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J. D. Gondhalekar

2026-05-07T10:24:18Z

Marinaupu: made new entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian painter (1909–1981)}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = J. D. Gondhalekar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|04|21|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|12|04|1909|04|21|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]] [[Slade School of Fine Art|Slade School of Fine Art, London]]
| notable_works = ''Ajoba'' (1931)
| known_for = {{hlist|Painting|sketching|printmaking|art criticism}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

'''Janardan Dattatraya Gondhalekar''' (21 April 1909 – 4 December 1981) was an Indian painter, administrator and scholar of Indian & Western Art. He served as the dean of [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] from 1953 to 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra: Artists of the Bombay School and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |pages=266–269 |oclc=1242719488 |editor-last2=Ghare |editor-first2=Deepak}}</ref>

J. D. Gondhalekar is known for his portrait paintings and sketches on various subjects. He also gave lectures on art, wrote about it and played the [[flute]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=183 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |location=मुंबई |publication-date=2013 |pages=118–122 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gondhalekar was born to Dattatraya and Gangabai on 21 April 1909. His family owned a printing business and was well-settled in [[Pune]]. He attended primary and secondary school at the [[Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya]] in Pune. After completing his matriculation in 1926, he joined [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in [[Mumbai]]. In 1931, Gondhalekar obtained his G. D. in Art. As a student here, he won number of prizes and scholarships. These include a bronze medal and a scholarship for mural decoration from 1931 to 1933.<ref name=":3" /> His peers at the Sir J. J. School of Art included [[Gopal Deuskar]], [[Angela Trindade]] and [[Ambika Dhurandhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Ambika Dhurandhar: India's first art school-trained woman artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/ambika-dhurandhar-woman-artist/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Gondhalekar then conducted private art classes in Pune from 1934 to 1937, which was followed by a sojourn to England for higher education. He completed his Diploma in Fine Art from the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] in [[London]]. Additionally, he also studied [[wood engraving]] and [[etching]] at [[Central School of Art and Design|Central School of Art and Craft]] from 1937 to 1939.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=ज. द. गोंधळेकर |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=9788179251867 |edition=First |location=Pune |publication-date=21 April 2008 |language=mr |trans-title=J. D. Gondhalekar}}</ref>

== Career ==
After returning to India, Gondhalekar painted murals for the Nawab of [[Palanpur State]]. Between 1940 and 1948, he worked as an art director at Brilliant Pictures and Navyug Film Company in Pune. Some of these films include ''Municipality'' (1941),<ref>{{Cite web |title=म्युनिसिपालिटी/स्थानिक स्वराज्य |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/myunisipalitisthanik-swarajya/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=mr}}</ref> ''Tujhach'' (1942),<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुझाच |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/tujhach/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=mr}}</ref> ''Pahili Mangalagaur'' (1942),<ref>{{Cite web |title=पहिली मंगळागौर |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/pahili-mangalagaur/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=mr}}</ref> ''Pundalik'' (1944),<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुंडलीक |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/pundalik-2/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=mr}}</ref> ''Naya Tarana'' (1944)<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 1944 |title=Naya Tarana Film Poster |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.10947/page/1/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> and ''Din Raat'' (1946).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1946 |title=Din Raat Film Poster |pages=5 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.1774/page/3/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> After the closure of Navyug Film Company, he stayed in [[Delhi]] for a few years.<ref name=":3" /> In 1950, he received a fellowship from [[UNESCO]] to study the nuances of art preservation and restoration at [[Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage|Laboratoire central des Musées de Belgique]] in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Lot 325: J. D. Gondhalekar (1909-1981) |url=https://www.invaluable.com/v2/auction-lot/j-d-gondhalekar-1909-1981-325-c-a184487bc5 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=invaluable.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 1949 |title=Restoration of Old Paintings: Belgium Scholarship for Indian Artist |pages=7 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.13243/page/7/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Administration ===
Gondhalekar was appointed as the dean of Sir J. J. School of Art in 1953. During his tenure, he implemented new schemes in art education and undertook several new activities. Firstly, he organized the inaugural State Art Exhibition in 1953 of the then [[Bombay State]] with an intention to improve art education at schools and colleges. Secondly, based on his experience in Europe, he suggested pedagogical changes at the school which had a marked departure from the existing norms. Meanwhile, the centenary of Sir J. J. School of Art was celebrated with grandeur in 1957. Around this time, the Government of Bombay was planning to divide the school of art into three separate institutions. Gondhalekar opposed this proposal and eventually resigned from his post as the government remained firm on their decision.<ref name=":0" />

Gondhalekar was appointed as a member on many art committees of government and autonomous organizations such as [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] Centenary Celebrations Committee,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110259/page/n11/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |title=University of Bombay (1857–1957): Centenary Souvenir |publisher=Registrar, University of Bombay |year=1957 |location=Bombay |pages=iii–iv}}</ref> Sampat Memorial Prize Committee,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 1931 |title=Sampat Memorial Prize |pages=8 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.8646/page/7/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> jury of National Exhibition of Art by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in 1957<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. A. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000212a770/page/n173/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |title=Lalit Kala: A Journal of Oriental Art Chiefly Indian |publisher=[[Lalit Kala Akademi]] |editor-last=Khandalavala |editor-first=Karl |location=New Delhi |pages=117 |chapter=The Contemporary Scene: A Retrospective View of the National Exhibition of Art |editor-last2=Chandra |editor-first2=Moti}}</ref> and Board of Trustees at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Prince of Wales Museum of Western India]] from 1953 to 1954<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.32520/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |title=Prince of Wales Museum Bulletin No. 4, 1953-54 |year= 1957|publisher=Board of Trustees, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India |editor-last=Chandra |editor-first=Pramod |location=Bombay}}</ref> & 1956 to 1958.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.18986/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |title=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India: Report for the years 1956-57 and 1957-58 |year=1957 |publisher=Board of Trustees, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India |location=Bombay}}</ref> Additionally, he delivered art related lectures on Indian and western radio.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 1956 |title=Today's Radio |pages=2 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.14444/page/2/mode/2up?q=Gondhalekar |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Publishing ===
It was in 1959 that the [[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman & Company]] had appointed Gondhalekar as an Art Director for their newspaper ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahulkar |first=Suhas |date=7 Mar 2022 |title=Artists of the Bombay School |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/artists-of-the-bombay-school |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[Sotheby's]]}}</ref> Here, he experimented with the design by combining fine art and applied art together in order to make the newspaper more attractive. After the contract with The Times of India terminated in 1964, the Government of Maharashtra appointed him as Art Editor of the ''[[Marathi Vishwakosh]]'' in the following year. Under his guidance, the introductory volume of the same was published in 1965. Between 1965 and 1971, he also wrote several scholarly entries on several artistic traditions for encyclopedia.<ref name=":1" />

With an intention to raise awareness about the art tradition of Maharashtra, a project to restore the 18th-century murals in the palace of Nana Fadnavis at Menavali, Wai was undertaken by Directorate of Arts, Maharashtra State. It was started in 1978 under the aegis of [[Baburao Sadwelkar]] and able guidance of Gondhalekar. The main purpose of the project was to preserve and document the frescos by creating their replicas. The responsibility of this project was entrusted to Gondhalekar who had to implement it with the support of faculty and students of Sir J. J. School of Art. However, the project failed to take off due to the non-cooperation of the stakeholders. Nonetheless, Gondhalekar submitted his report titled ''Project Menavali'' in the form of a 121-page long research paper to the government in 1980.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=गोंधळेकर, जनार्दन दत्तात्रेय |trans-title=Gondhalekar, Janardan Dattatraya |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/gaondhalaekara-janaaradana-datataataraeya |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Artworks ===
[[File:Ajoba - J. D. Gondhalekar.jpg|alt=Painting of an old man pouring liquid from a cup into a saucer|thumb|B&W reproduction of ''Ajoba'' (1931), oil on canvas by J. D. Gondhalekar]]
During the 1930s, Gondhalekar drew inspiration from the Indian revivalist art movement of the [[J. M. Ahivasi#Bombay Revivalist School|Bombay Revivalist School]]. He painted Indian subjects such as Meditating Buddha or Lord Krishna reclining under a banyan tree. These pictures executed in wash technique were in realistic style. There are influences of various European art movements in his artworks which he had learned while studying abroad. However, [[Academic art|academic realism]] remained the mainstay of Gondhalekar. The emotional appeal of his 1931 portrait titled ''Ajoba'' (Grandfather) is a testimony to his technical skill and artistic ability. Along with portraits, he also painted numerous realistic landscapes throughout his life. Some of these compositions that he painted between 1940 and 1950 express the melancholy and emotional turmoil of human life. In addition to this, Gondhalekar drew innumerable pen and pencil sketches on various subjects throughout his career. His drawings of clothed, semi-naked and nude people as well as nature, architecture, and animals showcase his mastery over the medium.<ref name=":0" />

Gondhalekar held solo exhibitions of his artworks in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, [[Brussels]] and London to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J. D. Gondhalekar was a master painter of the Bombay school |url=https://www.indiaart.com/old-masters/J-D-Gondhalekar/Info-of-J-D-Gondhalekar.asp |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.indiaart.com}}</ref> His paintings are housed in the collections of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai and [[National Gallery of Modern Art|National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Gallery of Modern Art - Collection G |url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections-artist.asp?strLetter=G |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=ngmaindia.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
In 1940, Gondhalekar had designed a cover for ''Sukhi Sansar'', a special issue of ''Sahyadri'' magazine. The black and white design significantly differed from the usual Marathi magazine covers and a shifted from Marathi middle-class sensibilities. As a result, his work was criticized by magazines such as ''Zhankar'', ''Dhanurdhari'' and newspaper like ''Sakal''. Instead of being discouraged in this adverse situation, he took advantage of it by writing about modern trends and ideas in art. His notable articles include ''Pratik-Chitra Pahnyachi Khari Drishti'' (The Right way to View Symbolic Art) for ''Sahyadri'' magazine in 1940 and ''Sandhikalatil Chitrakala'' (Art in the Time of Transition) for ''Manohar'' magazine in December 1949. Through these writings, he aimed to infuse modern perspective towards art among the masses.<ref name=":1" />

=== Music ===
Gondhalekar developed a taste for music from an early age. He used to play [[raga]]s from [[Hindustani classical music]] on his flute during his school days. This continued later in his life when he played flute in the garden of Sir J. J. School of Art surrounded by his students during the break time.<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Gondhalekar had married Sushila Mone of [[Indore]] in 1934. They had three daughters.<ref name=":2" />

== Death and legacy ==
Gondhalekar died on 4 December 1981. J. D. Gondhalekar Foundation, an organization in his name has been established in Pune, which organizes exhibitions and provides help to art students in need of support. Gondhalekar's paintings were part of the exhibition titled ''Master Strokes VI'' organized by [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJmrzwEACAAJ |title=Master Strokes: An exhibition of paintings by V.R. Amberkar, 1907-1988 [and] J.D. Gondhalekar, 1909-1981, Tuesday 16th to 21st October 2007 at Jehangir Art Gallery |date=2002 |publisher=Jehangir Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Another exhibition of his paintings and sketches titled ''Old Master – J. D. Gondhalekar'' on was held at India Art Gallery in Pune from 2 to 8 February 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Master - J. D. Gondhalekar |url=http://www.milind-sathe.com/Indian-Art-Craft-and-Photography/Old-Master-J-D-Gondhalekar.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.milind-sathe.com}}</ref> In his birth centenary year, a commemorative book on his life and works was published by Jyotsna Prakashan.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|J. D. Gondhalekar}}

* {{YouTube|id=i-SZzWY8q1s|title=Vinyl recording of J. D. Gondhalekar playing flute}}
* [https://www.indiaart.com/old-masters/J-D-Gondhalekar/Figurative-Paintings-by-J-D-Gondhalekar.asp Online collection] of artworks by Gondhalekar

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondhalekar, J. D.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]

Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana

2026-05-06T02:03:11Z

Marinaupu: Adding A Pg Added Tags.

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Slice Of Life]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Melodrama]]
| caption =
| image = Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| screenplay =
| creative_director = Indrajit Mukherjee
| director = Rahib Siddiqui, Inder Das
| story =
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Zama Habib
*Ghanshyam Bhatt}}
| developer =
| creator = [[Zama Habib]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Hasan Zaidi]]
*[[Esha Kansara]]}}
| open_theme = ''Zindagi…Mere Ghar Aana'' by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shreya Ghoshal makes her first appearance on TV after her maternity break; sings the title track of 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shreya-ghoshal-makes-her-first-appearance-on-tv-after-her-maternity-break-sings-the-title-track-of-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/articleshow/84680250.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer = {{plainlist|
*Sajjad-Ali Chandwini
* Shaf'aat Ali}}
| composer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Zama Habib
*Ishrat Ara}}
| company = Qissago Telefilms LLP
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| editor = Masih Habib
| cinematography = Satish Shetty
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_episodes = 138
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|07|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|01|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 20–21 minutes
}}

'''''Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana''''' ({{Translation| ''Life Comes to My Home''}}) is an Indian [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana stars hope to touch viewers with a 'powerful message'|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/07/09225513/1305861/Zindagi-Mere-Ghar-Aana-stars-hope-to-touch-viewers-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710085507/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/07/09225513/1305861/Zindagi-Mere-Ghar-Aana-stars-hope-to-touch-viewers-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2021|website=[[DT Next]]|date=9 July 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> that premiered on 26 July 2021 on [[StarPlus]] and it is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="launch">{{Cite web|title=New Show 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana' to replace 'Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahaani'?|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-new-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-to-replace-shaurya-aur-anokhi-ki-kahani-1469232|website=[[ABP News]]|date=13 July 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Produced by Qissago Telefilms LLP, it stars [[Hasan Zaidi]] and [[Esha Kansara]]. The series ended on 1 January 2022,<ref>{{Cite news|title=The news of Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana wrapping up is shocking, says Hasan Zaidi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-news-of-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-wrapping-up-is-shocking-says-hasan-zaidi/articleshow/88506705.cms|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Times of India|date=26 December 2021 |language=en|quote=Its never a good feeling when your show goes off air. Of course, it is abrupt. Nobody was expecting it. There were talks of the show getting a new time slot which was turned down. So, in a way, it is shocking.”}}</ref> and it was replaced by ''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]'' in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title='Kabhi Kabhie Iteffaq Sey' replaces 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana' on Star Plus |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-axes-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-for-kabhi-kabhie-iteffaq-sey/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.bizasialive.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story opens with the middle-class Sakhujas who are mourning the sudden demise of their eldest son, Karan Sakhuja. Karan lost his life serving as a health-warrior and treating the [[COVID-19]] affected patients. Amrita, Karan's pregnant widow hides her sadness and tries to lighten up the mood of her family. However, the Sakhujas bad luck never ends with their sole bread-winners Guneet and Angad losing their source of income. To make matters worse, Krishnakant Sehgal, the Sakhujas family friend who turned rich through his [[sanitizer]] business and had promised his daughter Meera's hand for Angad, breaks the alliance as he feels the Sakhujas no longer match his status.While the Sakhujas are facing a complete distress both emotionally and financially, there enters Pritam Choudhary in their lives as their tenant. Pritam has a mysterious identity revolving around the crime world and is himself holding a dark and tragic past. When Pritam agrees to pay the huge amount of rent which the Sakhujas demand. The Sakhujas are overjoyed and decide to keep him much to the dissatisfaction of Amrita, who has met Pritam even earlier in many uncanny situations and strongly feels that he is not the right tenant. But when Pritam saves Angad's life, Amrita agrees on keeping him as their tenant. Initially, Pritam is constantly bugged by the overly-caring attitude of the Sakhujas which always cause interference with his work. But as time passes, he starts empathizing with their miserable situation and develops a strong pity and respect for Amrita which gradually leads Pritam getting attracted towards her.However, at that moment Pritam's past involving his wife, Vishaka and son, Rahul returns to his life which is when Pritam Choudhary is revealed to be a valiant [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. Despite having faced a lot of tragedies in life, Pritam never stops himself from fulfilling his duties. With the help of his seniors he takes the identity of a drug peddler along with his colleagues and friends Nitin and Monty to entrap all the treacherous drug mafias. After the birth of Ansh, when Pritam gets more emotionally involved with the Sakhuja family and nurtures a stronger liking for Amrita, he also gets to face one of the treacherous drug mafias, UD.During the Sakhujas' Christmas celebration, Pritam dressed as Santa brings Karan's ashes for the Sakhujas, who finally performed his last rites.

===2 months later===
The show ends when Pritam and Amrita finally gets along with each other.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Hasan Zaidi]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Pritam Choudhary – Sakhujas' tenant; Vishakha’s ex-husband; Rahul's father (2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasan Zaidi talks to us about his new show Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana, shooting amid Covid-19 pandemic, his life in Lucknow|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hasan-zaidi-talks-to-us-about-his-new-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-shooting-amid-covid-19-pandemic-his-life-in-lucknow-295093|website=[[The Tribune]]|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006181604/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hasan-zaidi-talks-to-us-about-his-new-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-shooting-amid-covid-19-pandemic-his-life-in-lucknow-295093|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Esha Kansara]] as Amrita Sakhuja – Kuljeet and Saroj's daughter; Karan's widow; Ansh's mother (2021–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esha Kansara all set to make a return to television playing pregnant mother "Amrita" in upcoming show Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-esha-kansara-tv-comeback-with-a-show-737316.html/amp|website=TV 9|date=15 July 2021|language=hi|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Ankit Narang]] as Angad Sakhuja – Guneet and Nimrat's second son; Karan, Kabir and Sonia's brother; Meera's former fiancé. (2021–2022)
* [[Ishaan Dhawan]] as Kabir Sakhuja – Guneet and Nimrat's youngest son; Karan, Angad and Sonia's brother; Meera's love interest. (2021–2022)
* Cheshta Mehta as Meera Sehgal – Krishnakant and Meenakshi's elder daughter; Naveen and Divya's sister; Angad's former fiancé; Kabir's love interest. (2021–2022)
* [[Akansha Sareen]] as Vishaka Choudhary – Pritam's ex-wife; Rahul's mother. (2021)
* Hitesh Makhija as UD – A drug mafia. (2021)
* [[Rohan Gandotra]] as Yuvraj Singh – An [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]. (2021)
* [[Nakul Vaid]] as Dr. Karan Sakhuja – Guneet and Nimrat's eldest son; Angad, Kabir and Sonia's brother; Amrita's late husband; Ansh's father. (2021) (Dead)
* Dolly Chawla as Sonia "Soni" Sakhuja – Guneet and Nimrat's daughter; Karan, Angad and Kabir's sister. (2021–2022)
* [[Swati Shah]] as Nimrat "Nimmo" Sakhuja – Guneet's wife; Karan, Angad, Kabir and Sonia's mother; Ansh's grandmother. (2021–2022)
* Adarsh Gautam as Guneet Sakhuja – Sukhbir and Santosh's son; Pammi's brother; Nimrat's husband; Karan, Angad, Kabir and Sonia's father; Ansh's grandfather. (2021–2022)
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Sukhbir Sakhuja – Santosh's husband; Guneet and Pammi's father; Karan, Angad, Kabir and Sonia's grandfather; Ansh's great-grandfather, (2021–2022)
* [[Sulbha Arya]] as Santosh Sakhuja – Sukhbir' wife; Guneet and Pammi's mother; Karan, Angad, Kabir and Soni's grandmother; Ansh's great-grandmother. (2021–2022)
* [[S. M. Zaheer]] as Mansoor Siddiqui – Sukbhir's friend who sent Pritam as Sakhuja's tenant. (2021)
* Prashant Pundir as Senior Inspector Nitin Kumar – Pritam's friend. (2021)
* Raanveer Chahal as Senior Inspector Monty Singh – Pritam's friend. (2021)
* Mamta Verma as Saroj Chopra – Kuljeet's wife; Amrita's mother; Ansh's grandmother. (2021)
* Pankaj Kalra as Kuljeet Chopra – Saroj's husband; Amrita's father; Ansh's grandfather. (2021)
* Shweta Gautam as Pammi Sakhuja Prasad – Sukhbir and Santosh's daughter; Guneet's sister; Baljeet's wife. (2021)
* Rajeev Mehra as Baljeet Prasad – Pammi's husband. (2021)
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Krishnakant Sehgal – Meenakshi's husband; Meera, Naveen and Divya's father. (2021)
* Shubhangi Latkar as Shabana "Aapa" – Meera, Naveen and Divya's Aapa. (2021)
* Kunal Singh Jerath as Naveen Sehgal – Krishnakant and Meenakshi's son; Meera and Divya's brother. (2021)
* Jinal Jain as Divya Sehgal – Krishnakant and Meenakshi's younger daughter; Meera and Naveen's sister. (2021)
* Preeti Mishra as Kamli Prashant – Sakhuja's household helper. (2021)
* Syed Ashraf Karim as Sethi – Owner of an advertising agency; Kabir & Meera's boss. (2021)
* Priya Rathore as Dolly Chaddha – Chaddha’s daughter; Kabir’s ex–lover. (2021)
* Ahmad Harhash as Kabir Ranawat – Sethi and Shabana's son (2021)
* Gagan Gupta as Chaddha – Dolly's father; Sakhujas' neighbour. (2021)
* Abhishek Soni as Sunny – Kabir's friend. (2021)
* Daksh Sharma as Rony – Kabir's friend. (2021)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Tutu – Sakhujas' neighbour who has a crush on Pritam. (2021)
* Prachi Vaishnav as Jassi – Amrita's sister, UD's fiance. (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE! Prachi Vaishnav to play a pivotal role in StarPlus' Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-prachi-vaishnav-play-pivotal-role-starplus-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-211201|access-date=2021-12-10|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
The show was conceived during [[COVID-19]] times when India faced lockdown. Idea was to tell the story of the people who suffered due to the life threatening virus and the aftermath of lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will Esha Kansara and Hasan Zaidi show challenge anupamaa and imlie|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/new-serial-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-cast-time-promo-will-esha-kansara-and-hasan-zaidi-show-challenge-anupamaa-and-imlie/353900|website=[[Times Now]]|date=10 July 2021|language=hi|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The title ''Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'' was taken from the 1979 film [[Dooriyaan]]'s song, ''"Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana"'' sung by [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telly Tattle: Several Shows being named after an "Old is Gold" song|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-aapki-nazron-ne-samjha-yet-another-show-named-after-a-chartbuster-23162020|website=[[Mid Day]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Esha Kansara]] studied pregnancy to play the character of to-be mother Amrita. She also studied Punjabi dialect<ref>{{Cite news|title=Esha Kansara opens up about her character and preparation for the upcoming show 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/esha-kansara-opens-up-about-her-character-and-preparation-for-the-upcoming-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/articleshow/84724539.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> while [[Hasan Zaidi]] lost 12 kg during the COVID-19 lockdown to fit into his character of Pritam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hasan Zaidi loses 12 kgs; Walks an extra mile to fit into the skin of his character for 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hasan-zaidi-loses-12-kgs-walks-an-extra-mile-to-fit-into-the-skin-of-his-character-for-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/articleshow/84581569.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iqbal Khan approached to play lead-role in StarPlus' next by Zama Habib|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-iqbal-khan-s-new-show-on-star-plus-soon-1443838/amp|website=[[ABP News]]|date=12 February 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> was initially approached to play the lead role of Pritam but was later replaced by [[Hasan Zaidi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=I don't look like a boy next door, and that has cost me good projects on several occasions: Hasan Zaidi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-dont-look-like-a-boy-next-door-and-that-has-cost-me-good-projects-on-several-occasions-hasan-zaidi/articleshow/83510652.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Esha Kansara]] was cast as the lead Amrita opposite Zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I am lucky to have been doing what I always wanted to: Hasan Zaidi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-am-lucky-to-have-been-doing-what-i-always-wanted-to-hasan-zaidi-101629984983082.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 August 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Esha Kansara opens up about her new role|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/esha-kansara-opens-up-about-her-new-role-284453 |website=[[The Tribune]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Ishhan Dhawan was cast to portray Kabir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabir In Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana Will Be The Most Beloved Character In The Series, Says Anand Sharma!|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/television/kabeer-in-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-will-be-the-most-beloved-character-in-the-series-says-anand-sharma/90214/|website=[[Lehren]]|date=27 July 2021|access-date=13 October 2021|last1=Lehren|first1=Team|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213061650/https://lehren.com/entertainment/television/kabeer-in-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-will-be-the-most-beloved-character-in-the-series-says-anand-sharma/90214/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 7 July 2021 featuring the leads Zaidi, Kansara and the cast of Sakhujas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Video: First promo of 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana' on StarPlus|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-first-promo-of-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-on-star-plus/|website=Biz Asia|date=7 July 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The next teaser was released on 14 July 2021, revealing the launch date.<ref name="launch"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudarshan Faakir and jaidev song Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana recreated for StarPlus new serial ft shreya ghoshal|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/sudarshan-faakir-and-jaidev-song-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-recreated-for-star-plus-new-serial-ft-shreya-ghoshal/355656|website=[[Times Now]]|date=23 July 2021|language=hi|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Later a promo was released on 22 July 2021 featuring Indian playback and professional singer, [[Shreya Ghoshal]] promote the series by melodizing the 1979 version 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana' in a newer version composed by [[Tapas Relia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shreya Ghoshal makes her first appearance on TV after her maternity break; sings and promotes 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shreya-ghoshal-makes-her-first-appearance-on-tv-after-her-maternity-break-sings-the-title-track-of-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/articleshow/84680250.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana: Pritam's trouble in kitchen|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-pritam-s-trouble-in-kitchen-1484622|website=[[ABP News]]|date=27 September 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana: Drama in Amrita's 'Godh Bharai' ceremony|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana-drama-in-amrita-s-godh-bharai-ceremony-1483687|website=[[ABP News]]|date=22 September 2021|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

===Filming===
The series is based on a middle-class family based in [[Patel Nagar]], [[New Delhi]],<ref name="del">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Esha Kansara to learn the Punjabi dialect for her next project "Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana", which is based in New-Delhi |url=https://mayapuri.com/esha-kansara-opens-up-about-her-character-and-preparation-for-the-upcoming-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]] |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173540/https://mayapuri.com/esha-kansara-opens-up-about-her-character-and-preparation-for-the-upcoming-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but it is completely filmed at a set at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]]. The shooting commenced in late March 2021, It was halted on 14 April due to the COVID-19 lockdown in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV shoots stalled in Mumbai for next 15 days, shows to be shot in Goa, Hyderabad while some shoots halt|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-shoots-stalled-in-mumbai-for-next-15-days-shows-to-be-shot-in-goa-hyderabad-1790779-2021-04-14|website=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The shooting resumed on 17 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film and TV Industry allowed to shoot till 5 PM in Bio-Bubble after two-months of lockdown|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/mumbai/2021/Jun/08/film-and-tv-industry-in-mumbai-allowed-to-shoot-till-5-pm-in-bio-bubble-2313358.html|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Ratings in UK===
''Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'' was the third most watched show on 6 November 2021, with 44 K viewers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overnights: Utsav Plus stays ahead with Anupamaa and ZMGA; Colors at No.2 on Saturday in UK|work=Biz Asia|date=7 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-utsav-plus-stays-ahead-colors-at-no-2-on-saturday-in-uk/}}</ref> On 15 November 2021, it was the second most watched show with 89.8 K viewers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overnights: Utsav Plus grabs biggest audience of 2021 so far on Monday with Anupamaa and Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana|work=Biz Asia|date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-utsav-plus-grabs-biggest-audience-of-2021-so-far-on-monday/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt15025352}}

{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television shows about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Mahagaon, Kalaburagi

2026-05-05T07:25:16Z

Marinaupu: created the article more to come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahagaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates ={{coord|17.52|N|76.91|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Grampanchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8731
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585 316
| area_code_type = 08472
| area_code = 08472
| registration_plate =KA 32
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Mahagaon''' is a village in the [[Kalaburagi district]] of the Indian state [[Karnataka]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Mahagaon Population - Gulbarga, Karnataka|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/620207-mahagaon-karnataka.html|website=Census2011.co.in/|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gulbarga University PG Merit List 2017 Declared on www.gug.ac.in |url=https://criticismnews.com/news/education/result/gulbarga-university-pg-merit-list-2017-declared-on-www-gug-ac-in-3354.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Criticismnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=Dairy Science College to shift to Mahagaon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Dairy-Science-College-to-shift-to-Mahagaon/article14674751.ece |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> It is located about {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=in}} from [[Kalaburagi]].

Mahagaon's early name was Mahaguna or Maha Gaon, meaning "big village".{{Cn|date=February 2024}}

During the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]'s rule, Mahagaon village was an administrative [[taluk]] of Hyderabad's north [[Kalaburagi district]].{{Cn|date=February 2024}}

According to the 2011 census, Mahagaon has a total population of 8,731, of which 4,384 are men, and 4,347 are women.<ref name="auto" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}'''School's And College's In Mahagaon'''.

1-Government Degree College

2-.Mount Wave PU College

3-.Matoshree High School

4-.Mahateshwar Primary School And High School

.5-Siddha Bharthi CBSE School

6-.Anita Education Trust's

7-New Popular School

'''Banks In Mahagaon'''

1-State Bank Of India

2-Kotak Mahindra Bank

3-Union Bank Of India

4-Karnataka Gramin Bank

5-Corporation Bank

6-Indian Post Office Bank

7-PKPS Society

'''Transport In Mahagaon :'''

1-Railway Station Mahagaon

2-Mahagaon Bus Stand

3-Auto Stand Mahagaon

'''Temple's In Mahagaon :'''

1-Shri Mallishiddeshwar Temple Mahagaon

2-Shri Mallikarjun Temple Mahagaon

3-Shri Hanuman Temple Mahagaon

4-Akka Mahadevi Temple Mahagaon

5-Laxmi Temple Mahagaon

6-Shri Sai Baba Temple Mahagaon

7-Manikeshwari Temple Mahagaon
8-Sri Veerabhadreshwar Temple Mahagaon

8-Shri Beeralingeshwar Temple Mahagaon{{Settlements in Gulbarga district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kalaburagi district]]

{{Kalaburagi-geo-stub}}

Sharanagouda Kandakur

2026-04-29T13:48:02Z

Marinaupu: Adding The Data W/ Refs.

{{Short description|Karnataka politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =[[Naganagouda Kandkur]]
| successor =
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| constituency = [[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]]
| father = [[Naganagouda Kandkur]]
}}
'''Sharanagouda Kandakur''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency]] in [[Yadgir district]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharana Gowda Kandakur in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/sharana-gowda-kandakur-gurmitkal-candidate-s10a039c001/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gurmitkal">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gurmitkal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1039.htm?ac=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322082130/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1039.htm?ac=39 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharanagouda is from Kandakur village, [[Gurmatkal|Gurmitkal]] taluk, Yadgir district. His late father Naganagouda Kandakur, was a former MLA from Gurmitkal.<ref name="Naganagouda Kandkur, former MLA, passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Naganagouda Kandkur, former MLA, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/naganagouda-kandkur-former-mla-passes-away/article67785670.ece |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322082200/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/naganagouda-kandkur-former-mla-passes-away/article67785670.ece |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from Chandrashekhar Education Society Degree College of Arts, Science, which is affiliated with [[Gulbarga University]] and later also did BBM in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharana Gowda Kandakur(JD(S)):Constituency- GURMITKAL(YADGIR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7280 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharanagouda won from [[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 72,297 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Baburao Chinchansur]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by 2,579 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Gurmitkal Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate Sharana Gowda Kandakur Wins From Gurmitkal |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gurmitkal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601758 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharanagouda, Kandakur}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Yadgir district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Teesta Water Dispute

2026-04-25T20:31:46Z

Marinaupu: Adding Some Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Bangladesh-India geopolitical dispute}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}

[[File:Tista Barrage Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|The Teesta Barrage represents a critical point of geopolitical tension between Bangladesh and India, where upstream water control by India impacts Bangladesh's water security, affecting regional stability and cross-border relations in South Asia.]]

The '''Teesta Water Dispute''' involves a geopolitical challenge between [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] regarding the allocation of the [[Teesta River]]'s water resources.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Anuttama Banerji | title=India Must Settle the Teesta River Dispute With Bangladesh for Lasting Gains | publisher=The Diplomat| date=2021-04-09 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/}}</ref> Originating in [[Sikkim]], India, and flowing through [[West Bengal]] before entering Bangladesh, the Teesta River spans 414 kilometers and is important for agriculture and [[irrigation]], particularly in northern Bangladesh. This river supports the livelihoods of many in the region and is a critical factor in the broader diplomatic relations between the two countries, underscoring the need for collaborative water management strategies.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Hasnat | last=Abdul | title=The political economy of Teesta River | work=The Financial Express | date=2024-05-14 | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-political-economy-of-teesta-river}}</ref>

==Historical background==

The dispute over the Teesta River dates back to the [[partition of India]] in 1947, when the river's [[Drainage basin|catchment]] areas became divided between India and Bangladesh. The issue resurfaced after Bangladesh gained [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]] in 1971. In 1983, a temporary water-sharing agreement was made between the two nations, giving India 39% of the river's water and Bangladesh 36%. However, this arrangement was never formalized into a permanent [[treaty]], and discussions have since been ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Abu | last=Siddique | title=Latest water-sharing deal between Bangladesh, India is 'drop in the ocean' | website=mongabay.com | date=2022-09-14 | url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/09/latest-water-sharing-deal-between-bangladesh-india-is-drop-in-the-ocean/}}</ref>

Efforts to secure a comprehensive agreement progressed in 2011, with a draft treaty that proposed allocating 37.5% of the Teesta's water to Bangladesh during the [[dry season]]. However, opposition from West Bengal's Chief Minister, [[Mamata Banerjee]], citing concerns about [[water scarcity]] in her state, stalled the agreement. This internal political dynamic in India has posed a significant challenge to resolving the dispute.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Md. Jahid-Al-Mamun | title=India's Teesta River funding: ambition or illusion? | publisher=Asia Times | date=2024-05-22 | url=https://asiatimes.com/2024/05/indias-teesta-river-funding-ambition-or-illusion/}}</ref>

==Geopolitical significance==

The Teesta River is critical to both [[Bangladesh–India relations|India and Bangladesh]]. In Bangladesh, the river supports agriculture in the Teesta Basin, where water shortages have severely impacted agricultural productivity. According to the [[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI), Bangladesh loses approximately 1.5 million tons of rice annually due to the water shortage, with future losses expected to rise.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Hasnat Abdul Hye | title=The political economy of Teesta River | publisher=The Financial Express | date=2024-05-14 | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-political-economy-of-teesta-river}}</ref>

In India, particularly in the state of West Bengal, the Teesta is vital for irrigation and power generation. Several [[hydropower]] projects are located in the river's upper catchment areas, and nearly half a dozen districts in [[North Bengal]] depend on its waters. The dispute illustrates the difficulty of balancing domestic needs with international water-sharing agreements, especially in the face of political opposition within India.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Suvojit | last=Bagchi | title=What is the lowdown on sharing of Teesta waters? | work=The Hindu | date=2017-04-08 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-hindu-explains-teesta-water-sharing/article17894299.ece}}</ref>

[[File:Lower Dam III across Teesta River, AJTJ P1110122.jpg|thumb|The Teesta Low Dam - III highlights the river's role in India-Bangladesh water-sharing disputes, affecting regional energy and security dynamics.]]

The construction of India's Gazoldoba Barrage, upstream of the Tista Barrage in Bangladesh, has significantly impacted water flow and intensified the Teesta Water Dispute between the two nations. This dispute has broader geopolitical implications, as water scarcity in Bangladesh could affect regional stability, influencing both India's northeastern states and the overall water-sharing dynamics in [[South Asia]]. The Teesta River's water management remains a critical issue in the context of Bangladesh-India relations and regional cooperation.<ref>''Barrage'', Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, edited on 17 June 2021, [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Barrage accessed 29 September 2024].</ref>

==Recent developments==

In 2024, the Teesta dispute resurfaced following the resignation of Bangladesh's pro-Indian Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]]. The interim government, led by [[Nobel laureate]] [[Muhammad Yunus]], prioritized resuming talks with India on the Teesta River issue.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Bangladesh's interim govt 'keen to restart talks' on Teesta water treaty with India | publisher=The Indian Express | date=2024-09-02 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/bangladesh-teesta-water-treaty-india-talks-sheikh-hasina-modi-9545804/}}</ref> [[Rizwana Hasan|Syeda Rizwana Hasan]], water resources adviser to the interim government, reaffirmed Bangladesh's commitment to advancing the Teesta water-sharing agreement. After meeting with a [[World Bank]] delegation, she emphasized that Bangladesh would assert its rights over the river while engaging with the local population.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Won't back down on Teesta issue: Rizwana | publisher=The Business Post | date=2024-08-21 | url=https://businesspostbd.com/diplomacy/wont-back-down-on-teesta-issue-rizwana}}</ref>

==Challenges==

The Teesta Barrage Project in India is designed to improve water supply for agriculture in six northern districts of West Bengal and generate 67.50 MW of hydropower. The project includes the Teesta Barrage, Mahananda Barrage, and extensive Canal systems|canal systems. Significant progress has been made in the construction of the barrages and canal distribution systems, enhancing the region's irrigation and hydropower capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web | publisher=Irrigation & Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal | title=Irrigation Section | url=https://wbiwd.gov.in/index.php/applications/teesta}}</ref>

In Bangladesh, the Teesta remains essential for agriculture, supporting millions of farmers in six districts. A fair water-sharing agreement is crucial for ensuring [[food security]] and [[economic stability]].<ref>{{Cite web | author=Hasnat Abdul Hye | title=The political economy of Teesta river | publisher=The Financial Express | date=2024-05-14 | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-political-economy-of-teesta-river}}</ref> The evolving political landscape in Bangladesh, under the [[interim government of Muhammad Yunus]], offers renewed opportunities for negotiations on the Teesta treaty.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Yunus calls for resolving issues over Teesta water-sharing treaty with India | publisher=The Business Standard | date=2024-09-06 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/yunus-calls-resolving-issues-over-teesta-water-sharing-treaty-india-934966}}</ref> However, Bangladesh faces diplomatic challenges in balancing its relations with both India and China, particularly regarding the $1 billion Teesta River project backed by China. While China offers infrastructure development, India is concerned about the strategic security implications and seeks to limit China's influence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Kamal Uddin Mazumder | title=Teesta River Project Pushes Bangladesh Into China-India Cold War | publisher=The Diplomat | date=2024-05-22 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/teesta-river-project-pushes-bangladesh-into-china-india-cold-war/}}</ref> According to Dr. Lailufar Yasmin, professor of international relations at the [[University of Dhaka]], Teesta Project is a "[[Wiktionary:litmus test|litmus test]]" for Bangladesh in its relations with [[Bangladesh–India relations|India]] and [[Bangladesh–China relations|China]].<ref name="bbcbangla">{{cite web|first=Tafsir|last=Babu|title=আমেরিকা–চীন–ভারত, পররাষ্ট্রনীতিতে কোনদিকে ঝুঁকছে বাংলাদেশ?|trans-title=America–China–India, on which side Bangladesh is leaning in foreign policy?|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c0e7pq1ll73o|website=[[BBC Bangla]]|date=5 April 2026|language=bn}}</ref>

The evolving [[geopolitics]] of the [[Bengal Basin]], with the U.S. expressing concerns about regional dominance, underscores Bangladesh's strategic importance within the broader [[Indo-Pacific]] framework.<ref>{{Cite web | title=US against dominance of any particular country in Indo-Pacific: Foreign secretary | publisher=The Business Standard | date=2023-09-05 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/us-does-not-want-dominance-any-particular-country-indo-pacific-region-foreign-secretary}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Teesta River]]
* [[Bengal Basin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:Water disputes in India]]

Takhatpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:14Z

Marinaupu: Adding New Pg More To Come.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Takhatpur
| mla = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:243812}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Rashmi Ashish Singh
| constituency_no = 28
| map_image = Takhatpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Takhatpur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Takhatpur]] tehsil in [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, its representative is [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=indiatoday2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/takhatpur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470845-2023-12-03 |title=Takhatpur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dharmjeet Singh with 90978 defeats INC's Rashmi Ashish Singh |date= |author= |access-date= 30 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Murlidhar Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Manharan Lal Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rohani Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Manharan Lal Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Taherbhai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Manharan Lal Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Jagjeet Singh Makkad
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Balram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|Raju Singh Kshatri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Rashmi Ashish Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="indiatoday2023" />
|[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Takhatpur<ref name=election2023/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90,978
|percentage = 50.58
|change = +22.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rashmi Ashish Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76,086
|percentage = 42.30
|change = +9.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjeev Khandey
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,502
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohan Mishra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,938
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1395
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,892
|percentage = 8.28
|change = +6.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 179885
|percentage = 73.78
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Takhatpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rashmi Ashish Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,616
|percentage = 32.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santosh Kaushik
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 49,625
|percentage = 30.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harshita Pandey
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45,622
|percentage = 28.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balram Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1861
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 916
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,991
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 162,638
|percentage = 73.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.13|81.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Mamaleshwar Mahadev

2026-04-19T16:24:50Z

Marinaupu: created a entry more to come!

{{Short description|Temple in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

'''Mamleshwar Mahadev temple''' is a [[Shiva]] temple located in [[Karsog]] town of the Mandi district of [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]]. The Mamleshwar Temple is situated in Karsog valley surrounded by high hills. It is about 100 km from [[Shimla]] and can be visited throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamleshwar Mahadev Mandir - Hindu Temples |url=https://rgyan.com/en/temples/mamleshwar-mahadev-temple |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=rgyan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-29|title=Mamleshwar Mahadev Karsog|url=http://hpmandi.com/temples/144-mamleshwar-mahadev-karsog|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Mandi District Himachal Pradesh|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mamleshwar_mahadev_temple.jpg|thumb|Mamleshwar mahadev temple, karsog]]

==History==

According to folk belief, Maharishi Bhrigu meditated here. A Kinnar girl by name Mamlesha used to serve him. This girl was endowed with modesty. Mamlesha Tal was also formed here with the same name. Sage Bhrigu became fascinated by this Kinnar girl Mamlesha. The sage married the girl. Mamlesha fell pregnant to the sage. The sage worshipped Mahakala Shiva to avoid the defect in marriage to a [[mleccha]] girl. This is how Shiva was established here. From the name of the Kinnar girl - Mamlesha - Shiva was called Mamleshwar and this village became famous as Mamel.

According to folk belief, this temple witnessed ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and now ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. It is a sacred place where Rishi Bhrigu meditated. During the exile period, the [[Pandava]]s constructed the outer part of the temple. A demon was living nearby in a cave. The villagers were bound to send one person daily as a food for the demon. One day a mother was weeping because that day it was the turn of her son. At that time, the Pandavas were guests of that house. Then Bhima told the mother not to worry about it. He told, "I will go to the Demon". In the battle with demon, Bhima killed him in a place called "lyad" and returned. Then the Pandavas made an ''akhand dhuna'' (eternal fire) in memory of this victory and the demon got moksha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unknown |date=2015-07-20 |title=Hindu Temples of India: Mamleshwar Mahadev, Karsog, Himachal Pradesh India |url=http://hindu-templesofindia.blogspot.com/2015/07/mamleshwar-mahadevkarsog-himachal.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Hindu Temples of India}}</ref>

[[File:Inner_sanctum_mamleshwara_temple.jpg|thumb]]

==Major attractions==

Nestled in the Himalayas, the temple is situated in Karsog, a picturesque small town in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh.

It is believed that the 'Agni Kund' (sacred fire) was lit by the Pandavas - the five acknowledged sons of Pandu as mentioned in the epic of Mahabharata - around 50 centuries ago and has been burning ever since. Locals are of the belief that the Pandavas lit this fire pit in the month of Sravana - the fifth month in the Nanakshahi calendar and in the Hindu calendar.[https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/himachal-pradesh/mamleshwar-mahadev-temple-of-himachal-pradesh-houses-5000-yr-old-agni-kund/na20191223163921465]
[[File:Agnikund.jpg|thumb|Agnikund]]

==5000-year-old wheat grain==

There are many other things that exist in the temple premises associated with the Mahabharata period. One of them is the five thousand years old wheat grain that weigh 250 grams.

It is believed that the Pandavas had grown the grain to eat during their period of agyatvas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh: Mamleshwar Mahadev temple houses 5,000-yr-old 'Agni Kund'|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/himachal-pradesh/mamleshwar-mahadev-temple-of-himachal-pradesh-houses-5000-yr-old-agni-kund/na20191223163921465|access-date=2021-08-24|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en}}</ref>

==Bhima's drum==

Locals say that a [[dhol|drum]] was built by Bhima himself which he used to play during his free time.

According to another belief about this drum, this drum is made from a huge bekhal tree. This bekhal tree was in a village nearby, in which a demon lived. The demon was slain by the gods and huge drums were made from that tree by cutting it into pieces. This drum is said to be one of them.
[[File:Big_bhekhal_dhol.jpg|thumb|Big bhekhal dhol]]

==[[References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings|References]]==
{{reflist}}[https://www.divyahimachal.com/2021/01/malayswar-mahadev/]

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]

Kasturinagara metro station

2026-04-14T03:08:04Z

Marinaupu: made first article v1

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kasturi Nagar
| other_name = Kasturinagara
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Kasturi Nagar metro station (Aug '25).jpg
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of August 2025
| address = NH 44, Jyothi Puram, Kasturinagara, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00485|77.66318|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Kasthuri Nagar Bus Stop leading towards [[Tin Factory junction|Tin Factory]] or [[Horamavu]]
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| zone =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Krishnarajapura|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Horamavu|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}
'''Kasturi Nagar''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. It is located in the main '''Kasturinagar''' area consisting of residential buildings, followed by the main [[Channasandra railway station|Channasandra]] railway station, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#KA—Karnataka|RTO Office]] (Kasturinagar), [[Steel Authority of India Limited#Operations|Steel Authority of India (SAIL)]] (Kasturinagar) and Banasawadi Police Station. This metro station is slated to become operational around June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Kasturi Nagar metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kasturi Nagar track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Horamavu}} **
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |Street level
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[Horamavu metro station|Horamavu]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |
|-
|}

== Connections ==
This metro station will be connected with [[Channasandra railway station|Channasandra]] of [[Indian Railways]] network and also will be connected with the '''Kasthuri Nagar''' bus stop leading towards [[Tin Factory junction|Tin Factory]] or towards [[Horamavu]].

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Karnataka]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha

2026-04-10T14:31:39Z

Marinaupu: started article

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Neeraj Pandey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| producer = [[Shital Bhatia]] Narendra Hirawat Kumar Mangat Pathak Sangeeta Ahir
| story =
| based_on =
| writer = Neeraj Pandey
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] [[Saiee Manjrekar]]
| cinematography = Sudheer Palsane
| editing = Praveen Kathikuloth
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani|M. M. Kreem]]
| studio = Friday Filmworks NH Studioz [[Panorama Studios]]
| distributor = Panorama Studios
| released = {{film date|df=y |2024|08|02}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiyndiz|title=AURON MEIN KAHAN DUM THA|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=30 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}100 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Box Office Collection Day 2: 100 करोड़ के बजट में दो दिन में केवल इतना कमा पाई औरों में कहां दम था, देखें कलेक्शन |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-box-office-collection-day-2-ajay-devgn-tabu-film-crossed-only-2-crore-with-a-budget-of-100-crore-in-2-days-6258590 |website=[[NDTV India]] |access-date= 5 Aug 2024 }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|12.91}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 August 2024 |access-date= 3 Aug 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller film]] written and directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu light up Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha trailer launch in Mumbai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/ajay-devgn-tabu-light-up-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-trailer-launch-in-mumbai-101718283412683-8.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu Starrer Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Postponed, Gets New Release Date: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-postponed-gets-new-release-date-out-report-8872515.html}}</ref> The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in their tenth film together<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Drishyam to De De Pyaar De: 9 times Ajay Devgn and Tabu lit up the screen before Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/from-drishyam-to-de-de-pyaar-de-9-times-ajay-devgn-and-tabu-lit-up-the-screen-before-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-101718272572790.html}}</ref> alongside [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and [[Saiee Manjrekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu play Holi in the intriguing Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha teaser. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-tabu-play-holi-in-the-intriguing-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-teaser-watch-9363552/|access-date=2024-06-02 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title='Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha' teaser: Ajay Devgn, Tabu reunite for a musical love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-teaser-ajay-devgn-tabu-musical-drama-promising-2546196-2024-05-31 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The project between Pandey and Devgn was announced in October 2022. [[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2023 and wrapped in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=FC |first1=Team |date=24 March 2023 |title=Ajay Devgn and Tabu's Next is Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ajay-devgn-and-tabus-next-is-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602074921/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ajay-devgn-and-tabus-next-is-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-2 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=[[Anupama_Chopra#Film_Companion|Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' was initially scheduled to be released on 5 July 2024, but later delayed on request of [[Film exhibitor|film exhibitors]] and [[Film distributor|film distributors]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-29 |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu's 'Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha' gets new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ajay-devgn-tabus-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-gets-new-release-date/article68121118.ece |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-31 |title='Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha' teaser: Ajay Devgn and Tabu bring a tale of love and heartbreak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-teaser-ajay-devgn-and-tabu-bring-a-tale-of-love-and-heartbreak/article68236091.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> It was eventually released theatrically on 2 August 2024 to mixed reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]], grossing only ₹12 crore in its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=2024-08-09 |title=India Box Office: 'Ulajh', 'Auron Mein Kaha Dum Tha' Score Low |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/08/10/india-box-office-ulajh-auron-mein-kaha-dum-tha-score-low/ |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu starrer 'Auron Mein Kya Dum Tha' to release on August 2: Report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-auron-mein-kya-dum-tha-to-release-on-august-2-report/articleshow/111501302.cms|date=5 July 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajay Devgn confirms release date of Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha on August 2|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-confirms-release-date-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-august-2/|date=6 July 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film story follows a couple whose [[Romance (love)|love story]] spans 23 years from 2000 to 2023, delving into the emotional depth and evolving dynamics of their relationship over two decades. Krishna gets involved in multiple murders and is sentenced to [[life imprisonment]]. This leads to Vasudha getting separated from him and marrying Abhijeet. After 22 years when Krishna is released from prison after getting [[pardon]], he yearns to meet Vasudha. It culminates in one final meeting between Krishna and Vasudha.

== Cast ==
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Krishna
** [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] as young Krishna
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Vasudha
** [[Saiee Manjrekar]] as young Vasudha
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Abhijeet, Vasudha's husband
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Mahesh Desai
* Jay Upadhyay as Jignesh
** Kushal Shah as young Jignesh
* Hardik Soni as Pakya
* Shahrukh Sadri as Jamshed
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Superintendent Solanki
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Raghuvanshi
* Pratibha Borde as Kaki
* Velji Nakar as Sundar
* Vaibhav Sharma as Kona
* Saurabh Thakare as Babu
* Dhan Singh Rajput as Vasudha's father
* Usha Saksena as Vasudha's mother
* Nandini Karmarkar as Vasudha's sister

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2023|title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu starrer Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha goes on floor|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-goes-floor-see-photo/|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> First schedule was completed in March 2023 and April 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2023|title=Bholaa stars Ajay Devgn and Tabu to kick off second schedule of Neeraj Pandey's Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha in April|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bholaa-stars-ajay-devgn-tabu-kick-off-second-schedule-neeraj-pandeys-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-april/|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> Production was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2023|title=Tabu wraps the shoot for Neeraj Pandey's next Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha: "Yeh safar khatam hua"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tabu-wraps-shoot-neeraj-pandeys-next-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-yeh-safar-khatam-hua/|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> The film has been shot extensively in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha : Ajay Devgn-Tabu Starrer Musical Love Story Gets New Release Date|date=May 2024 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-musical-love-story-gets-new-release-date-10157630}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| released = 12 August 2024
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:16
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|j4Fb_HGaM18&pp|Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The [[soundtrack]] and [[background score]] of the film has been composed by [[M. M. Kreem]], while the lyrics were written by [[Manoj Muntashir]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Devgn and Tabu to reunite for romantic drama Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-and-tabu-to-reunite-for-romantic-drama-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-62957.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=[[Filmfare Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single titled "Tuu" was released on 18 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 June 2024|title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha: Ajay Devgn, Tabu's mesmerising song Tuu revisits old-school romance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ajay-devgn-tabus-mesmerising-song-tuu-revisits-old-school-romance-101718700119561.html}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha – Title Track
| length1 = 2:24
| extra1 = [[Ajay Devgn]]
| title2 = Tuu
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Javed Ali]]
| length2 = 4:11
| title3 = Ae Dil Zara
| extra3 = [[Amala Chebolu]], Rishabh Chaturvedi
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Kisi Roz
| extra4 = [[Maithili Thakur]]
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Jahan Se Chale The
| extra5 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| length5 = 2:02
| title6 = Kisi Roz
| note6 = Male Version
| extra6 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length6 = 5:12
| title7 = Dobara Humein Kya
| length7 = 2:06
| extra7 = Jubin Nautiyal, Sunidhi Chauhan
| total_length = 25:16
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was scheduled to release on 26 April 2024 and then 5 July 2024, but was postponed to 2 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 July 2024 |title=Ajay Devgn announces new release date of Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-announces-new-release-date-of-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-101720252042227.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 27 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2024 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha OTT Release: Here's When And Where You Can Watch Ajay Devgn, Tabu's Romantic Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ott-release-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-ajay-devgn-tabus-romantic-film-9064952.html |work=News18}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Box office collections were most disappointing. It was ₹1.85 crore on the opening day [August 2]. Last three days' collections were ₹2.75 crore, ₹1.00 crore and ₹0.95 crore respectively. Thus total collection for first 5 days was ₹12.00 crore, as against the film's total cost of around ₹160 crore. The film is being biggest disaster of 2024 with loss of 88-to-148 crore after Ajay Devgn's film ''[[Maidaan]]''.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/shock-waves-in-bollywood-major-stars-like-ajay-devgn-akshay-kumar-get-shockingly-low-collections-at-box-office-11722837377733.html</ref>

== Reception ==
''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' was poorly received by critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha vs Ulajh box office: Both fall short of Rs 10 crore mark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ulajh-box-office-collection-day-5-fall-short-of-rs-10-crore-mark-2578158-2024-08-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215081348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ulajh-box-office-collection-day-5-fall-short-of-rs-10-crore-mark-2578158-2024-08-07 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=Both Ulajh and Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha were affected by poor word of mouth from both audiences and critics.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=6|average=5.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=22 September 2024}} The film received mixed reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=3 August 2024 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Twitter Review: 10 tweets to read before watching Ajay Devgn and Tabu's romantic thriller |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-twitter-review-10-tweets-to-read-before-watching-ajay-devgn-and-tabus-romantic-thriller-1335054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215081430/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-twitter-review-10-tweets-to-read-before-watching-ajay-devgn-and-tabus-romantic-thriller-1335054 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |quote=Ajay and Tabu's Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha has been receiving mixed reviews on X (formerly Twitter).}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' is an attempt at a mature love story that falters in execution, with its slow pace and predictable plot hindering its impact. Watch this one if you appreciate deliberate pacing and emotionally charged narratives."<ref>{{cite web |author=Dhaval Roy |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Movie Review: This Slow-Burn Outing May Appeal To A Niche Audience |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha/movie-review/112213654.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 August 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18 India|New18]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' may be a little all over the place and even lack that sparkling drive, but the quartet prevents the quivering script from completely falling apart."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Review: Ajay Devgn, Tabu Film As Erratic As Love; Shantanu, Saiee Strongest Link |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-film-as-erratic-as-love-shantanu-saiee-strongest-link-8987170.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha's'' engaging pre-interval is marred by an exhausting second half. A few moments promise a spike in the tale but they're lost opportunities. Lacking conviction, the film's story is the biggest ‘dushman’."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha: Ajay Devgn-Tabu Anchor A Brave But Flawed Take On Past Lives |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ajay-devgn-tabu-anchor-a-brave-but-flawed-take-on-past-lives-article-112230646 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Times Now |date=2 August 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and notes "Right from the lofty title, ''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' keeps aiming to be an epic, and keeps falling short."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=2 August 2024 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Review: Old-Style Romance In The Age Of Tinder|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-review/20240802.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha is a slow and boring film that suffers due to lack of meat in the story and a predictable climax."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Movie Review: AURON MEIN KAHAN DUM THA is slow and predictable |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha/critic-review/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-movie-review/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-is-slow-and-predictable/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "It looked like Neeraj Pandey totally failed in pulling off a romantic suspense thriller which he probably tried making. The movie lacked the steam to keep the audience engaged or glued to the screen. The story lacks the required zing which is very important for today's audiences who have been exposed to not only Indian cinema, but world cinema too."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu's Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha Movie Review: A predictable love story which lacks 'dum' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-tabus-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-movie-review-a-predictable-love-story-lacks-dum-13799135.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Firstpost |date=2 August 2024 |language=en-us}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The joy of watching seasoned warhorses Ajay Devgn and Tabu in a star-crossed romance is undercut by the movie's mothballed treatment: instead of being fresh, it feels dated, a vehicle unworthy of its star pair. ''Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha'' is a clunky title for a film which should have been anything but."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha movie review: Mothballed Ajay Devgn, Tabu film is unworthy of its leads |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-movie-review-mothballed-ajay-devgn-tabu-film-unworthy-of-its-leads-9490633/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "It is boring. It is slow. It's not romantic. It's not funny. It's not sad. What is it? A 144-minute snoozefest. It does get weaker as it goes along, leading to some very predictable plot developments."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha review: Ajay Devgn-Tabu's love story needed lot more 'dum' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-review-ajay-devgn-tabu-neeraj-pandey-2575695-2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=India Today |date=2 August 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26659814}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Neeraj Pandey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in 2000]]
[[Category:Films set in 2023]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Khushhal Bahl

2026-04-10T04:56:49Z

Marinaupu: made a entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Khushhal Bahl
| image = KhushhalBahlInaugurating.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 November 1927
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab State|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2014|6|14 |1927|11|12 }}
| death_place = Gurdaspur, Punjab, [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = President of the Gurdaspur Municipal Council
| term_start = 1966
| term_end = 
| office1 = Deputy Minister for Cottage Industry
| term_start1 = 1973
| term_end1 = 1977
| office2 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 1972
| term_end2 = 1980
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor2 = Rattan Lal
| constituency2 = [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurudaspur]]
| term_start3 = 1992
| term_end3 = 1997
| predecessor3 = Susheel
| successor3 = Kartar Singh Pahra
| constituency3 = [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurudaspur]]
| term_start4 = 2002
| term_end4 = 2007
| predecessor4 = Kartar Singh Pahra
| successor4 = [[Gurbachan Singh Babbehali]]
| constituency4 = [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurudaspur]]
| office5 = Cabinet Minister for Higher Education, Languages, Secondary & Primary Education
| term_start5 = 2002
| term_end5 = 2007
| spouse =
| children = 3
| occupation = Politician
| education = [[Forman Christian College]] Punjab University Hoshiarpur and Delhi
}}

'''Khushhal Bahl''' (11 November 1927 – 14 June 2014) was an Indian politician who served as a Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurdaspur]] in [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]], [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]], and [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and as Cabinet Minister in various [[Government of Punjab, India|Governments of Punjab]]. He was affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life and education ==
Khushhal Bahl was born on 11 November 1927, in [[Gurdaspur]]. He did his schooling from Gurdaspur, graduated from FC College Lahore, and obtained an MA in English from Punjab University Hoshiarpur and Delhi. He initiated his political journey as a student leader at FC College, Lahore. In 1966, he was elected president of the Gurdaspur municipal council.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Punjab minister Khushal Bahl dies at 87|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/ex-punjab-minister-khushal-bahl-dies-at-87/story-gb9JjssqNqLmWJONLW6jbM.html|date=15 June 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Khushhal Bahl served as MLA from the [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurdaspur Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]. He was elected in [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]], [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]], and [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]. He was Deputy Minister for Cottage Industry (1973–1977), Cabinet Minister for Labour & Employment and Legislative Affairs (1996), and Cabinet Minister of Punjab for Higher Education, Languages, Secondary & Primary Education (2002).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Prabhjot |title=21 ministers take oath today |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020305/main4.htm |website=The Tribune |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> Additionally, he chaired and participated in numerous committees of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Vidhan Sabha]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Death ==
Khushhal Bahl died at his residence in [[Gurdaspur]] due to [[cardiac arrest]] on 14 June 2014. He was 87 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-15 |title=Ex-Punjab minister Khushal Bahl dies at 87 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/ex-punjab-minister-khushal-bahl-dies-at-87/story-gb9JjssqNqLmWJONLW6jbM.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Former Punjab Minister Khushal Behl dead|date=15 June 2014|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/former-punjab-minister-khushal-behl-dead-18342.html|work=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/Vidhan%20Sabha%20Compendium.pdf Vidhan Sabha Compendium] punjabassembly.nic.in
* [https://www.jagran.com/punjab/gurdaspur-khushaal-bahl-was-a-good-person-dc-21052765.html नेक व्यक्ति थे खुशहाल बहल : डीसी - Khushaal Bahl was a good person: DC - Punjab Gurdaspur Local News]
* [https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2002/punjab/gurdaspur/7/25082/164 IndiaVotes AC: Gurdaspur 2002]
* {{cite web | title=Former Punjab Minister Khushal Behl dead | website=Business Standard| date=15 June 2014 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-punjab-minister-khushal-behl-dead-114061500281_1.html | access-date=8 February 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Former Punjab Minister Khushal Behl dead | website=India TV News | date=15 June 2014 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/former-punjab-minister-khushal-behl-dead-18342.html | access-date=8 February 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahl, Khushhal}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1992–1997]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]

Jyoti Kirit Parikh

2026-04-08T06:25:53Z

Marinaupu: made initial details more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Climate Change Council member}}

{{morecat|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jyoti Kirit Parikh
| image = Jyoti_Kirit_Parikh.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Jyoti Parikh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|3|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields =
| workplaces = [[TIFAC]], [[DST]], [[IIASA]], [[National Institution for Transforming India|National Institution for Transforming India (Niti Aayog)]], [[United Nations University|UNU]], [[IGIDR]]
| alma_mater = [[UC Berkeley]], [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Nobel Peace Prize awarded To IPCC authors in 2007, Boutros Ghali Award, Bhasin Award
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse = [[Kirit Parikh]]
}}

'''Jyoti Kirit Parikh'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irade.org/Dr.JyotiKParikh_2.html|title=IRADe : Jyoti Kirit Parikh|website=Irade.org|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> is the current Executive Director of Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irade.org/Dr.JyotiKParikh_2.html|title=IRADe|website=Irade.org|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> She was a Member of the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change –India<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM's Council on Climate Change : PM's Committees & Councils : Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 22, 2004 - 26th May 2014)|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/committeescouncils_details.php?nodeid=7|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Archivepmo.nic.in}}</ref> and is a recipient of Nobel Peace Prize awarded To IPCC authors in 2007. She was a Senior Professor at [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR)]], Mumbai. She also worked at the [[International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis|International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)]], Austria and served as a senior energy consultant at the [[National Institution for Transforming India|National Institution for Transforming India (Niti Aayog)]] (1978–80). She was a visiting professor at the [[United Nations University|Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS)]] of UNU, Tokyo (1995–96). She was the Acting Director of [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|IGIDR]] for 1997-98.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/conf/AES2012/links/jyoti.pdf|title=Professor Jyoti K Parikh : CV|website=Igidr.ac.in|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> She has experience for nearly thirty years on energy and environment problems of the developing countries.

==Education==
She received her [[M.Sc.]] in Physics and Mathematics from [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1964 and [[PhD]] in Theoretical Physics from [[University of Maryland, College Park]] in 1967.

==Career==
Parikh has served as an energy consultant to the [[World Bank]], the [[U.S. Department of Energy]], EEC, Brussels and UN institutions such as UNIDO, FAO, UNU, UNESCO, and as an Environment Consultant to [[UNDP]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/MajorEvents/GlobalWarming_ClimateChange/CVs.htm |title=Dr. Jyoti K Parikh |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |date= |access-date=2011-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161519/http://persmin.gov.in/MajorEvents/GlobalWarming_ClimateChange/CVs.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1976-78 and 1980–86, she worked at the [[International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis]] (IIASA) in [[Austria]], and from 1978–80, she served as a senior energy consultant for the [[Planning Commission of India]] in New Delhi. From 1986-2003, she served as Senior Professor and Acting Director of the [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]] (IGIDR) in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direc2010.gov.in/pdf/jyoti-parekh.pdf |title=(Ms.) Dr. Jyoti K Parikh |publisher=Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference 2010 |date= |access-date=2011-02-10 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155539/http://www.direc2010.gov.in/pdf/jyoti-parekh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She has published more than 250 research papers and edited and co-authored 25 books and monographs. The publications are in the areas ranging from policy analysis of energy and environment, climate change policies, modeling, technology assessment, power sector, natural resource management, agriculture, health, poverty and gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irade.org/MicrosoftWord-ListofCCpub.pdf|title=List of publications on climate change|author=Dr. Jyoti Parikh|website=Irade.org|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> and natural resource management.

She has carried out a number of national and international projects. Her work spans over areas such as environment, energy demand modeling, power system simulations, biomass allocation in rural energy systems, energy policy, demand-side management in the electricity sector, impacts of climate change, mitigation, negotiations, [[climate change adaptation|adaptation]], power system planning, natural resource accounting, sustainable development and restructuring consumption patterns, incremental costs and Global Environment Facility (GEF), supporting globally efficient projects by GEF, North-South issues in IPCC response strategies, Joint implementation of climate change projects: opportunities for North-South cooperation, trade and environment, and large scale survey on rural energy, water and sanitation, environmental economics for sustainable development into the decision-making process. It covers four major focal areas: Air Quality; Water Quality; Community Land Regeneration and Biodiversity within the overall framework of sustainable development.

Dr Parikh was a member of the Indian Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/committeescouncils_details.php?nodeid=7|title=PM's Council on Climate Change : PM's Committees & Councils : Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 22, 2004 - 26th May 2014)|website=Archivepmo.nic.in|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/press-releases/ipcc-wg3-ar5-authors.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-20 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053859/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/press-releases/ipcc-wg3-ar5-authors.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is tasked with coordinating national action for assessment, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change.

As head of [[IRADe]], she has motivated the institution to pursue independent social, economic, and scientific policy research with a focus on development and inclusive growth. The research is conducted within a multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder framework in order to integrate different socio-economic perspectives and build on policy-level understanding by working on South Asia Power Tarde, Urban [[climate resilience]] and urban environment, Energy, Power and Climate Change.

==Personal==
Parikh is married to Dr. [[Kirit Parikh]]. Her son Maulik Parikh is at Arizona State University<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://physics.asu.edu/people/faculty/maulik-parikh |title=Maulik Parikh | Arizona State University Department of Physics |access-date=2013-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055642/http://physics.asu.edu/people/faculty/maulik-parikh |archive-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and her daughter Anokhi Parikh is at Johannesburg, South Africa.

==Honors and awards==
* As one of the [[IPCC]] authors, an organization whose work was recognized by the joint award of the [[2007 Nobel Peace Prize|2007]] [[Nobel Peace Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session29/inf2.pdf |title=Session 29 Minutes |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date= |access-date=2011-02-10 |archive-date=2010-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219073434/http://ipcc.ch/meetings/session29/inf2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Recipient of Women achievers award - 2000
* Recipient of Special Energy Award by IBPL Urja Research Foundation on the occasion of 50 years of independence of India - 1998
* Golden Jubilee for India's independence award for energy efficiency (1997)
* Recipient of second prize [[International Federation of Operational Research Societies|IFORS]] in "Operations Research for Development" (1996)
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]
* Recipient of a Gold Medal from the Systems Society of India
* Recipient of Boutros Ghali award by Japan Foundation for United nations
* Recipient of O P Bhasin prize for Science and Environment

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://irade.org/Jyoti%20K%20Parikh%20detailed%20CV.pdf|title=Professor(Dr.) Jyoti K Parikh : Resume|website=Irade.org|access-date=22 February 2022}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikh, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]

Sindhi Hindus

2026-03-28T10:45:31Z

Marinaupu: improved section also and improved wording

{{Short description|Sindhi adherents of Hinduism}}
{{For|demographics of Hindus in Sindh|Hinduism in Sindh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sindhi Hindus
| population = {{circa|7.5}} million
| region1 = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| pop1 = [[Hinduism in Sindh|4,901,407]] (2023)
| ref1 = <ref>Centre for Land Warfare Studies
https://archive.claws.in › roots-of-si...
Roots of Sindhi-Hindu Exodus from Pakistan</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003754/http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 | archive-date=15 March 2018 | title=Hindu Population (PK) – Pakistan Hindu Council }}</ref><ref name="pakcensus">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/sindh/Table09p.pdf |title=Table 9: Population by Religion, Sex and Rural/Urban |date=2017 |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
| region2 = {{Flag|India}}
| pop2 = [[Sindhis in India|2,772,264]] (2011){{efn|Includes speakers of the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 1 million speakers of the Kutchi language; some Sindhi and Kutchi speakers, especially in [[Kutch]] in Gujarat and in western Rajasthan, are Muslims while many ethnic Sindhi Hindus no longer speak the language.}}
| ref2 = <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Census of India 2011|last=Data on Language and Mother Tongue|date=|page= 7|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018}}</ref>
| region3 =
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| region4 =
| pop4 =
| ref4 =
| region5 =
| pop5 =
| ref5 =
| langs = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] {{small|Additionally [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], and [[English language|English]]}}
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Sindhi people|Sindhi Muslims]], [[Sindhi Sikhs]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhi Christians]], [[Punjabis]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthanis]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
[[File:Jhulelal hindu deity.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]]'' ([[Varuna]]), the popular deity of the Sindhi Hindus.]]
'''Sindhi Hindus''' are ethnic [[Sindhis]] who practice [[Hinduism]] and are native to, or have origins in, [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. They are spread across Sindh, primarily concentrated in the eastern districts; with a significant [[Sindhis in India|diasporic population in India]], mainly composing the descendants of [[Partition of India|partition]]-era migrants who fled from Pakistan to the [[Dominion of India]], in what was a wholesale exchange of Hindu and Muslim populations in some areas. Some later emigrated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] and settled in other parts of the world.<ref>Rita Kothari, ''Burden of Refuge: Sindh, Gujarat, Partition,'' Orient Blackswan</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition |title = Who orchestrated the exodus of Sindhi Hindus after Partition? |last=Nil |date=June 4, 2012 |website = tribune.com.pk |publisher=The Express Tribune |access-date = 29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = Nandita bhavnani |title = The making of exile: sindhi hindus and the partition of india |date=2014 |publisher = Tranquebar Press |isbn = 978-93-84030-33-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n_8aBAAAQBAJ&q=Save+Sindh%2C+Save+the+Continent.&pg=PT330 |access-date = 12 September 2015}}</ref>

According to the [[2023 Pakistani Census|2023 census]], there are 4.9 million Sindhi Hindus residing within the Sindh province of Pakistan with major population centres being [[Mirpur Khas Division]] and [[Hyderabad Division]] that combined account for more than 2 million of them.<ref name="pakcensus" /> Meanwhile, the 2011 census listed 2.77 million speakers of Sindhi in India, including speakers of [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]],<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Census of India 2011|last=Data on Language and Mother Tongue|page= 7}}</ref> a number that does not include Sindhi Hindus who no longer speak the Sindhi language. The vast majority of Sindhi Hindus living in India belong to the [[Lohana]] ''[[jāti]]'', which includes the sub-groups of [[Amils|Amil]], [[Bhaiband]] and [[Sahiti (Lohana)|Sahiti]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramey|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ&dq=lohana+cook&pg=PA19|title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond|date=2008-10-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-61622-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Schaflechner|first=Jürgen|title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|pages=71–75}}</ref>

== History of Hinduism in Sindh ==
{{Main article|Hinduism in Sindh}}

=== Before the Arab invasions ===
Prior to Arab invasions, majority of [[Sindh]]'s population practiced [[Buddhism]], although a significant minority adhered to [[Hinduism]], as well.<ref>{{cite book |date=October 31, 2008 |author=[[Jamal Malik|Malik, Jamal]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu15DwAAQBAJ |access-date=September 15, 2023 |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |page=40 |quote=Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=978-90-474-4181-6 |language=en-PK }}</ref> During the Arab invasions, majority of Sindhi Hindus were a rural pastoral population, who lived mostly in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely [[Hindu]]; while the Buddhists of Sindh were a mercantile population, who lived entirely in the urban areas of lower Sindh.<ref name=Maclean />

=== Arab rule ===
After many successful raids, collaboration by the local [[Buddhist]] population, and resistance by the local [[Hindu]] population, the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] led by [[Muhammad Bin Qasim]] successfully invaded and [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|conquered]] Sindh in 712 CE, against the last [[Hindu]] king of Sindh, [[Raja Dahir]].<ref>{{cite book |date=May 1999 |author=[[Alf Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel, Alf]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV-RrRoMzbgC&dq=buddhist+collaboration+sindh&pg=PA281 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |quote=While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan... |isbn=9780226340500 |page=281 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |language=en-US }}</ref>

Sindh, under the control of Qasim, saw a decline of Buddhism, as most Buddhists started converting to Islam. The later reign of the Delhi Sultanate, led to further decline, with both [[Hinduism and Buddhism]] becoming minority religions in Sindh. Buddhism later collapsed and ceased to exist in Sindh, while Hinduism remained persistent, managing to survive and flourish throughout the centuries as a minority religion. The consistency of Hinduism in Sindh is attributed to the dependency of the rural Hindu population on intra-regional commerce and flexibility to adapt to altered circumstances.<ref name=Maclean>{{cite web |year=1989 |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/3b5919199?locale=en |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/ReligionAndSocietyInArabSind |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |pages=123–132 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>

=== Partition and after ===
Prior to the partition of India, as per the 1941 census, the Sindhi Hindu population accounted for around 27% of Sindh's population, most of whom moved to India. Today, Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan number around 4.2 million, around 9% of the region's population. Sindhi Hindus are the largest ethnolinguistic Hindu group in Pakistan. <ref name="gulfnews777">{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/hindus-of-pakistan-reject-caa-do-not-want-indian-prime-minister-modis-offer-of-citizenship-1.68552370|title=Hindus of Pakistan reject CAA, do not want Indian Prime Minister Modi's offer of citizenship|date=18 December 2019|work=Gulf News|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Those remaining in Pakistan face religious persecution and discrimination. Reports cite instances of violence against Sindhi Hindus, unequal economic opportunities, and the forced conversion of women to Islam. These conditions have caused continued mass migration and created a significant refugee population, with activists often criticizing the state's failure to address these violations. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Minority Rights Group |date=2019-04-23 |title=The situation of Hindus in Pakistan; Reports from Pakistan: Tracing the challenges facing religious minorities in South Asia |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2007124.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=http://stories.minorityrights.org/pakistan-religious-minorities/chapter/pakistani-hindus-migrating-to-india/ |language=en}}</ref>

== Religious syncretism with Islam and Sikhism ==
Historically, Sindhi Hindus have embraced forms of [[religious syncretism]], as a large proportion of the Sindhi Hindus have been close to [[Islam]] through revering [[Sufi Saints of South Asia|Sufi saints]] at [[Sufi shrine|Sufi shrines]] as well close to [[Sikhism]] through the [[Nanakpanthi]], an approach in which [[Guru Nanak]]'s teachings are respected but without necessarily following the other gurus nor identifying as [[Sikhs]].<ref>Ramey, Steven W. 2008. ''Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond''. New York: [[Springer Publishing|Springer]].</ref>

== Groups and communities ==

Majority of Sindhi Hindus belong to [[Lohana]] community who are historically traders, merchants and government officials, The Sindhi Lohanas are divided into different sub-groups for example Amils, Bhaibands, Hyderabadi Bhaiband ([[Sindhi workies|Sindhi Varki]]), Sahitis, Shikarpuris, Hatvaniya/Hatwara, Thattai, [[Bhagnari]] etc, these sub-groups have their own hundreds of surnames/castes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hīrānandāṇī |first=Popaṭī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ZjAAAAMAAJ&q=sahiti+sindhi |title=History of Sindhi Literature: Post-independence, 1947-1978 |date=1984 |publisher=Prof. Popati R. Hiranandani |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> Other communities are [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]] (Larai and Utradi), [[Arora]] and small Shikarpuri Khatris,<ref>{{Cite book |last=DADUZEN |first=Dayal N. Harjani aka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+khatri&pg=PT250 |title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-289-7 |language=en}}</ref> all of them are called as Wāniya and Deewān in Sindh and belong to [[Vaishya|Waishya]] Varna of Hinduism. There are also few Sindhi [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] for example Pokarno and [[Saraswat Brahmin|Sarsat or Sarsudh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&q=Brahman |title=Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus |date=1851 |publisher=W. H. Allen |pages=310 |language=en |quote=As usual among the Hindoo race, wherever it is settled, they have divided themselves into different tribes. The Satawarna, or seven castes of Indians in Sindh, are as follows:--1. Brahman; 2. Lohano; 3. Bhatio; 4. Sahto; 5. Waishya (including a number of trades as Wahun, grain-toaster; Khatti, dyer, &c.); 6. Panjabi; and 7. Sonaro. Five of these belong, properly speaking, to the Waishya (the third, or merchant) division of pure Indians. The seventh is a mixed caste, descended from a Brahman father and a Shudra mother.}}</ref>

Hindu Rajputs are mainly found in [[Thar Desert of Sindh|Thar]] region. The tribal groups like [[Dhedh|Dhed]], [[Sindhi Bhils|Bhils]], [[Meghwal|Meghwars]], [[Kolhi|Kolhis]] etc form second largest group among Sindhi Hindus and are mostly found in Southeast of Sindh. The Sindhi Hindus do not have caste based division nor the concept of higher caste or lower caste, there is no evil of [[untouchability]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hīrānandāṇī |first=Popaṭī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ZjAAAAMAAJ&q=sahiti+sindhi |title=History of Sindhi Literature: Post-independence, 1947-1978 |date=1984 |publisher=Prof. Popati R. Hiranandani |language=en}}</ref>

== Sindhi Hindus in India ==
{{Main article|Sindhis in India}}

=== Partition ===
During the first half of 1948, approximately 1 million Sindhi Hindus immigrated to India.<ref>The Partition Museum
https://www.partitionmuseum.org › ...
Partition of India - 1947 Partition, History</ref> Various refugee colonies have been set up by [[Government of India]] for accommodation of Sindhi refugees across the nation like: [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhidham]], [[Kandla]] and [[Adipur]] camps in [[Gujarat]], [[Sindhi Camp|Sindhi Camp bus stand]] in [[Rajasthan]]'s capital [[Jaipur]], Cox Town camp in [[Karnataka]]'s capital [[Bangalore]] and Ulhasnagar (Kalyan Camp) in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |author-link=Saaz Aggarwal |date=13 August 2022 |title=How refugees from Sindh rebuilt their lives – and India – after Partition |url=https://scroll.in/article/1030368/the-story-of-sindh-and-how-its-refugees-rebuilt-their-lives-and-india-after-partition |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

=== Contemporary situation ===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are around 2.8 million Sindhi-language speakers living in India, however, this number does not include ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak Sindhi and includes [[Kutchi people|Kutchis]] who in some cases may not identify as ethnic Sindhis (especially those in [[Gujarat]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html | title=Now, class 6th & 8th students of U.P. Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities | date=23 May 2023 |quote=As per the 2011 census, there are 2,772,364 Sindhi speakers in India. However, this number does not include ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak the language. }}</ref> Sindhis formed a major-chunk of population of [[Ulhasnagar]] Municipality ([[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]), Maharashtra. The population of Ulhasnagar city is 500k, out of which 400k of the residents are Sindhis, thus constituting 80% of the city's population as per 2011 census report. Ulhasnagar is also known as India's "Mini Sindh" due to having the highest concentration of Sindhis in one city in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sindhi-conversions-in-ulhasnagar-raise-a-storm-1351837 | title=Sindhi conversions in Ulhasnagar raise a storm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ulhasnagar-brands-of-ethnicity/210645|title=Ulhasnagar : Brands Of Ethnicity}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/made-in-usa-ulhasnagar-sindhi-association-how-sindhis-created-businesses-after-partition/1107658/ | title='Made in USA—Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association': How Sindhis created businesses after Partition | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=4 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Family names ==

=== Conventions ===
Most Sindhi Hindu family names are a modified form of a [[patronymic]] and typically end with the suffix '''''"-ani"''''', which is used to denote descent from a common male ancestor. One explanation states that the -ani suffix is a [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] variant of 'anshi', derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word 'ansh', which means 'descended from' (see: [[Devanshi]]). The first part of a Sindhi Hindu surname is usually derived from the name or location of an ancestor. In northern Sindh, surnames ending in 'ja' (meaning 'of') are also common. A person's surname would consist of the name of his or her native village, followed by 'ja'. The Sindhi Hindus generally add the suffix ‘-ani’ to the name of a great-grandfather and adopt the name as a family name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhishaan.com/article/history/hist_01_02c.html|title=Sindhishaan - Whats in Name|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sindhisms.blogspot.sg/p/sindhi-surnames.html|title=Sindhi Surnames|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tarun-sakhrani/the-sindhis-of-sindh_b_8894284.html|title=The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond|work=Huffington Post|date=4 January 2016|access-date=9 August 2016|first=Tarun|last=Sakhrani}}</ref>

=== Surnames ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Caste
!Surnames<ref>{{Cite book|last=U.T Thakur|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.548293|title=Sindhi Culture|year=1959}}</ref>
|-
|Sindhi Amil Lohana
|[[Advani]], [[Ahuja]], [[Ajwani]], [[Bathija]], [[Bhambhani]], [[Bhavnani]], [[Bijlani]], [[Chanchlani]], [[Chhablani]], [[Chabria|Chhabira]], [[Chhugani]], [[Chugani]], [[Dadlani]], [[Daryani]], [[Dudani]], [[Essarani]], [[Gabrani]], [[Gidwani]], [[Gurnani]], [[Hingorani]], [[Hemrajani ]], [[Idnani]], [[Israni|Issrani]], [[Jagtiani]], [[Jaisinghani]], [[Jhangiani]], [[Kandharani]], [[Karnani]], [[Kewalramani]], [[Kewlani]], [[Khubchandani]], [[Kriplani]], [[Haswani]],[[Hiranandani]], [[Lalwani]], [[Lalchandani]], Mahtani, [[Makhija]], [[Malkani]], [[Manghirmalani]], [[Manglani]], [[Manshani]], [[Mansukhani]], [[Mirchandani]], [[Motwani]], [[Makhija|Mukhija]], [[Panjwani]], [[Punwani]], [[Ramchandani]], [[Raisinghani]], [[Rijhsanghani]], [[Sadarangani|Rohira, Sadarangani]], [[Shahani]], [[Shahukarani]], Shivdasani, [[Sipahimalani]] (shortened to Sippy in many instances), [[Sitlani]], [[Sarabhai]], [[Singhania (disambiguation)|Singhania]], [[Takthani]], [[Thadani]], [[Tanwani]], [[Vaswani]], [[Wadhwani]] and [[Uttamsinghani]]
|-
|'''Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana'''
|[[Aishani]], [[Agahni]], [[Anandani]], [[Aneja]], [[Ambwani]], [[Asija]], [[Bablani]], [[Bajaj (surname)|Bajaj]], [[Bhagwani]], [[Bhaglani]], [[Bhojwani]], [[Bhagnani]], [[Balani (surname)|Balani]], [[Baharwani]], [[Biyani]], [[Bodhani]], [[Chandiramani]], [[Channa]], [[Chattani]], [[Choithani|Chothani]], [[Chughani]], [[Dalwani]], [[Damani (name)|Damani]], [[Devnani]], [[Dhingra|Dhingria]], [[Dolani]], [[Dodeja|Dudeja]], [[Gangwani]], [[Ganglani]], [[Gulrajani]], [[Hotwani]], [[Harwani]], [[Jagwani]], [[Jamtani]], [[Sindi ladi (caste)|Jobanputra]], [[Juneja]], [[Jumani]], [[Katejs|Kateja]], [[Kodwani]], [[Khabrani]], [[Khanchandani]], [[Khushalani]], Kirpalani, [[Lakhani tribe|Lakhani]], [[Lanjwani]], [[Laungani|Longan]], [[Lachhwani]], [[Ludhwani]], [[Lulia]], [[Lokwani]], [[Manghnani]], [[Mamtani]], [[Melwani]], [[Mirani (tribe)|Mirani]], [[Mirpuri (surname)|Mirpuri]], [[Mirwani]], [[Mohinani]], [[Mulchandani]], [[Nihalani]], [[Nankani]], [[Nathani]], [[Parwani]], [[PHULL|Phull]], [[Qaimkhani]], [[Ratlani]], [[Rajpal]], [[Rustamani]], [[Ruprela]], Rajwani, Rijhwani, Ramnani, [[Sambhavani]], [[Santdasani]], [[Shamdasani]], [[Soneji]], [[Setia]], [[Sewani]], [[Tewani|Tejwani]], [[Tilokani]], [[Tirthani]], [[Wassan]], [[Vangani]], [[Varlani]], [[Vishnani]], [[Visrani]], [[Virwani]] and [[Valbani]]
|}

== Notable Sindhi Hindus ==
{{Main|List of Sindhi people}}



* [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani]], linguist, historian, novelist, poet, researcher
* [[Kalyan Bulchand Advani]], poet, critique, scholar
* [[Kiara Advani]], Indian actress
* [[L. K. Advani]], former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Nikkhil Advani]], Indian movie director and screenwriter
* [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]], 23 times world champion in snooker and billiards from India.
* [[Suresh H. Advani]], [[oncologist]] who pioneered [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]] in India
* [[Asrani]], Indian comedian and actor
* [[Kirat Babani]], freedom fighter, writer, journalist
* [[Babita]], Indian film actress
* [[Anant Balani]], Indian film director
* [[Rana Bhagwandas]], Judge on the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], Indian actress
* [[Deepak Bhojwani]], Indian diplomat
* [[Aarti Chabria]], actress
* [[Brahma Chellaney]], geostrategist and author
* [[Vishal Dadlani]], playback singer
* [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], political leader in the Indian independence movement, Governor of the Indian states of Bihar and later Assam
* [[Dahir of Aror|Raja Dahir]], the last Hindu king of [[Brahmin dynasty|Sindh]]
* [[Bhai Pratap Dialdas]], freedom fighter, businessman, philanthropist
* [[Harish Fabiani]], Indian (NRI) businessman based in [[Madrid]]
* [[Khialdas Fani]], writer, poet, singer
* [[Sobho Gianchandani]], Pakistani Sindhi social scientist, and revolutionary writer
* [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], full name Gope Kamlani, actor in Hindi cinema
* [[Hotchand Molchand Gurbakhshani]], Educationist, Scholar and Writer
* [[Hari Harilela]], Indian businessman based in Hong Kong
* [[Jimmi Harkishin]], British Asian actor
* [[Anita Hassanandani]], Indian actress
* [[Gopichand Hinduja]], British businessman, co-chairman of the [[Hinduja Group]]
* [[Indira Hinduja]], Indian gynaecologist, obstetrician and infertility specialist who pioneered the Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) technique
* [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani]], Indian Navy officer who served as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff
* [[Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani]], Indian [[Otorhinolaryngologist]]
* [[Niranjan Hiranandani]], co-founder and managing director of [[Hiranandani Group]]
* [[Popati Hiranandani]], writer
* [[Surendra Hiranandani]], co-founder and managing director of [[Hiranandani Group]]
* [[Rajkumar Hirani]], popular Indian film director and editor
* [[Narendra Hirwani]], Indian cricketer
* [[Micky Jagtiani]], chairman and owner of [[Landmark Group]]
* [[Gurumukh Das Jagwani|Dr Gurmukh Das Jagwani]], former Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Indian actor
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]], Indian actress
* [[Ram Jethmalani]], Indian senior lawyer, former Law Minister of India
* [[Motilal Jotwani]], Indian writer, educator, follower of [[Gandhi]], fellow of [[Harvard Divinity School]]
* [[Hemu Kalani]], freedom fighter
* [[Atul Khatri]], stand-up comedian
* [[Chanda Kochhar]] (née Advani), Former MD and chief executive officer of [[ICICI Bank]]
* [[Krishna Kohli]], Senator, [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
* [[Rooplo Kolhi]], freedom fighter
* [[J. B. Kripalani]], freedom fighter and President of [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Jayant Kripalani]], Film, Television and Stage actor
* [[Krishna Kripalani]], freedom fighter, author and parliamentarian
* [[Ajith Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Gulu Lalvani]], chairman of [[Binatone]]
* [[Kartar Lalvani]], founder and chairman of [[Vitabiotics]]
* [[Nikita Lalwani]], Indian novelist based in London
* [[Tej Lalvani]], CEO of the UK's largest vitamin company [[Vitabiotics]]
* [[Shankar Lalwani]], Indian politician and Member of Parliament in the 17th Lok Sabha from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
* [[Kishore Mahbubani]], Singaporean diplomat
* [[Vivek Mahbubani]], Hong Kong comedian
* [[K. R. Malkani]], journalist, historian and politician
* [[Mangharam Udharam Malkani]], Sindhi scholar, critic, writer, playwright, literary historian and professor
* [[N. R. Malkani]], freedom fighter and social worker
* [[Rajeev Masand]], Indian film critic
* [[Rajesh Mirchandani]], global communications leader and former British television journalist
* [[Hansika Motwani]], Indian actress
* [[Rajeev Motwani]], computer scientist, Professor at Stanford University, He was an early supporter and advisor of companies like [[Google]] and [[PayPal]]
* [[Kabir Mulchandani]], Indian businessman
* [[Seth Vishandas Nihalchand]], merchant and former member of [[Indian National Congress]] at the time of Independence
* [[Archie Panjabi|Archana Panjabi]], British actress
* [[Lila Poonawalla]] (née Thadani), Indian industrialist, philanthropist, humanitarian and the founder of Lila Poonawalla Foundation
* [[Kala Prakash]], fiction writer
* [[Moti Prakash]], poet
* [[Chandru Raheja]], property developer
* [[Sushil Rajpal]], Indian cameraman, producer, director
* [[Bhagat Kanwar Ram]], saint
* [[Bulo C Rani]], Indian music director
* [[Gulabrai Ramchand]], Indian cricketer
* [[Ishwardas Rohani]], Indian politician and former Speaker of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* Aryan Rohira, Sindhi-American Entrepreneur, Bollywood DJ, and published academic
* [[G. S. Sainani]], Indian general physician, medical researcher, medical writer and an Emeritus Professor of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
* [[Meera Sanyal]] (née Hiranandani), was an Indian banker and politician. She served as CEO and chairperson of the Royal Bank of Scotland in India
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]], Indian film actor
* [[Hari Shivdasani]], film director and actor
* [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], Indian film actress
* [[Sonu Shivdasani]], founder and CEO of [[Soneva]]
* [[Ranveer Singh]], Indian actor
* [[G. P. Sippy]], Bollywood movie producer and director
* [[Ramesh Sippy]], Bollywood movie producer and director
* [[Sobhraj Nirmaldas Sujansingani]], writer and poet
* [[Anjana Sukhani]], actress
* [[Dalip Tahil]] Indian film, television and theatre actor
* [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]], Former Chief of the Naval Staff, India
* [[Tarun Tahiliani]], Indian fashion designer
* [[Hiten Tejwani]], Indian actor
* [[Sundri Uttamchandani]], Indian writer
* [[Ashish Vaswani]], ex computer scientist with Google Brain, introduced Transformer neural network architecture, ceo of Essential.ai
* [[Chunky Vazirani]], Founder of vazirani-automotive.com
* [[Sunil Vaswani]], chairman of the [[Stallion Group]]
* [[Harchandrai Vishandas]], British Indian attorney, politician and former mayor of Karachi
* [[Romesh Wadhwani]], chairman and CEO of [[Symphony Technology Group]] (STG), an alumnus of [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
* [[Sudhir]], Film Actor
* [[Tulsi Ramsay|Tulsi Ramsey]], filmmaker
* [[Shyam Ramsay|Shyam Ramsey]], filmmaker
* [[Ramsay Brothers|F U Ramsay]], filmmaker
* [[Ramsay Brothers|Kumar Ramsay]], filmmaker
* [[Ramsay Brothers|Arjun Ramsay]], filmmaker
* [[Ramsay Brothers|Keshu Ramsay]], filmmaker
* [[Ramsay Brothers|Kiran Ramsay]], filmmaker
* [[Mac Mohan]], film actor
* [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], film actor
* [[Sheila Ramani|Shiela Ramani]], film actor
* [[Govind Nihalani]], filmmaker
* [[Pahlaj Nihalani|Pahalaj Nihalani]], filmmaker
* [[Arjun Hingorani]], filmmaker
*[[Bhagwanti Navani]], singer
*[[Master Chander|Master Chandur]], singer



== See also ==
* [[Sindhis]]
* [[Hinduism in Sindh Province]]
* [[Sindhis in India]]
* [[Hinduism in Pakistan]]
* [[Darya Lal Mandir]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, "Amilan-jo-Ahwal" - published in Sindhi, 1919
* Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) - translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils") at [http://www.saibaba-fund.org/sindhis.html sindhis]

{{Hinduism in India by region}}{{Hinduism in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Sindh| ]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus| ]]

2009 Indian general election

2026-03-27T11:26:46Z

Marinaupu: quick enhanced information per standard format further

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2004 Indian general election
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = 2014 Indian general election
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = 16 April 2009 – {{End date|df=y|2009|05|13}}
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 716,985,101
| turnout = 58.21% ({{increase}} 0.14[[Percentage point|pp]])
| 1blank = Alliance seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election1 = 26.53%, 145 seats
| seats1 = '''206'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 61
| popular_vote1 = '''119,111,019'''
| percentage1 = '''28.55%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.02[[Percentage point|pp]]
| 1data1 = '''262'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lkadvani.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election2 = 22.16%, 138 seats
| seats2 = 116
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 22
| popular_vote2 = 78,435,381
| percentage2 = 18.80%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.36[[Percentage point|pp]]
| 1data2 = 159
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PrakashKarat_cropped.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=15}}
| leader3 = [[Prakash Karat]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance3 = [[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|TF]]<ref name="Jain">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=2008-07-25 |title=Third front can upset UPA, NDA plans |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/third-front-can-upset-upa-nda-plans/articleshow/3276997.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| last_election3 = 5.66%, 43 seats
| seats3 = 16
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 27
| popular_vote3 = 22,219,111
| percentage3 = 5.33%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 0.33[[Percentage point|pp]]
| 1data3 = 79
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:Indische Parlamentswahlen 2009.svg|300px]]|Result by Party|[[File:2009 Indian General Election Result Map Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|Result by Alliance}}
| map_caption =
| 2blank = Seat change
| 2data1 = {{increase}} 44
| 2data2 = {{decrease}} 22
| 2data3 = ''New Alliance''
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
}}{{Politics of India}}

General elections were held in [[India]] in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 to elect the members of the [[15th Lok Sabha|fifteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]]. With a registered electorate of 716 million and a turnout of 417 million voters, it was the largest democratic election in the world until being surpassed by the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/16/indian-election-congress-polling|title=In the Indian election, 700m voters, 28 days, 250,000 police: world's biggest democratic poll begins|date=16 April 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=13 June 2009|location=London|first=Randeep|last=Ramesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906101159/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/16/indian-election-congress-polling|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

By constitutional requirement, elections to the Lok Sabha must be held every five years or when Parliament is dissolved by the [[President of India|president]]. The [[2004 Indian general election|previous elections]] were held in May 2004; the term of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] would have naturally expired on 1 June 2009. The elections were organised by the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) and were held in multiple phases to better handle the large electorate and security concerns.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.samaylive.com/news/indian-election-statistics-astonish-british-mps/632142.html|title=Indian election statistics astonish British MPs|date=4 June 2009|publisher=samaylive.com|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609073003/http://www.samaylive.com/news/indian-election-statistics-astonish-british-mps/632142.html|archive-date=9 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2009, [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]11.20 billion ([[Dollar|$]]200.5 million) was budgeted for election expenses by parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4138129.cms|title=Rs 1120 crore allocated for Lok Sabha polls|date=16 February 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219165944/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4138129.cms|archive-date=19 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

A total of 8,070 candidates contested 543 seats elected in single-member constituencies using [[first-past-the-post voting]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election Facts: Candidate Seat Ratio increased from 4 in 1952 to 25 in 1996|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/candidate-seat-ratio-in-lok-sabha-elections-increased-from-4-in-1952-to-25-in-1996/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108072556/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/candidate-seat-ratio-in-lok-sabha-elections-increased-from-4-in-1952-to-25-in-1996/|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), led by the official opposition, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the newly formed [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and mainly constituted of regional parties, challenged the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], making the election a triangular fight.<ref name="Jain"/> Voter turnout over all five phases was around 58%. The results of the election were announced within three days of phase five, on 16 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|title=India's ruling party wins resounding victory|agency=Associated Press|date=16 May 2009|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206033206/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|archive-date=6 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The UPA returned to government with an increased majority, with strong results in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]]; in all, there was support from 322 of the 543 elected members, including external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and other minor parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|title=Smooth sailing for UPA, parties scramble to support|date=19 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522121719/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|archive-date=22 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|title=Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116233259/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|url-status=live}}</ref> He was sworn in to his second term by [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] on 22 May 2009 in the Ashoka Hall, [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. He would go on to complete a full five-year term; however, the UPA would lose to the NDA in a landslide in [[2014 Indian general election|the next election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|title=Team Manmohan set to form govt today|date=22 May 2009|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527164431/http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|archive-date=27 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|title=India PM Singh takes oath for second term|date=22 May 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525123414/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|archive-date=25 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Expand section|date=September 2010}}
The election, while following the normal five-year cycle, came after a break in the first UPA alliance after the left parties withdrew their support due to the [[Indo-US nuclear deal]] and forcing a [[vote of confidence]], which Singh's government survived.

==Electoral issues==
===Delimitation===
{{Main|Delimitation Commission of India}}
The 2009 elections adopted re-drawn electoral constituencies based on the [[List of states and territories of India by population|2001 census]], following the 2002 [[Delimitation Commission of India]], whose recommendations were approved in February 2008.

In the 2009 general elections, 499 out of the total 543 [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituencies]] were newly delimited constituencies. This affected the [[National Capital Region (India)#NCT Delhi|National Capital Region of Delhi]], the [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and all the [[States of India|states]] except [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Assam, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], Jharkhand, [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]].<ref name="eci-press-release">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/current/pn020309.pdf |title=General Elections – 2009 |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318023813/http://eci.nic.in/press/current/pn020309.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 }}</ref>
While comparing election results, it must be borne in mind that in many instances a constituency with the same name may reflect a significantly different population demographic as well as a slightly altered geographical region.

===Electronic voting machines===
{{Main|Indian voting machines}}

As in the 2004 election, this election was also conducted completely using [[Indian voting machines|electronic voting machines]] (EVMs), with 1,368,430 voting machines deployed across the country.<ref name="eci-press-release" />

===Polling stations===
[[File:2009 Lok Sabha Poll Schedule - Map.png|thumb|Election schedule (all phases)]]
There were 828,804 [[Polling Station]]s around the country – a 20% increase over the number from the 2004 election. This was done mainly to avoid vulnerability to threat and intimidation, to overcome geographical barriers and to reduce the distance travelled by voters.<ref name="eci-press-release" />

The CEC announced that the polling station in Banej village in the [[Una, Gujarat|Una]] segment of [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]], Gujarat had the unique claim to being the only polling station in the country that catered to a single elector – Guru Shree Bharatdasji Bapu, a priest of a [[Lord Shiva|Shiva]] temple in the middle of the [[Gir Forest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/A-polling-station-for-one-voter-/rssarticleshow/4213160.cms|title=A polling station for one voter|date=3 March 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 June 2009|first1=Himanshu|last1=Kaushik|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303123714/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/A-polling-station-for-one-voter-/rssarticleshow/4213160.cms|archive-date=3 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electoral rolls===
The [[electoral roll]]s had to be completely updated because of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] that took effect from February 2008. The process of updating the electoral rolls continued until the last date of filing nominations. 714 million people were eligible to vote in 2009, up 6.4% (43 million) from 2004.

This election also saw the entire country except the states of [[Assam]], Nagaland and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] use photo electoral rolls. This meant that the photo of each elector was printed on the electoral rolls and this was intended to facilitate easy identification and prevent impersonations.

In addition to the photo electoral rolls, the electors also needed to provide separate photo identification. Those electors who had already been issued Electoral Photo Identification Cards (EPIC) were only permitted to use the EPIC for identification at the polling station. According to the EC, 82% of the country's electors (except those in Assam) have been issued EPIC before the 2009 election was announced.<ref name="eci-press-release" />

==Polling schedule==

===Background===
The [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] (CEC), [[N. Gopalaswami]], had stated on 28 December 2008, that the elections were likely to be held between April and May 2009. He attributed this schedule to the examination period from February to March, making polling places unavailable.<ref name="Preliminary">{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/indian-parliament-elections-likely-aprilmay-2009-2101737|title=Indian Parliament elections likely in April–May 2009|date=28 December 2008|publisher=TopNews.in|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002180907/http://www.topnews.in/indian-parliament-elections-likely-aprilmay-2009-2101737|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 January 2009, fractures within the Election Commission came to the fore when Gopalaswami recommended to President Pratibha Patil that Election Commissioner [[Navin Chawla]] be sacked for behaving in a partisan manner. This recommendation in itself was controversial, as it was unclear if a CEC had the legal and constitutional right to provide such a unilateral recommendation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/split-within-poll-panel-cec-wants-chawla-sacked/84152-3.html|title=Split within poll panel, CEC wants Chawla sacked|date=31 January 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309180201/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/split-within-poll-panel-cec-wants-chawla-sacked/84152-3.html|archive-date=9 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chawla refused to resign as he was expected to take over the post of Chief Election Commissioner a few months later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-support-for-cec-chawla-says-wont-quit/84136-3.html|title=No support for CEC, Chawla says won't quit|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=31 January 2009|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309211436/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-support-for-cec-chawla-says-wont-quit/84136-3.html|archive-date=9 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This controversy also resulted in speculation that the Election Commission was unable to agree on the actual polling dates, with the incumbent CEC Gopalaswami preferring that at least one phase of elections be held before his retirement on 20 April 2009. Navin Chawla, on the other hand, wanted the election to only start after Gopalaswami retired.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/election-commission-split-over-dates-of-general-polls/86231-37-0.html|title=Election Commission split over dates of general polls|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=25 February 2009|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001012453/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/election-commission-split-over-dates-of-general-polls/86231-37-0.html|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Eventually, on 1 March 2009, President Patil rejected Gopalaswami's recommendation to remove Chawla after the Government advised her to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-rejects-cec-advice-navin-chawla-stays/429613/|title=President rejects CEC advice, Navin Chawla stays|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 February 2009|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605235427/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-rejects-cec-advice-navin-chawla-stays/429613|archive-date=5 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after the above announcement by President Patil, the Election Commissioners got together to announce the details of the general election.

The polling schedule for the 2009 General Elections was announced by the Chief Election Commissioner on 2 March 2009.<ref name="eci-press-release" />

Subsequently, the President's House announced on 4 March 2009 that CEC Gopalaswami would retire as scheduled on 20 April 2009 and Navin Chawla would take over as CEC starting 21 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085724&ch=342009100800PM|title=Chawla named next CEC|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=4 March 2009|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306012838/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085724&ch=342009100800PM|archive-date=6 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first time in the history of Indian politics that two different people oversaw different phases of the same election.<ref>{{cite news|last=Balaji|first=J.|title=Navin Chawla takes over as CEC|volume=132|issue=95|page=1|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/22/stories/2009042258740100.htm|access-date=23 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=22 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133209/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/22/stories/2009042258740100.htm|archive-date=25 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Polling schedule===
{{See also|List of states and union territories of India by voters}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="margin:auto;"
|+'''Polling schedule by state/union territory'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;"| States/UTs
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;"| Constituencies
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;"| Phases
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 1
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 3
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 4
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 5
! Avg Turnout
|-
! 16 April
! Turnout<ref name="ECI-Phase1-Phase2">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/Phasewise_Statewise_data.pdf |title=Phasewise Statewise Election Data |date=28 April 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619062228/http://eci.nic.in/press/Phasewise_Statewise_data.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
! 22/23 April
! Turnout<ref name="ECI-Phase1-Phase2" />
! 30 April
! Turnout<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/DataOfPhaseIII.pdf |title=Phasewise Statewise Election Data – 3rd Phase |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619062439/http://eci.nic.in/press/DataOfPhaseIII.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
! 7 May
! Turnout<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/DataOfPhaseIV.pdf |title=Phasewise Statewise Election Data – 4th Phase |date=11 May 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061435/http://eci.nic.in/press/DataOfPhaseIV.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
! 13 May
! Turnout<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.nic.in/press/data_phaseV.pdf |title=Phasewise Statewise Election Data – 5th Phase |date=15 May 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061324/http://eci.nic.in/press/data_phaseV.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
!
|-
| [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 64.15%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 64.15%
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 42
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
| style="text-align:center;"| 69.75%
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 75.50%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 72.40%
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 65.00%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 65.00%
|-
| [[Assam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 67.61%
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 70.06%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 69.68%
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 40
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 43.21%
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 45.83%
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 46.12%
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 37.00%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 44.27%
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 65.51%
| style="text-align:center;"| 65.51%
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 58.19%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 58.19%
|-
| [[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 73.22%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 73.22%
|-
| [[Daman & Diu]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 71.85%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 71.85%
|-
| [[NCT of Delhi|Delhi]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.79%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.79%
|-
| [[Goa]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 55.42%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 55.42%
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 26
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 26
| style="text-align:center;"| 47.92%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 47.92%
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 67.67%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 67.67%
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 58.35%
| style="text-align:center;"| 58.35%
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 49.68%
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 44.73%
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 26.43%
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 25.38%
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 45.63%
| style="text-align:center;"| 39.66%
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.16%
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 48.86%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 49.77%
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 28
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 60.00%
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 58.48%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 59.44%
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 73.33%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 73.33%
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 86.10%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 86.10%
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 29
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.39%
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.22%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 51.30%
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 48
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 55.74%
| style="text-align:center;"| 25
| style="text-align:center;"| 49.18%
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 41.24%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 49.17%
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 83.70%
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 75.50%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 79.80%
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 64.40%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 64.40%
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 50.93%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 50.93%
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 90.21%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 90.21%
|-
| [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 21
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 64.90%
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 62.00%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 63.35%
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 79.70%
| style="text-align:center;"| 79.70%
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 72.78%
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| 68.13%
| style="text-align:center;"| 69.58%
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 25
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 25
| style="text-align:center;"| 48.50%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 48.50%
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 82.00%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 82.00%
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
| style="text-align:center;"| 72.46%
| style="text-align:center;"| 72.46%
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 83.91%
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 83.91%
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 80
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 45.37%
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 45.48%
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:center;"| 46.12%
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| 48.00%
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 47.55%
| style="text-align:center;"| 46.45%
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 53.67%
| style="text-align:center;"| 53.67%
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 42
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 80.71%
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 82.60%
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 76.30%
| style="text-align:center;"| 78.93%
|-
! Total constituencies
! 543
!
! 124
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 59.07%
! 141
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 56.66%
! 107
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 52.12%
! 85
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 52.32%
! 86
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 65.74%
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| 56.97%
|-
! colspan=3| Total states/UTs polling on this day
! 17
! 13
! 11
! 8
! 9
|-
! colspan=4|
! colspan=2| States/UTs
! colspan=2| Constituencies
! colspan=6|
|-
| colspan=4| Number of states and UTs polling in single phase
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 22
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 164
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan=4| Number of states and UTs polling in two phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 8
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 163
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan=4| Number of states and UTs polling in three phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 90
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan=4| Number of states and UTs polling in four phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 40
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan=4| Number of states and UTs polling in five phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 86
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! colspan=4| Total
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 35
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 543
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;"| Source: Election Commission of India<ref name="eci-press-release" />
|}

==Coalitions==
The 2009 general election saw three main national pre-poll alliances. Given the volatile nature of coalition politics in India, many parties changed alliances before, during and after the elections. The two larger coalitions, UPA and NDA, had clearly indicated their prime ministerial candidates during campaigning for the election. The Third Front announced repeatedly through the campaigning period that their prime ministerial candidate would only be decided after the election results came out. In Indian parliamentary system, the announcement of Prime Ministerial candidates prior to elections is not required.

===United Progressive Alliance===
{{Main|United Progressive Alliance}}

'''Prime Minister candidate''': [[Manmohan Singh]] ([[Indian National Congress]] (INC))

The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) was formed after the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]] to bring together parties that either allied with the Congress in various states, or were willing to support a Congress-led national government. Though the UPA never enjoyed a clear majority on its own in the [[14th Lok Sabha]], it managed to complete its five-year term from 2004 to 2009 by securing outside support from the left parties (CPI(M), CPI, AIFB, RSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] at different times during this tenure.

Following the August 2008 confidence vote victory for the current government, a statement by Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] caused speculation that the UPA would project Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as the Prime Ministerial candidate in the next elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14740889|title=Manmohan PM candidate of the Congress: Sonia|date=15 August 2008|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212180357/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14740889|archive-date=12 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> While [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) leader [[M. Karunanidhi]] supported Manmohan Singh as the PM candidate, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) chief [[Sharad Pawar]] tried to project himself as a possible Prime Ministerial candidate as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/still-running-pawar-wont-give-up-on-pm-race/83880-3.html|title=Still running: Pawar won't give up on PM race|date=28 January 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212015631/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/still-running-pawar-wont-give-up-on-pm-race/83880-3.html|archive-date=12 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 January 2009, Manmohan Singh underwent a cardiac bypass surgery at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prime-ministers-bypass-surgery-update/83552-3.html|title=Prime Minister's bypass surgery update|date=24 January 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318120910/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prime-ministers-bypass-surgery-update/83552-3.html|archive-date=18 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the surgery, speculation of alternate PM candidates arose both within the Congress and amongst coalition partners. In an attempt to quell such speculations, Sonia Gandhi on 6 February 2009, confirmed that Manmohan Singh would be the UPA's PM candidate by writing so in the Congress party magazine ''Sandesh''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sonia-does-it-again-picks-manmohan-for-pm-job/84648-3.html|title=Sonia does it again, picks Manmohan for PM job|date=6 February 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308154122/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sonia-does-it-again-picks-manmohan-for-pm-job/84648-3.html|archive-date=8 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the first time in the history of Indian elections that the Congress party had declared its Prime Ministerial candidate prior to the elections.

===National Democratic Alliance===
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}

'''Prime Minister candidate''': [[Lal Krishna Advani]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP))

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) was the first large national coalition formed by a national party supported by various regional parties. It was formed after the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]] and the NDA formed the Government led by BJP's [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. The government collapsed a few months later, but the NDA returned to power after the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]] and this time the Vajpayee-led Government completed its full term from 1999 to 2004. Due to the volatile nature of coalitions, NDA won 181 seats after the 2004 election, but due to parties changing alliances, before the 2009 election they had 142 seats.

The main [[Opposition (parliamentary)|opposition]] party, BJP, and its NDA coalition partners announced on 11 December 2007 (more than a year before the election) that their candidate for prime minister would be BJP party leader Advani<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7137799.stm|title=India party declares PM candidate|date=11 December 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326124956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7137799.stm|archive-date=26 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> who was the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] at the time. On 23 January 2008, leaders from BJP and other NDA parties convened in the capital to officially elect him as their candidate for the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012359911200.htm|title=NDA endorses Advani as its prime ministerial candidate|date=23 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630100952/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012359911200.htm|archive-date=30 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Third Front===
'''Seats: The newly formed alliance carried with them 109 seats before the 2009 election.''' 
The [[CPI(M)]] led the formation of the Third Front for the 2009 election. This front was basically a collection of regional political parties who were neither in UPA nor in the NDA.

===Fourth Front===
'''Seats: The newly formed alliance carried with them 64 seats before the 2009 election.''' 
The [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] failed to reach seat sharing agreements with the Congress and decided to form a new front, hoping to be kingmakers after the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/SP-RJD-LJP-unite-to-add-weight/articleshow/4532117.cms|title=SP, RJD, LJP unite to add weight|date=15 May 2009|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520201641/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/SP-RJD-LJP-unite-to-add-weight/articleshow/4532117.cms|archive-date=20 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite announcing this front, the constituent parties continued to declare their support for the UPA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UPA-unbreakable-says-fourth-front-/articleshow/4358089.cms|title=UPA unbreakable, says 'fourth front'|date=4 April 2009|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408203319/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UPA-unbreakable-says-fourth-front-/articleshow/4358089.cms|archive-date=8 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campaign==
{{See also|2009 Indian general election campaign controversies}}

===United Progressive Alliance===
The Congress party bought the rights for the [[81st Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning soundtrack "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" from the movie [[Slumdog Millionaire]], which was used as the official campaign tune by the party. The song title "Jai Ho" translates to 'Let there be victory', and the Congress hoped that the popular song would galvanise the masses during the almost one-month-long election season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fontanella |first=James |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e6bd882c-08cd-11de-b8b0-0000779fd2ac |title=India's Congress buys rights to Slumdog tune |work=Financial Times |date=5 March 2009 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413053543/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e6bd882c-08cd-11de-b8b0-0000779fd2ac.html |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 March 2009, Congress President Sonia Gandhi released the party's manifesto for the 2009 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-congress-manifesto-for-general-elections-09/88510-37-65.html|title=Full text: Congress manifesto for General Elections '09|date=24 March 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=1 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327000449/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-congress-manifesto-for-general-elections-09/88510-37-65.html|archive-date=27 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The manifesto highlighted all the achievements of the UPA Government over the last five years in power and identified improving various policies to favour more rural & under-privileged sections of the Indian society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/home-layout-manifesto.php|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2009 MANIFESTO of the Indian National Congress|publisher=[[Indian National Congress]]|access-date=1 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329082410/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/home-layout-manifesto.php|archive-date=29 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Congress campaign ran into trouble when the Election Commission took exception to a full page advertisement on the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] taken out in major Delhi newspapers. The EC served notice to the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], the [[Cabinet Secretary#India|Cabinet Secretary]] and the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Delhi, stating that the advertisement was a clear violation of the model code of conduct since it enumerated the achievements of the UPA Government. The EC has also asked the violators to pay from their own pockets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030855320800.htm |title=Election Commission pulls up Delhi, Centre over advertisement |access-date=6 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625231432/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030855320800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 March 2009 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-miffed-over-2010-games-ad-promoting-upa/87134-37.html |title=EC miffed over 2010 Games ad promoting UPA |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=8 March 2009 |access-date=6 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133938/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-miffed-over-2010-games-ad-promoting-upa/87134-37.html |archive-date=11 March 2009 }}</ref>

===National Democratic Alliance===
To counter the Congress' selection of "Jai Ho" as their official anthem, the BJP coined the phrase ''Kushal Neta'',

On 3 April 2009, BJP released its election manifesto in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-bjp-manifesto-for-general-elections-2009/89404-37.html|title=Full Text: BJP manifesto for General Elections 2009|date=3 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405035802/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-bjp-manifesto-for-general-elections-2009/89404-37.html|archive-date=5 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The party was taking on the incumbent UPA Government on the three fronts of ''Good Governance, Development and Security''. The manifesto highlighted all the different NDA policies that the UPA reversed over the last five years. The manifesto laid a lot of importance on requiring strong, [[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act|POTA]]-like anti-terrorism laws and vowed to make India a safer place if the BJP is elected. The full text of the manifesto is available at the BJP website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf/election_manifesto_english.pdf|title=BJP Manifesto, Lok Sabha Election 2009|publisher=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220942/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf/election_manifesto_english.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

The BJP campaign faced its biggest controversy when the EC directed the [[District Magistrate]] of [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] to lodge a criminal case against the BJP's candidate [[Varun Gandhi]] for his allegedly inflammatory speech against minority communities made on 7 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-to-file-criminal-case-against-varun-gandhi/87895-37.html|title=EC to file criminal case against Varun Gandhi|date=17 March 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=17 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320040611/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-to-file-criminal-case-against-varun-gandhi/87895-37.html|archive-date=20 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> This decision was taken after the EC had earlier issued a notice<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-seeks-report-on-varun-gandhi-communal-remarks/87745-37.html|title=EC seeks report on Varun Gandhi 'communal' remarks|date=15 March 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=16 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316210547/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-seeks-report-on-varun-gandhi-communal-remarks/87745-37.html|archive-date=16 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> to Varun Gandhi and the BJP. After reviewing the incident, the EC found Varun Gandhi guilty of violating the model code of conduct by creating feeling of enmity and hatred between different communities and issued a recommendation the BJP to drop him from their list of candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/scolded-slammed-poll-panels-order-against-varun/88380-37.html|title=Poll panel's order against Varun|date=23 March 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=23 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324002240/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/scolded-slammed-poll-panels-order-against-varun/88380-37.html|archive-date=24 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The BJP however came out in support of Varun and refused to drop him as a candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-backs-varun-asks-ec-to-not-advise/88406-37.html|title=BJP backs Varun, asks EC to not advise|date=23 March 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=23 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324014259/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-backs-varun-asks-ec-to-not-advise/88406-37.html|archive-date=24 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Third Front===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) formed a [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]. The Third Front tried to contest the election, hoping to create a non-BJP, non-Congress government, by attracting many local and regional parties, that were once with the other two alliances. The Third Front came into the alliance with 109 MPs, and various polling conducted before the election projected the alliance of getting over 100 seats. The CPI(M) created a campaign website hosting its campaign information to attract sympathisers among the [[netizen]] public to vote for the party.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ruhi Tewari |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/03/17233826/Reds-go-online-for-votes-cash.html |title=Reds go online for votes, cash in on run-up to 'young' polls |publisher=Livemint |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025231/http://www.livemint.com/2009/03/17233826/Reds-go-online-for-votes-cash.html |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cpim">{{cite web|url=http://vote.cpim.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409213057/http://vote.cpim.org/ |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead|title=Vote for CPI(M)|access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref>

===Innovative technology usage during campaigning===
During this election, political parties used technology in innovative ways to reach out to the voters. Although SMS had been used during prior elections, political parties had realised that the rural and illiterate voters which form a majority could not read. Young and technology savvy politicians quickly realised that voice was the way to reach out to the rural community as they could speak their language. This turned out to be very interesting as two voice companies from India, [[TringMe]] and [[VoiceHawk]] played the pivotal role in reaching out to the billion people of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/political-parties-use-voip-to-woo-voters_392291.html |title=Political parties use VoIP to woo voters |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234241/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/political-parties-use-voip-to-woo-voters_392291.html |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Opinion polling==
Most opinion polls conducted by major agencies gave the UPA an edge over the NDA, but none were predicted to get absolute majority. The UPA including the Fourth front was, however, predicted by a few to get seats close to majority. The opinion polls reckoned that other regional parties would play an important role by winning a substantial number of seats. In results where the "Fourth Front" is indicated, the SP, RJD and LJP are not being counted in the UPA figure.

===Pre-poll surveys===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Agency
!rowspan="2"| Dates
!Colspan="3"| Results
!rowspan="2"|
|-
!UPA
!NDA
!Others
|-
| [[CNN-IBN]]–[[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]
| 8 Jan to 15/09{{clarify|date=May 2011}}
| 215–235
| 164–185
| 125–155
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=1613&eid=5|title=CNN-IBN-CSDS: Predicting The Polls|date=23 February 2009|publisher=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325130339/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=1613&eid=5|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star]]–[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
| 5 to 17 March 2009
| 257 (Congress 144)
| 184 (BJP 137)
| 96
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=1649&eid=5|title=Star-Nielsen Poll 1: Poll Gives UPA 257, NDA 184, Third Front 96|date=23 March 2009|publisher=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425211442/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=1649&eid=5|archive-date=25 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star]]–[[ACNielsen|Nielsen]]
| 26 Mar – 3 April 2009
| 203 (Congress 155)
| 191 (BJP 147)
|Third Front 104, Fourth Front 39
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://election.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/11/loksabhapoll-upa-to-get-203-seats-nda-191-survey.htm|title=Star-Nielsen Poll 2: UPA to get 203 seats, NDA 191|date=11 April 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414161124/http://election.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/11/loksabhapoll-upa-to-get-203-seats-nda-191-survey.htm|archive-date=14 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[CVoter]]–[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]
| March–April 2009
| 234 (Congress 144)
| 186 (BJP 140)
|Third Front 112
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?657789|title=Outlook India – The Week: UPA to Get 234 Seats, Advani Best for PM|date=9 April 2009|publisher=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414175343/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?657789|archive-date=14 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Times of India|Times of India]]
| March 2009
| 201 (Congress 146)
| 195 (BJP 138)
| 147
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lok-Sabha-polls-UPA-ahead-but-only-just/articleshow/4231179.cms|title=TOI estimate: UPA ahead, but only just|date=6 March 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310130538/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lok-Sabha-polls-UPA-ahead-but-only-just/articleshow/4231179.cms|archive-date=10 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Actual Results
| 16 May 2009
| 262
| 159
| 79
|}

===Exit polls===
In February 2009, the ECI banned the publishing of all [[exit poll]]s starting 48 hours before Phase 1 of the election until the end of Phase 5. This was intended to prevent exit polls from earlier phases affecting voter decisions in later phases.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-opinion-polls-48-hours-before-voting-begins-ec/85616-37.html|title=No opinion polls 48 hours before voting begins: EC|date=17 February 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221045735/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-opinion-polls-48-hours-before-voting-begins-ec/85616-37.html|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ban ended with the close of Phase 5 voting at 5:00 pm IST on 13 May.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:180px;"| Polling organisation
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
| style="background:gray;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;" | [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;" | [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| Others
|-
|[[CNN- IBN|CNN-IBN]] - [[Dainik Bhaskar]]
|185-205
|165-185
|153-193
|-
|[[India TV]]-[[CVoter]]
|189-201
|183-195
|147-171
|-
|[[ABP News|Star]]-[[Nielsen Media Research|Nielsen]]
|199
|196
|148
|-
|[[India Today|Headlines Today]]
|191
|180
|172
|-
! Actual result
! 262
! 159
! 122
|-
! colspan="4" |Sources:-<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPA emerges single largest group in TV exit polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/upa-emerges-single-largest-group-in-tv-exit-polls-394211 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113125932/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/upa-emerges-single-largest-group-in-tv-exit-polls-394211 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051457840100.htm|title=Exit polls, survey give Congress, allies a slender edge|date=14 May 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 May 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516024654/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051457840100.htm|archive-date=16 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Election phases==

===Phase 1 – 16 April 2009===
The first phase of the 2009 election took place on Thursday, 16 April with elections in 124 constituencies across 15 states and 2 union territories. There were incidents of violence in a few places in [[Chhattisgarh]], Orissa, [[Bihar]], Jharkhand and [[Maharashtra]] and between 17 and 19 people were killed in [[Naxalite|Naxal]] attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/naxalite-violence-mars-chhattisgarh-polls/355387/|title=Naxalite violence mars Chhattisgarh polls|date=17 April 2009|work=Business Standard|access-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153144/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/naxalite-violence-mars-chhattisgarh-polls/355387/|archive-date=7 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The dead included five poll officials and 10 security personnel, whose families received a compensation of Rs 1 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Rs-10-lakh-compensation-to-officials-who-die-in-poll-duty-/articleshow/4415427.cms|title=Rs 10 lakh compensation to officials who die in poll duty|date=17 April 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421103452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Rs-10-lakh-compensation-to-officials-who-die-in-poll-duty-/articleshow/4415427.cms|archive-date=21 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Naxals set fire to voting machines, attacked voters, security personnel and polling workers, and destroyed vehicles.<ref name="IBN">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-violence-disrupts-first-phase-polling/90439-37.html|title=Naxal violence disrupts first phase polling|last=Pasha|first=Seemi|date=17 April 2009|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423081910/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-violence-disrupts-first-phase-polling/90439-37.html|archive-date=23 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904161242.htm|title=Naxal violence rocks 1st phase of Lok Sabha polls, 17 killed|date=16 April 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419155910/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904161242.htm|archive-date=19 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> According to one news source, "It was apparent that the Naxals had clearly planned to disrupt the polls."<ref name="IBN"/>

Despite these incidents, the ECI expressed satisfaction about the conduct of the polls due to peaceful polling in many other parts of the country. Initial reports from the ECI place the voter turnout for this phase at approximately 60 percent. This phase of the election was held in 185,000 polling stations, serving an electorate of over 143.1 million deciding the fate of 1,715 candidates.<ref name="Phase1-TheHindu">{{cite news|author=Unattributed|title=58–62% turnout in Phase I polls; naxalites kill 19|volume=132|issue=91|page=1|date=17 April 2009|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041758120100.htm|access-date=17 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419132852/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041758120100.htm|archive-date=19 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/despite-red-marks-india-scores-60-pc-in-phase-1/90426-37-single.html|title=Despite red marks, India scores 60 pc in Phase 1|date=16 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419141155/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/despite-red-marks-india-scores-60-pc-in-phase-1/90426-37-single.html|archive-date=19 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ECI ordered repoll in 46 polling booths across 7 of the states where polling took place in the first phase. These include 29 polling booths in [[Andhra Pradesh]], 5 each in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], 3 in [[Nagaland]], 2 in [[Kerala]] and 1 each in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The repoll in all these polling booths were held on 18 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-to-conduct-repolling-in-46-booths-on-april-18/90515-37.html|title=EC to conduct re-polling in 46 booths on 18 April|date=17 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=20 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419210246/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ec-to-conduct-repolling-in-46-booths-on-april-18/90515-37.html|archive-date=19 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the positive stories emerging from this phase of election was from [[Kandhamal district]], where refugees of the [[Religious violence in Orissa#August 2008 violence|2008 Kandhamal riots]] came out in huge numbers to exercise their franchise. It is estimated that there was a turnout of 90% amongst Kandhamal refugees and 50% across the entire district. The administration had earlier identified large parts of the area as Naxal affected and vulnerable. Hence, the administration had deployed extra security in the area and the ECI has arranged for special transport to shuttle the refugees from the refugee camps to the polling booths. Both of these actions helped achieve the high turnout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/riothit-kandhamal-comes-out-to-vote-in-huge-numbers/90434-37.html|title=Riot-hit Kandhamal comes out to vote in huge numbers|date=27 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=20 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135429/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/riothit-kandhamal-comes-out-to-vote-in-huge-numbers/90434-37.html|archive-date=20 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Phase 2 – 22 April 2009 and 23 April 2009===
The second phase of the 2009 election was spread across Wednesday, 22 April (Phase 2A) and Thursday, 23 April (Phase 2B). Phase 2A saw election in a single constituency in [[Manipur]] as it was a [[Manipur#Khongjom|state holiday]] on 23 April.<ref name="eci-press-release" />

According to the EC, the election in Manipur in Phase 2A was peaceful and witnessed a voter turnout of about 62%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904221612.htm|title=62 per cent votes cast in Manipur|date=22 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104083915/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904221612.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the election, though, the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and [[Manipur People's Party]] (MPP) have alleged vote rigging by Congress workers during the polls in Phase 2A. The MPP claimed that the Congress workers captured 11 booths in the Andro Assembly segment of Imphal East.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090427/jsp/northeast/story_10879491.jsp|title=Manipur rigging clamour rises|date=26 April 2009|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526072011/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090427/jsp/northeast/story_10879491.jsp|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Phase 2B saw polling in 12 states for 140 constituencies – the most in any phase of this election. This phase was largely peaceful and saw about 55% turnout. There were stray incidents of violence in areas with active Naxalite groups in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elections-round-ii-over-55-pc-cast-their-vote/90963-37.html|title=Elections Round II over, 55 pc cast their vote|date=23 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426125050/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elections-round-ii-over-55-pc-cast-their-vote/90963-37.html|archive-date=26 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The poor turnout in this phase was blamed on a heat wave sweeping the country that took the noon-time temperature on election day up to between 42 and 46 degrees Celsius in various parts of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/polling-ends-poor-turnout-due-to-heat-wave/90948-37.html|title=Polling ends, poor turnout due to heat wave|date=23 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426114459/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/polling-ends-poor-turnout-due-to-heat-wave/90948-37.html|archive-date=26 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two polling officials even died due to sun stroke in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] with two also falling ill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-polling-officials-die-due-to-sun-stroke-in-orissa/90937-37.html|title=Two polling officials die due to sun stroke in Orissa|date=23 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426182348/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-polling-officials-die-due-to-sun-stroke-in-orissa/90937-37.html|archive-date=26 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Phase 3 – 30 April 2009===
The third phase of the 2009 election was held on Thursday, 30 April with elections in 107 constituencies spread across nine states and two union territories. The fate of 1,567 candidates was decided in this phase including those of Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]], BJP's Prime Minister candidate [[Lal Krishna Advani|L.K. Advani]] and former Prime Minister and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] President [[Deve Gowda]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-votes-in-iii-phase-turnout-moderate/91464-37.html|title=India votes in III phase, turnout moderate|date=30 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821031057/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-votes-in-iii-phase-turnout-moderate/91464-37.html|archive-date=21 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> This phase included voting in Mumbai where the turnout was relatively low. The voter turnout around the country was moderate and this was primarily blamed on the extreme heat on election day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heat-keeps-voters-in-phase-3-a-no-show/91497-37.html|title=Heat keeps voters in, Phase 3 a no show|date=30 April 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502182927/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heat-keeps-voters-in-phase-3-a-no-show/91497-37.html|archive-date=2 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Voting was largely peaceful all across the country. However, Maoist guerrillas exploded a landmine in West Bengal's [[Purulia district]], injuring a paramilitary trooper.

===Phase 4 – 7 May 2009===
[[File:Long voting queues - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Queue outside a polling station in [[Kolkata]] 13 May 2009.]]
The fourth phase of the election was held on Thursday, 7 May with elections for 85 seats across eight states involving 1,315 candidates. The phase's high-profile candidates included External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and former chief ministers [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Farooq Abdullah]]. Apart from bomb attacks in West Bengal's [[Asansol]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] districts that killed one person each and some violence in Rajasthan, this phase was relatively peaceful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/phase-iv-polls-over-no-party-claims-to-be-no-1/92047-37.html|title=Phase IV polls over, no party claims to be No 1|date=7 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510130909/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/phase-iv-polls-over-no-party-claims-to-be-no-1/92047-37.html|archive-date=10 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> This phase saw voting in the nation's capital Delhi where the voter turnout was around 53%, much higher than the previous two elections in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/round-4-polling-ends-in-delhi-overall-peaceful/92035-37-65.html|title=Round 4 polling ends in Delhi|date=7 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508130004/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/round-4-polling-ends-in-delhi-overall-peaceful/92035-37-65.html|archive-date=8 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Phase 5 – 13 May 2009===
The fifth and final phase of the 2009 election was held on Wednesday, 13 May with voting across seven states and two union territories for 86 constituencies. Overall the turnout was 62%. Numerous cases of voter omissions were reported in Tamil Nadu which had 39 seats up for grab. In Jammu & Kashmir, two polling stations could not be reached by the polling officials due to extreme snow which prevented their helicopters from landing at the site. The polling officials were forced to trek through deep snow to reach the polling stations and polls took place 2 days later on 15 May in these two stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/roundup-overall-60-pc-polling-in-phase-v/92539-37-single.html|title=Roundup: Overall 60 pc polling in phase V|date=13 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517091345/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/roundup-overall-60-pc-polling-in-phase-v/92539-37-single.html|archive-date=17 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few cases of violence were also reported in this phase. One DMK official was stabbed to death in Tamil Nadu in a clash between the political parties and another person was killed in West Bengal in clashes between Trinamool Congress and CPI(M) party workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/world/violence-at-indian-election-sees-two-dead-410631.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707171337/http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/world/violence-at-indian-election-sees-two-dead-410631.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Violence at Indian election sees two dead|date=13 May 2009|publisher=Ireland OnLine|access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref>

==State/UT-wise voter turnout details==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! State/UT
! Total electors
! Total voters
! Total turnout
! Total seats

|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) || 265,108 || 170,713 || 64.16% || 1
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 57,892,259 || 42,086,701 || 72.70% || 42
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 734,541 || 500,701 || 68.17% || 2
|-
| Assam || 17,470,329 || 12,149,244 || 69.54% || 14
|-
| Bihar || 54,505,246 || 24,236,447|| 44.47% || 40
|-
| Chandigarh (UT) || 524,444 || 343,558 || 65.51% || 1
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 15,476,577 || 8,556,714|| 55.29% || 11
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) || 150,704 || 110,363 || 73.23% || 1
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT) || 95,382 || 68,025 || 71.32% || 1
|-
| Goa || 1,020,794 || 564,439 || 55.29% || 2
|-
| Gujarat || 36,484,281 || 17,476,688 || 47.90% || 26
|-
| Haryana || 12,087,710 || 8,160,212|| 67.51%|| 10
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 4,606,674 || 2,691,632|| 58.43% || 4
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 6,572,896 || 2,609,249|| 39.70% || 6
|-
| Jharkhand || 17,934,095 || 9,142,557 || 50.98% || 14
|-
| Karnataka || 41,790,939 || 24,581,348 || 58.82% || 28
|-
| Kerala || 21,859,536 || 16,041,499 || 73.38% || 20
|-
| Lakshadweep (UT) || 45,983 || 39,498 || 85.90% || 1
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 38,085,179 || 19,488,923 || 51.17% || 29
|-
| Maharashtra || 72,954,058 || 37,007,538 || 50.73% || 48
|-
| Manipur || 1,736,251 || 1,342,309 || 77.31% || 2
|-
| Meghalaya || 1,277,739 || 822,614 || 64.38% || 2
|-
| Mizoram || 629,374 || 326,424 || 51.86% || 1
|-
| Nagaland || 1,321,878 || 1,189,742 || 90.00% || 1
|-
| NCT OF Delhi || 11,096,854 || 5,754,356 || 51.86% || 7
|-
| Orissa || 27,194,864 || 17,772,025|| 65.35% || 21
|-
| Puducherry (UT) || 762,440 || 608,509 || 79.81% || 1
|-
| Punjab || 16,958,380 || 11,833,887 || 69.78% || 13
|-
| Rajasthan || 37,060,011 || 17,942,477|| 48.41% || 25
|-
| Sikkim || 300,584 || 252,275 || 83.93% || 1
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 41,620,460 || 30,405,063 || 73.05% || 39
|-
| Tripura || 2,082,265 || 1,760,485|| 84.55% || 2
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 116,006,374 || 55,435,386|| 47.79% || 80
|-
| Uttarakhand || 5,887,724 || 3,145,818 || 53.43% || 5
|-
| West Bengal || 52,493,168 || 42,740,865|| 81.42% || 42
|-
| '''India''' || '''716,985,101''' || '''417,357,674''' || '''58.21%''' || '''543'''
|}

==Results==
{{See also|Results of the 2009 Indian general election by party|Results of the 2009 Indian general election by parliamentary constituency}}

Vote counting took place on 16 May<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8045567.stm|work=BBC News|title=India's marathon poll concludes|date=13 May 2009|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201160531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8045567.stm|archive-date=1 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and the result were declared the same day. The EVMs were localised to 1,080 centres across the country and counting started at 08:00 hrs. The [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) took early lead and maintained it to emerge victorious. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader [[Rajnath Singh]] said that the BJP's performance in the election was very unexpected and the success of the NDA that had been hoped for had not materialised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Election09/storypage.aspx?ID=88627c79-02a7-47d6-acf8-55ecd6b173fa&Category=Chunk-HT-UI-Elections-SectionPage-TopStories&Headline=BJPs-performance-very-unexpected-Rajnath-Singh |title=BJP's performance very unexpected: Rajnath Singh |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 May 2009 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519095154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Election09/storypage.aspx?ID=88627c79-02a7-47d6-acf8-55ecd6b173fa&Category=Chunk-HT-UI-Elections-SectionPage-TopStories&Headline=BJPs-performance-very-unexpected-Rajnath-Singh |archive-date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The CPI (M) led third front later said that it was ready to sit in the opposition.

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok_Sabha_Zusammensetzung_2009.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=119111019|seats1=206|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=78435381|seats2=116|sc2=
|party3=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes3=25728920|seats3=21|sc3=
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=22219111|seats4=16|sc4=
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=14284638|seats5=23|sc5=
|party6=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes6=13356510|seats6=19|sc6=
|party7=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes7=10481659|seats7=6|sc7=
|party8=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes8=8521502|seats8=9|sc8=
|party9=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=7625397|seats9=18|sc9=
|party10=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes10=6953591|seats10=9|sc10=
|party11=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes11=6612552|seats11=14|sc11=
|party12=[[Praja Rajyam Party]]|votes12=6590046|seats12=0|sc12=
|party13=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes13=6454950|seats13=11|sc13=
|party14=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes14=6331201|seats14=20|sc14=
|party15=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes15=5951888|seats15=4|sc15=
|party16=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes16=5280084|seats16=4|sc16=
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=4004789|seats17=4|sc17=
|party18=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes18=3434082|seats18=3|sc18=
|party19=[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|votes19=3126117|seats19=0|sc19=
|party20=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes20=2582326|seats20=2|sc20=
|party21=[[Assam United Democratic Front]]|votes21=2184553|seats21=1|sc21=
|party22=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes22=1944619|seats22=0|sc22=
|party23=[[Lok Jan Shakti Party]]|votes23=1891963|seats23=0|sc23=
|party24=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes24=1821054|seats24=5|sc24=
|party25=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes25=1773103|seats25=1|sc25=
|party26=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes26=1665173|seats26=2|sc26=
|party27=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes27=1573650|seats27=2|sc27=
|party28=[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]|votes28=1503863|seats28=0|sc28=
|party29=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes29=1345803|seats29=2|sc29=
|party30=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes30=1286573|seats30=0|sc30=
|party31=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes31=1112908|seats31=1|sc31=
|party32=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes32=1044510|seats32=0|sc32=
|party33=[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]|votes33=963274|seats33=1|sc33=
|party34=[[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]|votes34=877494|seats34=2|sc34=
|party35=[[Nagaland Peoples Front]]|votes35=832224|seats35=1|sc35=
|party36=[[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]]|votes36=816395|seats36=1|sc36=
|party37=[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]|votes37=735847|seats37=1|sc37=
|party38=[[Bodoland People's Front]]|votes38=656430|seats38=1|sc38=
|party39=[[Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes39=579703|seats39=0|sc39=
|party40=[[Lok Satta Party]]|votes40=557376|seats40=0|sc40=
|party41=[[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]]|votes41=537638|seats41=0|sc41=
|party42=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes42=522760|seats42=0|sc42=
|party43=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes43=498374|seats43=3|sc43=
|party44=[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]|votes44=495032|seats44=0|sc44=
|party45=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes45=492470|seats45=0|sc45=
|party46=[[Swabhimani Paksha]]|votes46=481025|seats46=1|sc46=
|party47=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes47=404962|seats47=1|sc47=
|party48=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes48=379746|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes49=333688|seats49=0|sc49=
|party50=[[Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party]]|votes50=319307|seats50=0|sc50=
|party51=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes51=308061|seats51=1|sc51=
|party52=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes52=294650|seats52=0|sc52=
|party53=Pyramid Party of India|votes53=287576|seats53=0|sc53=
|party54=Loktantrik Samata Dal|votes54=270040|seats54=0|sc54=
|party55=Mahagujarat Janta Party|votes55=245174|seats55=0|sc55=
|party56=[[People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur)|People's Democratic Alliance]]|votes56=224719|seats56=0|sc56=
|party57=[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]|votes57=223234|seats57=1|sc57=
|party58=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes58=220741|seats58=0|sc58=
|party59=[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]|votes59=215042|seats59=0|sc59=
|party60=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes60=200523|seats60=0|sc60=
|party61=[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]|votes61=188608|seats61=0|sc61=
|party62=[[Indian Justice Party]]|votes62=177759|seats62=0|sc62=
|party63=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes63=159351|seats63=1|sc63=
|party64=[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]|votes64=153455|seats64=0|sc64=
|party65=[[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]]|votes65=152633|seats65=0|sc65=
|party66=Rashtrawadi Sena|votes66=144735|seats66=0|sc66=
|party67=Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party|votes67=139404|seats67=0|sc67=
|party68=[[Samruddha Odisha]]|votes68=131379|seats68=0|sc68=
|party69=Janvadi Party (Socialist)|votes69=129595|seats69=0|sc69=
|party70=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes70=125900|seats70=0|sc70=
|party71=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]|votes71=124402|seats71=0|sc71=
|party72=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes72=123287|seats72=0|sc72=
|party73=[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]|votes73=120797|seats73=0|sc73=
|party74=[[Lok Bhalai Party]]|votes74=118470|seats74=0|sc74=
|party75=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes75=104600|seats75=0|sc75=
|party76=[[Jharkhand Disom Party]]|votes76=102698|seats76=0|sc76=
|party77=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes77=101787|seats77=0|sc77=
|party78=[[Results of the 2009 Indian general election by party#minorparties|286 other parties with fewer than 100,000 votes]]|votes78=4005695|seats78=0|sc78=
|party79=Independents|votes79=21647686|seats79=9|sc79=
|row80=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats80=2
|invalid=198705
|electorate=716985101
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ ECI]
}}

=== By Region ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Region
!Total Seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
! colspan="2" |Others
|-
|South India
|130
|61
|{{Increase}} 13
|19
|{{Increase}} 2
|50
|{{Decrease}} 15
|-
|West India
|78
|29
|{{Increase}} 2
|27
|{{Decrease}} 1
|22
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Hindi-Heartland
|225
|79
|{{Increase}} 33
|63
|{{Decrease}} 15
|83
|{{Decrease}} 18
|-
|North-East India
|25
|13
|{{Increase}} 2
|4
|{{Steady}}
|8
|{{Decrease}} 5
|-
|East India
|63
|12
|{{Increase}} 4
|1
|{{Decrease}} 6
|50
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|Union Territories
|22
|12
|{{Increase}} 7
|1
|{{Steady}}
|9
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
!Total
|543
|'''''206'''''
|''+61''
|'''''116'''''
|''-22''
|'''''222'''''
|''-38''
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" |Source: Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|access-date=20 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===By states and territories===
{{Main|Results of the 2009 Indian general election by state}}

The UPA carried 18 states, while the NDA and the Third Front carried 8 and 2 respectively. 

'''Source:''' Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ |title=Election Commission of India : Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223225105/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |archive-date=23 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
!rowspan="2"|Seats
|bgcolor="{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Other}}"|
|-
![[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
![[Third Front (India)|THF]]
!OTH
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|34
|0
|8
|0
|-
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|7
|5
|0
|2
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
!40
|2
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|32
|0
|6
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
!11
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|10
|0
|0
|-
![[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency|Daman and Diu]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]]
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
!26
|11
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|15
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|9
|0
|1
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!6
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|5
|0
|0
|1
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
!14
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|8
|0
|3
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
!28
|6
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|19
|3
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
!20
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|16
|0
|4
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
!29
|12
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|16
|1
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
!48
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|20
|0
|3
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
!1
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Odisha|Odisha]]
!21
|6
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|15
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
!13
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|8
|5
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
!25
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|20
|4
|0
|1
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
!1
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|27
|0
|12
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
!2
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
!80
|21
|15
|20
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|24
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
!5
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|5
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|1
|15
|1
|-
!Total
!543
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|262
!159
!79
!43
|-
|}

==Reactions==
President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Rajnath Singh]] conceded defeat on behalf of his party after seeing the trends of vote counting on the day of result.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP concedes defeat, says results unexpected |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-2009-reactions/bjp/story/bjp-concedes-defeat-says-results-unexpected-47686-2009-05-15 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=16 May 2009 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110120545/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-2009-reactions/bjp/story/bjp-concedes-defeat-says-results-unexpected-47686-2009-05-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Analysis==
This election defied the predictions made by pre-poll predictions and exit polls and resulted in a new mandate for incumbent UPA government. According to analysts after the election, many factors can be attributed for a landslide. The National Election Study 2009, published in ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper after the election, attributed the victory of the UPA government to the saturation of [[caste]]-based identity politics, focus on good governance and BJP's limitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/nic/howindiavoted2009/page2.pdf|title=How India Voted: 2009 Overview|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2009|access-date=9 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530142141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/nic/howindiavoted2009/page2.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another factor was the vote-splitting by the Third Front, especially the BSP and MNS in Maharashtra, which resulted in the Indian National Congress gaining many of its seats without getting a majority in the corresponding constituency.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Clear}}

==Formation of the new government==

{{Main|15th Lok Sabha}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:300px;"
|+ Support for the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government in the 15th Lok Sabha<ref name="Smooth-sailing-UPA"/><ref name="President-invites">{{cite web | url = http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/manmohan_gets_presidential_invite_to_form_govt.php | title = Manmohan gets presidential invite to form govt | publisher = [[NDTV]] | date = 20 May 2009 | access-date = 20 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090523084453/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/manmohan_gets_presidential_invite_to_form_govt.php | archive-date = 23 May 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref>
! Party/Alliance
! Seats won
! Seat %
|-
| [[United Progressive Alliance]] 
| style="text-align:right;"| 262
| style="text-align:right;"| 48.25%
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''Outside support''
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 23
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.20%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 21
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.86%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.7%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.55%
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] and other parties
| style="text-align:right;"| 3
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.55%
|-

| style="text-align:center;"|'''Total'''
| style="text-align:right;"|'''322'''
| style="text-align:right;"|'''59.4%'''
|}

The President, [[Pratibha Patil]] dissolved the 14th Lok Sabha with immediate effect on 18 May.<ref name="President-dismisses">{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/elections/last_cabinet_meet_of_upa_government_begins.php| title=President dissolves 14th LS with immediate effect| publisher=[[NDTV]]| date=18 May 2009| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519225103/http://www.ndtv.com/news/elections/last_cabinet_meet_of_upa_government_begins.php| archive-date=19 May 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister Manmohan Singh submitted the resignation of his Council of Ministers to the President, for him to be re-elected as the Prime Minister as well as for a new Council of Ministers to be elected.<ref name="President-dismisses"/> On 19 May, Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi were re-elected as party leader and chairperson respectively of the [[Congress Parliamentary Party]]. This effectively{{Clarify|date=March 2014}} made him the prime minister-elect of the new government.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/manmohan-singh-reelected-cong-parliamentary-party-leader/462380/| title=Manmohan Singh re-elected Cong Parliamentary Party leader| work=[[Indian Express|The Indian Express]]| date=19 May 2009| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522093926/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/manmohan-singh-reelected-cong-parliamentary-party-leader/462380/| archive-date=22 May 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Pratibha Patil]] invited Singh to then form the new government on 20 May.<ref name="President-invites"/> The new government was sworn in on 22 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-pm-manmohan-singh-sworn-in/a-5212002|title=Indian PM Manmohan Singh Sworn in|website=Deutsche Welle|date=22 May 2009}}</ref>

===Government formation===
Due to the fact that UPA was able to get 262 seats – just short of 10 seats for a majority – all the external support came from parties who gave unconditional support to Manmohan Singh and the UPA. The [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal]], the Rashtriya Janata Dal, the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Samajwadi Party all decided to do so to keep out any possibility of a BJP government in the next 5 years.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200905191832.htm| title=Scramble by rivals to support victorious UPA| work=[[The Hindu]]| date=19 May 2009| access-date=20 May 2009| location=Chennai, India| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522133517/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200905191832.htm| archive-date=22 May 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nagaland Peoples Front]], [[Sikkim Democratic Front]], and [[Bodaland Peoples Front]], each with an MP, decided to join and support the UPA government. The three independent candidates to extend support for UPA were all from [[Maharashtra]], and they were Sadashiv Mandlik, from [[Kolhapur]] constituency, Raju Shetty, from the political party ''Swabhimani Paksha'', who won from Hatkandagle and Baliram Jadhav from [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]] party who won the [[Palghar]] constituency.<ref name="Smooth-sailing-UPA">{{cite web| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html| title=Smooth sailing for UPA, parties scramble to support| publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]| date=19 May 2009| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521022032/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html| archive-date=21 May 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 21 May, it was announced that the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) had decided to leave and give outside support to the UPA government, due to failed talks between the Congress and the DMK on cabinet positions.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8062158.stm| publisher=BBC| title=DMK leaves UPA, gives outside support| date=21 May 2009| access-date=21 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525113219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8062158.stm| archive-date=25 May 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> After many deliberations between DMK and Congress, the DMK agreed to 3 cabinet ministers and 4 ministers of state. [[Kanimozhi]], daughter of the DMK leader [[M. Karunanidhi]], decided not to join the new government cabinet, instead she wanted to focus on improving the parties image. The two incumbent cabinet ministers from DMK, [[Dayanidhi Maran]] and [[A. Raja]] joined the cabinet, but due to concerns raised by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on [[T.R. Baalu]], he was dropped from the cabinet, and Karunanidhi's son [[M.K. Azhagiri]], replaced him as part of a compromise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dmk-wooed-likely-to-join-govt-on-tuesday/93249-37.html |title=DMK wooed, likely to join govt on Tuesday – Politics – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=14 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001115928/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dmk-wooed-likely-to-join-govt-on-tuesday/93249-37.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kanimozhi-opts-out-of-cabinet-race-dmk-likely-to-join-upa-by-monday_100196443.html |title=Kanimozhi opts out of Cabinet race, DMK likely to join UPA by Monday – Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=14 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407004121/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kanimozhi-opts-out-of-cabinet-race-dmk-likely-to-join-upa-by-monday_100196443.html |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 May 2009, DMK decided to join the UPA government, reversing the decision made in prior days to extend outside support.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha]][[:Category:2009 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
;Official website
*[https://www.loksabhaelection2019.com/ Lok Sabha General Elections 2019 – Parliamentary Polls 2019 India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325154609/https://www.loksabhaelection2019.com/ |date=25 March 2019 }}
*[http://eci.nic.in/ Official website of the Election Commission of India]
; News websites
*[http://elections.ndtv.com/ News Coverages of General Elections 2009 – NDTV]
*[http://www.nationsroot.com/loksabha.php Graphical Representation of General Elections 2009 for All States in India – NationsRoot]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090203131351/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/ News Coverages of General Elections 2009 – CNN-IBN]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081108073700/http://sify.com/news/election/ News Coverages of General Elections 2009 – Sify]
*[http://www.indiaelections.co.in Information About India Elections]
*[https://www.wionews.com/elections News Coverages of General Elections – Wionews]
; Archived websites
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/inelec09/inelec09-overview.html Indian General Elections 2009 Web Archive] from the US [[Library of Congress]]

==Further reading==
*Arora, Balveer & Tawa Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie (eds). [https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/1092 ''Contests in Context: Indian Elections 2009'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal''. Issue 3, 2009.

{{2009 Indian general election}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2009 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2009 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2009 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:April 2009 in India|General]]
[[Category:May 2009 in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:L. K. Advani]]

Tata Sierra

2026-03-17T20:22:11Z

Marinaupu:

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Sierra
| image = Tata Sierra Turbo GJ10DA0696 (cropped).jpg
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 1991–2003 2025–present
| class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] (1991-2003) [[Subcompact crossover SUV]] (2025-Present)
| body_style = 3-door [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] (1991–2003) 5-door [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] (2025)
| assembly = India: [[Pune]]
| designer =
}}

The '''Tata Sierra''' is a [[mid-size SUV]] produced by the Indian carmaker [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]. The first generation Sierra was produced from 1991 to 2003, based on the [[Tata Telcoline]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/rgNncgzFxF4=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Rebuilding success stories |publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=April 2003 |accessdate=18 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811050851/http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/rgNncgzFxF4=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the export market, the Sierra was sold as '''Tata Sport''', '''Tata Telcosport''', '''Tata Grand Telcosport and Tata Gurkha.'''

The second generation Sierra was launched on 25 November 2025. The electric variant of the Sierra will launch in the latter half of 2026.

__TOC__
{{clear}}
==First Generation (1991)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Tata Sierra.jpg
| aka = Tata Sport Tata Telcosport Tata Grand Telcosport Tata Gurkha (United Kingdom)
| production = 1991–2001
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Tata Safari]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine four-wheel-drive]]
| assembly = India: [[Pune]]
| platform = Tata X2
| engine = 2.0 L ''483 DL/DLTC'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| related = {{ubl |[[Tata Estate]] |[[Tata Telcoline]] |[[Tata Sumo]] |[[Tata Safari]]}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2400|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|4400|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1730|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1770|mm|in|1}}
| weight =
| designer =
}}
The first-generation Sierra was launched in 1991. It was based on the [[Tata Telcoline|Telcoline]].<ref name=suvreborn>{{cite web|last=Fung |first=Derek |url=https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/tata-sierra-rough-and-ready-suv-reborn-as-a-family-hauler |title=Tata Sierra: Rough-and-ready SUV reborn as a family hauler |date=27 November 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025 |website=[[CarExpert]]}}</ref> Offered with the ''483 DL engine'' mated with a 5-speed gearbox, with [[rear-wheel drive]]. The rear portion was a completely new design with large fixed alpine windows and entry through a front collapsible passenger seat. The rear bumper had plastic shrouds on either end and beveled lamps for illuminating the license plate located at the central recess. The car had body mounted tricolor tail lamp (clear lens-orange-red), and the headlamps came with black bezels, with amber lens turn indicators. The grill had a cheese grater appearance with the circular insignia flanked with two chrome bars. The spare wheel was externally mounted on the rear door and it came with a fabric cover having a stylized version of Tata Sierra written over it.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} The Sierra received additional soundproofing over the Telcoline, making the interior more comfortable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorbeam.com/a-triubute-to-the-tata-sierra/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20241130062146/https://www.motorbeam.com/a-triubute-to-the-tata-sierra/ | archivedate = 30 November 2024 | first = Javeid | last = Khan | title=Remembering An Indian Icon | work=Motorbeam |date=25 January 2012 }}</ref>

=== Facelift (1997) ===
[[File:Tata Sierra Turbo GJ10DA0696 b.jpg|left|thumb|Tata Sierra Facelift]]
In 1997, as the emission norms became further restricted and customers expected more power, TATA launched a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] version in July–August 1997. The car had the 2.0-liter diesel engine as used earlier, to which a turbocharger (single–stage) was added hence the name 483 DLTC; the new engine was rated Euro 2 and had a maximum output of {{cvt|87|hp|kW|0}}. There was a marked visual change on the outside with a new bonnet that was extended further downward above the grille, the grill too was revised, it had just the circular insignia (no chrome bars as earlier). The headlamps were revised too, the bezels were gone and now it became larger and visually more continuous with the indicators. At the rear too there were major revisions, and the car got heated windshields, tail lamps now become two-tone units (red-clear lens), the rear bumper became a completely wrapped-around unit(metal)reaching the rear wheel arches, the now sported additional tail lamp bars, and the registration plate was illuminated by a single bar at the top. The wheel arches were revised too and now became more prominent and large. Internally, the power window motor was changed and the new motor was directly linked instead of being linked via actuating cable. The wheel caps were revised, and so were the optional alloys. The steering became a four-spoke unit, replacing the previous two-spoke one. The car was received well by the media and saw increased demand globally. The seats were provided by Harita Grammar Ltd. and later by Tata Johnson Ltd.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Engine===
[[File:483 DLTC engine.jpg|left|thumb|483 DLTC engine in a Sierra DX]]
The engine was the same as the Telcoline: the 2.0-liter 483 DL four-cylinder diesel engine developed by Tata Motors in India. It has two valves per cylinder and indirect injection with pre-chamber and develops {{cvt|63|PS|kW|0}}. The gearbox is a G76 5-speed manual. The later Turbo model was powered by a 483DLTC (DLTC stands for "diesel turbocharged") inline-four engine with {{cvt|90|PS|kW|0}} at 4,300 rpm.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mpallonjigroup.com/psterling/content/turbo2.htm | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130902215824/http://www.mpallonjigroup.com/psterling/content/turbo2.htm | archivedate=2 September 2013 | title = Personal Transport: Tata Sierra Turbo | work = M. Pallonji Group }}</ref> Later, this engine was also used on the [[Tata Sumo]], [[Tata Safari|Safari]], and [[Tata Winger|Winger (Van)]].

The Sierra was available only with four seats; it also offered extra equipment such as [[Power window|electric windows]], [[air conditioning]], an adjustable steering wheel, and [[tachometer]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

{{Clear-left}}

===Exports===
[[File:Tata sier.jpg|thumb|left|Tata Telcosport (France)]]
In Europe (especially in Spain, France, Germany, and Italy), the Sierra was imported in 1994 under the name ''Tata Sport'' or ''Tata Telcosport'') in a single version with the 2.0L diesel engine Euro 2 in the rear wheel drive variant, while the 4x4 was added in April 1998 proposed with the 2.0L turbodiesel. With the introduction of the turbodiesel engine, the name was changed to ''Tata Grand Telcosport'' in more markets like Spain. In Italy the Sierra was sold as a ''Tata Sport'' in two versions: base and ''Orciari'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/auto/tata/sport/sport-20-td-4x4-orciari-046514199804 |title=Archivio listino auto: Tata Sport Orciari 4x4 |publisher=[[Quattroruote]] |accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref> the latter exclusive for Italy was made by the Italian designer Orciari and featured an enriched endowment, two-tone bodywork, roof bars, and specific interior finishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/tutte-le-auto/tata/sport |title=Archivio listino auto: Tata Sport |publisher=[[Quattroruote]] |accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Second Generation (2025) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image =
| production = November 2025–present
| engine = {{ubl|
| '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:'''
| 1.5 L ''Hyperion'' [[Turbocharger|T]]-[[Gasoline direct injection|GDi]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 1.5 L ''Revotron'' I4
| '''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:'''
| 1.5 L ''Kryojet'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I4
}}
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2730|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4340|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1841|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1715|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] (in Diesel and Revotron MPi) 7-speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|DCA]] (in Revotron MPI) 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|AT]] (in Diesel and Hyperion)
}}
The second generation Sierra was unveiled on 17 January 2025 at the [[Auto Expo|Bharat Mobility Global Expo (Auto Expo) 2025]]. It includes concepts for both [[internal combustion engine]] (ICE) and [[Electric car|electric vehicle]] (EV) variants, with the ICE version launching on 25 November 2025. The electric variant of the Sierra will launch in the latter half of 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=New Tata Sierra EV Launch, Design, Range Details |url=https://gaadigyaani.com/new-tata-sierra-ev-launch-design-range-details/ |archive-date=}}</ref>

At the 2020 Auto Expo,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=How Ratan Tata Helped Retain Tata Sierra's Iconic Design In Its New Avatar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/how-ratan-tata-helped-retain-tata-sierras-iconic-design-in-its-new-avatar-article-153204538 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> Tata Motors showcased an EV [[Concept car|concept]] named Tata Sierra EV. The concept featured a characteristic fixed panoramic rear window pane similar to the first- and second-generation Sierra, along with an additional sliding door for access to the rear lounge-like seating arrangement. It was based on Tata's ALFA (Advanced Modular Platform) [[Car platform|architecture]].

The 2025 concept updates the EV concept to the Gen 2 Acti.ev platform, while the ICE variant uses the Atlas architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Sierra EV Concept first look, exterior design, interior design, dimensions, features - Introduction | work = Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/tata-sierra-ev-concept-suv-the-design-story-427218 |access-date=2025-11-07 | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Tata Sierra: 5 things to know before its November launch - Introduction | first = Uday | last = Singh | work = Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/new-tata-sierra-5-things-to-know-before-its-november-launch-437862 |access-date=2025-11-07 |language=en}}</ref> The Tata Sierra EV concept revives the Sierra as an electric SUV,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=All New Tata Sierra Launched In India - Here is The Price, Engine Options, Technology And Features | url= https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/all-new-tata-sierra-launched-in-india-here-is-the-price-engine-options-technology-and-features-article-153202020 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> drawing inspiration from the original models while incorporating modern electric vehicle technology. It is positioned as a key addition to Tata Motors' EV lineup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Auto Expo 2025: Tata Sierra Unveiled at Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025 |url=https://www.spinny.com/blog/auto-expo-tata-sierra-reveal/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is intended to compete with midsize SUVs, like the [[Hyundai Creta]], [[Kia Seltos]], [[Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)|Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which cars will the new Tata Sierra rival - Introduction {{!}} Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/which-cars-will-the-new-tata-sierra-rival-438986 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref>

The Sierra is powered by a 1.5-litre four-cylinder engine producing {{cvt|78|kW|hp|0}} and {{cvt|145|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque, offered with either a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission or six-speed manual.<ref name=suvreborn/>

{{Clear}}

=== Safety ===
{{Bharat NCAP
|year=2026
|description=Tata Sierra
|reference_code=tata-sierra
|adult_stars=5
|adult_points=31.14
|child_stars=5
|child_points=44.73
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

*[http://tatamotors.com/ Official Tata Motors Website]

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Timeline}}

[[Category:Tata cars|Sierra]]
[[Category:Compact sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1991]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]

Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace

2026-03-17T05:12:32Z

Marinaupu: Adding New Data First Draft

{{short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace SMP Palace
|image = SMP Palace in Kollam city, Apr 2017.jpg
|caption = Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace
|coordinates = {{coord|8.883594|76.592508|display=inline}}
|location_town = [[Kollam Cantonment|Cantonment]], [[Kollam]] city
|location_country= [[India]]
|architect=
|client= The Sri Moolam Shashtabda Poorthy Memorial Trust
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date= 1936
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|architectural_style= [[India]]n
|size=
}}
'''Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace''' or '''SMP Palace''' or '''SMT Palace''' is a palace situated near the heart of the city of [[Kollam]], in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was constructed in 1936 as a commemorate for the shashtabda poorthi (60th birthday) of the then ruler of erstwhile Travancore, [[Moolam Thirunal|Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]].<ref name="Kollam to have heritage museum - News published in The Hindu">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kollam-to-have-heritage-museum/article4625911.ece | title = Kollam to have heritage museum | year = 2013}}</ref>

==History==
Sri Moolam palace was constructed as a town hall to commemorate the shashtabda poorthi (60th birthday) of the then ruler of erstwhile Travancore, Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma. The people of Kollam accorded the Maharaja a reception as part of the shashtabda poorthi celebrations in 1917. Sri Moolam Shashtabda Poorthy Memorial Trust, a trust was formed to construct a town hall to commemorate the event. The then Government had donated 1.15 acres of land for the construction. But the construction of palace was completed only after the death of the King. Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma died in 1924. The town hall was completed in 1936. Later, the authorities have converted the palace as a movie theatre. SMP Palace is probably the oldest cinema theatre in Kollam.<ref name="Tale of a theatre - News published in The Hindu">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/02/stories/2005120200750300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071208070206/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/02/stories/2005120200750300.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 8 December 2007 | title = Tale of a theatre | year = 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

[[Category:Palaces in Kollam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]

B. Sujatha Devi

2026-03-15T14:08:40Z

Marinaupu: started a bio

{{Short description|Indian writer and activist (1946–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sujatha Devi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = B. Sujatha Devi
| birth_date = 1946
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|6|23|1946}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|environmentalist|professor}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genre =
| period =
| notableworks = Kadukalude Thalam Thedi
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| parents = [[Bodheswaran]] (father)
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue]]; 1999
}}

'''B. Sujatha Devi''' (1946 – 23 June 2018) was an Indian writer, educator and environmentalist from [[Kerala]]. She served as an English teacher at [[Ernakulam]] [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] and Thiruvananthapuram Women's College.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-24 |title=Writer Sujatha Devi dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/writer-sujatha-devi-dead/article24244671.ece |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1999, she won [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Best Travelogue]] for her travelogue ''Kadukalude Thalam Thedi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-24 |title=Poet, beloved professor Sujatha Devi, no more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/poet-beloved-professor-sujatha-devi-no-more/articleshow/64714991.cms |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sujatha Devi was the daughter of poet and freedom fighter [[Bodheswaran]] and V. K Karthyayani. She was the younger sister of [[Hridayakumari]] and [[Sugathakumari]] who were poets and teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-23 |title=Poet and travel writer Sujatha Devi passes away in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/poet-and-travel-writer-sujatha-devi-passes-away-thiruvananthapuram-83548 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Sujatha Devi started her career in Thiruvananthapuram Women's College. She later went on to work as professor and English lecturer in Pattambi Government College, [[Ernakulam]] [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] and [[Chalakudy|Chalakkudy]] College. Mostly known for her travel writing, Sujatha Devi was also a poet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poet and travel writer Sujatha Devi passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/06/23/poet-and-travel-writer-sujatha-devi-passes-away.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sujatha Devi, B}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Bijwasan railway station

2026-03-15T10:45:14Z

Marinaupu:

{{Short description|Railway station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bijwasan
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railway]] and [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Nayak Pura, [[Bijwasan_(Delhi_Assembly_constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[South Delhi district]], [[Delhi]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5370|77.0513|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Haryana#India Delhi
| line = [[Delhi Suburban Railway|Delhi Ring Railway]] [[Delhi–Fazilka line]] [[Delhi–Jaipur line]]
| other = Taxi stand, auto stand
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| elevation = {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| levels =
| tracks = 4 [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|BG]]
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Construction – double-line electrification
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code| code = BWSN| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway Railway]]| division = {{rwd|Delhi}}}}
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Shahabad Mohammadpur|right=Palam Vihar Halt|type=[[Delhi Suburban Railway|Delhi Ring Railway]]}}
}}

'''Bijwasan railway station''' (code '''BWSN'''), on [[Delhi–Jaipur line]] and also part of [[Delhi Suburban Railway]],<ref name=mct2>{{cite news| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/752994/0| title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant | date=23 August 2017| website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/224687/ring-rail-service-chugs-oblivion.html| title=Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion| date=23 August 2017| website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> located immediate southwest of [[Delhi]]'s main airport the [[IGI Airport]], in [[Bijwasan_(Delhi_Assembly_constituency)|Bijwasan]] in [[South Delhi]] in India,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/departures/2298| website=India Rail Info| title=BWSN/Bijwasan}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a major [[Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport#Connectivity|railway connectivity hub for the IGI Airport]] (along with the [[Delhi_Aerocity_metro_station#Connectivity|Aerocity connectivity hub]])<ref name=mct3>{{Cite web |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Mayank |last2=Sood |first2=Jyotika |date=2017-05-17 |title=Govt clears redevelopment of Delhi's Anand Vihar, Bijwasan railway stations |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/hkU1GGDCAOuwvpWyjQ0XNO/Govt-clears-redevelopment-of-Delhis-Anand-Vihar-Bijwasan-r.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name=mct4>{{Cite web |last=Kant |first=Vishal |date=2017-02-06 |title=Plan to turn Delhi's Bijwasan, Shakurbasti railway stations into mega terminals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/modern-makeover-planned-for-bijwasan-and-shakurbasti-railway-stations/story-55jraSnvqtAWvgWJnp77pL.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=mct1/> and will also connect to the under-construction [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] in south at Patli railway station.

Bijwasan railway station, along with [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi railway station]], [[New Delhi railway station]] [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]], [[Anand Vihar Terminal]], and [[Sarai Rohilla Railway Station]], serve as the [[List of railway stations in Delhi|six primary railway stations catering to Delhi state]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2016 |title=Development of Bijwasan Railway Station, New Delhi. Project Information Memorandum. |url=http://www.irsdc.in/sites/default/files/pim-bijwasan-080216.pdf |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Ltd. (IRSDC) |publisher=EY |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113041749/http://www.irsdc.in/sites/default/files/pim-bijwasan-080216.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===1874-2021: Origin===

Bijwasan railway station came up on the [[Rajputana State Railway]] line which was constructed in 1874 till [[Bandikui Junction railway station]], and extended to [[Ajmer]] in 1875 and to Ahmedabad in 1881.<ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899)| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

===2022-26: Redevelopment ===
{{anchor | Upgrade }}
{{see also | Bijwasan railway station#External_links | l1= Master Plan pdf and 3D render of Bijwasan railway station redevelopment }}

Redevelopment plan was conceived in fy 2008-09 with construction commencement date of 2016 and target completion by August 2013. However, construction did not commence due to various issues including land acquisition, approval for the height of new railway buildings due to proximity to the airport, environmental and forests permission for cutting trees, etc.<ref name=septbiz1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/autos/news/%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B0/ar-AA1MCB3D?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=87cbd736212b4060e1082e36344a5081&ei=42 दिल्ली का ये होगा पांचवां बड़ा रेलवे स्टेशन, एयरपोर्ट की तर्ज पर हो रहा तैयार], MSN News, 16 Sept 2025.</ref> In 2017, when the station consisted of only two spartan partially-covered platforms, the plan was conceived to upgrade two stations in [[Delhi]], Bijwasan station and {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}, to the world class regional multimodal transport hub,<ref name=mct2/><ref name=mct3/><ref name=mct4/> construction for which commenced in 2022.<ref name=mct1/> In 2025, Delhi receives nearly 700 trains daily, various stations are being upgraded in Delhi with the view to increase the capacity to 1400 trains daily.<ref name=septbiz1/>

====Phase-I====

Rs 728.92 crore airport-style upgrade, including Rs 430 crore 1.24 lakh sq metres new terminal with a new expanded 30,400 sqm station building and 12,500 sqm air concourse, and rest of budget for the 1,23,500 sqm road network in and around the station for smooth entry & exit of passenger motor vehicles, a sewage treatment plant and water treatment plant, will see the number of platforms increased to 8 (previously 2) each with elevators, four passenger subway underpasses to transit among platforms, separate arrival and departure area, separate pick up and drop off areas, airspace concourse with waiting area, commercial and retail shops, and other commuter-centric facilities, underground bus bays on north side.<ref name=mct1>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/delhi-to-get-world-class-railway-station-at-bijwasan-safdarjung-station-to-also-get-a-new-swanky-building-by-2024-8430251.html Delhi to get world-class railway station at Bijwasan; Safdarjung station to also get a new swanky building by 2024], moneycontrol, APR 29, 2022.</ref><ref name=daibj1/> To relive the congestion at New Delhi stations, Old Delhi stations and Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway stations, the long distance trains to Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh will be commence and terminate from the Bijwasan station.<ref name=daibj1>[https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1051951 All-new Rs 728 cr station planned in Bijwasan, even as Shahdara goes to seed], daijiworld.com, 19 Feb 2023.</ref>

==== Phase-II====

Final Phase (Phase-II) will see the addition of commercial and retail buildings in the form of railcity similar to the aerocity.<ref name=master1>[https://uttipec.org.in/PDF/UTTIPEC%20approved%20Plan%20-%20BWSN%20(1)-compressed.pdf Bijwasan Mater Plan], uttipec.org.in, accessed 2 Jul 2025.</ref>

==Train service==

Bijwasan, on [[Delhi–Jaipur line]] under [[Delhi railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railway]], has following trains (partial list):

===Long-distance trains===

* Delhi Cantt Jodhpur Jn Vande Bharat Express (Train No. 26482): This is a key express train that stops at Bijwasan, connecting Delhi with Jodhpur.
* Delhi-Jodhpur Mandore Express (Train No. 22995)
* Delhi-Shri Ganganagar Express (Train Nos. 14029 & 14030) via Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar
* Several passenger and DEMU trains to nearby areas like Rewari, Hisar, Farrukh Nagar, and Old Delhi.

===Delhi suburban trains===
{{Delhi Ring Railway|collapse=no}}

[[Delhi Suburban Railway]] network includes [[Delhi Ring Railway]] and various spokes within the [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].

==Connectivity==

===Attractions ===

It lies 2.5 km southeast of 220-acre [[Bharat Vandana Park]] (2 minutes or 1 metro station away on Blue line to [[Dwarka Sector 8 metro station]]), 1.5 northeast of [[Yashobhoomi]] convention centre (2 minutes or 1 metro station away on Yellow line to [[Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station]]), 5 km west of IGI Airport ((2 minutes or 1 metro station away on Yellow line to [[IGI Airport metro station]]), 10 km southwest of [[Indian Air Force Museum, Palam]]. 4 km east of [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] [[Dwarka,_Delhi|Dwarka]] Golf Club, 10 km northeast of [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]], 20 km northeast of [[Sultanpur National Park]], and 20 km west of [[Qutub Minar]] complex.

===Railway===

[[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (HORC) will be connected at Patli in south.

"[[Hisar Airport#HIAIGI|Hisar International Airport-IGI Airport line]]" (HIAIGI Line) will directly connect IGI with Hisar airport. In first phase, the missing Garhi Harsaru–Farukhnagar–Jhajjar rail link will be constructed. In the second phase, a short [[Railway in Haryana#Haryana current projects|Hisar Airport rail line]] spur from the Jakhal–Hisar line to Hisar airport will be constructed.<ref name=hsalt2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-cm-approves-rail-link-between-delhi-s-igi-airport-hisar-s-maharaja-agrasen-airport-via-garhi-harsaru-jhajjar-aiib-sanctions-rs-1-040-crore-loan-101681317256488.html Haryana CM Khattar greenlights rail link between IGI & Hisar airport], ''Hindustan Times'', 12 Apr 2023.</ref> There is already an existing link from Bijwasan to Garhi Harsaru.

{{anchor | IGINARL}}
"IGI Airport–Noida Airport Railway line" (IGINAR Line): the Noida Airport will be directly connected with IGI via "[[Noida International Airport#PNAKRL|Palwal-Noida Airport-Khurja Railway]]" (PNAKR line)<ref name=logr1>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Nitin |date=7 December 2023 |title=Noida International Airport: नोएडा एयरपोर्ट को लेकर नया अपडेट, जेवर को इन दो रेलवे स्टेशनों से जोड़ा जाएगा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/utility-news/noida-international-airport-jewar-will-be-connected-to-delhi-howrah-and-delhi-mumbai-railway-stations/1999107 |work=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> and HORC.<ref name=hsalt2/>

Major long-distance railway stations nearby within Delhi are:
* [[Delhi Junction railway station]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]

===Metro===

Adjacent [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]], a metro interchange of [[Delhi Metro]], provides connectivity to [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and the Orange Line [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Delhi Airport Express]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4515184 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716150857/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4515184 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=qZpXzaO5CaMlld |title=DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on LINE-3 |publisher=Delhimetrorail.com |access-date=2013-05-25}}</ref>

** From '''Rohtak Road''' (Bahadurgarh, Tikri, Mundka, Nagloi, Peeragarhi) to '''Dwarka Sector-21 metro station''', '''Bijwasan railway station''' and '''IGI''' route: As of 2025, there is no direct buses or metro trains to Dwaraka Sector 21 metro station or upgraded greenfield Bijwasan railway station, however there are following composite routes:

*** '''From Peeragarhi metro station to IGI T1 (metro only route, 1 change)''', ''50-60 minutes, ₹80'': [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] ([[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station]]/[[Pandit Shree Ram Sharma metro station]]-[[Peeragarhi metro station]], 11-13 stops 23-27 minutes - same 15-17 km route on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] by bus takes nearly 1 hour due to the traffic). Then, change to [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] ([[Peeragarhi metro station]]-[[Terminal 1 IGI Airport metro station|IGI T1 metro station]], 11 stops 20 minutes). '''Note''', Magenta Line's missing section from Krishna Park Extension to Peeragarhi is expected to be completed and become fully operational only by December 2026,<ref name=revtar1/> i.e. this route will become viable only after December 2026 once the missing section is completed.

*** '''From Punjabi Bagh West metro station to IGI T2&T3 and Bijwasan Railway station (metro only route, 1 change)''', ''70-100 minutes, ₹90-100'': At [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station]] transfer to [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] Punjabi Bagh West metro station via short footbridge; from Pink Line Punjabi Bagh West metro station-Pink Line [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station]], 6 stops 19 minutes). Then, via 1 km footbridge or bus (518, 546, 794A2) change to [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Orange Line Airport Express]] ([[Dhaula Kuan metro station]]-[[IGI Airport metro station|IGI T2&T3 metro station]]-[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]], 3 stops 12 minutes).

*** '''From Kirti Nagar metro station to Dwarka Sec-21 metro station/Bijwasan railway station and then to IGI T2/T3 (metro only route, 2 changes)''', ''100-120 minutes, ₹80'': [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] ([[Pandit Shree Ram Sharma metro station]]-[[Kirti Nagar metro station]], 20 stops 41 minutes). Then, 1st change to [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] (Kirti Nagar metro station-[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]], 21 stops 42 minutes). Then, 2nd change to [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Orange Line Airport Express]] (Dwarka Sector 21 metro station-[[IGI Airport metro station|IGI Airport T2/T3 metro station]], 1 stop 3 minutes).

*** '''From Ghevra metro station by bus to Dhansa Bus Stand metro station-Dwarka metro station-Dwarka Sector 21 metro station-IGI-T3 (bus+metro combo route, 3 changes)''', ''100-120 minutes, ₹65'': Take ''DTC Bus GL-91STL'' (north of Ghevra metro station at immediate north of Hiran Kudna Crossing on Delhi-Rohtak Rd to ''Dhansa Bus Stand'', ₹5, every 30 min, 14 stops 38 minutes). Then, 1st change to [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]] ([[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station]]-[[Dwarka metro station]], 3 stops 8 minutes). Then, 2nd change to [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] (Dwarka metro station-[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]], 8 stops 17 minutes). Then, 3rd change to [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Orange Line Airport Express]] (Dwarka Sector 21 metro station-[[IGI Airport metro station|IGI Airport T2/T3 metro station]], 1 stop 3 minutes).

===Buses===

* ISBT: for long-distance buses.
** [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station#Connectivity|Dwarka Inter State Bus Terminus]] (Dwarka ISBT), adjacent and west of "Dwarka Sector 21 metro station" is 4km away from Bijwasan railway station, construction started on 27 acres in 2022, will cater to buses from [[Haryana Roadways|Haryana]] and Punjab.<ref name=dtctr1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eye-on-igi-work-to-start-soon-at-dwarka-for-delhis-fourth-isbt/articleshow/90340984.cms Eye on IGI: Work to start soon at Dwarka], timesofindia, 22 march 2022.</ref> It is also close to Bijwasan railway station. It is 11 km west of IGI T3.

** [[Gurugram Inter State Bus Terminus]], announced in 2023 over 15 acres of [[Sihi]] village near [[Kherki Daula]] toll plaz where [[Dwarka Expressway]] meets Delhi-Jaipur Highway [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]],<ref name=isbtih1>[https://www.news18.com/business/real-estate-boost-new-isbt-near-dwarka-expressway-to-enhance-connectivity-push-local-realty-8019313.html Real Estate Boost: New ISBT Near Dwarka Expressway To Enhance Connectivity, Push Local Realty], News18.com, 7 June 2023.</ref> is 20 km south of Bijwasan eailway station. It will cater to the buses from Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

* Buses: Greenfield upgraded Bijwasan's new railway station, 2km northeast of brownfield Bijwasan railway halt, will replace and phase out the old Bijwasan halt.
** IGI Airport: As of 2025, there is no direct bus from IGI Airport to upgraded greenfield Bijwasan railway station, but the following buses pass by the ''Bharthal Underpass'' bus stop (also called BPCL Depot or Bharat Petroleum Depot) on UER-II and then walk 600 meters north to railway station, each of these buses run every 30 minutes usually from 6:30 am to midnight.
*** DTC Bus Route 801STL (6:30 am to 11:30 pm) from IGI T2 to Bharthal Underpass is nearest bus stop.<ref>[https://dtcbus.co.in/801-dtc-bus-route-timings/ DTC Bus route 801], DTC, accessed 15 Aug 2025.</ref>
*** DTC Bus Routes 356 STL2 (8 am to 10:30 pm), 356 STL3 (9.30 am to 6:30 pm), 717C3 (7:30 am to 11:30 pm), 773 (9 am to 8.30 pm), 773 (9 am to 7:30 pm), 792/792A (9:30 am to 12 am midnight), 801 / 801A / 801LSTL (10:23 am to 5 pm), and 7172 (6:30 am to 8:30 pm) from Mahipalpur near IGI Airport to Bijwasan Railway Station, Dwaraka Sector 21 Metro station and Bharthal Underpass, cost ₹5, between 8:30 am to 9 pm.
** Bahadurgarh, Tikri, Mundka, Nagloi, Peeragarhi: As of 2025, there is no direct buses or metro trains to upgraded greenfield Bijwasan railway station or Dwaraka Sector 21 metro station.

===Roads===

[[Urban Extension Road-II]] Expressway (UER II) or NH-344M connects it to the Delhi-[[Ambala]]-[[Amritsar]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]], [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]], [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]] Delhi-[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] ([[Hisar Airport]] 150 km west of IGI), [[Dwarka Expressway]] NH-248BB, [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] (part of Delhi-Jaipur National Highway), and beyond to [[Sohna Elevated Corridor|Gurgaon-Sohna Elevated Expressway]], [[:Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], [[Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway]] (FNG), Palwal-[[Jewar Airport]] Expressway, [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] (EPE), etc.

There is a plan to construct a tunnel to connect it to the IGI T3 by road.<ref>[https://uttipec.org.in/ApprovedProject/Project38#:~:text=Approved%20Project&text=Decision%20of%20the%20Governing%20Body,considering%20the%20safety%20aspects. Approved Plan], uttipec.org.in, accessed 2 Jul 2025.</ref>

==Present status==

===Phase-1===

* '''2025 Jul''': 65% work is completed.<ref>{{cite AV media | author = Infra Next | date = 13 August 2025 | title = Bijwasan Railway Redevelopment Project, Phase-I update | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHwE8HdAWlU | publisher = YouTube | access-date = 16 August 2025 | type = video | time = 6:00}}</ref> The expected completion date is February 2026.<ref name=redbj1>[https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1701334226670-Amrit%20stations%20Description.pdf IR station redevelopmenet status], Indian Railway.</ref>

* '''2025 Sep''': 80% work completed.<ref name=septbiz1/>

* '''2025 dec''': Revised target completion date is June 2026.<ref name=revtar1>[https://www.jansatta.com/national/delhi-metro-phase-4-pink-magenta-golden-line-and-delhi-meerut-rrts-update/4327741/ Delhi metro phase-4 Pink-Magenta-Golden line and Delhi-Meerut RRTS Update], Jansatta, 24 Dec 2025.</ref>

===Phase-2===

* '''2025 Aug''': under planning.

==See also==

* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Transport in Haryana]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Delhi}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://uttipec.org.in/PDF/UTTIPEC%20approved%20Plan%20-%20BWSN%20(1)-compressed.pdf Master Plan Phase I & II of the Bijwasan railway station redevelopment]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxhdi1zBx2U 3D render of the Bijwasan railway station redevelopment]
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/322494882/PIM-Bijwasan-080216 Ernst & Young presentation on Bijwasan railway station redevelopment plan]

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division]]

Yogeshvari

2026-03-08T22:42:35Z

Marinaupu: Adding First Data More To Come.

{{Short description|Epithet of Durga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[File:MET 1990 15.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Durga, the primary bearer of this epithet]]
'''Yogeshvari''' ([[Sanskrit]]: योगेश्वरी), also rendered '''Jogeshvari''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambejogaidevi.com/ |title=श्री अंबेजोगाई भक्त निवास न्यास, पुणे |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908141517/http://ambejogaidevi.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an epithet of the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] [[Durga]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-04-13 |title=Greatness of Yogeśvarī (Yoga-īśvarī) [Chapter 83] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc626871.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> a contraction of Yoga-īśvarī, meaning "goddess of yoga". Her most prominent temple is situated in the town of [[Ambejogai]] in [[Beed]] district of Maharashtra. Other prominent temples are [[Jogeshwari]] Mandir in Pune, where she is revered as the Gramadevi or the protector deity of the city.

== Veneration ==
Many [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] of Western India, such as Maharashtra, Goa, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Rajasthan, revere Yogeshvari as their [[Kuladevata|kuladevi]].

Yogeshvari is the kuladevi of many Chitpavan Brahmin families and 96 kuli Maratha families in Maharashtra. Yogeshvari Aai is the feminine shakti of the deity [[Shiva]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Durga]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Yoga]]

Banasura Sagar Dam

2026-03-06T07:16:16Z

Marinaupu: basic adjusted layout per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Dam in Padinjarathara, Wayanad, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Banasura Sagar Dam
| image = Banasurasagar Main Dam.jpg
| image_caption = Banasura Sagar Main Earthfill Dam
| name_official = Padinjarathara Dam
| dam_crosses = Tributary of the [[Kabini River]]
| res_name = Banasurasagar Reservoir
| location = [[Padinjarathara]], [[Kerala]]
| dam_length = {{Convert|9.0|km|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = 775m
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began =
| opening = 2004
| location_map = India Kerala#India
| location_map_caption = Location in [[Kerala]]##Location in [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|40|12|N|75|57|28|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| extra =
| status = O
| owner = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| dam_volume =
| res_catchment = {{Convert|61.44|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|209250000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}
| country = [[India]]
| purpose = Multi-purpose
| spillway_count = Nil
| dam_height_foundation = {{Convert|38.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = {{Convert|775.60|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| plant_capacity = 231.75 MW
}}

'''Banasura Sagar Dam''', situated in [[Padinjarathara]] in [[Kerala]] is the largest earth dam in [[India]] and second largest dam in [[Asia]]. Banasura Dam is under the control of [[Padinjarathara KSEB Station]].
India's first operating floating solar power plant was established in Banasura Dam. The dam is surrounded by [[Banasura Hill]]s. Dam impounds the Karamanathodu tributary of the [[Kabini River]], is part of the Indian Banasurasagar Project consisting of a dam and a canal project started in 1979.<ref name="10th Five Year Plan" /> The goal of the project is to support the Kakkayam Hydro electric power project and satisfy the demand for irrigation and drinking water in a region known to have water shortages in seasonal dry periods. The dam is also known as Kuttiyadi Augmentation Main Earthen Dam. The dam has a height of {{Convert|38.5|m}} and length of {{Convert|776|m}}.

In the dam's [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]] there is a set of islands that were formed when the reservoir submerged the surrounding areas.<ref name="Wayanad" /> The islands with the Banasura hills are in the background view.<ref name="ffkerala.net" /> It is the largest earth dam in India and the second largest of its kind in Asia. The dam is made up of massive stacks of stones and boulders.<ref name="Banasura Sagar Dam" />

The Kuttiyadi Augmentation Scheme consists of a main dam known as Banasurasagar Dam, an earth fill dam and a concrete gravity [[Kuttiyadi Augmentation Spillway Dam|spillway dam]] and six saddle dams:

* [[Kosani Saddle Dam|Kosani]], an earth-fill dam 13.8 m high,
* [[Near Kottagiri Saddle Dam|Near Kottagiri]], an earth-fill dam 11.0 m high,
* [[Kottagiri Saddle Dam|Kottagiri]], an earth-fill dam 14.5 m high,
* [[Kuttiyadi saddle dam|Kuttiyadi]], a concrete dam 16.5 m high,
* [[Nayanmoola Saddle Dam|Nayanmoola]], an earth-fill dam 3.5 m high, and
* [[Manjoora Saddle Dam|Manjoora]], an earth-fill dam 4.0 m high.

All the dams, except Kuttiady saddle, are earth-fill dams. The Kuttiyadi saddle dam is a concrete dam. The spillway is located adjacent to the main dam at the right bank of the original river course. The water spread area at FRL / MWL is {{Val|12.77|u=km2}}. The catchment area of Banasurasagar Dam is {{Val|61.44|u=km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banasurasagar Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=1|access-date=2021-07-30|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}} </ref>

==Specifications==

*Coordinates: {{Coord|11|40|12|N|75|57|28|E|display=inline}}
*[[Panchayath]]: Padinjarathara
* Village: Padinjarathara
*District: Wayanad
* River Basin: [[Kabini River|Kabani]]
*River: Karamanthodu, a tributary of Kabani river
*[[Taluk]] through which release flows: [[Vythiri]], [[Mananthavady|Mananthavadi]]
*Year of completion: 2004
* Type of dam: Homogeneous rolled earth fill
*Classification: HH (High Height)
* Maximum Water Level (MWL): 775.60 m
*Full Reservoir Level (FRL): EL 775.60 m
* Storage at FRL: {{Val|209.25|u=Mm3}}
* Height from deepest foundation: 38.5 m (Height from bed level)
*Length: 685.00 m
*Spillway: No spillway
*Installed capacity: 231.75 MW
*Project Identification Code (PIC): KL29HH0044

==Location==
The Banasura Sagar Dam is located 2 km from [[Padinjarathara]] and 20 km from [[Kalpetta]] in [[Wayanad District]] of [[Kerala]] in the [[Western Ghats]] of India. It is the largest earthen dam in India and the second largest in [[Asia]]<ref name="Banasura Sagar Dam"/> and a starting point for hikes into the surrounding mountains.<ref name="Statistical Data" /> It is an important tourist attraction.<ref name="Tourist" /> Banasura Sagar Dam is at the foot of the [[Banasura Hill]].

==Spillway Dam==
[[File:Banasurasagar-Spillway.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Spill way dam of Banasura sagar dam]]

Kuttiady Augmentation Spillway dam is a concrete dam with spillways for the Banasurasagar reservoir. The spillway dam is part of the Kuttiyadi Augmentation Scheme, which is located in Wayanad district. It aims at using water of the Karamanthodu River, a tributary of [[Kabini River|Kabani River]]. The Scheme consists of a main dam known as Banasurasagar Dam, an earth-fill dam, a concrete gravity spillway dam, and six saddle dams.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Reservoir==
[[File:Kutyadi augmentation Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Kutyadi Reservoir layout]]

The gross storage of Kuttiyadi Augmentation (Banasura sagar) Reservoir is {{Val|209|u=Mm3}}; its live storage is {{Val|185|u=Mm3}}. The water stored in the reservoir is diverted to the reservoir of Kuttiyadi Hydro Electric Project through an interconnecting tunnel. The sill level of diversion tunnel at inlet is 750.83 m. The size and shape of tunnel is varying. For 809 meters of its length, it is a circular, lined tunnel 2.35 meters in diameter, and for 3873 meters it is a D-shaped unlined tunnel with a diameter of 2.85 meters. The maximum diversion is {{Val|11.6|u=m3/s}}. The diverted water is used for power generation at Kuttiyadi Power Station. The elevation of the reservoir when full is 775.60 m. The top level of the dam is 778.50 m. There are four radial gates, each of size 10.97 m × 9.20 m. The crest level of the spillway is 767.00 m. The spillway capacity is {{Val|1664|u=m3/s}}. One lower-level outlet is provided in the spillway structure at 750.75 m of size 1.10 m × 1.75 m to release water for irrigation.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Etymology==
The Banasura Sagar Dam is named after [[Banasura]], the son of [[Mahabali]] who as per local Hindu mythological belief was a very respected king of Kerala.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Tourism==
The dam has become a popular tourist destination. Many people visit the place to go trekking at the [[Banasura Hill]] and speed boating at Banasura Sagar Dam. The [[Banasura Hill Resort]], located about 20 km from the dam was rated as Asia's largest Earthen Resort by [[BBC]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
DR0071DSC 9245.jpg|The view of reservoir from nearby mountains
Banasurasagar dam1(wayanad).jpg|Banasura sagar spillway dam, which is adjacent to the Main earthfill dam
Orange Minivet(Male) at Banasura Dam.JPG|Male orange minivet at Banasura Dam
A typical view of Banasura Dam.JPG|A view from Banasura Dam
Banasura Dam3.jpg|Boating facility
</gallery>

== Current scenario ==
The actual missions for this dam is to provide water for Kakkayam reservoir,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kakkayam Dam Reservoir - Wikimapia|url = http://wikimapia.org/456161/Kakkayam-Dam-Reservoir|website = wikimapia.org|access-date = 2015-12-16}}</ref> which is situated in Kozhikode district to produce electricity and also irrigation in Wayanad. Neither mission was accomplished, and currently it is a part of the Hydel project. It has India's first Solar Atop Dam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/300416/kerala-solar-panel-atop-dam-a-reality.html?ref=yfp|title = Kerala: Solar panel atop dam a reality|date = 30 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*[[Thariode]]

==References ==
<references>
<ref name="10th Five Year Plan">{{cite web
| url = http://www.keralaplanningboard.org/html/Reports/wr&apr.pdf
| title = Government of Kerala Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 Report
| publisher = Government of Kerala
| access-date = 2006-10-18
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051218014623/http://keralaplanningboard.org/html/Reports/wr%26apr.pdf
| archive-date = 2005-12-18
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="Wayanad">{{cite web
|url=http://www.wayanad.org/outdoor.htm
|title=Wayanad outdoor trails
|publisher=wayanad.org
|access-date=2006-10-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023075312/http://www.wayanad.org/outdoor.htm
|archive-date=23 October 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="Banasura Sagar Dam">{{cite web
| url = http://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/banasura-sagar-dam.php |title=Banasura Sagar Dam |access-date=2013-02-11
}}</ref>
<ref name="Statistical Data">{{cite web
|url = http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/wynd_shis.htm
|title = Statistical Data
|publisher = Kerala Government
|access-date = 2006-10-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060528102729/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/wynd_shis.htm
|archive-date = 2006-05-28
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="Tourist">{{cite web
| url = http://wayanad.nic.in/tourist.htm
| title = Places of Tourist Importance
| publisher = Wayanad Government
| access-date = 2006-10-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060505090831/http://wayanad.nic.in/tourist.htm |archive-date = 2006-05-05
}}</ref>
<ref name="ffkerala.net">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ffkerala.net/wayanaddist/wayanad100_places2.html
|title = Wayanad
|publisher = Fast Finder Kerala
|access-date = 2006-10-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150707/http://www.ffkerala.net/wayanaddist/wayanad100_places2.html
|archive-date = 2007-09-29
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Banasura Sagar Dam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090816150255/http://www.keralaplanningboard.org/html/Reports/wr%26apr.pdf Government of Kerala Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 Report of the Working Group on 'Water Resources & Environment - Approach, Policies and Reforms'] (PDF)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521081702/http://wayanad.nic.in/ Official Web Site of Wayanad District ]
{{Kaveri River}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Wayanad}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Geography of Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Dams on the Kaveri River]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Dams in Wayanad district]]

King (1998 film)

2026-03-03T22:04:55Z

Marinaupu: update lead per standard format

{{short description|1998 film by Srikanth Kulkarni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = King
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Srikanth Kulkarni
| producer = H. V. Sadanand
| screenplay = [[Tiger Prabhakar]]
| story = Tiger Prabhakar
| starring = Tiger Prabhakar [[Arun Pandian]] Rajeshwari [[Vichithra]] [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] [[Jyothi Meena]]
| music = Devdas
| cinematography = Mallikarjun
| editing = K. Narasaiah
| studio = S. P. Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|10|30}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''King''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by Srikanth Kulkarni. [[Tiger Prabhakar]] wrote the film's story and screenplay and also stars as the lead actor alongside [[Arun Pandian]], Rajeshwari, [[Vichithra]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] and [[Jyothi Meena]]. [[Dheerendra Gopal]], [[Sundar Raj]], Prithviraj, [[H. G. Dattatreya]] feature in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=King (1998) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/king-1998 |website=chiloka.com |accessdate=30 September 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Madhusudan / Mahendraverma
* [[Arun Pandian]] as Chandrahasa
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Rajeshwari
* [[Vichithra]] as Vichithra
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
* [[Jyothi Meena]]
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as priest
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* Prithviraj
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as King
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* Vijaya Kashi as Krishna
* [[Sarigama Viji]]
* Ravindra
* [[Rajanand]] as Vichithra's grandfather
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
}}

== Reception ==
Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', gave the film a negative review and wrote that it "is a disaster from the word go." He wrote, "Prabhakar is irritating and hopelessly annoying" and that the film "defies all logic and comprehension." he concluded writing, "Atrocious and disgusting fare!"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Movie: King (Kannada) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov01/enter.htm |publisher=Deccan Herald |accessdate=30 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990506223507/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov01/enter.htm |archivedate=6 May 1999 |date=1 November 1998 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Bala (2002 film)

2026-03-03T04:34:49Z

Marinaupu: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bala
| image = Bala (2002 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Deepak
| producer = Rajaa Baalu Raju Magalingam
| writer = Deepak [[Viji (Writer/Director)|Viji]] (dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] [[Meera Jasmine]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Goldmine Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|12|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bala''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[action film]] written and directed by Deepak, starring [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as the titular character in the lead role, while [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[Thilakan]], [[Nagesh]], and [[Karunas]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] with cinematography by [[Priyan]] and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]]. The film was released on 13 December 2002.

==Plot==
Bala is the favourite hitman of gangster Pasupathi. When Bala is not zooming around in jeeps with a wild-looking gang, parading down lanes with the same gang faithfully following a step behind him, or knocking down one person or another, he is successfully wooing Aarthi, the girl he fell for at first sight. Aarthi is the daughter of Jayamani, a rival gangster. Ailing don Paranthaman, the mentor of the two rivals, seeing his protégés at each other's throats, brings a compromise by suggesting that Aarthi will be married to Pasupathi's wayward son. Bala naturally becomes a unwanted person in both camps, till it's all's well that ends well.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Bala
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Aarthi
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Jayamani
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Pasupathi
* [[Thilakan]] as Paranthaman
* [[Nagesh]] as Varadhan
* [[Karunas]] as Kutty
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Om Prakash
* Rajasekar as Vishwanath
* [[Kalairani]] as Bala's blind mother
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Abirami
* [[Santhoshi]] as Purnima
* [[Mahanadhi Shankar]] as Madhurai
* [[Singamuthu]] as Venkatarama
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Bhagyam
* Gouthami as Pasupathi's wife
* Kamalesh as Guru
* [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as Jayamani's son
* Baby Srividya as Jayamani's daughter
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as the bus conductor
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a bus passenger
}}

==Production==
Deepak, who worked as an assistant director to [[Gandhi Krishna]] (of ''[[Engineer (film)|Engineer]]'') and as an editor made his directorial debut with this film. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was signed to compose the music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-05-31 |title=Youthful team |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162412/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=2014-02-19 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vidya Balan]], the original choice for lead actress, was replaced by [[Meera Jasmine]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=Vidya Balan was the original choice for Bala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/vidya-balan-was-the-original-choice-for-bala/articleshow/62789208.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111033541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/vidya-balan-was-the-original-choice-for-bala/articleshow/62789208.cms |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shaam departed from his romantic hero role and portrayed an action oriented role in the film.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2003 |title=Bala |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bala-review-tamil-pcluw9bfhahhd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418063340/https://www.sify.com/movies/bala-review-tamil-pcluw9bfhahhd.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Some scenes were shot on a boat about fifteen kilometers from the harbour, in Chennai whereas at the Vauhini Studios, Chennai, a lavish set was erected where Shaam and Meera Jasmine danced to the beat of a song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BALA |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/bala.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003100228/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/bala.asp |archive-date=3 October 2002 |access-date=23 February 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack, featuring 5 songs, was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and released on 20 October 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2002 |title=Ready for the fights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/ready-for-the-fights/article28609384.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015193112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/ready-for-the-fights/article28609384.ece |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Bailamo Bailamo" was originally composed for the [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]-starrer ''[[April Maadhathil]]'', but eventually used in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2005 |title=Success guaranteed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111900510100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322225538/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111900510100.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006}}</ref> The song "Theendi Theendi" is based on "Rim Jhim Rim Jhim" from ''[[Mahaadev]]'' (1989), which was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], Yuvan's father.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018082313/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bailamo Bailamo
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length1 = 4:20
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| title2 = Poopoovai
| extra2 = [[Unni Menon]], Ganga
| length2 = 4:55
| lyrics2 = Pa. Vijay
| title3 = Theendi Theendi
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = [[Arivumathi]]
| title4 = Vaanathu Poochi
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Mathangi
| length4 = 4:30
| lyrics4 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| title5 = En Kannai
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:13
| lyrics5 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| total_length = 22:08 
}}

== Release and reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "'Bala' is another of those typical action flicks that flood the cinema scene today".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2002 |title="Bala" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/bala/article28572065.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817193326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/bala/article28572065.ece |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' opined that "It's yet again a gangster film, the scenes flowing albeit smoothly, but expectantly through clichéd situations giving one a sense of deja vu throughout".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 December 2002 |title=Bala |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov235.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311095855/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov235.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the age old story and called the film boring, however he praised the dialogues, background score, and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=29 December 2002 |title=பாலா |trans-title=Bala |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2002-12-29/page/n2/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230908133445/https://archive.org/details/kalki2002-12-29/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=24 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "There is nothing new in the story as it looks like a rehash of several films. The flashback of how Bala became a hatchet man for Pasupathi is long winded and tame. Even the music of Yuvan Shankar Raja fails to impress. Shaam looks totally uncomfortable and he needs to put in more effort in emotional scenes. Meera Jasmine has the screen presence though she has nothing much to do. On the whole the film fails to impress as director Deepak could not package the film as an entertainer".<ref>{{cite web |title=Bala |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12218130&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229225835/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12218130&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The film was a lifeline for Shyam who had been having only failures and for debut director Deepak. Sorry to say this, but a wishy-washy plot and weak narration made the film a disaster".<ref>{{cite web|title=Bala|website=Cinesouth|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402114216/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/bala.shtml|archive-date=2 April 2004|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/bala.shtml}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The film is more about action, good songs, nice cinematography but fails when it comes to script. Director Deepak, who has penned the story and dialogues for the movie, had tried something new in seeking to portray the good side of the negative characters".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan05/filmr.asp|title=BALA (Tamil)|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 January 2003|first=C. |last=Shivakumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803200257/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan05/filmr.asp|archive-date=3 August 2003}}</ref> Despite the failure of Shaam's previous films, this film managed to average business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=10 January 2003 |title=Tamil Cinema 2002: When The Stars Failed |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092037/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10south.htm |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt1621768}}

[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 action films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cochin Refineries School

2026-02-22T16:12:49Z

Marinaupu: improved content and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Cochin Refineries School, Vandipettah
| native_name = CRS
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| motto = ''"That they may be refined and radiate"''
| established = {{start date|1965}}
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9386|76.4097|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| closed =
| type = Higher Secondary School
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| administrator =
| president =
| chairman_label = Chairman
| chairman = K N Ravindran
| rector =
| principal = Vinumoan K Matthew
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label = Second Master
| head =
| head_name2 = Assistant Headmaster
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty = +91 0484 2714800
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label = Grades
| grades = 10+2
| address = Vandipettah, [[Puthencruz]] P.O 682308
| city = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| state = Kerala
| province =
| country = India
| district = Ernakulam
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics = The school conducts two major athletic events, namely the Chacha Nehru Volleyball Tournament and the Refinian Cup Cricket Tournament. Participation in both events is generally from the schools in Ernakulam / Kochi.
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label = [[Emblem]]
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website = http://www.cochinrefineriesschool.ac.in
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''Cochin Refineries School''' is a higher [[secondary school]] situated in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The school was relocated to its new campus near Vandipettah, [[Puthencruz]] on 2 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/nov/30/last-bell-rings-at-cochin-refineries-school-2069349.html|title='Last bell' rings at Cochin Refineries School|date=30 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>http://cochinrefineriesschool.ac.in/uploads/newsandevents/Notice%20-%20Shifting%20to%20new%20campus_20191201030859.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2025}} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Overview==

The school was established in 1966 for the children of employees of erstwhile Kochi Refineries Ltd (KRL). Admission is open to children of employees.
<gallery>
File:Cochin Refineries School, Ambalamugal campus (1966-2019).jpg|CR School, Ambalamugal campus (1966-2019)
File:Cochin Refineries School, Vandipettah (2019 - ) campus.jpg|CR School, Vandipettah campus (since 2019)
</gallery>
Previously, the school was situated on the hilltop of Jwalagiri, [[Ambalamugal]]. On the 2nd of December 2019, the school relocated to its new campus near Vandipettah. The school is run by Cochin Refineries Educational Aid Society and managed by a Board of Governors nominated by the management of [[BPCL]] – [[Kochi Refinery]]. It is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi, and prepares students for the [[All India Secondary School Examination]] (AISSE) and [[Higher Secondary Examination|All India Senior School Certificate Examination]] (AISSCE).

The motto of the school is "That they may be refined and radiate".

==See also==
*[[List of schools in Ernakulam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://cochinrefineriesschool.ac.in/index.php School website]

[[Category:Private schools in Kochi]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kochi]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Suhas Babar

2026-02-21T04:56:23Z

Marinaupu: Adding Some Details First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Suhas Anil Babar
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = (2024-Present)
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anil Babar]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
| birth_name = Suhas Anil Babar
| birth_place = [[Khanapur]], [[Sangli District]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|13}}
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| parents = [[Anil Babar]] (Father)
}}

'''Suhas Babar''' (born 1981)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Babar Suhas Anilbhau(Shiv Sena):Constituency- KHANPUR(SANGLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1175 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur Assembly constituency]] in [[Sangli district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Shiv Sena Party.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS's Suhas Babar with 153892 defeats NCP (SP)'s Vaibhavdada Patil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/khanapur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638415-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Khanapur (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/khanapur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9685144/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babar is from, Gardi and Vita [[Khanapur (Vita)|Khanapur]], Sangli district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Anilrao Kaljerao Babar. He completed his M.B.A. in 2008 at [[Indian School of Business]] Management and Administration. Earlier, he did his B.Sc. in 2002 at Balwant College, Vita, which is affiliated with [[Shivaji University]], [[Kolhapur]]. Later he did his L.L.B. in 2023 at [[Bharat University]], [[Pune]].<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Babar won from Khanapur Assembly constituency representing [[Shiv Sena]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 153,892 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vaibhav Sadashiv Patil of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 78,181 votes.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=29 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |archivedate=29 November 2024 |accessdate=29 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2017, he made his electoral debut winning the Maharashtra Zilla Parishad elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suhas Anilrao Babar(Shivsena):Constituency- NAGEWADI(ZP SANGALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtrazilaparishad2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=168821 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Babar, Suhas}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Sangli district]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]

Thushara Pillai

2026-02-12T03:14:48Z

Marinaupu: Adding Some Data From Scratch.

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist and astronomer}}
{{Independent sources|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thushara Pillai
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 20 June 1980
| birth_place = [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| alma_mater = [[Government Women's College, Thiruvananthapuram]] [[IIT Madras]] [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy]]
| occupation = Astrophysicist and astronomer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = Jens Kauffmann
| children =
| mother =
| father =
}}
'''Thushara Pillai''' is an Indian astrophysicist and astronomer with a senior research scientist position at [[Boston University]]'s Institute for Astrophysical Research<ref name=bu>{{Cite web|title=Thushara Pillai {{!}} Institute for Astrophysical Research|url=https://www.bu.edu/iar/profile/thushara-pillai/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> and MIT Haystack Observatory.<ref name=haystack>{{cite web|title=Thushara Pillai | url=https://www.haystack.mit.edu/researcher/thushara-g-s-pillai/}}</ref> Her research interests have included [[molecular cloud]]s, high-mass [[star formation]], [[magnetic field]]s, [[astrochemistry]], and the [[Galactic Center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Thushara G.S. Pillai|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TxPyoYEAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2021-12-12|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> She is known for her work that looked to understand star formation by observing magnetized interstellar clouds, and Pillai is the first astronomer to capture images of magnetic fields reorienting near areas of star formation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sechler|first=Ronald|title=Gazing into Magnetized Interstellar Clouds to Understand How Stars Are Born|url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/gazing-into-magnetized-interstellar-clouds-to-understand-how-stars-are-born/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Boston University|date=9 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pillai was born 20 June 1980 in [[Kerala|Kerala, India]] to parents P. Gopalakrishna Pillai and K. S. Shyamala Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasanna |first1=Laxmi Ajai |title=Keralite astronomer in Nasa team that found rare cloud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/keralite-astronomer-in-nasa-team-that-found-rare-cloud/articleshow/18652291.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=24 February 2013 }}</ref> She attended [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom|KV Pattom]] where she was a 1997 Class XII Batch alumna, and Pillai's mother was a teacher at this government day school.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Faisal |first1=S. L. |title=An interview with Astronomer Dr. Thushara Pillai |url=https://kvpattomemagazine.wordpress.com/2021/06/20/an-interview-with-astronomer-dr-thushara-pillai/ |work=KV Pattom E-Zine |date=20 June 2021 }}</ref> Pillai's parents and teachers from an early age encouraged her to pursue physics and higher education.<ref name=":2" />

Pillai attended Government Women's College in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to receive her BSc in physics.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Krishnachand |first1=K |title=Malayali scientist finds how stars form, makes state proud |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/06/malayali-scientist-finds-how-stars-form-makes-state-proud-2260216.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 February 2021 }}</ref> Then, she pursued her Masters in Physics at [[IIT Madras]], where one summer, she was given the opportunity to participate in an astronomy project at the National Center for Radio Astronomy in Pune, pushing her interest toward astronomy and astrophysics.<ref name=":2" /> She completed her highest education, a PhD in astronomy, at the [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy]] in Germany.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Pillai holds the position of Senior Research Scientist at Boston University's Institute for Astrophysical Research. She also held a guest researcher position at her alma mater, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, where she worked in the Department of Millimeter and [[Submillimetre astronomy|Submillimeter Astronomy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Thushara Pillai {{!}} Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy|url=https://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/person/34123/2169|access-date=2021-12-12|website=www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de}}</ref> There, her research focused on early phase chemistry, infrared dark clouds, high mass star formation, and star formation and cloud evolution in the galactic center.<ref name=":4" />

== Research ==
[[File:Magnetic Field Structure in Serpents South Cluster.jpg|thumb|Artistic rendition of the magnetic field structures observed in Pillai's research<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Thushara G.S. |title=Magnetized gas flows feeding a young cluster at the heart of a filamentary network |url=https://astronomycommunity.nature.com/posts/magnetized-gas-flows-feeding-a-young-cluster-at-the-heart-of-a-filamentary-network |work=Nature Portfolio Astronomy Community |date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>]]
Pillai is most known for her paper published in ''[[Nature Astronomy]]'', "Magnetized filamentary gas flows feeding the young embedded cluster in [[Serpens South]]."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=Thushara G. S. |last2=Clemens |first2=Dan P. |last3=Reissl |first3=Stefan |last4=Myers |first4=Philip C. |last5=Kauffmann |first5=Jens |last6=Lopez-Rodriguez |first6=Enrique |last7=Alves |first7=F. O. |last8=Franco |first8=G. a. P. |last9=Henshaw |first9=Jonathan |last10=Menten |first10=Karl M. |last11=Nakamura |first11=Fumitaka |last12=Seifried |first12=Daniel |last13=Sugitani |first13=Koji |last14=Wiesemeyer |first14=Helmut |title=Magnetized filamentary gas flows feeding the young embedded cluster in Serpens South |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=December 2020 |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1195–1201 |doi=10.1038/s41550-020-1172-6 |arxiv=2009.14100 |bibcode=2020NatAs...4.1195P |s2cid=221995526 }}</ref> This paper shed light on the extent to which molecular clouds in space play a role in star formation.<ref name=":1" /> A grant from the [[National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation's]] Division of Astronomical Sciences to Boston University helped support this research, which used data from [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy]] (SOFIA). Using this technology, Pillai and her team were able to construct images of magnetic fields' directions and structures near the site of star formation.<ref name=":1" /> These images are useful to current and future understandings of interstellar space star formation.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Much of Pillai's research has been done with support from NASA, the German Space Center, the [[Universities Space Research Association]], the National Science Foundation, the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais.<ref name=":1" /> She often works with her husband, Jens Kauffmann, who is an astronomer affiliated with the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Selected publications ===
* {{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=T. |last2=Wyrowski |first2=F. |last3=Carey |first3=S. J. |last4=Menten |first4=K. M. |title=Ammonia in infrared dark clouds |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=May 2006 |volume=450 |issue=2 |pages=569–583 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20054128 |arxiv=astro-ph/0601078 |bibcode=2006A&A...450..569P |s2cid=14760432 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kauffmann |first1=Jens |last2=Pillai |first2=Thushara |title=How Many Infrared Dark Clouds Can form Massive Stars and Clusters? |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=7 October 2010 |volume=723 |issue=1 |pages=L7–L12 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/723/1/l7 |arxiv=1009.1617 |bibcode=2010ApJ...723L...7K |s2cid=13386380 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kauffmann |first1=Jens |last2=Pillai |first2=Thushara |last3=Goldsmith |first3=Paul F. |title=Low Virial Parameters in Molecular Clouds: Implications for High Mass Star Formation and Magnetic Fields |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=4 December 2013 |volume=779 |issue=2 |pages=185 |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/185 |arxiv=1308.5679 |bibcode=2013ApJ...779..185K |s2cid=19953338 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qizhou |last2=Wang |first2=Yang |last3=Pillai |first3=Thushara |last4=Rathborne |first4=Jill |title=Fragmentation at the Earliest Phase of Massive Star Formation |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=15 April 2009 |volume=696 |issue=1 |pages=268–273 |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/696/1/268 |arxiv=0902.0647 |bibcode=2009ApJ...696..268Z |s2cid=17257286 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=T. |last2=Kauffmann |first2=J. |last3=Tan |first3=J. C. |last4=Goldsmith |first4=P. F. |last5=Carey |first5=S. J. |last6=Menten |first6=K. M. |title=Magnetic Fields in High-mass Infrared Dark Clouds |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=16 January 2015 |volume=799 |issue=1 |pages=74 |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/799/1/74 |arxiv=1410.7390 |bibcode=2015ApJ...799...74P |s2cid=7676150 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Thushara}}
[[Category:Women astronomers]]
[[Category:Women astrophysicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian astronomers]]
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[[Category:1980 births]]

Chandrashekhara Kambara

2026-02-11T13:55:46Z

Marinaupu: quick enhance layout further and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian poet and playwright (born 1937)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Chandrashekhara Kambara
|image = Chandrashekhara Kambara.jpg
|imagesize = 150px
|caption = Kambara during a talk about "Kannada in Technology" in [[Bangalore]], 2013
|pseudonym =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1937|1|2|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ghodageri]], [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (Present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
|spouse = Satyabhama
|children = 4
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = {{plainlist|[[Poet]]
* [[Playwright]]
* [[Professor]]}}
|alma_mater = PhD from [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]]<ref name="deccan" />
|period = 1937–present
|genre = Fiction
|subject =
|awards = [[Jnanpith Award]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Padma Shri]] [[Pampa Award]] [[Padma Bhushan]]
|movement =
|notableworks =
|signature =
|website =
}}

'''Chandrashekhara Basavanneppa Kambara''' (born 2 January 1937) is a prominent Indian [[poet]], [[playwright]], [[Folklore|folklorist]], film director in [[Kannada language]] and the founder-vice-chancellor of [[Kannada University]] in [[Hampi]] also president of the Sahitya Akademi, country's premier literary institution, after Vinayak Krishna Gokak (1983) and U.R. Ananthamurthy (1993).<ref name="chancellor">{{cite web|url=http://www.kannadauniversity.org/TribalStudies.htm|title=Giri Seeme: The Tribal Village|work=Department of Tribal Studies, Kannada University|publisher=Kannada University, Hampi|access-date=2007-07-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011807/http://www.kannadauniversity.org/TribalStudies.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> He is known for effective adaptation of the [[North Karnataka]] dialect of the Kannada language in his plays, and poems, in a similar style as in the works of [[D.R. Bendre]].<ref name=Award>{{Cite news|url=http://samvada.org/2011/news/senior-kannada-writer-rss-well-wisher-dr-chandrashekhara-kambara-gets-jnanapith-award/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925022852/http://samvada.org/2011/news/senior-kannada-writer-rss-well-wisher-dr-chandrashekhara-kambara-gets-jnanapith-award/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2011|title=Senior Kannada Writer Dr Chandrashekhara Kambara gets Jnanpith Award, 8th for Kannada Language|date=19 September 2011|newspaper=Samvada}}</ref>

Kambara's plays mainly revolve around folk or [[mythology]] interlinked with contemporary issues,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kambar-does-karnataka-proud-with-jnanpith/185818-60-115.html |title=IBN Live – Kambar does Karnataka proud with Jnanpith |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017223537/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kambar-does-karnataka-proud-with-jnanpith/185818-60-115.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> inculcating modern lifestyle with his hard-hitting poems. He has become a pioneer of such literature.<ref name="times1" /> His contribution as a playwright is significant not only to Kannada theatre but also to the [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] in general as he achieved a blend of the folk and the modern theatrical forms.<ref name="hindushiv">[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2476293.ece The Hindu – Speaking from Shivapura] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925034042/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2476293.ece |date=25 September 2011 }}</ref>

He has been conferred with many prestigious awards including the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2021,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 | title=Padma Awards 2021 announced | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms | title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> [[Jnanpith Award]] in 2011 for the year 2010,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Jnanpith for Kambar | date=20 September 2011}}</ref> [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]],<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Kabir Samman, [[Kalidas Samman]] and [[Pampa Prashasti|Pampa Award]]. After his retirement, Kambara was nominated as the Member of [[Vidhan Parishad|Karnataka Legislative Council]], to which he made significant contributions through his interventions.<ref name="dhbard">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/195008/living-bard.html |title=The living bard |work=Deccan Herald |date=October 2011 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Chandrashekhara Kambara was born in kannada-speaking family in [[Ghodageri]], a village in [[Belgaum district]] of [[Bombay Presidency]] (today in [[Karnataka]]). He was the third son in the family, with brothers Parasappa and Yallappa who still reside in the small house belonging to the Kambara family in the village.<ref name="times1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Home-village-erupts-in-celebration/articleshow/10047724.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418062918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-20/bangalore/30179268_1_gokak-yallappa-village |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Home village Ghodageri erupts in celebration|date=20 September 2011}}</ref> From an early age, Kambara was interested in folk arts, local culture and ritual.<ref name="deccan">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/192178/a-true-grass-roots-level.html |title=Jnanpith award: Deccan Herald – Kambar realised the universal in indigenous, native culture in modern times |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> His favorite Kannada writers include [[Kumara Vyasa]], [[Basava]], [[Kuvempu]] and [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] and among English writers, it is [[W. B. Yeats]], [[William Shakespeare]] and [[Federico García Lorca]].<ref name="timesinter" />

Popularly known as ''Shivapur Kambar Master'' in his native district, Kambara had his schooling in [[Gokak]] and returned to Belagavi for higher education at Lingaraj College. Owing to poverty, he had to [[Dropping out|drop out]] of school<ref name="timesinter">{{cite web|author=SEETHALAKSHMI S |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/bangalore/30183838_1_folklore-village-stories/2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103090850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/bangalore/30183838_1_folklore-village-stories/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Times of India – Kambar's next is a comedy on thieves |date=21 September 2011}}</ref> but Jagadguru Siddaram Swamiji of [[Savalagi]] [[Matha]] blessed Kambara and took care of all his primary and high school educational expenses which is why Kambara honours the [[Prophet|seer]] in many of his writings.<ref name="times1" /> After his post-graduation, he did his PhD thesis on ''Uttara Karnatakada Janapad Rangbhumi'' ("The Folk Theatre of North Karnataka") from [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]].<ref name="ibn">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/eighth-moment-of-glory-for-kannada/185884-60.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017223447/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/eighth-moment-of-glory-for-kannada/185884-60.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |title=The New Indian Express – Eighth moment of glory for Kannada |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
After a brief stint in teaching in the [[University of Chicago]], he taught in [[Bangalore University]] for over two decades and was a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright scholar]].<ref name="deccan" />

He has been elected as the chairman of Sahitya Academy on 12 February 2018.

He served as the chairman of [[National School of Drama|National School of Drama Society]], New Delhi from 1996 to 2000 and as the president of Karnataka Nataka Academy from 1980 to 1983. He started using north Karnataka [[dialect]] of Kannada in his poems and plays which is not very common in [[Kannada literature]].

Kambara is the founder vice-chancellor of the [[Kannada University]] at [[Hampi]]. His grand vision of Kannada literature and Karnataka culture is reflected in the way he showed commitment to build it. The architecture, the choice of the subjects that cover the diverse variety of culture and society of Karnataka, selection of place, faculty or academic activities, the scholars whom he drafted from different parts of the state and the Nadoja honorary award instead of the [[Doctorate|honorary doctorate]] which he introduced, show Kambara's native vision which was evolved in his literary works for decades.<ref name="hindushiv" />

As the first vice-chancellor of the University, Kambara served two terms of three years each, during which he could shape it in a unique manner, compared to other traditional universities. All the constructions during his tenure as the vice-chancellor are on hillocks, with huge stone structures resembling the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara period architecture]]. He also created a separate publication unit for publishing the results of research and project works going on in Kannada University.<ref>{{cite web|author=A Murigeppa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Kannada-varsity-has-Kambar-stamp-all-over/articleshow/10059322.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106141302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/bangalore/30183739_1_folk-modern-poetry-guest-house |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Times of India – Kannada varsity has Kambar stamp all over |date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

He is a strong supporter of imparting school education with [[Kannada|Kannada language]] as the [[medium of instruction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/bengaluru/nationalise-school-level-education-says-kambara-944 |title=Nationalise school-level education, says Kambara |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121055218/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/bengaluru/nationalise-school-level-education-says-kambara-944 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His justification for this stance is that only [[First language|mother tongue]] can provide an "[[experience]]," which is an integral part of learning and learning through any other language only gives people "information," which makes them less competent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/193239/kambar-bats-kannada-schools.html#top |title=Kambar bats for Kannada in schools |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 September 2011}}</ref> This concurs with [[UNESCO]]'s recommendation that "providing education in a child's mother tongue is a critical issue."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001540/154007e.pdf |title=Results of the 7th consultation of member states on the implementation of the Convention and Recommendation against discrimination in education (Para. 41)}}</ref>

==Works==
Kambara has to his credit 25 plays, 11 [[Anthology|anthologies]] of poems, 5 novels, 16 research works and several scholarly write-ups on folk theatre, literature and education.<ref name="deccan" /> Some of his popular plays include "Jokumaraswamy", "Jayasidnayaka", "Kadu Kudure", "Nayi Kathe", "Mahamayi", "Harakeya Kuri" and others. He was conferred with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1991 for another popular play ''Sirisampige''.<ref name="jnan1" />

He was a pioneer in introducing [[Bailahongal]]'s famous ''Sangya Balya'' ([[bayalata]]) and ''Jokumaraswamy,'' a traditional ritual of his native district, to the literary world<ref name="deccan" /> which have seen thousands of performances, not only in Kannada, but several other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] as well.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece |title=Jnanpith for Kambar |work=The Hindu |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> His most recent novel, ''Shikhar Soorya'', is rated among the best Kannada novels.<ref name="ibn" />

Many of his works have been [[Translated#Literary translation|translated]] to English and several other Indian languages. The play ''Jokumaraswamy'' has been translated to English (Seagull Books, Calcutta in 1989), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (Abholi Prakashan, Solhapur in 2000), [[Hindi]] (Vidya Prakashan Mandir, New Delhi in 1985), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (Mudrika Printers, Kurnool in 1993), [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Malayalam among others. The [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]-winning play ''Sirisampige'' has been translated to English (Seagull Books)<ref>[http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/deshpande-2004-modern-indian-drama.html Modern Indian Drama], ed. [[G.P. Deshpande]], [[Sahitya Akademi]], 2004]</ref> and to Tamil, Hindi, Marathi and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi. His novel "Singarevva Mattu Aramane" translated as ''Kulothe Chingaramma'', to [[Malayalam]] by C Raghavan, is one of his works that has become popular in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gayathri Sasibhooshan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Kambar-deserves-Jnanpith-M-Leelavathy/articleshow/10059831.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707153311/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/kochi/30184157_1_jnanpith-award-literary-award-award-winners |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Times of India – Kambar deserves Jnanpith: M Leelavathy |date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

Apart from his literary career, Kambara has been associated with direction of feature films. His directorial work in many movies on the plays scripted by him; he has directed films such as Karimayi, Sangeeta and Kadu Kudare. Jeeke Maastara Pranaya Prasanga. Two of his plays which have been made into television series. His contributions include many documentaries for the Government of Karnataka and Government of India.<ref name=Award/> His "Kaadu Kudure" entered into the Indian Panorama and won the National Award. His film "Sangeeta" won the Best Feature Film State Award in the year 1981. He has also adopted his play ''G.K. Maastarara Pranaya Prasanga'' for television.

Besides his voluminous works, Kambar has presented papers on Indian Folklore and theatre in the University of Chicago, American Oriental Centre, New York, International Theatre Institute – Berlin, Moscow, and Jade: Akita Japan and many universities and cultural organizations in India. The Folklore Dictionary he compiled for Kannada Sahitya Parishad is a monumental work.

==Themes==
In his lengthy [[Narrative poetry|narrative poem]] ''Helatena Kela'' ("Listen, I will tell you") in the early 1960s, Kambara introduced some of the recurring [[Theme (literature)|themes]] which he would often return to in his later works. Themes of tradition and modernity, [[Feudalism|crises of feudalism]], [[Indigenous peoples|native identities]], [[colonialism]], march of history, sex, loss of faith, the [[God is dead|death of God]] and several related themes explored later in his plays, novels and poetry had found metaphorical expression in the narrative poem.<ref name="hindushiv" /> The eponymous, long narrative poem has the musicality and rhythm of the [[Lavani]] form and uses rich earthy imagery.<ref>[http://www.frontline.in/stories/20111104282209000.htm Frontline Magazine – Modern myth-maker] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

''Shivapura'' is an imaginary [[utopian]] village which continues to be a character, a [[metaphor]] and the locale in most of his works. It forms the locus of his poems and tales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/-Shivapur-his-magical-world/articleshow/10059337.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928085448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/bangalore/30183724_1_banyan-tree-arcadian-remedios |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Times of India – Shivapur, his magical world |date=21 September 2011}}</ref> In his characterisation, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] visit the place and bless the villagers. Even [[Rama]], when he was [[Ramayana|going to Sri Lanka]] in search of [[Sita]], visits the village en route.<ref name="ibn" />

==Filmography==
* ''Karimaayi'' (1975) (director)
* ''[[Kaadu Kudure]]'' (1979) (director)
* ''Sangeeta'' (1980) (director)
* ''G.K. Maastarara Pranaya Prasanga'' (1986) (television)
* ''Rishyashringa'' (1970)
* ''Huliya Neralu'' (1980)
* ''[[Singaaravva]]'' (1982) (writer)
* ''[[Harakeya Kuri]]'' (1983) (writer)

==Awards and honours==
===Central awards===
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (2021) <ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2011)
*[[Jnanpith Award]] (2010)
*[[Padma Shri]] (2001)
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1991)
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1983)

===State awards===
* [[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan Award]] (Kerala, 2018)<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/pathanamthitta-1.2711534 "കടമ്മനിട്ട പുരസ്‌കാരം ചന്ദ്രശേഖര കമ്പാറിന് സമ്മാനിച്ചു"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603090440/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/pathanamthitta-1.2711534 |date=3 June 2020 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</ref>
* [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (Akademy Ratna Award, 2011)
* Devaraj Urs Award (Karnataka, 2007)
* Joshua Sahitya Puraskaram (Andhra Pradesh, 2005)
* Nadoja Award (2004)<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadoja Award for Kambar, five others |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/16/stories/2003121605310400.htm |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112105459/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/16/stories/2003121605310400.htm |archive-date=12 January 2005}}</ref>
* [[Pampa Award]] (2004)
* [[Sant Kabir Award]] (2002)
* [[Masti Award]] (Karnataka, 1997)
* Janapada and Yakshagana Academy Award (1993)
* Karnataka Sahitya Academy (1989)
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi|Rajyotsava Award]] (Karnataka, 1988)
* Nandikar Award (Calcutta, 1987)
* Karnataka Natak Academy (1987)
* Kumaran Ashan Award (Kerala, 1982)
*[[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] (1975)

Five of his books have been awarded by the Karnataka Sahitya Academy. His well-known play ''Jokumaraswamy'' has won the "[[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya]] Award" of ''Natya Sangh'' as the "Best Play of the Year" in India in the year 1975. Another popular play ''Jaisidanayaka'' won the ''Vardhamaana Prashasti'' as the "Best Book of the Year" – 1975 in Karnataka.

His ''Saavirada Neralu'' won the "Ashan Award" (Kerala) as the best collection of poems in 1982. He won the K.V. Shankare Gowda Award for Theatre in 1990. He is the recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award, New Delhi,<ref name="hindu" /> for playwrighting in the year 1983 and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], New Delhi, for the play ''Siri Sampige'' in 1991.<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/mlc'list/Sri%20Chandrashekar%20B.htm|title=Sri Chandrashekar B. Kambar|work=Official website of Karnataka legislature|publisher=National informatics center|access-date=2007-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410040123/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/mlc'list/Sri%20Chandrashekar%20B.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kambara received the eighth [[Jnanpith Award]] for the Kannada language, the highest literary honour conferred in India, in September 2011 for the year 2010.<ref name="jnan1">{{cite web |author=Prasad |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/2011/09/19/jnanapeetha-award-to-chandrashekhar-kambar-aid0038.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716162138/http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/news/2011/09/19/jnanapeetha-award-to-chandrashekhar-kambar-aid0038.html |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=ಡಾ. ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಕಂಬಾರರಿಗೆ ಜ್ಞಾನಪೀಠ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ |publisher=Oneindia |date=19 September 2011 }}</ref> The prestigious award which was instituted in 1961, carries a cheque for {{INR}} 750,000, a citation and a bronze replica of goddess [[Saraswati|Vagdevi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/192181/kannada-poet-playwright-kambar-gets.html |title=Kannada poet, playwright Kambar gets Jnanpith |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Karnataka, [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] was among the many dignitaries who wished him well on the occasion of receiving this award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sadanandagowda.com/news-events/cm-greeted-to-gnanapeeta-awardee-sri-chandra-shekar-kambara-in-bangalore/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925155713/http://sadanandagowda.com/news-events/cm-greeted-to-gnanapeeta-awardee-sri-chandra-shekar-kambara-in-bangalore/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 September 2011 |title=CM Greeted to Gnanapeeta Awardee Sri Chandra Shekar Kambara in Bangalore |publisher=Sadanandagowda.com |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> At a felicitation ceremony held a week after winning the award, the [[Government of Karnataka]] announced that it will reprint all works of Kambara, including his plays and make them available at all [[State school|government school]] libraries. His works will also be translated to different languages. A drama festival featuring his plays will be staged to honour the laureate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-govt-to-popularise-kannada-litterateurs_1592190 |title=Karnataka govt to popularise Kannada litterateurs |publisher=DNA India |date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

==List of works==
His contribution to Kannada literature in the field of poetry, plays, novels and stories, and on his research and political perceptions are listed below.<ref name=Award/>

=== Poetry===

* ''Mugulu'' (1958)
* ''Helatena Kela'' (1964)
* ''Takararinavaru'' (1971) [Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]
* ''Saavirada Neralu'' (1979) [Ashan Award – 1982, Kerala]
* ''Aayda Kavanagalu'' (1980)
* ''Belli Meenu'' (1989)
* ''Akkakku Haadugale'' (1993)
* ''Eevaregina Helatena Kela'' (1993)
* ''Chakori'' (1996) [Translated into English, 1999]
* ''Rocks of Hampi'' (Collection of Poems Translated into English by O. L. Nagabhushana Swamy, 2004)
* Ayda Kavitegalu (Akshara Prakashana, 2007)
* ''Ellide Shivapura'' (2009)
* Samagra Kavya (2018)

===Plays===
* ''Bembattida Kannu'' – 1961
* ''Narcissus'' – 1969
* ''Rishyashringa'' (Filmed) – 1970
* ''Jokumaraswamy'' – 1972
* ''Chalesha'' — 1973 (translated to Hindi by Dakshina Bharath Hindi Prachar Sabha, Madras in 1973)
* ''Sangya Balya Anabeko Naadolaga'' – 1975
* ''Kittiya Kathe'' – 1974
* ''Jasisidanayaka'' – 1975 (Translated to Hindi by Saraswathi Vihar, New Delhi in 1984 and English. State Academy of Literature Award and "Vardhamana Prashasti" as the Best Book of the Year in Kannada)
* ''Alibaba'' – 1980 (translated and published in Indian Literature, Sahitya Academy)
* ''Kaadu Kudure'' – 1979 (Filmed and received [[National Film Awards|National Award]])
* ''Naayi Kathe'' – 1980 (Filmed as ''Sangeeta'' and received 5 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]])
* ''Kharokhara'' – 1977
* ''Mathanthara'' – 1978
* ''Harakeya Kuri'' – 1983 (Filmed and received [[National Film Awards|National Award]], translated into Hindi by Gyan Bharathi, New Delhi in 1989)
* ''Kambara Avara Natakagalu'' – 1984
* ''Sambashiva Prahasana'' – 1987 (Translated into Hindi, English by Seagull Books, Calcutta in 1991 and Tamil)
* ''Siri Sampige'' ([[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 1991)
* ''Huliya Neralu'' (Filmed) – 1980
* ''Tirukana Kanasu'' – 1989
* ''Pushpa Rani'' – 1990
* ''Boleshankara'' – 1991
* ''Mahamayi'' – 1999 (Translated into English by NSD, New Delhi in 2000 and Hindi)
* ''Nela Sampige'' – 2004 (Collection of Plays published by Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara, Government of Karnataka)
* ''Jakkana'' – 2008
* ''Shivaratri'' – 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Play set in the Basavanna era |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article430464.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629233640/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article430464.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |website=NewIndianExpress |publisher=}}</ref>
* Maarikadu

===Novels===
* ''Anna Tangi'' – 1956
* ''Karimaayi'' – 1975 (Filmed)
* G.K. Maastarara Pranaya Prasanga – 1986 (filmed for ''[[Doordarshan]]'', translated to Hindi by Vidya Prakashan Mandir, New Delhi)
* Singarevva Mattu Aramane – 1982 (State Academy of Literature Award, translated to English by [[Katha Books]], New Delhi in 2002, Hindi by Radhakrishna Prakashan, New Delhi in 1984 and to Malayalam by DC Books, Kottayam in 1999 as ''Kulothe Chingaramma'') (Filmed by T. S. Nagabharana)
* Shikhara Soorya – 2007 (published by Akshara Prakashana and second edition by [[Ankita Prakashana|Ankita Pustaka]])
* Shivana Dangura - 2015

===Research and critical perceptions===

* Uttara Karnataka [[Janapada]] Rangabhumi – 1980
* Sangya Balya – 1966
* Bannisi Hadavva Nana Balaga – 1968
* Bayalaatagalu – 1973
* Matado Lingave – 1973
* Namma Janapada – 1980
* Bandire Nanna Jayolage – 1981
* Kannada Folklore Dictionary (2 volumes) – 1985
* Bedara Huduga Mattu Gilli – 1989 (State Academy of Literature Award)
* Lakshapathi Rajana Kathe – 1986
* Kasigondu Seru – 1989
* Nelada Mareya Nidhana – 1993
* Brihaddesiya Chintana – 2001
* An Anthology of Modern India Plays for the National School of Drama – 2000
* Desheeya Chintana – 2004 (collection of articles on culture and literature. Published by Ankita Pustaka)
* Tudi Irada Daari - 2009
* Marave Marmarave – 2007
* Idu Desi – 2010
* Smit - 1968

==See also==
* [[Kannada language]]
* [[Kannada literature]]
* [[Kannada poetry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chandrashekhara Kambara}}
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/195008/living-bard.html ''Deccan Herald''{{'}}s comprehensive coverage on Dr. Kambara]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Gangadhar National Award For Poetry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kambara, Chandrashekhara}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:National School of Drama]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ramayana]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Mubeen Saudagar

2026-02-08T17:54:22Z

Marinaupu: created initial data v1!

{{short description|Indian stand-up comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mubeen Saudagar
| occupation = Actor, [[Stand-up comedian]]
| known_for = [[Comedy Nights Bachao]] [[Comedy Classes]] [[Comedy Circus]] Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal [[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]
}}
'''Mubeen Saudagar''' is an Indian [[stand-up comedian]] and [[mimicry artist]].

== Career and personal life ==
Saudagar started his career by performing at various social and cultural events. On the sets of ''Johnny Aala Re'', he met comedian and actor [[Johnny Lever]]. Lever asked him to go for an audition. He then got selected and performed in ''Johnny Aala Re''. Saudagar's comedy shows include ''Laughter Ke Phatke'', ''[[Comedy Champions]]'', ''Pehchan Kaun'', ''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus]]'', ''[[Comedy Classes]]'' and ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''. In 2017 he was dubbed for [[Sony Yay]]'s series ''Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal'', he was dubbed for Honey, Bunny, Zordaar, Popat and some additional characters in this series.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Poonam Pandey is back on| work = [[The Times of India]]| date = 29 February 2016| accessdate = 14 April 2016| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Poonam-Pandey-is-back-on-Comedy-Classes/articleshow/51201737.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Bigg Boss 9 participant Yuvika Chaudhary now turns comedian with this show| work = [[India Today]]| date = 9 March 2016| access-date = 14 April 2016| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-9-contestant-yuvika-chaudhary-now-turns-a-comedian-with-this-show-comedy-classes-siddharth-sagar-mubeen-saudagar-life-ok-312481-2016-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Comedy a refreshing change for my career: Anita Hassanandani| author = PTI| work = [[The Indian Express]]| date = 31 August 2015| accessdate = 14 April 2016| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-a-refreshing-change-for-my-career-anita-hassanandani/}}</ref> and in 2021 he joined [[Zee TV]]'s [[Zee Comedy Show]].<ref>{{Cite web|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=2021-08-26|title=Popular TV comedian Mubeen Saudagar joins cast of Zee Comedy Show : Bollywood News|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/popular-tv-comedian-mubeen-saudagar-joins-cast-zee-comedy-show/|access-date=2021-10-28|language=en}}</ref> He also has commentated and give voices to all characters in ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'' for [[Sony YAY!]] in [[Hindi]].

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
| scope="row" |''[[Johny Aala Re]]''
|Stage Performer
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2024
| scope="row" |''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|Sunil
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saudagar, Mubeen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-bio-stub}}
{{Comedian-stub}}

Baahar di boli

2026-02-08T10:02:43Z

Marinaupu:

{{Distinguish|Baar di boli}}
{{Refimprove|date = November 2016}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

'''''Baahar di boli''''' ({{langx|pa|Bāhar dī bōlī}}, {{lit|language of the outside}}),{{efn|[[Shahmukhi]]: {{nq|باہر دی بولی}}, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਬਾਹਰ ਦੀ ਬੋਲੀ}} also known in [[English language|English]] as '''Diasporic Punjabi''', refers to the manner the [[Punjabi language]] is spoken outside of its native [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], particularly by the [[Punjabi diaspora]]. There is no agreed term relating to how to describe the Diaspora's manner of speaking Punjabi, as it is littered with words mostly from English (to a greater extent, especially nouns, than is Punjabi in Punjab) and occasionally other languages, depending upon where the immigrants ended up. Most came to the West or South East Asia. The Western [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] have either settled in Great Britain (the highest concentration anywhere in the world outside of South Asia), Canada, and the United States. Commonly the literature written in this type of Punjabi is referred to as '''Parvasi''', which literally means Emigre.<ref name=TheGuardian/>

The Punjabi immigrants' children speak Punjabi as a second language and have codified it to the grammatical patterns of English. This has resulted in a language often referred to as [[Hinglish]], Pinglish or Punglish. Punjabis settled in the west are known as '''Vilayties''', and some refer to Baahar di boli as '''Vilayti''' (see below). However this is a term that is used by academics in Punjab to describe the Diaspora's version of Punjabi. In reality most Occidental Punjabis do see it as Punjabi. However the differences are apparent when one reads Western Punjabi novels such as Neela Noor by [[Rupinderpal Singh Dhillon]], or listens to [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] mixes by DCS and [[Bally Sagoo]].

In their Anglo-Indian dictionary, Hobson-Jobson, published in 1886, Sir Henry Yule and Arthur C Burnell explained that the word came to be used in British India for several things the British had brought into the country, such as the tomato ({{lang|pa-Latn|bilayati baingan}}, whose literal translation is "foreign aubergine") and soda water, which was commonly called {{lang|pa-Latn|bilayati pani}} ("foreign water").

There have been several studies that have proven that the Second Generation Punjabis do codify the language to English structure. A sample of children were observed in Birmingham, UK. One such study shows the importance of their heritage language to them. This was conducted by '''Jean Mills of Brigham University''' (See references Below). '''Ramesh Krishnamurthy''' carried out one of the studies on this as well. There is currently a push to teach Punjabi as a second language to the western born generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ramesh28/ |date=26 August 2003|title=Profile of Ramesh Krishnamurthy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810045702/http://www.btinternet.com/~ramesh28/ |website=btinternet.com website|archivedate=10 August 2007|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

From their perspective it is Punjabi, Vilayti Punjabi rather than Baar Di Boli.<ref name=TheGuardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/nov/23/schools.teachertraining |title=Back to their roots (Stephen Hoare reports on moves to help children learn the language of their parents)|author=Stephen Hoare |date=22 November 2004|newspaper=The Guardian (newspaper)|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjabi dialects}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baahar di Boli}}
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]

List of members of the Bihar Legislative Council

2026-02-07T20:42:26Z

Marinaupu: created basic post needs work

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Main|Bihar Legislative Council}}

The '''Bihar Legislative Council''', (officially in Hindi, '''Bihar Vidhana Parishad''') is the upper house of the [[Bihar Legislature|bicameral legislature]] of [[Bihar]] state in eastern India.

== Chronological list of members of Bihar Legislative Council ==
This is a chronological list of current and past members of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] by the date of appointment. The state elects members for a term of 6 years. 27 members are indirectly elected by the state legislators, 24 members are elected by Local Authorities, 6 from Graduates constituencies and 6 from teachers constituencies. The [[Governor of Bihar]] nominates up to 12 eminent people as members from various fields.

* {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents current members

* MLA - elected by Members of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* LA - Local Authorities
* GR - Graduates
* TR - Teachers
* NOM - Nominated

{{incomplete list|date=February 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Term start
!Term end
!Term(s)
!Notes
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|05-Jul-2024
|28-Jun-2026
|1
|bye - disqualification of [[Rambali Singh Chandravanshi|Rambali Chandravanshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-05 |title=JD(U)'s Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha gets elected to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://theprint.in/india/jdus-bhagwan-singh-kushwaha-gets-elected-to-bihar-legislative-council/2162551/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=Nitish Kumar, Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitish-kumar-rabri-devi-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/108494461.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anamika Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Lal Mohan Gupta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|4
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Khalid Anwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|2
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Santosh Suman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|2
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rabri Devi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|3
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Syed Faisal Ali]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Urmila Thakur (politician)|Urmila Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Shashi Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI-ML]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Raj Vardhan Azad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|13-Oct-2023
|16-Mar-2027
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Upendra Kushwaha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Rajvardhan Azad nominated to Bihar legislative council in place of Kushwaha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/rajvardhan-azad-nominated-to-bihar-legislative-council-in-place-of-kushwaha-101697265751481.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Virendra Narayan Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Saran GR
|09-May-2023
|08-May-2029
|
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gaya GR
|09-May-2023
|08-May-2029
|
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Sanjeev Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Koshi TR
|09-May-2023
|08-May-2029
|
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Jeevan Kumar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gaya TR
|09-May-2023
|08-May-2029
|
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Afaque Ahmad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Saran TR
|06-Apr-2023
|16-Nov-2026
|
|bye- death of [[Kedar Nath Pandey]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-28 |title=As PK's Jan Suraaj yatra meanders through Bihar, 1st electoral success spurs hope of 'impact in 2025 polls' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/as-pks-jan-suraaj-yatra-meanders-through-bihar-1st-electoral-success-spurs-hope-of-impact-in-2025-polls/1544727/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Munni Rajak
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date= |title=RJD names 3 candidatesfor state council election |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-names-3-candidatesfor-state-council-election/articleshow/91904356.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ashok Kumar Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Qari Sohaib
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anil Sharma (Bihar politician)|Anil Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=BJP names Hari Sahni, Anil for council election |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bjp-names-hari-sahni-anil-for-council-election/articleshow/92094633.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Hari Sahni]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Rabindra Prasad Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Bihar: JD(U) fields 2 new faces in biennial election to legislative council |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-fields-2-new-faces/articleshow/92068900.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Afaque Ahmad Khan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2022
|21-Jul-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Kartikey Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Patna LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 April 2022|title=Bihar MLC Election Result 2022 Highlights: NDA retains upper hand in Bihar legislative council polls; RJD tally improves |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-mlc-election-result-2022-live-updates-counting-legislative-council-polls-rjd-bj-jdu-7857641/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Radha Charan Sah]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Bhojpur-Buxar LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Rinku Yadav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Gaya-Jehanabad-Arwal LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Reena Devi|Reena Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Nalanda LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Santosh Kumar Singh|Santosh Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rohtas-Kaimur LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ashok Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nawada LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Dilip Kumar Singh|Dilip Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aurangabad LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sachchidanand Rai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Saran LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Vinod Jaiswal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Siwan LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sunil Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Darbhanga LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Maheshwar Singh (Bihar politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|East Champaran LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Dinesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Muzaffarpur LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Bhushan Ray
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|RLJP]]
|Vaishali LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Tarun Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Samastipur LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Saurabh Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|West Champaran LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Rekha Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Sitamarhi-Sheohar LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal|Dilip Jaiswal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Purnia-Araria-Kishanganj LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Vijay Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Bhagalpur-Banka LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Ajay Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Munger-Jamui-Lakhisarai- Sheikhpura LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ashok Kumar Agrawal|Ashok Agrawal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Katihar LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Rashtriya Janata Dal)|Ajay Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Saharsa-Madhepura-Supaul LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Ambika Gulab Yadav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Madhubani LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Rajeev Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gopalganj LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Rajeev Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Begusarai-Khagaria LA
|08-Apr-2022
|07-Apr-2028
|
|
|-
|[[Rozina Nazish]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|27-Sep-2021
|21-Jul-2022
|
|bye - death of [[Tanveer Akhtar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=JD(U)'s Rozina Nazish elected unopposed in Bihar legislative council bypoll |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdus-rozina-nazish-elected-unopposed-in-bihar-legislative-council-bypoll/articleshow/86560659.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Janak Ram]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Governor nominates 12 MLCs from his quota |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bihar-governor-nominates-12-mlcs-from-his-quota20210317214506/ |access-date= |website=ANI News |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Devesh Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rajendra Prasad Gupta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Pramod Kumar Chandravanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ghanshyam Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Nivedita Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|-
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|24-Feb-2023
|
|resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-25 |title=Upendra Kushwaha resigns as member of Bihar legislative council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/upendra-kushwaha-resigns-as-member-of-the-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/98221396.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ashok Choudhary]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Ram Bachan Rai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Lallan Kumar Saraf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Sanjay Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|17-Mar-2021
|16-Mar-2027
|
|
|-
|[[Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|21-Jan-2021
|06-May-2024
|
|bye - res of [[Sushil Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 16 January 2021|title=BJP selects Shahnawaz Hussain as MLC candidate in Bihar |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-selects-shahnawaz-hussain-as-mlc-candidate-in-bihar/586795/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mukesh Sahani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}" |
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|21-Jan-2021
|21-Jul-2022
|
|bye - res of [[Vinod Narayan Jha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahnawaz Hussain, Mukesh Sahani file nomination for Bihar MLC bypolls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/shahnawaz-hussain-mukesh-sahani-file-nomination-for-bihar-mlc-bypolls20210118151905/ |access-date= |website=ANI News |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Tirhut GR
|17-Nov-2020
|14-Jun-2024
|
|elected to [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-14 |title=Bihar Legislative Council chairman resigns |url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-legislative-council-chairman-resigns/2131641/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Neeraj Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Patna GR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Narendra Kumar Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Koshi GR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Sarvesh Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Darbhanga GR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Nawal Kishore Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Patna TR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Madan Mohan Jha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Darbhanga TR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|
|-
|[[Kedar Nath Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Saran TR
|17-Nov-2020
|24-Oct-2022
|
|expired on 24-Oct-2022<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Bihar: Veteran CPI leader Kedar Nath Pandey dies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-veteran-cpi-leader-kedar-nath-pandey-dies/articleshow/95065030.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (CPI Politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Tirhut TR
|17-Nov-2020
|16-Nov-2026
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Bihar MLC Election 2020 Results: Declared! BJP retains both seats - Check what JD(U), CPI, Congress and others won |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-bihar-mlc-election-2020-results-declared-check-seats-won-by-jdu-bjp-cpi-congress-and-others-140222 |access-date= |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ghulam Ghaus (Indian politician)|Ghulam Ghaus]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=JD(U) announces names of 3 candidates for Bihar Legislative Council polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/jdu-announces-names-of-3-candidates-for-bihar-legislative-council-polls-853014.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Bhishm Sahni
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Kumud Verma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|-
|[[Rambali Singh Chandravanshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalu Yadav's Party Candidates File Nominations For Bihar Council Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lalu-yadavs-party-candidates-file-nominations-for-bihar-council-polls-2251702 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sunil Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sunil Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Farooq Shaikh (politician)|Farooq Shaikh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sanjay Mayukh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Samir Kumar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|29-Jun-2020
|28-Jun-2026
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samir Kumar Singh replaces Tariq Anwar as Congress candidate for Bihar MLC elections |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/25/samir-kumar-singh-replaces-tariq-anwar-as-congress-candidate-for-bihar-mlc-elections-2161241.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Qamar Alam]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|23-Jun-2020
|21-Jul-2022
|
| rowspan="5" |defected from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] on 23-Jun-2020<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=RJD crisis: Five MLCs join JD (U), Raghuvansh quits as party's national vice- president |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/major-setback-for-rjd-in-bihar-as-five-of-its-mlcs-join-jdu/articleshow/76528670.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Ranvijay Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|23-Jun-2020
|21-Jul-2022
|
|-
|Radhacharan Sah
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Bhojpur-Buxar LA
|23-Jun-2020
|16-Jul-2021
|
|-
|Dilip Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Sitamarhi-Sheohar LA
|23-Jun-2020
|16-Jul-2021
|
|-
|Sanjay Prasad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Munger-Jamui-Lakhisarai- Sheikhpura LA
|23-Jun-2020
|16-Jul-2021
|
|-
|Sanjay Jha
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|31-May-2019
|06-May-2024
|
|bye - death of [[Khurshid Mohsin]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date= |title=Bihar: Sanjay Jha, Radha Mohan Sharma to be MLCs |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sanjay-radha-mohan-to-be-mlcs/articleshow/69548153.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Radha Mohan Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|31-May-2019
|06-May-2020
|
|bye- death of [[Suraj Nandan Kushwaha]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Sanjeev Shyam Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Gaya TR
|26-May-2019
|08-May-2023
|
|defected from [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|RLSP]] on 26-May-2019<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Rameshwar Mahto]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Khalid Anwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Sushil Modi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|09-Dec-2020
|
|elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Sushil Modi elected to Rajya Sabha unchallenged |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sumo-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unchallenged/articleshow/79612442.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mangal Pandey (Bihar politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Paswan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Rabri Devi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Ram Chandra Purve]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Khurshid Mohsin]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|12-Jan-2019
|
|expired on 12-Jan-2019<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-11 |title=लालू यादव के 'कृषि मंत्री' नहीं रहे, हार्ट अटैक से सैयद खुर्शीद मोहम्मद मोहसिन का निधन |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/states/rjd-mlc-khurshid-mohsin-died-to-due-to-heart-attack-1047981 |access-date= |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prem Chandra Mishra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Santosh Kumar Suman]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2018
|06-May-2024
|
|
|-
|[[Tanveer Akhtar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|28-Feb-2018
|08-May-2021
|
|defected from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] on 28-Feb-2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= 28 February 2018|title=Four expelled Bihar Congress MLCs announce to join ruling JD(U) |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-four-expelled-bihar-congress-mlcs-announce-to-join-ruling-jd-u-430368 |access-date= |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=}}</ref>
expired on 8-May-2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=JDU leader Tanveer Akhtar dies of COVID-19, CM Nitish Kumar mourns loss |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bihar-jdu-leader-tanveer-akhtar-dies-of-covid-19-cm-nitish-kumar-mourns-loss-2360606.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ashok Choudhary]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|28-Feb-2018
|06-May-2020
|
|defected from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] on 28-Feb-2018<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Virendra Narayan Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Saran GR
|09-May-2017
|08-May-2023
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar MLC Election Results 2017: BJP ally and JD(U) get one seat each in Graduates' & Teachers' constituencies {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/bihar-mlc-election-results-2017-bjp-ally-and-jdu-get-one-seat-each-in-graduates-teachers-constituencies-1931049/ |access-date= |website=www.india.com |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gaya GR
|09-May-2017
|08-May-2023
|
|
|-
|Sanjeev Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Koshi TR
|09-May-2017
|08-May-2023
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjeev Shyam Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|RLSP]]
|Gaya TR
|09-May-2017
|26-May-2019
|
|defected to [[JDU]] on 26-May-2019<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date= |title=Upendra Kushwaha's 2 MLAs, 1 MLC join JD(U) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/kushwahas-2-mlas-1-mlc-join-jdu/articleshow/69509907.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Qamar Alam]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|23-Jun-2020
|
| rowspan="2" |defected to [[JDU]] on 23-Jun-2020<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date= |title=RJD crisis: Five MLCs join JD (U), Raghuvansh quits as party's national vice- president |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/major-setback-for-rjd-in-bihar-as-five-of-its-mlcs-join-jdu/articleshow/76528670.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Ranvijay Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|23-Jun-2020
|
|-
|[[C. P. Sinha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|21-Jul-2022
|
|
|-
|[[Gulam Rasool Balyawi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|21-Jul-2022
|
|
|-
|[[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|11-Nov-2020
|
|elected to [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]] on 11-Nov-2020
|-
|[[Arjun Sahani]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|21-Jul-2022
|
|
|-
|[[Tanveer Akhtar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2016
|28-Feb-2018
|
|defected to [[JDU]] on 28-Feb-2018<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|04-Feb-2016
|06-May-2018
|
|bye - res of Bhim Singh
|-
|Rajesh Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|West Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Rajesh Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|East Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Dilip Rai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sitamarhi-Sheohar LA
|17-Jul-2015
|23-Jun-2020
|
|joined [[JDU]] on 23-Jun-2020<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Suman Kumar Mahaseth]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Madhubani LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal|Dilip Jaiswal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Purnia-Araria-Kishanganj LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Ashok Kumar Agrawal|Ashok Agrawal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Katihar LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Nutan Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Saharsa-Madhepura-Supaul LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Sunil Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Darbhanga LA
|17-Jul-2015
|21-Jul-2020
|
|expired on 22-Jul-2020<ref>{{Cite web |date= 22 July 2020|title=Bihar BJP MLC Sunil Kumar Singh dies of Covid-19 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-bjp-mlc-sunil-kumar-singh-dies-of-covid-19/story-MVJIUiikJHWId1GIYDbsdJ.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dinesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Muzaffarpur LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Aditya Narayan Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gopalganj LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Tunna Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Siwan LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Sachchidanand Rai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Saran LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Subodh Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vaishali LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Hari Narayan Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Samastipur LA
|17-Jul-2015
|30-Apr-2021
|
|expired on 30-Apr-2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLC Hari Narayan Chaudhary dies of Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/bjp-mlc-hari-narayan-chaudhary-dies-of-covid-1796865-2021-05-01 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajnish Kumar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Begusarai-Khagaria LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Manoj Yadav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Bhagalpur-Banka LA
|17-Jul-2015
|11-Nov-2020
|
|elected to [[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]] on 11-Nov-2020
|-
|Sanjay Prasad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Munger-Jamui-Lakhisarai- Sheikhpura LA
|17-Jul-2015
|23-Jun-2020
|
|joined [[JDU]] on 23-Jun-2020<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Reena Devi|Reena Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Nalanda LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Ritlal Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Patna LA
|17-Jul-2015
|11-Nov-2020
|
|elected to [[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]] on 11-Nov-2020
|-
|Radhacharan Sah
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Bhojpur-Buxar LA
|17-Jul-2015
|23-Jun-2020
|
|joined [[JDU]] on 23-Jun-2020<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Santosh Kumar Singh|Santosh Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rohtas-Kaimur LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Rajan Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aurangabad LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|[[Manorama Devi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Gaya-Jehanabad-Arwal LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Salman Raghib
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Nawada LA
|17-Jul-2015
|16-Jul-2021
|
|
|-
|Ram Lakhan Ram Raman
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-25 |title=JD(U) rewards turncoats with council berths |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jdu-rewards-turncoats-with-council-berths/articleshow/35579133.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|06-Jan-2016
|
|disqualified<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two rebel JD(U) MLCs disqualified |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2016/Jan/newsbihar07Jan8.html |access-date= |website=www.bihartimes.in}}</ref>
|-
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Vijay Kumar Mishra]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Rana Gangeshwar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Lalan Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2019
|
|elected to [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]] on 23-May-2019
|-
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Ramvachan Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Lallan Kumar Saraf]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Ranbir Nandan Prasad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Ramchandra Bharti
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Shiv Prasann Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|24-May-2014
|23-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Prashant Kumar Shahi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Satish Kumar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Mohammad Haroon Rashid|Haroon Rashid]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Hira Prasad Bind
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|Sonelal Mehta
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Krishan Kumar Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Mayukh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Suraj Nandan Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|28-Dec-2018
|
|expired on 28-Dec-2018<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 December 2018|title=BJP leader Suraj Nandan Kushwaha dies of heart attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-leader-suraj-nandan-kushwaha-dies-of-heart-attack-5514581/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dilip Kumar Choudhary]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Darbhanga GR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-27 |title=BJP, Congress, CPI win 2 seats each in Bihar Legislative Council |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-congress-cpi-win-2-seats-each-in-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/32798980.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Neeraj Kumar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Patna GR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Tirhut GR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Narendra Kumar Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Koshi GR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Kedar Nath Pandey]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Saran TR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Nawal Kishore Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Patna TR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (CPI Politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Tirhut TR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Madan Mohan Jha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Darbhanga TR
|07-May-2014
|06-May-2020
|
|
|-
|[[Ashok Choudhary]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2014
|28-Feb-2018
|
|defected to [[JDU]] on 28-Feb-2018<ref name=":3" />
|-
|Raj Kishore Kushwaha
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|02-May-2013
|06-May-2018
|
|bye- death of Ramashray Prasad Singh
|-
|Manzar Alam
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|02-May-2013
|21-Jul-2016
|
|bye - death of Ramchandra Prasad
|-
|[[Vivek Thakur]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|02-May-2013
|06-May-2014
|
|bye - death of Badshah Prasad Azad
|-
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|
|-
|[[Upendra Prasad]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|
|-
|Narendra Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-Jan-2016
|
|disqualified<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two rebel JD(U) MLCs disqualified |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2016/Jan/newsbihar07Jan8.html |access-date= |website=www.bihartimes.in}}</ref>
|-
|Bhim Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|23-Oct-2015
|
|resigned on 23-Oct-2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial, Former JD(U) Minister, Bhim Singh Joins BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bihar/controversial-former-jd-u-minister-bhim-singh-joins-bjp-1235706 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|Ramashray Prasad Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|19-Jan-2013
|
|expired on 19-Jan-2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Bihar minister Ramashray Prasad Singh dies |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-former-bihar-minister-ramashray-prasad-singh-dies-1790571 |access-date= |website=DNA India |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|
|-
|[[Sushil Modi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=BJP finalises 4 names for Bihar MLC polls |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-finalises-4-names-for-bihar-mlc-polls/articleshow/12609148.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|
|-
|[[Lal Babu Prasad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|
|
|-
|[[Satyendra Narayan Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|10-Jan-2018
|
|expired on 10-Jan-2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLC Satyendra Kushwaha dies following prolonged illness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bjp-mlc-satyendra-kushwaha-dies-following-prolonged-illness-1143216-2018-01-11 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2012
|06-May-2018
|1
|
|-
|Mahachandra Prasad Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Saran GR
|09-May-2011
|02-Dec-2015
|
|disqualified on 02-Dec-2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-03 |title=Mahachandra axed as MLC for anti-party move |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/mahachandra-axed-as-mlc-for-anti-party-move/articleshow/50019424.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gaya GR
|09-May-2011
|08-May-2017
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-14 |title=NDA wins three Council seats in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nda-wins-three-council-seats-in-bihar/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjeev Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Koshi TR
|09-May-2011
|08-May-2017
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjeev Shyam Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Gaya TR
|09-May-2011
|08-May-2017
|
|
|-
|Prashant Kumar Shahi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|10-Mar-2011
|06-May-2014
|
|bye - res of Ramdhani Singh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-11 |title=Shahi sworn in as MLC |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shahi-sworn-in-as-mlc/articleshow/7680631.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Udaykant Choudhary
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Rudal Rai]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|Vijay Kumar Verma
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Harendra Pratap Pandey]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Kiran Ghai|Kiran Ghai Sinha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Ghulam Ghaus (Indian politician)|Ghulam Ghaus]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|21-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|Ramchandra Prasad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2010
|30-Jan-2013
|
|expired on 30-Jan-2013<ref>{{Cite web |date= 30 January 2013|title=RJD MLC dead in Bihar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/bihar/rjd-mlc-dead-in-bihar_825918.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Bhim Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|05-Aug-2009
|06-May-2012
|
|defected from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=JD(U) nominees all set to be elected unopposed {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |language= |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/city/patna/jdu-nominees-all-set-to-be-elected-unopposed/articleshow/4857540.cms |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Upendra Prasad]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|05-Aug-2009
|06-May-2012
|
|bye - res of [[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|Bhumipal Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|05-Aug-2009
|21-Jul-2010
|
|bye - res of Ram Badan Rai<ref name=":5" />
|-
|Rajesh Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|West Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Renu Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|East Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Baidyanath Prasad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Sitamarhi-Sheohar LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Binod Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Madhubani LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Dilip Jaiswal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Purnia-Araria-Kishanganj LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Ashok Kumar Agrawal|Ashok Agrawal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Katihar LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Md. Israil Rain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Saharsa-Madhepura-Supaul LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Mishri Lal Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Darbhanga LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Dinesh Prasad Singh]]
|
|
|Muzaffarpur LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Sunil Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Gopalganj LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
| Manoj Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Siwan LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Saleem Perwez
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Saran LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Rajendra Rai
|
|
|Vaishali LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Roma Bharti
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Samastipur LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Rajnish Kumar Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Begusarai-Khagaria LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Manoj Yadav (politician)|Manoj Yadav]]
|
|
|Bhagalpur-Banka LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Sanjay Prasad
|
|
|Munger-Jamui-Lakhisarai- Sheikhpura LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (politician)|Raju Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Nalanda LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Balmiki Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Patna LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Hulas Pandey
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Bhojpur-Buxar LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Krishna Kumar Singh
|
|
|Rohtas-Kaimur LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Ranjan Kumar Singh
|
|
|Aurangabad LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Anuj Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gaya-Jehanabad-Arwal LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Salman Raghib
|
|
|Nawada LA
|17-Jul-2009
|16-Jul-2015
|
|
|-
|Sanjay Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|05-Jun-2009
|06-May-2012
|
|defected from [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Another jolt to Paswan as lone MLC joins JD(U) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/another-jolt-to-paswan-as-lone-mlc-joins-jdu-49430-2009-06-04 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Ramdhani Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|01-Oct-2010
|
|resigned on 1-Oct-2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bye-Elections to the State Legislative Councils of Bihar and |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69931 |access-date= |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohammad Haroon Rashid|Haroon Rashid]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Satish Kumar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Hira Prasad Bind
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Choupal]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Tanweer Hassan
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Badshah Prasad Azad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|20-Jan-2013
|
|expired on 20-Jan-2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=RJD MLC Badshah Prasad died |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1766447.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |date=21 January 2013 |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Jyoti Devi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Vinod Choudhary
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Darbhanga GR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Neeraj Kumar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Patna GR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|Tirhut GR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Virkeshwar Prasad Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Koshi GR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|-
|[[Diwakar Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLC
|1972
|2002
|
|

|-
|[[Kedar Nath Pandey]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Saran TR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Nawal Kishore Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Patna TR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Narendra Prasad Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tirhut TR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|Basudev Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|Darbhanga TR
|07-May-2008
|06-May-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Prem Kumar Mani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|12-Sep-2011
|
|disqualified<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Marching order to Dal MLC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/marching-order-to-dal-mlc/cid/344202 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shambhu Sharan Shrivastava]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|11-Aug-2011
|
|resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-11 |title=Suspended JD (U) MLC Dr Shambhu Sharan Srivastava on Thursday resigned from Bihar Legislative Council and primary membership of the party charging the leadership with functioning in an autocratic manner. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Suspended-JD-U-MLC-Dr-Shambhu-Sharan-Srivastava-on-Thursday-resigned-from-Bihar-Legislative-Council-and-primary-membership-of-the-party-charging-the-leadership-with-functioning-in-an-autocratic-manner-/articleshow/9567848.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Shiv Prasann Yadav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Aslam Azad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Ganesh Bharti
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Brahmadev Narayan Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Kumar Jha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Rajvanshi Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Ramkishore Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Prasad Gupta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Ganga Prasad|Ganga Prasad Chaurasiya]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|NOM
|11-May-2006
|10-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|25-Mar-2009
|
|resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-26 |title=Ex-JDU minister joins RJD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/exjdu-minister-joins-rjd/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Narendra Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Ramashray Prasad Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Sushil Modi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Tarakant Jha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Baleshwar Singh Bharti]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|[[Uday Narayan Rai]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Bhim Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|02-Jun-2009
|
|defected to [[JDU]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-06-03 |title=Bheem Singh, others join JD(U) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bheem-singh-others-join-jdu/articleshow/4610091.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Chandan Bagchi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|06-May-2012
|
|
|-
|Sanjay Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2006
|05-Jun-2009
|
|defected to [[JDU]] on 5-Jun-2009<ref name=":6" />
|-
|Ramchandra Prasad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Concil_2004/Council_2004.htm |access-date= |website=ceobihar.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mudrika Singh Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Ghulam Ghaus (Indian politician)|Ghulam Ghaus]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|Ramvachan Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|Rambadan Roy
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|17-Mar-2009
|
|resigned
|-
|[[Birendra Kumar Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Kiran Ghai|Kiran Ghai Sinha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|22-Jul-2004
|21-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|Rajesh Ram
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|West Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-07-13 |title=CM's kin, ex-DGP lose council polls |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cms-kin-ex-dgp-lose-council-polls/articleshow/73227.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Kalavati Devi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|East Champaran LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Dilip Kumar Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Sitamarhi-Sheohar LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Samir Kumar Mahaseth
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Madhubani LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Mohammed Azimuddin
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Purnia-Araria-Kishanganj LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Mohan Lal Agrawal
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Katihar LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Balram Singh Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|Saharsa-Madhepura-Supaul LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Mishri Lal Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Darbhanga LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Dinesh Prasad Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Muzaffarpur LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Sunil Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Gopalganj LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Paramatma Ram
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Siwan LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Raghuvansh Prasad Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Saran LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Jagannath Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Vaishali LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Hari Narayan Choudhary
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Samastipur LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Usha Sahani
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Begusarai-Khagaria LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Sanjay Kumar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Bhagalpur-Banka LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Ravindra Yadav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Munger-Jamui-Lakhisarai- Sheikhpura LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nalanda LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Dilip Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Patna LA
|17-Jul-2003
|01-Oct-2006
|
|expired<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-01 |title=Bihar MLC Dilip Singh is dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bihar-mlc-dilip-singh-is-dead/story-RWCjJZvt7K1vKujuwsf3DM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|Laldas Rai
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Bhojpur-Buxar LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Krishna Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Rohtas-Kaimur LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Ranjan Kumar Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Aurangabad LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|[[Manorama Devi]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Gaya-Jehanabad-Arwal LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Salman Raghib
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Nawada LA
|17-Jul-2003
|16-Jul-2009
|
|
|-
|Nagendra Prasad Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-05-08 |title=Newly-elected MLCs sworn in |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/newly-elected-mlcs-sworn-in/articleshow/9204383.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|Geeta Kumari
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Yunus Lohia
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Badshah Prasad Azad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Choupal]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Vinay Kumar Sinha
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party|SAP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Tanweer Hassan
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Jyoti Devi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Nilamber Choudhary
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Darbhanga GR
|07-May-2002
|09-Sep-2006
|
|expired
|-
|Azad Gandhi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Patna GR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|Tirhut GR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Virkeshwar Prasad Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Koshi GR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Diwakar Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLC
|07-May-1972
|06-May-1990
|
|
|-
|[[Diwakar Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLC
|07-May-1990
|06-May-2002
|
|
|
|
|[[Kedar Nath Pandey]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Saran TR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Nawal Kishore Yadav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Patna TR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Narendra Prasad Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tirhut TR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|Basudev Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|Darbhanga TR
|07-May-2002
|06-May-2008
|
|
|-
|[[Jabir Husain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|Ram Nandan Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|Kumar Rakesh Ranjan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|Upendra Kumar Singh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ram Karan Sahani
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ganga Prasad|Ganga Prasad Chaurasiya]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|[[Baleshwar Singh Bharti]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|Vijay Kumar Verma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|P. K. Sinha
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party|SAP]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|Chandan Bagchi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|07-May-2000
|06-May-2006
|
|
|-
|[[Subhash Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Mangani Lal Mandal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Ghulam Ghaus (Indian politician)|Ghulam Ghaus]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|Khalid Anwar Ansari
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=बिहारः पूर्व मंत्री खालिद अनवर अंसारी का निधन, पटना के अस्पताल में ली अंतिम सांस |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/489937/bihar-former-minister-khalid-anwar-ansari-passes-away# |access-date= |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Bishun Deo Rai
|
|
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|Ramdeo Sahu
|
|
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Saryu Roy (politician)|Saryu Roy]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|22-Jul-1998
|21-Jul-2004
|
|
|-
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Indu Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Pramila Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Sahni]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Vishwa Mohan Chaudhary
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Ramanand Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Umeshwar Prasad Verma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Thomas Hansda]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Uma Shankar Shukla
| style="background-color:{{party color|Marxist Co-ordination Committee}}" |
|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee|MCC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Subodh Roy (politician)|Subodh Roy]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|[[Ganga Prasad Chaurasia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1994
|27-Apr-2000
|
|
|-
|Ajay Almast
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Gautam Sagar Rana
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Mangani Lal Mandal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|1993
|
|elected to [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|[[Ram Chandra Purve]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Vijay Shankar Mishra
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Laxmi Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Sylvia Bage
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Raj Mangal Mishra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|Badri Narayan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Tarakant Jha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1992
|20-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Ramanand Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Umeshwar Prasad Verma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Laliteshwar Jha
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Fida Hussain Ansari
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Stensila Hembrom
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Vibhuti Kavi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Indu Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal|LKD]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Chatrapati Sahi Munda
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|[[Jagbandhu Adhikari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MLA
|28-Apr-1988
|27-Apr-1994
|
|
|-
|Khalid Rashid Saba
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Vijay Shankar Mishra
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Nageshwar Prasad Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Brij Kishore Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Raj Kishore Prasad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Laxmi Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Sylvia Bage
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|[[Mangani Lal Mandal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal|LKD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|[[Ram Chandra Purve]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal|LKD]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|-
|Tripurari Prasad Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|MLA
|21-Jul-1986
|20-Jul-1992
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council| ]]
[[Category:Lists of state legislators of Indian States|Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Legislative Council]]

Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor

2026-02-05T16:51:08Z

Marinaupu: Created redirect page

{{Short description|Award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role
| presenter = ''[[Zee Marathi]]''
| country = [[India]]
| year = [[Kishor Kadam]] ''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009)
| holder = Kshitish Date ''[[Dharmaveer 2]]'' (2025)
| website =
}}

'''Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor''' is presented by [[Zee Marathi]] as part of its annual [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]], for best acting done by an actor in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films, who are selected by the jury. The award was first given in 2010 for films released in 2009.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! width="22%" | Actor
! width="22%" | Roles(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="5%" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2009
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Girish Kulkarni]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Jeevan'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Valu (film)|Valu]]'''''
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2009
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Kishor Kadam]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Yamnya'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Jogwa]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2010
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Pandoba'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Natarang]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2011
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Ravi Kale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Vithal'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Paradh]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2012
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Vidyadhar Joshi'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Ratan Shah'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|''[[Arjun (2011 film)|'''Arjun''']]''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2013
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Sanjay Khapre'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Balwant Phadke'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Kaksparsh]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2014
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Kishor Kadam]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Kachru Mane (Nana)'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Fandry]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2015
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Hrishikesh Joshi]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Sadanand Kulkarni (Master)'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Poshter Boyz]]'''''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Riteish, Tejaswini bag awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/riteish-tejaswini-bag-awards/articleshow/46584546.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2016
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Vikram Gokhale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Rambhau'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Natsamrat]]'''''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-06 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2016 Winners, Awards Ceremony |url=https://www.marathi.tv/show-serials/zee-chitra-gaurav-2016/ |access-date= |website=Marathi.TV |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2017
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Kaddus'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|''[[Halal (film)|'''Halal''']]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2017 : Winners List & Photos |url=https://marathistars.com/news/sairat-other-deserving-films-win-big-at-zee-chitra-gaurav-2017/ |access-date= |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2018
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Vijay Nikam'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Ketaki's father'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Mala Kahich Problem Nahi]]'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2019
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Saksham Kulkarni]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Narya'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''Ziprya'''''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ |access-date= |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2020
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Satish Alekar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Appa'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|'''Smile Please''']]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title=Zee Gaurav Puraskar 2020 Winners List: Sonalee Kulkarni, Sayali Sanjeev Bag The Prestigious Award - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-gaurav-puraskar-2020-winners-list-sonalee-kulkarni-sayali-sanjeev-bag-the-prestigious-award/ |access-date= |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2021
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ff9a9a" style="text-align:center" | '''Not Awarded'''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |2022
|
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |[[23rd Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|2023]]
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: 'अशोक सराफ म्हणजे...', झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात मराठी कलाकार Emotional, मामांच्याही डोळ्यात पाणी {{!}} Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023 comedy king veteran actor ashok saraf received jeevan gaurav puraskar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17070746864875&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026 |access-date= |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sanjay Mone]]
|Nishikant's father
|''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
|Kshitish Date
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|-
|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] / [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]]
|[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao|''Sersenapati Hambirrao'']]
|-
|[[Amey Wagh]]
|Jay Dixit
|''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |[[24th Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|2024]]
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Vitthal Kale'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Sagar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''''[[Baaplyok]]'''''
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Siddharth Chandekar]]
|Kabir Kulkarni
|''[[Jhimma 2]]''
|-
|[[Subodh Bhave]]
|Dr. Anshuman
|''[[Vaalvi]]''
|-
|Akshay Tak
|Raja Mayekar
|''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |[[25th Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|2025]]
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|'''Kshitish Date'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|[[Eknath Shinde|'''Eknath Shinde''']]
| style="background:#FAEB86;"|''[[Dharmaveer 2|'''Dharmaveer 2''']]''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title='झी चित्र गौरव' पुरस्कारांमध्ये 'या' सिनेमाने मारली बाजी! सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता व अभिनेत्री ठरले...; वाचा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-chitra-gaurav-2025-winners-list-best-movie-is-paani-and-mahesh-manjrekar-won-best-actor-award-read-full-list-sva-00-4938781/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Kshitish Date
|Shrimant Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa
| rowspan="2" |''[[Phullwanti]]''
|-
|Sunil Abhanyankar
|Nana Fadnavis
|-
|[[Sanjay Mone]]
|Bhau Gharat
|[[Gharat Ganpati|''Gharat Ganpati'']]
|-
|[[Upendra Limaye]]
|Prakash Dagdu Bhope (Pakya Bhai)
|''[[Juna Furniture]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Awards established in 2009]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actor]]
[[Category:Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]

Jha (surname)

2026-01-24T03:10:17Z

Marinaupu: made some details needs work

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
'''Jha''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''{{larger|झा}} Jhā'') is a surname of [[Maithil Brahmins]] native to the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. Notable people with the name include:
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}

==A–B==
* [[Acharya Rameshwar Jha]], Sanskrit scholar
* [[Aditya Narayan|Aditya Narayan Jha]], Indian singer, host, actor
* [[Aditya Nath Jha]] (1911–1972), Indian Civil Service, recipient of the Padma Vibhushan
* [[Ajay Jha]] (1956–2013), Indian cricketer
* [[Amardeep Jha]] (born 1960), Indian film and television actress
* [[Amarnath Jha]] (c. 1888–1947) Indian academic, university Vice Chancellor
* [[Amishi Jha]], American neuroscientist and professor of psychology
* [[Anshuman Jha]] (born 1986), Indian actor
* [[Anuranjan Jha]] (born 1977), Indian journalist
* [[Anurita Jha]] (born 1986), Indian actress
* [[Apoorvanand Jha]], Indian professor of Hindi
* [[Ashish Jha]], Dean of [[Brown University School of Public Health]]
* [[Bedanand Jha]] (died 2006), Nepalese politician
* [[Bhogendra Jha]] (died 2009), Indian politician
* [[Bidhu Jha]] (born 1942), Canadian politician
* [[Binodanand Jha]] (born 1900), Indian politician, Chief Minister of Bihar

==C–N==
* [[Chandeshwor Jha]], Nepalese politician
* [[D. N. Jha]] (born c. 1940), Indian historian and professor
* [[Durgananda Jha]] (1941–1963), Nepalese failed assassin
* [[Ganganath Jha]] (1842–1971), Sanskrit and philosophy scholar from Bihar
* [[Gonu Jha]] (13th century), Indian wit character
* [[Hetukar Jha]] (born 1944), Indian author and professor of sociology
* [[Kamal Nath Jha]] (1923–2003), Indian freedom fighter, social activist, and politician
* [[Kanak Jha]] two-time Olympian (2016 and 2020) and was the 4 times US national champion [[Table Tennis]] player
* [[Kanchinath Jha]] "Kiran" (1906–1989), Indian Maithili-language writer
* [[Kaveri Jha]] (born 1983), Indian film actress
* [[Kirti Azad]] (born 1959), Indian politician and former cricketer
* [[Komal Jha]] (born 1987), Indian film actress
* [[Kranti Prakash Jha]], Indian film actor
* [[Lakshmi Kant Jha]] (1913–1988), Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
* [[Manish Jha (director)]] (born 1978), Indian film director and screenwriter
* [[Manoj Kumar Jha]], an Indian politician
* [[Nagendra Nath Jha]] (born 1935), Indian diplomat and lieutenant governor
* [[Narendra Jha]] (1964–2018), Indian television actor
* [[Nidhi Jha]], Indian television actress

==P–R==
* [[Pankaj Jha]], Indian actor
* [[Parmanand Jha]] (born 1946), Nepalese politician, Vice President of Nepal
* [[Piyush Jha]], Indian director and screenwriter
*[[Prabhat Jha (epidemiologist)]] (born 1965), Indian-Canadian epidemiologist and health economist
*[[Prabhat Jha (politician)]] (born 1957), Indian MP and National Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party
* [[Prakash Jha]] (born 1952), Indian film producer, director and screenwriter
* [[Prayag Jha]] (born 1945), Indian artist specializing in etching
* [[Prem Shankar Jha]] (born 1938), Indian journalist, author and columnist
* [[Radhanandan Jha]] (1929–2005), Indian politician from the Congress Party
* [[Radhika Jha]] (born 1970), Indian novelist
* [[Raghunath Jha]] (born 1939), Indian politician
* [[Raj Kamal Jha]] (born 1966), Indian novelist and journalist
* [[Rajeev Jha]] (born 1976), Nepalese politician and General Secretary of Nepal Sadbhavana Party
* [[Ramashreya Jha]] (1928–2009), Indian composer and teacher of Hindustani classical music
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] (1928–1994), Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter

==S–V==
* [[Sanjay Jha (businessman)|Sanjay Jha]] (born 1963), Indian businessman and CEO
* [[Sanjeev Jha]] (born 1979), Indian politician
* [[Saurav Jha]], Indian commentator on energy and security
* [[Shriya Jha]] (born 1986), Indian film and television actress
* [[Shubhashish Jha]] (born 8th March 1991), Indian television actor
* [[Sriram Jha]] (born 1976), Indian chess grandmaster
* [[Sriti Jha]] (born 1986), Indian television actress
* [[Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha]] (born 1940), Indian condensed matter physicist
* [[Surendra Jha 'Suman']] (1910–2002), Indian Maithili-language poet
* [[Suvarna Jha]], Indian television actress
* [[Tarakant Jha]] (1927–2014), Indian chairperson of the Bihar Legislative Council
* [[Udit Narayan|Udit Narayan Jha]] (born 1955), [[Bollywood]] playback singer
* [[Vartika Jha]] (born 2000), Indian dancer, choreographer and actress
* [[Vikas Kumar Jha]], Indian journalist and author
* [[Vinay Kumar Jha]] (born 1971), Nepalese cricket umpire

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]
[[Category:Culture of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihari-language surnames]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

Kalpi

2026-01-17T04:26:31Z

Marinaupu: fixes

{{Short description|Historical City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalpi
| native_name = Kalpriya
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Chaurasi Gumbad 2.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = South facing view of Chaurasi Gumbad
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.12|N|79.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = recaptured by [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| founder = Vasu Dev (Rajput monarch of [[Kanauj]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton-Page |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDP_jlCYouAC&dq=kalpi+an+area+of+one+town+which+get+from+name+with&pg=PA153 |title=Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16339-3 |page=153 |language=en}}</ref>
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Nagar Palika Parishad
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Baikunthi Devi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 112
| population_total = 51670
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 285204<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JALAUN/Kalpi_PINCODE |title=Kalpi Pincode 285204 STD code 05164 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107141707/http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JALAUN/KALPI_PINCODE |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP 92
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The historical Chaurasi Gumbad built during Lodhi Sultanate]][[File:Part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad]]
'''Kalpi''' is a historical city and [[municipal board]] in [[Jalaun district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is on the right bank of the [[Yamuna]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kalpi |volume=15 |page=644}}</ref>
It is situated 78 kilometres south-west of [[Kanpur]] from which it is connected by both road and rail.

==History==
The ancient name of Kalpi was Kalapriya.<ref>{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9780896842212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAbAAAAMAAJ |page=15 }}</ref>

=== Paleolithic ===
Lithics and fauna from the [[Middle Paleolithic]] of Kalpi have been described, aged at around 45,000 ka. These tools consist of diminutive [[quartzite]] [[Chopper (archaeology)|choppers]], possible [[Manuport|manuports]], [[Lithic core|cores]], atypical points, [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], and [[debitage]]; [[Bone tool|bone tools]] include end-scrapers, points, notched tools, [[Burin (lithic flake)|burins]], and atypical end scrapers in greater abundance than their stone counterparts. They exhibit evidence of charring, suggesting [[Control of fire by early humans|fire usage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=Parth R. |date=2008 |title=Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618207002078 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=20–42 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.034|bibcode=2008QuInt.192...20C |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Medieval===
Kalapriya was an important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] dedicated to [[Surya]]. [[Skanda Purana]] and [[Samba Purana]] state about the existence of a shrine to Surya that had been consecrated by [[Krishna]]'s son, Samba, alongside those in [[Multan Sun Temple|Multan]] and [[Konark Sun Temple|Konark]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.15670 |title=Studies in the Upapuranas vol.1 |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-13 |title=Installation of Muṇḍīra, Kālapriya and Mūlasthāna [Chapter 76] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493440.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rastrakuta]] king [[Indra III]] sacked the city, including the temple, while on his [[Tripartite Struggle|Kannauj expedition]], as it was under the rule of his enemy, the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] king [[Mahipala I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyagi |first=Prabhakar |date=22 May 2015 |title=Military system of Northern India 606 AD-1206 AD — A study |chapter-url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/military-system-in-northern-india-study/d/doc1878874.html |chapter=6.3 — The triangular struggle for supremacy in North India |publisher=[[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] |via=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>

In 1196, it fell to [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], the viceroy of [[Mohammed Ghori]], and during the subsequent Muslim period it played a significant part in the history of central India. In the early 16th-century [[Rajput]] king of [[Chittor]] [[Rana Sanga]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] twice and establish his control over some parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] including Kalpi and Chandawar and appointed Manik Chand Chauhan to rule there.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=27}} [[Rana Sanga]] also died in Kalpi in January 1528 poisoned by his own Nobles.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=44}} The city was then captured by the [[Mughals]] under [[Babur]]. During [[Akbar]]'s reign, Kalpi was a governor's seat and had a mint for copper coinage.<ref name="EB1911" /> The witty [[Raja Birbal]] of Akbar's court is considered to be born near this city. About the middle of the 18th century the city was lost by the [[Mughals]] and it passed into the hands of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name="EB1911" />

===Modern===
The town was captured by the British in 1803, and after 1806 remained in British possession<ref name=EB1911/> until India's independence in 1947. Kalpi was a part of [[Bundelkhand Agency]], formed in 1811, and also housed its headquarters from 1818 to 1824. During this period the political agent to [[Governor General of India]] was appointed and headquartered in Kalpi. The [[British East India Company]] made it one of their principal stations for providing "commercial investment".<ref name=EB1911/> In May 1858 [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn)]] defeated here a force of Indian rebels led by the [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]].<ref name=EB1911/> The fortified post of Kalpi, the former residence of the rulers of [[Jalaun State]], was dismantled in 1860 by the British and its place was taken by a market known as Whiteganj.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>

==Geography==
Kalpi is located at {{Coord|26.12|N|79.73|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Kalpi.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kalpi, India|website=Fallingrain.com|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 112 metres (367 feet).The climate in Kalpi is warm and temperate. The rainfall in Kalpi is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. The temperature averages 25.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 892 mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/uttar-pradesh/kalpi-767109/|title=Kalpi climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Kalpi weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=En.climate-data.org|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
The old town, which is on the [[Yamuna]] river has the ruin of a fort, and several temples of interest, while in the neighborhood are many ancient tombs.<ref name=EB1911/> Away from the river to the south-east is a lofty modern town ornamented with representations of the battles of the [[Ramayana]].

The [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Sarasawath Brahmin]] (GSB) community who are followers of [[Kashi Math|Kashi Math Samsathan]] Varanasi has set up a temple of Shri Bala Veda Vyasa in memory of the great sage Veda Vyasa. In 1998 [[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)| Sudhindra Thirtha]], the swami of Kashi Math Samsthan, envisioned setting this temple right at the birthplace of Veda Vyasa. It is also a tourist attraction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVVlmQZ-8c|title = कालपी -महर्षि वेद व्यास मंदिर. Maharashi Ved Vyaas birth place Mandir, Kalpi, UP. Vision TV World|website = [[YouTube]]| date=30 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/180116/he-kindled-wisodm-and-benevolence.html|title=He kindled wisdom and benevolence|date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

==Economy==
Kalpi is still a centre of local trade (principally in grain, [[ghee]] and cotton) with a station on the North Central Railway (India) line from [[Jhansi]] to [[Kanpur]], which crosses the Yamuna here.<ref name=EB1911/> In late 1970s and early 1980s, Kalpi was one of the areas in central India affected by [[dacoit]]s, and was frequented by the much dreaded [[Phoolan Devi]] gang. It has been declared an industrial belt by the [[Government of India]] and handmade paper is produced there.

==Transport==
'''Railways'''

Kalpi is a major Railway Station of Kanpur-Jhansi railway section of North Central Railway.[[File:Kalpi Railway Station (Plateform).JPG|thumb|Kalpi Railway Station (Platform)]]

'''Roadways'''

Kalpi lies on [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] in the Kanpur-Jhansi section of the National Highway. It is connected to the cities of Kanpur, Jhansi, and Orai by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] buses from the Kalpi bus station.

'''Airways'''

The nearest airport is at [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]] near [[Chakeri]] (100 kilometres) which has direct flights to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] but is expected to be connected to major cities of India by 2021.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Closed Cemetery- Treasure on right bank of river Yamuna at Kalpi..JPG|The British Memorial Cemetery on the banks of Yamuna River
File:Closed British Cemetery.jpg|The majestic British Cemetery situated next to River Yamuna
File:Yamuna River( Road Bridge).JPG|Yamuna River (road bridge)
</gallery>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kalpi}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515090423/http://www.uparchaeology.org/home.asp Excavation in Kalpi] (archived)

{{Jalaun district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalaun district]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]

The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882

2026-01-14T22:45:50Z

Marinaupu: Adding Some Data Added Tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Title page for ''The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882'' (1884)
| author = [[Elizabeth King (author)|Elizabeth King]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 1884
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
| image = The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882.png
}}
'''''The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882''''' is a two-volume diary published in 1884 and written by the [[Elizabeth King (author)|Elizabeth King]] (1843–1917), the wife of [[Robert Moss King]] (1832–1903), an [[Indian Civil Service]] officer. In it is chronicled her five years of travel in the [[North West Provinces]], an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative region]] in [[British Raj|British India]]. It includes 32 full page illustrations drawn by King.<ref name=Kennedy1996>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dane |title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20188-4 |pages=119–120 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKXeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |language=en |chapter=6. Nurseries of the Ruling Race}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buckingham |first1=James Silk |last2=Sterling |first2=John |last3=Maurice |first3=Frederick Denison |last4=Stebbing |first4=Henry |last5=Dilke |first5=Charles Wentworth |last6=Hervey |first6=Thomas Kibble |last7=Dixon |first7=William Hepworth |last8=Maccoll |first8=Norman |last9=Rendall |first9=Vernon Horace |last10=Murry |first10=John Middleton |journal=Athenaeum and Literary Chronicle |date=11 April 1885 |issue=2998 |page=466 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWIvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA466 |title=The Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877–1882 |publisher=J. Francis |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Bhandari2012>{{cite book |last1=Bhandari |first1=Rajika |title=The Raj on the Move |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7436-849-2 |pages=103–104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Chattopadhyay2023>{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Swati |title=Small Spaces: Recasting the Architecture of Empire |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-350-28823-2 |pages=124–125 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddLGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |language=en |chapter=8. Making Invisible}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Mrs Robert Moss |title=The diary of a civilian's wife in India, 1887–1882 |date=1884 |publisher=Richard Bentley |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofcivilians01kinguoft|volume=1 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diary of a Civilian's Wife in India 1877-1882}}
[[Category:Biographical books]]
[[Category:1884 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Memoirs]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Biswanath Chariali

2026-01-07T21:08:41Z

Marinaupu: basic refined citations per sources and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Biswanath
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|43|40|N|93|09|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Biswanath
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Biswanath Chariali Municipality Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.02
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 37,456
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 784 XXX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 - (0) 3 - XX XX XXX
| registration_plate = AS-32
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cwa]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Biswanath
}}
'''Biswanath''' (Pron: ˌbɪswəˈnɑːθ ˈtʃɑːrɪˌælɪ) is a small city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Biswanath district]] in the state of [[Assam]], India. This city is the district headquarters of Biswanath district, which was created on 15 August 2015. It derives its name from Biswanath Ghat.[[Clock Tower, Herne Bay|¹]]

==History==
Biswanath has a very important historical significance. It formed the borders between [[Kamata kingdom]] and [[Chutiya kingdom]], and later between [[Koch kingdom]] and [[Ahom kingdom]]. Ruins of fort like Pratapgarh, Buroi, etc. still exist which were built by [[Chutiya people|Chutia]] kings.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281616/page/n261 Journal Of The Asiatic Society Of Bengal 1904, p. 257-258]</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Biswanath Chariali had a population of 19,145. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. As per 2001 census, Biswanath Chariali has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 75%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Biswanath Chariali (2011)<ref name="censuslang">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value1 = 49.57
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2 = 26.96
|color2 = Red
|label3 = [[Hindi]]
|value3 = 17.94
|color3 = orange
|label4 = others
|value4 = 5.53
|color4 = purple}}

Assamese is the most spoken language at 9,491 speakers, followed by Bengali at 5,162 people and Hindi at 3,434.

== Local sights ==
=== Biswanath Ghat ===

{{unreferenced section|date=April 2012}}[[File:Holy Biswanath (2).JPG|thumb|The Biswanath Temple]]
[[File:Island of Umatumi.jpg|thumb|Island of Umatumuni]]
[[File:A view of sunset from Biswanath Ghat.jpg|thumb|A view of sunset from Biswanath Ghat]]
Beyond Biswanath Chariali, towards south, there is Biswanath Ghat, also called popularly as "Gupta Kashi". The town is named after the ancient Biswanath mandir. It is called Gupta Kashi, in comparison with Kashi during the golden rule of the Guptas apart from this there is one more believe that since Banasur had built this place secretly from Lord Shiva to surprise Him, that is why it is known as Gupta(In Assamese Gupta means secretly) Kashi. Going by popular sayings, Kashi was home to temple of 330 million gods. The ghat has a cluster of temples of different gods. A Siva temple also called Pani Biswanath is located at the confluence of Bridhaganga (Burigonga) river with [[Brahmaputra]]. But now what is left is just the stone posts, beams and other ruins. During the summer the temple remains under water. Only in winter worship is done by constructing temporary shed which draws lot of tourists. On the third day of Assamese [[Bihu]] a mela is held at a place called Pani Bharal. The deity is taken from Biswnath Ghat to this place for a day and returns to Ghat there. The mela is celebrated to commemorate the Guxai Bihu festival. Another Siva temple was built in higher ground. But it submerged under ground during the great earthquake of 1897. It could only be partly raised by engineers. The current Biswanath temple had been built in lieu of it. One can visit from here the island of Umatumuni, an archaeologically famous place. Then there is the Siva dol in reverence of God Siva, built by Ban, the king of Tezpur of Hari Harar Yudha fame.

Apart from its historical religious importance, Biswanath Ghat was also a river port (Ghat) of inland water transport service started established by the British in the 19th century. Even now Biswanath Ghat is used as a port by various merchant and cargo vessels sailing across river Brahmaputra.

A lamp post was also erected in the river Brahmaputra to serve as a navigational aid for the ferry and vessels. After a glorious existence of around 170 years, this lamp post was washed away by the speedy currents of the river Brahmaputra.

=== Nagsankar Mandir ===

The Nagsankar is a Temple of Lord Shiva situated at Nagshankar village 15 km from Biswanath Chariali on National Highway 15. This temple is said to have been built in 4th century AD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagsankar Mandir (Temple)|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/nagsankar-temple.php|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nag-Sankar Temple|url=http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g858474-d4151779-Reviews-Nag_Sankar_Temple-Tezpur_Assam.html|website=tripadvisor.in|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> "Nagsankar" temple premises includes a beautiful pond with tortoises who respond to the name "Mohan". Feeding the tortoises is an refreshing experience for the visitors. Marriages are often solemnised in this temple.

=== Gang mou than ===
Another noteworthy place for visit in this town is the "Gang Mou Than". The great vaishnavite scholar Srimanta Sankardeva is believed to have stayed in this place after crossing the Brahmaputra due scare from enemies. For people visiting other archaeological sites of Biswanath and Gohpur area, Biswanath Chariali provides the base. The Eco-Tourist resort in Biswanth Ghat named after "Green Ashiyana" completed its construction and is a point of attraction in addition with the food facilities. Moreover, one needs to cross the Brahmaputra in order to get access to this resort on the Uma Tumoni Island.

===Biswanath multimodal waterways terminal===
Biswanath multimodal waterways terminal on [[Brahmaputra]] [[National Waterway 2]] in Biswanath Chariali is part of [[Bharatmala]] and [[Sagarmala]] projects.<ref name=mala1>[http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102503.pdf Bharatmala presentation]</ref> There are [[List of National Waterways in India|19 National Waterways]] for the [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region#Projects|Northeast connectivity]].

== Economy ==
This city is surrounded by lush green tea gardens like Monabarie, Pertubghar, Sakomatha, Nilpur, Pavoi, Kalapani, Ginjia, Ketela, Bihali, Helem, Gohpur, Borgong, Dholie, Mijikajan, and Majuliegarh.

== Politics ==
Biswanath Chariali is a part of [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate=6 October 2008
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=4 May 2006
}}</ref>
and 76 No. Biswanath Legislative Assembly. Biswanath Chariali is currently represented by [[Promod Borthakur]] (Term : 2021–2026) in the Assam Legislative Assembly while it is represented by [[Pallab Lochan Das]] (Term : 2019–2024) in the Lok Sabha.

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
There are Institutions of professional education, Biswanath College of Agriculture affiliated to [[Assam Agricultural University]], Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute under Ministry of Agriculture, Co operation and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. It has a Farm Machinery Institution to give training of Farm Machines. Biswanath College is the premier college of the town. It also has a Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya School. Three [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] schools, Biswanath Jnan Bharati in Madhupur and East Indian school in Nabapur including Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya. Some good [[Secondary Education Board of Assam|SEBA]] private schools include Little star school, Sankardev Vidya Niketan, St Xavier's School, Adarsha Vidyapith etc. It has many government SEBA schools like Bahumukhi Vidyalaya (known as boys higher secondary), Chariali Academy etc.

== Healthcare ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
A full-fledged civil hospital, run by the state government is there in Biswanath Chariali. There are reputed hospitals in Biswanath Chariali and they provide very high class service to the patients. Bora's Nursing Home, JK Hospital, KP Memorial Hospital, Sanjeevani Hospital, Baruah Eye Hospital, Netralaya Eye Care Clinic are the famous hospitals of Biswanath.

== Culture ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Biswanath Chariali is a culturally rich city. A non-profit non-government organization organizes an annual one act play competition called Late Surya Borah Memorial One Act Play Competitions. There is one movie-theater hall in the town and a community hall for other cultural activities. Binapani Natya Mandir has been the centre of cultural activities for decades.

Biswanath Chariali has been hosting Surya Bora One Act Play competition for many years. Binapani Natya Mandir has been the centre of activities related to art and culture. The town has contributed to Assamese Cinema also. Central Namghar has contributed towards spreading Srimanta Sankardevs'works in fine arts.

<gallery>
File:Holy Biswanath (4).JPG | Sivadoul at Biswanath
File:Holy Biswanath (3).JPG | Bhaluk Gosai
</gallery>

== Transport ==
The city is a prominent road junction of [[National Highway 15 (India)|NH 15]] & Pabhoi Road. It is around 75 km east from [[Tezpur]] town.

The city has decorated entrance gate on NH 15 on the western side. It is also connected by Railway network. It is situated on [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]] broad-gauge line. This rail line has been converted to broad-gauge in 2013. The new train connecting New Delhi and Itanagar is running through [[Viswanath Charali railway station]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/viswanath-charali-vne/862| title=VNE/Viswanath Charali | website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Two Inter city express trains connecting Guwahati have stops at Viswanath Charali railway station. This station has been upgraded to a standard Class III Station.

Currently Viswanath Charali (VNE) station is served by [[Naharlagun–Guwahati Donyi Polo Express|Donyi Polo Express]] from Naharlagun to Guwahati, [[Kamakhya–Murkongselek Lachit Express|Lachit Express]] from Murkongselek to Guwahati and a recently introduced fully Air Conditioned [[Naharlagun–Guwahati Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi Express]] from Naharlagun to Guwahati along with a handful of other passenger trains.

The nearest airport is at Tezpur ([[Salonibari Airport]]) which has flights to Kolkata and Guwahati (Air India ATR class of aircraft). Day and night service of private and [[Assam State Transport Corporation|ASTC]] buses are available from Guwahati to Biswanath Chariali and from here to almost all major towns and cities of Assam and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Notable people ==


*[[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Assam)|Kamalakanta Bhattacharya]] (1853 - 1936) Known as Agnikavi, a poet, essayist, and social reformer

== See also ==
* [[Maral gaon]]
* [[Gelapukhuri]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Biswanath Chariali}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Biswanath district]]
[[Category:Biswanath district]]

Nusrat Badr

2025-12-31T07:42:48Z

Marinaupu: new initial details initial version

{{Short description|Indian lyricist (died 2020)}}
{{COI|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Nusrat Badr''' (died 24 January 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ailing lyricist and poet Nusrat Badr dead |url=https://www.kractivist.org/ailing-lyricist-and-poet-nusrat-badr-dead/}}</ref>) was a lyricist, of 817 songs in 108 films working mostly on [[Bollywood]] movies as songwriter. He was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] in 2002 for the song "[[Dola Re Dola]]" from the movie ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/nusrat_badr-profile-1698-24.htm|title=Nusrat Badr a prominent lyricist, creator of Devdas' classic songs|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> He was the son of Indian poet [[Bashir Badr]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ashutosh|date=2020-02-15|title=Bashir Badr: A poet who once lost everything to communal fire, except faith in humanity|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/cafe/bashir-badr-a-poet-who-once-lost-everything-to-communal-fire-except-faith-in-humanity|access-date=2021-05-11|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Films:
*[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']]
*[[Deewaar (2004 film)|''Deewar'']]
* ''[[Saawariya]]''
*''[[Chanda Ki Doli]]''
*''[[Deewangee]]''
*''Familywala''
*''[[Impatient Vivek]]''
*[[Alag (2006 film)|''Alag'']]
*''[[Ada... A Way of Life|Ada]]''
*''Unlimited Nasha''
*''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]''
*''Rehguzar<ref name="a" />''
Others:

* Khwahishein
* Saanwari
* Jhilmil Sama
* Aye Jahan Aasmaa

==Awards and nominations==
Nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] in 2002 for "[[Dola Re Dola|Dola Re]]" from ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1193722|Nusrat Badr}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badr, Nusrat}}
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]

Grewia

2025-12-20T00:22:15Z

Marinaupu: further corrected content as per guidelines also and corrected details

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Starr_980529-4195_Grewia_occidentalis.jpg
| image_caption = Crossberry (''[[Grewia occidentalis]]'')
| taxon = Grewia
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Numerous, see [[#Selected species|text]] or [[List of Grewia species|Complete list]]
| synonyms =
{{species list
| ''Arsis'' | Lour.
| ''Balmeda'' | Steud.
| ''Chadara'' | Forsk.
| ''Chadra'' | T.Anders. (orth. var.)
| ''Charadra'' | Scop. (orth. var.)
| ''Eleutherostylis'' | Burret
| ''Fallopia'' | Lour. (''non'' [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]: [[Fallopia|preoccupied]])
| ''Graevia'' | Neck.
| ''Greuia'' | Stokes. (orth. var.)
| ''Grevia'' | L. (orth. var.)
| ''Mallococca'' | J.R.Forster & G.Forster
| ''Tridermia'' | Rafin.
| ''Vincentia'' | Bojer
| ''Vinticena'' | Steud.
| ''Viticena'' | Benth. (orth. var.)
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Grewia'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30123138-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref>Hinsley (2008a)</ref>
}}
[[File:Grewia damine in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9430.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia damine]]'' flowers in [[Hyderabad]], India]]
[[Image:Grewia flavescens (G pilosa)- Khatkhati in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9130.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia flavescens]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
[[File:Grewia tiliaefolia flowers & leaves in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9422.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia tiliaefolia]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
'''''Grewia''''' {{IPAc-en|'|g|r|u:|i|@}} is a large [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] in the mallow [[family (biology)|family]] [[Malvaceae]], in the expanded sense as proposed by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]]. Formerly, ''Grewia'' was placed in either the family [[Tiliaceae]] or the [[Sparrmanniaceae]]. However, these were both not [[monophyletic]] with respect to other [[Malvales]] - as already indicated by the uncertainties surrounding placement of ''Grewia'' and similar genera - and have thus been merged into the [[Malvaceae]]. Together with the bulk of the former [[Sparrmanniaceae]], ''Grewia'' is in the [[subfamily]] [[Grewioideae]] and therein the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Grewieae]], of which it is the [[type genus]].<ref>Heywood ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>

The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in honor of the botanist [[Nehemiah Grew]] (1641-1712) from England. Grew was one of the leading plant [[anatomist]]s and [[microscope]] researchers of his time, and his study of [[pollen]] laid the groundwork for modern-day [[palynology]].

==Ecology and uses==
Several [[Lepidoptera]] [[caterpillar]]s are found to feed on ''Grewia'' species. These include the [[common nawab]] (''Polyura athamas'') and the [[swift moth]] ''[[Endoclita malabaricus]]''. The [[Bucculatricidae]] [[leaf miner]] ''[[Bucculatrix epibathra]]'' is apparently only found on ''[[Grewia tiliaefolia|G. tiliaefolia]]''.

The [[parasitic wasp]] ''[[Aprostocetus psyllidis]]'' of the [[Eulophidae]] occurs on and around [[phalsa]] (''G. asiatica''). Its larvae are [[parasitoid]]s of other insects - possibly [[pest (organism)|pest]]s of the plant, but this is not known for sure.

Several species, namely phalsa, are known for their edible fruit, which are of local commercial importance. The [[astringent]] and refreshing ''Grewia'' [[drupe]]s are particularly popular in summertime. [[Folk medicine]] makes use of some species, which are reputed to cure upset stomachs and some skin and intestinal infections, and seem to have mild [[antibiotic]] properties. ''[[Grewia mollis|G. mollis]]'' is reputed to contain [[beta-Carboline|β-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s,<ref>Brown (2001)</ref> though whether such compounds occur in other species too and whether they are produced in quantities to render the plants [[psychoactive]] has not been thoroughly studied.

In [[Myanmar]], the bark of the tree of ''Grewia polygama'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: တရော်) or ''Grewia eriocarpa'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: ပင်တရော်) is mixed with the soapy ''[[Senegalia rugata|kinpun]]'' (''Senegalia rugata'') fruit and sometimes [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] to make the traditional shampoo ''[[tayaw kinpun]]'',<ref>{{cite news | author=Yadu | title=မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ | url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | work=The Myanmar Times | date=31 August 2019 | language=my-MM | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | url-status=live }}</ref> which remains widely used by the Burmese people and commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Shampoo |url=https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |work=www.myanmars.net |date=13 November 2018 |language=en-gb |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo |url=http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |work=THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) |date=16 April 2011 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Explorer [[Ludwig Leichhardt]] described preparing a refreshing drink from the seeds of native Australian species ''G. polygama''.<ref name="MAIDEN">{{cite book |last=Maiden |first=J. H. |title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=The Technological Museum of New South Wales |location=Sydney |page=34 |access-date=20 December 2025 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453214 }}</ref>

==Selected species==
{{Main|List of Grewia species}}
275 species are accepted.<ref name = powo/> Selected species include:
* ''[[Grewia abutifolia]]'' (= ''G. sclerophylla'' Roxb. ex G. Don, ''Sterculia tiliacea'' Leveille)
* ''[[Grewia afra]]'' [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] (= ''G. fruticetorum'' J.R.Drummond ex Baker f.)
* ''[[Grewia asiatica]]'' – phalsa, falsa
* ''[[Grewia avellana]]'' Hiern. (= ''G. calycina'' N.E.Br., ''G. hydrophila'' K.Schum., ''G. perennans'' K.Schum.)
* ''[[Grewia bicolor]]'' Juss. (= ''G. disticha'' Dinter & Burret, ''G. grisea'', ''G. kwebensis'' N.E.Br., ''G. miniata'' Mast. ex Hiern., ''G. mossambicensis'')
* ''[[Grewia biloba]]'' G.Don – bilobed Grewia (= ''G. biloba'' var. ''glabrescens'' (Benth.) Rehder, ''G. glabrescens'' Benth., ''G. parviflora'' var. ''glabrescens'' (Benth.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''microphylla'' (Maxim) Hand.-Mazz. (= ''G. parviflora'' var. ''microphylla'' Maxim.)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''parviflora'' (Bunge) Hand.-Mazz. (= ''G. chanetii'' H.Lév., ''G. parviflora'' Bunge, ''G. parviflora'' var. ''velutina'' Pampanini)
* ''[[Grewia bilocularis]]'' Balf.f.
* ''[[Grewia calymmatosepala]]'' K.Schum.
* ''[[Grewia celtidifolia]]'' Juss. (= ''G. asiatica'' var. ''celtidifolia'' (Jussieu) L.F.Gagnepain, ''G. simaoensis'' Y.Y.Qian, ''G. yunnanensis'' H.T.Chang)
* ''[[Grewia crenata]]'' (J.R.Forst.) Schinz & Guillaumin (= ''G. malococca, G. persicaefolia, G. prunifolia, Mallococca crenata'') – ''au‘ere'' ([[Cook Islands]]), ''fau ui'' ([[Samoa]]), ''fo ui'' ([[Tonga]])
* ''[[Grewia cyclea]]'' {{small|Baill.}} – ''andilambarika'' ([[Malagasy (language)|Malagasy]])
* ''Grewia damine'' Gaertn. (= ''G. tiliifolia'' Vahl)
* ''[[Grewia eriocarpa]]'' Juss. (= ''G. boehmeriifolia'' Kanehira & Sasaki, ''G. elastica'' Royle, ''G. lantsangensis'' Hu)
* ''[[Grewia falcistipula]]'' K.Schum.
* ''[[Grewia flava]]'' DC. (= ''G. cana'' Sond., ''G. hermannioides'' Harv.)
* ''[[Grewia flavescens]]'' Juss. (= ''G. flavescens'' var. ''longipedunculata'' Burret)
* ''[[Grewia glabra]]'' Blume – sometimes included in ''G. multiflora''
* ''[[Grewia glandulosa]]'' Vahl (= ''G. salicifolia'' Schinz)
* ''[[Grewia goetzeana]]'' K.Schum.
* ''[[Grewia hexamita]]'' Burret (= ''G. messinica'' Burtt Davy & Greenway, ''G. schweickerdtii'' Burret)
* ''[[Grewia hirsuta Vahl.|Grewia hirsuta]]'' Vahl.
* ''[[Grewia hornbyi]]'' Wild
* ''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]'' Garcke
* ''[[Grewia insularis]]'' Ridl. ([[Christmas Island]])
* ''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]'' E.Mey. ex Harv.
* ''[[Grewia latifolia]]'' F.Muell. ex Benth.
* ''[[Grewia limae]]'' Wild 
* ''[[Grewia microthyrsa]]'' K.Schum. ex Burret
* ''[[Grewia mollis]]'' Juss.
* ''[[Grewia monticola]]'' Sond. (= ''G. cordata'' N.E.Br., ''G. discolor'', N.E.Br.)
* ''[[Grewia multiflora]]'' Juss. (= ''G. didyma'' Roxb. ex G.Don, ''G. disperma'' Rottler, ''G. guazumifolia'' Juss., ''G. jinghongensis'' Y.Y.Qian, ''G. oblongifolia'' Blume, ''G. serrulata'' DC.)
* ''[[Grewia occidentalis]]'' L. – Crossberry
* ''[[Grewia olukondae]]'' Schinz. (= ''G. flavescens'' var. ''olukondae'' (Schinz) Wild)
* ''[[Grewia optiva]]'' J.R.Drumm. ex Burret (= ''G. oppositifolia'' Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
* ''[[Grewia orientalis]]'' Carl Linnaeus
* ''[[Grewia oxyphylla Burret|Grewia oxyphylla]]'' Burret
* ''[[Grewia pachycalyx]]'' K.Schum.
* ''[[Grewia picta]]'' (= ''G. aldabrensis'' Baker 
* ''[[Grewia renistipulata]]'' {{small|(Burret) Dorr}}
* ''[[Grewia retinervis]]'' Burret (= ''G. deserticola'' Ulbr.)
* ''[[Grewia retusifolia]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Grewia robusta]]'' Burch
* ''[[Grewia rothii]]'' DC
* ''[[Grewia savannicola]]'' ("Dogs balls")R.L.Barrett<ref>Barrett, R. L. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335337216_Three_new_species_of_Corchorus_L_and_Grewia_L_Sparmanniaceae_Malvaceae_subfamily_Grewioideae_from_northern_Australia_an_earlier_name_in_Grewia_and_recircumscription_of_Triumfetta_kenneallyi_Halford Three new species of Corchorus L. and Grewia L. (Sparmanniaceae / Malvaceae subfamily Grewioideae) from northern Australia, an earlier name in Grewia, and recircumscription of Triumfetta kenneallyi Halford] ''Austrobaileya'' 10(3): 458–472 (2019).</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-09/dogs-balls-shrub-to-be-recognised-as-new-species/11492066|title='Dog's balls' shrub to be recognised as a new species, but colloquial name to remain|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2019-09-09|author= Kristy Sexton-McGrath|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
* ''[[Grewia schinzii]]'' K.Schum. (= ''G. velutinissima'' Dunkley)
* ''[[Grewia similis]]'' K.Schum.
* ''[[Grewia stolzii]]'' Ulbr.
* ''[[Grewia sulcata]]'' Mast.
* ''[[Grewis tembensis]]'' Fresen.<ref>Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475560/ Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya.] ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.</ref>
* ''[[Grewia tenax]]'' (Forssk.) (= ''Chadara tenax'' Forssk., ''G. populifolia'' Vahl)
* ''[[Grewia tiliifolia]]'' Vahl (= ''G. rotunda'' C.Y.Wu, ''G. tiliaefolia'' (''[[lapsus]]''), ''Tilia rotunda'' C.Y.Wu & H.T.Chang)
* ''[[Grewia transzambesica]]'' Wild 
* ''[[Grewia turbinata]]'' Balf.f. 
* ''[[Grewia villosa]]'' Willd.

===Formerly placed here===
Some species once placed in ''Grewia'' (or genera synonymous with it) have since been moved elsewhere, particularly to ''[[Microcos]]'':<ref>Hinsley (2008a), USDA (2008a)</ref>
[[Image:Kleinhovia hospita flower IMG 9203.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Kleinhovia hospita]]'' was formerly known as ''Grewia meyeniana'']]
* ''[[Alangium salviifolium]]'' (as ''G. salviifolia'' L.f.)
* ''[[Dombeya boehmiana]]'' (as ''Vincentia boehmiana'' (F.Hoffm.) Burret)<ref>Hinsley (2008b)</ref>
* ''[[Kleinhovia hospita]]'' (as ''G. meyeniana'')
* ''[[Microcos chungii]]'' (as ''G. chungii'' Merr.
* ''[[Microcos nervosa]]'' – possibly belongs in ''M. paniculata'' (as ''G. nervosa'' (Lour.) Panigrahi)
* ''[[Microcos paniculata]]'' (as ''G. microcos'' L. and possibly ''G. nervosa'' (Lour.) Panigrahi)
* ''[[Microcos triflora]]'' (as ''G. stylocarpa'' Warb. and ''G. stylocarpa'' var. ''longipetiolata'' Merr.)
* ''[[Trichospermum mexicanum]]'' (as ''G. mexicana'' DC.)

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{aut|Brown, Dan}} (2001): [https://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/betacarbolines/bcarbfams.html Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines]. Version of 2001-OCT-04. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A. & Seberg, O.}} (2007): ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|1-55407-206-9}}
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008a): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Grewia Partial Synonymy of ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008b): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Dombeya Partial Synonymy of ''Dombeya'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007a): Germplasm Resources Information Network - [https://web.archive.org/web/20001218092500/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5160 ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007b): [https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=GREWI USDA Plants Profile: ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.

{{AfricanPlants|Grewia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q80212}}

[[Category:Grewia| ]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T11:38:59Z

Marinaupu: started a post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Darbhanga
| state = [[Bihar]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1952
| alliance = None
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Kirti Azad]]
| party = BJP
| mp = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Gaura Bauram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaura Bauram]] [[Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Benipur]] [[Alinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alinagar]] [[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]] [[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] [[Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurpur]]
| electors = 14,95,445 (2019)
}}

'''Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Darbhanga Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/darbhanga-election-result-s04p14/#consdetail|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.news18.com|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822013247/https://www.news18.com/amp/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/darbhanga-election-result-s04p14/#consdetail|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently [[Gopal Jee Thakur]] (BJP) is the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from Darbhanga Loksabha. In 2024 Indian general election, [[Gopal Jee Thakur]] won from this constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0414.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
From 2009 [[Lok Sabha]] elections, [[Darbhanga]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-11-01 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|79
|[[Gaura Bauram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaura Bauram]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|Sujit Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|80
|[[Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Benipur]]
|[[Binay Kumar Choudhary|Binay Choudhary]]
|style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|81
|[[Alinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alinagar]]
|[[Maithili Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|82
|[[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Mandal|Rajesh Mandal]]
|style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|83
|[[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
|[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|85
|[[Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurpur]]
|[[Madan Sahni]]
|style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Abdul Jalil
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Narayan Das (Bihar politician)|Narayan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Binodanand Jha]]
|-
|1972^
|[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Surendra Jha 'Suman']]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|Hari Nath Mishra
|style="background-color :{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Shakeelur Rehman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Kirti Azad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kirti Azad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Darbhanga, Bihar|Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Darbhanga Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/darbhanga-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Darbhanga">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Darbhanga |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0414.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731182758/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0414.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gopal Jee Thakur]]|votes=566,630|percentage=55.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]|votes=388,474|percentage=37.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=178,156|percentage=17.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,024,986|percentage=57.49|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Darbhanga<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS0414.htm?ac=14|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]<ref name="Darbhanga Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 LIVE Updates: BJP’s Gopal Jee Thakur wins">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Darbhanga Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 LIVE Updates: BJP’s Gopal Jee Thakur wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/darbhanga-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-winner-runner-up/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902172405/https://indianexpress.com/elections/darbhanga-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-winner-runner-up/ |archive-date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 5,86,668
|percentage = 60.79
|change = +22.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
|votes = 318,689
|percentage = 33.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Saguni Ray
|votes = 13,774
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Md. Mukhtar
|votes = 11,255
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 20,468
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,67,979
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,65,510
|percentage = 58.35
|change = +2.90
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=59}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kirti Azad]]
|votes = 3,14,949
|percentage = 37.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 2,79,906
|percentage = 33.75
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Jha]]
|votes = 1,04,494
|percentage = 12.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Kedar Ku Keshav
|votes = 25,277
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 21,103
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,043
|percentage = 4.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,29,289
|percentage = 55.45
|change = +13.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ | title=General Election of India 2009, Constituency Wise Detailed Result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2020-12-05 |page=24}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kirti Azad]]
|votes = 2,39,268
|percentage = 43.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 1,92,815
|percentage = 35.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Jalan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,724
|percentage = 7.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Prof. Hare Ram Acharya
|votes = 12,977
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sathy Narayn Mukhiya
|votes = 12,154
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Lalbahadur Yadav
|votes = 10,622
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 46,453
|percentage = 8.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,45,713
|percentage = 41.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ | title=General Election of India 2009, Constituency Wise Detailed Result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2020-12-05 |page=24}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]|votes=4,27,672|percentage=56.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kirti Azad]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,84,209|percentage=37.27|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=1,43,463|percentage=18.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,62,657|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|26.2|85.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]

Mantosh Sondhi

2025-10-30T13:47:08Z

Marinaupu: created first info more to come!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
'''Mantosh Sondhi''' was an [[IOFS]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1956.83|title=Gazette of India, 1956, No. 83|first=Government of India|last=Directorate of Printing|date=March 24, 1956|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He served as the first General Manager of the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web| title=Second international conference on emerging trends in project management | url=https://www.cepm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/global-symposium-1993-brochure.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327214709/https://www.cepm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/global-symposium-1993-brochure.pdf | archive-date=2024-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lateral-entry-in-modi-government-why-oppositions-objection-is-double-speak-what-indira-manmohan-did/1203105/|title=Lateral entry in Modi government: Why Opposition's objection is double-speak – What Indira, Manmohan did|date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avCcEAAAQBAJ&dq=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory&pg=PT35 | isbn=979-8-88815-694-0 | title=MEMOries: Journal of a Bureaucrat's Life | date=19 November 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> one of the 41 [[Indian Ordnance Factories]]. He was the founding Chairman & Managing Director of [[Bokaro Steel Plant]]. He was the first IOFS officer and first non-IAS officer to hold the posts of [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] of [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] and [[Ministry of Coal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/how-i-changed-the-business-of-lobbying-244477-2009-11-26|title=How I changed the business of lobbying|date=November 26, 2009|website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/lateral-recruitments-defence-ministry-1502650365.html|title=Lateral recruitments in Defence ministry|first=Statesman News|last=Service|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEViAAAAMAAJ&q=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory | title=Seminar on Steel Foundry Technology in the Eighties, 30th Sep.-1st Oct., 1983, New Delhi: Background Paper | date=1983 | publisher=Steel & Alloy Steel Foundry Division, Association of Indian Engineering Industry }}</ref> He studied engineering at the [[University of London]].<ref name="auto"/>
He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1968 by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/1968.pdf | title=Gazette of India | date=1968-01-26 | website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref> In 1995, he was decorated as [[Order of the Lion of Finland|Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland]] by the [[President of Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=SANSCO SERVICES - Annual Reports Library Services | url=https://www.reportjunction.com/Preview/DCM-Shriram-Limited-2002-52699.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202532/https://www.reportjunction.com/Preview/DCM-Shriram-Limited-2002-52699.htm | archive-date=2024-04-02}}</ref> The headquarters of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/Contact_Us.aspx?enc=k/npf7v3hdLhlrkauNIjpQ==|title=CII Contact Us|website=www.cii.in}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]. He also served as the Chairman of several MNCs such as [[Ashok Leyland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/business/Mantosh-Sondhi/35607|title=Mantosh Sondhi Business Photo Mantosh Sondhi, Chairman ...|website=Times Of India}}</ref> [[ABB]], [[Wärtsilä]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/13-11-2006-the-4th-wartsila-mantosh-sondhi-award-conferred-upon-national-thermal-power-corporation|title=The 4th Wärtsilä-Mantosh Sondhi Award conferred upon National Thermal Power Corporation|website=Wartsila.com}}</ref> His son is Vipin Sondhi, former CEO and MD of [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]] India and [[Ashok Leyland]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sondhi, Mantosh}}
[[Category:Indian Ordnance Factories Service officers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Kalaram Temple

2025-08-22T05:19:17Z

Marinaupu: update

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Nashik, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox mandir
|native_name_lang=Mar
|image=Kalaram Temple Nashik Corner View.jpg
|caption=Kalaram temple's side view
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|deity=[[Rama]], [[Sita]], and [[Lakshmana]]
|tradition=[[Vaishnavism]]
|organisational_status=Active
|functional_status=Active
|festival=• [[Rama Navami]]
• [[Navaratri]]
• [[Diwali]]
|location=Panchavati, Nashik
|district=[[Nashik district]]
|state=[[Maharashtra]]
|country=India
|elevation_m=577
|coordinates={{coord|20|00|25|N|73|47|42|E}}
|map_caption=Kalaram mandir in Nashik
|map_relief=Right
|width=13 m
|length=24 m
|materials=Balck stone, chalk
|name=Kalaram Temple
|native_name=काळा राम मंदिर
|website=https://shrikalaramsansthannasik.org
|governing_body=Shri Kalaram mandir sansthan, Nashik
|map_type=India Maharashtra
|map_alt=Nasik
}}

'''Kalaram Temple,''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Nashik]] of [[Nashik district]] in Maharashtra, dedicated to the deity [[Shri Ram|Rama]]. It is a temple situated in Panchavati area of the Nashik. The temple derives its name from a black statue of [[Rama]]. The literal translation of ''kalaram'' is "black Rama". The [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]] also houses the statues of the goddess [[Sita]] and the god [[Lakshmana]]. Thousands of devotees visit the temple every day.

==History ==
{{Main|History of Nashik}}
The original temple dedicated to an unknown deity was very old, estimated to be of the Rashtrakuta Period from the 7th to 11th centuries. However, the claimed antiquity of the Rama [[Murti|idol]], which was more than 2000 years old, has not been verified. According to an anecdote, during the early Turkish invasions, the idol of the deity was thrown into the Godavari River by the Temple Brahmins to save it. One Sardar Rangarao Odhekar funded the new temple which was rebuilt around the 1700s. It is claimed that once Odhekar had a dream that the statue of Rama in black color was in the [[Godavari River]]. He carried out an expedition to revive the idol and miraculously got it. Odhekar took the statue from the river and requested a saint for the reconsecration of the statue as per the instructions of God in the dream. After that Odhekar built the temple. Odhekar's expedition is an important part of Nashik's history.<ref name="Melton2014">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1355|date=15 January 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3|pages=1355–}}</ref> There is a statue of Sardar Odhekar in the temple.

According to ancient epic of the [[Ramayana]], Rama was sent in exile for fourteen years. After the tenth year of exile, Rama along with Lakshmana and Sita, lived for two and half years on the northern bank of the [[Godavari]] near Nasik. This place is known as [[Panchavati]].

===B.R. Ambedkar's Kalaram Mandir Satyagrah===
The temple came middle of the conflict caused by [[Satyagraha]] organised and led by [[B.R. Ambedkar]]. Now it is known as ''Kalaram mandir satyagraha.'' Ambedkar organised a large protest outside this temple on 2 March 1930, in order to enter into the temple.<ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994">{{cite book|author=Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA123|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|pages=123–}}</ref><ref name="Jadhav2005">{{cite book|author=K.N Jadhav|title=Dr. Ambedkar and the Significance of His Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o3rZNud9oIC&pg=PA93|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-329-8|pages=93–}}</ref> Many [[Dalit]] protesters arrived to the town by trucks, they surrounded the temple and sat around it. They sang songs, often raised war cries, demanded to enter in the temple. The people of Nashik boycotted the protesters. On the day of [[Rama Navami]] 9 April 1930, the Dalit protesters tried to stop the temple ''[[Ratha Yatra|ratha yatra]]''; fights and stone pelting began between the higher caste Hindus and the Dalit protesters, later Ambedkar reached at the riot spot, he and other all the protesters suffered minor injuries. Somehow a protester named Bhaskar Kendre broke the police cordon who were protecting the temple and enter in it and fell on the floor. This satyagraha ran till 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=काळाराम सत्याग्रह आणि डॉ. आंबेडकर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nashik/kalaram-satyagraha-and-dr-ambedkar/articleshow/63750408.cms |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>

==Temple complex==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2024}}
The main entrance has a black idol of [[Hanuman]].There is also a very old tree that has [[Dattatreya]]'s footprint impressions marked on a stone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Kalaram Mandir|url=https://shrikalaramsansthannasik.org/english/index.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=shrikalaramsansthannasik.org|publisher=Shree Kalaram Mandir Trust|language=en}}</ref> Pilgrims visit the Kapaleshwar Mahadev temple near the Kalaram Temple.

Hanuman's temple is designed in such a way that, Rama's idol can be visible from Hanuman's idol.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}Main temple of Rama has 14 steps, which represents 14 years of Rama's exile.
Also, the temple has 84 pillars.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* {{Official website|https://shrikalaramsansthannasik.org/english/index.html}}

{{coord|20.0069387|73.7955010|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nashik]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nashik]]

Amiya Kumar Bhuyan

2025-07-05T18:13:56Z

Marinaupu:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amiya Kumar Bhuyan
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 21 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bihpuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| predecessor = [[Debananda Hazarika]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = [[North Lakhimpur|Lakhimpur]], [[Assam]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Amiya Kumar Bhuyan ''' is an Indian politician from the state of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/NjMx/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihpuria, Assam Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bihpuria-assam-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797857-2021-05-02 |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bihpuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Amiya Kumar Bhuyan, Assam Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/dr-amiya-kumar-bhuyan-bihpuria-candidate-s03a109c001/ |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=News18}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Amiya Kumar Bhuyan was born in the Badulati village of [[Lakhimpur district]], [[Assam]]. He completed his master's in Political Science from [[Guwahati University]] in 1992. In 2002, he completed his master's in law from [[Guwahati University]]. He got his Ph.D. from [[Guwahati University]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-13 |title=Dr. Amiya Bhuyan from Bihpuria: Early Life, Education, Career & Politics - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/amiya-kumar-bhuyan-from-bihpuria-biography-528465 |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuyan, Amiya Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Fee Reimbursement Scheme

2025-06-04T03:02:16Z

Marinaupu:

{{Short description|Indian student education sponsorship programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
The '''Fee Reimbursement Scheme''' (also known as the Post-matric Scholarship Scheme) is a student education sponsorship programme of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. It supports students from lower economic strata in the state.

Congress Party made poll promise to provide college fees for underprivileged people. The fee reimbursement programme to all sections of people with 100% in private engineering colleges was brought by Congress Party Government on 2007.

<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mathew-Anthony-4/publication/361136511_ANDHRA'S_FEE_REIMBURSEMENT_SCHEME_INTENDED_AND_UNINTENDED_IMPACT_ON_HIGHER_EDUCATION_IN_AP_AND_TELENGANA/links/629ef43c55273755ebd90d54/ANDHRAS-FEE-REIMBURSEMENT-SCHEME-INTENDED-AND-UNINTENDED-IMPACT-ON-HIGHER-EDUCATION-IN-AP-AND-TELENGANA.pdf |title=Andhra Pradesh puts cap of Rs 35K on fee reimbursement (archive) |website=[[The Times of India]]| publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman and Company Limited]] |date=29 August 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140531052530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-puts-cap-of-Rs-35K-on-fee-reimbursement/articleshow/15921728.cms?referral=PM|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date = 31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/AP-govt-holds-discussion-over-fees-reimbursement-issue/articleshow/15471729.cms?referral=PM |title=AP govt holds discussion over fees reimbursement issue (archive) |website=[[The Times of India]]| publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman and Company Limited]] |date=13 August 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140531065548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/AP-govt-holds-discussion-over-fees-reimbursement-issue/articleshow/15471729.cms?referral=PM|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date = 31 May 2014}}</ref>

In 2012–13, more than 600,000 students in professional colleges were covered under the scheme, including around 150,000 students in engineering colleges. From 2013 to 2014, the government made the possession of an [[Aadhaar|Aadhaar card]] a mandatory requirement for fee reimbursement procedures for the beneficiaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/aadhaar-number-mandatory-for-fee-reimbursement/article4783521.ece |title='Aadhaar card a mandate for fee reimbursement procedures' (archive) |website=The Hindu | publisher= |date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920092806/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/aadhaar-number-mandatory-for-fee-reimbursement/article4783521.ece |access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date=20 September 2013 }}</ref>

In year 2008 [[R. Krishnaiah]], president of BC Welfare Association, demanded the government to provide full 100% fee reimbursement to BC students as well inline with the SC/ST students. The government issued a committee on Krishniah's demands, but it did not approve the demands. R. Krishnaiah announced a fast if the demands were not fulfilled. Responding to this demands congress government, led by [[AP Government]] cissued GO.Ms.No 18 Dated 27 June 2008 to provide scholarship on saturation basis for BC Students as well.<ref name="AP orders">{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Government Orders Issue Register |url=https://goir.ap.gov.in/|access-date=28 September 2021|website=goir.ap.gov.in}}</ref> In July 2009, the proposal was made to introduce fees reimbursement for Economically Backward Class students and Ms No. 102 Higher Education Dept. dated 29 July 2009 was issued by the government which provided guidelines for implementation of the scheme. Later G.O.Ms.No. 2 BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE (B2) was issued by congress government led by chief minister [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] transferring EBC scholarships to Backward Class Welfare Department and providing the administrative sanction for the Fees Reimbursement for EBC students.<ref name="AP orders" /> The government spent ₹ 2000 crores in 2008–09; this rose to ₹ 5000 crores in 2012–13. This was because only first years who took admit in the year 2008 got full fee reimbursement but later on the scheme was implemented to other years. Due to this increase in the budget allocation, the government decided to provide full fees reimbursement for only students who got rank below 10000 in EAMCET, and a maximum of Rs.35000 for ranks above 10000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandrababu Naidu for full fee reimbursement|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/sep/01/chandrababu-naidu-for-full-fee-reimbursement-402018.html|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=September 2012 }}</ref>

==Programmes covered==
The scheme covers professional programmes, including Bachelor's in engineering, medicine, education, etc. and Master's in business administration, computer applications, etc.

==Controversies==
The scheme has faced criticism due to the misuse of the policy by some institutions. The government reduced the scholarship amount to Rs.35,000 in 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ap-fee-reimbursement-capped-at-rs-31000-for-bc-ebcs/279628-62-127.html |title=AP: Fee reimbursement capped at Rs 31,000 for BC, EBCs (archive) |website=[[IBN Live]]|publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316181834/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ap-fee-reimbursement-capped-at-rs-31000-for-bc-ebcs/279628-62-127.html |access-date=16 March 2014|url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> After the separation of [[Telangana]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]], the fee reimbursement became a bone of contention between the two states. The Telangana government introduced a new clause affecting the eligibility of around 39,000 Andhra-origin students who have completed their high school and college in Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra origin students affected by new rule |url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/local-definition-hurts-andhra-students-telangana|website=Deccan Journal|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government welfare schemes in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fees]]

Sureddipalem

2025-05-16T20:58:58Z

Marinaupu: Adding Some Info Needs Work.

{{Short description|Village in India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Sureddipalem''' is a village in [[K.Kotapadu and Sabbavaram]] Mandal in the [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

The population of Sureddipalem(kotapadu) is 890.
Sabbavaram sureddipalem is a village near amruthapuram

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Anakapalli district}}
[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Samajik Nyay Manch

2025-01-30T02:24:35Z

Marinaupu: Adding First Data Nd Citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Samajik Nyaya Manch
| native_name = समाजिक न्याय मंच
| abbreviation = SNM
| logo =
| colorcode =
| president =
| founder = [[Lokendra Singh Kalvi]] [[Devi Singh Bhati]]
|foundation = 2003
| ideology = Social justice
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| national =
| regional = [[Rajasthan]]
| headquarters =
| newspaper =
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| women_wing =
| wing1_title =
| wing1 =
| wing2_title =
| wing2 =
| seats1_title = Seats in the Lok Sabha
| seats1 = 0
| seats2_title = Seats in the Rajya Sabha
| seats2 = 0
| seats3_title = Seats in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 2003
| seats3 = 1
| symbol =
}}

'''Samajik Nyay Manch''' (SNM) ('''Social Justice Front''') was a political party in India. Founded in 2003 by [[Lokendra Singh Kalvi]] and [[Devi Singh Bhati]], it was established as a social-cum-political organization just before the assembly election. It was more active in Indian states Rajasthan and Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |title=More Samajik Nyay Manch candidates named |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/more-samajik-nyay-manch-candidates-named/story-MXuqEq6ZHa2M6rqJI4NedN.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Samajik Nyay Manch to field candidates |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/samajik-nyay-manch-to-field-candidates-761953 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
Samajik Nyaya Manch (also written as '''Samajik Nyaya Manch''') was founded in 2003 by Lokendra Singh Kalvi and [[Devi Singh Bhati]] as a social-cum-political organization just before the assembly election in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diwanji |first1=Amberish K |title=The anti-reservation man |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2003/nov/27akd.htm |publisher=[[Rediff News]] |date=27 November 2003}}</ref> The party aimed to provide social justice to economically backward upper-caste communities in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lokendra Singh Kalvi , who opposed 'Padmavat' and 'Jodha Akbar', passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lokendra-singh-kalvi-who-opposed-padmavat-and-jodha-akbar-passes-away/articleshow/98649132.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

In the 2003 assembly election, the party contested 38 seats but won only one. The party's demand for reservation benefits for economically deprived Rajputs and Brahmins was later conceded by the state government and supported by the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

However, in 2016, the [[Election Commission of India]] canceled the recognition of 12 political parties in Rajasthan, including Samajik Nyay Manch.<ref>{{cite news |title=सामाजिक न्याय मंच सहित राज्य की 12 पार्टियों की मान्यता रद‌्द |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-jhalrapatan-news-050504-1638235-NOR.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=23 December 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
Samajik Nyay Manch's ideology was centered around providing social justice to economically backward upper-caste communities in Rajasthan. The party's demand for reservation benefits for economically deprived [[Rajput]]s and [[Brahmin]]s set it apart from other political parties in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women, Jats changed Raje's fortune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rajasthan/women-jats-changed-rajes-fortune/articleshow/340331.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=5 December 2003}}</ref>

== Notable figures ==
* [[Lokendra Singh Kalvi]], the national president of the [[Karni Sena]], a [[Rajput]] community organization<ref>{{cite news |title=Karni Sena founder Lokendra Singh Kalvi passes away in Jaipur |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/karni-sena-founder-lokendra-singh-kalvi-passes-away-in-jaipur-1503162252.html |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Devi Singh Bhati]], an MLA and Cabinet minister<ref>{{cite book |author1=Amrita Basu |author1-link=Amrita Basu |title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India |date=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=280 |isbn=9781107089631 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ&dq=Samajik+Nyay+Manch&pg=PA280}}</ref>
* [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]], formerly with Samajik Nyay Manch (SNM) and a 2003 candidate for the [[Nadbai Assembly constituency]], currently serves as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|14th Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhajan Lal reaps reward for silently |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bhajan-lal-sharma-rajasthan-cm-designate-known-as-selfless-humble-worker-for-34-years/articleshow/105946540.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
In the 2003 assembly election in Rajasthan, Samajik Nyay Manch fielded 38 candidates but could only secure one seat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidhan Sabha election performance of Rajasthan Samajik Nyaya Manch in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/party/ac_info/1085/165/14}}</ref>

[[Devi Singh Bhati]] won an assembly seat from [[Kolayat Assembly constituency]] in 2003.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Political parties in Haryana]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2016 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2003]]

Kaler, Amritsar

2024-12-27T04:31:29Z

Marinaupu: made basic data needs work...

{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Kaler''' is a village in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. In the 2011 census its population was measured at 3577.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kaler Village Population - Ajnala - Amritsar, Punjab | website=Census 2011 India | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/37377-kaler-punjab.html | access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ahmad | first=Naqeeb | title=PIN Code of Kaler Amritsar District in State of Punjab | website=Online India Code | date=15 August 1972 | url=https://onlineindiacode.com/punjab/amritsar/ajnala/kaler| access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Amritsar: Gang of thieves busted, 8 held | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=18 May 2023 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/amritsar-gang-of-thieves-busted-8-held-508889 | access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amritsar district}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Villages in Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Confederation of Indian Industry Foundation

2024-03-30T03:38:14Z

Marinaupu: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Confederation of Indian Industry#Community Development]]