-hpjagranspecial-22413447.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> He has been the Head of Nephrology Department. He has served as the Chairman of the Department of General Medicine, BHU from 1998 to 2001 and the President of the Indian Hypertension Society from 2008 to 2009. He also held the responsibility of Dean in-charge of the BHU Institute.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Padma Awards 2022: From Radheshyam Khemka to Swami Shivanand... these 6 personalities of Kashi got the Padma Award |url=https://newsbuzz.live/states-news/uttar-pradesh-news/padma-awards-2022-from-radheshyam-khemka-to-swami-shivanand-these-6-personalities-of-kashi-got-the-padma-award/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=News Buzz |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He was also the President of UP Diabetes Association from 2009 to 2011. Tripathi has received 2 international and 15 national awards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=वाराणसी के कमलाकर त्रिपाठी को मिला पद्मश्री सम्मान:अबतक मिले 2 अंतरराष्ट्रीय और 15 नेशनल अवॉर्ड, कोरोना काल में की जनता की सेवा |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/varanasi-interview-with-kamalakar-ram-tripathi-said-my-life-is-incomplete-without-medicine-129339664.html}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2022, for his contributions in the field of medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Padma Vibhushan for two, Padma Shri for nine in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/padma-vibhushan-for-two-padma-shri-for-nine-in-uttar-pradesh-101643140890275.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022: 25 awardees are from poll-bound states; check full list here |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/padma-awards-2022-25-awardees-are-from-poll-bound-states-check-full-list-here |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

He has been serving patients for free for the past several years. He provides free consultation to 100 to 150 patients every day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Padma Award: काशी के ये डॉक्टर फ्री में करते हैं मरीजों की सेवा,अब मिला पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-padma-award-these-doctors-of-kashi-serve-patients-for-free-now-got-padma-shri-award-3977144.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पद्म पुरस्‍कार 2022 : बीएचयू चिकित्सा विज्ञान संस्थान के पूर्व प्रोफेसर डा. कमलाकर त्रिपाठी को पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-padma-awards-2022-padma-bhushan-to-dr-kamalakar-tripathi-former-professor-of-bhu-institute-of-medical-sciences-hpjagranspecial-22413447.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
He currently resides in Ravindrapuri Extension of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Kamalakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Prahlad Kakkar

2026-02-04T21:20:24Z

Marinavan: minor correct details for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Indian advertising film director}}
{{promotional|date=May 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Prahlad Kakkar
|native_name = प्रहलाद कक्कड़
|image = File:Prahlad_Kakkar_speaking.jpg
|caption = Prahlad Kakkar speaking during The Himalayan Times Brandfest in Nepal
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|03|24}}
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|employer =
|occupation = Advertising, Filmmaker
|years_active =
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|spouse = Mitali Dutt
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|children = Arnav, Varun, Anhjin
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'''Prahlad Kakkar''' (born 24 March 1950) is an Indian ad film director, known for his work on a [[Pepsi]] TV commercial with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. He is the founder of the Genesis Film Productions, established in 1977.<ref name=aa/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaonline.com/entertainment/kamasutra-girl_49125.html |title=The new kamasutra girl |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807163013/http://keralaonline.com/entertainment/kamasutra-girl_49125.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatry |first=Rajendra |title=Pandit Jasraj Samman for Prahlad Kakkar - Express India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Pandit-Jasraj-Samman-for-Prahlad-Kakar/320667/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121011200047/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Pandit-Jasraj-Samman-for-Prahlad-Kakar/320667/ |archive-date=2012-10-11 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.expressindia.com}}</ref>

In 1995 he set up 'Lacadives', a scuba-diving school, alongside his wife, Mitali Kakkar at [[Kadmat Island]], in collaboration with the [[Government of Lakshadweep]]. He also runs a coffee shop, and Casa Amore, a wine bar & restaurant, set up in [[Mumbai]] in 2001.<ref name=ind/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businesstravellerindia.com/200306/bt10highp.shtml |title=The 'Ad-Hatter' |publisher=Business FeTravel India |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109212851/http://www.businesstravellerindia.com/200306/bt10highp.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016 he launched the School of Branding and Entrepreneurship in Mumbai in association with [[Subhash Ghai]]'s [[Whistling Woods International]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=2016-03-17|title=Ad filmmaker Prahlad Kakkar starts branding school|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7f1FYbkGvpyHLt95GCtDSM/Ad-filmmaker-Prahlad-Kakkar-starts-branding-school.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He did his initial schooling at [[St. Joseph's Academy, Dehradun]] and higher schooling from [[Sainik School, Kunjpura]], Haryana. He later graduated in economics from [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]].<ref name="ind">[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ad-guru-thrives-on-humour/321199/ Ad guru thrives on humour] [[Indian Express]], 11 June 2008.</ref><ref name="aa">{{Cite web |title=:: AAAI :: |url=http://aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120326091726/http://aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm |archive-date=2012-03-26 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.aaaindia.org}}</ref>

==Career==
Prahlad Kakkar joined advertising in 1971, as an Accounts Executive at ASP (Delhi), and after a year, he was transferred to the company's Bombay office. In 1972, he joined the renowned feature director, [[Shyam Benegal]], as an assistant Director for films such as ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'', ''[[Manthan]]'', and ''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]''.

After training under [[Shyam Benegal]], Mandeep Kakkar and Ravi Uppor, Prahlad Kakkar founded Genesis Film Productions in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ketan.net/art7_1.html |title=www.ketan.net |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108230242/http://www.ketan.net/art7_1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Genesis Film Productions is also known for the short film "Bali" made in affiliation with the channel [[STAR One|Star One]].<ref>[http://living.oneindia.in/insync/prahalad-kakar.html Oneindia]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> Prahlad Kakkar is also known for his popular [[Kamasutra]] ads. After Genesis, Prahlad Kakkar started a restaurant at Prithvi Theatre with [[Jennifer Kendal]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/the-prahlad-kakkar-brand-of-life/articleshow/285889.cms | title=The Prahlad Kakkar brand of life | work=The Times of India | date=16 November 2003 }}</ref>

Prahlad Kakkar is the co-founder of ReefWatch Marine Conservation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reefwatchindia.org/aboutus.html |title=:: Reefwatch Marine Conservation |website=www.reefwatchindia.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208082826/http://www.reefwatchindia.org/aboutus.html |archive-date=2005-02-08}}</ref> set up in 1994, which aims at creating marine-life awareness. Prahlad Kakkar supports and plays an important role as the Chief Advisor and trustee of [http://www.noetindia.org Natura Outdoor Education Trust].

In 1999, Kakkar was one of the few Indian directors to direct international commercials for clients like Unilever and Pepsico in Burma, Vietnam, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Asia Pacific Region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm |title=:: AAAI :: |accessdate=2011-07-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20051125122235/http://www.aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm |archivedate=25 November 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He also started the speciality Tea House in Bombay,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topmumbaihotels.com/timeoutmumbai|title=Your guide to attractions, events, restaurants, nightlife, films, shopping and music in Mumbai | Time Out Mumbai|website=www.topmumbaihotels.com}}</ref> the first of its kind in the country. In 2000 he received the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award from IAAFA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iaafa.org.au/ |title=IAAFA > Home |access-date=23 February 2012 |archive-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705235841/http://www.iaafa.org.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> for his contribution to Advertising and Film Art.

===Genesis Film Production Pvt. Ltd.===
Prahlad Kakkar founded Genesis Film Production Pvt. Ltd. in 1977, after having assisted [[Shyam Benegal]], one of India's most renowned art-house filmmakers. Clients of the company include [[Nestlé]], [[PepsiCo]], [[Brittania]], and Levers. Prahlad has won several awards for technical excellence, Innovation and creativity in advertising over the years in India. Genesis won both gold and silver awards including campaign of the year for the Pepsi commercials at [http://www.aaaindia.org/ AAAI] in 1996. The public films for Ceat won awards in the [http://www.newyorkfestivals.com/main.php?p=2,10 New York Festival of Advertising]. Commercials directed by Prahlad have also been nominated for Lions at [[Cannes]].
Twenty – five years down the line Prahlad Kakkar earned himself a Lifetime Achievement Award by the IAAFA in the year 1999 and made Genesis the top Production House for two consecutive seasons for years 2003 and 2004 by the Brand Equity. He has helped create campaigns like "Yehi Hai Right Choice Baby! Aha!" [[Pepsi]] Ad, "The Zing Thing" [[Gold Spot]] Ad, "2 minutes!" Noodles Ad for [[Maggi]], "Ting Ting Ti Ting" [[Britannia]] Biscuits Football Ad, "Zor ka Jhatka" for [[Limca]] and "It's different" for [[Maggi]] Ketchup.<ref name="aaaindia.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm#Prahlad |title= :: AAAI ::|website=www.aaaindia.org |archive-url=https://archive.today/20051125122235/http://www.aaaindia.org/speaker_profiles.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref>

===Offspring and Offshoot===
Genesis has given birth to Offspring and Offshoot, production companies that are owned by Mitali Dutt Kakkar. Prahlad Kakkar remains the Principal Director for her production houses as well.

===Lacadives===
Lacadives is part of the [[Underwater Federation of India]] and has established the [[Indian Scuba Diving Association]] to ensure adherence to safety norms in this industry. To further complement its activities Lacadives has set up an NGO called [[Reefwatch]], whose mission is to create awareness amongst children through workshops and practical training about the fragile Marine Environment.
Lacadives is also the first Dive Centre to have its own Live Aboard, ''Sea Urchin'', a 55-foot vessel, 150 HP Scania Engine, with sleeping facilities for 8 passengers and four crew. A compressor, and desalination plant, centrally air-conditioned, with a 10-foot RIB and a diving platform.<ref name="aaaindia.org"/>

===Restaurants===
Prahlad Kakkar has also been involved in restaurant design. He took on the initiative of reviving the culture of tea in India with a touch of sophistication, a venture which culminated in the Tea Centre, a restaurant designed by him at Churchgate, in association with the [http://www.teaboard.gov.in/ Tea Board of India].

In 1985, he ran a Gourmet Restaurant at the Prithvi Theater, Bombay with Jennifer Kendal Kapoor.
In 2001, he started Casa Amore, an exclusive wine bar and restaurant.
Prahlad has also created [http://www.papapancho.com/index.html Papa Pancho] for designer Mamta Sekhri. It is one of the few places in Mumbai that offers traditional, home-cooked Punjabi food.
"Sarson da Saaga", Bombay's first "Slow food, Punjabi- home-style cooking" opened at IMAX in March 2002.<ref name="aaaindia.org"/>

==Personal life==
Prahlad Kakkar is married to Mitali Dutt Kakkar, the owner of the film companies Offspring and Offshoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shaaditimes.com/searchresult.php?keyword=mitali+prahlad+kakar|title=Search results|website=www.shaaditimes.com}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2024}} They have three sons Arnav, Varun and Anhjin. Prahlad Kakkar is [[dyslexic]] and so is his son Arnav.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

Prahlad Kakkar has a passion for scuba diving and in 2000 he became a CMAS 2 Star Scuba Diving Instructor. His other interests include gourmet cooking, reading, swimming, snorkelling, squash and horse riding.

== Controversy ==
Prahlad Kakkar made a controversial statement about Amitabh Bachan, he said that Amitabh's name should be in the Guinness Book of world records because despite 17 flop movies he survived in the film industry, Amitabh Bachan's<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Bachchan hits back at adman Prahlad Kakkar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/abhishek-bachchan-hits-back-at-adman-prahlad-kakkar-84716-2010-10-27 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=India Today |date=28 October 2010 |language=en}}</ref> son Abhishek Bachan condemned his comments.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|1849065}}
* [http://www.scholarsavenue.org/2009/02/26/prahalad-kakar-speaks/ Interview with The Scholars' Avenue, IIT Kharagpur]
* [http://www.afaqs.com/news/interviews/data/299.html Prahalad Kakar Interview] AgencyFAQs
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110509081931/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005051600200100.htm&date=2005/05/16/&prd=mp& Juggler of passions]}} [[The Hindu]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakkar, Prahlad}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Underwater divers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors with dyslexia]]

East–West Metro Tunnel

2026-01-29T13:48:50Z

Marinavan: started post

{{short description|First underwater metro tunnel in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox tunnel
|other_name= Hooghly River Tunnel
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], India
| status = Constructed in 2021 by [[Afcons Infrastructure]] (underwater section) 6 March 2024(inaugurated)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-indias-first-underwater-metro-service-in-kolkata/articleshow/108255490.cms?from=mdr|title=PM Modi inaugurates India's first underwater metro service in Kolkata|date=6 March 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
 started operations commercially on and from 15 March 2024<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-new-routes-kavi-subhash-majerhat-esplanade-underwater-metro-2512747-2024-03-09|title=India's first underwater metro service in Kolkata to be open for public from March 15|date=9 March 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>
| start =[[Phoolbagan metro station]], [[Kolkata]]
| end = [[Howrah Maidan metro station]], [[Howrah]]
| owner = [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
| operator = [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
| traffic = [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| length = {{convert|10.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{convert|0.520|km|mi|abbr=on}} (underneath Hooghly)
}}{{Kolkata Metro sidebar}}'''East–West Metro Tunnel'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/underwater-metro-tunnel-work-likely-to-begin-next-month/articleshow/57283340.cms?from=mdr|title=Underwater metro tunnel work likely to begin next month|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 February 2017}}</ref> is an underwater river tunnel of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The river tunnel is constructed underneath [[Hooghly River]]. It is the biggest underwater river [[tunnel]] of [[India]], which is made for [[Metro railway|metro rail]] service.<ref name="Confusion"/> The East–West Metro Tunnel length is {{convert|10.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and width is {{convert|5.5|m|ftin}}. A {{Cvt|520|m|ftin}} stretch of the tracks goes through a tunnel under the Hooghly River. The roof of the tunnel is about {{Convert|30|m|ftin}} from the ground level. The tunnel was completed in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro's new line may open in 2018|newspaper= The Hindu Business |url= https://m.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kolkata-metros-new-line-may-open-in-2018/article7318953.ece}}</ref> The tunnel is used by [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]], also known as East–West Metro Line, for metro rail service by [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]] and it was constructed by [[Afcons Infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.|newspaper =kmrc.in|url=https://www.kmrc.in/}}</ref>

==Construction ==
[[File:Hooghly river underwater metro tunnel as seen in Narendra Modi's video (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Hooghly River Underwater metro tunnel segment]]
[[File:East west metro tunnel pics.webm|thumb|East–West metro tunnel underwater section journey]]
[[File:East West metro tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|East–West Metro Tunnel, under [[Hooghly River]] – biggest underwater metro tunnel in India<ref name="Confusion"/>]]
[[File:PM Modi sees the exhibition showcased on the India’s first under-river metro tunnel in Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Artists Conception of East–West underwater metro at Esplanade Metro station]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flags off the metro at Esplanade Metro Rail Station of Kolkata, in West Bengal on March 06, 2024 (2).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] flags off the metro, with inaugurating the tunnel, with the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade stretch on March 6, 2024.]]
The section between [[Sealdah metro station]] and [[Mahakaran metro station]] was realigned due to the inability of GoWB to provide land on the surface along the original route. Even on the new alignment a station planned at Wellington had to be dropped as Government of West Bengal was unable to provide the required land on the surface. Work at Howrah Maidan have started in March 2016. The section between [[Howrah Maidan metro station]] and [[Esplanade metro station]] has been built by Afcons – Transtonnelstroy JV team, two tunnel boring machines from Herrenknecht are being used to dig the tunnel. This section passes through the Hooghly River for a distance of {{Convert|520|m|ftin}}. The section under the river is at a depth of {{Convert|30|m|ftin}} (roof to ground distance) whereas the average roof to ground distance is {{Convert|17|m|ftin}}. The [[Howrah metro station]] on the west side of the river will be at a depth of {{Convert|30|m|ftin}}. Tunnelling started from Howrah Maidan side. On 23 May one of the TBM named Rachna completed the tunneling under the Hooghly River in 36 days. The other TBM named Prerna also completed the tunnelling work under the river on 21 June 2017. There were some concerns during tunnelling under Brabourne Road as the tunnel would pass within {{Convert|100|m|ftin}} of heritage structures and there were also many old and dilapidated buildings in this section. KMRC received permission from Archaeological Survey of India in June 2017. Residents and shops in the old building were temporarily shifted and the buildings were reinforced before construction of tunnel. Construction of tunnel until Mahakaran station was completed in November 2017. For the Mahakaran–Esplanade section tunnelling of one of the tunnel has been completed on 23 March 2018 the other tunnel has also been completed by April. In this sections also shops and residents of the buildings have been shifted in phased manner before tunnelling. The Esplanade–Sealdah section will be executed by ITD-ITD Cementation JV and was scheduled to start in May 2018.
[[File:Urban Transport, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|right|Work being done at Howrah Maidan metro station]]

5490 meters of tunnel have been constructed between [[Subhas Sarobar]] and [[Sealdah]]. This section was constructed by ITD-ITD Cementation JV. All the cross passes between the two tunnels have also been completed. Track laying is being carried out in this section. The tunneling work was stopped due to collapse of building on 3 September 2019 over the [[Bowbazar]] area due to [[Tunnel boring machine|TBM]] hitting an [[aquifer]]. The work resumed in June, 2020 and successfully completed the affected area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|title=Resumption of tunnelling work of E-W Metro|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/several-residents-in-citys-bowbazar-area-moved-to-hotels-as-work-resumed-for-ew-metro-official/1875184|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 October 2020|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

As the work began, the national and regional media claimed this project as a big milestone terming India's first ''under water'' and “underwater river” metro tunnel, but it's not true. While the [[Hooghly River]] is very wide and requires tons of engineering challenges in constructing tunnels, there are other metro lines built in India cities which get the discussed titles, including [[Kolkata metro]]'s operational Line-1 as the first one:

• [[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]]: Under the [[Circular Canal]] falling between the [[Shyambazar metro station|Shyambazar]] and [[Belgachia metro station]]s. (built in 1990s) Today, East–West Metro also passes under this canal between [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]] and [[Sealdah metro station]]s.

• [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro Line 2]] (Yellow): Under the [[Najafgarh Drain]] in northern Delhi (built in 2007) and [[Kushak Drain]] in southern Delhi (built in 2009).

• [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Chennai Metro Line 1]] (Blue): Under the [[Cooum River]] in central Chennai while passing from the [[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate]] to [[Chennai Central metro station]] (built in 2015–17).<ref name="Confusion">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-05 |title=Kolkata Metro's TBM S639 Crosses Halfway Mark Under Hooghly |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/05/05/kolkata-metros-tbm-s639-crosses-halfway-mark-under-hooghly/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

Working cautiously, coupled with some more subsidences, all tunnelling works, retrieval of the two TBMs and closure of all shafts were completed in April 2023. The Metro authorities deemed the Esplanade-Sealdah section (particularly the incomplete, [[cave-in|caved-in]] west-bound tunnel), to be challenging and impossible to finish by 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-12 |title=Cave-in zone: Survey focus on strengthening Kolkata's East-West Metro tunnels |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cave-in-zone-survey-focus-on-strengthening-kolkatas-east-west-metro-tunnels/articleshow/97833193.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> So, they planned to run trains (brought via completed east-bound tunnel) over a truncated Esplanade-Howrah Maidan section that is almost complete. For this, the authorities brought two racks from Central Park depot to Esplanade metro station on 9 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Kolkata Metro runs through tunnel below Hooghly, first in India to complete under-river journey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/metro-rake-runs-under-river-first-time-india-howrah-kolkata-8553813/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They were brought via a [[battery-powered]], [[hybrid train|hybrid]] [[locomotive]] as Esplanade-Sealdah section is not electrified. From there, the wheels of railways rolled for the first time below the Hoogly river when, both trains arrived at Howrah Maidan station on 13 April 2023. Currently, trial runs are ongoing over this truncated section, after which the authorities expect this section to be opened for commercial operations at the end of this year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=East-West Metro's under-river trial starts on Howrah-Esplanade stretch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-west-metros-under-river-trial-starts-on-howrah-esplanade-stretch/articleshow/99479098.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, Kolkata Metro added blue light in the underwater tunnel section to give passengers a sense of feeling under Hooghly River.<ref>{{Citation |title=Riding UNDERWATER METRO under HOOGHLY RIVER, Kolkata |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmyQh0EqkOA |access-date=2023-12-31 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] section of the Green Line was inaugurated on 6 March 2024, along with the truncated sections of [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]–[[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] under [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] and [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]–[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] under [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This left the Esplanade–Sealdah section as the remaining part of Green Line tunnel, that was opened on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3924&did=1709732766752EFE40D35130703F5AE83D8DB4F9F2BA7 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=India's deepest Metro station at Howrah also to be the largest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indias-deepest-metro-station-at-howrah-to-be-the-largest/articleshow/108121908.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3926&did=1709813590202A5B847FBF4024927F49938AE354845FA |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Just before the tunnel enters the [[Underwater tunnel|underwater segment]], lies a [[ventilation shaft]] on the [[Kolkata]] bank of [[Hooghly River]], which is the deepest of its kind in [[India]], at {{Convert|44|m}} below ground level.<ref>{{Citation |title=East-West Metro, Kolkata (2024) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnqqYiboA5o |access-date=2024-03-08 |language=en}}</ref>

== Timelines ==

* 2009: Contract for building the underground section from Subhash Sarabor to Central Station awarded to ITD-ITD Cementation JV.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* 2009: Physical construction of E–W corridor starts.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* 2010: Contract for building the underwater tunnel section from Central to Howrah Maidan awarded to [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/first-under-river-metro-tunnel-owes-a-lot-to-calcutta-hc-project-experts-124030900262_1.html|title=First under-river metro tunnel owes a lot to Calcutta HC: Project experts|first=Business|last=Standard|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>
* 2012: Realignment proposed to avoid shifting of 80 families from Bowbazar and hawkers from Brabourne Road.
* 2015: Realignment approved by [[Indian Railways|Railways]] and JICA in between Sealdah to Howrah station.
* 2015: Subodh Mullick Square station, a key stop in the revised blueprint, done away with to avoid eviction of hawkers.
* 2017-March: [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]] nicknames the tunnel boring machines as Prerna and Rachna inspired from the names of daughter of their employee.
* 2017 – May 23: First TBM completes tunneling the eastbound tunnel under the Hooghly river.
* 2017 – June 21: Second TBM completes tunneling the westbound tunnel under the river Hooghly.
* 2017-June: Permission received from [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for construction of tunnel within 100 meters of three heritage buildings.
* 2017-July: Tram depot at Esplanade shifted to facilitate construction of Metro Station.
* 2017-July: People from 11 buildings in Brebourne Road evacuated in phased manner when the TBM's passes below these old buildings.
* 2017-August: Mini-bus stand at Mahakaran shifted to facilitate the construction of underground station.
* 2017-December: Tunnelling between Mahakaran station and Esplanade station on going.
* 2018 – March 23: First TBM named Prerna reaches Esplanade station completing the section from Howrah Maidan to Esplanade. This tunnel will be used by Howrah bound tunnel.
* 2018 – Apr 5: Second TBM named Rachna completes boring of second tunnel between Howrah Maidan and Esplanade station.
*2019 – Apr 14: Tunneling stopped due to lack of muck cars, and needed to be upgraded. Work started again after 5 days.
*2019 – Jun 23: TBMs Rachna & Prerna, after being parked at Curzon Park for few months, are finally being taken out.
*2019 – July 3: Both the TBMs are successfully taken out and loaded on trailers. With this, Rachna and Prerna's journey of tunneling under a river comes to an end.
*2023 - May: Tunneling of East–West Metro tunneling is complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vats |first=Sukriti |date=2023-05-23 |title=How KMRC overcame obstacles to build India's 1st underwater metro tunnel in Kolkata |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-kmrc-overcame-obstacles-to-build-indias-1st-underwater-metro-tunnel-in-kolkata/1589629/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2024 - March 6: East–West metro gets inaugurated by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], but not yet opened to general public
*2024 - March 15: East–West metro ([[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] to [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]) will start operations commercially, and will be opened for general public.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> Commercial operations are presently available in this route.
*2024-December 17: After TBM Urvi completed its tunnelling, a {{cvt|38|m}} critical gap of westbound tunnel was still completed. This part was completed carefully by traditional cut and cover method.
*2025-January: Trial run successfully conducted in westbound tunnel between Sealdah and Esplanade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-21 |title=Successful trial run on Sealdah-Esplanade stretch signals end to Kolkata Metro's Bowbazar woes |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
*2025-August: The Sealdah-Esplanade section was opened.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Kolkata Metro}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East-West Metro Tunnel}}
[[Category:Kolkata Metro]]
[[Category:Railway tunnels in West Bengal]]

Muntakhab-al Lubab

2026-01-29T03:18:34Z

Marinavan: small edit

{{short description|Persian language book about the history of India}}
'''''Muntakhab-al Lubab''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "selected [records] of the wise and pure"<ref name="HS_1992"/>) is a [[Persian language]] book about the [[history of India]]. Completed around 1732, it was written by [[Khafi Khan]] in the [[Mughal Empire]] of present-day India. The title of the book is also transliterated as ''Muntakhab ul-Lubab'' or ''Muntakhab-i-Lubab''; it is also known as ''Tarikh-i Khafi Khan''.<ref name="BSA_1978">{{cite book |author=B. Sheikh Ali |title=History, Its Theory and Method |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_us8AAAAIAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Macmillan |page=396}}</ref>

== Contents ==

The book is divided into three volumes:<ref name="HS_1992"/>

# Volume 1 deals covers local dynasties up to the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]]
# Volume 2 covers the [[Timurid dynasty]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] up to Emperor [[Akbar]], including the [[Sur Empire|Sur]] interregnum
# Volume 3 covers the Mughal period after the death of Akbar (1605)

The book covers events up to the beginning of the 14th year of [[Muhammad Shah]]'s reign, that is, 1732. It covers the history of the Mughal dynasty in detail, including their ancestor [[Timur]] and his successors. It is an important source of information for the reigns of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="MTH_1993">{{cite book |author=H. Beveridge |chapter=K̲h̲wāfī K̲h̲ān |editor=M. Th. Houtsma |editor-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA868 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09790-2 |pages=868–869}}</ref> Besides the Mughals, the book is an important source of [[Sikhism|Sikh]] history during the period of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name="HS_1992"/>

According to Khafi Khan, his account of the period after 1669 was based on his personal observations and the verbal testimony of other witnesses.<ref name="HS_1992"/>

== Editions and translations ==

During 1768–1774, [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulvi]] Kahtr-ud-din edited and printed the book in [[Calcutta]]. English translations of its extracts appeared in [[Henry Miers Elliot|H. M. Elliot]] and [[John Dowson]]'s ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' (Volume VII), and [[William Erskine (historian)|William Erskine]]'s ''History of India under Babar and Humayun''.<ref name="HS_1992">{{cite book |editor=Harbans Singh |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: M-R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hTYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 |year=1992 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-349-9 |page=148 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1732 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:18th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:18th-century history books]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:Mughal literature]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Timur]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Bhupender Singh (officer)

2026-01-22T10:28:10Z

Marinavan: Put up basic biography w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian army officer and recipient of Shaurya Chakra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox military person
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| serviceyears = 1978 — 1994
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| servicenumber = IC-35010
| unit = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|64 Engineer Regiment]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]
| image =
| caption = Bhupender in Maj. Insignia
| awards = [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]] ''Sword of Honour'' ([[Indian Military Academy|IMA]])
| alma_mater = [[MBM Engineering College]] '''Military Training''' [[Indian Military Academy]]
| birth_date = 25 October 1952
| death_date = 23 January 1994 (aged 41)
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_place = [[Kashmir]], [[India]]
| spouse = Avinash Kaur
| children = [[Nimrat Kaur|Nimrat]] & Rubina
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
}}
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Bhupender Singh''', [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]] (25 October 1952 – 23 Jan 1994) was an officer of the [[Indian Army]] who was killed by [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] on 23 January 1994. He was posthumously awarded [[Shaurya Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-09 |title=Nimrat Kaur: My father was killed by the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen for not conceding to their demands in Kashmir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nimrat-Kaur-My-father-was-killed-by-the-Hizb-ul-Mujahideen-for-not-conceding-to-their-demands-in-Kashmir/articleshow/50090694.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-09 |title=Airlift actor Nimrat Kaur reveals how her father was killed by Kashmiri separatists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/airlift-actor-nimrat-kaur-reveals-how-her-father-was-killed-by-kashmiri-separatists-akshay-kumar-hizb-ul-mujahideen-kashmir-terrorists-276329-2015-12-09 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bhupender was born on 25 October 1952 in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. He completed Civil Engineering from [[MBM Engineering College]], [[Jodhpur]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Military career==
Bhupendra was commissioned in [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|64 Engineer Regiment]] in 1978 and he was a recipient of the coveted Sword of Honour.{{efn|Awarded to the best cadet of a course.}} Throughout his career, he served in various units which includes [[Combat engineer|Combat Engineers]], [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineering Service (MES)]], Military Survey and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research & Development Organization]]. Before his death, he was the [[Officer Commanding]] of 99 Road Construction Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Bhupender Singh SC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/major-bhupender-singh-sc/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Bhupender was stationed at [[Verinag]] as Officer Commanding of 99 Road Construction Company. In the early January 1994, Bhupender along with two officers and 13 soldiers went on a recce. Upon entering Akkar village, they were ambushed by militants who directly attacked them. Despite breaking the ambush and continuing the mission, on 17 January 1994, he was kidnapped by [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. They demanded release of some terrorists, which Bhupender denied. Hearing his denials, the terrorists killed him on 23 January 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Bhupender Singh |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GykKWd5wZ/ |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2015-05-04 |title=Briefing |url=https://kashmirlife.net/briefing-issue-07-vol-07-78172/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Nimrat Kaur's Father Was Killed By Terrorists. Her Life-Story Is Something Every Indian Will Derive Inspiration From |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/29428-nimrat-kaur-s-father-was-killed-by-terrorists-her-life-story-is-something-every-indian-will-derive-inspiration-from.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Bhupender Singh SC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/major-bhupender-singh-sc/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Shaurya Chakra==
Acknowledging Bhupender's bravery, the [[Government of India]] posthumously awarded [[Shaurya Chakra]] to Bhupender . It was presented to his daughter Nimrat on 13 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-24 |title=Nimrat Kaur remembers late father with a candid picture and a heartfelt note |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nimrat-kaur-remembers-late-father-with-a-candid-picture-and-a-heartfelt-note/story-TSeeptDTa0LsXcEuQMC0AJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929212228/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nimrat-kaur-remembers-late-father-with-a-candid-picture-and-a-heartfelt-note/story-TSeeptDTa0LsXcEuQMC0AJ.html |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soldier2ndLife |url=https://soldier2ndlife.com/card/the-tragedy-and-triumph-of-nimrat-kaur |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=soldier2ndlife.com}}</ref>

The Shaurya Chakra citation reads as follows:
{{Reduced pull quote |width=70em |quote=
{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''MAJOR BHUPENDER SINGH''' 
'''99 Road Construction Company (IC 35010)'''}} Maj Bhupender Singh employed as OC 99 Road Constr Coy in Project Beacon, was responsible for the task of constructing five bailey bridges on road Khannabal-Pahalgam of J&K in Pursuance of the decision taken at a high-level meeting chaired by Shri Rajesh pilot, Maj Bhupender Singh accompanied by a party consisting of two officers and 13 Ors including escorts went on the recce of the bridge sites. At village Akkar, the recce party ran into an ambush by ANEs who were lying in wait at a roadblock created by them. the party was fired from all around from a very close range by automatic weapons with an estimated strength of 100 ANEs. Showing great presence of mind, Maj Bhupender Singh deployed his troops without any loss of time and returned the fire. After a prolonged exchange of fire, he successfully broke through the ambush along with his party and proceeded ahead. On 17 Jan 1994, Maj Bhupender Singh was kidnapped by ANEs. He remained in their captivity for a week and was killed by them on 23 Jan 1994.

Maj Bhupender Singh displayed gallantry exemplary cool courage, unflinching devotion to duty, and consuming passion for the safety of his men at the cost of his life. He has set an example for others to emulate.}}

==References==
<references />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupender}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shaurya Chakra]]
[[Category:M.B.M. University alumni]]
[[Category:People murdered in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Military personnel involved in the Kashmir conflict]]

2020–21 Indian Women's League

2026-01-20T19:00:42Z

Marinavan:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=April 2021}}
{{One source|date=April 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Women's League]]
| season = [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]
| dates = Cancelled
| continentalcup1 =
| matches =
| total goals =
| prevseason = [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]]
| nextseason = [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]]
}}

The '''2020–21 Indian Women's League''' was to be the fifth season of the [[Indian Women's League]], the top division [[Women's association football|women's]] [[association football|professional football]] league in [[India]]. The final round was scheduled to start from 21 April 2021 in [[Odisha]] but was later postponed due 2nd wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/odisha-to-host-2020-21-season-of-indian-womens-league-9357891.html/amp|title=Odisha to host 2020-21 season of Indian Women's League|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=28 February 2021|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/iwl/indian-womens-league-schedule-start-date-april-21-20334|title=Indian Women's League returns, scheduled to start on April 21|work=The Bridge|date=26 March 2021|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=Indian Women's League 2021 postponed indefinitely|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4353165/indian-womens-league-2021-postponed-indefinitely|access-date=2021-06-19|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref>

The AFC (Asian Football Confederation) announced that the winners of the 2020-21 IWL will get to feature in the [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021 edition]] of [[AFC Women's Club Championship]], the premier women's club tournament of Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=Indian side to compete in AFC Women's Club Championship Pilot Tournament|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-womens-league-winner-to-compete-in-afc-womens-club-championship-pilot-tournament/article34479496.ece|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Sportstar|date=4 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Teams==
Leagues organized by the [[All India Football Federation#State federations|state federations]] acted as preliminary qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero IWL|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

{{Location map+|India3|places={{location map~ |India |lat=19.4165 |long=81.9803 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|Mata Rukmani FC}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.60 |long=85.11 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Shirsh Bihar United FC]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31.6340 |long=74.8723 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|BBK Dav FC}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.0378 |long=74.8867 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|Barwani FC}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.9252 |long=78.1198 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;left:-4px;">{{nobreak|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31.4707 |long=76.2339 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;left:-4px;">{{nobreak|[[Techtro Swades United Women's FC]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=8.4997 |long=76.7844 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;left:-4px;">{{nobreak | Travancore Royals FC}} </div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.5726 |long=88.3639 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak| MMF Club}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.2588 |long=75.7804 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]}}</div>|position=left}}|alt=Locations of the 2020-21 Indian Women's League teams|float=Right}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!City
!State
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|Mata Rukmani FC (Girls)
|Dimrapara, [[Bastar district]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Barwani FC
|[[Barwani]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Shirsh Bihar United FC]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|[[Techtro Swades United Women's FC]]
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Travancore Royals FC
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[BBK DAV College for Women, Amritsar|BBK DAV]] FC
|[[Amritsar]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|[[Sethu FC]]
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|MMF Club
|
|
|}

==Qualifying playoffs==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Voice of Indian Football]

|team_order=HAR, BIH, KER


|update=30 March 2021
|win_BIH=0 |draw_BIH=0 |loss_POR=0 |gf_POR=0 |ga_POR=0 |status_POR=
|win_HAR=0 |draw_HAR=0 |loss_SRB=0 |gf_SRB=0 |ga_SRB=0 |status_SRB=
|win_KER=0 |draw_KER=0 |loss_IRL=0 |gf_IRL=0 |ga_IRL=0 |status_IRL=


|name_HAR=MMF Club
|name_BIH=Shirsh Bihar United
|name_KER=Travancore Royals


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=CP
|col_CP=green1 |text_CP=Qualification to Round 2
}}
==== Schedule ====
{{Football box
| id = Travancore Royals v MMF Club
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|7|df=y}}
| time = 08:30
| team1 = Travancore Royals
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104 Report]
| team2 = MMF Club
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| penaltyscore =
}}
{{Football box
| id = MMF Club v Shirsh Bihar United
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|9|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team1 = MMF Club
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Report]
| team2 = Shirsh Bihar United
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
{{Football box
| id = Shirsh Bihar United v Travancore Royals
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|11|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team1 = Shirsh Bihar United
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Report]
| team2 = Travancore Royals
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Voice of Indian Football]

|team_order=MAD, TAM, HIM


|update=30 March 2021
|win_MAD=0 |draw_MAD=0 |loss_MAD=0 |gf_MAD=0 |ga_MAD=0 |status_MAD=
|win_TAM=0 |draw_TAM=0 |loss_TAM=0 |gf_TAM=0 |ga_TAM=0 |status_TAM=
|win_HIM=0 |draw_HIM=0 |loss_HIM=0 |gf_HIM=0 |ga_HIM=0 |status_HIM=


|name_TAM=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|name_HIM=[[Techtro Swades United Women's FC|Techtro Swades United]]
|name_MAD=Bhadwani FC


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=CP
|col_CP=green1 |text_CP=Qualification to Round 2
}}
==== Schedule ====
{{Football box
| id = Sethu v Techtro Swades United
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|7|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Report]
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United Women's FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
{{Football box
| id = Techtro Swades United v Bhadwani
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|9|df=y}}
| time = 08:30
| team1 = [[Techtro Swades United Women's FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Report]
| team2 = Bhadwani
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
{{Football box
| id = Bhadwani v Sethu
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|11|df=y}}
| time = 08:30
| team1 = Bhadwani
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://twitter.com/VoiceofIndianF1/status/1376781329564463104/photo Report]
| team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 AIFF]

|team_order=PUN, KER, CHH


|update=30 March 2021
|win_PUN=0 |draw_PUN=0 |loss_PUN=0 |gf_PON=0 |ga_PON=0 |status_PON=
|win_KER=0 |draw_KER=0 |loss_KER=0 |gf_KER=0 |ga_KER=0 |status_KER=
|win_CHH=0 |draw_CHH=0 |loss_CHH=0 |gf_CHH=0 |ga_CHH=0 |status_CHH=


|name_PUN=BBK DAV
|name_KER=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_CHH=Mata Rukmani


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=CP
|col_CP=green1 |text_CP=Qualification to Round 2
}}
==== Schedule ====
{{Football box
| id = BBK DAV v Mata Rukmani
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|8|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team1 = BBK DAV
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 Report]
| team2 = Mata Rukmani
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
{{Football box
| id = BBK DAV v Gokulam Kerala
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|10|df=y}}
| time = 08:30
| team1 = BBK DAV
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}
{{Football box
| id = Gokulam Kerala v Mata Rukmani
| date = {{Start date|2021|4|12|df=y}}
| time = 08:30
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = Postponed
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 Report]
| team2 = Mata Rukmani
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}

===Round 2===
{{Football box
|id=Winner 1 v Winner 4
|date={{Start date|2021|4|14|df=y}}
|time=08:00
|team1=Winner 1
|score=Postponed
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 Report]
|team2=Winner 4
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|id=Winner 2 v Winner 3
|date={{Start date|2021|4|14|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1=Winner 2
|score=Postponed
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2021 Report]
|team2=Winner 3
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl Hero IWL]

{{Indian Women's League}}
{{2020–21 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Women's League}}
[[Category:Indian Women's League seasons|2020–21]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Indian women's football leagues|League]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Asian women's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh

2026-01-20T12:14:25Z

Marinavan: general add information based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Manmohan Singh series}}
This is a '''list of international prime ministerial trips''' made by [[Manmohan Singh]] during his tenure as the [[Prime Minister of India]] between May 2004 and May 2014. The first overseas visit was to Thailand to attend the 1st [[BIMSTEC|BIMSTEC Summit]] in July 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan Kutty |first=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae144 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1}}</ref>

[[File:Gursharan Kaur, Michelle Obama, Manmohan Singh and Barack Obama, 2009.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and his wife [[Gursharan Kaur]] at the state banquet hosted by President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] at the [[White House]] in 2009.]]

==Summary of international trips==
{{Further|Foreign relations of India}}

In his ten-year long tenure as the Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh made 71 international trips, visiting 46 countries, including visits to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly.

[[File:Manmohan Singh foreign trips.svg|thumb|500px|center|Map of international trips made by Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.]]
{{legend|#a1a7ef|One visit}}
{{legend|#737ce8|Two visits}}
{{legend|#4f5ae3|Three visits}}
{{legend|#2533dd|Four visits}}
{{legend|#1a25ac|Five visits}}
{{legend|#111976|Six or more visits}}
{{legend|#000000|India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visits by country
|-
!Number of visits
!Country
|-
|1 visit (28)
|[[Belgium]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Canada]], [[Cuba]], [[Denmark]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Finland]], [[Iran]], [[Italy]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Laos]], [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Nigeria]], [[Oman]], [[Philippines]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tanzania]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Uganda]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Vietnam]]
|-
|2 visits (7)
|[[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]]
|-
|3 visits (3)
|[[Brazil]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]]
|-
|4 visits (5)
|[[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[South Africa]], [[United Kingdom]]
|-
|5 visits (1)
|[[Japan]]
|-
|9 visits (1)
|[[Russia]]
|-
|10 visits (1)
|[[United States]]
|}

==2004==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!1
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|29–31 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/10pm.htm|title=Manmohan, Gandhi to visit Thailand|website=www.rediff.com|date=10 July 2004|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|First overseas visit to attend 1st BIMSTEC Summit. Attended the [[BIMSTEC|1st BIMSTEC summit]]. Met [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. Interacted and held multilateral talks with other participating BIMSTEC leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh being received by the Prime Minister of Thailand Mr. Thaksin Shinawatra at the opening ceremony of first BIMST-EC Summit in Bangkok on July 31, 2004.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|London
|19{{ndash}}20 September
|[[State and official visits to the United Kingdom|Official visit]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and held bilateral talks with him.
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh with the British Prime Minister Mr. Tony Blair, in London on September 20, 2004.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
|New York City
|21{{ndash}}26 September
|Attended 59th [[United Nations General Assembly]] Session and addressed the General Assembly. Called on US President [[George W. Bush]] and held multilateral talks other participating leaders including UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]], Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]]. Also interacted with the leaders of the G4 countries.
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing the 59th UN General Assembly in New York on September 23, 2004 (9).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!3
|{{flag|European Union}} {{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Amsterdam]], [[Binnenhof]], [[The Hague]]
|7{{ndash}}10 November
|Attend the EU-India Summit. Met Prime Minister [[Jan-Peter Balkenende]] and European Commission President [[Romano Prodi]] and participated in talks. Called on [[Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]] at [[Noordeinde Palace]] and addressed EU-India Business forum meet.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh being received by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Dr. J.P. Balkenende on his arrival at Binnenhof, Netherlands on November 8, 2004 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!4
|{{flag|Laos}}
|[[Vientiane]]
|28{{ndash}}30 November
|Attended [[ASEAN summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Bounnhang Vorachith]] and President [[Khamtai Siphandone]]. Held multilateral talks with other participating ASEAN leaders and the leaders of China, Japan, and Australia. Also flagged off first ASEAN-India Car Rally.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at a dinner hosted by the Prime Minister of Lao, Mr. Bounnhang Vorachith and Mrs. Khammeung Vorachith in the honour of Head of StatesGovernments of ASEAN countries, China, Japan.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2005==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!5
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|30 March{{ndash}}2 April
|Met with Prime Minister [[Paul Bérenger]] and President [[Anerood Jugnauth]]. Addressed special session of the [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] and inaugurated the [[Ebene, Mauritius|Ebene City Tower]]. Also met Chief Justice [[Ariranga Pillay]], Leader of Opposition [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]] and Culture Minister [[Jaya Krishna Cuttaree]].
|[[File:Paul Raymond Berenger, the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and the Union Minister for Communication & Information Technology Shri Dayanidhi Maran at meeting in Port Louis, Mauritius on March 31 2005.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!6
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|22{{ndash}}24 April
|Attended the Asia-Africa Summit and Golden Jubilee Celebrations of [[Bandung Conference]] of 1955. Met with President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] and held multilateral talks with other participating leaders including Nepalese King [[Gyanendra]], Sri Lankan Prime Minister [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh calls on the President of Indonesia, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono at Jakarta, Indonesia on April 23, 2005 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!7
|{{flag|Russia}}
|Moscow
|8{{ndash}}10 May
|Attended [[2005 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Victory Day Parade]] as guest of honour. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]] and other invited heads of state and government.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the Russian President Mr. Vladimir Putin at Grand Kremlin Palace 1, in Moscow on May 9, 2005 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!8
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|London, [[Auchterarder]]
|6{{ndash}}9 July
|Attended [[31st G8 summit]] as guest invitee. Met Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and the participating leaders of France, Japan, Germany and Brazil. Received honorary doctorate of civil law from [[Oxford University]] and addressed the occasion of 75th anniversary of [[India House, London|India House]], London.
|[[File:Blair G8 July7th05.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!9
|{{flag|United States}}
|Washington, D.C.
|16{{ndash}}21 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/134/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+of+India+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+United+States+July+1820+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh to United States, July 18–20, 2005|author=Ministry of External Affairs|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=8 August 2023|date=July 2005}}</ref>
|Official visit to the United States. Accorded formal welcome at [[White House]] lawn, met and held talks with President [[George W. Bush]] and attended banquet hosted in his honour by President Bush and First Lady [[Laura Bush]]. [[List of joint sessions of the United States Congress|Addressed]] a special [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session]] of the [[United States Congress]] and met several floor leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of USA, Mr. George W. Bush in White House, Washington on July 18, 2005 (2).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!10
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2004}}
|[[Kabul]]
|28{{ndash}}29 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/133/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+of+India+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Afghanistan+2829+August+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh to Afghanistan (28–29 August, 2005)|author=Ministry of External Affairs|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=8 August 2023|date=August 2005}}</ref>
|Met President [[Hamid Karzai]] and visited the Mazar at [[Gardens of Babur|Bagh-e-Babur]]. Laid foundation stone of new [[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|Parliament Building]] along with former King [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh calls on the President of Afghanistan Mr. Hamid Karzai at Presidential Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan on August 28, 2005.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 11
|{{flag|France}}
|Paris
|12{{ndash}}14 September<ref name="FUS05">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/131/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+of+India+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+France+US+September+1117+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh to France, US (September 11–17, 2005)|author=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]|website=www.mea.gov.in|access-date=8 August 2023|date=September 2005}}</ref>
|Met and held strategic talks with President [[Jacques Chirac]] at [[Élysée Palace]]. Also met Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] at [[Hôtel Matignon]].
|[[File:Manmohan Singh with Jacques Chirac September 2005.jpg|frameless|center]]
|-
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
|New York City
|15{{ndash}}17 September<ref name="FUS05" />
|Addressed the 60th session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. Participated in the launch of UN Democracy Fund along with US President [[George W. Bush]] and UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]]. Interacted with other participating leaders including Malaysian Prime Minister [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]], Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]].
|[[File:Manmohan Singh UN September 2005.jpg|frameless|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!12
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
|11{{ndash}}13 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/286/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Dhaka+Bangladesh+for+13th+SAARC+Summit+1113+november+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Dhaka, Bangladesh for 13th SAARC Summit (11–13 november, 2005)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2005|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[SAARC|14th SAARC Summit]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]]. Visited the [[Mausoleum of Ziaur Rahman]] and addressed the plenary session of summit. Also held multilateral talks with other participating SAARC leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at the Inaugural Session of the 13th SAARC Summit, in Dhaka on November 12, 2005.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!13
|{{flag|Russia}}
|Moscow
|4–7 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/279/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Russia+December+47+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Russia, December 4–7, 2005|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2005|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual India-Russia Summit. Met President [[Vladimir Putin]] at [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] and witnessed the signing of important documents. Also met First Deputy Prime Minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] and Industry Minister [[Viktor Khristenko]]. Received the title of ''"Professor Honoris causa"'' by the [[Moscow State University]] and visited the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the President of Russia, Mr. Vladimir Putin, in Moscow on December 6, 2005 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!14
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|12{{ndash}}14 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/278/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Kuala+Lumpur+December+1114+2005|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Kuala Lumpur, December 11–14, 2005|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2005|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[ASEAN Summit]], 1st [[East Asia Summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] and held multilateral talks with other participating leaders including Vietnamese Prime Minister [[Phan Văn Khải]], South Korean President [[Roh Moo-hyun]], Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Head of StatesGovernments at the 4th ASEAN-India Summit, in Kuala Lumpur on December 13, 2005 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2006==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!rowspan="2"| 15
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|22{{ndash}}24 April<ref name="GerUzb">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/127/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Germany+and+Uzbekistan+April+2226+2006|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Germany and Uzbekistan, April 22–26, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=April 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attend Annual India-Germany Summit. Attended Mayor's reception in [[Hanover]]. Welcomed by Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] and met and held talks with her. Inaugurated inaugural [[Hannover Messe]] along with the Chancellor and also called on President [[Horst Köhler]]. Also met Vice-Chancellor [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] and former Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]].
|[[File:The German Chancellor Angela Merkel in a conversation with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, at ceremonial Reception at Hannover, Germany on April 23, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Tashkent]]
|24{{ndash}}26 April<ref name="GerUzb" />
|Received by Prime Minister [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] and then hosted by President [[Islam Karimov]]. Met and held talks with him and attended banquet hosted by President Karimov.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the President of Uzbekistan Mr. Islam Abduganievich Karimov at Durmen Residence, Tashkent on April 26, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!16
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|16{{ndash}}18 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/126/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singhs+Visit+to+St+Petersburg+for+G8+Summit+July+16+2006|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh's Visit to St. Petersburg for G-8 Summit, July 16, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=July 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[32nd G8 summit]] and G8+5 Outreach Summit. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]] and attended plenary session. Also met other participating leaders including US President [[George W. Bush]], Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]], Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]].
|[[File:32nd G8 Summit-2.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 17
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Brasília]]
|10{{ndash}}14 September<ref name="BraCub">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/125/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Brazil+and+Cuba+September+1018+2006|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Brazil and Cuba, September 10–18, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|1st IBSA Summit]]. Met with President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and attended IBSA plenary session and also met South African President [[Thabo Mbeki]].
|[[File:Manmohan Singh joins hands with the host country’s President of Brazil Mr. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and the President of South Africa, Mr. Thabo Mbeki at IBSA restricted meeting of Heads of HOSG at Itamaraty Palace.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|[[Havana]]
|14{{ndash}}16 September<ref name="BraCub" />
|Attended [[Non-Aligned Movement#Summits|14th Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]. Met with Acting President [[Raul Castro|Raúl Castro]] and attended heads of state plenary. Met with President [[Fidel Castro]] and met other participating leaders including Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]], Malaysian Prime Minister [[Abdullah Badawi]], Mauritian Prime Minister [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]], Mongolian President [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh along with other Heads of State or Government and the Heads of Delegations at the XIVth Non-Aligned Movement Summit at Havana, Cuba on September 15, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!18
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[Durban]], [[Johannesburg]]
|30 September{{ndash}} 3 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/318/Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singhs+visit+to+South+Africa+September+30++October+3+2006|title=Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh's visit to South Africa, September 30 – October 3, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Official visit in connection with 100th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha. Welcomed and hosted by President [[Thabo Mbeki]] and witnessed signing of documents between both nations. Also met former President [[Nelson Mandela]] and received Medal of Appreciation from the Executive Mayor of Johannesburg [[Amos Masondo]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in a conversation with the President of South Africa, Mr. Thabo Mbeki at the Union Buildings in Pretoria on October 02, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 19
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|London
|9{{ndash}}12 October<ref name="UKFin">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/317/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+the+UK+and+Finland914+October+2006|title=sit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to the UK and Finland,9–14 October, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|[[State and official visits to the United Kingdom|Official visit]]. Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair. Conferred with honorary doctorate degree from [[Cambridge University]] and met [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. Also met Foreign Secretary [[Margaret Beckett]] and Chancellor of the Exchequer [[Gordon Brown]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing a Joint Press Conference with the Prime Minister of United Kingdom, Mr. Tony Blair in London on October 10, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|European Union}} {{flag|Finland}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|12{{ndash}}14 October<ref name="UKFin" />
|Attended the India-EU Summit. Participated in EU-India talks with Prime Minister [[Matti Vanhanen]], President of the European Commission [[José Manuel Barroso]] and EU High Representative [[Javier Solana]]. Met with President [[Tarja Halonen]] at [[Presidential Palace, Helsinki]].
|[[File:Manmohan Singh addressing a Joint Press Conference at India –EU summit in Helsinki, Finland. The President of the European Commission Mr. Barroso, the Prime Minister of Finland.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!20
|{{flag|Japan}}
|Tokyo
|13{{ndash}}16 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/277/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Japan+December+1416+2006|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Japan, December 14–16, 2006|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2006|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Official visit to Japan and inaugurated Festival of India in Tokyo. Welcomed by Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Addressed special joint sitting of the [[National Diet]] and met several members of the Japanese cabinet including Foreign Minister [[Taro Aso]], Finance Minister [[Kōji Omi]], former Prime Minister [[Yoshiro Mori]]. Also called on [[Emperor Akihito]] at [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Prime Minister of Japan Mr. Shinzo Abe at the official welcome ceremonial reception, in Tokyo on December 14, 2006.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2007==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!21
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|[[Mandaue]]
|13{{ndash}}15 January<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/123/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Cebu+Philippines+for+the+5th+IndiaASEAN+Summit+and+the+2nd+East+Asia+Summit+January+1315+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Cebu, Philippines for the 5th India-ASEAN Summit and the 2nd East Asia Summit, January 13–15, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=January 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[ASEAN Summit]], [[Second East Asia Summit|2nd East Asia Summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]. Also met other participating leaders including New Zealand Prime Minister [[Helen Clark]] and Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with other Heads of State Government of Asian countries at the 5th India-ASEAN Summit, at Cebu in Philippines on January 14, 2007.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!22
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|6{{ndash}}9 June<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/114/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Germany+for+G8+Summit+69+June+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Germany for G-8 Summit, 6–9 June, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=June 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[34th G8 summit]] and G8+5 Outreach Summit. Met with Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] and other participating leaders. Held meetings with G5 leaders, Nigerian President [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] and UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]].
|[[File:A Group photo of Leaders of the G-8 and Outreach Countries at G 8 Summit in Heiligendamm, Germany on June 08, 2007.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 23
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|[[Abuja]]
|14{{ndash}}16 October<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/315/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Nigeria+and+South+Africa+1418+October+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Nigeria and South Africa, 14–18 October, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Welcomed and accorded ceremonial reception at [[Aso Villa]]. Met with President [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] and attended state banquet. Addressed special joint sitting of the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]]. Met Foreign Minister [[Ojo Maduekwe]], Health Minister [[Adenike Grange]] and Defence Minister [[Yayale Ahmed]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of Nigeria, Mr. Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, at a Ceremonial Reception, at Abuja, Nigeria on October 15, 2007.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[Johannesburg]]
|17{{ndash}}18 October<ref name="Nigeria" />
|Attended [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|2nd IBSA summit]]. Addressed plenary session and met and held bilateral and trilateral talks with President [[Thabo Mbeki]] and Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]].
|[[File:IBSA-leaders.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!24
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Moscow]]
|11{{ndash}}13 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/290/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Russia+1112+November+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Russia, 11–12 November, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual India-Russia Summit. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]] and witnessed signing of various documents. Also met with Prime Minister [[Viktor Zubkov]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of the Russian Federation Mr. Vladimir V. Putin, at the joint press interaction, in Moscow on November 12, 2007.jpg|frameless|center]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 25
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|Singapore
|20{{ndash}}21 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/289/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Singapore+for+6th+IndiaASEAN+Summit+and+3rd+East+Asia+Summit+2021+November+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Singapore for 6th India-ASEAN Summit and 3rd East Asia Summit, 20–21 November, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[ASEAN Summit]], [[Third East Asia Summit|3rd East Asia Summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Addressed ASEAN plenary and met with Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]]. Also met other participating leaders including Burmese Prime Minister [[Thein Sein]], Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] and Japanese Prime Minister [[Yasuo Fukuda]].
|[[File:Manmohan Singh with the Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lee Hsien Loong and his other counterparts posing for the group photo at the 6th India-ASEAN & 3rd East Asia Summit, in Singapore on November 21, 2007.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|[[Kampala]]
|22{{ndash}}25 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/288/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Uganda+for+CHOGM+Summit+2225+November+2007|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Uganda for CHOGM Summit, 22–25 November, 2007|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2007|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|20th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]. Welcomed by President Museveni and addressed the heads of government plenary. Met with other participating leaders including British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]], Botswanan President [[Festus Mogae]], Malaysian Prime Minister [[Abdullah Badawi]], Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of Uganda, Mr. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and Queen Elizabeth II, during National Anthem of Uganda at CHOGM meet in Kampala, Uganda on November 23, 2007.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2008==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!26
|{{flag|China}}
|Beijing
|13{{ndash}}15 January<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/105/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+China+January+1315+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to China, January 13–15, 2008|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=January 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with Premier [[Wen Jiabao]]. Accorded ceremonial welcome at [[Great Hall of the People]] and witnessed signing of various documents and attended dinner hosted by Premier Jiabao. Visited Beijing Olympic Project Exhibition Centre. Met with President [[Hu Jintao]], Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress [[Wu Bangguo]] and Vice Premier [[Hui Liangyu]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chinese Premier, Mr. Wen Jiabao at the signing of Agreements Ceremony, in Great Hall of People, Beijing in China on January 14, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!27
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|[[Thimphu]]
|16{{ndash}}17 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/101/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Bhutan+1617+May+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Bhutan 16–17 May 2008|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Welcomed by Prime Minister [[Jigme Thinley]] at [[Paro International Airport]] and received ceremonial reception. Met with Prime Minister Thinley and attended banquet hosted by him. Addressed a special joint sitting of the [[National Assembly of Bhutan|National Assembly]] and called on King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] and 4th King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the Prime Minister of Bhutan, Mr. Jigmi Y. Thinley, in Bhutan on May 16, 2008 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!28
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Tōyako, Hokkaido|Tōyako]]
|7{{ndash}}9 July
|Attended [[34th G8 summit]] and G8+5 Outreach Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Yasuo Fukuda]] and leaders of the G8 countries, other 5 outreach countries and the leaders of the BRIC countries. Also met UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], Indonesian President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]].
|[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-40.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!29
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Colombo]]
|1{{ndash}}3 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/96/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Colombo+Sri+Lanka+to+attend+15th+SAARC+Summit+August+0103+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Colombo, Sri Lanka to attend 15th SAARC Summit (August 01-03, 2008)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=August 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[List of SAARC summits|15th SAARC summit]] and addressed SAARC plenary session. Met with President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] and Prime Minister [[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]. Also met leaders of other SAARC countries and leaders of political parties of Sri Lanka.
|[[File:Manmohan Singh with other head of state and Government of SAARC Countries and other dignitaries are at the releasing of SAARC Summit commemorative stamp during the 15th SAARC Summit at Bandaranaike Memorial International.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 30
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
|New York City, Washington, D.C.
|23{{ndash}}27 September<ref name="USFRA">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/95/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+USA+and+France+September+22+October+1+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to USA and France (September 22- October 1, 2008)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Addressed the [[Sixty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly|63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly]]. Called on US President [[George W. Bush]] at [[White House]] and met leaders of other UN member countries on the sidelines including Pakistani President [[Asif Ali Zardari]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]], Namibian President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]]. Also attended reception hosted by US Ambassador [[Ronen Sen]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, addressing at the 63rd Session of the UN General Assembly, in New York, USA on September 26, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|European Union}} {{flag|France}}
|[[Marseille]], [[Paris]]
|28 September{{ndash}} 1 October<ref name="USFRA" />
|Attended 9th India-EU Summit. Interacted with EU leaders including French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], EU Commission President [[José Manuel Barroso]]. Later separately met French President Sarkozy at [[Élysée Palace]] and witnessed signing of various documents.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the French and EU President, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy with other dignitaries at the 9th Indo-EU Summit, in Marseille, France on September 29, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 31
|{{flag|Japan}}
|Tokyo
|21{{ndash}}23 October<ref name="JC">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/313/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Japan+and+China+for+the+ASEM+Summit+2125+October+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh to Japan and China for the ASEM Summit (21–25 October, 2008)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual India-Japan Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Taro Aso]] and witnessed signing of various treaties and documents. Called on [[Emperor Akihito]] at [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo]]. Met former Prime Minister [[Yoshirō Mori]], Foreign Minister [[Hirofumi Nakasone]], and other business leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Taro Aso, at the Joint Press Conference, after the Indo-Japan Summit, in Tokyo, Japan on October 22, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|Beijing
|24{{ndash}}25 October<ref name="JC" />
|Attended [[Asia–Europe Meeting|7th Asia–Europe Meeting]] and was welcomed by Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]]. Addressed plenary session of the meeting and called on President [[Hu Jintao]]. Also met other participating leaders including Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousuf Raza Gillani]], Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]], Mongolian President [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]], Bulgarian President [[Georgi Parvanov]], Thai Prime Minister [[Somchai Wongsawat]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh along with the other Heads of StateGovernment posing for a group photograph before the 7th ASEM Summit, in Beijing, China on October 24, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 32
|{{flag|Oman}}
|[[Muscat]]
|8{{ndash}}9 November<ref name="OQ">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/293/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmohan+Singh+to+Oman+and+QatarNovember+810+2008|title=Visit of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh to Oman and Qatar(November 8–10, 2008)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Received and ceremonial welcomed at [[Muscat International Airport]] and accorded guard of honour. Met with Deputy Prime Minister [[Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said]] and held talks with him, witnessed signing of documents and attended banquet hosted by him. Met with Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said]] and addressed Indian community in Oman.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the Deputy Prime Minister of Oman, Mr. Sayyid Fahd Mahmoud Al Said, in Muscat, Oman on November 08, 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|[[Doha]]
|9{{ndash}}10 November<ref name="OQ" />
|Met and held bilateral talks with Prime Minister [[Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani]] and witnessed the signing of documents. Met with Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] and also addressed the Indian community in Doha.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the Prime Minister and foreign Minister of Qatar, sheikh Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabor al Thani in Doha, Qatar on November 09, 2008 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!33
|{{flag|United States}}
|Washington, D.C.
|14{{ndash}}15 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/292/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Washington+for+G20+Summit|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Washington for G-20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2008|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[2008 G20 Washington summit|1st G20 Summit]] or Washington Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. Met with President [[George W. Bush]] at [[White House]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Participated in plenary discussions and met other participant leaders.
|[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at the G20 15 November 2008.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2009==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!34
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|London
|31 March{{ndash}} 3 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/91/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+London+for+G20+Summit|title=Visit of Prime Minister to London for G-20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=March 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2009 G20 London summit|2nd G20 summit]] and participated in plenary session. Met Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Also met other participating leaders in the sidelines including US President [[Barack Obama]]. Called on [[Queen Elizabeth II]] at [[Buckingham Palace]].
|[[File:2009 G-20 London Summit - 4342568178.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!35
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Yekaterinburg]]
|15{{ndash}}17 June<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/90/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Yekaterinburg+for+SCO+and+BRIC+Summits|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Yekaterinburg for SCO and BRIC Summits|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=June 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|First overseas visit of second term. Attended [[1st BRIC summit]] and [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|SCO summit]]. Met with President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and other participating leaders including Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]], Pakistani President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] and Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].
|[[File:1st BRIC summit Ekaterinburg.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"| 36
|{{flag|Italy}}
|[[L'Aquila]]
|7{{ndash}}10 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/87/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Italy+for+G+8G+5+Summits|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Italy for G 8/G 5 Summits|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=July 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[35th G8 summit]] and G8+5 summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and other participating G8 and G5 leaders. Also attended meeting on food security in the sidelines of the summit.
|[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at the G8 Summit - 9 July 2009-5.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|Paris
|13{{ndash}}14 July<ref name="FRAEGY">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/86/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+France+and+Egypt|title=Visit of Prime Minister to France and Egypt|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=July 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[Bastille Day]] parade as guest of honour. Met with President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] at [[Hôtel de Marigny]] and Justice Minister [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]].
|[[File:The President of France, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy receiving the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the working lunch, at Hotel Marigny, in Paris on July 14, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]]
|14{{ndash}}16 July<ref name="FRAEGY" />
|Attended 15th [[NAM Summit|Non-Aligned Movement Summit]] and addressed the NAM plenary. Met with President [[Hosni Mubarak]] and other participating leaders including Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousuf Raza Gillani]], Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Vietnamese President [[Nguyễn Minh Triết]] and Bangladeshi Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the President of Egypt, Mr. Hosni Mubarak on the sideline of the 15th NAM Summit, at Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, on July 16, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!37
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Pittsburgh]]
|24{{ndash}}25 September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/85/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Pittsburgh+for+G20+Summit|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Pittsburgh for G-20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit|3rd G20 summit]] and met President [[Barack Obama]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Also met other participating leaders including Australian Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]], Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Dutch Prime Minister [[Jan Peter Balkenende]].
|[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at G20 Pittsburgh summit-1.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!38
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|[[Cha-am]], [[Hua Hin]]
|23{{ndash}}25 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/312/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Thailand+for+ASEAN+and+East+Asia+Summits|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Thailand for ASEAN and East Asia Summits|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[ASEAN Summit]], [[Fourth East Asia Summit|4th East Asia Summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] and attended gala dinner hosted by him. Met other ASEAN leaders and other participating leaders including Japanese Prime Minister [[Yukio Hatoyama]] and Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in a group photo with the leaders of the ASEAN before the 7th India-ASEAN Summit, at Hua Hin, in Thailand, on October 24, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 39
|{{flag|United States}}
|Washington, D.C.
|21{{ndash}}26 November<ref name="USTT">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/294/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Washington+USA+and+Port+of+Spain+CHOGM|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Washington (USA) and Port of Spain (CHOGM)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|[[State visits to the United States|State visit]] . Accorded ceremonial welcome at [[White House]] lawns and met with President [[Barack Obama]] and attended state banquet hosted by him. Also met Vice President [[Joe Biden]], Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], Treasury Secretary [[Timothy Geithner]], Defence Secretary [[Robert Gates]] and various other eminent personalities.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the US President, Mr. Barack Obama, at White House, Washington on November 24, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Port of Spain]]
|27{{ndash}}29 November<ref name="USTT" />
|Attended the [[2009 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|21st Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]. Met Prime Minister [[Patrick Manning]] and other participating leaders including British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]], Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], Mauritian Prime Minister [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]], New Zealand Prime Minister [[John Key]], French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], and Commonwealth Secretary-General [[Kamalesh Sharma]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh alongwith the Heads of Commonwealth countries with the Queen Elizabeth II, at CHOGM 2009, in Port of Spain on November 27, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!40
|{{flag|Russia}}
|Moscow
|6{{ndash}}8 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/275/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Russia|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Russia|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the Annual India-Russia summit meeting. Met with President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and witnessed the signing of joint documents. Also met Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] and attended India-Russia CEOs meet.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev at the Joint Press Conference, in Moscow, Russia on December 07, 2009 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!41
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Copenhagen]]
|17{{ndash}}18 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/273/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Copenhagen+Denmark+for+COP15|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Copenhagen (Denmark) for COP15|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2009|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (COP15) and addressed the plenary session of the heads of state and government. Also met Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] on the sidelines.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing the 15th United Nations Climate Change Conference, at Copenhagen on December 18, 2009.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2010==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!42
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|[[Riyadh]]
|27 February{{ndash}} 1 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/83/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=February 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with King [[Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques at [[Al Yamamah Palace]] and received the First Class of the [[Order of King Abdulaziz]]. Met Foreign Minister Prince [[Saud bin Faisal Al Saud]], Petroleum Minister [[Ali Al-Naimi]], Commerce & Industry Minister Abdulla Zain Ali Reza. Addressed the [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Majlis ash-Shura]] and received an honorary doctorate from [[King Saud University]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, at the AL Rawdah Palace, at Riyadh, in Saudi Arabia on February 28, 2010.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 43
|{{flag|United States}}
|Washington, D.C.
|11{{ndash}}13 April<ref name="NSS1">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/81/Visit+of+PM+to+Washington+and+Brasilia+for+Nuclear+Security+IBSA+and+BRIC+Summits|title=Visit of PM to Washington and Brasilia for Nuclear Security, IBSA and BRIC Summits|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=April 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit|1st Nuclear Security Summit]]. Met with host President [[Barack Obama]] and other participating leaders including Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], Moroccan Prime Minister [[Abbas El Fassi]].
|[[File:2010 Nuclear Security Summit.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Brasília]]
|14{{ndash}}17 April<ref name="NSS1" />
|Attended the [[2nd BRIC summit]] and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum#IBSA Summits|4th IBSA summit]]. Participated in the BRIC plenary session and special IBSA Summit. Met with President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and other BRIC leaders and the President of South Africa [[Jacob Zuma]]. Also met Brazilian Defence Minister [[Nelson Jobim]].
|[[File:BRIC2010.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!44
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|[[Thimphu]]
|28{{ndash}}30 April
|Attended [[SAARC#Summits|16th SAARC Summit]]. Addressed SAARC heads of state and government plenary and retreat. Met and held talks with host Prime Minister [[Jigme Thinley]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Called on King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] and met other participating SAARC leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh along with other Head of State and Government of SAARC Countries, during the 16th SAARC Summit, in Thimphu, Bhutan on April 29, 2010.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!45
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Toronto]]
|25{{ndash}}29 June<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/79/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Toronto+Canada+for+G20+Summit|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Toronto (Canada) for G20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=June 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit|4th G20 summit]] and participated in plenary session. Met other participating G20 leaders including British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]], US President [[Barack Obama]], etc. Met with Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] and witnessed signing of several documents and attended banquet hosted by him. Also visited Air India 82 Memorial and met families of victims.
|[[File:Group photo of the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit family photo.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"| 46
|{{flag|Japan}}
|Tokyo
|24{{ndash}}25 October<ref name="JMV">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/310/PMs+visit+to+Japan+Malaysia+and+Vietnam|title=PM's visit to Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual Indo-Japan Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Naoto Kan]] and witnessed signing of documents and attended luncheon hosted by him. Called on [[Emperor Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko]] at [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo|Imperial Palace]]. Also met leaders of the Friendship Association, industrial leaders and other government officials.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Naoto Kan, in Tokyo, Japan on October 25, 2010.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|26{{ndash}}27 October<ref name="JMV" />
|Met with Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]] at [[Perdana Putra]] and witnessed signing of documents. Participated in the launch of Little India, [[Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur|Brickfields]]. Called on Yang di-Pertuan Agong [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin]] and Raja Permaisuri Agong [[Sultanah Nur Zahirah]] at [[Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim|Istana Negara Palace]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato' Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Abdul Razak, at Putrajaya, the Prime Minister Office, in Malaysia on October 27, 2010.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|28{{ndash}}30 October<ref name="JMV" />
|Attended the [[ASEAN Summit]], [[Fifth East Asia Summit|5th East Asia Summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]] and also met other participating leaders including US Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]], Singaporean Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]], etc. Met with President [[Nguyễn Minh Triết]] along with other participating leaders.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the other Heads of State, at the 8th ASEAN-India Summit, in Hanoi, Vietnam on October 30, 2010 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!47
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[Seoul]]
|10{{ndash}}12 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/295/PMs+visit+to+Seoul+for+G20+Summit|title=PM's visit to Seoul for G20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2010 G20 Seoul summit|5th G20 summit]]. Participated in plenary meeting and met President [[Lee Myung-bak]]. Held multilateral talks with other participating leaders including Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]], Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]], etc.
|[[File:2010 G-20 Seoul summit.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 48
|{{flag|European Union}} {{flag|Belgium}}
|[[Brussels]]
|9{{ndash}}10 December<ref name="BELGER">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/271/PMs+visit+to+Belgium+and+Germany|title=PM's visit to Belgium and Germany|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2010|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended 11th India-EU Summit. Met and addressed joint press conference with President of the European Council [[Herman Van Rompuy]] and President of the European Commission [[José Manuel Barroso]]. Also met [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] [[Yves Leterme]] and attended a dinner hosted by him.
|[[File:Manmohan Singh with the President of the European Council, Mr. Herman Van Rompuy and the President of European Commission, Mr. Jose Manuel Barroso, during the India-EU Summit, in Brussels, Belgium on December 10, 2010 (2).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|11{{ndash}}12 December<ref name="BELGER" />
|Attended second round of intergovernmental consultations with Germany and met with host Federal Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]. Also called on President [[Christian Wulff]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the German Chancellor, Ms. Angela Merkel, during a meeting, in Berlin, Germany on December 11, 2010.jpg|Center|frameless]]
|}

==2011==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!rowspan="2"| 49
|{{flag|China}}
|Beijing
|12{{ndash}}14 April<ref name="CHNKZK">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/19/PMs+visit+to+China+BRICS+Summit+and+Kazakhstan|title=PM's visit to China (BRICS Summit) and Kazakhstan|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=April 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[3rd BRICS summit]]. Met with host President [[Hu Jintao]] and addressed the BRICS plenary. Also held bilateral talks with other BRICS leaders.
|[[File:Manmohan Singh in a group photograph with the BRICS leaders the President of Brazil, Ms. Dilma Rousseff, the President of Russia, Mr. Dmitry A. Medvedev, the President of the People’s Republic of China.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|[[Astana]]
|15{{ndash}}16 April<ref name="CHNKZK" />
|Met and held delegation-level talks with President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. Visited and paid homage at the Monument of Defenders of Motherland. Met Prime Minister [[Karim Massimov]] and witnessed signing of pacts and documents.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of Kazakhstan, Mr. Nursultan Nazarbayev, at Astana, in Kazakhstan on April 16, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!50
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2004}}
|[[Kabul]]
|12{{ndash}}13 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/18/PMs+visit+to+Afghanistan|title=PM's visit to Afghanistan|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with President [[Hamid Karzai]] and received ceremonial welcome at [[Kabul International Airport]]. Addressed special session of the [[Parliament of Afghanistan]] and met other important leaders including Vice presidents [[Mohammad Fahim]] and [[Karim Khalili]], President of the High Council [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh being received by the President of Afghanistan, Mr. Hamid Karzai, at a banquet lunch hosted in honour of him, in Kabul, Afghanistan on May 12, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 51
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|23{{ndash}}25 May<ref name="Eth">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/16/PMs+visit+to+Ethiopia+and+Tanzania|title=PM's visit to Ethiopia and Tanzania|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended 2nd [[India–Africa Forum Summit]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] and witnessed signing of various documents. Met leaders of other African countries including Swazi King [[Mswati III]], Senegalese President [[Abdoulaye Wade]], Malawian President [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]. Also addressed special session of the [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at a group photo session with the African leaders at the Opening Plenary Session of 2nd Africa-India Forum Summit (AIFS), in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on May 24, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|[[Dodoma]]
|26{{ndash}}28 May<ref name="Eth" />
|Met with President [[Jakaya Kikwete]] and witnessed signing of several documents. Jointly inaugurated the India-Tanzania Centre in Information and Communication Technology.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Tanzanian President, Mr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, at the restricted meeting, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on May 27, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!52
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
|6{{ndash}}7 September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/prime-minister-visits.htm|title=PM's visit to Bangladesh|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Accorded ceremonial welcome at [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and witnessed signing of documents and attended banquet hosted by her in his honour. Visited [[National Martyrs' Memorial]] and [[Bangabandhu Memorial Museum]]. Met President [[Zillur Rahman]] and former President [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], former Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] and Foreign Minister [[Dipu Moni]]. Also addressed the [[Dhaka University]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Mrs. Sheikh Hasina, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on September 06, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!53
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
|New York City, Washington, D.C.
|21{{ndash}}27 September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/26/PMs+visit+to+New+York+for+UNGA|title=PM's visit to New York for UNGA|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Addressed the [[Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly|66th session of the United Nations General Assembly]]. Met with leaders of other UN member countries including Japanese Prime Minister [[Yoshihiko Noda]], Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Nepalese Prime Minister [[Baburam Bhattarai]], South Sudanese President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing the 66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, in New York on September 24, 2011 (2).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!54
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[Pretoria]]
|17{{ndash}}19 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/264/PMs+visit+to+Pretoria+for+the+Vth+IBSA+Summit|title=PM's visit to Pretoria for the Vth IBSA Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|5th IBSA Summit]]. Held trilateral and bilateral talks with President [[Jacob Zuma]] and Brazilian President [[Dilma Rousseff]].
|[[File:IBSA-leaders-2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!55
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Cannes]]
|2{{ndash}}5 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/263/Visit+of+PM+to+Cannes+for+G20+Summit|title=Visit of PM to Cannes for G20 Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[2011 G20 Cannes summit|6th G20 Summit]]. Met with President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and held multilateral talks with other participating leaders including leaders of [[BRICS]] countries, Mexican President [[Felipe Calderón]], Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]], Singaporean Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]].
|[[File:G20 - Cumbre de Cannes - 20111103.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!56
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|[[Addu City]], [[Malé]]
|9{{ndash}}12 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/262/Visit+of+PM+to+Maldives+for+17th+SAARC+Summit|title=Visit of PM to Maldives for 17th SAARC Summit|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[17th SAARC summit]]. Addressed SAARC plenary and met other SAARC leaders including Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousuf Raza Gillani]] and Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]]. Travelled to Malé for official visit, met with President [[Mohamed Nasheed]] and signed several documents and attended a state banquet. Also met Vice President [[Mohamed Waheed Hassan]] and also addressed the [[People's Majlis]] becoming the first-ever foreign leader to do so.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh along with other Head of State and Government of SAARC Countries, at the inaugural session of the 17th SAARC Summit, at Adu Atoll in Maldives on November 10, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 57
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Bali]]
|17{{ndash}}19 November<ref name="IndonesiaASEAN">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/261/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Bali+for+ASEAN+India+and+EA+Summits+and+to+Singapore|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Bali for ASEAN India and EA Summits and to Singapore|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended the [[ASEAN Summit]], [[Sixth East Asia Summit|6th East Asia Summit]] and the Annual India-ASEAN Summit. Met with President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] and other participating leaders including US President [[Barack Obama]], Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], Cambodian Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the East Asia Summit Head of StatesGovernments, at the 9th ASEAN-India Summit, in Bali, Indonesia on November 19, 2011.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|Singapore
|20 November<ref name="IndonesiaASEAN" />
|Met with Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] at [[The Istana]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Called on President [[Tony Tan]] and met Emeritus Senior Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]] and former Minister Mentor [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. Inaugurated bust and marker of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at the [[Asian Civilisations Museum]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at a Bilateral Meeting with the Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lee Hsien Loong, at Istana, in Singapore on November 20, 2011 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!58
|{{flag|Russia}}
|Moscow
|15{{ndash}}17 December<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/325/Visit+of+PM+to+Moscow++Russia|title=Visit of PM to Moscow ( Russia)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=December 2011|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual India-Russia summit. Met with President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and First Lady [[Svetlana Medvedeva]] and attended banquet hosted by the presidential couple at [[Grand Kremlin Palace]]. Also met Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Dmitry A. Medvedev, in Moscow, Russia on December 16, 2011 (3).jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2012==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!59
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[Seoul]]
|23{{ndash}}27 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/337/Visit+of+PM+to+South+Korea|title=Visit of PM to South Korea|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=March 2012|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[2012 Nuclear Security Summit]]. Met with President [[Lee Myung-bak]] and attended banquet hosted by him. Visited [[Seoul National Cemetery]] and received guard of honour at [[Blue House]]. Held multilateral talks with several other participating leaders including Norwegian Prime Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]], Italian prime minister [[Mario Monti]], Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]].
|[[File:Ilham Aliyev attended the plenary session of the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit (9).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!60
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|[[Naypyidaw]]
|27{{ndash}}29 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/369/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Myanmar|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Myanmar|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2012|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with President [[Thein Sein]] and witnessed signing of various pacts and treaties between both nations. Attended banquet hosted by him. Also met with Nobel laureate [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] and paid a visit to the Mazar of last Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]. First prime ministerial visit to Myanmar in 25 years.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the President of Myanmar, Mr. Thein Sein, at the restricted meeting, at Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar on May 28, 2012.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 61
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Los Cabos]]
|16{{ndash}}18 June<ref name="MexG20">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/371/PM+visit+to+Mexico+G20+and+Brazil+Rio4320|title=PM visit to Mexico (G-20) and Brazil (Rio+20)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=June 2012|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[2012 G20 Los Cabos summit|7th G20 summit]]. Met with host President [[Felipe Calderón]]. Also held multilateral talks with leaders of the [[BRICS]] countries and the French President [[François Hollande]] on the sidelines.
|[[File:Cumbre del G20 en Los Cabos, México.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Brasília]]
|19{{ndash}}23 June<ref name="MexG20" />
|Attended [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] (Rio+20 Summit). Met with President [[Dilma Rousseff]] and participated in summit dialogue. Also met leaders of other countries include Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Nepalese Prime Minister [[Baburam Bhattarai]] and Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]].
|[[File:World Leaders at Rio+20.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!62
|{{flag|Iran}}
|[[Tehran]]
|28{{ndash}}31 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/393/Prime+Ministers+visit+to+Iran|title=Prime Minister's visit to Iran|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=August 2012|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|16th NAM Summit]]. Met with President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] and Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]]. Addressed Non-Aligned Movement Plenary and also met leaders of other NAM countries including Bangladeshi Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] and Pakistani President [[Asif Ali Zardari]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh along with other Heads of StateGovernment and the Heads of Delegations at the XVI Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit, in Tehran, Iran on August 30, 2012 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!63
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|18{{ndash}}20 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/413/Prime+Ministers+visit+to+Cambodia|title=Prime Minister's visit to Cambodia|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=November 2012|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[ASEAN summit]], [[Seventh East Asia Summit|7th East India summit]] and Annual India-ASEAN summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Samdech Hun Sen]] and King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] and Queen Mother [[Norodom Monineath]] at [[Royal Palace of Cambodia|Royal Palace]] and laid wreath on the mortal remains of late King Father [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. Held multilateral talks with other participating leaders including Filipino President [[Benigno Aquino III]], Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], Thai Prime Minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Heads of ASEAN countries, at the10th ASEAN-INDIA summit, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on November 19, 2012.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2013==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!64
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|[[Durban]]
|25{{ndash}}29 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/503/Prime+Ministers+visit+to+South+Africa+for+fifth+BRICS+Summit+March+2528+2013|title=Prime Minister's visit to South Africa for fifth BRICS Summit (March 25–28, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=March 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[5th BRICS summit]]. Met with President [[Jacob Zuma]] and held multilateral talks with other leaders of [[BRICS]] countries.
|[[File:Manmohan Singh with the President of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, the President of Brazil, Ms. Dilma Rousseff, the President of the Russian Federation.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!65
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|10{{ndash}}12 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/563/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Germany+April+1012+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Germany (April 10–12, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=April 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended second round of intergovernmental consultations with Germany. Met with Federal Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] at [[German Chancellery]] and President [[Joachim Gauck]]. Attended closing ceremony of "Days of India 2012-2013". Visit marked to commemorate 60th anniversary of establishment of [[India-Germany relations|diplomatic relations with Germany]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the German Chancellor, Ms. Angela Merkel, at the Joint Press Conference, at the Federal Chancellery, in Berlin on April 11, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 66
|{{flag|Japan}}
|Tokyo
|27{{ndash}}29 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/573/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+JapanMay+2729+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Japan(May 27–29, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended Annual India-Japan summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] and attended business luncheon. Also addressed the Japan-India Parliamentary Friendship League and International Friendship Exchange Council and presented [[Padma Shri]] award on Professor [[Noboru Karashima]]. Met [[Emperor Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko]] at [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo]] and other senior Japanese cabinet ministers including Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]], Trade and Industry Minister [[Toshimitsu Motegi]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe, at the India-Japan Summit Meeting, in Tokyo, Japan on May 29, 2013 (2).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|30{{ndash}}31 May<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/581/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+ThailandMay+3031+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Thailand(May 30–31, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=May 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with Prime Minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]]. Attended banquet hosted by her.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the Prime Minister of Thailand, Ms. Yingluck Shinawatra, at the Joint Press Statements, in Bangkok, Thailand on May 30, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!67
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|4{{ndash}}7 September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/621/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Russia+for+G20+Summit+September+47+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Russia for G20 Summit (September 4–7, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=September 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended [[2013 G20 Saint Petersburg summit|8th G20 summit]]. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]]. Held multilateral talks with leaders of [[BRICS]] countries and other leaders including Argentine President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] and Japanese Deputy Prime Minister [[Tarō Asō]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with other Leaders in the G-20 family photograph, at Konstantinov sky palace courtyard, at the G-20 Summit, in St. Petersburg, Russia on September 06, 2013 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!68
|{{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
|New York City, Washington, D.C.
|25 September{{ndash}}1 October
|Addressed the [[Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly|68th session of the United Nations General Assembly]]. Met with US President [[Barack Obama]] and attended a luncheon at [[White House]] and met leaders of other UN member countries including Bangladesh Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Pakistan Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], Mauritius Prime Minister [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing the 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, in New York on September 28, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 69
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
|9{{ndash}}10 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/633/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Brunei+October+910+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Brunei (October 9–10, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|style="font-size:95%"| Attended [[ASEAN summit]] and 8th [[East Asia Summit]]. First ever prime ministerial visit to Brunei from India. Met with Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] and attended gala dinner. Also met Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] and Australian Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] on the sidelines of the summit.
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in a group photo with the Heads of StateGovernment of 11th India-ASEAN Summit, at Brunei Darussalam on October 10, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|10{{ndash}}12 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/634/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Indonesia+October+1012+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Indonesia (October 10–12, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. Laid wreath at [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]] and attended ceremonial welcome at [[Istana Merdeka]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of Indonesia, Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, at the Tete-a-Tete, in Jakarta, Indonesia on October 11, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| 70
|{{flag|Russia}}
|Moscow
|20{{ndash}}22 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/640/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Russia+October+2022+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Russia (October 20–22, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Attended 14th Annual India-Russia Summit. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]]. Received honorary doctorate from the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Putin, in Moscow, Russia on October 21, 2013 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|Beijing
|22{{ndash}}24 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/641/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+China+October+2224+2013|title=Visit of Prime Minister to China (October 22–24, 2013)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=October 2013|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|Met with Premier [[Li Keqiang]]. Accorded ceremonial welcome at [[Great Hall of the People]] and attended banquet. Also met with President [[Xi Jinping]], former Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], Executive Vice President of the Central Party School [[He Yiting]].
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the Premier of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Li Keqiang, at the Joint Press Statements, in Beijing, China on October 23, 2013.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==2014==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:10em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Areas visited
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! class="unsortable"| Images
|-
!71
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|[[Naypyidaw]]
|3{{ndash}}4 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/686/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+to+Myanmar+for+BIMSTEC+Summit+March+34+2014|title=Visit of Prime Minister to Myanmar for BIMSTEC Summit (March 3–4, 2014)|website=www.mea.gov.in|date=March 2014|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|Attended 3rd [[BIMSTEC]] Summit. Met with President [[Thein Sein]] and held multilateral talks with other participating BIMSTEC leaders. Also met Nobel laureate and [[National League for Democracy]] leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]. Final overseas trip as prime minister.
|[[File:Manmohan Singh in a group photo during the opening ceremony of third Summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), at Nay Pyi Taw, in Myanmar on March 04, 2014 (1).jpg|center|frameless]]
|}

==Multilateral meetings==
{|
|valign=top|
{|
|██ Did not attend
|-
| ██ Event cancelled
|-
|██ No event held
|}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Group !!colspan="11"|Year
|-
!2004 !!2005 !!2006 !!2007 !!2008 !!2009 !!2010 !!2011 !!2012 !!2013 !!2014
|-
|'''[[Asia–Europe Meeting|ASEM]]''' || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | 8{{ndash}}9 October,{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"|India was not a full member.}} {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#f7d7c0;" |10–11 September,{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || 24–25 October, {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | 4–5 October,{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Mohammad Hamid Ansari"|[[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] attended in the Prime Minister's place.}} {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | 5{{ndash}}6 November,{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Salman Khurshid"|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[Salman Khurshid]] attended in the Prime Minister's place.}} {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Vientaine]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[BIMSTEC]]'''|| 31 July, {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]|| style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | ||13 November,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"|These summits were hosted by India.}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 4 March, {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Naypyidaw]]
|-
|'''[[BRICS]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[1st BRIC summit|16 June]], {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Yekaterinburg]] || [[2nd BRIC summit|16 April]], {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]] || [[3rd BRICS summit|14 April]], {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] || [[4th BRICS summit|29 March]],{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || [[5th BRICS summit|26–27 March]], {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]''' ||style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#f7d7c0;" |[[2005 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|25–27 November]],{{Efn-ua|name="Kamal Nath"|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]] [[Kamal Nath]] attended in the Prime Minister's place.}} {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Valletta]] ||style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||[[2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|23–25 November]], {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Kampala]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[2009 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|27–29 November]], {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Port of Spain]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|28–30 October]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Mohammad Hamid Ansari"}} {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Perth]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|15–17 November]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Salman Khurshid"}} {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''[[East Asia Summit|EAS]]-[[ASEAN Summit|ASEAN]]''' ||rowspan="2"| [[ASEAN Summit|29{{ndash}}30 November]], {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Vientiane]] ||rowspan="2"| [[First East Asia Summit|12{{ndash}}14 December]], {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]] ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||[[Second East Asia Summit|13{{ndash}}14 January]], {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Mandaue]] ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;" | ||rowspan="2"|[[Fourth East Asia Summit|23–25 October]], {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Cha-am]], [[Hua Hin]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Fifth East Asia Summit|28–30 October]], {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Sixth East Asia Summit|17–19 November]], {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Bali]] ||[[Seventh East Asia Summit|18–20 November]], {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Phnom Penh]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Eighth East Asia Summit|9–10 October]], {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|[[Third East Asia Summit|20–21 November]], {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
|[[ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit|20–21 December]],{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]]
|-
|'''[[G8|G-8]]''' || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[30th G8 summit|8{{ndash}}10 June]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|United States}} [[Sea Island, Georgia|Sea Island]] || [[31st G8 summit|6–8 July]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Auchterarder]] || [[32nd G8 summit|15–17 July]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] || [[33rd G8 summit|6–8 June]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Heiligendamm]] || [[34th G8 summit|7–9 July]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tōyako, Hokkaido|Tōyako]] || [[35th G8 summit|8–10 July]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Italy}} [[L'Aquila]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[36th G8 summit|25–26 June]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|Canada}} [[District Municipality of Muskoka|Muskoka]] || [[37th G8 summit|26–27 May]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|France}} [[Deauville]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[38th G8 summit|18–19 May]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|United States}} [[Camp David]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[39th G8 summit|17–18 June]],{{Efn-ua|name="not a full member"}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Enniskillen]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''[[G20|G-20]]''' || rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;"| ||rowspan="2"| [[2008 G20 Washington summit|14{{ndash}}15 November]], {{flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]] || [[2009 G20 London summit|2 April]], {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]] || [[2010 G20 Toronto summit|26–27 June]], {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]] ||rowspan="2"| [[2011 G20 Cannes summit|3–4 November]], {{flagicon|France}} [[Cannes]] ||rowspan="2"| [[2012 G20 Los Cabos summit|18–19 June]], {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Los Cabos]] ||rowspan="2"| [[2013 G20 Saint Petersburg summit|5–6 September]], {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] ||rowspan="2"; style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|[[2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit|24{{ndash}}25 September]], {{flagicon|United States}} [[Pittsburgh]] || [[2010 G20 Seoul summit|11–12 November]], {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]]
|-
|'''[[India–Africa Forum Summit|IAFS]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 8{{ndash}}9 April,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 24{{ndash}}25 May, {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Addis Ababa]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 13{{ndash}}14 September, {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]] || 17–18 October, {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]] || 15 October,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || [[2010 IBSA summit|15 April]], {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]] || 18 October, {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Pretoria]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#ffa07a;" | 16 May,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[India–European Union relations|IEUS]]''' || 8 November, {{flagicon|European Union}}{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[The Hague]] || 7 September,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || 13 October, {{flagicon|European Union}}{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]] || 30 November,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || 29 September, {{flagicon|European Union}}{{flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]] || 6 November,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || 10 December, {{flagicon|European Union}}{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 10 February,{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 15–16 September, {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || 11–16 July, {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Sharm el-Sheikh]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|26–31 August]], {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[Nuclear Security Summit|NSS]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit|12–13 April]], {{flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[2012 Nuclear Security Summit|26–27 March]], {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2014 Nuclear Security Summit|24–25 March]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Salman Khurshid"}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[The Hague]]
|-
|'''[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]]''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|| [[List of SAARC summits#Thirteenth summit 13th Bangladesh|12–13 November]], {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[List of SAARC summits#Fourteenth summit 14th India|3{{ndash}}4 April]],{{Efn-ua|name="hosted by India"}} {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] || [[List of SAARC summits#Fifteenth summit 15th Sri Lanka|1–3 August]], {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || [[List of SAARC summits#Sixteenth summit 16th Bhutan|28–29 April]], {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Thimphu]] || [[17th SAARC summit|10{{ndash}}11 November]], {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Addu City]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" | || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
||'''[[United Nations Climate Change Conference|UNCCC]]''' || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2004 United Nations Climate Change Conference|6{{ndash}}17 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2005 United Nations Climate Change Conference|28 November{{ndash}} 9 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2006 United Nations Climate Change Conference|6{{ndash}}17 November]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Nairobi]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference|3{{ndash}}15 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Bali]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference|1{{ndash}}12 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poznań]] || [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|7{{ndash}}18 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference|29 November{{ndash}} 10 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Cancún]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|28 November{{ndash}} 11 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|26 November{{ndash}} 8 December]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Doha]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference|11{{ndash}}23 November]], {{flagicon|United Nations}}{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
|'''[[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]]''' || 23 September, {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || 15 September, {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[United Nations General Assembly|27 September]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Pranab Mukherjee"|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] attended in the Prime Minister's place.}} {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[United Nations General Assembly|1 October]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by Pranab Mukherjee"}} {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || [[Sixty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly|27 September]], {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[Sixty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly|26 September]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by S. M. Krishna"|[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[S. M. Krishna]] attended in the Prime Minister's place.}} {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[Sixty-fifth session of the United Nations General Assembly|29 September]],{{Efn-ua|name="Attended by S. M. Krishna"}} {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || [[Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly|24 September]], {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#f7d7c0;" | [[Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly|1 October]], {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || [[Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly|28 September]], {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[New York City]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;" |
|-
| '''Others''' || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || '''[[Bandung Conference#Asian-African Summit of 2005|AAS]]''' 22{{ndash}}24 April, {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || '''[[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development|UNCSD]]''' 19{{ndash}}22 June, {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]] || style="background:#dcdcdc;"| || style="background:#dcdcdc;"|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of international trips made by prime ministers of India]]
* [[List of international presidential trips made by Pratibha Patil]]
* [[List of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as Minister of External Affairs of India]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist-ua}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/outgoing-visits.htm?2/outgoing_visits Outgoing Visits] – by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
* [https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/69/1/sqae144/7921924 Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel] by Sumitha Narayanan Kutty and Walter C. Ladwig III

{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manmohan}}
[[Category:Manmohan Singh|Prime Ministerial trips]]
[[Category:Indian prime ministerial visits]]
[[Category:Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of government|Manmohan Singh]]
[[Category:Lists of 21st-century diplomatic visits]]
[[Category:2004 in international relations]]
[[Category:2005 in international relations]]
[[Category:2006 in international relations]]
[[Category:2007 in international relations]]
[[Category:2008 in international relations]]
[[Category:2009 in international relations]]
[[Category:2010 in international relations]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations]]
[[Category:2012 in international relations]]
[[Category:2013 in international relations]]
[[Category:2014 in international relations]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1931

2026-01-14T10:17:36Z

Marinavan: created bio

{{Short description|List of Indian bengali-language films from 1931s}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the Bengali language film industry based in Kolkata in 1931.

==A-Z of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes/music
|-
|''[[Dena Paona]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Premankur Atarthi]] || Durgadas Bandyopadhyay, Amar Mullik, Jahar Gangopadhyay, [[Bhanu Bandyopadhyay]] (Sr.), Bhumen Ray, Kusumkumari, Nibhanani Debi, Umasashi, Sishubala, Anupama Debi, Abhabati || [[Family film]] ||It is credited as the first [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[talkie]]. It was released in the same year as ''[[Alam Ara]]'', the first [[India]]n [[talkie]]. It was released on 24 December 1931 at Chitra (now Mitra) Cinema Hall in [[Calcutta]].
|-
|''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Amar Chowdhury]] || [[Amar Chowdhury]], Jatin Singha, Kshirodgopal Mukhopadhyay, Ms. Golela, Ranisundari, Bimal Gupta, Kartik Ray, Bholanath || [[Drama films|Drama]] ||It is credited as the first [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[talkie]] (short). It was released in the same year as ''[[Alam Ara]]'', the first [[India]]n [[talkie]]. It was released on 11 April 1931 at Crown Cinema Hall in [[Calcutta]].
|-
|''Jor Barat'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Bandyopadhyay || Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Kartik Dey, [[Kanan Debi]], Kartik Ray, Prakashmoni, Kunjalal Chakraborty, Renubala, Nagendrabala, Satyendranath Dey, Bhupendranath Bandyopadhyay || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|[[Prahlad (film)|''Prahlad'']]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Priyanath Gangopadhyay || Ahindra Chowdhury, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Mrinalkanti Ghosh, Shanti Gupta, Niharbala, Kunjalal Chakraborty, Debabala, Binapani Debi, [[Kanan Debi]], Dhiren Das || [[Epic film]] ||
|-
|''[[Rishir Prem]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Bandyopadhyay || [[Kanan Debi]], Ahindra Chowdhury, Hiren Bose, Sarajubala, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Ganesh Goswami, Dhiren Das, Surabala, Nirupama Debi, Charubala, Gita Debi || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Tritiya Paksha]]'' (short) || [[Amar Chowdhury]] || [[Amar Chowdhury]], Jatin Singha, Kshirodgopal Mukhopadhyay, Ms. Golela, Ms. Golap|| [[Drama films|Drama]] ||
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Dena_paona_1931.jpg|A scene from ''[[Dena Paona (film)|Dena Paona]]'', 1931, the first Bengali talkie
Image:1931_Alam_arya.jpg|''Alam Arya''
</gallery>

==References==
* ''[[Bengali Film Directory]]'' – edited by Ansu Sur, [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], [[Calcutta]], 1999
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1931&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1931;Bengali&&related=9;1931;1931;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/2002/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1931] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124210750/http://www.gomolo.in/ConditionalSearch.aspx?Yearcode=1930-1939&Langcode=Bengali&Categories=M&GotoYear=1931 Tollywood films of 1931] at gomolo.in

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1931 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1931}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1931]]
[[Category:Lists of 1931 films by language]]
[[Category:1931 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Shailesh Shah

2026-01-06T10:36:23Z

Marinavan: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gujarati cinema]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Project Madurai

2025-12-16T20:36:51Z

Marinavan: page fix

{{Short description|Tamil language literature organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=August 2013}}
{{fanpov|date=August 2013}}
}}

'''Project Madurai''' (மதுரை தமிழ் இலக்கிய மின்தொகுப்புத் திட்டம்) is an open and voluntary initiative aimed at publishing free versions of ancient Tamil literature on the internet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Project Madurai |url=http://www.projectmadurai.org.vt.edu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162450/http://www.projectmadurai.org.vt.edu/ |archive-date=2008-12-23 |access-date=2008-12-19}}</ref> Texts have been consistently published in both TSCII (Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange) since its launch in 1998 and Unicode formats from 2004. The leadership of the project is attributed to Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, based in Lausanne, Switzerland, serving as the Project Leader, and Dr. P. Kumar Mallikarjunan, located in Blacksburg, VA, USA, as the Deputy Project Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Madurai - Tamil Literature |url=http://tamilnation.org/literature/projectmadurai/intro.htm}}</ref>

Project Madurai is one of several projects currently active on an international scale, endeavoring to digitize ancient literary works and make them available in electronic form. The electronic texts from this project are distributed in both HTML and PDF file formats.

== History ==
The Madurai project commenced with the utilization of Inaimadhi and Mayilai Tamil fonts. However, starting from 1999, mobile phones have been manufactured using the Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange (TSCII) within the Tamil-language Tamil database. These mobile phones are distributed on web pages and in PDF format. Moreover, since 2004, texts are also published in Unicode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/index.en.html|title=Project Madurai|website=www.projectmadurai.org|access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref>

==Tools Used==
This project uses a tool by the name of eKalappai(e-plough) to type Tamil letters using standard US-en 101 Keyboard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.projectmadurai.org.vt.edu/dppm/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61&sid=fe405efa1dcd76f9bd20fffeccae0f39 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111105/http://www.projectmadurai.org.vt.edu/dppm/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61&sid=fe405efa1dcd76f9bd20fffeccae0f39 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |title=Project Madurai :: View topic - Ekalappai software Link Please..}}</ref>

==Awards==
*In 2007 Project Madurai was awarded the Iyal Award from [[The Tamil Literary Garden]] for their contribution to Tamil Literature through Information Technology.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Tamil computing]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Padmanabh

2025-12-12T15:20:48Z

Marinavan: made new entry

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Padmanabh
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 7030
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1000
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Ladakh]]
| map = India#Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|35.441139|77.182812|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| first_ascent = 2002
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Padmanabh''' is a mountain peak located at {{cvt|7030|m}} above sea level in the eastern part of the [[Karakoram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padmanabh |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=35539|access-date=2022-01-06|website=peakbagger.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
The peak is located in the south of Lakshmi Kangri and in the north-west of Mahashrung. It is one of the highest peaks on the ''Teram Shehr'' plateau.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kapadia|first=Harish |author-link=Harish Kapadia|year=1999|title=Mountaineering and War on the Siachen Glacier|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1999_files/AJ%201999%2051-66%20Kapadia%20Siachen.pdf|journal=[[Alpine Journal]]|pages=57}}</ref> The prominence is at {{cvt|1000|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padmanabh|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/padmanabh.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref>

The [[first ascent]] of the mountain was made by a team of Japanese and Indian mountaineers via the south ridge. The Japanese climbers Hiroshi Sakai and Yasushi Tanahashi reached the summit on 25 June 2002.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Asia, India, Himachal Pradesh, East Karakoram, Padmanabh, First Ascent | journal =American Alpine Journal| date=2003| issn= 0065-6925 | first =Hiroshi | last = Sakai | volume =#45 | issue =77 | pages= | access-date =12 December 2025 |url = https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12200337700/Asia-India-Himachal-Pradesh-East-Karakoram-Padmanabh-First-Ascent }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Seven-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Nikunja Behari Maiti

2025-12-06T02:25:35Z

Marinavan: made new article

{{Short description|Indian independence activist and former Member of Parliament}}{{Infobox person
| name = Nikunja Behari Maiti
| birth_date = 26 September 1892
| birth_place = [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|05|19|1892|09|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| citizenship = [[British subject]] (1892-1947) [[Indian people|Indian]] (1947-1970)
| education = [[Contai High School]]
| alma_mater = [[Krishnath College]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| spouse = Ahalya Maiti
| children = [[Abha Maiti]]
| parents = Biswanath Maiti (father) Savitri Debi (mother)
}}
'''Nikunja Behari Maiti''' (26 September 1892 – 19 May 1970)<ref name="সংসদ">সুবোধচন্দ্র সেনগুপ্ত ও অঞ্জলি বসু সম্পাদিত, ''সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান'', প্রথম খণ্ড, সাহিত্য সংসদ, কলকাতা, আগস্ট ২০১৬ পৃষ্ঠা ৩৫৪, {{ISBN|978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref> was an Indian independence activist and the first Education Minister of [[West Bengal]]. He was a member of the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] and represented the [[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal constituency]].<ref name="Lok Sabha 1957">{{Cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022|website=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> He was known as ''Master Mashai''. He was born in Kalagachia village of [[Khejuri I|Khejuri police station]] under [[Midnapore district]]. His wife Ahalya Debi was a Satyagrahi and his daughter [[Abha Maiti]] was a politician and Union Minister of State for Industries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=.:: Legacy of Midnapore - Freedom Fighter -Nakricharan Das ::. |url=https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/n3.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nikunja Behari Maiti was born in Kelagachia village of [[Khejuri I|Khejuri]], [[Purba Medinipur district]] to Biswanath Maiti and Savitri Debi in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Mahishya]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKM5AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Itihāsa |date=1972 |publisher=Kā̄lakāṫā Hiṣṭorikāla Sosāiṭī. |pages=197 |language=bn}}</ref> The whole family, the Maitis of Kelagachia were involved in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He passed his entrance examination from the esteemed [[Contai High School]] and then proceeded to the famed [[Krishnath College]] of [[Berhampore]] of [[West Bengal]] for his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and then to the [[University of Calcutta]] for his [[Master of Arts|M.A]] in [[English studies|English]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Senapati and Das |first=Uma and Dulal Krishna |title=মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2020 |pages=111 to 112 |language=Bengali |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali Biographical Century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Sudhīra Mādhaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIctAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Pichana pāne cāi |date=1977 |publisher=Mānasī |pages=26 and 122 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nikunja Bihari Maiti's patriotism originated from his father Bishwanath Maiti's patriotism.<ref name="সংসদ" /> He dedicated himself to the cause of the country by working for the flood and cholera victims in the [[Khejuri I|Khejuri]]-[[Bhagabanpur I|Bhagwanpur region]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Das |first1=Suranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYPaAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Food Movement of 1959: Documenting a Turning Point in the History of West Bengal |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Premansukumar |date=2004 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-268-5 |pages=526 |language=bn}}</ref> Bipin Bihari Gayan and Padmalochana Sahu were his companions in this work. He left his job in 1921 due to [[Gandhiji|Gandhiji's]] [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]]. At that time, [[Birendranath Sasmal]], left his [[Barrister|barristership]] and established the country's first national college, ''Kalagachia National College'', in Kalagachia, where Nikunja Behari served as the headmaster.<ref name="Lok Sabha 1957" /> He then wholeheartedly joined the [[Indian independence movement|nationalist movement]]. He was even jailed for joining the strike against the arrival of the [[Edward VIII|Prince Edward's]] visit to [[Calcutta]]. After completing his imprisonment, he led the regions local congress leadership under [[Gandhiji|Gandhiji's]] command for the elimination of untouchability and other constructive works. He won the local board elections in 1925. The work of bricklaying on the [[Contai|Kanthi]]-Belda and Kalinagar-[[Contai|Kanthi]] roads began. He joined the relief work in the Midnapore floods of 1923 and '26. Established a girls' school in Kamdevnagar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OQdAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Sarbadhinayak: life story of Sri Satis Chandra Samanta, first Sarbadhinayak of Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar |date=1982 |publisher=Tamralipta Swadhinata Sangram Itihas Committee |pages=124, 134 and 174 |language=bn}}</ref> In 1929, he resigned from the local and district boards as per the proposal of the Lahore session of Congress. He was appointed headmaster at [[Diamond Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāẏa |first=Phakira Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fEzAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Svādhīnatā āndolanera paṭabhūmikāẏa |date=1978 |publisher=Rāiṭārsa Phorāma : paribeśaka Phārmā Ke Ela Ema |pages=121 to 122 |language=bn}}</ref> He was again imprisoned in 1930 for participating in the [[Salt March|Salt Satyagraha]]. In 1933, he was imprisoned again for celebrating [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Basantakumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtiJhtzUPCkC&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Svādhīnatā saṃgrāme Medinīpura |date=1980 |publisher=Medinīpura Svādhīnatā Saṃgrāma Itihāsa Samiti |pages=305 and 437 |language=bn}}</ref> In 1934, he became the [[headmaster]] of Fatehpur Srinath Institution in [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]]. In 1940, he was imprisoned for personal satyagraha. In the 1937 elections, under the [[Government of India Act 1935|India Act of 1935]], he was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the combined constituencies of Khejuri Bhagwanpur and [[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]. After independence, he joined the [[First Ghosh cabinet]] of [[West Bengal]] as the first education minister. In 1955, he was elected President of the [[Midnapore district|District Congress]]. After being a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1957-62, he became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] for the next five years.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maiti, Nikunja Behari}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1947–1951]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Krishnath College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Maihar railway station

2025-12-05T10:42:38Z

Marinavan:

{{Short description|Railway station in satna, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = satna
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image_caption =
| address = [[satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| elevation = {{convert|353|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24.256660|80.763852|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Allahabad–Jabalpur section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (On Ground)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| opened = since 1871
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = yes during covid-19 2020
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MYR
| zone = [[West Central Railway Zone|West Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jabalpur}}
}}
| zone =
| operator = government of india
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Maihar railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Maihar railway station''' is a railway station serving [[Maihar]] town, in [[Satna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India. Maihar is '''A''' category station of [[West Central Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1389008033738-Microsoft%20Word%20-%20MYR.pdf|title=MAIHAR STATION:Details|website=West Central Railway}}</ref>

== Administration ==

It is under [[Jabalpur railway division]] of [[West Central Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways.

== Line ==

It is located on Katni – Satna main line of the Indian Railways.

== Structure ==

It is located at 353 m above sea level and has three platforms.

== Development ==

As of 2016, electrified of existing double Broad Gauge railway line is in progress and at this station, 81 trains stops. [[Khajuraho Airport]], is at distance of 111 kilo meters.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=MYR| title=MYR:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Jabalpur| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-jabalpurnews-2896089|title=मैहर में आज से रुकेंगी 20 और ट्रेन|website=Nai Dunia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/news/four-trains-to-stay-at-maihar-station-in-navaratri-for-two-minutes-031634-2949580.html|title=नवरात्रि में मैहर स्टेशन पर चार ट्रेनें दो मिनट तक रुकेंगी|website=Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-jabalpurnews-2690236|title=मैहर-सतना स्टेशन का जायजा लेने जीएम स्पेशल रवाना|website=Nai Dunia}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Satna district]]
* [[Maihar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|977}}

{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Jabalpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Satna district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1871]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

2017 Indian Premier League final

2025-11-25T05:20:06Z

Marinavan: Put up first stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2017 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2017 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| team1score = 129/8
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 128/6
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = [[Mumbai Indians]] won by 1 run
| date = 21 May 2017
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Krunal Pandya]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| attendance = 34,158
| television =
| previous = [[2016 Indian Premier League final|2016]]
| next = [[2018 Indian Premier League final|2018]]
}}

The '''2017 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] match between the [[Mumbai Indians]] and the [[Rising Pune Supergiant]], on 21 May 2017, at [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]. It was held to determine the winner of the [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]], an annual Twenty20 tournament in India.<ref name=card>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League, Final: Mumbai Indians v Rising Pune Supergiant at Hyderabad (Deccan), May 21, 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082650.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref>

Mumbai, playing in their fourth IPL final, defeated Pune by 1 run to win their third title. Mumbai's [[Krunal Pandya]] was awarded man of the match award for his innings of 47. The final was sold out, with a final attendance of 34,158.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Agarwal|first1=Madhav|title=Black marketeers have a field day ahead of IPL final in Hyderabad on Sunday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/may/21/black-marketeers-have-a-field-day-ahead-of-ipl-final-in-hyderabad-on-sunday-1607297.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Subrahmanyam|first1=V V|title=First-ever IPL final in city starts slow but ends on a nail-biting finish|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-ever-ipl-final-in-city-starts-slow-but-ends-on-a-nail-biting-finish/article18520797.ece|access-date=22 May 2017|work=The Hindu|date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

== Road to the final ==
{{Main|2017 Indian Premier League|Mumbai Indians in 2017|Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017}}

=== League stage ===
Mumbai and Pune were ranked first and second respectively on the league table.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/series/1078425.html?view=pointstable |title= 2017 IPL Points table|work= ESPN Sports Media |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref> Mumbai had a successful first half of the season, winning six out of six matches after their opening game defeat to Pune. They managed four wins in the second half of the league stage, and finished on top of the league table with 20 points. Mumbai's success in the first half of the season was built around contributions from various batsmen, [[Nitish Rana]] and [[Jos Buttler]] in particular, as well as [[Mitchell McClenaghan]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]] and [[Krunal Pandya]] among the bowlers. However, in the first week of May, Mumbai replaced Buttler, who was to leave for national duty after the league stage, with [[Lendl Simmons]] to open the innings, while Rana had a loss of form that led to him being benched, and Pandya was sidelined for over ten days with an injury.

Pune began the season with three defeats in their first four games, with their inexperienced bowling lineup and multimillion-dollar signing [[Ben Stokes]] struggling.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Narayanan|first1=Deepu|title=STATS: Bowling resurgence key in RPS rise|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/94734/ipl-2017-rising-pune-supergiant-stats-bowling-resurgence-key-in-rps-rise-ipl-10|access-date=21 May 2017|work=Cricbuzz|date=20 May 2017}}</ref> After this, Pune formed a settled bowling attack led by [[Jaydev Unadkat]], [[Shardul Thakur]], Stokes and [[Imran Tahir]], and went on to win eight of their remaining ten matches. Stokes turned out to be a match-winner with both bat and ball, winning three man of the match awards,<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2017: Had told Rising Pune Supergiants owners to do what they had to to get Ben Stokes, says Steve Smith|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2017-10/ipl-2017-ben-stokes-has-done-a-terrific-job-for-us-says-rising-pune-supergiant-captain-steven-smith-4636850/|access-date=21 May 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=2 May 2017}}</ref> while [[Rahul Tripathi]] and captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] produced consistent performances with the bat. The team was also buoyed by 17-year-old [[Washington Sundar]]'s economical bowling<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2017: Mystery behind 17-year-old spin prodigy, Washington Sundar's name solved, find out how he got his name|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/sports/ipl-2017/ipl-2017-mystery-behind-17-year-old-spin-prodigy-washington-sundars-name-solved-find-out-how-he-got-his-name/676281/|work=The Financial Express|date=19 May 2017}}</ref> and [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]'s lower-order cameos, but had Stokes and Tahir departing for their respective countries on national duty at the end of the league stage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will do well without Stokes, Tahir, says Rahane|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ipl-will-do-well-without-stokes-tahir-says-rahane/article18452219.ece|access-date=21 May 2017|work=The Hindu|date=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Steve Smith hopes others will step up in Ben Stokes' absence in IPL 2017 playoffs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/indian-premier-league-2017/news/story/ben-stokes-ipl-2017-steve-smith-rps-rps-vs-kxip-977032-2017-05-14|access-date=21 May 2017|work=India Today|date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression|create
| caption = League progression
| teams = Mumbai Indians, Rising Pune Supergiant
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = 2017 Indian Premier League

| L2, W7, W10, W12, W16, W22, W25, L28, W35, W38, W45, L48, L51, W54
| L57, W59, W60

| W2, L4, L9, L13, W17, W24, W28, L30, W34, W39, W41, W44, L52, W55
| W57, U, L60
}}
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

==== League stage series ====
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 6 April | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] | team2 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 184/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 187/3 (19.5 overs)
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082592.html Scorecard]
| round = Match 2
| result = [[2017 Indian Premier League#match2|Rising Pune Supergiant won by 7 wickets]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | date = 24 April | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082618.html Scorecard]
| round = Match 28
| result = [[2017 Indian Premier League#match28|Rising Pune Supergiant won by 3 runs]]
}}

Pune won both league stage meetings against Mumbai. In the first meeting at Pune, Mumbai posted 184/8 in 20 overs after being put into bat, largely thanks to [[Hardik Pandya]]'s 35 [[not out]] off 15 balls coming in at number eight. Pune then chased down the total in the final over, having lost only three wickets, with captain Smith top-scoring with an unbeaten 84 and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] scoring a 34-ball 60.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnaswamy|first1=Karthik|title=Rahane, Smith clinch thriller for Pune|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1090639.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 April 2017}}</ref> In the second encounter between the two teams, Mumbai opted to field first, having prior to the match won all five games in the season in which they batted second. Pune put up 160/6 on the board, Tripathi top-scoring with 45. Mumbai, in reply, could manage only 157/8 in 20 overs, falling short by 3 runs despite captain [[Rohit Sharma]]'s 58 off 39 balls. This ended Mumbai's six-match winning streak; Stokes won man of the match for his bowling figures of 2/21 in 4 overs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnaswamy|first1=Karthik|title=Stokes key in snapping Mumbai's streak|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1094392.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Playoff stage ===
The playoff stage was played according to the [[Page playoff system]] and provided Mumbai and Pune, being the top- and second-ranked teams, with two ways of qualifying for the Final. They first faced each other in Qualifier 1, where the winners would qualify for the Final. The losers of Qualifier 1 would play against the winners of the Eliminator in Qualifier 2; the winners of this match would also qualify for the Final.

{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 16 May | daynight = yes | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]{{sp}}(H) | team1 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| score1 = 162/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082647.html Scorecard]
| round = Qualifier 1
| result = [[2017 Indian Premier League#match57|Rising Pune Supergiant won by 20 runs]]
}}

The Qualifier 1 was played at the Wankhede Stadium, home ground of Mumbai, where the home team won the toss and elected to bowl first at a venue favorable to teams batting second. Pune were reduced to 9 for 2 after the first two overs, with their top two batsmen of the season Tripathi and Smith dismissed for 0 and 1 respectively. Rahane and Tiwary then put up an 80-run partnership for the third wicket, scoring at close to 8 runs per over. After the fall of Rahane for 56 in the 13th over, Tiwary and [[MS Dhoni]] initially struggled to score freely on the "slow" and "two-paced" pitch<ref name="q1report" /> and the score read 121/3 after 18 overs. The last two overs, however, yielded 41 runs which included 26 runs off the penultimate over by McClenaghan. Dhoni remained unbeaten on 40 from 26 balls with five sixes, whereas Tiwary was dismissed [[run out]] off the last ball of the innings for 58. Pune's total of 162 was thought to be "below par".<ref name="q1report">{{cite news|last1=Kalro|first1=Nikhil|title=Dhoni, Sundar vault Pune into the final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1098066.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

In reply, the Mumbai runchase started on a positive note with [[Parthiv Patel]] batting aggressively in the [[Powerplay (cricket)|powerplay]]. The run out of Simmons in the fifth over was followed by off-spinner Sundar taking three wickets (captain Sharma, [[Ambati Rayudu]] and [[Kieron Pollard]]) in two overs. Mumbai continued losing wickets at regular intervals and could only manage to score 142/9 in their 20 overs, falling short by 20 runs. Pune thus advanced to the Final for the first time and completed a hat-trick of wins over Mumbai in the season;<ref name="q1report" /> Sundar won man of the match for his bowling efforts (3/16 in 4 overs).

{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 19 May | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 107 (18.5 overs)
| score2 = 111/4 (14.3 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082649.html Scorecard]
| round = Qualifier 2
| result = [[2017 Indian Premier League#match59|Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets]]
}}

In Qualifier 2 at Bangalore, Mumbai took on the Kolkata Knight Riders who had knocked out defending champions [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the Eliminator. Sharma won the toss again and elected to field keeping in mind the possibility of rain which had affected the Eliminator.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League, Qualifier 2: Mumbai Indians v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bengaluru, May 19, 2017 / Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082649.html?innings=1;view=commentary|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> The bowlers backed the captain's decision by taking early wickets to reduce Kolkata to 31/5 after 7 overs. [[Ishank Jaggi]] and [[Suryakumar Yadav]] offered some resistance for Kolkata who were eventually bowled out for 107 in the 19th over. For Mumbai, leg-spinner [[Karn Sharma]] took 4 for 16 while Bumrah took 3 for 7. In their runchase Mumbai were in a precarious position of 34/3, before Krunal Pandya came to the crease and guided them to victory with an unbeaten 30-ball 45. Mumbai qualified for the Final with this win, setting up the season's fourth encounter with [[Mumbai Pune Expressway|cross-expressway]] rivals Pune.<ref name=q2report>{{cite news|last1=Krishnaswamy|first1=Karthik|title=Karn, Bumrah carry Mumbai into fourth IPL final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1098444.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2017|date=19 May 2017}}</ref>

== Final ==
=== Background ===
The final was played at the neutral venue of [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], the home of the previous season champions. This was Mumbai Indians' fourth appearance in an IPL final, having won twice and lost once in the finals before.<ref name=q2report /> The Rising Pune Supergiant, in their second and final year in the IPL, were playing in their first final. Pune led the overall head-to-head record 4–1, and had beaten Mumbai in all three previous meetings in the season.<ref name=finalpreview>{{cite news|last1=Muthu|first1=Alagappan|title=Mumbai face the Pune jinx in final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1098620.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

Pune were without [[Ben Stokes]], the leader of the Most Valuable Player of the season, and Mumbai without [[Jos Buttler]] for the final. Both players were recalled by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] at the conclusion of the league stage to join a training camp in Spain ahead of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sealey|first1=Louis|title=Kevin Pietersen slams 'pathetic' decision to pull Ben Stokes and Jos Buttler from Indian Premier League play-offs|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/15/kevin-pietersen-slams-pathetic-decision-to-pull-ben-stokes-and-jos-buttler-from-indian-premier-league-play-offs-6637977/|access-date=22 May 2017|work=Metro|date=15 May 2017}}</ref> Pune also missed the services of their premier spinner [[Imran Tahir]] who had returned to South Africa for England tour and Champions Trophy preparation. Mumbai's leading wicket-taker of the season [[Mitchell McClenaghan]], who had missed Qualifier 2 with an injury, was ruled out of the final as well.<ref name=finalpreview />

=== Report ===
Mumbai captain [[Rohit Sharma]] won the toss and elected to bat first on what he believed to be a "good pitch" which "plays a little slower in the second innings"; Pune captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] said he would also have batted first. Both teams were unchanged from their respective previous matches.<ref name=commfinal>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League, Final: Mumbai Indians v Rising Pune Supergiant at Hyderabad (Deccan), May 21, 2017 / Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082650.html?innings=1;view=commentary|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

Mumbai made a poor start to their innings, losing both openers to [[Jaydev Unadkat]] in the third over of the innings. As the [[run rate]] slowed down, Sharma looked to counter-attack and struck four boundaries off [[Lockie Ferguson]] in the last over of powerplay. Ferguson came back to remove [[Ambati Rayudu]] in his next over, while [[Adam Zampa]] got the wickets of Sharma and [[Kieron Pollard]] in the 11th over. The form continued as they made it to 81 for 7 after 15 overs.<ref name=commfinal /> The last recognised batsman [[Krunal Pandya]] then scored rapidly, making 47 runs from 38 deliveries, with tail-end support from Australian [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] who scored 13.<ref name=card /> Mumbai's innings concluded at 129 for 8 in 20 overs.<ref name=bbcsum>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/39993746| title = IPL: Mumbai Indians beat Rising Pune Supergiant by one run to win title | publisher=BBC Sport | access-date = 21 May 2017 | date = 21 May 2017}}</ref>

Pune started positively in their runchase, despite losing [[Rahul Tripathi]] early in the innings. After being dropped on 14, [[Ajinkya Rahane]] made 44 from 38 deliveries, putting up a 54-run partnership with Smith which ended with Rahane's dismissal in the 12th over.<ref name=card /> Economical bowling from Mumbai bowlers restricted Pune to 83 for 2 after 15 overs, leaving them 47 to get from the last 5 overs. Pune struck 14 runs in the 16th over to tilt the match in their favour, before [[Jasprit Bumrah]] dismissed [[MS Dhoni]] in the next over in which he conceded only 3 runs.<ref name=finalreport /> Pune reached 119 for 3 at the end of 19 overs with a six from Smith off the penultimate ball of the penultimate over, and the equation read 11 runs to get in the final over to be bowled by Johnson. [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] struck a four off the first ball, before he and Smith were dismissed caught in the deep in the next two deliveries. A drop catch off the penultimate ball allowed Pune to get two runs and come within four runs of the target with one ball to go.<ref name=finalreport>{{cite news|last1=Krishnaswamy|first1=Karthik|title=Mumbai clinch third IPL title in last-ball finish|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1098739.html|access-date=22 May 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 May 2017}}</ref> On the final ball of the innings, [[Dan Christian]] ran two and [[Washington Sundar]] was run out attempting a third run, resulting in a thrilling one-run victory for Mumbai Indians.<ref name=bbcsum />

== Scorecard ==

* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Mumbai Indians batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Lendl Simmons]]|status=c & b Unadkat|runs=3|balls=8|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=37.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Parthiv Patel]]|status=c Thakur b Unadkat|runs=4|balls=6|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=66.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ambati Rayudu]]|status=run out (Steven Smith)|runs=12|balls=15|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=80.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]]|status=C Zampa|runs=24|balls=22|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=109.09}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Krunal Pandya]]|status=C Rahane b Christian|runs=47|balls=38|4s=3|6s=2|strike_rate=123.68}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kieron Pollard]]|status=C Manoj Tiwary b Zampa|runs=7|balls=3|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=233.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hardik Pandya]]|status=lbw b Christian|runs=10|balls=9|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=111.11}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Karn Sharma]]|status=run out (Christian/Thakur)|runs=1|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=20.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]|status=run out |runs=13|balls=14|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=92.85}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jasprit Bumrah]] |status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Lasith Malinga]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title= Rising Pune Supergiants bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler= [[Jaydev Unadkat]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=19|wickets=2|econ=4.75}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler= [[Washington Sundar]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=13|wickets=0|econ=3.25}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler= [[Shardul Thakur]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=7|wickets=0|econ=3.50}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler= [[Lockie Ferguson]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=21|wickets=0|econ=10.50}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler= [[Adam Zampa]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=32|wickets=2|econ=8.00}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Daniel Christian]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=34|wickets=2|econ=8.50}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Rising Pune Supergiants Batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ajinkya Rahane]] |status= c Pollard b Johnson|runs=44|balls=38|4s=5|6s=0|strike_rate=115.78}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rahul Tripathi]]|status=lbw b Bumrah|runs=3|balls=8|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=37.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]|status=c Rayudu b Johnson|runs=51|balls=50|4s=2|6s=2|strike_rate=102.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[MS Dhoni]]|status=c Patel b Bumrah|runs=10|balls=13|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=76.92}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]|status=c Pollard b Johnson|runs=7|balls=8|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=87.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Daniel Christian]]|status=run out (Parthiv Patel)|runs=4|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=200.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Washington Sundar]]|status=not out|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Lockie Ferguson]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Adam Zampa]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shardul Thakur]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jaydev Unadkat]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title= Mumbai Indians bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Krunal Pandya]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=31|wickets=0|econ=7.75}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=26|wickets=3|econ=6.50}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=26|wickets=2|econ=6.50}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Lasith Malinga]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=21|wickets=0|econ=5.25}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Karn Sharma]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=18|wickets=0|econ=4.50}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

=== Summary ===
It was Mumbai's third IPL title, making them the first team to have won the IPL title more than twice. Mumbai's total of 129 was also the lowest total successfully defended in an IPL final.<ref name=finalreport /> Krunal Pandya was awarded man of the match for his 38-ball 47. Pune all-rounder Stokes won the Most Valuable Player award for the season. Mumbai won a prize money of {{INR}}15 crore for becoming the champions, while runners-up Pune were awarded {{INR}}10 crore.<ref>{{cite news|last1=C|first1=Aprameya|title=IPL 2017: Full list of award winners at the 10th edition|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2017-full-list-award-winners-at-the-10th-edition-2440777.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=oneindia.com|date=21 May 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.iplt20.com/match/2017/60 Match scorecard on official IPL website]

{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2017 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2017 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:May 2017 sports events in India]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

ATPA Shield

2025-10-29T04:26:56Z

Marinavan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|logo =
|organiser = Jorhat District Sports Association
|founded = {{Start date and age|1955}}
|region = India
|number of teams = various
|current =
|current champions = Football 4 Change (1st title) (2025)
|most successful team = [[Oil India FC|Oil India]] (8 titles)
}}

The '''Assam Tea Planters' Association Shield''', commonly known as the '''ATPA Shield Football Tournament''' or '''ATPA Shield''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam gives its all to ensure success of ATPA Shield Football Tournament |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/assam-gives-its-all-to-ensure-success-of-atpa-shield-football-tournament-116111100760_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311102611/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/assam-gives-its-all-to-ensure-success-of-atpa-shield-football-tournament-116111100760_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] annual [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]] and organised by the Jorhat District Sports Association (JDSA). It is the third oldest football tournament of Assam after the [[All India Independence Day Cup]] and [[Bordoloi Trophy]]. Since its inception in 1955, the tournament has been very popular, involving some leading clubs from [[northeast India]] and the rest of the country. [[Kolkata]] giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], as well as [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] of [[Goa]] have competed in ATPA Shield.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/atpa-shield-delayed-yet-again-golden-jubilee-celebrations-on-hold-as-turf-incomplete/cid/262171|title=ATPA Shield delayed yet again - Golden jubilee celebrations on hold as turf incomplete|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171157/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/atpa-shield-delayed-yet-again-golden-jubilee-celebrations-on-hold-as-turf-incomplete/cid/262171|url-status=live}}</ref> The coveted shield was donated and hosted by Assam Tea Planters' Association (ATPA). From 1968, the tournament has been conducted by Jorhat District Sports Association.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jorhatonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-jorhat |title=Jorhat online |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030815/https://www.jorhatonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-jorhat |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Venue==
The matches of ATPA Shield are played at [[Jorhat Stadium]] in Jorhat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/atpa-shield|title=ATPA Shield|website=The Assam Tribune|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303060428/https://assamtribune.com/atpa-shield|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of ATPA Shield finals<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023065152/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Winners
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Runners-up
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1955
|'''State Transport Club, Shillong'''
|–
|[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]], Calcutta
|
|-
|1956
|'''Thengal Bari Club, Jorhat'''
|–
|State Transport Club, Shillong
|
|-
|1958
|'''Jorhat Police XI'''
|–
|Mokokchung District XI
|
|-
|1959
|'''Dergaon Police Club'''
|–
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1960
|'''Dergaon Police Club'''
|–
|Pioneer Sports, Dibrugarh
|
|-
|1961
|'''Dergaon Police Club'''
|–
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1962
|'''[[Gauhati Town Club]]'''
|–
|Dergaon Police Club
|
|-
|1964
|'''Dergaon Police Club'''
|–
|Orissa Textile Mills, Cuttack
|
|-
|1966
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
|–
|[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|1968
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|Jorhat District Sporting Association
|
|-
|1969
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1970
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1971
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|1972
|'''[[Nagaland Police]]'''
|–
|Thermal AC, Namrup
|
|-
|1974
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan
|
|-
|1975
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan'''
|–
|[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|1976
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]], Calcutta
|
|-
|1977
|'''Meghalaya Police'''
|–
|Manipur Police
|
|-
| 1978
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]]''' and '''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]''' (joint winners)
|
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]]''' and '''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]''' (joint winners)
|
|-
|1981
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan'''
|–
|[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|1982
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|1983
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|1984
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan
|
|-
|1985
|'''Gorkha Brigade Club, Calcutta '''
|–
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1986
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan
|
|-
|1987
|'''[[Nagaland Police]]'''
|–
|Thermal AC, Namrup
|
|-
|1988
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India XI]], Duliajan
|
|-
|1989
|'''Duliajan Club'''
|–
|[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|1990
|'''[[Nagaland Police]]'''
|–
|[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|1991
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|–
|SSB, Imphal
|
|-
|1992
|'''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]'''
|–
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Royal Nepal Airlines|Royal Nepal Airlines Soccer Team]]
|<ref name=trophylist>{{Cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|title=East Bengal Club - Trophy Room|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010717/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|1–0
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Port F.C.|Bangkok Port Authority]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Trophy room|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082005/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|'''Williamson Magor Football Academy, Monabari'''
|–
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan
|
|-
|1996
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|–
|SAIL, Calcutta
|
|-
|1997
|'''[[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]'''
|–
|Young Amateur Club, Guwahati
|
|-
|1998
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|–
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|1999
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|1–0
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|2000
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|3–0
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan
|
|-
|2001
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|1–0
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|
|-
|2002
|'''[[Nagaland Police]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|4–2}}
| [[Assam Police Blues|Assam Police]]
|
|-
|2003
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|5–2
|White Dove Club
|
|-
|2004
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|1–0
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/oil-defend-crown-atpa-shield-l-aseb-lose-second-final-in-a-fortnight/cid/719550|title=OIL defend crown - ATPA Shield - ASEB lose second final in a fortnight|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303101215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/oil-defend-crown-atpa-shield-l-aseb-lose-second-final-in-a-fortnight/cid/719550|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|'''[[Nagaland Police]]'''
|2–1
|FCI, Guwahati
|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football:|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|2–0
|Kuki FC, Kohima
|
|-
|2007
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
|1–1 (1–0) {{aet}}
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan
|
|-
|2008
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
|2–1
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati
|
|-
|2011
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|1–0
|Seema Suraksha Bal, Siliguri
|
|-
|2015
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|2–1
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oil-india.com/Document/Publication/OILNEWS%20%20(May-Oct%202015).pdf|title=OIL NEWS (May-October 2015)|access-date=15 November 2022|work=oilindia.com|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115051426/https://www.oil-india.com/Document/Publication/OILNEWS%20%20(May-Oct%202015).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|3–1
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/oil-india-triumph/cid/1401260|title=Oil India triumph|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303095655/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/oil-india-triumph/cid/1401260|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|2–0
|[[Assam Police Blues]]
|
|-
|2018
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|2–2 {{pso|6–4}}
|[[Sashastra Seema Bal]], Siliguri
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oil-india.com/Document/Publication/OIL_News_Vol_43_No_6.pdf|title=OIL NEWS|access-date=26 October 2022|work=oilindia.com|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026120745/https://www.oil-india.com/Document/Publication/OIL_News_Vol_43_No_6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
|–
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati
|
|-
|2022
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati'''
|2–1
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/assam-state-electricity-board-sports-club-asebsc-win-atpa-shield-at-jorhat-587033|title=Assam State Electricity Board Sports Club (ASEBSC) win ATPA Shield at Jorhat|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412083923/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/assam-state-electricity-board-sports-club-asebsc-win-atpa-shield-at-jorhat-587033|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|'''[[United Chirang Duar FC|United Chirang Duar]], Chirang'''
|2–0
|Mariani Sub Sports Association
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/jorhat/united-chirang-duar-fc-become-champion-at-atpa-shield-football-in-jorhat/assam20230413211220515515336|title=ATPA Shield Football: এ টি পি এ শ্বিল্ড ফুটবল টুৰ্নামেণ্টত খিতাপ দখল ইউনাইটেড চিৰাং দুৱাৰ এফ চিৰ|lang=Assamese|website=etvbharat.com|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423025903/https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/jorhat/united-chirang-duar-fc-become-champion-at-atpa-shield-football-in-jorhat/assam20230413211220515515336|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]], Duliajan'''
|2–1 {{aet}}
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/assam/jorhat/atpa-shield-football-champions-oil-india|title=৫৮ সংখ্যক এটিপিএ শ্বিল্ড ফুটবল প্ৰতিযোগিতাত চেম্পিয়নৰ খিতাপ অৰ্জন অইল ইণ্ডিয়াৰ|lang=Assamese|website=asomiyapratidin.in|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|'''Football 4 Change, Manipur'''
|3–1
|Jorhat Town Club
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/football-4-change-manipur-clinch-atp-shield-title|title=Football 4 Change Manipur clinch ATP Shield title|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Assam Football Association]]
*[[Bordoloi Trophy]]
*[[All India Independence Day Cup]]
*[[Assam State Premier League]]
*[[Bodousa Cup]]
*[[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/ATPASHIELD?mibextid=ZbWKwL ATPA Shield] on [[Facebook]]

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Assam}}

[[Category:Football in Assam]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1955]]

State Medical Faculty of West Bengal Entrance Examination

2025-09-10T16:56:02Z

Marinavan:

{{short description|Paramedical entrance examination in India}}
{{Infobox examination|acronym=SMFWBEE|type=OMR sheet based (Pen & Paper)|skills_tested=[[Biology]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Physics]]|purpose=Admission to various allied and healthcare courses in medical colleges, government institutions, and non-government affiliated institutions within West Bengal|duration=3 hours|test_admin=[[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal]]|regions=[[West Bengal]]|language=[[English language]] & [[Bengali language]]|website=https://smfwb.in/|score_validity=1 year|offered=Conducted once per year|attempt_restriction=No attempt limits|fee=₹500 for all candidates|score_range=0 to 100}}

The '''State Medical Faculty of West Bengal Entrance Examination''' or '''SMFWBEE'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=SMFWB Admit Card 2023 Released at smfwb.in; Download SMFWBEE Medical Faculty Call Letter |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/smfwbee-admit-card-2023-download-link-1689762851-1 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=SMFWB Result 2019: State Medical Faculty of West Bengal announces paramedical results, details on smfwb.in |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/smfwb-result-2019-state-medical-faculty-of-west-bengal-announces-paramedical-results-details-on-smfwb-in-7042271.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> is a state-level entrance exam conducted by the [[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal|State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (SMFWB)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Medical Faculty Of West Bengal Declares Para Medical Entrance Exam Result |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/smfwbee-result-know-how-to-check-2074032 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=SMFWB Paramedical Result 2019 declared @ smfwb.in: How to check |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/smfwb-paramedical-result-2019-declared-smfwb-in-how-to-check-1572609-2019-07-23 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This examination serves as the gateway for admission to various [[Allied health professions|allied and healthcare courses]] in medical colleges, government institutions, and non-government affiliated institutions within [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information bulletin 2024 |url=https://smfwb.in/SMFWB_INFORMATION_BULLETIN_2024_MODIFIED.pdf |website=SMFWB}}</ref>

==Pattern of exam==
The total marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology paper would be 25 and 25, and 50, respectively, and the total full marks would be 100. Each Question would be of 1 mark.
In every subject, all questions will be of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) type, with four options against each of the questions.
Only one option is Correct, there is no negative marking.

==Syllabus==
SMFWBEE syllabus consists of the core concepts of [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Biology]] taught in classes 11 and 12 as prescribed by the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.smfwb.formflix.org/home/}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}

[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]

Varthabharathi

2025-09-04T20:55:53Z

Marinavan: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Vartha Bharati]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Santuri (community development block)

2025-08-31T01:37:46Z

Marinavan: added references

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Santuri
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = Santuri in Purulia (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Raghunathpur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpur]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 179.69
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 78,515
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 148
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 723157 (Santuri) 723156 (Murardih)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
|area_code = 03251
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 64.15 per cent
|website = http://purulia.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}

'''Santuri''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Background===
The ''Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra'' of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]] and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, the Manbhum district was carved out of the [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, the Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html | title = Historical background | access-date = 2008-03-02 | publisher = Purulia District |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html  |archive-date = 2008-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]
Santuri is located at {{coord|23.529|N|86.864|E|format=dms| }}.

The Santuri CD block is located in the north-eastern part of the district. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] marks the northern boundary of the CD block. The Damodar Dwaraka upland is an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area is undulating with hillocks of hard rocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Puruliya |work = pages 11,12 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 6 December 2016}}</ref>

The Santuri CD block is bounded by the [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]], in the Paschim Bardhaman district, across the [[Damodar River]] on the north, the [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]] CD block, in the Bankura district, on the east, the [[Kashipur (community development block)|Kashipur]] CD block on the south and the [[Raghunathpur I]] and [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] CD blocks on the west.<ref name="censusmap">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}</ref>

Santuri CD block has an area of 179.69 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s, 57 gram sansads (village councils), 104 [[mouza]]s, 92 inhabited villages and 1 census town. [[Santuri, Purulia#Police Station|Santuri]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block was at [[Muraddi]].<ref name="censusmap"/> which had now been shifted to Talberia in a newly set up establishment since 14-02-2006.

[[Gram panchayat]]s in the Santuri CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Balitora, Gariska, [[Muraddi]], Ramchandrapur-Kotaldih, [[Santuri, Purulia|Santuri]] and Tarbari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Santuri CD block had a total population of 78,515, of which 72,586 were rural and 5,929 were urban. There were 40,085 (51%) males and 38,430 (49%) females. There were 10,584 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 20,091 (25.59%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 25,083 (31.95%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, the Santuri CD block had a total population of 69,546, out of which 35,839 were males and 33,707 were females. The Santuri CD block registered a population growth of 9.36 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Santuri CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Murulia]] (5,929).<ref name=census2011/>

Villages in the Santuri CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Santuri, Purulia|Santuri]] (2,700), [[Muraddi]] (2,321), Gorsika (1,741), Tarabari (1,772), [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia|Ramchandrapur]] (2,648), Kotaldih (1,663) and Balora (3,206).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Santuri CD block was 43,604 (64.15% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 26,495 (76.32% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 17,109 (51.45%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 24.87%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Santuri CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|70.71}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|20.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|8.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.42}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 55,510 and formed 70.71% of the population in the Santuri CD block. Muslims numbered 6,282 and formed 8.00% of the population. Others numbered 16,723 and formed 21.30% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 66.88%, Muslims 7.34% and tribal religions 25.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Santuri CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 66.32 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 30.37 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.65 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.66 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 66.32% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 30.37% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 2.65% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 11 January 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Santuri CD block'''
|value1 = 21.28
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 30.29
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.37
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 44.98
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Santuri CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,274 and formed 21.28%, agricultural labourers numbered 9,837 and formed 33.36%, household industry workers numbered 994 and formed 3.37% and other workers numbered 12,378 and formed 41.98%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 29,483 and formed 37.55% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 49,032 and formed 62.45% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 92 inhabited villages in the Santuri CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011, 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 19 villages (20.65%) have post offices. 83 villages (90.22%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 36 villages (39.13%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 44 villages (47.83%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (2.17%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (8.70%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Industry===
There is a cement plant, Damodhar Cement Works, owned by [[Associated Cement Companies|ACC Ltd.]] at [[Madhukunda]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.swapdial.com/public/knowledge-contents/industrial-data/acc-damodar-cement-plant/| title = ACC Damodar cement plant | access-date = 31 January 2020 | publisher = Swapdial}}</ref>

Other industries in Santuri CD block are: Mark Steel Private Ltd. in Jagannathdihi, Vision Sponge Iron at [[Madhukunda]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.puruliaonline.in/city-guide/industries-in-purulia | title =Industries in Purulia | publisher = Purulia on line |access-date = 31 January 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Santuri CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3.73%, patta (document) holders 20.87%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.77%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 30.70% and agricultural labourers 41.93%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Santuri CD block was 12,154.1 hectares, out of which 4,117.16 hectares by canal water, 6,747.47 hectares by tank water, 20.59 hectares by river lift irrigation, 147.80 hectares by open dug wells and 1,121.10 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the Santuri CD block produced 3,001 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,542 hectares. It also produced wheat, mustard and potatoes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, the Santuri CD block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Adra–Asansol line|collapse=y}}
{{Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|collapse=yes}}

In 2013-14, the Santuri CD block had 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldih (in the Purulia district) to Majhdia (in the Nadia district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 September 2016}}</ref>

The [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Asansol-Adra line]] of the South Eastern Railway passes through this block and there are stations at [[Madhukunda railway station|Madhukunda]] and [[Muradi railway station|Muradi]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/oldtrain/3380 |title = Asansol-Kharagpur Passenger 58018 | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 September 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, the Santuri CD block had 89 primary schools with 6,682 students, 13 middle schools with 999 students, 6 high schools with 2,321 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 4,601 students. Santuri CD Block had 176 institutions with 4,230 students for special and non-formal education.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Santuri CD block, amongst the 92 inhabited villages, 13 villages did not have a school, 18 villages had two or more primary schools, 24 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Santuri CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home, with total 296 beds and 24 doctors. 13,260 patients were treated indoor and 216,626 patients were treated outdoor in the health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Muraddi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Muraddi]], is the major government medical facility in the Santuri CD block. Among the other medical facilities are the Balitora Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds and a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], with 10 beds, at [[Santuri, Purulia|Santuri]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Baranti}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]

Geeta Koda

2025-07-16T08:21:53Z

Marinavan: further update page for accuracy also

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Geeta Koda
| image =
| birth_date = 26 September 1983
| birth_place = Singhbhum, [[Jharkhand]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| predecessor = [[Laxman Giluwa]]
| party = [[Jai Bharat Samanta Party]] (2009-2018) [[Indian National Congress]] (2018-2024) [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024-)
| spouse = [[Madhu Koda]] (m. 2004)
| children =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| term_start = 17 June 2019
| term_end = 04 June 2024
| successor = [[Joba Majhi]]
}}

'''Geeta Koda''' ({{IPA|hi|giːt̪aː koːɽaː}}) is an [[Indian politician]] and a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]] and a former [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency]]. Earlier she was associated with [[Jai Bharat Samanta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |last2=Kumar |first2=Raju |date=2024-02-26 |title=Geeta Koda, Congress party's lone Lok Sabha MP from Jharkhand, joins BJP {{!}} India News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/geeta-koda-mp-from-singhbhum-quit-congress-to-join-bjp-latest-updates-india-bloc-madhu-koda-wife-lok-sabha-election-2024-02-26-918672 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> On 26 February 2024 she left [[Indian National Congress]] and joined BJP on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress's lone Jharkhand MP Geeta Koda quits party, joins BJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-jharkhand-mp-geeta-koda-quits-joins-bjp-singhbhum-seat-2507227-2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Koda was a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jaganathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaganathpur constituency]] in [[West Singhbhum district]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/geeta-koda-becomes-member-of-cwp-steering-committee/story-x2ngnSRBylVVLz9IwPd8ZP.html|title=Geeta Koda becomes member of CWP steering committee|date=20 February 2017|website=Hindustantimes.com|accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="DNAIndia">{{cite news|title=Geeta Koda, the youngest MLA in Jharkhand assembly|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-geeta-koda-the-youngest-mla-in-jharkhand-assembly-1328078|accessdate=11 November 2017|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=27 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Thaker">{{cite news|last1=Thaker|first1=Jayesh|title=Poll Power Trips Geeta Koda means business|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128004020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2014|accessdate=11 November 2017|work=The Telegraph India|date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/geeta-koda-the-youngest-mla-in-jharkhand-assembly-news-features-jm1j7Lgfabhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215212716/http://www.sify.com/news/geeta-koda-the-youngest-mla-in-jharkhand-assembly-news-features-jm1j7Lgfabhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2017|title=Geeta Koda, the youngest MLA in Jharkhand assembly|website=Sify.com|accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref> She is an ethnic [[Ho people|Ho]],<ref name="Thaker" /> a [[scheduled tribe]]. She is married to [[Madhu Koda]], the former Chief Minister of Jharkhand.

In February 2017, Koda was appointed a member of the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians Steering Committee (India Region) by [[Sumitra Mahajan]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

She was defeated by [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha's]] politician [[Joba Majhi]] in [[2024 Indian general election]]. In the [[2024 Jharkhand Assembly Election]] she was defeated by [[Indian National Congress| Indian National Congress's]] candidate [[Sona Ram Sinku]] from [[Jaganathpur Assembly constituency]] which she & her husband [[Madhu Kora]] have represented from 2000-2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Singhbhum (ST) election results 2024 live updates: JMM's Joba Majhi wins against BJP's Geeta Kora with a margin of 168402 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/singhbhum-st-election-results-2024-jharkhand-singhbhum-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-geeta-kora-bjp-joba-majhi-jmm/articleshow/110673812.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs’ wives lose">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs’ wives lose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123150051/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*[[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change Award]] in 2019, for her work in Social Welfare (Aspirational Districts). The award was conferred by Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at [[Vigyan Bhavan|Vigyan Bhavan New Delhi]] on 20 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=दिल्‍ली में 'चैंपियन ऑफ चेंज अवार्ड- 2019' से सम्मानित हुईं सिंहभूम सांसद गीता कोड़ा Jamshedpur News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-singhbhum-mp-geeta-koda-honored-with-champion-of-change-award-2019-in-delhi-19954041.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मुख्यमंत्री हेमंत सोरेन को मिला 'चैम्पियन ऑफ चेंज' अवॉर्ड, गीता कोड़ा भी हुईं सम्मानित |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-cm-hemant-soren-gets-champion-of-change-award-geeta-koda-also-honored-jhnj-2787847.html |work=News18 India |date=20 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koda, Geeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Adivasi women]]
[[Category:People from West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

North-east Indian railways during World War II

2025-07-08T11:00:11Z

Marinavan: improved article

{{Short description|none}}
[[Image:Allied lines of communication in Southeast Asia, 1942-43.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Allied lines of communication in South East Asia (1942–43).]]

The efficient running of the '''North-east Indian railways during [[World War II]]''' became critical to the success of the Allied war effort in the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]].

At the start of the War the railways and water communications of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|north-east Indian Railways]] was not a major concern for the British Empire forces stationed in Burma as they could be supplied by sea through port in Rangoon (as could Chinese forces in south western China thought supplies passing up the [[Burma Road]]). However, when the Japanese attacked and forced the British back to the Indian Burmese border, the supply of material over the extended lines of communication from Calcutta to the front lines and over [[the Hump]] into China, became a critical issue for the Western Allies and the Chinese [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) under the command of Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. War time expediency, investment and ingenuity increased rail tonnage from around 600 tonnes a day to over 7,300 by January 1946.

==History==
In the initial phase of the war the Japanese advanced north from [[Rangoon]] through [[Burma]] forcing [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces to retreat into the mountains on the Indian Burma frontier. In doing so, not only did the Japanese threaten India, but they denied use of the [[Burma Road]] to the Western Allies, who had been sending supplies to [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) by that route.

Behind this frontier, there was a series of railways in India which were essential to supply the Allied armies with [[logistics]]. They ran from the port of [[Calcutta]] to the [[hill station]] of [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]] in [[Assam]]. These logistics were not only needed by the [[British Fourteenth Army]], and the American and Chinese troops at the end of the line under the command of General [[Joseph Stilwell]]'s [[Northern Combat Area Command]], but also Allied forces in China.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=169–170}}

Allied forces in China consisted of Chiang Kai-shek's NRA, and American units based in China such as those involved in [[Operation Matterhorn]]. Allied forces in China were supplied by an airlift, over [[the Hump]] of the [[Himalayas]], from the airfields ([[Ledo Airfield]] and perhaps few other) built close to the north east end of the railway, towards the end of the war this was supplemented by the use of the newly built [[Ledo Road]] which started close to the [[railhead]] in Ledo.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=170, 248}}

From port of Calcutta a broad gauge railway ran for {{convert|235|mi|km}} to [[Parbatipur Junction|Parbatipur]]. Here goods had to be tran-shipped on to a [[metre-gauge]] train. This wandered {{convert|215|mi|km}} up the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] to a ferry at Pandu which is {{convert|450|mi|km}} from Calcutta. Once ferried across the river the train continued to [[Dimapur]] over {{convert|600|mi|km}} from Calcutta.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=170}} This was the main supply depot for the Fourteenth Army. If the supplies were destined for the Northern Combat Area or trans-shipment on to China, they had to be sent an additional {{convert|200|mi|km}} to Ledo which is over {{convert|800|mi|km}} from Calcutta.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=170}}

The line had been built to serve the tea plantations of Assam and had a peacetime capacity of 600 [[tonne]]s a day. By the time the Fourteenth Army was formed in late 1943 this had risen to 2,800 tonnes. Up to Dimapur there were two other options, roads and river which could be used to supplement the rail tonnage. But there was no road to Ledo.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=170}}

In early 1944, the American Army provided six battalions of dedicated [[railway troops]], about 4,700 men. By October 1944 they had raised the capacity to 4,400 tonnes and by January 1946 to 7,300 tonnes a day. This was possible by the increase in staff from two British, or Indian, officers to twenty seven experienced American railroad men on the same length of line and the introduction of more powerful American and Canadian locomotives. Without the trebling of capacity, the supply of Chinese troops in China would not have been possible once the Japanese attacked India and the Fourteenth Army counterattacked.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=170}}

It was possible to reach the Northern Front by river from Calcutta through the [[Sunderbans]] and then up the main stream of the [[river Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]] to [[Dibrugarh]] a distance of {{convert|1136|mi|km}}. For the Central (Assam) Front the river port at [[Gauhati]] could be used, but from there supplies had to travel over the already congested metre-gauge railway to Dimapur. The Southern Front could be reached by a combination of broad-gauge railway, river-steamers and then a metre-gauge railway which ended at [[Dohazari]] railhead.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=171}}

To move supplies from the railheads to the Army fronts three all weather roads were constructed in record time during the autumn (fall) of 1943:{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=171}}
* The Ledo road in the north which went on to connect to the Burma road and supply China.
* The campaign winning Central Front road from Dimapur to [[Imphal]].
* The southern road from Dohazari south of [[Chittagong]] for the advance to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]].

Much of the labour for the two British roads and for constructing the many airfields was done by the 40,000 labourers contributed by the [[Indian Tea Association]] who organised and managed them.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=172}}

{{quote|I remember once saying "Well, that railway's been washed away by floods, put out by bombing, swept away by landslides, closed by train wrecks; there's not much more that can happen to it." But there was. We had an earthquake that buckled the rails and shifted bridges over a hundred miles of it.| [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Field Marshal Bill Slim]].{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=179}} }}

==See also==
* [[Burma Campaign]]
* [[South East Asia Command]]
* [[The Stilwell Road (film)]] featuring Ronald Reagan

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |chapter=Chapter IX: The Foundations |title=Defeat into Victory |first=William |last=Slim |year=1956 |location=London |publisher=Cassel |pages=168–195}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |ref=none |first=Jon |last=Latimer|chapter=Chapters 8 and 13 |title=Burma: The Forgotten War' |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=0-7195-6576-6}}
* {{citation |ref=none |first=William |last=Slim |year= 2009|title=Defeat into Victory |series=Pan military classics series |location=London |publisher=Pan |isbn=978-0330509978}} (in print edition)

[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in India]]

Pax Kushana

2025-05-31T08:42:49Z

Marinavan: rework information for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Historiographical term}}
{{italic title}}
{{Continental Asia in 100 CE|right|The Kushan Empire and contemporary polities in continental Asia circa 100 AD. Kushan empire was a meeting point between [[East Asia]] and [[West Asia]]. Eurasia in the 2nd century AD.||Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_(large).png}}
'''''Pax Kushana''''' or '''''Pax Kushanica''''' ([[Latin]] for "Kushan Peace", modelled after ''[[Pax Romana]]'') is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the social and economic peace in the regions under the [[Kushan Empire]] between 2nd and 4th centuries AD, notably in the [[Indus Valley]], [[Gandhara]] and parts of [[Central Asia]].<ref name="a">{{Cite book |last=Reden |first=Sitta von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmZUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT937 |title=Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 2: Local, Regional, and Imperial Economies |date=12 December 2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060493-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&dq=pax+kushana&pg=PA94 |title=The Ganges in Myth and History |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1757-9 |page=94 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
This period was characterized by a high level of urbanization in the Indus Valley and [[Bactria]], greater trade connections between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia, and expansion of the arable land in the empire.<ref name="a" /> It also oversaw the flourishing of [[Gandharan Buddhism]] and [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|transmission of Buddhism through the Silk Road to China]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&dq=pax+kushana&pg=PA317 |title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative |date=17 August 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-539423-8 |page=317 |language=en}}</ref>

The Kushan Empire was located on the meeting points of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires, [[Han China]], and the various [[Classical India|Indian kingdoms]] to the east. French historian [[Alain Daniélou]] states "For a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".<ref name="A Brief History of India">{{cite book |last1=Daniélou |first1=Alain |title=A Brief History of India |date=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781594777943 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT111}}</ref> The peace and prosperity brought by the Kushan Empire resulted in new styles of [[Kushan art|art]] and [[Kushan coinage|coinage]], and strengthened the [[Indo-Roman trade]] links.

==See also==
* ''[[Pax Gupta]]'', a period of relative peace in the succeeding [[Gupta Empire]]

==References==
<references />

{{Paxes}}
[[Category:Pax|Kushana, Pax]]
[[Category:Kushan Empire]]

Surabhi Sharma

2025-05-28T07:00:31Z

Marinavan: New A Bio Added Tags!

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surabhi Sharma
| image =
| caption = Surabhi Sharma
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]], [[Educator]], [[Curator]]
| years_active = 1998–present
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Surabhi Sharma ''' is an Indian filmmaker, educator and curator,<ref name="mid-day">{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/all-about-the-money-a-discussion-on-documentary-filmmaking/15043040|website=mid-day.com|title=GDPR compliance|date=23 January 2014 |accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhojpur-to-bambai-2/|title=Bhojpur to Bambai|website=The Indian Express|date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> She has worked on several feature-length documentaries apart from some short fiction films and video installations.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/exploring-mumbais-musical-past/article20010694.ece|title=Exploring Mumbai's musical past|website=The Hindu|date=9 November 2017 |accessdate=29 May 2018|last1=Swaminathan |first1=Chitra }}</ref> Her key concern has been documenting cities in transition through the lens of labour, music and migration, and most recently reproductive labour. Cinema verite and ethnography are the genres that inform her filmmaking.,<ref name="soas">{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/seminars/28nov2008-film-jahaji-music-india-in-the-caribbean.html|title=CSAS Seminar - Surabhi Sharma - Jahaji Music: India in the Caribbean|website=soas.ac.uk|accessdate=29 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203834/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/seminars/28nov2008-film-jahaji-music-india-in-the-caribbean.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="choosebrisbane">{{cite web|url=http://www.choosebrisbane.com.au/invest/news-and-insights/news/winners-announced-at-apsa?sc_lang=ar-sa|title=Winners announced at the 8th annual Asia Pacific Screen Awards|website=Choose Brisbane|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

==Educational background==

Surabhi Sharma studied film direction at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]. She holds a post-graduate diploma in Social Communication Media from [[Sophia College for Women]] and a BA in Anthropology and Psychology from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]

==Curating and teaching ==

'''Surabhi Sharma ''' curated for FD Zone, a weekly programme of independent films and films from the archives of the state run [[Films Division of India]].<ref name="timeout">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/mumbai/events/documentary-filmmaking-workshop-by-surabhi-sharma-filmmaker|title=Documentary Filmmaking Workshop by Surabhi Sharma (Filmmaker) | Time Out Mumbai|website=timeout.com|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> The programme was a result of curation by a small group of Mumbai-based Independent filmmakers. FD Zone ran successfully from 2012 until 2015.
She co-curated a film festival titled, Shehernama: a city/film festival, in 2014. The festival traveled to a few cities and universities after premiering in Mumbai. She was the guest festival director of [[ViBGYOR Film Festival]], 2014.
'''Surabhi Sharma ''' conducts intensive 2-3 weeklong documentary filmmaking workshops<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whistlingwoods.net/do-what-you-love/may-28-2015-workshop-surabhi-sharma-documentary-filmmaker | title=#1 School for Filmmaking, Acting, Communication & Creative Arts | Whistling Woods International }}</ref> at the [[National Institute of Design]] Ahmedabad, [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]], Kottayam, Kerala. and [[Whistling Woods International Institute]], Mumbai. She has been a guest lecturer at the School of Media and Cultural Studies [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai, Social Communications Media, [[Sophia College for Women]], Mumbai, [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune and at the [[Symbiosis International University]], Pune.

==Fiction and television==
Scripted fiction tele-films for the programme titled ‘[[Rishtey (TV series)]]’ and 'Gubbare' on Star TV in the late 1990s.
Did research and scripting for various non-fiction programmes for television. 'Bhoomi'<ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398421/|title=Bhoomi (TV Series 2003– )|website=IMDb|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> was a proposed series on the environment and 'Teen Talk'<ref name="imdb2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0358891/|title=Teen Talk (TV Series 2002– )|website=IMDb|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> was telecast over a year.
Wrote Hindi dialogues for a television serial, 'Sehar'. The programme was telecast on Star TV in 2000–2001.
Direction and scripting of more than 10 episodes of a fiction programme on concepts of science for children meant for telecast, produced by the Karnataka State Government.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2017 || ''Phir Se Samm Pe Aana/ Returning to the First Beat''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/exploring-mumbais-musical-past/article20010694.ece|title=The connecting rhythm|first=Chitra|last=Swaminathan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 November 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Bidesia in Bambai''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3461876/|title=Bidesia in Bambai|date=8 December 2013|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''Can We See the Baby Bump Please?''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://surrogacy360.org/2016/11/11/film-can-we-see-the-baby-bump-please/|title=Film: Can We See the Baby Bump Please?|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Tracing Bylanes ''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/director/443|title=Magic Lantern Movies LLP|website=magiclanternmovies.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''Labels from a Global City ''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://surabhisharma.wordpress.com/filmography/jahaji-music-india-in-the-caribbean/|title=Jahaji Music: India in the Caribbean|date=15 September 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''Pregnancy, Prescriptions and Protocol ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/culture/tete-tete-documentarian-surabhi-sharma/|title = Tête-à-Tête - Conversation with Documentarian Surabhi Sharma}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''Jahaji Music: India in the Caribbean ''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/sailing-across-cultures/article8496980.ece|title=Sailing across cultures|first=Indira|last=Basu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 April 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''Above the Din of Sewing Machines ''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/short-film-festival-to-create-awareness-on-gender-violence/article5392230.ece|title=Short film festival to create awareness on gender violence|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 November 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''Aamakaar (The Turtle people)'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/22/rice-to-celebrate-work-of-documentary-filmmaker-surabhi-sharma/|title=Rice to celebrate work of documentary filmmaker Surabhi Sharma|website=news.rice.edu}}</ref><ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/indian-film-wins-first-ramsarmedwet-prize-for-wetlands-and-water-related-cinema-june-2004|title=Indian film wins first Ramsar/MedWet prize for wetlands- and water-related cinema, June 2004 - Ramsar|website=www.ramsar.org}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''Jari Mari: Of Cloth and Other Stories ''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/seminars/27nov2008-film-screening-jari-mari-of-cloth-and-other-stories-and-aamakaar---the-turtle-people.html|title=CSAS Seminar - Surabhi Sharma - Jari Mari: Of Cloth and Other Stories AND Aamakaar - The Turtle People|website=www.soas.ac.uk}}</ref>
|}

==Video Art ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2016 || ''Riyaaz ''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghaibiennale.org/en/artist/detail/319/75.html|title=Surabhi Sharma - Shanghai Biennale|website=www.shanghaibiennale.org}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''Making Music, Making Space ''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/shanta-gokhale/the-music-of-spaces/articleshow/47901726.cms|title=The music of spaces - Mumbai Mirror -}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''The Enactment of Exile in Mumbai ''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://anthropology.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/fischer_Time_Camera_Pen.pdf | title=Unknown}}{{Dead link | date=January 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
*The MPA-APSA fund for film development of 'Music in a Village Named 1 PB' (2015).
* Bidesia in Bambai, nominated as the five best documentaries at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2014
* Special mention by the Jury at the Jeevika Film Festival 2013 for 'Can We See The Baby Bump Please?’<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/blogs/awards-jeevika-2013|title=Awards at the Jeevika 2013 - Magic Lantern Movies LLP|website=magiclanternmovies.in}}</ref>
* The Puma Catalyst Award in 2011 by the Britdoc Foundation. It is awarded for the development of the project titled 'Bidesia in Bambai'.
* The Turtle People (2003) was awarded the first Ramsar- Medwet Award at Eco-Cinema, Greece.<ref name="ramsar.org"/>
* Majlis Fellowship of in 2002 for the project title From the Post Man to the Courier Boy'.
* Jari mari: of cloth and other stories' won awards at Film South Asia, Nepal; Karachi Film Festival, Pakistan; and The Festival of Three Continents, Argentina<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsouthasia.org/film/jari-mari-of-cloth-and-other-stories/|title=Film Southasia 2017 - Jari Mari: Of Cloth and Other Stories|website=www.filmsouthasia.org|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612172157/http://www.filmsouthasia.org/film/jari-mari-of-cloth-and-other-stories/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1204195}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Surabhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]