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Danish Azad Ansari

2026-05-08T06:59:31Z

MarielKrr8600268: stub

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Danish Azad Ansari
| image = Danish Azad Ansari Minister of State.jpg
| office = Minister of State for Minority Welfare, Muslim Waqf and Hajj
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mohsin Raza]]
| successor =
| office2 = Member of Legislative Council, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 6 July 2022
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = Elected by Legislative Assembly members
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|5|30}}
| birth_place = [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Farah Deeba
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Danish Azad Ansari''' is an Indian politician and the [[Minister of State]] for Minority Welfare, [[Waqf|Muslim Waqf]] and [[Hajj]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], serving in the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]]. He has been a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2022, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Danish Azad Ansari: An emerging Muslim face in BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/danish-azad-ansari-an-emerging-face-in-bjp/article65958615.ece |date=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |author=MAYANK KUMAR |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition distorting BJP's stand on Muslims: UP Minority Welfare Minister |url=https://www.siasat.com/opposition-distorting-bjps-stand-on-muslims-up-minority-welfare-minister-2505740/ |date=18 January 2023 |publisher=[[The Siasat Daily]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Danish Azad Ansari was born on 30 May 1988 in [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest News, Photos and Videos of Danish Azad Ansari |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/topic/danish-azad-ansari |date= |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127183434/https://www.livehindustan.com/topic/danish-azad-ansari |archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

Danish Azad Ansari had his early education at Holy Cross School in [[Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Danish Azad Ansari: Lone Muslim face in UP govt |url=https://theprint.in/india/danish-azad-ansari-lone-muslim-face-in-up-govt/888409/ |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Danish Azad Ansari: Lone Muslim face in Yogi's govt |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/danish-azad-ansari-lone-muslim-face-in-yogis-govt-1094603.html |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Danish Azad Ansari: Meet the lone Muslim face in the UP's Adityanath govt |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/danish-azad-ansari-meet-the-lone-muslim-face-in-the-up-s-adityanath-govt-11648227710189.html |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> After completing his primary education, Ansari went to the [[University of Lucknow]] and completed his Bachelor of Commerce degree followed by post-graduation in Quality Management and Public Administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Danish Ansari, the sole Muslim face in the Yogi Adityanath Cabinet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-2-0-of-52-ministers-only-one-muslim-face-who-s-danish-ansari-101648218388459.html |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why did BJP make Danish Azad Ansari minister in place of Mohsin Raza Lok Sabha elections 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/danish-azad-ansari-know-about-lone-muslim-face-yogi-cabinet-1929624-2022-03-25 |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Danish Azad Ansari began his political journey through student activism. He joined and was long active in the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) — the student wing of the BJP — during his studies at the [[University of Lucknow]], where he served as a student leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Danish Azad Ansari? All you need to know about the lone Muslim minister in Yogi Adityanath's Cabinet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-danish-azad-ansari-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-lone-muslim-minister-in-yogi-adityanaths-cabinet |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Danish Azad Ansari? Know all about the lone Muslim face in Yogi cabinet 2.0 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/why-did-bjp-make-danish-azad-ansari-minister-in-place-of-mohsin-raza-lok-sabha-elections-2024/1135875 |date=27 March 2022 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Danish Azad Ansari, The Lone Muslim Minister in UP's Yogi Govt 2.0 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/meet-danish-azad-ansari-the-lone-muslim-minister-in-ups-yogi-govt-2-0-4909547.html |date=25 March 2022 |author=Qazi Faraz Ahmad |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

Following the BJP's formation of government in Uttar Pradesh in 2017, Ansari was appointed as a member of the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Memorial Committee in 2018 and was subsequently made a member of the Uttar Pradesh State Language Committee (Urdu),<ref name="dna2022">{{cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Meet Danish Azad, the Muslim face of Yogi Adityanath cabinet |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-danish-azad-muslim-face-in-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-2942061 |work=[[DNA India]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="newsroompost2022">{{cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Danish Azad Ansari: Meet the lone Muslim minister in Yogi Adityanath's cabinet |url=https://newsroompost.com/india/danish-azad-ansari-meet-the-lone-muslim-minister-in-yogi-adityanaths-cabinet/5077159.html |work=Newsroom Post |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> a role in which he worked towards promoting Urdu literature and language among youth across the state.<ref name="toi_profile2022">{{cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Who is Danish Azad Ansari, the lone Muslim minister in Yogi Adityanath government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-danish-azad-ansari-the-lone-muslim-minister-in-yogi-adityanath-government/articleshow/90442941.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

He was elected State General Secretary of the BJP's Minority Morcha in Uttar Pradesh in 2017, focusing on outreach to Muslim communities, particularly Pasmanda groups. He was reappointed to the position in October 2021 ahead of the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Danish Azad Ansari: Why this leader's name in new Yogi cabinet surprised many |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/danish-azad-ansari-who-is-he-yogi-adityanath-new-cabinet-full-list-of-ministers-up-govt-2022-03-25-765952 |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[India TV News]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Muslims love for PM Modi CM Yogi increasing Muslim faith in BJP says UP Minister Danish Azad Ansari |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/muslims-love-for-pm-modi-cm-yogi-increasing-muslim-faith-in-bjp-says-up-minister-danish-azad-ansari-2022-03-27-766171 |date=27 March 2022 |publisher=[[India TV News]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

On 25 March 2022, Ansari was sworn in as [[Minister of State]] for Minority Welfare, Muslim Waqf and [[Hajj]] in the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]], replacing [[Mohsin Raza]] as the sole Muslim face in the UP cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lone Muslim mantri vows to end minority's BJP phobia in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lone-muslim-mantri-vows-to-end-minoritys-bjp-phobia-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/90452603.cms |date=26 March 2022 |author=ARSHAD AFZAL KHAN |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Danish Azad Ansari minister in Yogi Adityanath cabinet |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-who-is-danish-azad-ansari-minister-in-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-6103020.html |date=25 March 2022 |author=Sudhir Jha |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> He is the only [[Muslim]] face in the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Azamgarh Lok Sabha bypoll: BJP's lone Muslim minister Danish Azad Ansari tries to win over community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/azamgarh-lok-sabha-bypoll-bjps-lone-muslim-minister-danish-azad-ansari-tries-to-win-over-community/articleshow/92287120.cms |date=17 June 2022 |author=SHALABH |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

Ansari subsequently became a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] on 6 July 2022, after being fielded by the BJP in the biennial elections to the Council.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upbeat After Wins In Polls, UP Minister Ansari Says Muslims Rejected AIMIM's Vote Bank Politics |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/upbeat-after-wins-in-polls-up-minister-ansari-says-muslims-rejected-aimim-s-vote-bank-politics-news-244140 |date=11 December 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

In May 2025, the Uttar Pradesh State Haj Committee was reconstituted with Governor [[Anandiben Patel]] nominating 13 new members. On 2 June 2025, Ansari was unanimously elected as Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh State Haj Committee, with members accepting a proposal to make him chairman. His tenure as chairman is for three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP Haj Committee rejig: Minority Minister Danish Azad Ansari replaces Mohsin Raza |url=https://clarionindia.net/up-haj-committee-rejig-minority-minister-danish-azad-ansari-replaces-mohsin-raza/ |date=17 May 2025 |publisher=Clarion India |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP Haj Committee: राज्य हज समिति के अध्यक्ष बने दानिश आजाद अंसारी, तीन साल का होगा कार्यकाल |url=https://hindi.pardaphash.com/up-haj-committee-danish-azad-ansari-became-the-chairman-of-the-state-haj-committee-tenure-will-be-three-years/ |date=2 June 2025 |publisher=Pardaphash |language=hi |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Political offices held ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2017 || 2022 || State General Secretary, BJP Minority Morcha, Uttar Pradesh || Reappointed in October 2021 ahead of the 2022 UP Assembly elections
|-
| 02 || 2018 || 2021 || Member, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Memorial Committee || Appointed by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath
|-
| 03 || 25 March 2022 || Incumbent || Minister of State – Minority Welfare, Muslim Waqf and Hajj, Government of Uttar Pradesh || Took oath as part of the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]]; succeeded [[Mohsin Raza]]
|-
| 04 || 6 July 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] || Elected for the first time (by Legislative Assembly members)
|-
| 05 || 2 June 2025 || Incumbent || Chairman, Uttar Pradesh State Haj Committee || Unanimously elected; three-year tenure
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://up.bjp.org/node/64056 Danish Azad Ansari profile on BJP Uttar Pradesh official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Danish Azad}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Andhra Pradesh

2026-05-07T19:39:22Z

MarielKrr8600268: adjust citations for consistency per sources

{{Short description|State in southeastern India}}
{{redirect|Andhra}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Andhra Pradesh
| type = State

| official_name = State of Andhra Pradesh
| former = [[Madras Presidency]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Tirumala 090615.jpg
| caption1 = [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Swami Temple]]
| image2 = Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada.JPG
| caption2 = [[Undavalli Caves]]
| image3 = Dhyaan buddha Amaravthi.jpg
| caption3 = [[Dhyana Buddha statue]]
| image4 = LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 06.webp
| caption4 = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| image5 = Araku valley view.jpg
| caption5 = [[Araku Valley]]
| image6 = Nandi Lepakshi Temple Hindupur 5.jpg
| caption6 = [[Lepakshi|Lepakshi Nandi]]
| image7 = Vizag seaport.jpg
| caption7 = [[Visakhapatnam Port]]
}}
| image_caption = 
| image_seal = File:Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg
| seal_size = 150
| etymology = "Province of the [[Andhras]]"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth Alone Triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = [[Ma Telugu Talliki]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]) "To/For Our Mother Telugu"
| image_map = IN-AP.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|16.51|80.52|region:IN-AP_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| region = South India
| before_was = [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Undivided Andhra Pradesh]]
| year_start = 
| formation_date4 = [[Andhra movement|1 October 1953]] ({{age|1953|10|1|p=y}} years ago) 
| consolidation = [[Visalandhra movement|1 November 1956]] ({{age|1956|11|1}} years ago) 
| formation_date3 = 2 June 2014 ({{age|2014|6|2}} years ago){{efn|Bifurcated by forming [[Telangana]].}} 
| capital = Amaravati
| largestcity = Visakhapatnam
| metro = Andhra Pradesh Capital Region
| districts = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|28]]
| Governor = [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| Chief_Minister = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Pawan Kalyan|Konidela Pawan Kalyan]] ([[Janasena Party|JSP]])
| judiciary = [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| Chief_secretary = G Sai Prasad, IAS
| legislature_type = Bicameral [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| assembly = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 175 seats
| council = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 58 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 11 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 25 seats
| area_total_km2 = 163,275
| area_rank = 7th
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1680
| elevation_max_point = [[Arma Konda]]
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book | url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | title=Population Projections for India and States, 2011–2036 | via= ruralindiaonline.org| publisher= |date=July 2020 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=13 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055356/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 53,586,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 10th
| population_urban = 37.69%
| population_rural = 62.31%
| population_density = 304
| population_demonym = Andhrulu, [[Telugu people|Teluguvāru]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-issues-orders-recognising-urdu-as-the-official-language-749112|title=AP govt. issues orders recognising Urdu as the official language|last=Pavan|work=[[The Hans India]]| date= 17 June 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727054829/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-issues-orders-recognising-urdu-as-the-official-language-749112| url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Telugu script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web| url= http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product |publisher= Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $216 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $906.91 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2024-2025
| GDP_rank = 9th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|298058|lk=r}} {{Increase}} $14,426 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 15th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.723 {{color|#fc0|high}} <ref>{{cite web |title=India: UNDP |url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 26th
| literacy = 72.6%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 36th
| sex_ratio = 993[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2025
| sexratio_rank = 20th
| iso_code = IN-AP
| registration_plate = AP
| website = ap.gov.in
| foundation_day = Andhra Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Blackbuck]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols">{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh gets new state bird, state flower |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |work= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000928/https://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| bird = [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| flower = [[Jasmine]]
| tree = [[Azadirachta indica]]
| fruit = [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banginapalle Mango]]
| image_highway = SH IN-AP.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh|AP SH1{{ndash}}AP SH240]]
}}

'''Andhra Pradesh'''{{efn|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhra Pradēśa}}, {{IPA|te|aːndʱɾə pɾədeʃᵊ|pron|LL-Q8097 (tel)-V Bhavya-ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్.wav}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''AP'''}} is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] on the [[East Coast of India|east coast]] of [[South India|southern India]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|seventh-largest state]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|tenth-most populous]] in the country. [[Telugu language|Telugu]], one of the [[classical languages of India]], is the most widely spoken language in the state, as well as its official language. [[Amaravati]] is the state capital, while the largest city is [[Visakhapatnam]]. [[Amaravati]] is a greenfield capital city developed near Vijayawada. Geographically both Amaravati and Vijayawada can be seen as Twin cities. Andhra Pradesh shares borders with [[Odisha]] to the northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north, [[Karnataka]] to the west, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Telangana]] to northwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east.

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence indicates that Andhra Pradesh has been continuously inhabited from early archaic [[Hominini|hominins]] to [[Neolithic]] settlements. The earliest reference to the [[Andhras]] appears in the [[Aitareya Brahmana]] ({{Circa|800 [[BCE]]}}) of the [[Rigveda]]. Around 300 BCE, the Andhras living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas were renowned for their formidable military strength—second only to the [[Maurya Empire]] in the subcontinent. The first major Andhra polity was the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire [[Deccan Plateau]] and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with the [[Roman Empire]], and their capital, [[Dharanikota|Dhanyakataka]], was the most prosperous city in India during the 2nd century CE. Subsequent major dynasties included the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahis]], followed by [[British Raj|British rule]]. After gaining independence, [[Andhra State]] was carved out of [[Madras State]] in 1953. In 1956, it merged with Telangana, comprising the Telugu-speaking regions of the former [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], to form [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]. It reverted to its earlier form in 2014, when the new state of [[Telangana]] was bifurcated from it.

The [[Eastern Ghats]] separate the coastal plains from the [[peneplain]]s. Major rivers include the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Penna River|Penna]]. Andhra Pradesh holds about one-third of India's [[limestone]] reserves and significant deposits of [[baryte]] and [[granite]]. Agriculture and related activities employ 62.17% of the population, with rice being the [[Staple food|staple crop]]. The state contributes 30% to India's fish production and accounts for 35% of the country's seafood exports. The [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Range]], located on [[Sriharikota]] island in [[Tirupati district]], serves as India's primary satellite launch centre.

Andhra is the birthplace of the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati school of art]], an ancient Indian art style that influenced [[South India]]n, [[Sri Lanka]]n, and [[Southeast Asia]]n art. It is also home to [[Kuchipudi]], one of [[Indian classical dance|India's classical dance forms]], and has produced several renowned [[Carnatic music]] composers. The state features prominent [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Religious and pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage centres]] and [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Nature tourism|natural attractions]], including the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] in [[Tirumala]] and the [[Araku Valley]]. Notable products with [[geographical indication]] (GI) registration include [[Tirupati Laddu]], [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banganapalle mangoes]], [[Kondapalli toys]], [[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas|Dharmavaram sarees]], and [[Pootharekulu]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Andhras}}

[[Andhras]] were mentioned in [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]] ({{Circa|800–500 BCE}}) as descendants of the sage [[Vishvamitra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haug | first= Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104262/page/n175/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Aitareya Brahmana Of The Rigveda |date=1922 |pages=175}}</ref> Andhras were referred to as non-Aryans living on the fringes of Aryan settlements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimada |first=Akira |title=Early Buddhist architecture in context: the great stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE–300 CE) |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |series=Brill's Indological library |location=Lieden; Boston |quote=In the Aitareya Brahmaņa (VII, 18), the Andhras were mentioned together with the Pundras, Sabaras, Pulindas and Mūtibas as Dasyu (non-Aryan tribes) living on the borders of the land}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7014/page/n15/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India on the period from 650 to 325 B.C. |date=1919 |publisher=University of Calcutta, Calcutta |pages=14}}</ref> The [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], the earliest kings who ruled this region were mentioned by the names ''Andhra'', ''Andhrara-jateeya'', and ''[[Andhrabhrtya]]'' in the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]]. "Andhra" is both a tribal and a territorial name.{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=172–176}} The region inhabited by Andhras was called [[Andhradesa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM1k0My/page/3/mode/2up |title=A History of the Early Dynasties of AndhraDesa C. 200–625 A.D. : with a map of ancient Andhradesa and Daksinapatna |date=1942 |publisher=V. Ramaswami Sastrulu & sons (Madras)| via= archive.org}}</ref>

According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the term ''<nowiki/>'āndhra'<nowiki/>'' is derived from the [[Old Telugu]] masculine nominative marker ''<nowiki/>'aṉṟu''', possibly used by [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] people or [[Buddhists]] to refer to [[Telugu people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Tamil Literature Free Access | website= rmrl.in| publisher= RMRL Digital Library |url=https://rmrl.in/en/dl/research-papers/mahadevan/ebook?id=Harappan%20Heritage%20of%20Andhra_2008 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

[[Pradesh]] means "state" or "province".

== History ==
{{Main|History of Andhra Pradesh}}

=== Pre-history===
Excavated stone tools from [[Hanumanthunipadu]] in [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] district were dated to be 2.47 [[lakh]] (247,000) years old ([[Middle Paleolithic]]). This finding means that these tools were developed by archaic hominins (pre-humans) as such tools were thought to be used by modern man migrating out of Africa about 2.10 lakh (210,000) years ago. In the absence of fossil evidence, it became a riddle to understand what happened to them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Sujatha Varma |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ancient stone tools found in Prakasam lead to startling revelations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ancient-stone-tools-found-in-prakasam-lead-to-startling-revelations/article65946249.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721120534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ancient-stone-tools-found-in-prakasam-lead-to-startling-revelations/article65946249.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The discovery of petroglyphs, pictographs, and dolmens in Chakrala Bodu, near Boyalapalli village in the Yerragondapalem mandal area of Markapuram district indicates the presence of Neolithic-age human settlements in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IVNP |first=Prasad |date=17 November 2023 |title=Neolithic-age rock art, burial chambers discovered in Prakasam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/17/neolithic-age-rock-art-burial-chambers-discovered-in-prakasam-2633669.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721121055/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/17/neolithic-age-rock-art-burial-chambers-discovered-in-prakasam-2633669.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early and medieval history ===
[[File:Maha_Stupa_at_Bhattiprolu_01.jpg|thumb|left| Ruins of the Buddhist Maha Stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]], built during the 3rd century BCE–2nd century BCE]]
[[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) that Andhras were living in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna]] [[river delta]]s and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297 | via= Google Books}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]| website= aponline.gov.in |access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from places such as [[Bhattiprolu]], [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]], and [[Dharanikota]] suggests that the Andhra region was part of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]]. After the death of Emperor [[Ashoka]], Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.<ref name="Akira_2012">{{Cite book |first= Akira |last= Shimada |title=Early Buddhist architecture in context: The great stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE{{snd}}300 CE) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA39 |year=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |pages=33–40 |access-date=14 October 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> One of the earliest examples of the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script, from Bhattiprolu was used on an urn containing the relics of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm|title= Programmers Get Busy With Their New Juggling Act| website= Ananda Buddha Vihara |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014070155/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> This is considered as the rosetta stone for decipherment of Tamil Brahmi.<ref name= "Magnum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|title=A magnum opus on Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions| last= Champahalakshmi |first=R|work=Frontline|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131230030420/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kadamba script, derived from Bhattiprolu Brahmi later led to the evolution of Telugu and Kannada scripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alla |first1=Chakradhar |editor1-last=Chakrabarti |editor1-first=Debkumar |title=Ergonomics for design and innovation |date=1 June 2022 |page=331 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |access-date=29 July 2024 |chapter=Impact of writing tools in the evolution of Telugu script |series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems |volume=391 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9_29 |isbn=978-3-030-94276-2 |publisher=Springer |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513133402/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Satavahana dynasty]] dominated the [[Deccan Plateau]] from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations |first= Charles |last= Higham |publisher= Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=299 |access-date=6 March 2016 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref> It had trade relations with the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Dutt |first= Sukumar |title=Buddhist monks and monasteries of India: Their history and their contribution to Indian culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-20-80498-2 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA132 |access-date=29 April 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The Satavahanas made [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Dhanyakataka-Amaravathi]] their capital. According to historian [[Stanley Wolpert]], it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Amaravati |url= https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |website=crda.ap.gov.in |publisher=Government of Andrha Pradesh |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519110822/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A new history of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via= Google Books |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76|quote=Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era.}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna]], the philosopher of [[Mahayana]], lived in this region.<ref>{{Cite book |first= David M. |last= Knipe |title=Vedic voices: Intimate narratives of a living Andhra tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=Nagarjuna |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026673-8 |pages=8–9 |access-date=24 July 2024 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Padma|first1=Sree|last2=Barber|first2=Anthony W. |title=Buddhism in the Krishna river valley of Andhra|publisher=SUNY Press |year=2008|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last= Davidson |first= Ronald |title= Tibetan renaissance| publisher= Columbia |year=2005|pages=29}}</ref> Mahayana spread to China, Japan, and Korea. It became the largest Buddhist denomination in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warder |first=Anthony Kennedy |author-link=A. K. Warder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC&q=Andhra |title=Indian Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1741-8 |pages=336, 355, 402, 464|quote=Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence, it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402)}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last= Johnson |first= Todd M.| url= http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|title=The world's religions in figures: An introduction to international religious demography|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2013|location=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=36|access-date=2 September 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]] is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Rowland|1967|p=210}} The [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, with their capital at [[Vijayapuri South|Vijayapuri]], succeeded the Satavahanas in the [[Krishna River]] valley in the latter half of the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book| last= Subramanian| first= K. R.|title=Buddhist remains in Andhra and the history of Andhra between 225 and 610 A.D.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-20-60444-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&q=andhra+ikshvaku&pg=PA82 |via= Google Books| access-date=29 April 2024|year=1989}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]] were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna rivers with their capital at [[Vengi]] (modern [[Pedavegi]]) around 300 CE.{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=433}} [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Cholas]] ruled present-day Kadapa region from the six to the thirteenth centuries intermittently.<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Kadapa district |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/history-2/ |website=Kadapa district |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> Kallamalla ''sasanam'' (law), engraved in 575 CE during the rule of Dhanamjaya, is the earliest completely Telugu inscription.<ref>{{Cite news |last=రెడ్డి |first=తులసీ ప్రసాద్ |date=22 February 2022 |title=కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? |language=te |publisher=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173134/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India (2018) 1.jpg|thumb|[[Undavalli Caves|Undavali caves]], Guntur district]]
The [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] was the first dynasty in the fifth and sixth centuries to hold sway over South India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=A. Rajeswara|year=2009|title=Indrapura: The capital city of Vishnukundi dynasty|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147663|access-date=29 April 2024|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=138–141|jstor=44147663|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> [[Undavalli Caves]] is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] of that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|title= Welcome to Guntur district official website|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627173402/http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|archive-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the [[Chola dynasty]]. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |title=About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP state government portal – AP state portal|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the request of King [[Rajaraja Narendra]], [[Nannaya]], considered the first Telugu poet, took up the translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu in 1025 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA393 |title=Literary cultures in history: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=19 May 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |pages=393, 397 |via= Google Books |access-date=1 June 2023}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] ruled this region and Telangana for nearly two hundred years between the 12th and 14th centuries. They were defeated by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamidi |first=Harikrishna |author-link=Mamidi Harikrishna |date=19 October 2023 |title=Rise and fall of Kakatiyas, turning point in Indian history |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020424/https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani sultanate]] took over when Delhi sultanate became weak.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan: Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The making of the Indo-Islamic world C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87|quote=Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol "New Muslims"}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuris]] and [[Reddi Kingdom]] ruled parts of this region in the early 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in practice: Society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C|page=177 |via= Google Books| access-date= }}{{Cbignore}}</ref> [[Reddy]] kings constructed [[Kondaveedu Fort]] and [[Kondapalli Fort]].<ref name=gazette>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931|work=Kondaveedu|page=393|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613100037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gallery>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |title=Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.'|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=British on line Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115359/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajpathis]] ruled parts of this region, before the entire region became part of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Durga Prasad |first=J. |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |year=1988 |publisher=P.G. Publisher |location=Guntur |url=http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |access-date=27 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422120411/http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2006|pages=231–235 }}</ref> [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the empire in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=1989 |title=The new Cambridge history of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |access-date=29 April 2024|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |page=88 |quote= Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century. |via= Google Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |chapter=Mapping migrations of South Indian weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagara Period: Thirteenth and eighteenth centuries |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last1=Lucassen |editor-first2=Leo |editor-last2=Lucassen |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27136-4 |page=99 |via= Google Books}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Several tanks and anicuts were built. Some of these include the Cumbum tank, Mopad tank, and Koregal anicut, Vallabhapur anicut across the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] River.<ref name="wrd-aboutus">{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |title=Water resources department – History |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064708/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |url-status=live }}</ref> The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while [[Carnatic music]] evolved into its current form.<ref>{{Cite book| first= B. A.| last= Saletore|title=Social and political life in the Vijayanagara Empire |volume= II| year= 1930 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52848 |access-date=29 April 2024 }}</ref> The [[Lepakshi]] group of monuments built during this period have mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. These are put on the [[World Heritage Site#Nomination process|tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |title=Lepakshi Nandi, Veerabhadra temple on UNESCO world heritage tentative list|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 March 2022|access-date=30 May 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201091816/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |title=Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517062600/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
{{See also|Andhra State|Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)}}
[[File:India1765and1805b.jpg|thumb|Parts of Andhra Pradesh in 1765 (left) ruled by [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], [[Carnatic Sultanate]], British [[East India Company]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and transformation to British East India Company rule by 1801 (map dated 1805) (right)]]

Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire, the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] held sway over most of present-day general Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|s2cid=142989123| issn = 0026-749X}}</ref> [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qilich Khan]] who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi-independent ruler as [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].{{Sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|pp=9–13}} In 1765, British Lord [[Robert Clive]] obtained from the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1778 treaty with Nizam Ali, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad state with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Bhujang Rao |title=The ceded districts, the circars, and the Nizam |journal=Triveni Journal |year=1940 |url=https://trivenijournal.org/CD%20&%20WEB/TheCededDistrictstheCircarsandtheNizamoct40.html |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijaya Ramaraju) established a [[Vizianagaram Estate|sovereign kingdom]] and acquired neighbouring estates with the support of British. Later it fell out with the British and as a result, was attacked and defeated in the [[battle of Padmanabham]] in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until it acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|title=Imperial gazetteer of India v. 24|pages=339–341|access-date=31 May 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604191302/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of the present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India Company rule as part of [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=British annexation of the Carnatic, 1801 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138505 |last=K. |first=Rajayyan |issue=2 |volume=32 |pages=54–62 |year=1970 |jstor=44138505 |access-date=18 July 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the region became part of [[British Raj|British crown]] till [[Indian independence movement|India became independent]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing| pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}</ref>
[[File:Dowleswaram Barrage.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dowleswaram Barrage]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]]]
Anicut at [[Dowleswaram Barrage|Dowleswaram]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]<ref name="hope">{{Cite book |last1=Hope |first1=Elizabeth |title=General Sir Arthur Cotton, R. E., K. C. S. I.: His life and work |year=2009|orig-year=1st pub. 1900 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-1444629965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope/page/120 120] |url=https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope |quote=dowleswaram. |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, and Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during the British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts.<ref name="wrd-aboutus"/> Buckingham Canal built during 1806–1878, running parallel to the Coramandal coast from Kakinada to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu served as a major water transportation route for goods till the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=K. |first1=Venkateshwarlu |title=An ambitious plan to revive the Buckingham Canal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/long-live-the-canal/article19429503.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Telegraph service initiated in 1850 served for over 160 years till it was stopped on 15 July 2013 citing poor patronage due to advances in mobile communications and short message service.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telegram is dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telegram-is-dead/article4915659.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 July 2013}}</ref> [[Charles Philip Brown]] did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to the print era and introduced [[Vemana]] poems to English readers.<ref>{{Cite book| first= Peter L. |last= Schmitthenner|title=Telugu resurgence: C.P. Brown and cultural consolidation in nineteenth-century South India |year=2001|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-291-1| page= 94 |url= https://archive.org/details/teluguresurgence0000schm}}</ref> [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and the prohibition of widow remarriage.<ref>{{Cite book |first= John |last= Leonard |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Kenneth W. |title=Religious controversy in British India |date=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |url= https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |access-date=6 August 2024|chapter=Viresalingam and the idea of Social change in Andhra |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240806104944/https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Potti Sreeramulu.png|thumb|left|[[Potti Sreeramulu]], whose fast unto death in 1952 led to the formation of [[Andhra State]].]]
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Struggle for Andhra state – AP state portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190824/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956]], the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States reorganisation act]] created [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the [[Hyderabad State]] with [[Hyderabad]] as the capital on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence |title=Post-independence era, then and now |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

In the unified state, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) enjoyed a monopoly in ruling the state till 1983. After that [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) led by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) came to power and became another major party to rule the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |title=N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline |date=28 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601112102/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] commissioned in 1967, [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam hydro electric project]] commissioned in 1982 are few examples of irrigation and electricity projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |title=Nagarjuna Sagar Dam |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416064910/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. |first=Raghavendra |date=6 August 2023 |title=AP-Genco plans capital overhaul of Srisailam right bank powerhouse in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809105425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The increased presence of women, Dalits, and tribals in the social and political spheres of the state, driven by social movements, led to a rise in violence against these groups. Securing access to resources like land remains an unachieved objective in the effort to expand their economic opportunities in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Human development report 2007 – Andhra Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |pages=19–32 |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/in/human_revelop_report_andhra_pradesh_2007_full_report.pdf |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> When the union cabinet decided to consider the formation of Telangana state in 2009 heeding to the demand of [[Telangana movement|relaunched Telangana movement]], [[Samaikyandhra Movement]] opposing it took shape and the state went through a turmoil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad on the edge; APNGOs meet today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-on-the-edge-apngos-meet-today/article5101666.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Finally, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act]] bill was passed by the [[parliament of India]] for the formation of the Telangana state, despite opposition by the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |title=A challenge to Indian federalism |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |first= Jayaprakash |last= Narayan |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230620002607/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[president of India]], with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|title=Telangana state formation gazette|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece |archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

TDP formed the first government of the residual state with Chandrababu Naidu as chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece|title=Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610025100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece |archive-date=10 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access= subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|the government of Andhra Pradesh]] began operating from its new greenfield capital, [[Amaravati]], for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ashish|date=2 March 2017|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|access-date=9 March 2021|work=India Today|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060454/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]], [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], leader of the [[YSR Congress Party]], became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy sworn in as Andhra Pradesh CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-mohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article27316397.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2019}}</ref> He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers' system,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan rolls out grama and ward volunteer system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715003522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and reorganised the state with 26 districts.<ref name="apreorg-2022">{{Cite news |last1=V. |first1=Raghavendra |title=Jagan launches 13 new districts of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thirteen-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh/article65289032.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Introduction of English as the medium of instruction was done in almost all the state schools. The move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being the legislative capital, Vizag as the executive capital and Kurnool as the judicial capital was stuck down by the High Court. His government appealed to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court to examine if A.P. can insist on compulsory English medium education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903184404/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |archive-date=3 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three capitals case: Supreme Court adjourns hearing of SLP filed by A.P. govt. to December |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece |last=V |first=Raghavendra |date=12 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713032159/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece|archive-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Andhra Pradesh|List of rivers in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Andhra Pradesh relief map.svg|thumb|Andhra Pradesh relief map]]
Andhra Pradesh is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|seventh-largest state]] with an area of {{cvt|163,275|km2}}.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}} Politically, the state shares borders with [[Odisha|Orissa]] to the northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north, [[Karnataka]] to the southwest, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Telangana]] to northwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east. [[Yanam district]], an enclave of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], is in the state bordering [[Kakinada district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://surveyofindia.gov.in/documents/polmap-eng-11012021.jpg |title=Political map of India 1:4000000 (10th edition) |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Survey of India |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410024610/https://surveyofindia.gov.in/documents/polmap-eng-11012021.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has a coastline of around {{Convert|974|km}}, which makes it the second-longest coastline in the nation.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}

The [[Eastern Ghats]] are a major dividing line separating coastal plains and [[peneplain]]s in the state's geography. These are discontinuous, and individual sections have local names. The ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Some of these consist of the [[Horsley Hills]], the Seshachala Hills, the [[Nallamala Hills]], and the Papi Hills.<ref name="Kohli2013">{{Cite book | first= M.S.| last= Kohli | title= Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA36 | orig-date=2010 | publisher=Indus Publishing| year= 2014 | isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 | pages=36– |via= Google Books| access-date=4 July 2013}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.goindigo.in/get-inspired/hill-stations-in-andhra-pradesh.html |title=7 offbeat hill stations in Andhra Pradesh that are worth exploring this season |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Goindigo |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113347/https://www.goindigo.in/get-inspired/hill-stations-in-andhra-pradesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Sudhakar|last=G. |title=Compendium on Indian biosphere reserves: Progression during two decades of conservation |date=2012 |publisher=Ministry of environment and forests, Government of India |pages=178–183 |url=https://gbpihed.gov.in/PDF/Publication/comp_IBR.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024 |chapter=18 Seshachalam biosphere reserve|editor-last1=Palni |editor-first1=Lok Man Singh |editor-last2=Rawal |editor-first2=Ranbeer S |editor-last3= Rai|editor-first3=Rama K|editor-last4= S. |editor-first4=Venkata Reddy }}</ref> [[Arma Konda]], located in Visakhapatnam district, is the highest peak in the state.<ref name="Kohli2013"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152 |title=Arma Konda, India |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=peakbagger |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105061047/https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152 |url-status=live }}</ref> Peneplains, part of Rayalaseema, slope towards the east.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=107}} The [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] comprise the area of coastal districts up to the Eastern ghats as their border along the Bay of Bengal, with variable width. These are, for the most part, delta regions formed by the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], and [[Penna River|Penna]] rivers. The state has five different soil types with the majority soil types being red lateritic and black soil types.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural forming – Andhra Pradesh |url=https://naturalfarming.niti.gov.in/andhra-pradesh/ |website=Niti Ayog |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref> Most of the coastal plains are put to intensive agricultural use.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=D |first1=Kumara Charyulu|last2=D.|first2=Moses Shyam|last3=S.P.|first3=Wani|last4=KV |first4=Raju KV |title=Rythu Kosam: Andhra Pradesh primary sector mission Coastal Andhra region baseline summary report, Research report IDC-13 |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/9900/1/Cover%20and%20Text%20%20Rythu%20Kosam%20(Coastal%20Andhra%20Region%20Baseline)).pdf |publisher=ICRISAT |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> The Kadapa basin, formed by two arching branches of the Eastern ghats, is a mineral-rich area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kadapa or Cuddapah basin|url=https://www.ndrdgh.gov.in/NDR/?page_id=860|publisher=Directorate General of Hydrocarbons|access-date=2 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426141217/https://www.ndrdgh.gov.in/NDR/?page_id=860}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Grand Canyon Sudhakar Bichali.jpg|thumb|[[Gandikota|Gandikota gorge]] in YSR district]]
The valleys include [[Araku Valley]], which is rich in biodiversity<ref>{{Cite book |title=Visakhapatnam hub |publisher=Andhra Pradesh tourism authority |location=Vijayawada |pages=3–4 |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/11-e5315decdcefede21063bca108b108ce783f9e6d.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Gandikota|Gandikota gorge]]. Gandikota gorge is a canyon formed between the Erramala range of hills, through which the Penna (Pennar) river flows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandikota: The stunning Indian gorge that resembles the Grand Canyon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-59731622 |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 August 2024|date=5 January 2022}}</ref> [[Borra Caves]], created millions of years ago by water activity<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|title=Natural world heritage status for Borra Caves sought|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116062146/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the country's second-longest cave system, the [[Belum Caves]] are in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Film tourism to boost Kurnool economy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313031427/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has several beaches in its coastal districts, such as [[Rushikonda]], [[Mypadu]], [[Suryalanka Beach|Suryalanka]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The charming beaches of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=AP tourism authority |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/7-e96706d65633f39c39fc01a0514e30d260d77afc.pdf |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712023755/https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/7-e96706d65633f39c39fc01a0514e30d260d77afc.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Natural vegetation and wildlife of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) feeding on Azadirachta indica (Neem) W2 IMG 8122.jpg|thumb|[[Rose-ringed parakeet]] (parrot) (state bird) feeding on [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] fruits (state tree).]]
The total forest cover of the state is {{convert|29784.3|km2}}, amounting to 18.28% of the total area.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chapter 13: Forests and tree resources in states and union territories |year=2021 |pages=257–264|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105334/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eastern ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the ghats give way to the peneplains, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types, with a mixture of [[teak]], and genera of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'', ''[[Dalbergia]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus]]'', etc. The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'', ''Terminalia pallida'', ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', ''Shorea tumburgia'' etc.<ref name="flora and fauna">{{Cite book |title=India state of forest report 2019, Vol II |date=2019 |publisher=Forest Survey of India |pages=2–12 |url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-andhra-pradesh.pdf |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

The state has 3 [[List of national parks of India|national parks]] and 13 [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuaries]] {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="flora and fauna"/> The diversity of fauna includes [[tiger]]s, [[leopards]], [[cheetal]]s, [[Sambar deer|sambars]], [[sea turtle]]s, and several birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with [[fishing cat]]s and [[otter]]s as [[keystone species]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About-us |url=https://forests.ap.gov.in/about.php |publisher=AP Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605071323/https://forests.ap.gov.in/about.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]] is an example of [[Mangrove|mangrove forests]] and salt-tolerant forest ecosystems near the sea. The area of these forests is {{convert|582|km2|abbr=on}}, accounting for about 9% of the local forest area of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/coringa-sanctuary/ |title=Coringa sanctuary |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=East godavari district, Government of AP |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602102822/https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/coringa-sanctuary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other sanctuaries include [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nstr.in/facts.php?page=facts |title=Facts & Figures of NagarjunaSagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve Atmakur Andhra Pradesh |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104626/http://nstr.in/facts.php?page=facts |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]],<ref name="lakes and wetlands">{{Cite web|title=The list of wetlands of international importance|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|website=The Ramsar convention on wetlands|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)|access-date=5 June 2014|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530015101/http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=G. |first1=Ravikiran |title=Rain brings back winged visitors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/rain-brings-back-winged-visitors/article19994754.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] (Azadirachta indica) is the state tree, jasmine is the state flower, [[Rose-ringed parakeet|rose ringed parakeet]] is the state bird, and [[blackbuck]] is the state mammal.<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />

=== Mineral resources ===
[[File:Mangampet Barytes.jpg|thumb|Mangampet [[Baryte]]s]]
The state, with its varied geological formations, contains a variety of industrial minerals and building stones. Major minerals found in significant quantities in the state include [[beach sand]], [[bauxite]], [[limestone]], [[granite]], and [[diamond]]s. Minor minerals include [[barytes]], [[calcite]], and [[mica]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/Inner/MineralReserves.aspx |title=Mineral reserves |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Mines, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207071803/https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/Inner/MineralReserves.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reserves of [[uranium]] are in Tummalapalli village of YSR district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372|title=India: 'Massive' uranium find in Andhra Pradesh|date=19 July 2011|publisher=[[BBC World News]]|access-date=19 July 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112659/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also has reserves of [[Oil reserves|oil]] and [[natural gas]].{{Sfn|MOPNG|2023}}

=== Climate ===
The climate varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than in the rest of the state, with temperatures exceeding {{convert|35|°C}}. The minimum temperature during summer is about {{convert|20|°C}} in the far southwest. July to September is the season for tropical rains from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]]. The winter season is from October to February.<ref name="Britannica-ap"/> Low-pressure systems and [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the Bay of Bengal along with the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] during October to December, bringing rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=M |first1=Rajeevan |title=IMD Meteorological Monograph: Northeast Monsoon of South Asia |date=2022 |publisher=Indian Meteriological department |pages=5–7 |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/met_monograph.pdf |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113415/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/met_monograph.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The range of winter temperatures is generally {{convert|30|to|35|°C}} except in the northeast where it could fall below {{convert|15|°C}}.<ref name="Britannica-ap">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/People |title=Andhra Pradesh |last=Britannica |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429041751/https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/People |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lambasingi]] in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] is nicknamed the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" as its temperature ranges from {{convert|0|to|10|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Nivedita|title=Lambasingi set to become tourist hotspot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|access-date=26 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2014|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lambasingi records 2º c|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|access-date=26 November 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 December 2013|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203422/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The normal rainfall for the state is {{Convert|966|mm|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=31}}

== Demographics ==

{{See also|Ethnic groups of Andhra Pradesh|Demographics of Andhra Pradesh|Religion in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Pie chart
| label1 = Telugu
| value1 = 89.21
| color1 = #FF9966
| label2 = Urdu
| value2 = 6.55
| color2 = green
| label3 = Tamil
| value3 = 1.04
| color3 = saddlebrown
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 3.20
| color4 = grey
| caption = Languages of Andhra Pradesh{{efn|name=lang1|Based on 2011 census data, excluding districts and mandals which are part of Telangana}} (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
}}

Based on the 2011 [[Census of India]], the population of Andhra Pradesh is 49,577,103, with a density of {{cvt|304|/km2}}. The rural population accounts for 70.53%, while the urban population accounts for 29.47%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}} The state has 17.08% scheduled caste (SC) and 5.53% scheduled tribe (ST) population.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=16}} Children in the age group of 0–6 years number 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Population in different age group – Census 2011 |publisher=MHRD |pages=3 |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/Population2011.pdf |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154018/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/Population2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 997 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] in the state stands at 67.35%. Erstwhile West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.32%, and erstwhile Vizianagaram district has the lowest with 58.89%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}

Human Development Index (HDI) of the state for the year 2022 is 0.673.<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – area database |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> {{As of|2023|1|1}}, there are 39,984,868 voters including 3,924 third-gender voters. Kurnool district has the maximum number of voters at 1,942,233, while Alluri Sitharama Raju district has the minimum at 729,085.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-has-39984868-voters-women-outnumber-men/article66342507.ece |title=A.P. has 3,99,84,868 voters, women outnumber men |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528033458/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-has-39984868-voters-women-outnumber-men/article66342507.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the first official language, and [[Urdu]] is the second official language of the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> Telugu is the mother tongue of nearly 90% of the population.{{efn|name=lang1}}<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112190710/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Odia language|Odia]] are spoken in the border areas. [[Lambadi]] and several other languages are spoken by the scheduled tribes of the state.<ref name="nclmanurep2010">{{Cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India|pages=122–126|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> 19% of the population aged 12+ years can read and understand English, as per the Indian readership survey for Q4 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian readership survey 2019 Q4 |publisher=IRS |year=2020 |url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf |page=20 |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| label2 = [[Islam in India|Islam]]
| label3 = [[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Christianity]]
| label4 = [[Jainism]]
| label5 = Others
| value1 = 90.89
| value2 = 7.30
| value3 = 1.38
| value4 = 0.05
| value5 = 0.37
| color1 = darkorange
| color2 = green
| color3 = blue
| color4 = pink
| color5 = grey
| caption = Religion in Andhra Pradesh <ref name="census2011">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%), and Christians (1.38%).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Population by religion – Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528173240/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the popular Hindu religious pilgrim destinations include [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara temple]] at Tirupati, [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna temple]] at Srisailam, [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] at Vijayawada, and [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple]] at Simhachalam.{{Sfn|APTDC|2018}} Buddhist sites at [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] and [[Nagarjunakonda|Nagarjuna Konda]] are also popular.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=18–25}}

=== Sub categorisaton ===
For the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 59 entries in the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] category, 34 entries in the ST category, and 104 entries in [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC list – Andhra Pradesh |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0001.jpg |website=Department of Social Justice and Empowement |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ST list |url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf |website=Ministry of Tribal Affairs |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State/UT-wise Number of Entries in the Central List of OBCs (as on 12.04.2018 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76674 |website=Department of Social Justice and Empowerment |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=12 April 2018}}</ref> [[Komati (caste)|Komati]], [[Telugu Brahmin|Brahmin]], [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], [[Raju]], [[Reddy]], and [[Velama]] communities constitute the [[forward caste]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister to release second tranche of YSR EBC Nestham on April 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-to-release-second-tranche-of-ysr-ebc-nestham-on-april-12/article66725268.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister releases ₹536.77 crore aid for women under Kapu Nestham scheme in A.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chief-minister-releases-53677-crore-aid-for-women-under-kapu-nestham-scheme-in-andhra-pradesh/article67314648.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Map/Museums in Andhra Pradesh}}
Andhra Pradesh has 32 museums featuring a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, inscriptions, and religious artefacts.{{Sfn|Seth|Sadiya|2023}}{{Efn|Two entries are repeated}} The [[Archaeological Museum, Amaravati|Amaravathi archaeological museum]] has a display of art traditions of Amaravathi and images of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|title=Archaeological museum, Amaravati – Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=Asi.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190235/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|archive-date=29 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bapu Museum, Vijayawada|Bapu museum]] in Vijayawada has historical galleries, stone cut writings, coins, swords, body armour, shields, arms, and ornamentation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-747-8176-5|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC&dq=Mangalagiri+Sarees&pg=PA36 |via= Google Books |accessdate=24 January 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam]]'' in Visakhapatnam displays historical artefacts of the pre-independence era.{{Sfn|Seth|Sadiya|2023|p=18|loc=1.19}} The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] identified 135 centrally protected monuments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. These include the reconstructed monuments at Anupu and [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ |title=Alphabetical list of monuments – Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Archaeological Survey of India |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155258/https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state has 17 [[geographical indication]] (GI) registrations in the categories of agriculture, [[handicraft]]s, [[foodstuff]]s, and textiles as per the ''Geographical indications of goods (Registration and protection) act, 1999''.<ref name="GIlist">{{Cite book |title=Annual report 2021-22 Intellectual property India |publisher=The Office of the controller general of patents, designs and geographical indications, Government of India |year=2022 |pages=76 |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_Annual_Report_Eng_for_Net.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530054648/https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_Annual_Report_Eng_for_Net.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Clothing===
[[File:Kalamkari Art.jpg|thumb|[[Kalamkari]] artwork on a cloth]]
The men's traditional wear consists of ''Panche'', a {{convert|4.5|m}} long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Dhoti|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/dhoti.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202155/https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/dhoti.html|archive-date=29 July 2020|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Indian Mirror}}</ref> Women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment that consists of a drape varying from {{convert|5|to|9|yd|}} in length and {{convert|2|to|4|ft|}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-966-14961-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-810-94461-9}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk]] saris on special occasions such as marriages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=C. Monahan|first2= William|last2= Andrew Mirola|first3=Michael|last3= O. Emerson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-130-25380-4|page=83}}</ref> The traditional wear of young girls is a half-saree with blouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lehnaga choli' back in vogue in Bengaluru this Diwali |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2020/11/13/lehnaga-choli-back-in-vogue-in-bengaluru-diwali.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=13 November 2020}}</ref> The shift to wearing western clothing of pant and shirt has become common for boys and men, while women also wear ''salwar kameez'' in addition to saris.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} [[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas|Dharmavaram textiles]], [[Pedana Kalamkari|Machilipatnam]], and [[Srikalahasti Kalamkari|Srikalahasti]] [[Kalamkari]] handicrafts are few examples in clothes category with GI status.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalamkari: Craft of the matter|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|website=mid-day|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131082254/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|date=24 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Telugu cuisine}}

[[File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian Andhra meal, served on important occasions]]
Andhra meals are combinations of spicy, tangy, and sweet flavours. The use of chillies, tamarind, and ''[[gongura]]'' (leaves of roselle) is common in Andhra food.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=54–63}} Curry leaves are used copiously in most preparations of curries and chutneys. Various types of ''Pappu'' are made using lentils in combination with [[tomato]]es, [[spinach]], gongura, [[ridge gourd]], etc. Apart from curries, ''pulusu'', a stew made using [[tamarind]] juice in combination with vegetables, seafood, chicken, mutton, etc., is popular. ''Pachchadi'', a paste usually made with a combination of [[peanut|groundnuts]], fried vegetables, and chillies, is a must in a meal. Pickles made using mangoes, gooseberries, lemons, etc. are enjoyed in combination with ''Pappu''. Buttermilk and yoghurt mixed with rice eaten towards the end of the meal soothe the body, especially after eating spicy food items earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/south/andhra-cuisine-symphony-spices |title=Andhra cuisine: A symphony of spices |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Indianculture.gov.in |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529003146/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/south/andhra-cuisine-symphony-spices |url-status=live }}</ref>

A tamarind-rich dish popularly known as ''Pulihora'' is made with a thick sauce of tamarind, chillies, salt and asafoetida. It is tempered with mustard, curry leaves, peanuts and mixed with rice. It is offered even to the gods and then served as a ''prasadam'' (divine offering) in the temples to the devotees. Popular vegetarian curries include ''Dondakaya koora'' (ivy gourd cooked with coconut and green chilli) and ''Guttivankaya koora''(stuffed brinjal curry). ''Thalakaya koora'' (lamb head gravy), ''Royyala koora'' (prawns cooked in tamarind), and ''Natukodi koora'' (freehold chicken curry with chillies) are popular non-vegetarian dishes across Guntur and surrounding regions. ''Yeta mamsam kobbari'' biryani (mutton cooked with coconut), ''Seema kodi'' (Rayalaseema-style chicken), ''Chennuru dum biryani'', and ''Gongura mamsam'' (mutton cooked in sorrel gravy) are popular non-vegetarian dishes in [[Rayalaseema]]. Among fish preparations, ''Pulasa pulusu'', thick aromatic and tangy gravy made from a single fish of the Godavari Pulasa variety is most desired in [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]. ''[[Ariselu]]'', ''Burelu'', ''[[Laddu]]'', and ''[[Pootharekulu]]'' are some of the sweets made for special festivals and occasions. ''Pootharekulu'', a preparation of sugar and rice flour and ''Taandri'', a mango-flavoured sun-dried fruit jelly are popular sweets originating from Athreyapuram in Konaseema. [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] ''Khaaja'' layered flour deep fried and dipped in sugar is another popular sweetmeat.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=60-62}} ''[[Bandar laddu]]'', ''[[Tirupati Laddu]]'' are some of the food products with GI status.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Naidu|first1=T. Appala|title=Bandar laddu gets GI tag|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bandar-laddu-gets-gi-tag/article17722857.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020245/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bandar-laddu-gets-gi-tag/article17722857.ece|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}

[[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]], and [[Yerrapragada]] form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] during 11–14 centuries.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|pages=42–49}} Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar, called ''Andhra Shabda Chintamani'' in Sanskrit.<ref name="Padmapriya ch1">{{Cite book |title= A comparative study of Andhrasabdachintamani and Balavyakaranam |last1= Gopavaram |first1= Padmapriya |last2= Subrahmanyam| first2= Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad|chapter=1}}</ref> [[Pothana]] translated ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavatam]]'' into Telugu.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|page=64}} [[Vemana]] was an Indian philosopher who wrote Telugu poems using simple language and native idioms on a variety of subjects including [[yoga]], wisdom, and morality.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|page=99}} [[Potuluri Veerabrahmam|Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami]], a clairvoyant and social reformer of 17th century, wrote [[Kalagnanam]], a book of predictions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Celebrated Professor harassed for identifying 17th-century social reformer as 'Sudra' |url=https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-professor |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809105935/https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-professor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh oriental conference, first session, Andhra Saraswathi Parishat, Hyderabad, May 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhlUAAAAYAAJ|publisher=The Conference|year=1979|page=131|quote=Kalagnana is a special type of discipline very popular in Andhra Desa because of the famous Kalagnanam of Sri Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami written in Telugu. It forecasts many incidents which are proved to be correct by the posterity. |via= Google Books |access-date=2 June 2023}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=South Asian intellectuals and social change: A study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=29 April 2024| page= 314 | first= Yogendra K. |last= Malik|publisher=Heritage|year=1981|isbn = 978-08-364-0825-6|quote=A later poet similar to Vemana was Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami, popularly known as Brahmamgaru}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

Telugu literature after [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is termed ''Adhunika Telugu Sahityam'' (modern Telugu literature).{{Sfn|D.|1976|p=80}} He was the author of the first Telugu [[social novel]] ''Rajasekhara Charitram'', published in 1880.{{Sfn|D.|1976|p=88}} The use of colloquial idiom rather than ''grandhik'' (classical) in literature, championed by [[Gurajada Apparao]] and [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy|Gidugu Ramamurthy Panthulu]] led to increased literacy.<ref name="subbarayudu">{{Cite book |url=https://omnilogos.com/twentieth-century-telugu-literature/ |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. |editor=Nalini Natarajan |publisher=Greenwoord press |year=1996 |chapter=Twentieth-century Telugu literature |access-date=30 May 2023 |first1=Subbarayudu |last1=GK |first2=Vijayasree |last2=C |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193908/https://omnilogos.com/twentieth-century-telugu-literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various forms of literature such as poetry, novel, short story were vibrant as indicated by the responses to national and international developments in various spheres of human life.<ref name="tlt-1995">{{Cite journal |title=Telugu Literature Today |journal=Indian Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23335697 |last=Dasari |first=Amarendra |date=1 March 1995|volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=159–163 |jstor=23335697 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> The modern Telugu poetry, which began around 1900 developed into three forms – ''Bhava kavitvam'' (lyrical poetry), ''Abhyudaya kavitvam'' (progressive poetry), and new experimental poetry, including ''Viplava kavitvam'' (revolutionary poetry). Gurajada Apparao, [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao|Rayaprolu Subbarao]], [[Gurram Jashuva]], [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]], [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]], and [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] were some of the modern Telugu poets. Palagummi Padmaraju's short story ''Galivaana'' won second prize in World Short Story competition in 1952.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Palagummi Padmaraju—Sensitive Telugu Writer |journal=Indian Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331331 |last=D. |first=Anjaneyulu |date=1 September 1983 |issue=5 |volume=26 |pages=22–26|jstor=23331331 }}</ref> Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastry initiated a new trend by focussing on the downtrodden in his novel Raju-Mahishi. Women writers such as Malati Chandur and Ranganayakamma dominated novels in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the late 1970s, [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] started writing popular novels with a focus on sex, suspense and violence, which were serialised in magazines.<ref name="tlt-1995"/> Viswanatha Satyanarayana was conferred the first [[Jnanpith Award]] for Telugu literature in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jnanpith laureates official listings|url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html|publisher=[[Jnanpith]] Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html|archive-date=13 October 2007|access-date=7 November 2008}}</ref> Telugu film song as literature took shape in the 1930s. Some of the famous lyric writers include [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Senior]], [[Aarudra|Arudra]], [[Acharya Aatreya|Athreya]], [[Daasarathi]], and [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=C Narayana Reddi: Changing contours of Telugu film lyrics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review-telangana/article30535419.ece |last=A.D. |first=Rangarajan |date=10 January 2020 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507085557/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review-telangana/article30535419.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:TIRUMALA ,AP,INDIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], showing ''Gopuram'' (big tower) in the front and ''Vimanam'' (small tower) in gold color at the back]]
Traditional temple architecture is influenced by Dravidian and Vijayanagara styles. In Dravidian architecture for which [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala temple]] is an example, the temples consisted of porches or ''mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or ''[[gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and ''pillared halls'' used for many purposes. Besides these, the temple usually has a tank called the ''Kalyani'' or ''pushkarni''.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date= 1910|edition= 3rd|year= 1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature.<ref name="Gopuram">{{Cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 2007|title= A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-26892-5|page=762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone [[finial]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 1995|title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-28451-2|page=253}}</ref> ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]'' are similar structures built over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams.<ref>{{Cite book |first= S.R.| last= Balasubrahmanyam| title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn=978-9-060-23607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Vijayanagar style for which [[Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi|Lepakshi Veerabhadra temple]] is an example, the main temple is laid out in three parts, these are: The assembly hall known as the ''mukha'' [[mantapa]]; ''arda'' mantapa or ''antarala'' (ante chamber); and the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or the sanctum sanctorum.{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1998|p=295}} Sri [[Venkateswara]] institute of traditional sculpture and architecture, run by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] offers diploma courses.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=A.D. |first1=Rangarajan |title=Ornate sculptures delight visitors at SVITSA expo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ornatesculptures-delight-visitors-at-svitsa-expo/article65143784.ece |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=T. |first1=Sudhakar |title=Institute of traditional sculpture, ancient architecture at Tirupati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/Oct/05/institute-of-traditional-sculpture-ancient-architecture-at-tirupati-668114.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> Civic architecture which mainly featured courtyard structure to support joint family system and simple round houses is giving way to modern apartments.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 'manduva logili' homes of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/the-manduva-logili-homes-of-andhra-pradesh/article19682124.ece |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=17 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Arts ===
{{Main|Music of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu theatre|Carnatic music}}

{{See also|Tholu bommalata}}

[[File:Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|[[Kondapalli Toys]] at a house in Vijayawada]]
[[File:Prathiksha Kashi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kuchipudi]] dance]]
[[Kondapalli Toys]], the soft limestone idol carvings of [[Durgi, Palnadu district|Durgi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|title=Durgi stone craft|publisher=Cesdeva|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204034111/http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Etikoppaka]] lacquered wooden toys are few handicrafts with GI status.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/etikoppaka-toys.html |title=Lacquer ware toys |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Lepakshi handicrafts |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530055241/https://lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/etikoppaka-toys.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/> [[Kuchipudi]], the cultural dance recognised as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Kuchipudi]] in Krishna district.{{Sfn|Devi|1990|page=67}} Several renowned composers of [[Carnatic music]] like [[Annamacharya]], [[Kshetrayya]], [[Tyagaraja]], and [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Bhadrachala Ramadas]] hailed from the state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bhajana tradition in South India |last1=Kuppuswami |first1=Gowri |publisher=Sangeet Natak Academy |year=1982 |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.10217/page/36/mode/1up |last2=Hariharan |first2=M.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Devi|1990|page=75}} ''Sannai'' and ''Dolu'' are common musical instruments of marriages, household, and temple functions in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=D. |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=22-year-old keeps her father's legacy alive through Sannai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Sep/11/22-year-old-keeps-her-fathers-legacy-alive-through-sannai-2497014.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 September 2022}}</ref> ''Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or [[Harikatha]])'' involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story.<ref>{{Cite book| first= Thoomati |last= Donappa|title=Telugu harikatha sarvasvam|oclc=13505520}}</ref> ''Burra katha'' is an [[oral storytelling]] technique in which the topic is either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burrakatha |url=http://shilparamam.ap.gov.in/burrakatha-inner.html |publisher=The Andhra Pradesh Shilparamam Arts, Crafts & Cultural Society |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> ''Drama'' is an [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] art form that is still popular.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Nandi Natakotsavam' begins with exciting plays in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/24/nandi-natakotsavam-begins-with-exciting-plays-in-andhra-pradesh-2644479.html |date= 24 December 2023 |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113513/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/24/nandi-natakotsavam-begins-with-exciting-plays-in-andhra-pradesh-2644479.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gurajada Apparao wrote the play [[Kanyasulkam]] in spoken dialect for the first time. It was first presented in 1892.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gurujada |first1=Venkata Apparao |title=Girls for Sale: A Play from Colonial India |year=2007 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34899-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC8XkT8pGtAC|translator-last1=Velcheru|translator-first1=Narayana Rao |via= Google Books |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> It is considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/remembering-the-immortal-satirist/article3938721.ece|title=Remembering the immortal satirist|first=Srihari|last=Gudipoodi|date=27 September 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 June 2022|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061308/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/remembering-the-immortal-satirist/article3938721.ece|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Telugu film industry (known as "[[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]") is primarily based in Hyderabad, though several films are shot in Vizag, Tirupati, Rajamahendravaram. About 300 films are produced annually,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene? |url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |last= Reddem |first= Appaji |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230623100438/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> [[C. Pullaiah]] is cited as the father of the Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/SATI-SAVITHRI-1933/article15677207.ece|title=Sati Savithri (1933)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2010|last=M. L.|first=Narasimham|access-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{Cite book|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India| first= Bhagwan Das |last= Garg|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=1996|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon |via= Google Books |access-date=17 February 2017}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Film producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] holds a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness record]] for the most films produced by a person.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first= Sathyalaya |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |title=Prestigious 'Phalke" award conferred to veteran film producer D Rama Naidu |work=Asian Tribune |date=11 September 2010 |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523215222/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |archive-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Music composers and playback singers of the state include [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], and [[P. B. Sreenivas]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gopinath |first1=Rajendran |title=A voice to remember |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Aug/24/a-voice-to-remember-2490667.html |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> "Naatu Naatu" from the film [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] became the first song from an Asian film to win the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-oscars-2023-naatu-naatu-wins-best-original-song-ss-rajamouli-8487068/ |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' wins best original song at the 95th Academy Awards, MM Keeravani sings ode to India on stage |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313050942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-oscars-2023-naatu-naatu-wins-best-original-song-ss-rajamouli-8487068/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313112208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts are on to make Vizag as the hub of film industry by offering incentives.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/film-hub-focus-on-vizag-again-729641 |title=Film hub: Focus on Vizag again |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530052913/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/film-hub-focus-on-vizag-again-729641 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Festivals===

''[[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]'' is the major harvest festival celebrated across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/festive-flavours-of-sankranti-in-andhra-pradesh/article66368521.ece |title=Festive flavours of Sankranti in Andhra Pradesh |date=12 January 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |last=Ganguli |first=Nivedita |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602115642/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/festive-flavours-of-sankranti-in-andhra-pradesh/article66368521.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> It is celebrated for four days in the second week of January. The first day of the Telugu new year ''[[Ugadi]]'' which occurs during March/April is also a special festival with the preparation and sharing of pickles (''pachhadi'') made from raw mangoes, neem flowers, pepper powder, jaggery and tamarind. Tasting this pickle which is a mix of different tastes teaches the importance of taking positive/negative life experiences in one's stride. Celebrations end with the recitation of the coming year's astrological predictions called ''Panchanga sravanam''. [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dasami]] known commonly as Dussera and [[Diwali|Deepavali]], the festival of lights are other major Hindu festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/articles/3/festivals-fairs-of-andhra-pradesh |title=Festivals and fairs of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=AP Tourism |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162638/https://aptourism.gov.in/articles/3/festivals-fairs-of-andhra-pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivaratri is celebrated at [[Kotappakonda]], with people from nearby villages preparing 80–100 ft height frames called ''prabhalu'' and taking it in a procession to the shine. [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] is celebrated with special prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Special-prayers-mark-Ramzan/article14477505.ece |title=Special prayers mark Ramzan |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602115641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Special-prayers-mark-Ramzan/article14477505.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rottela Panduga]]'' is celebrated at [[Bara Shaheed Dargah]] in [[Nellore]] with participation across religious lines.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/nellore/stage-set-rottela-panduga-640 |access-date=6 December 2011 |title=Stage set for Rottela panduga |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206091559/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/nellore/stage-set-rottela-panduga-640 |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> Christians celebrate their religious festivals Good Friday, Easter and Christmas with processions and prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Good Friday observed across the State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/good-friday-observed-across-the-state/article8397137.ece |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325205746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/good-friday-observed-across-the-state/article8397137.ece|archive-date=25 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Easter celebrated with fervour and gaiety |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100423/easter-celebrated-with-fervour-and-gaiety.html |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507091522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100423/easter-celebrated-with-fervour-and-gaiety.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Grandeur marks Christmas celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/grandeur-marks-christmas-celebrations/article6725551.ece |date=26 December 2014 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092835/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/grandeur-marks-christmas-celebrations/article6725551.ece|archive-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Andhra Pradesh|Politics of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Legislature|List of districts in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Secretariat14.jpg|thumbnail|Secretariat buildings hosting legislative assembly and council, Amaravati]]
[[File:Map of all Andhra Pradesh districts-en.svg|thumb|400px|Andhra Pradesh districts]]
There are a total of 175 [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] in the state legislative assembly.<ref name="constitutiencies">{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|pages=16–28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|legislative council]] is the upper house with 58 members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|website=AP Legislature|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519055636/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the state has 25 seats in the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' and 11 seats in the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]''.<ref name="constitutiencies"/> In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head and appoints the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister]] who has the ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERI.pdf|title=Chapter I, Constitution of India|date=June 2015| publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first= Durga Das |last= Basu| authorlink= Durga Das Basu |title= Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=2011|edition=22|pages=241, 245|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref>

Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities cornered a share of 66% of seats in the 2019 election results. In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly elections]], Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities among the forward classes got more allocation than OBC in the unreserved category by major political parties or alliances.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.P. elections {{!}} Politically influential castes get a lion's share in unreserved seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/ap-elections-politically-influential-castes-get-a-lions-share-in-unreserved-seats/article68025222.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> TDP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] with [[Janasena Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged victorious defeating the incumbent [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] led by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jagan Mohan Reddy]]. It won 164 seats, while YSRCP got 11, a big drop from 151 it held. N. Chandrababu Naidu became the chief minister of the state for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandrababu Naidu sworn in as Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/article68280396.ece |last=G.V.R. |first=Subba Rao |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/article68280396.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an opinion by Ayesha Minhaz in The Hindu daily, several factors including the prevailing [[anti-incumbency]] against the previous government and the alliance's promise of "Welfare with wealth generation" contributed to the success of TDP-led alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minhaz |first=Ayesha |date=11 June 2024 |title=TDP-JSP-BJP juggernaut heralds a major shift in Andhra Pradesh's politics |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/election-2024/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-chandrababu-naidy-jagan-mohan-reddy-anti-incumbency/article68266643.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Frontline|archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809110052/https://frontline.thehindu.com/election-2024/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-chandrababu-naidy-jagan-mohan-reddy-anti-incumbency/article68266643.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh police are structured in district, subdivision, circle, and police station hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police GIS |url=https://apsac.ap.gov.in/dashboard-staging/ap-police-gis/ |website=Andhra Pradesh Space Applications Centre |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> In 2022, crimes against women and children saw a rise of 43.66% with a case count of 25,503 cases in Andhra Pradesh as per the National crime records bureau (NCRB) data. The state stood fifth in the country with 2,341 cybercrime cases.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gilai |first1=Harish |title=Crimes against women and children rise in Andhra Pradesh in 2022, says NCRB data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crimes-against-women-and-children-rise-in-andhra-pradesh-in-2022-says-ncrb-data/article67607773.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] at [[Amaravati]] is headed by Chief justice with 37 judges. District judiciary is organised in a three-tier system with district courts at the top, civil (senior) and assistant sessions courts in the middle and civil (junior) and judicial first-class magistrate courts at the lower level. Apart from these, there are special courts such as family, CBI, ACB, Land reforms appellate tribunals, and industrial tribunals.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Obligations of public authorities |work= Manual of Judicial Department |url=https://aphc.gov.in/docs/MANUAL_OF_JUDICIAL_DEPARTMENT.pdf |publisher=Andhra Pradesh High Court |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh comprises two regions, namely [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] from a historical perspective.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The birth of Rayalaseema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-birth-of-rayalaseema/article5948111.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 May 2016}}</ref> The northern part of Coastal Andhra is sometimes mentioned separately as [[North Andhra]], to raise voice against underdevelopment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-development-eludes-north-andhra-region-despite-rich-in-natural-resources-say-leaders-of-various-political-parties/article66350378.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh: development eludes North Andhra region despite rich in natural resources, say leaders of various political parties |date=7 January 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113051040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-development-eludes-north-andhra-region-despite-rich-in-natural-resources-say-leaders-of-various-political-parties/article66350378.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh}}

The state is divided into 28 districts. These are further divided into 81 [[revenue division]]s, and 688 [[Tehsil|mandals]]<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=30 December 2025 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref name="districts-20230508"> {{Cite news |title=ఏపీలో ఏడు జిల్లాలవారికి శుభవార్త.. మరో కొత్త రెవెన్యూ డివిజన్ ఏర్పాటు, ఆరు మండలాల విభజన |date=9 May 2023 |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/andhra-pradesh-government-created-a-new-revenue-division-and-divided-six-mandals/articleshow/100085628.cms |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=Samayam|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP gazette No:693: Alluri Sitarama Raju District (ASR) – Bifurcation of Y. Ramavaram Mandal, Rampachodavaram Division, ASR District into two mandals i.e., Gurthedu Mandal with headquarters at Gurthedu {{sic|comprising |hide=y|of}} 59 villages and Y. Ramavaram Mandal with headquarters at Y. Ramavaram comprising of 78 villages. |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3Mjg4MTU0NSwic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE3NjA1MjQxMTkxMTkucGRmIn0.bPA9mzqPs1e1CizslUgI9eWPnSLa1QvIqq4Ez9wzJlM |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=AP Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP District Reorganization: కొత్త కొత్తగా.. |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-reorganized-into-28-districts-from-today-final-notifications-issued-1480335.html |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Andhrajyothy |language=te}}</ref>{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=431}} and 13,324 village panchayats as part of the administrative organisation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Monthly bulletin |publisher=Ministry of Panchayat raj, Government of India |year=2022 |pages=3 |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070851/https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|District Collector]], who oversees land revenue administration, law and order, elections, and developmental activities. Revenue divisions are headed by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officers]] (RDOs), who may be Sub-Collectors (IAS officers) or Deputy Collectors. [[Tehsil|Mandals]], the key sub-district units, consist of multiple villages and are managed by [[Tehsildar|Mandal Revenue Officers]] (MROs), serving as the primary link between the district administration and village-level governance.

=== Local government ===
{{See also|List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
Local government in Andhra Pradesh functions through a three-tier [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj system]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] in towns and cities. Rural governance includes [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]], [[Panchayat samiti|Mandal Parishads]], and [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]], while urban areas are managed by Nagar Panchayats, [[Municipal council (India)|Municipalities]] and [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]]. These bodies are responsible for local administration, development works, and delivery of basic services.

There are 17 municipal corporations, 77 municipalities, and 29 Nagar Panchayats for urban governance in Andhra Pradesh. Rural governance is managed by 13,234 Gram Panchayats at the village level, 676 Mandal Parishads at the mandal level, and 26 Zilla Parishads at the district level. Each of these bodies has elected councils and members.

=== Cities and towns ===
There are 123 [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|urban local bodies]], consisting of 17 [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]], 79 [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|municipalities]], and 27 nagar panchayats, in the state. The urban population is 14.9 million (1.49 crores) as per the 2011 census.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=18}} There are two cities with [[List of cities in India by population|more than one million]] inhabitants, namely [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="top cities">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh (India): State, major agglomerations & cities – Population statistics, maps, charts, weather and web information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-AndhraPradesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021060205/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-AndhraPradesh.html |archive-date=21 October 2018 |website=Citypopulation.de |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|+Cities with the highest population in Andhra Pradesh, as per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]<ref name="top cities" />
|-
!scope=col|City/Town
!scope=col| District(s)
!scope=col| Population (2011)
|-
!scope=row| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli<ref>{{Cite news |title=Merger of Anakapalli and Bheemili municipalities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-wards-up-from-72-to-81/article19505492.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2017|access-date=17 August 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| 1,728,128
|-
!scope=row| [[Vijayawada]]
| NTR
| 1,476,931
|-
!scope=row| [[Guntur]]
| Guntur
| 743,354
|-
!scope=row| [[Nellore]]
| Nellore
| 558,548
|-
!scope=row| [[Kurnool]]
| Kurnool
| 484,327
|-
!scope=row| [[Rajahmundry]]
| East Godavari
| 476,873
|-
!scope=row| [[Tirupati]]
| Tirupati
| 461,900
|-
!scope=row| [[Kakinada]]
| Kakinada
| 443,028
|-
!scope=row| [[Kadapa]]
| YSR Kadapa
| 344,893
|-
!scope=row| [[Anantapur]]
| Anantapur
| 340,613
|}

=== Government revenue and expenditure ===
For 2021–22, total receipts of the Andhra Pradesh government were {{INRConvert|2.05|lc}}, inclusive of {{INRConvert|53284|c}} of loans. States' tax revenue was {{INRConvert|70979|c}}. The top three sources of tax revenue are statedcrores goods and services tax (GST) (₹23,809 crore), sales tax/value added tax (VAT) (₹20,808 crores), and state excise (₹14,703 crores).<ref name="prsindia2023">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/andhra-pradesh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh budget analysis 2023–24 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=PRSINDIA |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528001217/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/andhra-pradesh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government earned a revenue of ₹7,345 crore from 2.574 million transactions for registration services. Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Tirupati are the top contributors to the revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-witnesses-an-upswing-in-revenue-earned-through-registration-and-stamps-department/article66215408.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh witnesses an upswing in revenue earned through registration and stamps department |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526093314/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-witnesses-an-upswing-in-revenue-earned-through-registration-and-stamps-department/article66215408.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

The government's total expenditure was ₹1,91,594 crore, which includes debt repayment of ₹13,920 crore. The fiscal deficit was 2.1% of the GSDP. Outstanding debt was ₹3.89 lakh crore, an increase of almost ₹40,000 crore compared to the previous year. This accounts for 32.4 per cent of the GSDP, which is more than the usual limit of 25% as per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management Actthe and Budget Management ActActstated crores.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ap-govts-debt-mounts-to-389-lakh-crore-in-fy22/article65221649.ece |title=AP Govt's debt mounts to ₹3.89 lakh crore in FY22 |date=13 March 2022 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011200/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ap-govts-debt-mounts-to-389-lakh-crore-in-fy22/article65221649.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The outstanding guarantee estimate was ₹1,38,875 crore, of which power sector accounts for ₹38,473 crore equal to 12% of GDP.<ref name="prsindia2023"/> Out of the audited total expenditure of ₹1,77,674 crore of the state in 2021–22, social services accounted for 42.65% and capital expenditure 9.21%. When compared to 2020–21, the capital expenditure decreased by 14 per cent. Of the total expenditure, major components of the social services breakdown are as follows. The social welfare category accounted for 16%, education, sport, arts and culture had a share of 15% and health and family welfare had a share of 6.3%. Comptroller and Auditor general in its 2023 report warned that the trend of increasing levels of revenue expenditure coupled with a low level of capital spend will adversely impact infrastructure development, development, aggregate demand, employment generation, and revenue generation in the long run.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Report of Comptroller and Auditor General of India – State finances audit report for the year ended 31 March 2022 |last=Comptroller and Auditor General |year=2023 |pages=33}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Gross state product|Gross state domestic product]] (GSDP/GDP) at current prices for the year 2022–23 is estimated at {{INRConvert|1317728|c|abbr=on|year=2023}} (advanced estimates). The share of agriculture's contribution to the GSDP is at 36.19%, while industry is at 23.36%, and services are at 40.45%. The state posted a record growth of 7.02% at constant prices (2011–12) against the country's growth of 7%. GDP per capita is estimated at {{INRConvert|219518|abbr=on}}. The sectoral growth rates at constant 2011–12 prices were for agriculture at 4.54%; industry at 5.66 and services at 10.05%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}<ref name="SES 2022-23 news">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=16 March 2023 |title=Andhra Pradesh posts a growth of 16.22% over the previous year |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-posts-a-growth-of-1622-over-the-previous-year/article66623793.ece |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325001840/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-posts-a-growth-of-1622-over-the-previous-year/article66623793.ece |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Poverty rate is reduced to 4.2% in 2023 from 11.77% in 2015–16 as per ''Niti Ayog'' report. The methodology, based on the global multidimensional poverty index uses 10 indicators, covering three areas health, education, and standard of living and additionally maternal health and bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multidimensional poverty in India since 2005–06 |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/MPI-22_NITI-Aayog20254.pdf |publisher=Niti Ayog |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> Unemployment rate of people with graduation in Andhra Pradesh is estimated at 24% as per periodic labour force survey of July 2022 to June 2023, the third highest in the country. The number for the whole of India is at 13.4%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unemployment rate among graduates declines to 13.4% between July 2022 and June 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unemployment-rate-among-graduates-declines-to-134-between-july-2022-and-june-2023/article67647219.ece |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719015035/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unemployment-rate-among-graduates-declines-to-134-between-july-2022-and-june-2023/article67647219.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the ''Economic Survey of India 2024–25'', Andhra Pradesh was identified as the "leading performer" in the agriculture and allied sectors (excluding forestry and logging), recording a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.80%. It was followed by Madhya Pradesh with 6.30% and Tamil Nadu with 4.80%. Andhra Pradesh also ranked 10th in Gross State Value Added (GSVA) in the services sector.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=31 January 2025 |title=Economic Survey: Andhra Pradesh 'leading performer' with 8.80% CAGR in agriculture and allied sectors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/economic-survey-andhra-pradesh-leading-performer-with-880-cagr-in-agriculture-and-allied-sectors/article69164646.ece |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Konaseema greenery 1.JPG|thumb|alt=|Lush green farms in [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]]]
The agricultural economy comprises agriculture, livestock, poultry farming, and fisheries.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=31}} Four important rivers in India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], flow through the state and provide irrigation.<ref name="wrd-aboutus"/> The population engaged in agriculture and related activities as per 2020–21 fiscal data is 62.17%.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=vii (Executive summary)}} [[Rice]] is the state's major food crop and staple food.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=9}} Besides rice, farmers grow [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[maize]], many varieties of [[Legume|pulses]], [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], fruits, and vegetables.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=110-113}} The state contributed to 30% of fish production of India and it had a share of 35% in total sea food exports of India in 2022–23.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=6}} The state has three agricultural export zones: the undivided Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, the undivided Krishna district for mangoes, and the undivided Guntur district for [[Chili pepper|chillies]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=United AP stood second in agri exports|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|access-date=17 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2016|location=Vijayawada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011133/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banaganapalle mangoes]] produced in the state were accorded GI status in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505001210/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

''Rythu Seva Kendras'' (RSK) or farmer facilitation centres are initiated by the government in 2020 to serve as a hassle-free, one-stop solution for the requirements of farmers from seed-to-sale.<ref>{{Cite news |title=195 Rythu Bharosa Kendras getting ready in the first phase |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/195-rythu-bharosa-kendras-getting-ready-in-the-first-phase/article30952002.ece |date=19 February 2020 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301152031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/195-rythu-bharosa-kendras-getting-ready-in-the-first-phase/article30952002.ece|archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Deekshitula |first1=Subrahmanyam |title=RBKs renamed as Rythu Seva Kendras |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rbks-renamed-as-rythu-seva-kendras-888407 |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Banking services through banking correspondent are also integrated. {{As of |2023|post=,}} 10,778 RSKs are functioning.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rythu Bharosa Kendras a big success, says A.P. Agriculture Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rythu-bharosa-kendras-a-big-success-says-ap-agriculture-minister/article66556800.ece |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228040257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rythu-bharosa-kendras-a-big-success-says-ap-agriculture-minister/article66556800.ece|archive-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> AP land titling act 2023 was brought in to change from presumptive land ownership system based on possession, registration or inheritance documents to conclusive land ownership system, with government standing as surety for the ownership. Lands in 6000 villages were surveyed with drones and land title certificates were issued to owners, with [[georeferencing]] of their land parcels. The benefits of the act include a reduction in land disputes and easier acquisition of lands for public requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Hindu Explains {{!}} Why does India need conclusive land titling? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-does-india-need-conclusive-land-titling/article33891718.ece |last=Jebaraj |first=Priscilla |date=21 February 2021 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221022017/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-does-india-need-conclusive-land-titling/article33891718.ece|archive-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> The newly formed TDP led NDA alliance government decided to repeal the act citing the scope for misuse of authority and deviation from the centre's draft bill.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet gives its nod for repeal of AP Land Titling Act, ratifies new free sand policy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cabinet-gives-its-nod-for-repeal-of-ap-land-titling-act-ratifies-new-free-sand-policy/article68410871.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

The Commission on Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Development of Andhra Pradesh, chaired by Prof. R. Radhakrishna, estimated the number of tenant farmers at 24.25 lakh in 2014. This consists of 6.29 lakh landless tenants and the rest owning some land. Out of 60.73 lakh hectares under cultivation, 27.15 lakh hectares or 44% was cultivated by tenants. Departmental estimates for 2021 put the number of tenant farmers at about 16 lakh. To identify and serve the needs of tenants, the Crop Cultivator Rights Act (CCRA) of 2019 was brought out. Only 26% of tenants obtained the CCRA or loan eligibility cards as per 2022 data.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tenant Farmers Study Report 2022 Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Rythy Swarajya Vedika |year=2022 |url=https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Report-AP-TenantFarmersStudy-English-Final%281%29.pdf |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075909/https://im4change.org/upload/files/Report-AP-TenantFarmersStudy-English-Final(1).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Industries ===
[[File:Isuzu manufacturing plant India.jpg|thumb|[[Isuzu Motors India]] manufacturing plant aerial view, [[Sri City]]]]
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|upright| Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]-SHAR, Sriharikota]]
As per the annual survey of industries 2019–20, the number of factories was 12,582 with 681,224 employees. The top four employment providers are food products (25.48%), non-metallic minerals (11.26%), textiles (9.35%), and pharmaceuticals (8.68%). Gross value added (GVA) contributed by the industrial sector is {{INRConvert|55035|c}}, of which food products (18.95%), pharmaceuticals (17.01%), and non-metallic minerals (16.25%) are the top three contributors. From a district perspective, the top three districts were Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and undivided Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual survey of industries |publisher=DES, GOAP |year=2020 |url=https://des.ap.gov.in/jsp/social/ASI2019-20.pdf |access-date=26 May 2023 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh hosts over 50 notified SEZs, spanning sectors like IT/ITES, pharmaceuticals, multi-product, biotechnology, and textiles, with a focus on export-oriented growth. Key operational examples include: [[Visakhapatnam Special Economic Zone]], [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone]] and several others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEZ policy |url=https://vsez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/goms151-sez-policy.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250501004310/https://vsez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/goms151-sez-policy.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=vsez.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEZs in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://apiic.in/sezs-in-andhra-pradesh/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=APIIC |language=en}}</ref>

The defence administered Hindustan Shipyard Limited built the first ship in [[India]] in 1948.<ref name=hsl>{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Sailing through the 75-year history of shipbuilding in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/sailing-through-the-75-year-history-of-shipbuilding-in-india/article66614566.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The state has 36 big auto players, such as [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Hero Motors]], [[Isuzu Motors India]], and [[Kia Motors India|Kia Motors]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apedb.gov.in/automobile-industry.html |title=Auto, automobiles & EV |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=APEDB |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526050349/https://apedb.gov.in/automobile-industry.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mining sector contributed {{INRConvert|3390|c}} in revenue to the state during 2021–22.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=9}} Nearly 225 million barrels of crude oil was produced from [[Ravva oil field|Ravva block]], in the shallow offshore area of the Krishna Godavari basin during 1994–2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravva Oil and Gas Field |url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/?cf-view |website=Offshore technology |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=18 August 2011}}</ref> The state accounted for 0.6% of had and codensate production, and 2.9% of natural gas production of India in 2020–21.{{Sfn|MOPNG|2023|p=30-33}}

{{As of|2023|06|20|post=,}} there are 190 science and technology organisations in Andhra Pradesh, including 12 central labs and research institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/state-st-organisations/all-st-institution?field_institute_state_tid=4449 |title=List of S&T organisations |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=India science, technology and innovation |publisher=Vigyan Prasar, Department of science and technology, Government of India |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620044153/https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/state-st-organisations/all-st-institution?field_institute_state_tid=4449 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), known as Sriharikota range (SHAR), on the barrier island of [[Sriharikota]] in [[Tirupati district]], is the primary satellite launching station operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SDSC.html |title=SHAR |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113906/https://www.isro.gov.in/SDSC.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Services ===
Trade, hotels & restaurants registered the highest growth rate of 16.64%, while public administration, the lowest growth rate of 4.24% for the year 2022–23 at constant 2011–12 prices among the services category.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=29}} The state is ranked third in domestic tourist footfalls for the year 2021, with 93.2 million domestic tourists, which amounts to 13.8% of all domestic tourists in India. A major share of the tourists visit temples in Tirupati, Vijayawada, and Srisailam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/051222/ap-ranked-3rd-telangana-6th-in-domestic-tourist-footfalls.html |title=AP ranked 3rd, Telangana 6th in domestic tourist footfalls |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526090559/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/051222/ap-ranked-3rd-telangana-6th-in-domestic-tourist-footfalls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The value of [[Information technology in India|information technology]] exports from the state in 2021–22 was {{INRConvert|926|c}}, which is 0.14% of the IT exports from India. Exports have remained below 0.2% in the past five years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradeshs-share-in-it-exports-is-below-02-says-union-minister/article66702647.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh's share in IT exports is below 0.2%, says union minister |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524120917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradeshs-share-in-it-exports-is-below-02-says-union-minister/article66702647.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Andhra Pradesh}}

==== Roads ====
[[File:Crowd at PNBS, Vijayawada 01.jpg| thumb|Passengers at [[Pandit Nehru Bus Station]], Vijayawada]]
{{As of|2023|post=,}} the state has a total major road network of {{Convert|47244.83|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This comprises {{Convert|8163.72|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[National highways of India|national highways]], {{Convert|12595.60|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[State highways in India|state highways]], and {{convert|26485.51|km|mi|abbr=on}} of major district roads.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=168}} In the category of national highways, [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], with a highway network of around {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the state, is a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral|Golden Quadrilateral project]]. Vehicles on the register consist of 1.828 million transport vehicles and 13.7 million non-transport vehicles. In the transport category, goods carriages constitute 53.61%, auto rickshaws 36.21%, and stage carriages 1.14% constitute the top 3 categories. In the non-transport category, motorcycles constitute 89.5%, four-wheelers 7.29%, and cabs 5.96% occupy the top 3 ranks.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=173}} The state government-owned [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Andhra Pradesh state road transport organisation]] is the public bus transport provider. It is split into 129 depots across four zones. It has a fleet strength of 11,098 buses and a staff count of 49,544. It operates 1.11 billion kilometres and serves 3.68 million passengers daily as per the socio-economic survey of 2023.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=176}} {{As of|2023|post=,}}

==== Railways ====
[[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]] was the first among major stations to appear on the railway map of Andhra Pradesh when [[Madras Railway]] connected it to [[Madras]] in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Shikha |title=History of Indian railways from 1853 to present |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/history-of-indian-railways-1644394598-1 |website=Jagranjosh |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=10 February 2022}}</ref> [[Rajahmundry]]-[[Vizag]] and [[Vijayawada]]-[[Kovvur]] sections were opened in 1893. Vijayawada-Madras section was started in 1899. It was extended to [[Howrah]] in 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada – Historical Background |url=https://digitalscr.in/books/4.pdf |website=Digitalscr |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2022|post=,}} the state has a total [[broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] route of {{cvt|3969|km}} with rail density of {{convert|24.36|km|abbr=on}} per {{convert|1000|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian railways year book 2021–22 |publisher=Indian Railways |year=2022 |pages=62 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2023/PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130808/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2023/PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/index/index.html |title=Indian Railway map (searchable) |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[Indian Railway]] |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430005043/https://indianrailways.gov.in/index/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The railway network in Andhra Pradesh is under the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central railway]],<ref name="scr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507070031/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live|archive-date=7 May 2017|title=State-wise route kilometerage|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast railway]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,1290 |title=East coast railway divisions |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=East coast railway |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171216/https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,1290 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western railway]] zones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261 |title=South Western Railway – divisions |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=South Western railway |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424131825/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261 |url-status=live }}</ref> During 2014–2022, {{convert|350|km|abbr=on}} of new lines were constructed at a rate of {{convert|44|km|abbr=on}} per year in Andhra Pradesh under the South Central railway division. The rate of construction was only {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} per year in the preceding five years.{{Sfn|IR|2022|p=5}} The [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section|Nadikudi–Srikalahasti line]] with a length of {{convert|308.70|km|abbr=on}}, which was sanctioned at a budget of {{INRConvert|22.89|b}} in 2011–12 as a joint project of the centre and state, is progressing slowly, with only phase one of {{convert|46|km|abbr=on}} between [[Piduguralla|New Piduguralla]] and [[Savalyapuram]] completed by 2021–22.{{Sfn|IR|2022|p=29}} There are three A1 and 23 A-category railway stations in the state, as per the assessment in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise no. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} was declared [[List of cleanest railway stations in India|the cleanest railway station]] in the country, as per the assessment in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|title=Vizag billed the cleanest rail station|date=18 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 January 2018|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104133007/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The railway station in [[Shimiliguda]] is the second broad gauge railway station at high altitude in the country next to [[Qazigund railway station|Qazigund]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|title=Hidden 100 – 58 tunnels. 84 bridges. Welcome to Araku Valley|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|access-date=23 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609115011/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> A new railway zone [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast railway]] (SCoR), with headquarters in Visakhapatnam, was announced in 2019, but is yet to be implemented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|title=Cabinet approves South Coast railway zone|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402144738/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delays dog new railway zone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece |last=B |first=Madhu Gopal |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=30 April 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228045510/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>

==== Airports ====
{{See also|List of airports in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Map/Airports in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Tirupati Airport]] was established in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupati International Airport |url=https://www.tudaap.in/activity.php?category=Tirupati%20International%20Airport |website=Tirupati urban development authority |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]] became a part of civil aviation in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam Airport Advertising |url=https://www.gingermediagroup.com/visakhapatnam-airport-advertising/ |website=Gingermediagroup |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Daily flights to [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]] were started in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Air Deccan takes off finally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/air-deccan-takes-off-finally/articleshow/227312.cms |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2003}}</ref> Apart from these three which are international airports, the state has three [[domestic airport]]s, namely [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajahmundry]], [[Kadapa Airport|Kadapa]], and [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]].{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=180-183}} A privately owned airport for emergency flights and chartered flights is at [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport|Puttaparthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puttaparthi airport to facilitate emergency landings; security to be beefed up |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/250721/puttaparthi-airport-to-facilitate-emergency-landings-security-to-be-b.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810133924/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/250721/puttaparthi-airport-to-facilitate-emergency-landings-security-to-be-b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhogapuram international airport is being constructed with a budget of ₹4,750 crore on an area of 2,300 acres near Visakhapatnam. It is expected to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhogapuram international airport will be ready by 2025, says Andhra Pradesh Industries Minister Gudivada Amarnath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bhogapuram-international-airport-will-be-ready-by-2025-says-andhra-pradesh-industries-minister-gudivada-amarnath/article67645263.ece |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217015305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bhogapuram-international-airport-will-be-ready-by-2025-says-andhra-pradesh-industries-minister-gudivada-amarnath/article67645263.ece|archive-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh saw a 60% increase in domestic air passenger traffic, with 24.74 lakh visitors at its five airports during the 2021–22 fiscal year (up to January 2022), compared to 15.48 lakh in the same period the previous fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.P. airports see 60% jump in domestic passenger footfall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-airports-see-60-jump-in-domestic-passenger-footfall/article65246193.ece |last=Boda |first=Tarun |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401101206/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-airports-see-60-jump-in-domestic-passenger-footfall/article65246193.ece|archive-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

==== Sea ports ====
{{See also|List of ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Map/Seaports in Andhra Pradesh}}[[File:Vizag seaport.jpg|thumb|Vizag seaport]]
The state has one major port at [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]] under the administrative control of the central government and 15 notified ports, including three captive ports, under the control of the state government.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|page=183}} Visakhapatnam port was the earliest port to be commissioned in 1933.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visakhapatnam Port turning 90 on October 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-port-turning-90-on-october-7/article67388936.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 October 2023}}</ref> Gangavaram port is a deep seaport that can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title=Gangavaram port to double capacity soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gangavaram-port-to-double-capacity-soon/article7242475.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Cargo of 189.21 million tonnes was handled by Gangavaram, Kakinada deepwater, Krishnapatnam, Ravva, Kakinada anchorage, and Visakhapatnam during 2023–34, with a growth of 7.9% over the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh invests in port-led growth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/andhra-pradesh-invests-in-port-led-growth/article68115119.ece |last=G |first=Naga Sreedhar |date=28 April 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[Business Line]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429054625/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/andhra-pradesh-invests-in-port-led-growth/article68115119.ece|archive-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> New sea ports are under construction at Ramayapatnam, Machilipatnam, Mulapeta, and Kakinada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Works apace at seaports and fishing harbours being constructed in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/works-apace-at-seaports-and-fishing-harbours-being-constructed-in-andhra-pradesh/article67205843.ece |last=V. |first=Raghavendra |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824042832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/works-apace-at-seaports-and-fishing-harbours-being-constructed-in-andhra-pradesh/article67205843.ece|archive-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

===Communication===
As per socio-economic survey released in January 2023, Andhra Pradesh has {{formatnum:10605}} post offices.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=189}} Bharat sanchar nigam limited (BSNL) operates {{formatnum:1310}} telephone exchanges with 20.6 million landline connections and also has 5.4 million wireless subscribers.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=186}} Airtel, Jio, Vodaphone Idea, and BSNL provide mobile services in the state.<ref name="trai-54/2024"/> {{As of |2023|post=,}} the number of mobile phone users reached 82 million, while the number of internet subscribers reached 67.1 million in Andhra Pradesh. Mobile network services are available in 15,322 out of 17,328 villages. 5G network connectivity is provided by 16,714 base transfer stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobile towers in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/746437/1/PQ_262_08122023_U704_p275_p276.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Several providers including state government owned [[Andhra Pradesh State FiberNet Limited|Andhra Pradesh state fibre net limited]] operate wireline services supporting internet connectivity, telephony, and [[Internet Protocol television]].<ref name="trai-54/2024">{{Cite book |title=Press Release No.54/2024 |date=20 August 2024 |publisher=Telecom regulatory authority of India |location=New Delhi |pages=16–17 |url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.54of2024_0.pdf |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh state fiberNet limited is poised for growth, says Goutham Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-state-fibernet-limited-is-poised-for-growth-says-goutham-reddy/article65381371.ece |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2022}}</ref> The AP statewide area network connects 2,164 offices of state administration at 668 locations down to the level of mandal headquarters.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=204}} The network supports both data and video communications. BSNL and the National Knowledge Network multi-purposeCricket link district headquarters with state headquarters with a bandwidth of 34 Mbit/s. Mandal headquarters are connected with a bandwidth of 8 Mbit/s.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=195}}

=== Water ===
The state has 40 major and medium rivers and 40,000 minor irrigation sources. Godavari, Krishna, and Penna are major rivers. The total cultivable area is 19.904 million acres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/home |title=Home page |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> Major, medium, and minor irrigation projects irrigate 10.172 million acres or 51.1% {{As of |2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |title=Andhra Pradesh projects information |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203420/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |url-status=live }}</ref>{{cbignore}} Several water projects in the state are facing issues. The [[Polavaram Project]] is a multi purpose terminal reservoir project located 42 km upstream of Davaleswaram barrage. It is a national project as per the AP Reorganisation Act of 2014. It has a reservoir capacity of 194.6 TMC and is expected to utilise 322.73 TMC of water in a year.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/polavaramnew.html |title=Polavaram Project |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705102504/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/polavaramnew.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{cbignore}} The under-construction project suffered setbacks with damage to its diaphragm wall during the 2022 floods.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dam-design-review-panel-approves-repairs-to-polavaram-diaphragm-wall-damaged-in-godavari-floods/article66584237.ece |title=Dam design review panel approves repairs to Polavaram diaphragm wall damaged in Godavari floods |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530065426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dam-design-review-panel-approves-repairs-to-polavaram-diaphragm-wall-damaged-in-godavari-floods/article66584237.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Veligonda Project]], taken up to serve needs of Prakasam, Nellore, and YSR Kadapa districts is progressing slowly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Excavation works of Poola Subbaiah Veligonda Project's tunnel two completed in Andhra Pradesh, says official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/excavation-works-of-poola-subbaiah-veligonda-projects-tunnel-two-completed-in-andhra-pradesh-says-official/article67772746.ece |date=24 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326065108/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/excavation-works-of-poola-subbaiah-veligonda-projects-tunnel-two-completed-in-andhra-pradesh-says-official/article67772746.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The Annamayya project, washed away in the 2021 floods, is set to be redesigned for 787 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S. |first1=Nagaraja Rao |title=Andhra Pradesh: Two years on, Annamayya project still awaits design approval |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/19/andhra-pradesh-two-yearson-annamayya-project-still-awaits-design-approval-2634294.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Following the bifurcation, [[Disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana|disputes with Telangana regarding the allocation of Krishna and Godavari]] waters continue to dog the state.<ref name="water-sharing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/explained-the-telangana-andhra-pradesh-water-dispute/article66880971.ece |title=Explained : The Telangana- Andhra Pradesh water dispute |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/explained-the-telangana-andhra-pradesh-water-dispute/article66880971.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Power ===
{{Main|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]]]

[[Thermal power station|Thermal]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydel]] and [[Renewable energy|renewable]] power plants supply power to the state. The installed capacity share of the state in the public sector generating stations was 7,245 MW. The private sector installed capacity was 9,370 MW, which includes an independent power producer capacity of 1,961 MW. The total installed capacity was 16,615 MW. Peak power demand for the state in 2021–22 was 12,032 MW and per capita consumption was 1,285 kilowatt hours. The energy consumed was 68,972 million units.<ref name="appower">{{Cite book |title=Power development in Andhra Pradesh (Statistics) 2021–22 |year=2022 |url=https://aptransco.co.in/pds-fy2021-22-final.pdf |access-date=29 April 2024 |pages=1–2 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Energy consumption increased from 54,555 MU in 2018–19 to 69,113 MU in 2023–24, at a growth rate of 4.8% which is among the lowest in the country. The per capita electricity consumption of AP. Increased by only 123 kWh in the same period when there was an increase of 146 kWh at the national level. The reasons were because of steep tariff increases and re-imposing power cuts as there was a delay in commissioning of the Polavaram hydro-electric power project (960 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah thermal power station (Krishnapatnam) stage-II unit-3 (800 MW) and Dr. Narla Tata Rao thermal power station stage-V unit-8 (800 MW) stations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=White Paper on A.P. power sector reveals ₹1.29 lakh crore burden on govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/white-paper-on-ap-power-sector-reveals-129-lakh-crore-burden-on-govt/article68385541.ece |last=M. |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711015712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/white-paper-on-ap-power-sector-reveals-129-lakh-crore-burden-on-govt/article68385541.ece|archive-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
The health infrastructure consists of 13 district hospitals, 28 sub-district hospitals, and {{formatnum:6049}} urban and rural health centres as of 2019–20. Doorstep healthcare support services are provided through {{formatnum:42060}} Accredited social health activist(ASHA) workers as of July 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Health dossier 2021 : Reflections on key health indicators – Andhra Pradesh |date=2021 |publisher=National health systems resource centre |location=New Delhi |pages=6–13 |url=https://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/practice_image/HealthDossier2021/Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref> The 108 service provides fast emergency management services by shifting patients to a nearby healthcare facility. The 104 service provides health care services at the doorstep of villages through mobile medical units that visit at least once a month.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/108-104-totally-dissimilar-services-751732 |title=108 & 104 totally dissimilar services |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |last=Vanam |first=Jwala Narasimha Rao |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602063749/https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/108-104-totally-dissimilar-services-751732 |url-status=live }}</ref> All the poor families are covered by the free state health insurance scheme up to a limit of {{INRConvert|2500000}}. The scheme serves 42.5 million people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=G. Naga |date=18 December 2023 |title=AP increases YSR Aarogyasri free treatment limit to ₹25 lakh |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-increases-ysr-aarogyasri-free-treatment-limit-to-25-lakh/article67649885.ece |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |access-date=30 April 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219012519/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-increases-ysr-aarogyasri-free-treatment-limit-to-25-lakh/article67649885.ece|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> The services are provided in government and private hospitals under the network. During 2014–2018, though the nominal mean claim amount of beneficiaries went up significantly, it decreased after accounting for inflation. Mortality rates have significantly decreased, which indicates better outcomes are being achieved at a lower cost.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Utilization trends of a government-sponsored health insurance program in South India: 2014 to 2018 |journal=Value in Health Regional Issues |year=2022 |volume=27 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1016/j.vhri.2021.02.007 |pmid=34844063 |last1=Singh |first1=P. |last2=Powell |first2=A. C. |s2cid=244706313 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Out of 2,700 private hospitals registered under the state health insurance scheme, 540 (20%) are speciality hospitals. The number of patients treated under the state health insurance scheme increased from 1.2 million in 2022–23 to 1.39 million in 2023–24. whereas the budget remained constant at ₹3,350 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=No free treatment for Arogyasari patients in Andhra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-free-treatment-for-arogyasari-patients-in-andhra-101716321391891.html |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=22 May 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-free-treatment-for-arogyasari-patients-in-andhra-101716321391891.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The National family health survey-5 conducted in 2019–21 data provided an insight into the economic and health status of households. Housing, electricity, clean fuel, access to toilets, mobile phone usage, and bank account access were available for more than 85% of households. Piped water facilities were available for only 22% of households. The state health insurance scheme, the employee health scheme, the ''Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana'', the Employees' state insurance scheme, and the Central government health scheme covered 70% of households with at least one member covered.<ref>{{Cite book |title=National family health survey (NFHS-5), India, 2019–21: Andhra Pradesh |last=International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF |publisher=IIPS |year=2021 |location=Mumbai|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602012114/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Banking ===
{{As of |2023|03|31|post=,}} there are 33 private sector banks, 12 public sector banks, three rural banks, three small finance banks, three payment banks, one cooperative bank, and one state financial corporation operating in the state. The total number of branches is 7,881.<ref>{{Cite book |title=SLBC meeting 223 Data Sheets |year=2023 |url=https://www.slbcap.nic.in/pages/SLBC%20Meetings/Data%20Sheets_223.pdf}}</ref> {{As of |2022|09|post=,}} Banks have deposits amounting to {{INRConvert|435183.49|c}} and extended credit amounting to {{INRConvert|628134.9|c}}, with credit deposit ratio of 144% against Reserve Bank of India norm of 60%. Primary sector advances amounted to 60.13% of total bank credit.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=189}} Till March 2011, the microfinance industry flourished in united Andhra Pradesh with a share of 65% of pan India gross loans. Due to state regulation enacted in 2010, the loan portfolio shrank to 0.8% in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 March 2023. With the court deciding against state regulation, the industry is likely to pick up again.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will the Telangana HC ruling change fortunes for Andhra microfinance sector? |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-services/will-the-telangana-hc-ruling-change-fortunes-for-andhra-microfinance-sector/104838751 |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718145531/https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-services/will-the-telangana-hc-ruling-change-fortunes-for-andhra-microfinance-sector/104838751 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education==
{{Main|Education in Andhra Pradesh|List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Andhra University Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|[[Andhra University|Andhra University, Visakhapatnam]]]]
Primary and secondary school education is imparted by government and private schools, regulated by the school education department of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School education department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |location=Hyderabad |date=26 March 2015}}</ref> The government decided to stop financial aid to aided schools with history dating to 1870s, forcing them to handover the schools with the aided staff to government or become private in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandam |first=Naresh |date=28 September 2021 |title=Ongole : Future of poor students hangs in balance as govt absorbs aided staff |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-future-of-poor-students-hangs-in-balance-as-govt-absorbs-aided-staff-708426 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309091245/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-future-of-poor-students-hangs-in-balance-as-govt-absorbs-aided-staff-708426 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yallampalli |first1=Vaikuntham |title=Education and social change in South India: Andhra, 1880–1920 |date=1982 |publisher=New era publications |location=Madras |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_U5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22aided+schools%22 |via= Google Books |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> As per Unified district information system for education plus (UDISE+) report of 2021–22, there were a total of {{formatnum:8244647}} students enrolled in {{formatnum:61948}} schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UDISE plus dashboard |url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/School/DataDashboard |website=Department of School education and literacy |access-date=9 August 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Performance of rural students on reading, arithmetic skills in grades 1–8 declined during 2018–2022 partly attributed to Covid outbreak. As an example, for the reading assessment in Class VIII students, it nosedived 67% in 2022 from over 78% in 2018. However, the student enrolment at government schools improved from 63.2% to 71%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Umamaheswar |title=63% class V pupils can't read class II text in AP: ASER 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/63-class-v-pupils-cant-read-class-ii-text-in-ap-aser-2022/articleshow/102121592.cms |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2023}}</ref> In the March 2024 secondary school certificate (SSC) exam {{Nowrap|616,615}} students appeared in the regular stream. Parvathipuram-Manyam district achieved the highest pass percentage of 96.37 among districts. The overall pass percentage was 86.69%, an increase of 14.43% over the previous year, with 100% in 2,803 schools.<ref name="ssc2024" >{{Cite news |title=86.69% students pass SSC examinations in Andhra Pradesh, 2,803 schools record 100% results |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/8669-of-students-pass-ssc-examinations-in-andhra-pradesh-2803-schools-record-100-results/article68094695.ece |last=Rajulapudi |first=Sreenivas |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/8669-of-students-pass-ssc-examinations-in-andhra-pradesh-2803-schools-record-100-results/article68094695.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ssc2023">{{Cite news |title=Girls outperform boys by over 6% in SSC exams in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-by-over-6-in-ssc-exams-in-andhra-pradesh/article66819882.ece |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519233319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-by-over-6-in-ssc-exams-in-andhra-pradesh/article66819882.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>
In intermediate (higher secondary) examinations held in March 2024, 393,757 students appeared. The pass percentage was 78%, which is an increase of 7% over the previous year.<ref name="inter2024">{{Cite news |title=Girls outperform boys in Intermediate Public Examination in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-in-intermediate-public-examination-in-andhra-pradesh/article68057354.ece |last=P. |first=Sujatha Verma |date=12 April 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503061122/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-in-intermediate-public-examination-in-andhra-pradesh/article68057354.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="inter2023">{{Cite news |title=Girls dominate boys in AP Intermediate 1 & 2 results |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/260423/girls-dominate-boys-in-ap-intermediate-1-2-results.html |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509233151/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/260423/girls-dominate-boys-in-ap-intermediate-1-2-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state initiated education reforms in 2020 by creating six types of schools: satellite foundation schools (pre-primary), foundational schools (pre-primary – class II), foundational school plus (pre-primary – class V), pre-high school (class III – class VII/VIII), high school (class III – class X), and high school plus (class III – class XII).{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=12}} The transition to English-medium education in all government schools was started in the academic year 2020–2021. It is expected to reach completion by 2024–25. Affiliation of 1,000 government schools to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] in 2022–23 was done as an initial step.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=P. |first1=Sujatha Varma |title=New pattern of exam awaits students of CBSE-affiliated government schools in A.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-pattern-of-exam-awaits-students-of-cbse-affiliated-government-schools-in-ap/article67379529.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 October 2023}}</ref> The state government went ahead with the English medium based on the parents survey despite protests and court cases.<ref name="english-medium-roots">{{Cite news |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/andhra-pradesh/english-medium-schools-andhra-pradesh/ |title=Andhra schools' transition from Telugu to English medium has roots in the far past |date=19 May 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=The federal |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120649/https://thefederal.com/states/south/andhra-pradesh/english-medium-schools-andhra-pradesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state initiative is being funded in part by a loan from the World Bank to the tune of $250 million over 2021–2026 through the "Supporting Andhra's learning transformation" project to improve the learning outcomes of children up to class II level.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Program appriasal document -SALT |publisher=World Bank |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/149391624240914510/pdf/India-Supporting-Andhras-Learning-Transformation-Operation-Program-for-Results-Project.pdf |date=20 May 2021 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120651/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/149391624240914510/pdf/India-Supporting-Andhras-Learning-Transformation-Operation-Program-for-Results-Project.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2023|post=,}} there are 169 government-aided degree colleges and 55 private-aided degree colleges in the state. National assessment and accreditation council grades were awarded to 66 government colleges and 48 private-aided colleges. There are 85 government-aided and 175 private polytechnic colleges with a sanctioned strength of 75,906 students.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=13-14}} In the category of technical education, there are 685 institutions offering diploma, undergraduate, and postgraduate Visakhapatnamthe courses, with an intake of 299,608.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual report 2021-22 |date=2022 |publisher=AICTE |location=New Delhi |page=121 |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/AR/AICTE_Annual%20Report_2022_English.pdf |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> The AP state council of higher education organises various entrance tests for different streams and conducts counselling for admissions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh state council of higher education releases schedule of common entrance tests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-state-council-of-higher-education-releases-schedule-of-common-entrance-tests/article68128933.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2024}}</ref> The AP state skill development corporation is set up to support skill development and placement for the educated.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Laxmi |first1=Pranathi |title=APSSDC empowers 1.35 lakh youth through skill training |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/241223/apssdc-empowers-135-lakh-youth-through-skill-training.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 December 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} there are a total of 36 universities: three central universities, 23 state public universities, six state private universities, and four deemed universities.{{Sfn|UGC|2021|p=100}} [[Andhra University]] is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Old-timers recollect glorious days of AU|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/au-old-timers-recollect-glorious-days/article18237557.ece|access-date=2 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214134019/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/au-old-timers-recollect-glorious-days/article18237557.ece|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical profile of universities in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|website=Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052107/http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government established [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid|Rajiv Gandhi university of knowledge technologies]] in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies |publisher=Rgukt.in |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142943/http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> NTR University of health sciences oversees medical education in 348 affiliated colleges spanning the entire range from traditional medicine to modern medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hmfw.ap.gov.in/nuhs-org.aspx |title=Dr. N.T.R University of Health Sciences (NUHS) |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=Department of health, medical and family welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227135857/http://hmfw.ap.gov.in/nuhs-org.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The public universities, including the legacy universities such as Andhra, Sri Venkateswara, and Nagarjuna, are suffering from a severe fund crunch and staff shortage, managing with only 20% of sanctioned full-time staff.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/state-run-varsities-slow-descent-into-oblivion/article66917267.ece |title=A.P. Spotlight {{!}} The slow descent of state-run varsities into oblivion in Andhra Pradesh |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602032058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/state-run-varsities-slow-descent-into-oblivion/article66917267.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering|KL University]] bagged the 50th rank, while Andhra university bagged the 76th rank in the overall category of India rankings for 2023 as per the national institute ranking framework of the union ministry of education in which 2,478 institutions, including 242 institutions from the state, participated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NIRF Rankings: only two institutions from Andhra Pradesh figure in top 100 educational institutions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nirf-rankings-only-two-institutions-from-andhra-pradesh-figure-in-top-100-educational-institutions/article66934394.ece |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612055947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nirf-rankings-only-two-institutions-from-andhra-pradesh-figure-in-top-100-educational-institutions/article66934394.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education for the age group 18–23 for the state was at 35.2% for the year 2019–20, which comparing favourably with the GER for all of India at 27.1%. With a female GER of 35.3 and a male GER of 38.2, the [[Gender Parity Index]] was 0.84. The corresponding ratio for India was 1.01.{{Sfn|UGC|2021|p=93}}

There were 510 industrial training institutes (ITI) in 2020–21 in Andhra Pradesh, with 82 under government management and 417 under private management. The total available seats in 2021 were 93,280, out of which 48.90% were filled. In 2020, 10,053 students completed ITI.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transforming industrial training institutes |publisher=Niti Ayog |year=2023 |pages=30|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/ITI_Report_02022023.pdf |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420214506/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/ITI_Report_02022023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has 2,510 public libraries, including four regional libraries and 13 district central libraries under government management.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Public library system in Andhra Pradesh: An overview |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11045&context=libphilprac |last=B |first=Deenadhayalu |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=University of Nebraska – Lincoln |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805082011/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11045&context=libphilprac |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saraswata Niketanam]] at [[Vetapalem]] in [[Bapatla district]], one of the oldest libraries established under private management in 1918, is losing its attraction as the Internet spreads.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This 100-year-old library loses its patrons as Internet spreads reach |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/dec/31/this-100-year-old-library-loses-its-patrons-as-internet-spreads-reach-1918656.html |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619055648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/dec/31/this-100-year-old-library-loses-its-patrons-as-internet-spreads-reach-1918656.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The government is planning to develop digital libraries at the village panchayat level.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Digital libraries yet to materialise despite funding |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/digital-libraries-yet-to-materialise-despite-funding-769781 |date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619053620/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/digital-libraries-yet-to-materialise-despite-funding-769781 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==

The total number of registered newspapers and periodicals in the state for the years 2020–21 was 5,798. There were 1,645 dailies, 817 weeklies, 2,431 monthlies, and 623 fortnightlies. Telugu dailies number 787 with a circulation of 9,911,005, while English dailies account for 103 with a circulation of 1,646,453.<ref name="pin202021-ch9">{{Cite book |title=Press in India 2020–21 Chapter 9: Press in states and union territories |publisher=RNI |year=2021 |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2020_21/pin2020_21_eng/Chapter%209.pdf |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528012037/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2020_21/pin2020_21_eng/Chapter%209.pdf |url-status=live |page=524 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Telugu newspapers and periodicals in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states: A study |journal=International Journal of Library and Information Studies |url=https://www.ijlis.org/articles/telugu-newspapers-and-periodicals-in-andhra-pradesh-and-telangana-states-a-study.pdf |last1=Dudekula |first1=Dastagiri |last2=KVN |first2=Rajeswara Rao |last3=Kopparthi |first3=Adisesu |issue=4 |volume=8 |year=2018 |issn=2231-4911 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619041411/https://www.ijlis.org/articles/telugu-newspapers-and-periodicals-in-andhra-pradesh-and-telangana-states-a-study.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'', and ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' are the top three Telugu daily newspapers in terms of circulation in India and are also the top three Telugu news sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest circulated dailies, weeklies & magazines amongst member publications (across languages) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20%28across%20languages%29.pdf?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_sch=http |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Auditbureau |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045534/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_sch=http |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Webometric analysis of Telugu news paper websites: An evaluative study using Alexa Internet |journal=International Journal of Digital Library Services |last1=KT |first1=Naheem |last2=M |first2=Saraswati Rao |issue=2 |volume=7 |year=2017 |issn=2250-1142}}</ref> BBC Telugu news was launched on 2 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC to launch Telugu news website |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/BBC-to-launch-Telugu-news-website/article16863732.ece |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619043902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/BBC-to-launch-Telugu-news-website/article16863732.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-45719172 |title=BBC News తెలుగు: ఒక ఏడాది.. కొన్ని అనుభవాలు |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=BBC |language=te |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619043902/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-45719172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several privately owned news media outlets are considered biased towards specific political parties in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tussle-between-media-houses-turns-into-political-battle-in-andhra-pradesh-ahead-of-assembly-elections-jagan-govt-orders-probe-into-margadarsi-chit-fund-irregularities-targeting-eenadu-media-baron-ramoji-rao-101682535932951.html |title=Andhra Pradesh: Tussle between media houses takes political colour |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527113836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tussle-between-media-houses-turns-into-political-battle-in-andhra-pradesh-ahead-of-assembly-elections-jagan-govt-orders-probe-into-margadarsi-chit-fund-irregularities-targeting-eenadu-media-baron-ramoji-rao-101682535932951.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/warning-to-media-by-andhra-pradesh-government-is-it-a-caste-rivalry/cid/1713295 |title=Warning to media by Andhra Pradesh government: Is it a caste rivalry? |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=The Telegraph |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527113836/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/warning-to-media-by-andhra-pradesh-government-is-it-a-caste-rivalry/cid/1713295 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There were 23 news channels, 10 general entertainment channels, two health channels, six religious channels, two other channels, and two cable distribution channels, for a total of 45 channels empanelled by the Andhra Pradesh information and public relations department.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/tv-rates.html |title=I & PR approved rates towards telecast of TV spots and Scrolls|access-date=27 May 2023 |website=IPR, AP Government |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326000645/https://ipr.ap.nic.in/tv-rates.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of |2019|post=,}} [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] previously known as All India Radio, operates 3 MW, 17 FM transmitters from 14 locations in the state. It reaches 99% of the area and 99.5% of the population. Akashvani's FM coverage alone reaches 36% of the area and 45% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://akashvani.gov.in/air/custom-includes/stations.pdf |title=Existing AIR stations |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[All India Radio]] |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222105423/https://akashvani.gov.in/air/custom-includes/stations.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Five private operators run 13 FM stations, with [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] operating from five locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/388%20operational%20channels.pdf |title=Details of operational private FM radio stations as on 15.08.2022 |date=15 August 2022 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616065842/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/388%20operational%20channels.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:ACA-VDCA stadium at Madhurawada 02.jpg|thumb|[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh|Traditional games]] played during childhood include ''Dagudu Mootalu'' (Hide and seek), ''[[Tokkudu Billa]]'', ''[[Seven stones|Yedu Penkulata]]'', [[Pallanguzhi|''Vamanaguntalu'']], ''Chadarangam'' ([[Chess]]), ''[[Puli Joodam]]'', [[Ashta Chamma – Board Game|''Ashta Chamma'']], ''Vaikuntapali'' ([[Snakes and ladders]]), [[Nalugu Stambhalata (game)|''Nalugu Stambalata'']], and [[Nalugu Rallu Aata – Game of 4 stones|''Nalugu ralla aata'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2 July 2018 |title=Meet on traditional games concludes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-07-01/Meet-on-traditional-games-concludes/394219 |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]]|archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809111049/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/null |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Karra Samu|Karra samu]]'' (stick fight) is a traditional martial art form of the state. It is a form of self-defence to prevent thefts and robbery in villages. It is a discipline in the national sports, though it is not recognised for the sports quota category of reservations in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Reviving tradition: Karrasamu returns to Andhra Pradesh's martial arts scene |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/reviving-tradition-karrasamu-returns-to-andhra-pradeshs-martial-arts-scene/article68104887.ece |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body that looks after the infrastructure development, coaching, and administration of sports promotion schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boda |first1=Tharun |title=Aim is to make defunct sports arenas available for the public |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/aim-is-to-make-defunct-sports-arenas-available-for-the-public/article66171450.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Sports authority of India (SAI) operates three SAI Training centres in Andhra Pradesh {{as of| 2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual report and audited accounts – SAI |date=2022 |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |page=93 |url=https://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/sai/public/assets/pdfs/annualreports/2021-22/SAI_AR_English_2021-22.pdf |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Dr. YSR Sports School, Putlampalli, Kadapa district was selected for upgradation as ''Khelo'' India centre of excellence in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khelo India may upgrade the facilities in Kadapa's YSR Sports School |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/280621/khelo-india-may-upgrade-the-facilities-in-kadapas-ysr-sports-school.html |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 June 2021}}</ref> [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|Andhra Cricket Visakhapatnam District Association cricket Association (ACA-VDCA) stadium]] in Visakhapatnam is known for hosting international cricket matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACA-VDCA Stadium bolsters its reputation as a batters' paradise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/aca-vdca-stadium-bolsters-its-reputation-as-a-batters-paradise/article68025850.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

[[Pullela Gopichand]] is a former Indian [[badminton]] player. He won the [[All England Open Badminton Championships]] in 2001, becoming the second Indian to win after [[Prakash Padukone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 years of independence, 75 iconic moments from Indian sports: No 29 – March 11, 2001: Pullela Gopichand wins All-England Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/75-years-independence-iconic-moments-indian-sports-pullela-gopichand-wins-all-england-championships-march-11-2001/article38506915.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=29 June 2022}}</ref> [[P. V. Sindhu]] is one of India's most successful athletes, having won medals in major tournaments like the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] and the [[BWF World Tour|BWF circuit]], including a gold at the [[2019 BWF World Championships|2019 World Championships]]. She is the first Indian to become a badminton world champion and only the second to win two consecutive Olympic medals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2021 |title=PV Sindhu joins select group of repeat medalists with Tokyo 2020 bronze |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze |access-date=1 August 2021 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801170847/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karnam Malleswari]] is the first female Indian to win an [[Olympic medal]]. She won bronze medal in 69 kg weightlifting event at 2000 Olympics games.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ganguly|first=Meenakshi|date=27 December 2000 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2054437%2C00.html |access-date=5 January 2013|title= Conversations: 'I did what I could for my country'|magazine= Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105183659/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2054437%2C00.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref> Srikanth Kidambi, a badminton player, is the first Indian to reach the world championships final in 2021 in the men's singles and win a silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikanth Kidambi |url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/srikanth-kidambi |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028095843/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/srikanth-kidambi |url-status=live }}</ref> The state secured 16 medals at the 36th national games held in 2022. It was ranked 21st in the competition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/national-games-ap-settles-with-16-medals-21st-rank/article66002671.ece |title=National games: AP settles with 16 medals, 21st rank |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528061533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/national-games-ap-settles-with-16-medals-21st-rank/article66002671.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The state sportpersons won 11 medals in Tennis, Archery, Badminton, Athletics, Chess and Cricket disciplines in the 19th Asian games held in China in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asian Games medallists from Andhra Pradesh call on Chief Minister Jagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asian-games-medalists-from-andhra-pradesh-call-on-chief-minister-jagan/article67442583.ece |last=GVR |first=Subba Rao |date=20 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716102442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asian-games-medalists-from-andhra-pradesh-call-on-chief-minister-jagan/article67442583.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The state was ranked at 13th spot in the sixth edition of Khelo India youth games-2023, by winning 27 medals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sportspersons from Andhra Pradesh win 27 medals, including 7 gold, in Khelo India Youth Games |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sportspersons-from-andhra-pradesh-win-27-medals-including-7-gold-in-khelo-india-youth-games/article67797042.ece |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716102441/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sportspersons-from-andhra-pradesh-win-27-medals-including-7-gold-in-khelo-india-youth-games/article67797042.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]]

{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}

===Government===
* {{Official website}}

===General information===
* {{OSM relation|2022095}}

{{Andhra Pradesh topics}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{States and union territories of India}}
{{subject bar|Geography|Asia|India|auto=1}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]

Shri Manik Prabhu Devasthanam

2026-05-05T21:52:07Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
|name = Manik Prabhu temple
|image =ManiknagarTemple(8).jpg
|caption = Manik Prabhu temple, [[Manik Nagar|Maniknagar]]
|deity = [[Manik Prabhu]]
|district = Bidar district |state = Karnataka
|country = India
|location =[[Manik Nagar]] Village, [[Humnabad]] |temple_board =Shri Manik Prabhu Samsthan
|website={{URL|manikprabhu.org}}
| festivals =Datta Jayanti, Manik Pournima Parva, Guru Aaradhana Mahotsava, Devi Pancharatra Mahotsava, Shravan Maas Mahotsava, Vedant Saptah Mahotsava
| elevation_m = 607
| map_type =Karnataka #India
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates ={{coord|17.7818|77.1130|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Sri Manik Prabhu Devasthanam''' is a Hindu temple located in the [[Manik Nagar]] near, Humnabad in the state of [[Karnataka]], India

==History==
[[Manik Prabhu]] selected Manik Nagar as the significant and ideal place to lay the foundation of spiritual centre. Manik Nagar is located on high slope grounds. Manik Prabhu temple lies on the outskirts of Humnabad, a kilometer away from this taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://manikprabhu.org/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Shri Manik Prabhu Samsthan |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple is located on the confluence of two rivulets ''Viraja'' and ''Guru Ganga''.

People{{Who|date=May 2026}} believe that Manik Prabhu, the renowned saint, was the fourth incarnation of [[Dattatreya|Lord Dattatreya]]. There was political and religious chaos between two communities, [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]], and these were riotous times. Manik Prabhu had an envisioned that these two streams (communities) would come together and lead peaceful lives. Due to this prognostic vision, today both Hindus and Muslims visit Manik Nagar every year to pay homage to the Great Founder of Universal Truth, the Sakalmata. The Muslim community considers Shri Prabhu to be an Avatar of ''Mehaboob Subhani'', a Muslim Saint.

Originally, a small hut was constructed to establish the Gadi, or the Spiritual Seat, which later was to be associated with the living spirit of '''''Shri Manik Prabhu Maharaj'''''. Sitting on the Gadi, he would give Darshan to audience and his Darshan would give peace and contentment to all who visited Maniknagar.

In the Durbar, people gathered, who would bask in the aura and the benevolent grace of Shri Prabhu. The entire atmosphere would be surcharged with spiritual splendour. Shri Prabhu would cast his compassionate glance on all, making everybody participate in the bliss, which he was experiencing.
[[File:Maharaj1.jpg|thumb|Maharaj Manik Prabhu ji]]

==Mahasamadhi==

Prabhu realised that the time had come to shed his mortal body and be one with eternity. As Shri Prabhu was reluctant to disclose the time of his own departure to all, he took only three or four persons into confidence, those who understood the significance of his Avatar ([[incarnation]]). The news was kept in utmost confidence and all the required work was carried on with a smile on the face but with remorse in the heart. He advised them, {{blockquote|You think that once I take Samadhi everything will end and I will no more be available to you. What you will miss is the sight of my Gross body, but my Self, the spirit within, will ever remain with you to guide you without your realizing that fact. There will not be any breach in your spiritual path. Remember that decay and destruction of the gross body is certain. When every breath has already been numbered and assigned what is the purpose of grieving?

It is good that my work here is now coming to an end. You will all be able to carry the mission further by the Energy, which I will be leaving behind. What’s the use of remaining alive in this worthless body when the work is complete?}}

On the tenth day of Margashirsha, Shri Prabhu decided to summon the Durbar, so that people could have his final Darshan. All arrangements were made for Shri Prabhu to sit in as comfortable a position as was possible.
[[File:ManiknagarTemple(9).jpg|thumb|Maha-Samadhi of Shri Prabhu inside the temple]]

The next day was [[Ekadashi]], the eleventh day of the month. For Hindus it is one of the most auspicious days. This 29th day of the month of November 1865 was the day on which Srhi Prabhu had decided to take [[samadhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Tradition - www.ShirdiBaba.org |url=https://www.shirdibaba.org/gt/manik.htm#:~:text=This%2029th%20day%20of%20the,down%20for%20all%20to%20know. |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=www.shirdibaba.org}}</ref> and merge his Self with the Supreme Self. Before samadhi he called two sons of His brother Narisimha and blessed them and thus the line of succession to the Gadi (spiritual seat) was laid down for all to know. He made the elder one Manohar the successor to Gadi by transferring his Eternal Energy to him. Thus the Guru-Parampara of Shri Manik Prabhu Sampradya was established for all time to come.

{{commons category|Manik Nagar}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bidar district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bidar district]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Tamil Nadu

2026-05-05T20:36:01Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Tamil Nadu]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Tamil Nadu. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Madras High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in May 2025 in ''M.A. v. Superintendent of Police, Vellore and Ors''. Further, in April 2019 it held that transgender women may marry in Tamil Nadu under the federal ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'', and directed the state government to register the marriage of a man and a transgender woman.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different [[Religion in Tamil Nadu|religion]]s, notably [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]], [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]], and [[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, [[Jainism in Tamil Nadu|Jains]], Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daysofmedia.com/2021/03/1954-special-marriage-act-1954.html|title=சிறப்பு திருமணச் சட்டம், 1954 (Special Marriage Act, 1954)|work=Days of Media|date=11 March 2021|language=ta}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] passed the ''Tamil Nadu Registration of Marriages Act, 2009'', which was signed into law by Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] in August 2009. The act provides for the registration of all marriages "performed on and from the date of commencement of this Act". It created local sub-registrars of marriages, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificate]]s upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The sub-registrar's office may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. The law defines marriage as "all marriages performed by persons belonging to any caste or religion under any law for the time being in force, or as per any custom or usage in any form or manner and also includes [[remarriage]]".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bareactslive.com/TN/tn1063.htm|title= The Tamil Nadu Registration of Marriages Act, 2009|work=bareactslive.com|accessdate=2 April 2022}}</ref>

Traditional Tamil marriages ({{langx|ta|திருமணம்}}, {{transliteration|ta|tirumaṇam}}) are deeply rooted in custom and hold significant cultural importance. They involve elaborate pre-wedding preparations and culminate in key rituals, including the {{transliteration|ta|māṅkalyatāram}} ({{lang|ta|மாங்கல்யதாரம்}}), the tying of the ''[[mangala sutra]]'', and the ''[[saptapadi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bridesrilanka.com/traditional-tamil-wedding-customs-explained/|title=Traditional Tamil Wedding Customs Explained for Modern Couples|work=Bride Sri Lanka|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|Arranged marriage]] remains the prevailing norm across India, accounting for the vast majority of unions, and often placing pressure on LGBT individuals to marry partners of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, some same-sex couples have participated in traditional marriage ceremonies, although the marriages lack legal status in Tamil Nadu. In September 2022, a [[Tamils|Tamil]] woman, Subiksha Subramani, married her [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] partner Tina Das in a traditional Tamil wedding ceremony in [[Chennai]]. The marriage has no legal status in India, but Subramani said, "It was everything we dreamt of but never thought was possible. After years of soldering thorough and braving the taunts we are happy today that our loved ones are standing with us, cheering for us and performing every ritual according to our respective customs."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/tamil-woman-marries-her-bangladeshi-lover-in-a-same-sex-marriage-in-chennai-610894|title=Tamil Woman Marries her Bangladeshi Lover in a Same-Sex Marriage in Chennai|work=The Sentinel|date=September 3, 2022}}</ref> The officiant who performed the ceremony said he had already performed several ceremonies for same-sex couples. A same-sex couple were also married in a traditional Hindu ceremony near [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/relationship/gay-couple-karthik-and-krishna-got-married|title='இனி, உனக்காக நான்... எனக்காக நீ!' - திருமணம் செய்து கொண்ட தன்பால் ஈர்ப்பாளர் தம்பதி!|work=Vikatan|language=ta|date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|ta|இணைந்து வாழும் உறவு}}, {{transliteration|ta|iṇaintu vāḻum uṟavu}}, {{IPA|ta|ˈiɳaɪ̯n̪t̪ɯ ˈʋaːɻum ˈuraʋɯ|pron}}, or {{lang|ta|லிவ்-இன் ரிலேஷன்ஷிப்}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cj0qmze4ydeo|title=உத்தராகண்ட்: 'எங்கள் தனிப்பட்ட வாழ்க்கையில் அரசு ஏன் தலையிடுகிறது?' லிவ்-இன் உறவில் இருப்பவர்களின் அச்சம் என்ன?|work=BBC News|language=ta|date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/lifestyle/relationship-legal-implications-of-live-in-relationship-rights-and-responsibilities-1435891.html|language=ta|work=News18|title=லிவ்-இன் ரிலேஷன்ஷிப்பில் இருக்கும் ரூல்ஸ் பற்றி தெரியுமா..? சட்டம் தரும் உரிமைகளையும் தெரிஞ்சுக்கோங்க|first=Aarthy|last=Victor}}</ref> {{transliteration|ta|liv-iṉ rilēṣaṉṣip}}) are not illegal in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage. On 17 November 2023, the [[Madras High Court]] urged the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] to accept a "Deed of Familial Association" ({{lang|ta|குடும்ப இணைப்பு பத்திரம்}}, {{transliteration|ta|kuṭumba iṇaippu pattiram}})—a legal document in India that allows consenting adults to formalize their relationship and create a "chosen family" unit—as a valid document to recognise the rights of same-sex couples and "enhance the status of persons in such relationships in society".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/recognise-deed-of-familial-association-urges-madras-high-court-on-lgbtq-rights-2464374-2023-11-18|title=Recognise Deed of Familial Association: Madras High Court on LGBTQ rights|work=India Today|date=18 November 2025|first=Aneesha|last=Mathur}}</ref>

On 22 May 2025, the Madras High Court ruled in ''M.A. v. Superintendent of Police, Vellore and Ors'' that same-sex couples may constitute a [[family]] and held that "marriage is not the only foundation for a familial unit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/same-sex-marriage-not-legal-but-lgbtq-couples-can-make-families-madras-high-court|title=Same-sex marriage not legal, but LGBTQ+ couples can make families: Madras High Court|work=Bar and Bench|date=5 June 2025|first=Meera|last=Emmanuel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilgaasia.org/news/indiajul2025/|work=ILGA Asia|title=India: Madras High Court states same-sex couples can form a family without marriage|date=14 July 2025}}</ref> Judges [[G. R. Swaminathan]] and V. Lakshminarayanan issued this judgment in a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition filed by a woman seeking the release of her same-sex partner, who had been forcibly detained by her family due to their lesbian relationship. The woman had been forcibly detained, beaten, and subjected to rituals to "make her normal". The court ordered the release of the woman, restrained the family from interfering with the couple's personal liberty, and condemned the police for having failed to properly respond to multiple complaints about the illegal confinement. Citing ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' and ''Shakti Vahini v. Union of India'', it held that "[[sexual orientation]] is a matter of individual choice and falls within the ambit of personal liberty protected under [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21 of the Constitution]]." Further, it found that the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' did not prevent same-sex couples from constituting a family:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-says-same-sex-couples-can-form-families-marriage-not-sole-basis|title=Madras HC says same-sex couples can form families, marriage not sole basis|work=The News Minute|date=5 June 2025|first=Azeefa|last=Fathima}}</ref>
{{blockquote|While [the] ''Supriyo'' case may not have legalised marriage between same-sex couples, they can very well form a family. Marriage is not the sole mode to found a family. The concept of 'chosen family' is now well settled and acknowledged in LGBTQIA+ jurisprudence. The petitioner and the detenue can very well constitute a family.}}

===Transgender and intersex issues===
On 22 April 2019, the Madras High Court ruled in ''Arunkumar v. The Inspector General of Registration'' that [[transgender]] women may marry under the ''Hindu Marriage Act''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2020-08-16|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712083504/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|url-status=live}}</ref> The court ordered the state government to register the marriage of a man and a transgender woman, Shri Arunkumar and Ms. Srija, which had been performed in October 2018 in [[Thoothukudi]] in accordance with Hindu custom. The couple were issued a marriage certificate following the court ruling in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-a-first-in-tamil-nadu-man-transwoman-couple-get-married-legally-1531285-2019-05-21|title=In a first in Tamil Nadu, man-transwoman couple get married legally|website=India Today|date=21 May 2019|author=Shalini Lobo|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141543/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-a-first-in-tamil-nadu-man-transwoman-couple-get-married-legally-1531285-2019-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-nadu-in-a-first-marriage-between-man-and-transwoman-registered-in-thoothukudi-2040793|title=In A First, Marriage Between Man And Transwoman Registered In Thoothukudi|date=May 21, 2019|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-a-first-marriage-between-man-transwoman-set-to-be-registered/article27190396.ece/|title=In a first, marriage between man, transwoman set to be registered|work=The Hindu|date=May 21, 2019|location=Thoothukudi}}</ref> Following their marriage ceremony in October, state officials had refused to certify the marriage and issue a license, arguing that the couple could not marry under the ''Hindu Marriage Act'' and that the dictionary definition of [[bride]] excluded transgender women. The court ruled that the refusal to register the marriage discriminated on the basis of [[gender identity]] in violation of the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/188806075/|title=Arunkumar v. The Inspector General of Registration|website=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> The court also discussed the story of Aravan in its ruling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theleaflet.in/do-same-sex-couples-have-the-right-to-marry/|title=Do same sex couples have the right to marry?|date=January 28, 2022|work=The Leaflet|last=Kundu|first=Bipasha}}</ref> The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''Supriyo v. Union of India'' held that the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Legal-Progression-Social-Implications-Case-Comment-on-Supriyo-Chakraborty-Anr-v-Union-Of-India|title="Legal Progression & Social Implications Case Comment on Supriyo Chakraborty & Anr v. Union Of India"|work=Manupatra|date=27 May 2024|first1=Rajeev Pratap|last1=Singh Bhutyal|first2=Swasti|last2=Arya}}</ref>

Every year, many Tamil transgender people meet in [[Koovagam]] to marry Lord [[Iravan|Aravan]], known locally as Koothandavar. The participants marry Koothandavar, thus reenacting an ancient story in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'': "Aravan, the son of [[Arjuna]] and [[Nāga]] princess [[Ulupi]], agrees to be sacrificed to goddess [[Kali]] so that the [[Pandava]]s can win the [[Kurukshetra War|war]] against the [[Kaurava]]s. His dying wish is that he is married. However, no one is willing to marry him since he will be sacrificed the next morning. So [[Krishna]] takes on female form as [[Mohini]], weds Aravan – only to be widowed the morning after." Transgender people in Tamil Nadu are referred to as {{transliteration|ta|aravāṇi}} ({{lang|ta|அரவாணி}}, {{IPA|ta|ˈaɾaʋaːɳi|pron}}) in reference to the story. Other characters in the ''Mahabharata'' epic changed their gender. For instance, [[Shikhandi]], the sibling of [[Draupadi]], changed gender to male in order to go to war; Arjuna spent the last year of a 13-year-exile as an [[eunuch]] named Brihannala; and Krishna as Mohini had a son named [[Ayyappan]] with [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/apr/18/aravans-brides-42032.amp|title=Aravan's brides|date=18 April 2009|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Public opinion==
According to a 2019 report titled "Politics and Society Between Elections 2019", published by the [[Azim Premji#Azim Premji Foundation|Azim Premji Foundation]] and the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], Tamil Nadu ranked third in the nation in terms of acceptance of same-sex unions, after [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/section-377-anniversary-same-sex-relationships-1596408-2019-09-06|title=Section 377 anniversary: Half of country still doesn't approve of same sex relationships|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/politics-and-society-between-elections-2019-report.pdf|title=Politics and Society Between Elections 2019|work=Lokniti|date=2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]

Haniya Nafisa

2026-05-04T19:36:35Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 2003)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Notability|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox artist
| name =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2003|4|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| known_for = Acting, music
| style =
}}

'''Haniya Nafisa''' is an Indian independent musician, actress, playback singer and model predominantly working in Malayalam film and music industries. Born in [[Kannur]], Kerala, she made her film debut through [[Connect (2022 film)|Connect]] in 2022 co-starring with [[Nayanthara]]. She has also worked in [[O.Baby (film)|O.Baby]] and Applechedikal. She made her Independent music debut with Mulchedi [2024].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== Early life and career ==
Haniya Nafisa was born in Kannur in 2003. Her music entrance was influenced by the COVID pandemic and lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohit |date=2020-12-05 |title=Singer A Melody Oozing From My Soul - Nafisa Haniya |url=https://inmandi.com/spotlight/singer-a-melody-oozing-from-my-soul-nafisa-haniya/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=inmandi.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അന്ന് ഞാൻ സ്റ്റേജിൽ കരഞ്ഞു {{!}} Life and Music journey of Haniya Nafisa {{!}} O.Baby {{!}} Music Tales |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/entertainment/music/2023/06/07/life-and-music-journey-of-haniya-nafisa.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=അന്ന് ഞാൻ സ്റ്റേജിൽ കരഞ്ഞു {{!}} Life and Music journey of Haniya Nafisa {{!}} O.Baby {{!}} Music Tales |language=ml}}</ref> Her breakthrough came with her viral cover of "Luka Chuppi", which she posted on social media in August 2020. This song quickly garnered attention, leading to thousands of views.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuriakose |first=Ronnie |date=2024-03-12 |title='Luka Chuppi' cover singer is indie music's latest gem |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/12/luka-chuppi-cover-singer-is-indie-musics-latest-gem |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Fayaz Wani, Bijoy |date=2023-05-23 |title='When it gets exhausting, I just sit and sing for myself' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/May/23/when-it-gets-exhausting-i-just-sit-and-sing-for-myself-2577577.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Haniya made her acting debut with the film ''Connect'' (2022), where she showcased her versatility as a performer. Following this, she appeared in ''AppleChedikal'' (2023) and ''O.Baby'' (2023), further establishing her presence in the Indian film industry.

Her debut as a playback singer was the song 'Ye Zindagi' from the movie 'Most eligible Bachelor' (2021) in the Telugu film industry, after which she debuted in the Malayalam film industry via the song 'Thone Mohangal' from the film 'Adi' (2023). She stepped into the independent music scene with the song 'Mulchedi' featuring Govind Vasantha in 2024, following which has released and been a part of multiple independent releases the same year.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Reference
|-
|2022
|[[Connect (2022 film)|Connect]]
|Anna Joseph (Ammu)
|Debut Tamil film
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Saravanan |first=Ashwin |title=Connect |date=2022-12-22 |type=Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16139054/?ref_=nm_flmg_knf_t_4 |access-date=2024-09-17 |others=Nayanthara, Sathyaraj, Anupam Kher |publisher=Rowdy Pictures}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[O.Baby (film)|O.Baby]]
|Mini
|Debut Malayalam Film
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Pramod |first=Ranjan |title=O.Baby |date=2023-06-09 |type=Action, Drama, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27655979/?ref_=nm_flmg_knf_t_2 |access-date=2024-09-17 |others=Dileesh Pothan, Athulya Chandra, Reghunath Paleri |publisher=Colour Pencil Films, Colour Pencil Films, Pakal Films}}</ref>
|-
|Applechedikal
|Jane
|Premiered on 28th International Film Festival of Kerala
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

List of Malayalam films of 2025

2026-05-02T21:35:03Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created new post.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Malayalam films}}

This is a list of [[Malayalam]]-language films released in 2025.

216 Malayalam films released in 2025, most of them in [[Movie theater|theatres]] and some directly on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platforms.

==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] released in 2025, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.
{| class="wikidiv"
|-
| rowspan= 2 style="text-align:center; background:#9fc;"| *
| Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2025
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
! Ref
|-
! 1
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''
| [[Wayfarer Films]]
| align="right" | {{INR|302–304 crore}}
| align="center" |{{efn|''Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra''{{'}}s reported worldwide gross is from {{INR|301.98 crore}} (''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title='Lokah: Chapter 1' becomes first Malayalam film to earn Rs 300 crore worldwide |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/lokah-chapter-1-becomes-first-malayalam-film-to-cross-rs-300-crore-mark-worldwide/cid/2127704|access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref> to {{INR|302.5 crore}} (''[[ThePrint]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-10-22 |title=Kantara, Dashavatar to Lokah—how tribal representation in films is changing |url=https://theprint.in/feature/kantara-dashavatar-lokah-tribal-representation-films-changing/2768449/ |access-date=2025-11-03|website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> to {{INR|303.2 crore}} (''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'') <ref>{{cite web |title='Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra' final worldwide box office collection: All-time no.1 Mollywood grosser in Kerala, India and worldwide |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/04/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-final-box-office-collection-all-time-no-1-mollywood-grosser-in-kerala-india-and-worldwide.html |website=The Week |access-date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> to {{INR|304 crore}} (''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Highest-Grossing Indian Films of 2025: From 'Dhurandhar' and 'Kantara: Chapter 1' to 'Saiyaara' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/top-10-highest-grossing-indian-films-of-2025-from-dhurandhar-and-kantara-chapter-1-to-saiyaara |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>|name="bo"}}
|-
! 2
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
| {{ubl|[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]|Sree Gokulam Movies|[[Lyca Productions]]}}
| align="right" | {{INR|268.05 crore}}
| align="center" | {{Efn|''L2: Empuraan''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹265 crore (''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''<ref name=":Mint">{{Cite web |title=Thudarum OTT release date: When and where to watch Malayalam blockbuster movie starring Mohanlal online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/thudarum-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-starring-mohanlal-online-11748307396455.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 May 2025 }}</ref>) – ₹265.50 crore (''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''<ref name=":BT">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title='Thudarum' OTT release: Mohanlal led thriller to hit THIS streaming platform after ₹400 crore box office haul. Check details here - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/thudarum-box-office-record-kerala-231-crore-malayalam-crime-thriller-jiohotstar-478368-2025-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹268 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref name=":M">{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Thudarum OTT release date: When, where to watch Mohanlal-starrer blockbuster Malayalam film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thudarum-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mohanlal-blockbuster-malayalam-film-jio-hotstar-3154617 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹268.05 crore (''[[Asianet News]]''<ref name="an">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amrita |date=2025-09-08 |title=Mohanlal's Box Office Collections: Check records of this Malayali actor |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mohanlal-2025-boxoffice-records-malayalam-films-articleshow-agtqido |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>)}}
|-
! 3
| ''[[Thudarum]]''
| Rejaputhra Visual Media
| align="right" | {{INR|238 crore}}
| align="center" |<ref name="an"/>
|-
! 4
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Sarvam Maya]]''
|Firefly Films Akhil Sathyan Films
| align="right" | {{INR|153 crore}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title= ‘Sarvam Maya' box office collection day 39: Nivin Pauly’s film crosses Rs 150 crore worldwide
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/sarvam-maya-box-office-collection-day-39-nivin-paulys-film-crosses-rs-150-worldwide/articleshow/127877395.cms|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
! 5
|''[[Kalamkaval]]''
|[[Mammootty|Mammootty Kampany]]
| align="right" | {{INR|85.2 crore}}
| align="center" |<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title= Kalamkaval Box Office Collection Day 19 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2025/kalamkaval-box-office-collection-day-19-mammootty-starrer-mints-42-crore-from-india-kalamkaval-493956.html|access-date=December 23, 2025}}</ref>
|-
!6
| ''[[Diés Iraé]]''
|[[Night Shift Studios]] [[YNOT Studios]]
| align="right" |{{INR|83 crore}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadanandan|first=Hariprasad|date=November 2, 2025|title='Dies Irae' worldwide box office collection Day 3: Pranav Mohanlal starrer beats 'Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/02/dies-irae-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-beats-lokah-chapter-1-chandra.html|access-date=2025-11-02|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Dies Irae' Day 9 Box Office Collection: Pranav Mohanlal starrer crosses RS 60 crore in worldwide earnings|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/08/dies-irae-day-9-box-office-collection-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-crosses-rs-60-crore-in-worldwide-earnings.html|access-date=2025-11-08|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 7
| ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]''
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| align="right" |{{INR|75.6–77.1 crore}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2025 |title=ഇരട്ടിമധുരം, 'ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വ്വം' 100 കോടിയില്‍; 2025-ല്‍ ക്ലബ്ബിലെത്തുന്ന മൂന്നാമത്തെ മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ ചിത്രം |trans-title=Hridayapoorvam final collection report |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-100-crore-club-qszaahsy |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2025 |title=ഇക്കൊല്ലം ഇതുവരെ നേടിയത് 570 കോടി; ഇത് മോഹൻലാൽ മാജിക് |trans-title=Mohanlal box office glory from Empuraan to Hridayapoorvam |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohanlal-box-office-glory-from-empuraan-to-hridayapoorvam-10452557 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-23 |title=ದೀಪಾವಳಿ ಕೊನೆಯ ದಿನವೂ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' ಅಬ್ಬರ; ಸಾವಿರದ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರಲು ಇನ್ನೆಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ ಬೇಕು? |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-rishab-shetty-movie-collects-rs-850-cr-worldwide-1097975.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
!8
|''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]''
| {{ubl|Plan B Motion Pictures|Reelistic Studios}}
| align="right" | {{INR|65 crore}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana Final Box Office Worldwide: Naslen's Super Hit movie wraps theatrical run at Rs 65 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/alappuzha-gymkhana-final-box-office-worldwide-naslens-super-hit-movie-wraps-theatrical-run-at-rs-65-crore-1389801 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| ''[[Rekhachithram]]''
| {{ubl|Kavya Film Company|Ann Megha Media}}
| align="right" | {{INR|57.30 crore}}
| align="center" | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=2025 Mollywood Box Office Update: Rekhachithram and Office On Duty; The only HITS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/2025-mollywood-box-office-update-rekhachithram-and-office-on-duty-the-only-hits-1376137 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 10
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]''
| [[Martin Prakkat|Martin Prakkat films]]
| align="right" | {{INR|54.25 crore}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Officer On Duty Worldwide Box Office: Kunchacko Boban's crime thriller STORMS Rs 41 crore in 11 days; approaches Rs 50 crore mark |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/officer-on-duty-worldwide-box-office-kunchacko-bobans-crime-thriller-storms-rs-41-crore-in-11-days-approaches-rs-50-crore-mark-1375523 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Officer on Duty released on OTT: When, where to watch Kunchacko Boban movie |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/officer-on-duty-released-on-ott-when-where-to-watch-kunchacko-boban-movie-nc-125032000572_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikidiv"
|-
| rowspan= 2 style="text-align:center; background:#ecfeff;"| *
| Film released directly on OTT platform(s).
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production company / studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="31" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JANUARY}}'''
| style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''2'''
| ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]''
| Akhil Paul, Anas Khan
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Vinay Rai]], [[Mandira Bedi]]
| Ragam Movies, Confident Group
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-12-23 |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity announces release date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/23/tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-announces-release-date-trailer-out |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''3'''
| ''[[Communist Pacha Adhava Appa]]''
| Shamim Moideen
| [[Althaf Salim]], Nazlin Jameela, Zakariya, [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
| Haritha Entertainments
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/communist-pacha-adhava-appa/ET00427254|title=Communist Pacha Adhava Appa (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in communist-pacha-adhava-appa|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ID – The Fake]]''
| Arun Sivavilasam
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]. [[Divya Pillai]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
| Essa Entertainments
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/id-the-fake/ET00427401|title=ID: The Fake (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in id-the-fake|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr Bengali]]''
| Joby Vayalunkal
| [[Aristo Suresh]], [[Boban Alummoodan]], [[Kollam Thulasi]]
| Vayalunkal Films
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mr-bengali/ET00426863|title=Mr Bengali (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in mr-bengali|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Orumbettavan]]''
| Sugeesh Dhekshinakashi, Hari Narayanan KM
| [[Indrans]], Dayana Hameed, [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Sudheesh]]
| Dhekshina Kashi Productions
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/orumbettavan/ET00427265|title=Orumbettavan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in orumbettavan|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Malabar Tales''
| Aniel Kunhappan
| Siva Raaj, Anil Anto, Praseetha Vasu, Navya Baiju
| Chalk Board films
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-malabar-tales/ET00427439|title=The Malabar Tales (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-malabar-tales|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''9'''
| ''[[Rekhachithram]]''
| Jofin T Chacko
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Zarin Shihab]], Megha Thomas, [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| Kavya Film Company
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's 'Rekhachithram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chackos-rekhachithram/articleshow/112446617.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''10'''
| ''[[Ennu Swantham Punyalan]]''
| Mahesh Madhu
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Renji Panicker]]
| Truth Seekers Movie Productions
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/01/first-look-ofennu-swantham-punyalan-released | title=First look of Ennu Swantham Punyalan released | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=1 October 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Envazhi Thanivazhi''
|Joseph Jerin
|Fazal Poonor, Akhila Sreelesh, Bindu Bala, Biju Lal, Sandeep Gopal
|EPB Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/envazhi-thanivazhi/ET00428139|title=Envazhi Thanivazhi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in envazhi-thanivazhi|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='എൻവഴി തനിവഴി': ദമ്പതികൾ കണ്ട പുതുവഴി; 2 ലക്ഷം കൊണ്ടൊരു സിനിമ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kozhikode/2024/12/08/kozhikode-couple-low-budget-film.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=‘എൻവഴി തനിവഴി’: ദമ്പതികൾ കണ്ട പുതുവഴി; 2 ലക്ഷം കൊണ്ടൊരു സിനിമ |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''16'''
| ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]''
| Sreeraj Sreenivaasan
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Chandini Sreedharan]]
| Anwar Rasheed Entertainment
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/28/pravinkoodu-shappu-release-date-announced | title=Pravinkoodu Shappu release date announced | publisher=[[Cinema Express]] | date=28 December 2024 | accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''17'''
|''1098 Ten, Nine, Eight: A Countdown to Infinity''
|Guru Govind
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Monisha Warrier
|Metamorphosis Movie House
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1098-ten-nine-eight-a-countdown-to-infinity/ET00429298|title=1098 Ten, Nine, Eight: A Countdown to Infinity (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in 1098-ten-nine-eight-a-countdown-to-infinity|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Malayalam Movie: സമകാലിക പ്രസക്തിയുള്ള കഥ; ഗുരു ഗോവിന്ദ് ചിത്രം '1098' ജനുവരി 17ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/malayalam-movie-1098-will-be-released-on-january-17-218052 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Aadachayi''
|Binoy G Russel
|[[Chembil Ashokan]], Pramod Veliyanad, Jolly Easo, Diana Binson,
|JJ Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=Rajesh T. |title=വെല്ലുവിളി നിറഞ്ഞ കർഷകരുടെ ജീവിതവുമായി "ആദച്ചായി"-ജനുവരി 17 -ന് തീയേറ്ററിൽ. |url=https://www.kalakaumudi.com/movies/aadachai-with-the-challenging-lives-of-farmers-in-theaters-on-january-17th-8624021 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.kalakaumudi.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aadachayi/ET00429489|title=Aadachayi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in aadachayi|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Emerald''
|Krishna Sagar
|Sandeep Ramesh, Amal Krrish
|Adrenaline Rush Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/emerald/ET00429422|title=Emerald (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in emerald|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Off Road''
|Shaji Stephan
|[[Appani Sarath]], Harikrishnan, Nilja K Babay, Hima Shankar
|Reels & Frames
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/off-road/ET00429131|title=Off Road (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in off-road|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''23'''
| ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]''
| [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Sushmitha Bhat]], [[Gokul Suresh]], Viji Venkatesh, Meenakshi Unnikrishnan
| Mammootty Kampany
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/01/mammootty-starrer-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-gets-a-release-date | title=Mammootty-starrer Dominic and the Ladies' Purse gets a release date | publisher=[[Cinema Express]] | work=Vivek Santhosh | date=1 January 2025 | accessdate=2 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kayattam''
|[[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
|[[Manju Warrier]], Vedh Vibes, Gaurav Raveendran
|Manju Warrier Productions,
NIV Art Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=മഞ്ജു വാരിയരുടെ 'കയറ്റം' ഓൺലൈനിലൂടെ സൗജന്യമായി റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് സനൽകുമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/01/23/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-releases-kayattam-online-free.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=മഞ്ജു വാരിയരുടെ ‘കയറ്റം’ ഓൺലൈനിലൂടെ സൗജന്യമായി റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് സനൽകുമാർ |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title='തന്റെ നിയന്ത്രണത്തിലല്ലെന്ന് മഞ്ജു പറഞ്ഞു'; 'കയറ്റം' സൗജന്യമായി ഓൺലൈനിൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് സംവിധായകൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kayattam-manju-warrier-free-online-1.10279097 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Am Ah]]''
| Thomas Sebastian
| [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Devadarshini]]
| Kaapi Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Dileesh Pothan and Jaffer Idukki's Am Ah gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/03/dileesh-pothan-and-jaffer-idukkis-am-ah-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anpodu Kanmani (2025 film)|Anpodu Kanmani]]''
| Liju Thomaz
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Anagha Narayanan]], [[Althaf Salim]]
| KreativeFish
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-04 |title=Release date announced for Arjun Ashokan's Anbodu Kanmani |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/04/release-date-announced-for-arjun-ashokans-anbodu-kanmani |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Avirachante Swantham Inangathi''
|Sony Joseph
|Sreenivasan Nair, Maya Viswanath, Sharika Stalin
|Sailasree Media Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/avirachante-swantham-inangathi/ET00430187|title=Avirachante Swantham Inangathi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in avirachante-swantham-inangathi|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title='അവിരാച്ചൻ്റെ സ്വന്തം ഇണങ്ങത്തി' ടീസർ, ട്രെയിലർ പ്രകാശനം നടത്തി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/avirachinte-swantham-inangathi-trailer-out-1.10269921 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Aleena - The Beginning''
|Akshay Kappadan.
Sanju Krishna
|Kutty Sarah, Vipin Murikulathil, Ameya, Lasitha, Anilraj, Biju KL Bro
|Cinematicket Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title='അലീന ദി ബിഗ് നിങ്' ഹൊറർ ത്രില്ലർ ചലച്ചിത്രം 24 ന് റിലീസ് ചെയ്യും |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/entertainment/alina-the-big-ning-horror-thriller-film/cid16098773.htm |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=keralaonlinenews.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ambbz0nlG8A |title=ALEENA The Beginning {{!}} Malayalam Horror Thriller Full Movie 2025 {{!}} KL Bro Biju {{!}} Akshay Kappadan |date=2025-01-24 |last=KL BRO Biju Rithvik |access-date=2025-01-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Besty (film)|Besty]]''
|Shaanu Samad
|[[Ashkar Saudan]], [[Shaheen Siddique]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]], Sravana TN
|Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/besty/ET00429767|title=Besty (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in besty|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Ente Priyathamanu''
|P Sethurajan
|Mithun Madan, Dali Karan, Gowri Krishna, Mythily, [[Indrans]], [[Madhupal]]
|Chithravarnana Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ente-priyathamanu/ET00430067|title=Ente Priyathamanu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ente-priyathamanu|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=പ്രമുഖ താരങ്ങള്‍ക്കൊപ്പം പുതുമുഖങ്ങളും; 'എന്‍റെ പ്രിയതമന്' 29 ന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ente-priyathamanu-malayalam-movie-to-be-released-on-november-29-sn7gtb |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Jimni''
|Anu Purushoth
|[[Meenakshi Anoop]], Seema G Nair, Jayakrishnan
|Rhythm Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/super-jimni/ET00430484|title=Super Jimni (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in super-jimni|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=മീനാക്ഷി പ്രധാനവേഷത്തിലെത്തുന്ന 'സൂപ്പർ ജിംനി', ചിത്രീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/meenakshi-movie-super-jimni-shooting-completed-1.9526073 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" | '''26'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Neelamudi''
|Sharath Kumar V
|Achuthanandan, Subramanian, Sreenath, Majeed, Aditya Baby
|Ram De Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Neelamudi (Blue Hair) OTT release: 4 things to know before you watch Sharath Kumar V's caste-centred Malayalam film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/neelamudi-blue-hair-ott-release-4-things-to-know-before-you-watch-sharath-kumar-vs-caste-centred-malayalam-film-651319.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=അതിരുവിടുന്ന 'തമാശകൾ', തുടർക്കഥയാകുന്ന വിവേചനങ്ങൾ {{!}} Neelamudi Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/iffk-2023/reviews/iffk-2023-neelamudi-malayalam-movie-review-28th-iffk-1.9154374 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Ponman]]''
| Jothish Shankar
| [[Basil Joseph]], [[Sajin Gopu]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Deepak Parambol]]
| Ajith Vinayaka Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-18 |title=Release preponed for Basil Joseph's Ponman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/18/release-preponed-for-basil-josephs-ponman |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" | '''31'''
|''4 Seasons''
|Vinod Parameswaran
|Ameen Rasheed, Rhea Prabhu, [[Biju Sopanam]], Riyas Narmakala
|Transimage Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thundathil |first=Ajay |title=മ്യൂസിക്കൽ ഫാമിലി എൻ്റർടെയ്നർ '4 സീസൺസ്' ജനുവരി 31 ന്. |url=https://showtime.pularitv.com/News_more.php?page=musical-family-entertainer-4-seasons-on-31st-january |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=showtime.pularitv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Seasons (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/4-seasons/ET00413627 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Desakkaran''
|Ajaykumar Babu
|Pathmaa Gopika, Ajaykumar Babu, Singal Thanmaya
|Thavarakkattil Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/desakkaaran/ET00416838|title=Desakkaaran (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in desakkaaran|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan''
| Jishnu Harindra
| [[Unni Lalu]], Samriddhi Tara, [[Sreeja Das]], [[Sidharth Bharathan]], Sajin Cherukayil
| J M Infotainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Unni Lalu and Sidharth Bharathan's Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/07/unni-lalu-and-sidharth-bharathans-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Jaathi Jathakam]]''
| [[M. Mohanan]]
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Kayadu Lohar]], Aiswarya Mithun, [[Sayanora Philip]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]], [[Babu Antony]], [[P.P. Kunhikrishnan]]
| Varnachithra
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's Oru Jaathi Jathakam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/20/vineeth-sreenivasans-oru-jaathi-jathakam-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Oru Kadha Oru Nalla Kadha''
|Prasad Velachery
|[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Sheela]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Balaji Sarma]], Kottayam Ramesh
|Bright Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-kadha-oru-nala-kadha/ET00430773|title=Oru Kadha Oru Nala Kadha (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in oru-kadha-oru-nala-kadha|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Secret of Women]]''
|Prajesh Sen
|[[Aju Varghese]], [[Niranjana Anoop]], Suma Devi, Srikanth Murali
|Prajeshsen Movie Club
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-secret-of-women/ET00430549|title=The Secret of Women (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-secret-of-women|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|FEBRUARY}}'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]''
| Sharan Venugopal
| [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Joju George]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], Thomas Mathew, [[Shelly Kishore]], [[Garggi Ananthan]], [[Sajitha Madathil]], Priya Sreejith
| Jemini Phukan Production,
Goodwill Entertainments
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/23/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-teaser-hints-at-film-about-family-feud | title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal teaser hints at film about family feud | work=Sreejith Mullappilly | publisher=[[Cinema Express]] | date=23 December 2024 | accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Izha''
|Siraj Reza
|[[Kalabhavan Navas]], Rehna Navas, Sinoj Varghese
|Salam Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/izha/ET00431835|title=Izha (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in izha|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Lovedale''
|Vinu Sridhar
|Reshma Renjith, Johan Shaji, Rama Shukla, Vishnu Sajeev, Meenakshi Aneesh
|Amsterdam Movie International
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/lovedale/ET00426063|title=Lovedale (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in lovedale|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Love 4 Sale''
|Raju Joseph
|Vaiga Rose, [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Balaji Sarma]], Kottayam Ramesh, Nimisha Bijo
|Dream World Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love 4 Sale on Amazon |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/love-4-sale/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''
| ''[[Daveed (film)|Daveed]]''
| Govind Vishnu
| [[Antony Varghese]], [[Lijomol Jose]], Mo Ismail, [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Aju Varghese]]
| Century Max John & Mary Productions,
[[Panorama Studios]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/antony-varghese-pepes-next-film-is-titled-daveed-article-111247586 | title=Antony Varghese Pepe's Next Film Is Titled Daveed | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Rohit Panikker | date=25 June 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]''
| [[Arun D. Jose]]
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Sangeeth Prathap]], [[Shyam Mohan]], [[Bharat Bopana]]
| Aashiq Usman Productions, AU Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-03 |title=Arjun Ashokan, Mathew Thomas and Mahima Nambiar's Bromance gets a release date, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/03/arjun-ashokan-mathew-thomas-and-mahima-nambiars-bromance-gets-a-release-date-first-look-out |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Painkili]]''
| Sreejith Babu
| [[Sajin Gopu]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], Roshan Shanavas, [[Chandu Salim Kumar]], Jisma Vimal, [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| Fahadh Faasil & Friends, Urban Animal
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Sajin Gopu-Anaswara Rajan's Painkili Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-film-painkili-gets-a-release-date-article-117354493 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Painkili (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/painkili/ET00429180 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''20'''
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]''
| Jithu Ashraf
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Jagadish]], [[Vishak Nair]], [[Priyamani]]
| Martin Prakkat Films,
The Green Room
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Officer on Duty gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/17/kunchacko-bobans-officer-on-duty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''21'''
| ''Chattuli''
| Raaj Babu
| [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Sruthy Jayan]], Varsha Prasad
|Sha Faizy Productions,
Nelson Ipe Cinemas, Navathej Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-29 |title=Chattuli gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/29/chattuli-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Get-Set Baby]]''
| [[Vinay Govind]]
| [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Shyam Mohan]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Meera Vasudevan]]
| Skanda Cinemas,
Kingsmen Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-30 |title=Unni Mukundan's Get-Set Baby release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/30/unni-mukundans-get-set-baby-release-date-out |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thadavu|Thadavu - The Sentence]]''
|Fazil Razak
|Beena R Chandran, PP Subramanian, Haritha P, Ishak Musafir
|F R Productions, Bunch of Coconuts
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thadavu-the-sentence/ET00434170|title=Thadavu - The Sentence (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in thadavu-the-sentence|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പാലക്കാട്ടുകാരുടെ സ്വപ്നസാക്ഷാത്കാരം അംഗീകാരനിറവിൽ; 'തടവ്' സിനിമ നാളെ തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2025/02/20/thadavu-movie-release.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=പാലക്കാട്ടുകാരുടെ സ്വപ്നസാക്ഷാത്കാരം അംഗീകാരനിറവിൽ; ‘തടവ്’ സിനിമ നാളെ തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Urul''
|Mammy Century
|Rafeeq Chokli, Tina Badia, [[Boban Alummoodan]], Aparna Shibin, Viaan Mangalassery
|Building Designers
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/urul/ET00434691|title=Urul (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in urul|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=സാജൻ |first=അയ്മനം |date=2025-02-19 |title=അവാർഡ് തിളക്കവുമായി "ഉരുൾ" ഫെബ്രുവരി 21-ന് തീയേറ്ററിൽ |url=https://anweshanam.com/950476/urul-movie-hits-theaters-on-february-21/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Anweshanam |language=ml-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''27'''
| ''[[Machante Maalakha]]''
| [[Boban Samuel]]
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
| Abaam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Soubin Shahir and Dhyan Sreenivasan's Machaante Maalakha gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/08/soubin-shahir-and-dhyan-sreenivasans-machaante-maalakha-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''28'''
| ''Aap Kaise Ho''
| Vinay Jose
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Tanvi Ram]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Jeeva Joseph
|Funtastic Films.
D Group
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ariku''
|V S Sinoj
|[[Senthil Krishna]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]], Dhanya Ananya
|KSFDC
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ariku/ET00435474|title=Ariku (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ariku|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Athma Saho''
|Gopukiran Sadasivan
|[[Renji Panicker]], [[Chandhunadh]], Sivapriya S, Sinoj Varghese
|Tridev Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/athma-saho/ET00433899|title=Athma Saho (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in athma-saho|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Idi Mazha Kaattu''
|Ambili S Rengan
|[[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Senthil Krishna]]
|Win Ji Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/idi-mazha-kaattu/ET00435410|title=Idi Mazha Kaattu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in idi-mazha-kaattu|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Randaam Yaamam''
|Nemom Pushparaj
|[[Swasika]], [[Gautham P. Krishna]], [[Dhruvan]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Remya Suresh]], [[Rajasenan]]
|Fortune Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/randaam-yaamam/ET00435510|title=Randaam Yaamam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in randaam-yaamam|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|MARCH}}'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Ouseppinte Osiyathu]]''
| Sarath Chandran RJ
| [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Zarin Shihab]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Kani Kusruti]]
| Maygoor Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Vijayaraghavan-starrer Ouseppinte Osiyathu gets a release date, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/vijayaraghavan-starrer-ouseppinte-osiyathu-gets-a-release-date-first-look-out |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Maruvasham''
|Anuram
|[[Alexander Prasanth]], [[Sminu Sijo]], [[Sreejith Ravi]]
|Rams Film Factory
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/maruvasham/ET00436843|title=Maruvasham (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in maruvasham|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pariwar (film)|Pariwar]]''
|Ulsav Rajeev, Fahad Nandu
|[[Jagadish]], [[Indrans]], [[Rajendran]], [[Alexander Prasanth]]
|Fragrant Nature Film Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pariwar/ET00436307|title=Pariwar (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in pariwar|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pralayashesham Oru Jalakanyaka]]''
|Manoju Kumar
|Asha Aravind, Gokulan, Anagha Maria, Renjith Lalitham
|KSFDC
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/pralayashesham-oru-jalakanyaka/ET00436055|title=Pralayashesham Oru Jalakanyaka (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in pralayashesham-oru-jalakanyaka|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vadakkan]]''
|Sajeed A
|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Shruthy Menon]], [[Merin Philip]], [[Garggi Ananthan]], Meenakshi Unnikrishnan
|Offbeet Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vadakkan/ET00436207|title=Vadakkan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in vadakkan|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''
|''Aranyam''
|SP Unnikrishnan
|Lonappan Kuttanad, Divya sreedhar, Saji Soman, Lovely Babu, Pramod Veliyanad
|SS Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aranyam/ET00437536|title=Aranyam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in aranyam|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Dassettante Cycle''
|Akhil Kavungal
|[[Hareesh Peradi]], Kabani Haridas, Vaidi Peradi
|Hareesh Peradi Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dassettante-cycle/ET00437710|title=Dassettante Cycle (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in dassettante-cycle|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaadakam''
|Jain Christopher
|Ratheesh Krishna, Nandhana Satheesh, Govindan Namboothiri, Jose Chacko
|Cherukara Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaadakam/ET00437744|title=Kaadakam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kaadakam|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Leech (2025 film)|Leech]]''
|S M
|Anoop Rethna, Sandya Nair, Nizam Calicut, Kannan Viswanathan, Zuhail Sulthan
|Book of Cinema Production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/leech/ET00437669|title=Leech (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in leech|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Rakshasi: Ladykiller''
|Mehamood K S
|Preeti Goswami, Salim Baba, [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
|LGF Studios, Roshika Enterprises
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rakshasi-ladykiller/ET00437916|title=Rakshasi: Ladykiller (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in rakshasi-ladykiller|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''The Waiting List: An Antidote''
|Cherian Mathew
|Avinash Vijayan, Kottayam Ramesh, Selby Scaria, [[Sohan Seenulal]]
|Evergreen Night Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-waiting-list-an-antidote/ET00435492|title=The Waiting List: An Antidote (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-waiting-list-an-antidote|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uttavar]]''
|Anil Dev
|Arun Narayanan, Athira Sudheer, Saji Sopanam
|Film Fantasy
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/uttavar/ET00437911|title=Uttavar (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in uttavar|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title=ഉറ്റവർ |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/weekend-1.10425797 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''21'''
|''Alakadal''
|Balu C K
|Balu C K, Nitheesha, Manu Varma, [[Nilambur Ayisha]]
|ST Film Group
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alakadal (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/alakadal/ET00438926 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അലകടൽ - തീയേറ്ററിലേക്ക്. - Janachinda Daily |url=https://janachinda.in/alakadal-new-malayalam-movie/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=janachinda.in}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kailasathile Athidhi''
|Ajay Sivaram
|Dr. Shanavas, Sabu Thiruvalla, Sharadha Calicut, Master Karthik
|Tripal International
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailasathile Athidhi {{!}} Malayalam Entertainment on tv |url=https://www.tvwish.com/Program/Info/Kailasathile-Athidhi/890225 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.tvwish.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=webAdminCanhelp |date=2023-12-05 |title='കൈലാസത്തിലെ അതിഥി'യുടെ ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച് |url=https://www.canchannels.com/the-shooting-of-kailasathile-adithi-has-started-story-screenplay-by-k-jayakumar/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Canchannels |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''Sairayum Njanum''
|Dharmaraj Muthuvara
|[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Neena Kurup]]
|FCM Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairayum Njanum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/sairayum-njanum/ET00438922 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Sorry''
|Akshay Chandrasobha Asok
|Aromal Devaraj, Ashkar Ali, Reghna Biju, Ashwin Mohan, Amal Uday
|ADE
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=രാജ്യാന്തര പുരസ്കാര നിറവിൽ അറുപതോളം നവാഗതർ ചേർന്നൊരുക്കിയ 'സോറി' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/akshay-chandrashobha-ashok-movie-sorry-1.9357973 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Sorry on Saina Play |url=https://sainaplay.com/movie/sorry/r8t98oip42oy |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Saina Play |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thiruth''
|Joshy Vallithala
|Santhosh Kumar, Nimisha Rosie, Joshy Vellithala, Sreerekha Anil
|AMK Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruth (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/thiruth/ET00438940 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''27'''
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Manju Warrier]]
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], Sree Gokulam Movies, [[Lyca Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2025|website=[[Gulf News]]|title=Lyca Productions steps away from Mohanlal's Empuran, faces uncertain future amid reports of financial struggles|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/lyca-productions-steps-away-from-mohanlals-empuran-faces-uncertain-future-amid-reports-of-financial-struggles-1.500064078|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l2-empuraan-release-date-out-mohanlal-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-in-march/articleshow/114834917.cms | title='L2: Empuraan' release date out! Mohanlal starrer to hit the big screens in March | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 November 2024 | accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''29'''
| ''[[Abhilasham]]''
| Shamzu Zayba
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Tanvi Ram]]
| Second Show Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Abhilasham gets a release date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/17/abhilasham-gets-a-release-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production company / studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#8DB600; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|APRIL}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''10'''
| ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]''
| Deeno Dennis
| [[Mammootty]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Sidharth Bharathan]], [[Divya Pillai]]
| [[Yoodlee Films]], Theatre of Dreams
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=Mammootty's Bazooka gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/07/mammoottys-bazooka-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maranamass]]''
| Sivaprasad
| [[Basil Joseph]], Anishma Anilkumar, [[Babu Antony]], [[Siju Sunny]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Rajesh Madhavan]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]]
| Tovino Thomas Productions, World Wide Films, Rapheal Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Basil Joseph's Maranamass confirms release date, trailer unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/01/basil-josephs-maranamass-confirms-release-date-trailer-unveiled |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]''
| [[Khalid Rahman]]
| [[Naslen]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Sandeep Pradeep]], Anagha Maya Ravi, Noila Francy
|Plan B Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''14'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ebenezer''
|Midhun Bose
|Aiswarya Sekar, Anjana Prakash, Krishna Viswam, Sana Khan, Suraj Sundar
|Shotsudios Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTE4MDMyMDI1MDAwNDU= |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h2XTZCh8f8 |title=Ebenezer - Full Movie {{!}} Midhun Bose {{!}} Rohit Issac {{!}} Jubair Muhammed |date=2025-04-14 |last=Shotstudios Productions |access-date=2025-04-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''18'''
|''Hathane Udaya''
|Kunjiraman Panikker
|Devaraj Kozhikkode, Ram Vijay, Athira, Shiny Vijayan
|NatyaDharmi Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hathane Udaya (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/hathane-udaya/ET00442244 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=കാസർഗോഡ് നിന്നും നാടക കലാകാരന്മാരുടെ കൂട്ടായ്മയിൽ ഒരു ചിത്രം 'ഹത്തനെ ഉദയ' വരുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/hathane-udaya-is-a-movie-made-by-theatre-artistes-in-kasargod-mm-648797.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=malayalam.news18.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title='ഹത്തനെ ഉദയ' ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത്; ഏപ്രിൽ 18-ന് തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hathane-udaya-official-trailer-1.10508095 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''19'''
|''Cake Story''
|Sunil
|Veda Sunil, [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Mallika Sukumaran]]
|Chithravedh Reels,
JKR Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cake Story (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in cake-story |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/cake-story/ET00442163 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''24'''
|''Padakkuthira''
|Salon Simon
|[[Aju Varghese]], [[Sija Rose]], [[Indrans]], [[Joemon Jyothir]]
|Mabins Productions,
Feel Flying Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padakkuthira (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/padakkuthira/ET00442960 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''25'''
|''Himuchri''
|Binu Varghese
|Arun Dayanand, Shylaja Sreedharan
|EX & EX Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himuchri (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/himuchri/ET00443110 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]''
| [[Tharun Moorthy]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Shobana]], [[Prakash Varma]], [[Binu Pappu]], Thomas Mathew, [[Farhaan Faasil|Farhaan Fasil]]
| Rejaputhra Visual Media
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center; background:#4683B7; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|MAY}}'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''1'''
|''Mahal: In the Name of Father''
|Nazer Irimbiliyam
|Shaheen Siddique, Unni Nair, [[Lal Jose]], Usha Payyannur, Kshama Krishna
|Imak Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahal: In the Name of the Father |url=https://paytm.com/movies/mahal-in-the-name-of-father-movie-detail-196879?frmtid=tzxgnxdsdi |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Paytm |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=ഷഹീൻ സിദ്ദിഖ് നായകനാകുന്ന 'മഹൽ ഇൻ ദ നെയിം ഓഫ് ഫാദർ' മെയ് 1ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/mahal-in-the-name-of-father-release-287087 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title='മഹൽ 'ചിത്രം പ്രദർശനത്തിനെത്തി |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/entertainment/film-released-mahal/cid16654600.htm |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=keralaonlinenews.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''2'''
| ''L Jagadamma Ezhaam Class B - State First''
| Shivas
| [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Balachandran Chullikkad]], [[Jayan Cherthala]]
| Fossil Holdings
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Urvashi's L Jagadamma Ezham Class B gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/urvashis-l-jagadamma-ezham-class-b-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Karthavu Kriya Karmam''
|Abilash S
|PR Harilal, Satish Bhasker, Sherly Saji
|Village Talkies
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal@asianetnews.in |title='കര്‍ത്താവ് ക്രിയ കര്‍മ്മം' ഒടിടിയില്‍; നിരവധി ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളകളില്‍ ശ്രദ്ധ നേടിയ ചിത്രം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/karthavu-kriya-karmam-malayalam-movie-ott-release-svn9fc |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mother Mary''
| AR Vadikkal
| [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], Dayana Hameed, Lali PM, [[Nirmal Palazhi]], [[Sohan Seenulal]]
| Mushroom Visual Media
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-04-24 |title=Vijay Babu's Mother Mary gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/24/vijay-babus-mother-mary-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''3'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pathu Maasam''
|Sumod, Gopu
|Kavitha Jose, Suresh Thiruvali, Raiza Biljee
|Nihar Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pn0bu18fEUc |title=Pathu Maasam {{!}} OTT Release Trailer {{!}} manoramaMAX {{!}} Movie |date=2025-04-30 |last=manoramaMAX |access-date=2025-05-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Movies, TV Shows & Live News Online - ManoramaMAX |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movies/detail/174271/pathu-maasam |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.manoramamax.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''8'''
| ''[[Padakkalam]]''
| Manu Swaraj
| [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Sandeep Pradeep]]
| [[Friday Film House]], 29 September Works
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=First single from Suraj Venjaramoodu and Sharafudheen's Padakkalam is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/13/first-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-sharafudheens-padakkalam-is-here |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarkeet]]''
| Thamar KV
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Deepak Parambol]]
| Ajith Vinayaka Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Asif Ali's Sarkeet gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/asif-alis-sarkeet-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''9'''
| ''[[Prince and Family]]''
| Binto Stephen
| [[Dileep]], Raniya Raanaa, [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], Meenakshi Madhavi
| Magic Frames
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Shanthamee Rathriyil''
|[[Jayaraj]]
|[[Esther Anil]], K. R. Gokul, [[Sidharth Bharathan]], Viji Venkatesh
|New Generation Cinema
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhamee Rathriyil (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in santhamee-rathriyil |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/santhamee-rathriyil/ET00445003 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Lovely (2025 film)|Lovely]]''
| [[Dileesh Nair|Dileesh Karunakaran]]
| [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Unnimaya Prasad]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| Western Ghats Productions, Neni Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-05-03 |title=Mathew Thomas' Lovely confirms a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/03/mathew-thomas-lovely-confirms-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''A Dramatic Death''
| Saheer Ali
|Asharaf Mallissery, Shailaja Ambu, KK Sajan
|S and S Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Dramatic Death (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in a-dramatic-death |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/a-dramatic-death/ET00445969?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Back Benchers''
|Sujith Menon
|Mithun Saaransh, Nimmy Kunjumon, Jishnu Viswanath
|Sivanya Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back Benchers (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/back-benchers/ET00445954 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Rasa''
|Jessen Joseph
|[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Jessen Joseph, Suma Devi
|Highmast Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasa (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/rasa/ET00445953 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samshayam]]''
| Rajesh Ravi
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], Priya Sreejith
| 1895 Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samshayam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/samshayam/ET00444622 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvvam''
| Vijesh Chembilod
| Sooraj Sun, Shabareesh Varma, Anjana Prakash, Dayana Hameed
| A-One Cine Food Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvvam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kochi/oru-vadakkan-pranaya-parvvam/ET00445056 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;background:#d9e4f1;" |'''23'''
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Bachelor]]''
| [[Deepu Karunakaran]]
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Rosin Jolly]], [[Rahul Madhav]]
| Highline Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr & Mrs Bachelor: Indrajith, Anaswara Rajan's film finally gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mr-mrs-bachelor-new-release-date-indrajith-anaswara-rajan-film/2a95bd385f21 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[916 Kunjoottan]]''
| Aryan Vijay
|[[Guinness Pakru]], Dayyana Hameed, [[Tini Tom]], Niya Varghese, Rini Ann George
|Morze Dragon Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=916 Kunjoottan (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in 916-kunjoottan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/916-kunjoottan/ET00442564 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Azadi (2025 film)|Azadi]]''
| Jo George
| [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Raveena Ravi]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Vani Viswanath]]
| Little Crew Production
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadi (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in azadi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/azadi/ET00443684 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]''
| Indraneel Gopeekrishnan, Rahul G
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Rony David Raj]], Claire C John, [[Kottayam Nazeer]]
| [[Weekend Blockbusters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Detective Ujjwalan postpones release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/05/dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-detective-ujjwalan-postpones-release |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narivetta]]''
| [[Anuraj Manohar]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Arya Salim]]
| Indian Cinema Company
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer Narivetta postpones release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/11/tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-postpones-release |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Sathyam Ningale Swathanthrarakkum''
|Antony Abraham
|Sreeganga, Namitha Alexander, Midhun Babau
|ETSA Creation, RTE Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyam Ningale Swathanthrarakkum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in sathyam-ningale-swathanthrarakkum |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sathyam-ningale-swathanthrarakkum/ET00446898 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''30'''
|''[[Moonwalk (film)|Moonwalk]]''
|Vinod A K
|Anunath VP, Sanjana Doss, Sujith Prapanchan, Meenakshi Raveendran, Moses R
|Magic Frames, Firewood Shows
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonwalk (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in moonwalk |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/moonwalk/ET00445586?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Najuss: An Impure Story''
|Sreejith Poyilkavu
|[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Sajitha Madathil]], Titto Wilson, Ambili Ouseph
|Wide screen Media Productions, Neelambari Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Najuss: An Impure Story (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in najuss-an-impure-story |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/najuss-an-impure-story/ET00447693?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Once Upon A Time There Was A Kallan''
|Fazil Mohammed
|[[Sreenath Bhasi]], Sreelakshmi Sreekumar, [[Thesni Khan]], [[Tini Tom]]
|Teyos Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon A Time There Was A Kallan (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-kallan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-kallan/ET00438697?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Shaman''
|Sharon K Vipin
|Pious Paul, Athulya S
|J Class Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaman (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in shaman |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shaman/ET00447018?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JUNE}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''5'''
| ''[[Written & Directed by God]]''
| Febi George Stonefield
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Aparna Das]]
| TJ Productions, Nettooraan Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Written & Directed by God postpones release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/15/written-directed-by-god-postpones-release-date |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''6'''
| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]''
| Sethunath Padmakumar
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], Thulasi, Shreya Rukmini, [[Azees Nedumangad]], Anand Manmadhan
|Naisam Salam Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Asif Ali's Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/31/asif-alis-aabhyanthara-kuttavaali-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thelivu Sahtham''
| Sakeer Mannarmala
|[[Nishanth Sagar]]. [[Major Ravi]], Greeshma Joy, [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], Malavika Anilkumar
|Jollywood Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thelivu Sahitham (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in thelivu-sahitham |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thelivu-sahitham/ET00448511?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thug CR 143/24''
| Balu S Nair
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Bindu Panicker]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], Sadhika Venugopal
| The Plan Balu Entertainments. SNZ Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thug CR 143/24 (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in thug-cr-14324 |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thug-cr-14324/ET00447890?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Life of Mangrove''
| N N Baiju
| Ayisha Bin, [[Dinesh Panicker]], [[Sudheer Karamana]]
| S & H Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Mangrove (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-life-of-mangrove |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-life-of-mangrove/ET00448186?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pattth''
|Jithin Issac Thomas
|Ashik Aboobakker, Gauthami Gopan
| Mangoes N’ Coconuts
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed Malayalam Drama Pattth To Stream On OTT From June 6 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/acclaimed-malayalam-drama-pattth-to-stream-on-ott-from-june-6-ws-l-9364554.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''13'''
| ''[[Ronth]]''
| [[Shahi Kabir]]
| [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Krisha Kurup]], Lakshmi Menon
| Festival Cinemas, Junglee Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal]]''
| S Vipin
| [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Siju Sunny]], [[Joemon Jyothir]]
| WBTS Productions, Shine Screens
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Anaswara Rajan's Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/23/anaswara-rajans-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal: Anaswara Rajan's next film gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-release-date-anaswara-rajan-next-film/f49439fa01493 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[E Valayam]]''
| Revathi S Varmha
|Ashly Usha, Sandra Nair, Shalu Rahim, [[Renji Panicker]], [[Muthumani]]
|GDSN Entertainments, Filmfeast Creators
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=E Valayam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in e-valayam |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/e-valayam/ET00449086?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title=സ്ക്രീൻ ആസക്തിയുടെ അദൃശ്യകെണികളെക്കുറിച്ച് സംസാരിക്കുന്ന 'ഈ വലയം'; വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ee-valayam-screen-addiction-malayalam-movie-1.10656203 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Nerariyum Nerathu''
|Renjith venugopal
|Abhiram Radhakrishnan, Shibla Farah, Swathidas Prabhu, Swetha Vinod
|Veny Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nerariyum Nerathu (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in nerariyum-nerathu |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nerariyum-nerathu/ET00443100?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''PDC Athra Cheriya Degree Alla''
| Raaffi Mathirra
| [[Binu Pappu]], [[Johny Antony]], Veena Nair, Manju Pathrose
| IFAR International
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PDC Athra Cheriya Degree Alla (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in pdc-athra-cheriya-degree-alla |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pdc-athra-cheriya-degree-alla/ET00449215?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title='PDC അത്ര ചെറിയ ഡിഗ്രി അല്ല' ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pdc-athra-cheriya-digree-alla-movie-production-started-1.10173344 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Protector''
|G M Manu
|[[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Manikuttan]], Kajal Johnson
|Ambat Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Protector (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-protector |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-protector/ET00449344?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''18'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Nancy Rani]]''
|Joseph Manu James
|[[Ahaana Krishna]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Sreenivasan]]
|Kailash Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZJcfvn-T2A |title=Nancy Rani Malayalam Full Movie 4K {{!}} Ahaana Krishna {{!}} Arjun Ashokan {{!}} Aju Varghese {{!}}Lal {{!}}Sreenivasan |date=2025-06-17 |last=Speed Audio & Video |access-date=2025-06-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''20'''
| ''[[United Kingdom of Kerala]]''
| Arun Vaiga
| [[Ranjith Sajeev]], Sarangi Shyam, [[Johny Antony]], [[Manju Pillai]]
| Fragrant Nature Film Creations, Pooyappally Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Ranjith Sajeev's United Kingdom of Kerala gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/27/ranjith-sajeevs-united-kingdom-of-kerala-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aadrika''
|Abhijit Adhya
|[[Niharica Raizada]], Ajumalna Azad, Donovan Wodehouse
|The Garage House Productions, Uniiq Films, Raizada Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadrika (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in aadrika |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aadrika/ET00449752?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=ബംഗാളി സംവിധായകൻ അഭിജിത്ത് ആദ്യ ഒരുക്കിയ മലയാളചിത്രം 'ആദ്രിക' 20ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aadrika-malayalam-movie-1.10671259 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thetta''
|Renish Yousaf
|Ameer Niyaz, Ajeesha Prabhakar, Sarath Vikram
|Pallikkattil Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thetta (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in thetta |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thetta/ET00450277?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Police Day''
|Santhosh Palodu
|[[Tini Tom]], [[Ansiba Hassan]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], Jeeva Nambiar
|Sadananda Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Day (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in police-day |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/police-day/ET00444497?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''26'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Undead''
|Sen Varghese
|Karthik B, Abin Sukumaran, Harisankar D
|Saras Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ODpvfTrD98 |title=UNDEAD MALAYALAM FULL MOVIE HD |date=2025-06-26 |last=ALL CINEMA HD |access-date=2025-06-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''27'''
| ''Koodal''
| Shanu Kakkoor, Shafi Epikkad
| [[Bibin George]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], Riya Isha, Niya Varghese, Anu Sonara, [[Vineeth Thattil David]]
| P and J Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Bibin George-starrer Koodal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/03/bibin-george-starrer-koodal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Real Kerala Story''
|Jaykumar Nair
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Sreedhanya]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|Monarch Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Real Kerala Story (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in the-real-kerala-story |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-real-kerala-story/ET00445990?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production company / studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#FFA500; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JULY}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''4'''
| ''[[Dheeran (2025 film)|Dheeran]]''
| Devadath Shaji
| [[Rajesh Madhavan]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Jagadish]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Sudheesh]], Aswathy Manoharan
| Cheers Entertainments, Urban Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-22 |title=Rajesh Madhavan-starrer Dheeran gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/22/rajesh-madhavan-starrer-dheeran-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Jangar''
|Manoj Yadav
|[[Appani Sarath]], Renu Soundar, [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Shwetha Menon]]
|M C Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jangar (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Jangar |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jangar/ET00451357?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Moppala''
|Santhosh Puthukkunnu
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Rithesh Aramana, Soniya Malhaar
|Vanashree Creations
|<ref>{{cite news |title=ബുക്ക് മൈ ഷോയിൽ ശ്രദ്ധനേടി സന്തോഷ് കീഴാറ്റൂർ ചിത്രം 'മോപ്പാള'|url=https://timeskerala.com/entertainment/santosh-keezhattoors-film-mopala-garners-attention-on-book-my-show|accessdate=7 July 2025|website=timeskerala.com|language=ml|date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''10'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Veru''
|Shahid Puthanathani
|Pratheesh, Renu Sudhi, Santosh Varkey, Alan Jose Perrera
|Mass Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=ഇത്തവണ ഒപ്പം ആറാട്ടണ്ണനും, പെരേരയും; രേണു സുധിയുടെ സിനിമ "വേര്" യുട്യൂബിൽ റിലീസായി |url=https://jagratha.live/renu-sudhi-new-film-veru-released/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Jagratha News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Express Kerala |date=2025-07-10 |title=വേര്; രേണു സുധിയുടെ ഏറ്റവും പുതിയ ചിത്രം റിലീസായി.. |url=https://www.expresskerala.com/news/renu-sudhi-movie-veru-release-in-youtube-santhosh-varkey-alin-jose-perera.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Express Kerala |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''11'''
| ''Kolahalam''
|Rasheed Parambil
|Santhosh Puthan, Anusha Aravindakshan, Vishnu Balakrishnan, Priya Sreejith, Chithra Prasad
|Fine Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolahalam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolahalam |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kolahalam/ET00452406?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Soothravakyam]]''
|Eugien Jos Chirammel
|[[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Vincy Aloshious]], [[Deepak Parambol]], Divya M Nair, Srikanth Kandragula
|Cinemabandi Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Soothravakyam trailer: Shine and Vincy's film promises to be an intriguing mystery thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/06/soothravakyam-trailer-shine-and-vincys-film-promises-to-be-an-intriguing-mystery-thriller |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''17'''
| ''[[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]''
|Pravin Narayanan
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], Madhav Suresh, [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Divya Pillai]]
|Cosmos Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSK - Janaki V vs State of Kerala (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in jsk-janaki-v-vs-state-of-kerala |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jsk-janaki-v-vs-state-of-kerala/ET00450520?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''18'''
|''Apoorva Puthranmar''
|Rejith R L
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Bibin George]], Payal Radhakrishnan, Ammayra Goswami
|Yvaine Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoorva Puthranmaar (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in apoorva-puthranmaar |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/apoorva-puthranmaar/ET00449822?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raveendra Nee Evide?]]''
| Manoj Palodan
| [[Anoop Menon]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Azees Nedumangad]]
| Abaam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Anoop Menon-Dhyan Sreenivasan's Raveendra Nee Evide? gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/02/anoop-menon-dhyan-sreenivasans-raveendra-nee-evide-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Flask''
|Rahul Riji Nair
|[[Saiju Kurup]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Sidharth Bharathan]], Aswathy Sreekanth
|First Print Studios, Fairy Frames Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flask (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in flask |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/flask/ET00451362?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jagala''
| Sreedev Kappur
|[[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], Muraliram, [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Anju Aravind]]
|Kalarikkal Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagala (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in jagala |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jagala/ET00453452?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മലബാര്‍ കലാപം പശ്ചാത്തലമാക്കി 'ജഗള'; ജൂലൈയില്‍ തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/jagala-malayalam-movie-to-be-released-in-july/articleshow-u9g72ti |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Sea of Love - Kadalolam Sneham''
|Sai Krishna
|Dilsha Prasannan, Jibnu Jacob, Meera Nair
|Vinreels Digital
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea of Love (Kadalolam Sneham) (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in sea-of-love-kadalolam-sneham |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sea-of-love-kadalolam-sneham/ET00453171?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdead;" |'''25'''
|''Oru Ronaldo Chithram''
|Rinoy Kalloor
|[[Aswin Jose]], Chaithania Prakash, Hanna Reji Koshi, Mithun M Das, Varsha Kurian
|Fulfill Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Ronaldo Chithram (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in oru-ronaldo-chithram |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-ronaldo-chithram/ET00451587?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Paattaya Kadha''
|A.G.S.
|Cristy Binnett, Vadivel Chitharangan, Manu Kumbari. Anugraha Sujith
|Moonlight Creations, Amazing Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paattaya Kadha (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in paattaya-kadha |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/paattaya-kadha/ET00455047?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Valampiri Shanku''
|Shamnad
|Ajeesh Kumar, Gowri S, Shahanad Shaji, Lekshmi Prakash
|Olakka Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valampirishanku (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in valampirishanku |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/valampirishanku/ET00455032?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|AUGUST}}'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]''
| Vishnu Sasi Shankar
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], Malavika Manoj, [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Sshivada]]
| Waterman Films LLP Sree Gokulam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Sumathi Valavu confirms new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/16/sumathi-valavu-confirms-new-release-date |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meesha (film)|Meesha]]''
|Emcy Joseph
|[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], Hakkim Shah
|Unicorn Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meesha (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in meesha |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/meesha/ET00453594?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rajakanyaka''
|Victor Adam
|[[Athmiya Rajan]], Victor Adam, [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
|Wise King Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajakanyaka (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in rajakanyaka |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rajakanyaka/ET00455632?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Surabhila Sundara Swapnam''
| Tony Mathews
|Rajalakshmi Rajan, Paul Viji Varghese, Dayyana Hameed
|Fantasy Frames
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=2025-07-31 |title=Malayalam OTT releases this week: Surabhila Sundara Swapnam, Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7 and more streaming online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/malayalam-ott-releases-this-week-surabhila-sundara-swapnam-bigg-boss-malayalam-season-7-and-more-streaming-online-11753980804420.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-super-zindagi-to-bigg-boss-malayalam-season-7-check-these-malayalam-ott-releases-on-netflix-jiohotstar-prime-video/articleshow/123018640.cms?from=mdr|title=From Super Zindagi to Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7: Check these Malayalam OTT releases on Netflix, JioHotstar, Prime Video|work=The Economic Times |date=31 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thayyal Machine''
|C S Vinayan
|[[Kichu Tellus]], [[Gayathri Suresh]], [[Sruthy Jayan]], Rajiv Rajan
|Gops Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thayyal Machine (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in thayyal-machine |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thayyal-machine/ET00455765?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''8'''
|''[[Mehfil (film)|Mehfil]]''
|[[Jayaraj]]
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Asha Sharath]], [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
|Widescreen Media Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehfil (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mehfil/ET00456858?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]''
|Bibin Krishna
|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Gouri G. Kishan]], [[Aju Varghese]], Varsha Ramesh, [[Babu Antony]]
|Front Row Productions, Spire Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sahasam/ET00452586?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sangarsha Ghadana - Art of Warfare''
|[[Krishand R. K.]]
|Vishnu Agasthya, Mridula Murali, Sanoop Padaveedan, Rahul Rajagopal
|Krishand Films, Joker Show Reels
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangarsha Ghadana - Art of Warfare (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sangarsha-ghadana-art-of-warfare/ET00456986?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ethu Nerathaanavo''
|Jinoy Janardhanan
|Jinoy Janardhanan, Geethi Sangeeta, Kedar Vivek, Manika Raj
|Jpic Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡസ്ക് |first=എന്‍റര്‍ടെയിന്‍മെന്‍റ് |date=2025-08-04 |title='പൂച്ചയുടെ ശാപം ജീവിതം നശിപ്പിക്കുമോ?' ആകാംക്ഷയുടെ മുൾമുനയിൽ നിർത്താന്‍ മനോരമ മാക്സിസില്‍ 'ഏത് നേരത്താണാവോ' |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/ott/2025/08/04/eth-nerathanavo-family-comedy-streaming-august-8-on-manorama-max.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Manorama News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''21'''
| ''[[The Case Diary]]''
| Dilip Narayanan
| [[Ashkar Saudan]], Sakshi Agarwal, [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Riyaz Khan]]
| Benzy Productions
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/case-diary-trailer-1.10837101 | title=അജു വധക്കേസ്‌ തെളിയിക്കാന്‍ ക്രിസ്റ്റി സാം; അഷ്‌ക്കര്‍ സൗദാന്‍ നായകനാകുന്ന 'കേസ് ഡയറി' ട്രെയ്‌ലര്‍. | date=16 August 2025 | access-date=16 August 2025 | work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Case Diary (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-case-diary/ET00457643?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Thalavara]]''
| Akhil Anilkumar
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], Revathy Sharma, [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Devadarshini]]
| Shebin Backer Productions Moving Narratives
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Arjun Ashokan's Thalavara gets first look, release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/26/arjun-ashokans-thalavara-gets-first-look-release-date |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''28'''
| ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]''
| [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Sangeeth Prathap]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's Hridayapoorvam confirms new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/13/mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-hridayapoorvam-confirms-new-release-date |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''
| [[Dominic Arun]]
| [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Naslen]], [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]], [[Chandu Salim Kumar]], [[Arun Kurian]], [[Vijayaraghavan]]
| [[Wayfarer Films]]
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/21/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-naslens-lokah-chapter-1 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan and Naslen's Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra gets a release date, promo song out | date=21 August 2025 | access-date=22 August 2025 | work=The Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-naslen-headline-dulquer-salmaans-superhero-universe-film/article69671236.ece |title='Lokah - Chapter 1: Chandra': Kalyani Priyadarshan and Naslen headline Dulquer Salmaan's superhero universe film | date=8 June 2025 | access-date=22 August 2025 | work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3;" | '''29'''
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2025 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
| Fazil Faziludeen
| [[Hridhu Haroon]], [[Preity Mukhundhan]]
| Spire Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=Maine Pyar Kiya starring Hridhu Haroon and Preity Mukhundhan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/11/maine-pyar-kiya-starring-hridhu-haroon-and-preity-mukundhan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]''
| [[Althaf Salim]]
| [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Revathi Pillai]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], Anuraj OB
| Ashiq Usman Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-16 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan's Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/16/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#40e0d0; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|SEPTEMBER}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''11'''
|''[[Poyyamozhi]]''
|[[Sudhi Anna]]
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Meenakshi Anoop]], Nathaniel Madathil
|Tiny Hands Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Malayalam OTT Release: മനോരമ മാക്സിൽ കാണാം 10 പുതിയ മലയാളചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/new-malayalam-ott-releases-manoramamax-september-2025-10065591 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു വേട്ടക്കാരനും ഇരയും നിഗൂഢ വനത്തില്‍ നടത്തുന്ന യാത്ര ഈ മലയാള സിനിമയുടെ ആദ്യ പ്രദര്‍ശനം ക്യാന്‍ ഫെസ്റ്റിവലില്‍; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര്‍ |url=https://www.doolnews.com/poyyamozhi-movie-firstlook-poster-out-138-64.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=DoolNews |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''12'''
| ''Midnight In Mullankolli''
| Babu John
| Akhil Marar, [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Navas Vallikkunnu]], Abhishek Sreekumar
| Stargate Productions
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/akhil-marar-movie-midnight-in-mullankolli-release-on-september-12th-articleshow-v0cnelw | title=പരിഹാസം, പുച്ഛം, ഒറ്റപ്പെടുത്തലെല്ലാം തരണം ചെയ്ത് മുന്നോട്ട്; അഖിൽ മാരാരുടെ 'മുള്ളൻകൊല്ലി' സെപ്റ്റംബർ 12ന് | date=2 September 2025 | access-date=9 September 2025 | work=Asianet News}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]''
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], Hakim Shahjahan, [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Hannah Reji Koshy]], [[Sampath Raj]]
| Naad Sstudios, E4 Experiments, Seven 1 Seven Productions, Bedtime Stories
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/09/05/jeethu-joseph-movie-mirage-locks-release-date-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali.html | title=Jeethu Joseph's 'Mirage' starring Asif Ali and Aparna Balamurali locks release date | date=5 September 2025 | access-date=8 September 2025 | work=OnManorma}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jerriyude Aanmakkal''
| Gijo Sebastian
|Suresh Prem, Aishwarya Nambiar, Noby Marcose
|Emma Global Group Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerriyude Aanmakkal (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jerriyude-aanmakkal/ET00463176?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Odiyangam''
| Sunil Subramanian
|Sreejith Panicker, Gopinath Raman, Nisha Rithi, Vinaya JP, Soja Meethu
|Swasthik Vinayak Creations, Shree Mahalakshmi Enterprise
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odiyangam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/odiyangam/ET00463180?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vala: Story of a Bangle]]''
| Muhashin
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Raveena Ravi]], [[Navas Vallikkunnu]], [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
| Fairbay Films
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/03/dhyan-sreenivasan-lukman-avaran-starrer-vala-story-of-a-bangle-gets-a-release-date | title=Dhyan Sreenivasan-Lukman Avaran starrer Vala - Story of a Bangle gets a release date | date=3 September 2025 | access-date=9 September 2025 | work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''25'''
| ''[[Karam (2025 film)|Karam]]''
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| [[Noble Babu Thomas]], Audrey Miriam Henest, [[Ivan Vukomanović]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Reshma Sebastian, [[Shwetha Menon]]
| Habit of Life, [[Merryland Studio|Merryland Cinemas]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's next titled Karam, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/16/vineeth-sreenivasans-next-titled-karam-first-look-out |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Balti (film)|Balti]]''
| Unni Sivalingam
| [[Shane Nigam]], [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[Preethi Asrani]], [[Alphonse Puthren]], [[Selvaraghavan]]
| STK Frames, Binu George Alexander Productions
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/24/sai-abhyankkars-film-song-debut-jaalakaari-a-romantic-duet-drops-in-shane-nigams-balti | title=Sai Abhyankkar's film song debut 'Jaalakaari', a romantic duet, drops in Shane Nigam's Balti | date=24 August 2025 | access-date=24 August 2025 | work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Moonnam Nombaram''
|Joshy Illath
|[[Sajan Surya]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], [[Dinesh Panicker]], [[Ambika Mohan]]
|Cezen Media
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonnam Nombaram (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/moonnam-nombaram/ET00464185?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='മൂന്നാം നൊമ്പരം' സെപ്റ്റംബർ 26ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/09/23/moonnam-nombaram-movie-release.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=‘മൂന്നാം നൊമ്പരം’ സെപ്റ്റംബർ 26ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Valsala Club''
|Anush Mohan
|Karthik Shankar, Gouri Unnimaya, Akhil Kavalayoor, Roopesh Peethambaran, [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Mallika Sukumaran]], Priya Sreejith
|Falcon Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valsala Club (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/valsala-club/ET00463814?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | '''28'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kalaratri''
|Anand Krishnaraj
|Thambu Wilson, Abhimanue Sajeev, Jolly Antony, Maria Abish, Adrian Abish
|Greymonk Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalaratri OTT: കാളരാത്രി ഒടിടിയിലെത്തി; ചിത്രം എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kalaratri-ott-release-date-platform-manoramamax-10510994 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI3MDQyMDI1MDAwMzU= |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production company / studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|OCTOBER}}'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''5'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Thampachi''
|Manoj T Yadav
|[[Rahul Madhav]], [[Appani Sarath]], Aaliya, [[Sudheer Karamana]]
|True Movie Makers
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thampachi Malayalam Movie Online in HD and Dolby audio with English subtitles, OTT Release- manoramaMAX |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movies/detail/178684/thampachi |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.manoramamax.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thampachi on Manorama MAX |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/thampachi/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''10'''
| ''[[Avihitham]]''
| [[Senna Hegde]]
| Unniraja, Renji Kankol, Vineeth Chakyar, Dhanesh Koliyat, Rakesh Ushar, Vrinda Menon
| Marley State Of Mind, E4 Entertainments, Imagin Cinemas
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/01/senna-hegdes-avihitham-gets-release-date |title=Senna Hegde's Avihitham gets release date |date=1 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Feminichi Fathima]]''
| Fasil Muhammed
| [[Shamla Hamza]], Kumar Sunil, Viji Viswanath, Praseedha, Babitha Basheer
| AFD Cinemas
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/04/malayalamnews2025oct03dulquer-salmaan-to-distribute-feminichi-fathima-in-kerala-gets-a-release-date | title=Dulquer Salmaan to distribute Feminichi Fathima in Kerala, gets a release date | date=4 October 2025 | access-date=7 October 2025 | work= The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Private''
|Deepak Deon
|[[Indrans]], [[Meenakshi Anoop]], [[Annu Antony]]
|C'Factor the Entertainment Company
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/private/ET00466036?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''A Pan Indian Story''
|V C Abhilash
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Remya Suresh]] Shailaja Ambu
|Nalla Cinema Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Pan Indian Story OTT: എ പാൻ ഇന്ത്യൻ സ്റ്റോറി ഒടിടിയിൽ എത്തി, എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/a-pan-indian-story-now-streaming-on-ott-10550846 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Agasthyatheertham''
|Kattakada Sajith
|Girish Chandran, Keerthana, Malini, Gokulam Sreekumar
|Glittering Stars Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agasthyatheertham (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/agasthyatheertham/ET00466323?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''16'''
| ''[[The Pet Detective]]''
| Praneesh Vijayan
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Shyam Mohan]], [[Joemon Jyothir]], [[Althaf Salim]]
| Sree Gokulam Movies, Sharf U Dheen Productions
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/05/sharaf-u-dheen-anupama-parameshwarans-the-pet-detective-to-release-on-this-date |title=Sharaf U Dheen-Anupama Parameshwaran's The Pet Detective to release on this date |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre]]''
| [[Sajin Baabu]]
| [[Rima Kallingal]], [[Sarasa Balussery]], [[Dain Davis]]
| Anjana Talkies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Rima Kallingal-starrer Theatre gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/25/rima-kallingal-starrer-theatre-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''17'''
| ''[[Paathirathri]]''
| [[Ratheena PT]]
| [[Navya Nair]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Ann Augustine]], [[Athmiya Rajan]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]]
| Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-12 |title=Navya Nair and Soubin Shahir starrer Pathirathri gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/12/navya-nair-and-soubin-shahir-starrer-pathirathri-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Nellikkampoyil Night Riders]]''
| Noufal Abdullah
| [[Mathew Thomas]], Roshan Shanavas, Meenakshi Unnikrishnan, Merin Philip
| A & H S Productions
|<ref>{{cite web |title=മാത്യു തോമസിന്റെ ത്രില്ലർ, നൈറ്റ് റൈഡേഴ്‌സ് ഒക്ടോ. 10ന് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1604606 |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=8 September 2025 |date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kanoli Bandset''
|Goutham Ravindran
|Roshan Chandra, Lisha Ponni, Rishi Suresh, [[Saju Kodiyan]]
|Western Breeze Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanoli Bandset (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kanoli-bandset/ET00467739?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''31'''
| ''[[Diés Iraé]]''
| [[Rahul Sadasivan]]
| [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Sushmitha Bhat]], Jibin Gopinath, Arun Ajikumar, [[Sreedhanya]], Manohari Joy, Jaya Kurup, Priya Sreejith
| [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra|Night Shift Studios]], [[YNOT Studios]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranav Mohanlal film with Rahul Sadasivan gets a title: It's called Dies Irae; here's what it means |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-film-with-rahul-sadasivan-gets-a-title-its-called-dies-irae-heres-what-it-means/articleshow/121024750.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dies Irae: Pranav Mohanlal reveals release date of upcoming horror thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dies-irae-pranav-mohanlal-reveals-release-date-of-upcoming-horror-thriller/eec39d7ef3357 |work=OTTplay |date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cherukkanum Pennum]]''
| [[Pradeep Nair]]
|[[Sreejith Vijay]], [[Deepthi Nambiar]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Riya Saira]]
|Nanthiyattu FIlms
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherukkanum Pennum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/cherukkanum-pennum/ET00014573?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Swapnasundari]]''
| Philip K.J.
| [[Rajith Kumar]], Jinto Bodycraft, Sharlet Sajeev, [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Sharon Sahim
| S.S.Productions, Alphonse Visual Media
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/swapnasundari-malayalam-movie-trailer-rajith-kumar-jinto-articleshow-gru3a8m | title=രജിത് കുമാറും ജിന്‍റോയും പ്രധാന താരങ്ങള്‍; 'സ്വപ്‍നസുന്ദരി' ട്രെയ്‍ലര്‍ എത്തി | date=23 October 2025 | access-date=28 October 2025 | work=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/bigg-boss-fame-jinto-and-dr-rajith-kumar-starring-swapna-sundari-to-be-release-in-theatres-on-october-31-245364 | title=ബിഗ് ബോസ് താരങ്ങളായ ജിന്റോയും ഡോ. രജിത് കുമാറും പ്രധാനവേഷത്തിൽ; 'സ്വപ്ന സുന്ദരി' ഒക്ടോബർ 31ന് | date=25 October 2025 | access-date=28 October 2025 | work=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Madhuram Jeevamruthabindu''
| Shamzu Zayba, Appu N Bhattathiri, Prince Joy, Jenith Kachappilly
|[[Basil Joseph]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], Dayana Hammed, [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Wafa Khatheeja
|AVA Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuram Jeevamrutha Bindu OTT: മധുരം ജീവാമൃത ബിന്ദു ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്, എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/madhuram-jeevamrutha-bindu-ott-release-date-platform-10586439 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|NOVEMBER}}'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Innocent (2025 film)|Innocent]]''
| Satheesh Thanvi
| [[Althaf Salim]], [[Anarkali Marikar]], Anna Prasad, Kili Paul, [[Joemon Jyothir]], [[Azees Nedumangad]], [[Unni Lalu]]
| Elements of Cinema Entertainment
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/22/malayalamnews2025oct21althaf-salim-starrer-innocent-gets-a-release-date |title=Althaf Salim-starrer Innocent gets a release date |date=22 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ithiri Neram''
| Prasanth Vijay
| [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Zarin Shihab]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], Anand Manmadhan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Roshan Mathew-Zarin Shihab starrer Ithiri Neram gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/27/roshan-mathew-zarin-shihab-starrer-ithiri-neram-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" |'''14'''
| ''Athibheekara Kaamukan''
| CC Nithin Gautham Thaniyil
| [[Lukman Avaran]], Drishya Raghunath, [[Manohari Joy]]
| Pink Bison Studios, Etcetera Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Lukman's Athibheekara Kaamukan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/15/lukmans-athibheekara-kaamukan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Amos Alexander''
|Ajay Shaji
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Aju Varghese]], Tara Joseph, Dayyana Hameed
|Manjadi Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amos Alexander |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/amos-alexander/ET00470231 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nidhiyum Bhoothavum''
|Saja Joseph
|[[Aneesh G. Menon]], Aswath Lal, Naira Nihar, Muhammed Raffi
|Veeru Waves
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidhiyum Bhoothavum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nidhiyum-bhoothavum/ET00469782?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Page''
|Anish Urumbil
|[[Bibin George]], [[Anusree]], Arun Ashok
|BAT Bros
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page (Malayalam) (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/page-malayalam/ET00470658?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Start Action Story''
| T S Arun Giladi
|T S Arun Giladi, Deepa Prabha, D L Baburaj
|Arunodayam Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Start Action Story (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-start-action-story/ET00470886?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Wayanadan Kadha''
|Ameer Basheer
|Ameer Basheer, Sneha Unnikrishnan, [[Baiju Ezhupunna]], [[Devi Ajith]]
|Kalathil Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Wayanadan Kadha (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-wayanadan-kadha/ET00470651?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" |'''21'''
| ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]''
| Jayan Nambiar
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
| Urvashi Theatres AVA Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Prithviraj's Vilaayath Budha gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/05/prithvirajs-vilaayath-budha-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aavani''
| R Rajamohan
|Sooraj Sun, Aaliyah, [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
|Devadas Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavani (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aavani/ET00471615?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Comondra Alien''
| Nandakumar A P
|Joji Abraham, Lissy Sayan, Nandakumar A P
|Nanda Kumar Films Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comondra Alien (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/comondra-alien/ET00468155?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Help Line''
| Asramam Chellappan
|Aromal Dev, Chandana Aravind, Priya Unni, Vijayalekshmi
|Sawak of India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Help Line (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/help-line/ET0471787?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=നാടക കലാകാരൻമാർ സിനിമ നിർമ്മിച്ചു, 21ന് തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1649734&u=local-news-pathanamthitta |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Shades of Life''
| Rasheed Ahammad, Jamsheer Muhammad, Natarajan Pattambi
|Niyas Backer, Bhaskar Arvind, [[Sreeja Das]], Dasan Kongad, Ramani Mancheri, S K Mini, Aswathi Mohanan.
|Classic Media Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Shades Of Life to Antharam to Nadu Center: Watch latest Malayalam OTT releases on Netflix, JioHotstar Prime Video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shades-of-life-to-antharam-to-nadu-center-watch-latest-malayalam-ott-releases-on-netflix-jiohotstar-prime-video/articleshow/125451772.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MV Desk|first=Metrovartha |date=2024-12-06 |title=Three directors with four films, 'Shades of Life' |url=https://english.metrovaartha.com/entertainment/three-directors-with-four-films-shades-of-life |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Metrovaartha- En |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]''
| Dinjith Ayyathan
| [[Sandeep Pradeep]], Biana Momin, [[Vineeth]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
| Aaradyaa Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=Sandeep Pradeep's Eko gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/08/sandeep-pradeeps-eko-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" |23
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Inland''
|S K Sreejith Lal
|Aldrin Thampan, Sundari Amma, Vishnu Manampoor
|Siddhivinayaka Creations, Plan B Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Inland Malayalam Movie Online in HD and Dolby audio with English subtitles, OTT Release- manoramaMAX |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movies/detail/180361/inland |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.manoramamax.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" |'''28'''
|''Ayyappanum Vapuranum''
|K G Vijayakumar
|Jefry George, Bhama Arun, [[Neena Kurup]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
|KGV Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyappanum Vapuranum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ayyappanum-vapuranum/ET00472654?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Victoria''
|Sivaranjini J
|Meenakshi Jayan, Sreeshma Chandran, Darsana Vikas, Steeja Mary
|KSFDC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/victoria/ET00472429?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#FF66CC; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|DECEMBER}}'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;" |'''5'''
| ''[[Kalamkaval]]''
| Jithin K. Jose
| [[Mammootty]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Gayatri Arun]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], Megha Thomas, Gibin Gopinath
| Mammootty Kampany
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kalamkaval-malayalam-crime-thriller-release-postponed-december-5-2025-2826097-2025-11-26 |title=Mammootty's Kalamkaval to clash with Ranveer's Dhurandhar. New release date out | date=26 November 2025| access-date=26 November 2025 | work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-cinema/mammoottys-kalamkaval-gets-a-fresh-release-date-makers-announce-with-a-new-poster-ws-l-9731675.html |title=Mammootty's Kalamkaval Gets A Fresh Release Date, Makers Announce With A New Poster|date=26 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pongala (film)|Pongala]]''
|A B Binil
|[[Sreenath Bhasi]], Yami Sona, [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
|Global Pictures Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pongala (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pongala/ET00472785?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Pongala' breaks tradition: Malayalam film to hit theatres on a Sunday for the first time|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pongala-first-malayalam-sunday-release-nov-30-x0jdliyy|website=@mathrubhumi|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Khajuraho Dreams''
| Manoj Vasudev
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Dhruvan]], [[Chandhunadh]]
| Goodline Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Khajuraho Dreams gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/khajuraho-dreams-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Madhura Kanakku''
| Radheshyam V
|[[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Indrans]], Amina Nijam, Nisha Sarang
|Hareesh Peradi Productions, N M Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhura Kanakku (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/madhura-kanakku/ET00471613?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Ride''
|Ritesh Menon
|[[Sudhi Koppa]], Ann Seethal, Sreekanth Murali, [[Maala Parvathi]]
|Diaspore Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ride (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-ride/ET00473330?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dheeram]]''
| Jithin T Suresh
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Nishanth Sagar]] [[Sagar Surya]], [[Reba Monica John]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Avanthika Mohan]]
| Remo Entertainmentz Malabar Talkies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran's Dheeram gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/19/indrajith-sukumarans-dheeram-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;"|'''7'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" | ''Uduppu''
|Anil Mukhathala
|[[Indrans]], [[Sona Nair]], [[Sudheer Karamana]]
|Janasurya Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uduppu OTT: ഉടുപ്പ് ഇന്ന് അർദ്ധരാത്രിയോടെ ഒടിടിയിലെത്തും, എവിടെ കാണാം? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/uduppu-ott-release-date-platform-manoramamax-10887566 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;"|'''12'''
| ''[[Adinaasam Vellapokkam]]''
| [[A.J. Varghese]]
|[[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Lizabeth Tomy]], [[Babu Antony]], [[John Vijay]], [[Manju Pillai]]
| Surya Bharathy Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adinasham Vellapokkam (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/adinasham-vellapokkam/ET00475053?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ambalamukkile Visheshangal''
| Jayaram Kailas
| [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
| Chand Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambalamukkile Visheshangal (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ambalamukkile-visheshangal/ET00475059?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Sree Ayyappan''
|Vishnu Venjaramoodu
|[[Riyaz Khan]], Aneesh Ravi, Kottayam Ramesh, Kudassanad Kanakam
|Aadhi Media, Nisha Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Ayyappan (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sree-ayyappan/ET00472440?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;"|'''18'''
| ''[[Bha Bha Ba]]''
| Dhananjay Shankar
| [[Dileep]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Sidharth Bharathan]]
| Sree Gokulam Movies
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/27/malayalamnews2025oct27dileep-starrer-bha-bha-ba-gets-release-date-confirms-mohanlals-cameo | title=Dileep starrer Bha Bha Ba gets release date, confirms Mohanlal's cameo | date=27 October 2025 | access-date=28 October 2025 | work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dileep-bha-bha-bha-release-date-mohanlal-cameo-gokulam-gopalan-rkiu07cf|title='അഴിഞ്ഞാട്ടം തുടങ്ങിയാലോ'; ദിലീപ് ചിത്രം ഭ.ഭ.ബ റിലീസ് തിയ്യതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു, ആവേശമേറ്റാന്‍ മോഹന്‍ലാലും | date=27 October 2025 | access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;"|'''19'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Eliza''
|Athul Ranganath
|Shibin Jose, Sreeshna Suresh, [[Bheeman Raghu]], Alamkritha, Dileep Bal
|Shivani Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Eliza Movie: Malayalam Crime, Drama, Thriller Movie Streaming on ManoramaMAX |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movie/play/eliza |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=website |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;" |'''20'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Themmadi Kunnile Thanthonnikal''
|Robin Joseph
|Aadhi Anuchan, Anagha Jose, Varsha Prasad, [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Sohan Seenulal]]
|B Cinemas, Plamban FIlms
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Themmadi Kunnile Thanthonnikal Movie: Malayalam Drama Movie Streaming on ManoramaMAX |url=https://www.manoramamax.com/movie/play/themmadi-kunnile-thanthonnikal |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=website |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Eraan''
|Shiju Balagopalan
|Premalatha, Purushothaman, Abhijith Ct Chooliyad, Vyshakh Kuttikrishnan, Shyam Krishnan, Vinod Niduvaloor
|Sajumon AC Productions
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxWryFb1Vsk |title=Eraan (എറാൻ) {{!}} The Man Who Obeys Always {{!}} Full Malayalam Movie {{!}} Directed by Shiju Balagopalan |date=2025-12-20 |last=Shiju Balagopalan |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=പ്രതികരിച്ചാല്‍ സിനിമ ഉപേക്ഷിക്കേണ്ടിവരുമെന്ന് പലരും പറഞ്ഞു, പിന്തുണച്ചവര്‍ കുറഞ്ഞു {{!}} അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/interview-with-shiju-balagopalan-director-of-eran-malayalam-movie-iffk-2023-allegations-0f14ef4e |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;" |'''25'''
| ''[[Sarvam Maya]]''
| Akhil Sathyan
| [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Preity Mukhundhan]], [[Riya Shibu]]
| Central Pictures
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly's fantasy movie 'Sarvam Maya' locks its release date|website=Onmanorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/20/nivin-pauly-sarvam-maya-movie-release-date-locked.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ക്രിസ്മസ് കളറാക്കാൻ നിവിൻ പോളി; അഖിൽ സത്യന്റെ 'സർവ്വം മായ' റിലീസ് തിയതി എത്തി|website=Asianet News|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nivin-pauly-movies-sarvam-maya-release-on-christmas-december-25th-2025-articleshow-v4l5ntl}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mindiyum Paranjum]]''
| [[Arun Bose]]
| [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Jude Anthany Joseph]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Maala Parvathi]]
| Allens Studios, Jugar Studios
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/06/unni-mukundan-aparna-balamuralis-mindiyum-paranjum-finally-gets-release-date |title=Unni Mukundan-Aparna Balamurali's Mindiyum Paranjum finally gets release date | date=6 December 2025 | access-date=7 December 2025 | work=The Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Aghosham''
| Amal K. Joby
|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]], Rosmin Thadathil, [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|C N Global Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aghosham (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aghosham/ET00477847?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Paralokam''
| Bidhin Bal
|Bhaskaran Kavumthara, Bidhin Bal
|Machucando Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfIaEOJv73s |title=Paralokam (The other world) |date=2025-12-24 |last=Minimal cinema |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haal (film)|Haal]]''
| Veeraa
| [[Shane Nigam]], Sakshi Vaidya, [[Johny Antony]], [[Madhupal]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
| JVJ Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Shane Nigam's Haal finally gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/19/shane-nigams-haal-finally-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''{{efn-lg|name="tm"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Malayalam languages}}
| |[[Nanda Kishore]]
| |[[Mohanlal]], [[Samarjit Lankesh]], Nayan Sarika
| |[[Balaji Motion Pictures]], Abishek S Vyas Studios
| {{efn-lg|name="tm"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Malayalam languages}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-08 |title='Vrusshabha' new release date: Mohanlal's film set for Christmas 2025; makers say, 'A king's arrival is royal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vrusshabha-new-release-date-mohanlals-film-set-for-christmas-2025-makers-say-a-kings-arrival-is-royal/articleshow/125176974.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFC5D3;" |'''31'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Moksha Crisis''
|Ajay Sekhar
|Gokulnath, Thamban Kodakkad
|Malabar Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gop2lorYNU |title=Moksha Crisis {{!}} Malayalam Full HD Movie {{!}} Gokulnath {{!}} Thamban Kodakkad {{!}} Malabar Cinemas |date=2025-12-31 |last=MALABAR CINEMAS |access-date=2026-01-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}{{notelist-lg}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2025 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2025]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language]]

Vikash Nowlakha

2026-05-02T05:22:45Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding some stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikash Nowlakha
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education = [[University of Tasmania]] [[New York Film Academy]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Cinematographer
| years_active = 1997–present
| known_for =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|http://vikashnowlakha.com/}}
}}
'''Vikash Nowlakha''' is an Indian cinematographer and filmmaker who works in Hindi films. He has worked as a director of photography for feature films like ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'' (2009), ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'' (2024), ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025) and it's sequel ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026). In addition to his work in films, he has also shot TV commercials worldwide for the [[New York Knicks]], [[Nike Jordans|Nike Jordan]], [[Maserati]], [[BMW]], [[Fevicol]] and [[Ambuja Cements]] and various other International brands, which have garnered several awards and accolades.

== Early life ==
Vikash Nowlakha graduated in [[Eastern philosophy|Philosophy]] from the [[University of Tasmania]] (1997). In 2001, he enrolled at the [[New York Film Academy]] to study cinematography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Vikash Nowlakha |url=https://www.goodadsmatter.com/post/vikash-nowlakha |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=Good Ads Matter |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Nowlakha began his professional journey in the film industry in 1997 after moving to [[Mumbai]], where he took up his first role as an assistant director at an advertising production house.<ref name=":1" />

In the late 1990s, he served as a producer at MTV, which sparked his interest in visual storytelling.<ref name=":0" />

Over the following decade, he built experience in commercial filmmaking. His early work primarily involved television commercials for international automotive brands including [[Maserati]], [[BMW]], [[Buick]], [[Chevrolet]], [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]], [[Lexus]], [[Honda]], [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]], [[Vespa]] and [[Fiat]], as well as campaigns for [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Adidas]], [[Fevicol]], [[Ambuja Cements]], and the NBA team [[New York Knicks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambuja Khali |url=https://www.metropolitana.net/work/ambuja-khali/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Metropolitana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Team {{!}} 03/04/2012 |first=Campaign India |title=New appointments at Bang Bang Films |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/new-appointments-at-bang-bang-films/4teq45s0hkfvcy7y0ehhfkpmdx |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Campaign India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi {{!}} 15/10/2012 |first=Radhika |title=Video: Campaign India 'Love That Ad' |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/video-campaign-india-love-that-ad/41q2ftmyhm15srh284qvjyn04t |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Campaign India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nowlakha gained wider recognition in 2009 with the film ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'', directed by [[Shimit Amin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocket Singh: Salesman Of The Year Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Rocket Singh: Salesman Of The Year by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rocket-singh-salesman-of-the-year/movie-review/5326330.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

After a period largely focused on advertising, he returned to major long-form projects with the documentary ''[[The Year Earth Changed]]'' (2021), narrated by [[David Attenborough]]. In 2022, he worked on the [[BBC]] series [[The Green Planet (TV series)|''The Green Planet'']], the Hindi web series ''[[Bloody Brothers]]'', and the fantasy film [[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]], directed by [[Ayan Mukerji]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.buzzsprout.com/2014087/episodes/16436309-ep-193-behind-netflix-s-laapataa-ladies-dp-vikash-nowlakha |title=EP 193 - Behind Netflix's Laapataa Ladies: DP Vikash Nowlakha - Kingdom of Dreams Podcast |date=2025-01-14 |language=en |access-date=2026-02-22 |via=www.kingdomofdreamspodcast.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title='Brahmastra' movie review: Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt's film works for its special effects, not for its story |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-brahmastra-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-film-works-for-its-special-effects-not-for-its-story-514432 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he served as director of photography for ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'', directed by [[Kiran Rao]]. For his work on the film, he received the Best Cinematography award at the [[2025 Zee Cine Awards]] and a nomination at the [[70th Filmfare Awards]]. The film was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] for the [[97th Academy Awards]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

In 2025, he received critical acclaim for his cinematography on ''[[Dhurandhar]] -'' the [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi film in India]] as of 2026, and is also credited on its sequel ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite news |last=SHETYE |first=AAKANKSHA NAVAL |date=15 December 2025 |title=DHURANDHAR BTS: Here’s how Aditya Dhar and DoP Vikash Nowlakha built the authentic and real look of the Ranveer Singh hit! |url=https://filmfaremiddleeast.com/dhurandhar-bts-heres-how-aditya-dhar-and-dop-vikash-nowlakha-built-the-authentic-and-real-look-of-the-ranveer-singh-hit/ |url-status=live |work=Filmfare Middle East}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]''
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Woodstock Villa]]''
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]''
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[The Year Earth Changed]]''
| rowspan="2" |English
|Documentary
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[The Green Planet (TV series)|The Green Planet]]''
| Television series
|
|-
|''[[Bloody Brothers]]''
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|Web series
|
|-
| ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='Laapataa Ladies' and Sony Venice: an Insight Into Vikash Nowlakha's Filmmaking Process |url=https://alphacommunity.in/explore/expert-speak/laapataa-ladies-and-sony-venice-an-insight-into-vikash-nowlakhas-filmmaking-process/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |website=Sony Alpha Community}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 February 2025 |title=Inside the visual grit of Dhurandhar: How Aditya Dhar and Vikash Nowlakha crafted this Ranveer Singh starrer spy thriller that feels real |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/inside-visual-grit-dhurandhar-aditya-dhar-vikash-nowlakha-crafted-ranveer-singh-starrer-spy-thriller-feels-real/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=DOP Vikash Nowlakha Reveals How Aditya Dhar and He Built The Look of Dhurandhar |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dop-vikash-nowlakha-reveals-how-aditya-dhar-and-he-built-the-look-of-dhurandhar-80022.html |access-date=11 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award !! Category
!Result!! Film
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[2025 Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2025 2025 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-zee-cine-awards-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[70th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for 70th Filmfare Awards 2025 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2025/nominations |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nowlakha, Vikash}}
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1991–92 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:37Z

MarielKrr8600268: started basic info and citations

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1991-92 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 293px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 6
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Ajay Sharma]] (Delhi) (933)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1991/92 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1991-92/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] (Delhi) (58)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1991/92 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1991-92/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1990–91
| previous_tournament = 1990–91 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1992–93
| next_tournament = 1992–93 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1991–92 Ranji Trophy''' was the 58th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Delhi won the final against Tamil Nadu.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|RR|Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''102''' || 3.597
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''97''' || 3.307
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''84''' || 3.454
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 3.423
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''37''' || 2.869
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 2.953
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|RR|Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''72''' || 3.584
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''59''' || 3.740
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''53''' || 3.187
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 3.098
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''36''' || 2.914
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|RR|Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''69''' || 3.945
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''67''' || 2.644
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 3.013
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 3.265
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 2.562
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|RR|Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''92''' || 3.450
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''88''' || 3.286
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''88''' || 3.003
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''52''' || 3.388
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''35''' || 2.661
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 2.692
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|RR|Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''66''' || 3.468
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''58''' || 3.755
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''54''' || 2.952
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''34''' || 2.821
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 3.101
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|15 Feb 1992 — Secunderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|409 & 249|'''[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''|'''535 & 127/3'''
|||||
|||||
|13 Feb 1992 — Pune|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] (F)'''|'''757/7d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|270 & 424/7
|||||
|||||
|||||

|28 Feb 1992 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''721/8d'''|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|230 & 373
|28 Feb 1992 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''636'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|237 & 228
|28 Feb 1992 — Pune|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|557|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] (F)'''|'''673/9d & 95/0'''
|28 Feb 1992 — Kanpur|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|203 & 77/0|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (F)'''|'''349 & 628'''

|13 Mar 1992 — Bombay|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|254 & 182/3|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (F)'''|'''516 & 574'''
|13 Mar 1992 — Faridabad|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|375 & 233/7|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (F)'''|'''507 & 340'''

|27 Mar 1992 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (F)'''|'''532 & 273/4'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|449

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=no|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(F)''' - Advanced to next round / won the finals on First Innings Lead

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 27–31 March 1992
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 532 (172.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajay Sharma]] 175 (330)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Divakar Vasu]] 4/106 (42 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 449 (154.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Woorkeri Raman]] 82 (191)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 5/130 (51.1 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 273/4 (84 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bantoo Singh]] 123[[not out|*]] (212)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[M. Venkataramana]] 2/74 (19 overs)
| result = Match drawn (Delhi won on first innings lead)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[S. B. Kulkarni]] and [[R. S. Rathore]]
| motm =
| report = [https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_TN_RJI-FINAL_27-31MAR1992.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Divakar Vasu]] (Tamil Nadu) passed 1,000 runs each and [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] (Tamil Nadu) passed 3,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref>{{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Scorecards/55/55607|name=Delhi v Tamil Nadu, Ranji Trophy 1991/92 (Final)}}</ref>
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1991-92.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy 1991-92] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1991-92 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1991 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1991–92]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Kotagiri Venkata Krishna Rao

2026-05-01T04:26:04Z

MarielKrr8600268: done

{{Short description|Zamindar, freedom fighter and poet from Gampalagudem, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kotagiri Venkata Krishna Rao
| other_names = Gampalagudem Raja
| birth_date = {{birth year|1890}}
| birth_place = [[Gampalagudem]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (Now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| known_for = Zamindar, Freedom fighter
| parents = Chinnayya and Subbayamma
| awards = Kalaa Prapoorna by [[Andhra University]] in 1975
}}

'''Kotagiri Venkata Krishna Rao''' ({{IPA|te|koːʈaɡiriː ʋenkaʈa kriʂna ɾaʊ̯}}), also known as '''Gampalagudem Raja''', was a prominent [[Zamindar]] of [[Gampalagudem]] estate in the Krishna district (now [[NTR district]]) of Andhra region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Ch M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4N61AAAAIAAJ |title=Salt Satyagraha in the Coastal Andhra |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-0-8364-2033-3 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> He actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 1920s, engaging in activities such as [[Salt March|salt satyagraha]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]]s. Due to his involvement in these movements, he was frequently arrested and jailed.

== Early life and writing career ==
Venkata Krishna Rao, born in 1890 to Chinnayya and Subbayamma, belonged to the [[Velama|Padmanayaka]] clan and was raised in [[Nuzvid Estate]]. On the auspicious occasion of Phalguna Manha (twelfth month) Padyami (first day of the lunar month) of Khara Sanshavara (Telugu calendar 1891-1892), he was adopted by Jagannath Rao and Subbayamma. He was a prolific writer, with notable works such as Srinhaka Tilakamu, Yuvananigarhana, Chatu Padyamulum, Srikrishnarayanatakavali (a collection of four plays namely Abhinava Pandavyam, Padusha Parabhava, Bebbuli, Pranayadarsana), Matrudesa, Vidhi (Poetry), Devadasi (Drama), and Ghoshavyasa Khandanam, among others. The preface to his drama volume Sri Krishnaraya Natakavali was written by the acclaimed [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]. [[Madhunapantula Satyanarayana Sastry]] praised Kotagiri's ability to evoke both romance and virasa (heroism) in his earlier and later works, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=మధునాపంతుల సత్యనారాయణ శాస్త్రి |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.328981 |title= |date=1950 |pages=896 |script-title=te:ఆంధ్ర రచయితలు-ప్రథమ భాగము (1806 - 1901)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=మిక్కిలినేని రాధాకృష్ణమూర్తి |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.386114 |title=ఆంధ్ర నాటకరంగ చరిత్రము |date=1965 |pages=330}}</ref>

== Congress politics ==
Krishna Rao was also involved in various political and social activities. He served as the President of West Krishna D. C. C. in 1921, donated Rs. 1,116 to Gandhi towards the Khadi fund in 1929, and was elected as the President of the Andhra Congress Committee in July 1931. He worked tirelessly towards the creation of a separate Andhra Province from the composite [[Madras State]] and was an advocate for the Library Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S Reganl |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223885 |title=Who Is Who Of Freedom Struggle In Andhra Pradesh Vol Two |pages=295}}</ref>

== Struggle for Indian independence ==

=== Non-cooperation movement ===
He demonstrated his commitment to the [[Indian independence movement]] by resigning his membership from the legislature in response to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s call for [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation]]. Krishna Rao played a significant role during the special session of the Congress in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in September 1920. He, along with other Andhra leaders, supported Mahatma Gandhi's policy of boycotting elections. Rao actively participated in spreading the policy of Non-Cooperation, urging people to abstain from voting, persuading lawyers to give up their practice, and advocating for the boycott of British educational institutions. He later chaired a National Conference in [[Peddapuram]] and played a role in organizing the boycott of elections in various districts. His involvement continued during the [[Nagpur]] Congress, where the Congress adopted resolutions on [[Swaraj]] and Non-Cooperation. The [[Vijayawada]] session saw Rao's leadership in crucial decisions, such as raising funds for the Tilak Swaraj Fund<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Tilak Swaraj Fund |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?7136 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> and promoting the [[Khadi|Khadi movement]]. The session also witnessed the design of the [[Flag of India|Congress National flag]] by [[Pingali Venkayya|Pingali Venkaiah]]. Rao's active participation extended to organizing Panchayats, promoting prohibition, and working towards Hindu-Muslim unity. The success of the session reflected the widespread support for the Non-Cooperation Movement in Andhra, with people, including leaders like [[Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu|T. Prakasam]], responding enthusiastically. Rao's efforts contributed to the movement's success, leading to numerous individuals leaving their professions and studies to participate in the cause. The session marked a turning point in the creed of the Congress, emphasizing the goal of Swaraj achieved through legitimate and peaceful means.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ragani |first=Sarojini |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12420 |title=Highlights Of The Freedom Movement In Andhra Pradesh |date=1956 |publisher=The Ministry Of Cultural Affairs, Hyderabad |pages=69–74}}</ref>

In 1920, Krishna Rao played a pivotal role in [[Tanuku]], [[West Godavari district]], Andhra Pradesh, presiding over a crucial meeting of nearly 2000 people and fostering widespread support for the boycott of legislative elections as an integral part of Non-Cooperation movement. Rao, along with other Congress members, organized meetings to educate the public about the significance of boycotting elections, and these efforts led to the withdrawal of many filed nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Tanuku Taluk Congress Meeting, October 1920 |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?13305 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Boycott of Elections In West Godavari District |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?12253 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> Actively participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement, Krishna Rao was sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment for his involvement and was incarcerated in Cuddalore Jail from 29-9-1921.

=== Salt Satyagraha ===
Venkata Krishna Rao's involvement in the [[Salt Satyagraha]] was marked by his audacious defiance of the law. Leading a group of 120 volunteers from [[Vijayawada]], he traveled on foot to [[Konaseema]], where he and his team produced salt in contravention of British regulations. Campaign at Chinnapuram, which resulted in another year's rigorous imprisonment in Rajahmundry, Madras, and Vellore Jails from 30-4-1930.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was leading the independence movement, remarked that whether it was a landlord or a commoner, under British rule, they were living as slaves, and that Venkata Krishna Rao's actions gave a significant boost to the Salt Satyagraha in [[Coastal Andhra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Ch M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dqRvDui1-4C&dq=gampalagudem&pg=PA82 |title=Salt Satyagraha in the Coastal Andhra |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> Venkata Krishna Rao's participation in this act of civil disobedience was particularly noteworthy as his zamindari family was generally known to be pro-British, surprising many of his contemporaries.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Awards ==
In addition to his contributions to the [[Indian independence movement]], Venkata Krishna Rao's talents as a writer were also recognized. In 1975, he was awarded the "Kala Prapoorna"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kkkotha |date=2010-04-11 |title=AU - Convocations - Honorary Degrees |url=http://aukalaprapurna.blogspot.com/2010/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Andhra University - Honorary Degrees}}</ref> award by [[Andhra University]] for his literary achievements. This award is a testament to his impact not only as a political activist but also as a writer. Venkata Krishna Rao's life and legacy serve as an inspiration to those who seek to make a positive impact on their communities through both political and creative endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=te:ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం కాన్వొకేషన్ వివరాలలో కళాప్రపూర్ణ గురించి |url=https://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/convocation.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915074152/http://andhrauniversity.edu.in/convocation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kotagiri Venkata Krishna}}
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:NTR district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Poonch-Rawalakot Bus

2026-04-29T07:33:51Z

MarielKrr8600268: Starting Some Data Needs Work

{{Short description|Bus service between India and Pakistan}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Poonch-Rawalakot Bus Service
| logo =
| image =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded = June 21, 2006
| headquarters =
| locale = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], India and [[Rawalakot]], Pakistan
| service_area = Jammu and Kashmir
| service_type = Cross-border bus service
| routes = 1 (Poonch to Rawalakot)
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| fleet =
| ridership = Over 15,000 (as of April 2011)
| operator =
| ceo =
| website =
}}

The '''Poonch-Rawalakot Bus''' is a [[India–Pakistan border|cross-border]] transport service that connects [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] with [[Rawalakot]] in [[Azad Kashmir]]. The service was inaugurated on 21 June 2006, serving as an important confidence-building measure between India and Pakistan.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/197898/rawlakot-poonch-bus-service-inaugurated|title=Rawlakot-Poonch bus service inaugurated|date=June 21, 2006|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years|date=April 16, 2011|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

==History==
The bus service was launched after the success of the [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus|Muzaffarabad to Srinagar bus service]] which started on 7 April 2005. Initially launched as a fortnightly service, in August 2008, buses began to operate weekly. The Poonch-Rawalakot bus service was started on 6 June 2006.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/news/3289781|title=Poonch-Rawalakot bus service starts from June 20|date=June 19, 2006|website=Brecorder}}</ref>

==Suspension and resumption==
The bus service has experienced interruptions due to conflicts and tensions along the [[Line of Control|LoC]]. Despite these challenges, it has demonstrated its resilience by restarting operations following such events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/781931/trade-bus-services-resume-across-loc-as-tensions-ebb|title=Trade, bus services resume across LoC as tensions ebb|date=January 28, 2013|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/518017-poonch-rawalakot-bus-service-resumes-indian-media|title=Poonch-Rawalakot bus service resumes: Indian media|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Now it has been suspended from 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/poonch-to-rawalakot-pakistan-suspends-cross-loc-bus-service-5918615/lite/ | title=Poonch to Rawalakot: Pakistan suspends cross-LoC bus service | date=20 August 2019 }}</ref>

==Impact==
The bus service has acted as a bridge, reconnecting countless Kashmiris separated by the Line of Control (LoC). By April 2011, this service had enabled 15,000 Kashmiris to traverse this divide. This service has also played a pivotal role in enhancing diplomatic ties between India and Pakistan.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]]
* [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{International Bus Services from India}}
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

[[Category:Transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Bus transport in India]]
[[Category:Bus transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Transport in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Pakistan]]

{{Bus-transport-stub}}

Bishalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:10Z

MarielKrr8600268: new - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bishalgarh
| mla = [[Sushanta Deb]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 16
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:49898}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bishalgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bishalgarh''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Sipahijala district]] and is a part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/bishalgarh.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Bishalgarh Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| U. L. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Samir Ranjan Barman]]
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Gautam Prasad Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Bhanu Lal Saha]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=4 | [[Samir Ranjan Barman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3 | [[Bhanu Lal Saha]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Sushanta Deb]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sushanta Deb]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,314 |percentage=48.52% |change={{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Partha Pratim Majumder|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=20,988|percentage=45.64%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md. Saha Alam Miah|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=1,606|percentage=3.49%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Haradhan Deb Nath|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=599|percentage=1.30%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=478|percentage=1.04%|change={{increase}}0.35}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,326 |percentage=2.88% |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=45,985|percentage=92.36%|change={{decrease}}3.52}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,898 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,254 |percentage=48.43% |change={{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitai Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,488 |percentage=46.68% |change={{increase}}45.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaydul Hossain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=715 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}45.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=339 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=301 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=1.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,889 |percentage=94.04% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,871 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,987 |percentage=51.02% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,263 |percentage=46.83% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Narayan Roy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=386 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiban Kumar Bhowmik |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,724 |percentage=4.19% |change= {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,137 |percentage=95.73% |change= {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,241 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,457 |percentage=50.50% |change={{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,543 |percentage=47.51% |change={{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Sarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=320 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Bhowmik |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=914 |percentage=2.99% |change= {{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,609 |percentage=94.52% |change= {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,449 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,414 |percentage=51.24% |change={{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,820 |percentage=44.66% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Matilal Saha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=697 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nika Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,594 |percentage=6.58% |change= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,227 |percentage=83.33% |change= {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,142 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,876 |percentage=52.29% |change={{decrease}}22.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mati Lal Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,078 |percentage=43.64% |change={{increase}}22.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhan Debnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=847 |percentage=4.07% |change={{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,798 |percentage=8.64% |change= {{decrease}}45.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,801 |percentage=82.03% |change= {{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,910 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,404 |percentage=74.83% |change={{increase}}19.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,634 |percentage=21.14% |change={{decrease}}23.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Mahalanabis |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Sarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=146 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,770 |percentage=53.69% |change= {{increase}}43.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,922 |percentage=85.25% |change= {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,994 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,068 |percentage=54.98% |change={{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,186 |percentage=44.70% |change={{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,882 |percentage=10.28% |change= {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,313 |percentage=87.97% |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,058 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhanu Lal Saha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,340 |percentage=51.54% |change={{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,900 |percentage=48.46% |change={{increase}}47.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=440 |percentage=3.09% |change= {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,240 |percentage=84.65% |change= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,059 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gautam Prasad Dutta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,384 |percentage=45.47% |change={{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Janata Party |votes=3,546 |percentage=29.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuka Miah |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=2,510 |percentage=21.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhanshu Ranjan Dhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=123 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}31.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar Das |party=Proutist Bloc, India |votes=99 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratialal Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,838 |percentage=15.52% |change= {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,841 |percentage=81.89% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,663 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Ranjan Barman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,777 |percentage=32.32% |change={{decrease}}23.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babul Sengupta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,638 |percentage=30.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuku Mian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,515 |percentage=17.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pran Ballov Bhowmik |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=10.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Kumar Saha |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=6.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilendra Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shrish Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=139 |percentage=1.62% |change= {{decrease}}11.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,593 |percentage=73.54% |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,922 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}42.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishalgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=U. L. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,072 |percentage=55.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. M. Saha |party=Independent politician |votes=6,136 |percentage=42.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Deb |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=174 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Goswami |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=83 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,936 |percentage=13.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,520 |percentage=74.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,640 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sipahijala district]]
* [[Bishalgarh]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.69|91.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Sipahijala district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)

2026-04-14T10:59:51Z

MarielKrr8600268: started basic bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kumar Rai
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Puttur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Puttur]]
| term_start = May 2023
| predecessor = Sanjeev Matandoor
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
}}

'''Ashok Kumar Rai''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He serves as a member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Setback for BJP in Puttur Congress candidate Ashok Kumar Rai wins|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/karnataka-verdict-setback-for-bjp-in-puttur-congress-candidate-ashok-kumar-rai-wins/articleshow/100213539.cms}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Congress candidate Ashok Kumar Rai lodges complaint about defamatory video threat|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/cong-candidate-ashok-kumar-rai-lodges-complaint-about-defamatory-video-threat}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2023}}

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Barh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:12Z

MarielKrr8600268: started initial pg from scratch

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Barh
|type= SLA
| map_image = 179-Barh constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Siyaram Singh 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|179]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 292,909
|abolished = 
}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Barh Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/munger.html | title=Munger Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> Barh is in the 14 assembly segments which fall under [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/14-segments-in-Patna-dist-this-time/articleshow/6684796.cms|title=14 segments in Patna dist this time}}</ref>

==Overview==
Barh comprises CD Blocks Athmalgola, [[Belchi]] & [[Barh]]; Gram Panchayats Dhiwar, Parsawan, Goasa Shekhpura & Bihari Bigha of Pandarak CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Rana Sheolakh Pati Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ramyatan Singh
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Rana Sheolakh Pati Singh
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Tarini Prasad Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Kranti Dal}}" |
| Jan Kranti Dal
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Rana Sheolakh Pati Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Dwarika Nath Singh
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rana Sheolakh Pati Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vishwa Mohan Choudhry
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhuvneshwar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vijay Krishna (politician)|Vijay Krishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Bhuvneshwar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Lovely Anand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Gyanendra Kumar Singh Gyanu|Gyanendra Singh]]
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Siyaram Singh
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barh]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barh">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04179.htm |access-date=11 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211105620/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04179.htm |archive-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Siyaram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:99446}}
|percentage = 52.51
|change = +19.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Karnveer singh Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:74633}}
|percentage = 39.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh Prasad Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3473}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sharvan Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2247}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3631}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24813}}
|percentage = 13.1
|change = +6.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189390}}
|percentage = 64.66
|change = +11.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election]]: Barh<ref name="election2010">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2010/stat_BR_Nov2010.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2010]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyanendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:49327}}
|percentage = 32.94
|change = -11.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satyendra Bahadur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:39087}}
|percentage = 26.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Karn Veer Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:38406}}
|percentage = 25.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranveer Kumar "Pankaj"
|votes = {{formatnum:5959}}
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rana Sudhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3328}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Rahul Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:1778}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Shyam Deo Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1437}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = -1.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1393}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1461}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change = -1.75
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10240}}
|percentage = 6.84
|change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:149739}}
|percentage = 53.45
|change = -1.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barh<ref name="Barh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Barh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barh |access-date=11 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211105447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barh |archive-date=11 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyanendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:63989}}
|percentage = 44.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:55630}}
|percentage = 38.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Neelu Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3722}}
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3649}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Chakradhar Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3576}}
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Shambhu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2959}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dina Saw
|votes = {{formatnum:1583}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1547}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3933}}
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8359}}
|percentage = 5.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143974}}
|percentage = 55.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|25.47|85.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

T. V. Sannasi

2026-04-12T14:31:37Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding basic post needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. V. Sannasi
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu
| constituency1 = [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = S. P. Thangavelu
| successor1 = [[S. Ramalingam]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''T. V. Sannasi''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Tamil Nadu. He hails from the village of Mettumarudur in the [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. Belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri assembly constituency]] in the 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, thereby becoming an MLA.<ref>Madras Legislature WHO IS WHO 1957. Madras-9: Legislature Department, Madras. 1957. p. 45.</ref><ref>https://tnlasdigital.tn.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/237712?searchWord=&backquery=[query=&filter_field_1=sessionNumber&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=7&location=null&sort_by=dc.date_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=9040]</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1957===
{{transcluded section|source=Musiri Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Musiri Assembly constituency|1957}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sannasi, T. V.}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Sanjib Sardar

2026-04-12T00:40:49Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding the entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjib Sardar
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| term_start = 2019
| predecessor = [[Maneka Sardar]]
| term_end = 
| successor = 
| education = I.A.(2009)
| occupation = Social Service, Politician
| father = Nalin Sardar
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
}}
'''Sanjib Sardar''' is an [[Indian politician]] and member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. Sardar is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka constituency]] in [[Purbi Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=410|title=Sanjib Sardar(JMM):Constituency- POTKA (ST)(EAST SINGHBHUM ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/jamshedpur-potka-mla-sanjib-sardar/|title=jamshedpur potka mla sanjib sardar - एक ऐसा विधायक साईकिल से घर घर जाकर सुन रहे है लोगों की समस्या|date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], Sanjib contested from [[Potka Assembly constituency]] as a [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate. In this election, he got a total of 110,753 votes and was elected to the [[5th Jharkhand Assembly|5th Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. He defeated his nearest rival [[Maneka Sardar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 43,110 votes. He has been serving in this assembly since 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 August 2024 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

==See also ==
*[[Maneka Sardar]]
*[[Amulya Sardar]]
*[[Sanatan Sardar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Sanjib}}
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bhumij people]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Annapurna Singh

2026-04-04T03:19:41Z

MarielKrr8600268: started initial bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Annapurna Singh
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 12 April 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = ''Varanasi Local Authorities ''
| party = [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| image =
| office1 =
| constituency1 = ''Varanasi Local Authorities''
| term_start1 = 16 January 2010
| term_end1 = 15 January 2016
| predecessor1 = Uday Nath alias Chulbul Singh
| predecessor = [[Brijesh Kumar Singh|Brijesh Singh alias Arun]]
| successor1 = [[Brijesh Kumar Singh|Brijesh Singh alias Arun]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (2010-2016)
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974|}}
| spouse = [[Brijesh Kumar Singh|Brijesh Singh alias Arun]] (m.1991)
| relations = [[Sushil Singh]] (nephew)
| birth_place = [[Zamania]], [[Ghazipur]] [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nickname = '''Poonam'''
}}
'''Annapurna Singh''' (also known as '''Poonam''') (born 1974) is a politician who is a [[Uttar Pradesh legislative council|Member of Uttar Pradesh legislative council]] as an [[Independent Politician|Independent]] candidate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Know who is Annapurna Singh Independent MLC candidate |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/story/brijesh-singh-wife-annapurna-singh-profile-won-mlc-election-varanasi-chandauli-bhadohi-seat-ntc-1444917-2022-04-12 |website=Aajtak|date=12 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annapurna Singh Wins Varanasi Local Authorities MLC Seat |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-annapurna-singh-easily-wins-varanasi-mlc-seat-as-an-independent-candidate-in-varanasi-mlc-election-result2022-22620555.html |website=Jagran}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was born in 1974 in Zamania district [[Ghazipur]]. She is youngest child of her parents among 5 siblings and married to Mafia-turned politician ''[[Brijesh Singh|Brijesh Singh alias Arun]]'' (ex-MLC) in 1991. They both have 2 sons and 1 daughter. Her nephew is also a politician and MLA of BJP [[Sushil Singh]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Political career ==
''Annapurna Singh'' started her political career from [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] and contested MLC election in 2010 on BSP ticket from ''[[Varanasi]] local authorities'' and won with heavy margin. Her husband succeeded her as an Independent candidate in 2016 MLC election. In 2022 she again contested [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC election]] as Independent candidate and won.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSP Expelled Annapurna Singh |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/mlc-annapurna-singh-expelled-from-bsp-hindi-news |website=Amarujala}}</ref> Her husband and elder brother were also MLCs from same seat as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidates (from 1998-2010).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Influence of family of Annapurna Singh in Varanasi|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/independent-candidate-annapurna-singh-won-the-mlc-election-the-dominance-of-brijesh-singh-continued|website=Amarujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annapurna Singh Wins Varanasi Local Authorities in 2010|url=https://varanasiview.blogspot.com/2010/01/annapurna-singh-wins-varanasi-seat-of.html?m=1|website=Blogspot| date=14 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election affidavit of Annapurna Singh MLC Election 2022|url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=245|website=Myneta info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election affidavit of Annapurna Singh MLC Election 2010|url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=18|website=Myneta info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Annapurna}}

[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Neoserica submaculosa

2026-04-03T12:37:17Z

MarielKrr8600268: Starting First Details Added Tags

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_submaculosa.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = submaculosa
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674676/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica submaculosa''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 5.8–6.2 mm. They have a dark brown, oval body, with the ventral surface slightly lighter and the sides, two lateral spots on the [[pronotum]], and parts of the [[elytra]] yellowish brown. The elytra have various small dark spots with a greenish shine. The dorsal surface is dull and glabrous.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''sub'' (meaning ''almost'') and ''maculosa'' (meaning ''with spots'') and refers to the dorsal surface covered with dark spots.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28796070}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|submaculosa]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Maadeva

2026-04-01T01:28:13Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created article.

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maadeva
| image = Maadeva poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Naveen Reddy. B
| writer = Naveen Reddy. B
| screenplay = Naveen Reddy. B
| story = Naveen Reddy. B
| based_on = 
| producer = R. Keshava Devasandra
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Vinod Prabhakar]]
*[[Sonal Monteiro]]
*[[Srinagar Kitty]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Balakrishna Thota
| editing = Vijay M. Kumar
| music = Pradyotthan
| studio = Radhakrishna Pictures
| distributor = Jayadev Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|6|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 4 Crores
| gross = 10 Crores
}}

'''''Maadeva''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed and written by Naveen Reddy. B,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jun/12/naveen-reddy-i-believe-emotion-is-bigger-than-action |title=Naveen Reddy: I believe emotion is bigger than action |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> and produced by R. Keshava Devasandra. Set in the 1980s, the plot surrounds the backdrop of a jail and a train.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jun/20/vinod-prabhakar-in-and-as-maadeva-2467457.html |title=Vinod Prabhakar in and as Maadeva |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 June 2022}}</ref> The film stars [[Vinod Prabhakar]] and [[Sonal Monteiro]] in lead roles, along with [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Malashri]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]] in key supporting roles.

The film's announcement following by the [[principal photography]] began in July 2022 in various parts of [[Karnataka]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/29/vinod-prabhakar-to-play-a-hangman-in-maadeva?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories|title=Vinod Prabhakar to play a hangman in Maadeva |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 January 2024}}</ref> The musical score and soundtrack for the film is composed by Pradyottan. The cinematography and editing were handled by Balakrishna Thota and Vijay M. Kumar respectively.

''Maadeva'' was released on 6 June 2025 to positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maadeva-review-a-gritty-old-school-action-drama-that-demands-a-strong-stomach/movie-review/121673744.cms |title=Maadeva Movie Review: A Gritty Old-School Action Drama That Demands a Strong Stomach |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Jun/07/maadeva-movie-review-a-silent-but-raging-portrait-of-a-hangmans-solitude|title=Maadeva Movie Review: A silent but raging portrait of a hangman’s solitude|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=7 June 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the 1980s, Maadeva follows the life of a solemn, emotionally detached hangman named Maadeva (Vinod Prabhakar), who resides in a remote Karnataka village. The film opens with a chilling sequence where Maadeva carries out a public execution, then calmly sits down to eat biryani at the gallows—an indication of his numbed spirit and acceptance of death as part of his routine.

Maadeva's daily existence is marked by solitude and a refusal to engage with the world around him. He avoids eye contact, speaks sparingly, and suppresses even ordinary emotional responses, refusing to offer compassion to others in need—to the point of denying a pregnant woman a seat or ignoring a playing child. This hardened existence begins to reshape when Parvathi (Sonal Monteiro), a kind and determined young woman, arrives seeking his help. Her mother, Subhadra (Chaithra Rao), is imprisoned, and Parvathi believes Maadeva, known inside the prison circles, can assist her with access or petitions. At first, Maadeva remains impassive, treating Parvathi’s pleas as another burden, but her warmth and steadfastness gradually chip away at his emotional walls.

Born into a fiercely traditional environment, Maadeva was quickly burdened by familial expectations and emotional loss. Trauma and isolation in his formative years drove him to seek solace in the certainty of death—resulting in his appointment as the village hangman. Over decades of performing executions, his heart hardened, and he deliberately shut himself off emotionally—an act of protection from the pain he regularly administers. His only consistent companionship is with Karunakar (Achyuth Kumar), a train loco pilot, and Nandish (Sumanth), both of whom recognize that Maadeva's emotional detachment is more about survival than cruelty.

Samudhra (Srinagar Kitty) emerges as a powerful adversary, seeking retribution for his brother’s inexplicable death. He becomes a looming threat to both Maadeva and Parvathi. Meanwhile, Kamalakshi (Shruti) portrays a cunning matriarch who manipulates prison politics to free her incarcerated son—escalating tensions further within and outside the jail walls. Samudhra’s brute force, Kamalakshi’s scheming, and hidden vendettas culminating in a sudden, surprise villain whose identity is revealed in a late twist, tilting Maadeva’s world into unexpected danger. Maadeva leverages his grim authority and newfound resolve to ensure justice—not just by enforcing death, but by protecting the innocent from injustice. In the end, he accepts his role with renewed consciousness and a fragile sense of humanity, acknowledging that his duty does not need to come at the expense of empathy.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vinod Prabhakar]] as Maadeva
*[[Sonal Monteiro]] as Parvathi
*[[Srinagar Kitty]] as Samudhra
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Karunakar
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Kamalakshi
*[[Bala Rajwadi]]
*Cockroach Sudhi as Jilebi
*Mico Nagaraj
*Muniraju
*Chaithra Rao as Subhadra
*[[Malashri]] in an extended cameo
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of songs composed by Pradyotthan marking his debut in Kannada cinema. Audio was released on [[Think Music India|Think Music Kannada]] label.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Edeli Thangaali
| length1 = 4:40
| lyrics1 = Prasanna Kumar. M
| extra1 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title2 = Path of Parvathi
| length2 = 4:17
| lyrics2 = Sai Sarvesh
| extra2 = Malavalli Mahadevaswamy
| title3 = Ma Ma Maadeva
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = Traditional
| extra3 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
| total_length = 13:33
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt28789314}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2025 action films]]

Mexico

2026-03-27T20:45:38Z

MarielKrr8600268: refined article further and improved wording as per guidelines

{{short description|Country in North America}}
{{about|the country}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United Mexican States
| common_name = Mexico
| native_name = {{lang|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}}
| image_flag = Flag of Mexico.svg
| image_flag2 = 
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg
| alt_coat =
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| national_anthem = {{Lang|es|[[Mexican National Anthem|Himno Nacional Mexicano]]}} ({{Langx|en|Mexican National Anthem}})[[File:Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg]] {{center|}}
| other_symbol_type =
| other_symbol =
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Mexico (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Mexico in the Western Hemisphere|[[File:Mexico states map w names.png|frameless]]|Mexico and its states|Default=1}}
| map_width =
| capital = [[Mexico City]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = Mexico City
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = [[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]]{{ref label|iboxb|b}}
| languages2_type = Co-official languages
| languages2 = 68 [[Languages of Mexico|Indigenous languages]]{{ref label|iboxa|a}}
| ethnic_groups = ''[[#Ethnicity and race|See below]]''
| ethnic_groups_year =
| ethnic_groups_ref =
| religion = {{unbulleted list|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
* 88.9% [[Christianity in Mexico|Christianity]]
** 77.7% [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Catholicism]]
** 11.2% [[Protestantism in Mexico|Protestantism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|8.1% [[Irreligion in Mexico|Irreligion]]
|2.4% [[Religion in Mexico|other religion]]
|0.5% prefer not to say}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="2020 Census"/>
| religion_year = 2020
| demonym = [[Mexicans|Mexican]]
| government_type = Federal [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]<ref>{{cite web |location=MX Q|url=http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 |publisher=SCJN |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Mexico|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Claudia Sheinbaum]]
| leader_title2 = [[President of the Senate (Mexico)|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name2 = [[Laura Itzel Castillo]]
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Kenia López Rabadán]]
| leader_title4 = [[Supreme Court of Mexico#Presidents|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Hugo Aguilar Ortiz]]
| legislature = [[Congress of the Union|Congress]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Mexican War of Independence|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]]
| established_event1 = [[Cry of Dolores|Start of War of Independence]]
| established_date1 = 16 September 1810
| established_event2 = [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Declared]]
| established_date2 = 27 September 1821
| established_event3 = [[Spanish American wars of independence#New Spain and Central America|Recognized]]
| established_date3 = 28 December 1836
| established_event4 = [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|First constitution]]
| established_date4 = 4 October 1824
| established_event5 = [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|Second constitution]]
| established_date5 = 5 February 1857
| established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mexico|Current constitution]]
| established_date6 = 5 February 1917
| area =
| today =
| area_km2 = 1,972,550
| area_footnote =
| area_rank = 13th
| area_sq_mi = 761,606
| percent_water = 1.58 (as of 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 131,946,900<ref name="Total population by sex: Mexico">{{cite web |title=Total population by sex: Mexico |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/484/start/2024/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=89ae8967-12de-4efa-81d2-417484e8a9ef |website=United Nations Population Division |access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
| population_census = 126,014,024<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2020 |url=https://en.www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]] |access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 10th
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_density_km2 = 61
| population_density_sq_mi = 157
| population_density_rank = 142nd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.396 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=273,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mexico) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 13th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $25,463<ref name="IMFWEO.MX" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $1.693 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.MX" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 13th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $12,692<ref name="IMFWEO.MX" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 75th
| Gini = 40.2 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2023/ENIGH/ENIGH2022.pdf|title=El Inegi da a conocer los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2022|date=26 July 2023|access-date=20 September 2024|page=15}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.789
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 81st
| currency = [[Mexican peso]]
| currency_code = MXN
| time_zone = ''See'' [[Time in Mexico]]
| utc_offset = −8 to −5
| utc_offset_DST = −7 to −5
| DST_note =
| time_zone_DST = varies
| antipodes =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Mexico|+52]]
| cctld = [[.mx]]
| footnote_a = {{note|iboxa}}Article 4 of the [[General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf |title=General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples |author=INALI |date=13 March 2003 |access-date=13 March 2026 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803160009/http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/ |title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas |publisher=Inali.gob.mx |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708121506/http://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}Spanish is the ''[[de facto]]'' official language in the Mexican federal government.
}}

'''Mexico''',{{efn|{{langx|es|México}} or {{lang|es|Méjico}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|es|ˈmexiko||es-mx-México.ogg}}; [[Nahuatl]]: ''Mēxihko''; {{langx|yua|Meejikoo}}}}{{efn|Usually, in Spanish, the name of the country is spelled {{lang|es|México}}; however, in [[Peninsular Spanish|Peninsular (European) Spanish]], the variant {{lang|es|Méjico}} is used alongside the usual version. According to the {{lang|es|[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]}} by the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico.<ref>{{lang|es|México}} in {{lang|es|[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]}} by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.</ref>}} officially the '''United Mexican States''',{{efn|{{langx|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}} ({{IPA|es|esˈtaðos uˈniðos mexiˈkanos||Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg}}); [[Nahuatl]]: ''Mexika Sentik Wexteyowalko'', {{Literal translation|Mexican United States}}; [[Yucatec Maya]]: ''U Múuchꞌ Péetluꞌumiloꞌob México'', {{Literal translation|United States of Mexico}}}} is a country in [[North America]]. It is the northernmost country in [[Latin America]] and borders the [[United States|United States of America]] to the north, and [[Guatemala]] and [[Belize]] to the southeast; while having [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west, the [[Caribbean Sea]] to the southeast, and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi),<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ |title=Mexico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico |archive-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the [[List of countries by area|thirteenth-largest country]] in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the [[List of countries by population|tenth-most populous country]] in the world and is home to the [[Hispanophone#Countries|largest number of native Spanish speakers]] as of 2020.<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=INEGI}}</ref> [[Mexico City]] is the capital and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city in Mexico]], which ranks among the [[List of cities by population|most populous metropolitan areas]] in the world.


Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. [[Mesoamerica]], considered a [[cradle of civilization]], was home to numerous advanced societies, including the [[Olmecs]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotecs]], [[Teotihuacan]] civilization, and [[Purépecha Empire|Purépecha]]. [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonization]] began in 1521 with an alliance that [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|defeated]] the [[Aztec Empire]], establishing the colony of [[New Spain]] with its capital at [[Tenochtitlan]], now Mexico City. New Spain became a major center of the transoceanic economy during the [[Age of Discovery]], fueled by [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro|silver mining]] and its position as a [[Manila galleon|hub between Europe and Asia]]. This gave rise to one of the largest multiracial populations in the world. The [[Peninsular War]] led to the 1810–1821 [[Mexican War of Independence]], which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the [[First Mexican Empire]], which quickly collapsed into the short-lived [[First Mexican Republic]]. In 1848, Mexico [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|lost nearly half its territory]] to the [[Mexican–American War|American invasion]]. [[La Reforma|Liberal reforms]] set in the [[Constitution of 1857]] led to [[Reform War|civil war]] and [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention]], culminating in the establishment of the [[Second Mexican Empire]] under [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor Maximilian I of Austria]], who was overthrown by Republican forces led by [[Benito Juárez]]. The late 19th century saw [[Porfiriato|the long dictatorship]] of [[Porfirio Díaz]], whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest. The 1910–1920 [[Mexican Revolution]] led to the overthrow of Díaz and the adoption of the [[Constitution of Mexico|1917 Constitution]]. Mexico experienced [[Mexican Miracle|rapid industrialization and economic growth]] in the 1940s–1970s, amidst [[electoral fraud]], the [[Tlatelolco massacre]], and economic crises. The late 20th century saw a shift towards [[neoliberalism]], marked by the signing of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst [[Chiapas conflict|unrest in Chiapas]].


Mexico is a [[federal republic]] with a [[President of Mexico|presidential system of government]], characterized by a democratic framework and the separation of powers into three branches: [[Executive (government)|executive]], legislative, and judicial. The federal legislature consists of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Union]], comprising the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]], which represents the population, and the [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate]], which provides equal representation for each state. The Constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments, and the municipal governments. Mexico's federal structure grants autonomy to its 32 states, and its political system is deeply influenced by indigenous traditions and [[European Enlightenment]] ideals.

Mexico is a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialized]] and [[developing country]],<ref name="Globalization2">{{Cite book |author=Paweł Bożyk |title=Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7546-4638-9 |page=164 |chapter=Newly Industrialized Countries |access-date=23 July 2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104053417/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC |archive-date=4 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th-largest economy by nominal GDP]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|13th-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP)]]. It ranks [[List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico|first in the Americas and seventh in the world]] by the number of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en.list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185708/https://whc.unesco.org/en.list|date=4 February 2024}} UNESCO World Heritage sites, accessed 9 May 2022</ref> It is one of the world's 17 [[megadiverse countries]], ranking fifth in natural [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry.html|website=Mexican biodiversity|title=What is a mega-diverse country?|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907204954/https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry.html}}</ref> It is a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the [[World Tourism rankings|sixth most-visited country in the world]], with 42.2 million international arrivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expansion.mx/economia/2018/08/27/mexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial|title=México ocupa el sexto lugar en turismo a nivel mundial|website=www.expansion.mx|publisher=CNN Expansión|access-date=8 January 2019|date=28 August 2018|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223165346/https://expansion.mx/economia/2018/08/27/mexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady [[democratization]] make it a [[regional power|regional]] and [[middle power]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=James Scott |author2=Matthias vom Hau |author3=David Hulme |title=Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525012832/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=11 April 2012 |publisher=The University of Manchester}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nolte |first1=Detlef |date=October 2010 |title=How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics |url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/38289 |url-status=live |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=881–901 |doi=10.1017/S026021051000135X |jstor=40961959 |s2cid=13809794 |id={{ProQuest|873500719}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302015428/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/38289 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=17 November 2020| issn = 0260-2105 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford Analytica |url=http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424211219/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |archive-date=24 April 2007 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> increasingly identifying as an [[emerging power]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2007 |title=G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816044329/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056 |archive-date=16 August 2008 |access-date=30 May 2010 |publisher=ipsnews.net}}</ref><ref name="Limits2">{{Cite book |author=Mauro F. Guillén |author-link=Mauro F. Guillén |title=The Limits of Convergence |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11633-4 |page=126 (table 5.1) |chapter=Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor |access-date=23 July 2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221140236/https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC |archive-date=21 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AIA2">{{Cite book |author=David Waugh |title=Geography, An Integrated Approach |publisher=Nelson Thornes |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-17-444706-1 |edition=3rd |pages=563, 576–579, 633, and 640 |chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22) |access-date=23 July 2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185659/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC |archive-date=4 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Principles2">{{Cite book |author=N. Gregory Mankiw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Thomson/South-Western |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-324-22472-6 |edition=4th |location=Mason, Ohio |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185536/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC |archive-date=4 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> As with much of Latin America, [[Poverty in Mexico|poverty]], [[Corruption in Mexico|systemic corruption]], and [[Crime in Mexico|crime]] remain widespread.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World |url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf |website=Vision of Humanity |publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace |access-date=4 June 2020 |location=Sydney |date=June 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf }}</ref> Since 2006, approximately 127,000 deaths have been caused by [[Mexican drug war|ongoing conflict]] between [[drug trafficking]] syndicates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2023 |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/year/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531212552/https://ucdp.uu.se/year/2023 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=ucdp.uu.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/country/70 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program |website=ucdp.uu.se |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327051423/https://ucdp.uu.se/country/70 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Opinión: Una guerra inventada y 350,000 muertos en México|date=14 June 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opinion/2021/06/14/mexico-guerra-narcotrafico-calderon-homicidios-desaparecidos/|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509091109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opinion/2021/06/14/mexico-guerra-narcotrafico-calderon-homicidios-desaparecidos/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico is a member of [[United Nations]], the [[G20]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), the [[Coffee Club]], the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) forum, the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS), the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC), the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), and has an observer status at the [[Council of Europe]].<ref name="gob.mx">{{cite web | title=Mexico and the Council of Europe establish a Strategic Partnership | url=https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/mexico-and-the-council-of-europe-establish-a-strategic-partnership }}</ref>

==Etymology==

{{Main|Name of Mexico}}

{{lang|nah|[[Name of Mexico|Mēxihko]]}} is the [[Nahuatl]] term for the heartland of the [[Aztec Empire]], namely the [[Valley of Mexico]] and surrounding territories, with its people being known as the [[Mexica]]. It is generally believed that the [[toponym]] for the valley was the origin of the primary [[ethnonym]] for the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]], but it may have been the other way around.<ref name="Bright2004">{{cite book|author=William Bright|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA281|year=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|page=281}}</ref> In the colonial era (1521–1821) when Mexico was known as [[New Spain]], this central region became the Intendency of Mexico. After New Spain achieved independence from the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821 and became a sovereign state, the Intendency came to be known as the [[State of Mexico]], with the new country being named after its capital, [[Mexico City]].

The country's official name has changed as the [[form of government]] has changed. The declaration of independence signed on 6 November 1813 by the deputies of the [[Congress of Anáhuac]] called the territory {{lang|es|[[Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America|América Septentrional]]}} (Northern America). The 1821 [[Plan of Iguala]] also used {{lang|es|América Septentrional}}. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as {{lang|es|Imperio Mexicano}} ([[Mexican Empire (disambiguation)|Mexican Empire]]). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857, and 1917, the current constitution) used the name {{lang|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ierd.prd.org.mx/coy128/hlb.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101110558/http://ierd.prd.org.mx/coy128/hlb.htm|archive-date=1 November 2008 |title=El cambio de la denominación de "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" por la de "México" en la Constitución Federal |language=es|publisher=ierd.prd.org.mx |access-date=4 November 2009}}</ref>—or the variant {{lang|es|Estados-Unidos Mexicanos}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tlahui.com/politic/politi99/politi8/con1857.htm |title=Constitución Mexicana de 1857 |language=es |publisher=www.tlahui.com |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022104/http://www.tlahui.com/politic/politi99/politi8/con1857.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The phrase {{lang|es|República Mexicana}}, "Mexican Republic", was used in the 1836 [[Siete Leyes|Constitutional Laws]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01361697524573725088802/p0000001.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823173543/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01361697524573725088802/p0000001.htm |archive-date=23 August 2013 |title=Leyes Constitucionales de 1836 |language=es |publisher=Cervantesvirtual.com |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref> In the Nahuatl version of the current constitution,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 November 2022 |language=nah |title=TLANEJNEUILYOTL TLEN SENTIKMASEUALMEJ {{!}} Pan motlajtol ni Ueyi Mexko Amatlanauatili |url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/bicen/pdf/CPEUM_nahuatl_huasteca_potosina.pdf |website=inali.gob.mx}}</ref> the official name is ''Mexika Sentik Wexteyowalko'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Glosario de términos jurídicos empleados en la traducción de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos al náhuatl de la Huasteca Potosina |url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/bicen/pdf/GLOSARIO_nahuatl_huasteca_potosina.pdf}}</ref> and in its [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] version, ''U Múuchꞌ Péetluꞌumiloꞌob México''.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 November 2022 |title=U ALMEJEN NOJ AꞋALMAJTꞋAANIL U MÚUCHꞋ PÉETLUꞋUMILOꞋOB MÉXICO {{!}} U Noj Aꞌalmajtꞌaanil México ichil a tꞌaan |url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/bicen/pdf/CPEUM_maya.pdf |website=inali.gob.mx}}</ref> In fact, by virtue of the legal equality of Spanish with the 68 indigenous languages of the country, all have their own translation of the official name.

==History==
{{Main|History of Mexico}}

{{See also|History of the Catholic Church in Mexico|Economic history of Mexico|Military history of Mexico}}

===Indigenous civilizations before European contact (pre-1519)===
{{main|Pre-Columbian Mexico|Mesoamerican chronology}}

[[File:Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon,_Teotihuacan.jpg|thumb|[[Teotihuacan]] was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak, 1 AD to 500 AD]]
[[File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg|thumb|[[El Castillo, Chichen Itza|Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo)]] in the [[Maya city]] of [[Chichen Itza]]]]
[[File:Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_(9755215791).jpg|thumb|An artistic depiction of [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]], the [[Aztec]] capital and [[Largest cities in the Americas|largest city in the Americas]] at the time. The city was completely destroyed in the 1521 [[siege of Tenochtitlan]] and rebuilt as [[Mexico City]].]]

The earliest human artifacts in Mexico are chips of [[stone tool]]s found in the Valley of Mexico, dated to circa 10,000 years ago.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=386–}} Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and [[phaseolus|beans]], which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from [[Paleo-Indians|paleo-Indian]] hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC.<ref name="EvansWebster2013">{{cite book|author1=Susan Toby Evans|author2=David L. Webster|title=Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ba_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-80186-0|page=54}}</ref> The formative period of Mesoamerica is one of the six independent [[cradles of civilization]], this era saw the origin of distinct cultural traits such as religious and symbolic traditions, maize cultivation, artistic and architectural complexes as well as a [[vigesimal]] (base 20) numeric system<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diehl |first1=Richard A. |title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-02119-4 |pages=9–25 }}</ref> that spread from Mexican cultures to the rest of [[Mesoamerica]]. Villages became more densely populated, socially stratified with an artisan class, and developed into [[chiefdom]]s. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of ceremonial centers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmack |first1=Robert M. |last2=Gasco |first2=Janine L. |last3=Gossen |first3=Gary H. |title=The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34678-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>

The earliest complex civilization was the [[Olmec]] culture, which flourished on the Gulf Coast from around 1500 BC. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca, and the Valley of Mexico.<ref name="MacLachlan">{{cite book|author=Colin M. MacLachlan|title=Imperialism and the Origins of Mexican Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqdKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-28643-6|page=38|date=13 April 2015}}</ref> In the [[Mesoamerican chronology|pre-classical period]], the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] civilizations developed complex centers. The first true [[Mesoamerican writing systems]] were developed in the [[Epi-Olmec culture|Epi-Olmec]] and Zapotec cultures. The Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic [[Maya Script|Maya Hieroglyphic script]], the earliest written histories date from then. The tradition of writing was important after Spanish conquest in 1521, with indigenous scribes learning to write their languages in alphabetic letters, while continuing to create pictorial texts.<ref>[[Matthew Restall|Restall, Matthew]], "A History of the New Philology and the New Philology in History", ''Latin American Research Review'' - Volume 38, Number 1, 2003, pp.113–134</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sampson |first1=Geoffrey |title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction |date=1985 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>

In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of [[Teotihuacan|Teotihuacán]], which formed a military and commercial empire. Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000, had some of the largest [[Mesoamerican pyramid|pyramidal structures]] in the pre-Columbian Americas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cowgill |first1=George L. |title=State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=21 October 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=129–161 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129 |bibcode=1997ARAnt..26..129C |oclc=202300854 |s2cid=53663189 |s2cid-access=free }}</ref> After the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 AD, competition ensued between political centers in such as [[Xochicalco]] and [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]]. During the Epi-Classic, [[Nahua people]]s began moving south into Mesoamerica, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico. During 1000–1519 AD, central Mexico was dominated by the [[Toltec]] culture, [[Oaxaca]] by the [[Mixtec civilization|Mixtec]], and the lowland Maya area had centers at [[Chichén Itzá]] and [[Mayapán]]. Toward the end of the post-Classic period, the [[Aztecs]] established dominance, establishing a [[Aztec Empire|political and economic empire]] based in [[Tenochtitlan]] (modern [[Mexico City]]), extending from central Mexico to Guatemala.<ref>{{cite web |website=Ancient Civilizations World |title=Ancient Civilizations of Mexico |url=https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/mexico/ |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=14 July 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712161602/https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/mexico/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)===
{{Main|Spanish conquest of Mexico|New Spain}}

Although the [[Spanish Empire]] established colonies in the [[Caribbean]] in 1493, it first learned of Mexico during the [[Juan de Grijalva]] expedition of 1518. The [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] began in 1519 when [[Hernán Cortés]] founded [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]]. The 1521 [[capture of Tenochtitlan]] and posterior founding of [[Mexico City]] on its ruins, was the beginning of a 300-year colonial era, during which Mexico was known as {{lang|es|Nueva España}} ([[New Spain]]). Two factors made Mexico a jewel in the Empire: the existence of large, hierarchically organized Mesoamerican populations that rendered tribute and performed obligatory labor, and discovery of silver deposits in north Mexico.<ref>[[James Lockhart (historian)|Lockhart, James]] and [[Stuart B. Schwartz]]. ''Early Latin America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983, 59</ref>
[[File:Guanajuato_Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Guanajuato (city)|Guanajuato]] was one of the richest and most opulent cities in [[New Spain]]]]

The [[Kingdom of New Spain]] was created from the remnants of the Aztec empire. The two pillars of Spanish rule were the State and Church, both under the authority of the Spanish crown. In 1493 the pope granted [[Patronato real|sweeping powers]] to the Spanish monarchy for its overseas empire, with the proviso it spread Christianity. In 1524, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I]] created the [[Council of the Indies]] based in Spain to oversee State power in its colonies. The crown established a high court in Mexico City, the {{lang|es|[[Real Audiencia]]}} ('royal audience'). In 1535, the crown created the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], the highest official of the State. The Diocese of Mexico was created in 1530 and elevated to the [[Archdiocese of Mexico]] in 1546, with the archbishop as head. Castilian Spanish was the language of the rulers. Catholic faith was the only one permitted, with non-Catholics and Catholics, excluding Indians, holding unorthodox views being subject to the [[Mexican Inquisition]].<ref>Chuchiak, John F. IV, "Inquisition" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 704–708</ref>

Spanish military forces, sometimes accompanied by native allies, led expeditions to conquer territory or quell rebellions. Notable Amerindian revolts include the [[Chichimeca War]] (1576–1606),<ref>{{cite web |website=Latino LA: Comunidad |title=The Indigenous People of Zacatecas |url=http://latinola.com/story.php?story=1109 |date=17 July 2003 |access-date=14 July 2019 |last=Schmal |first=John P. |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314015134/http://latinola.com/story.php?story=1109}}</ref> the [[Tepehuán Revolt]] (1616–20),<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism, and Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Nueva Vizcaya |journal=The Americas |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=302–303 |author=Charlotte M. Gradie |location=Salt Lake City |publisher=University of Utah Press |year=2000 |doi=10.1353/tam.2001.0109 |s2cid=144896113 }}</ref> and [[Pueblo Revolt]] (1680). Most rebellions were small-scale, posing no major threat to the elites.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William B. |title=Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages |date=1 June 1979 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-1112-8 |edition=1st }}</ref> To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch [[pirate]]s and the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic, connecting to Spain, and Acapulco on the Pacific, connecting to the [[Philippines]]. Pirate attacks included the 1663 [[Sack of Campeche (1663)|Sack of Campeche]]<ref>{{cite web |website=In Search of Lost Places |title=Campeche, Mexico – largest pirate attack in history, now UNESCO listed |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=14 July 2019 |last=White |first=Benjamin |url=http://insearchoflostplaces.com/2017/01/campeche-mexico/ |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715021345/http://insearchoflostplaces.com/2017/01/campeche-mexico/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 1683 [[Attack on Veracruz]].<ref>{{cite web |website=University of Rochester Newsletter |title=The mysterious aftermath of an infamous pirate raid |url=https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/pablo-sierra-silva-mysterious-aftermath-infamous-pirate-raid-287352/ |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=14 July 2019 |first=Sandra |last=Knispel |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715021337/https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/pablo-sierra-silva-mysterious-aftermath-infamous-pirate-raid-287352/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of greater concern to the crown was the issue of invasion, especially after Britain seized [[Havana]] and [[Manila]] in 1762, during the [[Seven Years' War]]. It created a standing military, increased coastal fortifications, and expanded the northern [[presidio]]s and [[Spanish missions in California|missions]] into [[Alta California]]. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot over the price of maize. It escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and archbishop's residence attacked.<ref name="Cope, R. Douglas 1994">{{cite book |last=Cope |first=R. Douglas |title=The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720 |location=[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison, Wis.]] |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] |date=1994 }}</ref>

===Independence era (1808–1855)===
{{Main|Mexican War of Independence|First Mexican Empire|First Mexican Republic|Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexican–American War}}

[[File:Plaza de Dolores.JPG|thumb|[[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]'s [[Cry of Dolores]] on 16 September 1810, by J.J. del Moral. The call to arms marks the beginning of Mexico's War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.]]

In 1810, [[Secular clergy|secular priest]] [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] declared against "bad government" in [[Dolores Hidalgo|Dolores]], Guanajuato. Known as the [[Cry of Dolores]] ({{langx|es|Grito de Dolores}}) it is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Grito-de-Dolores |title=Grito de Dolores |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911171102/https://www.britannica.com/event/Grito-de-Dolores |url-status=live }}</ref> The upheaval in the Empire, that resulted in the independence of most of its New World territories, was due to [[Napoleon]]'s invasion of Spain in 1808. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] in 1811. The first 35 years after Mexico's independence were marked by instability and changing of the Mexican state from a [[First Mexican Empire|transient monarchy]] to a fragile federated republic.<ref>Van Young, ''Stormy Passage'', 179–226</ref> There were military coups, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Conservatives]] and [[Liberal Party (Mexico)|Liberals]], and [[economic history of Mexico|economic stagnation]].

[[File:Batalla de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas.jpg|thumb|The [[capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas]] in Guanajuato by [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla|Hidalgo]]'s army on 28 September 1810, by José Díaz del Castillo]]
[[File:Generales del Trigarante.jpg|thumb|The entry of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] into Mexico City on 27 September 1821]]

Former Royal Army General [[Agustín de Iturbide]] became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a [[first Mexican Empire|constitutional monarch]] from Europe. When no member of a European royal house desired the position, Iturbide himself was declared Emperor Agustín I. The US was the first country to recognize Mexico's independence, sending a message to Europe via the [[Monroe Doctrine]] not to intervene in Mexico. The emperor's rule was short (1822–23), he was overthrown by army officers in the [[Plan of Casa Mata]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Nettie Lee Benson |last=Benson |first=Nettie Lee |title=The Plan of Casa Mata |journal=[[Hispanic American Historical Review]] |volume=25 |date=February 1945 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1215/00182168-25.1.45 }}</ref> Central America and [[Chiapas]] left the union to form the [[Federal Republic of Central America]].

In 1824, the [[First Mexican Republic]] was established. Former insurgent General [[Guadalupe Victoria]] became the first president — the first of many generals to hold the presidency. In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal [[Vicente Guerrero]], a signatory of the [[Plan of Iguala]] that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. During his term, from April to December 1829, he abolished slavery.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Charles A. Hale |last=Hale |first=Charles A. |title=Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date=1968 |page=224 }}</ref> His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General [[Anastasio Bustamante]], led a coup against him and Guerrero was [[judicial murder|judicially murdered]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025606/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mexico's ability to maintain its independence and establish a viable government was in question. Spain [[Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico|attempted to reconquer]] it during the 1820s, but eventually recognized its independence. France attempted to recoup losses it claimed for its citizens during Mexico's unrest and blockaded the Gulf Coast during the so-called [[Pastry War]] of 1838–39.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Costeloe |first=Michael P. |chapter=Pastry War |title=[[Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture]] |volume=4 |page=318 }}</ref> General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] emerged as a national hero because of his role in these conflicts; Santa Anna came to dominate politics for the next 25 years, often known as the "Age of Santa Anna", until his overthrow in 1855.<ref>Van Young, ''Stormy Passage'', "The Age of Santa Anna", 227–270</ref>
[[File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg|thumb|The 1836 [[Battle of the Alamo|Battle of El Álamo]] between the Mexican army led by President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] and American troops.]]

Mexico contended with indigenous groups that controlled the territory that Mexico claimed in the north. For example, the [[Comanche]] controlled a [[comancheria|huge territory]] in sparsely populated central and northern Texas.<ref name="ReferenceA">Weber, David J., ''The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico,'' University of New Mexico Press, 1982</ref> Wanting to stabilize and develop that area — and as few from central Mexico had chosen to resettle to this remote and hostile territory — the Mexican government encouraged [[Anglo-Americans|Anglo-American]] immigration into present-day Texas, a region that bordered the US. Mexico by law was a Catholic country; the Anglo-Americans were primarily Protestant English speakers from the southern US. Some brought their black slaves, which after 1829 was contrary to Mexican law.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1835, Santa Anna sought to centralize government rule in Mexico, suspending the 1824 constitution and promulgating the [[Siete Leyes|Seven Laws]], which placed power in his hands. As a result, civil war spread. Three new governments declared independence: the [[Republic of Texas]], the [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] and the [[Republic of Yucatán]].<ref name="miranda">{{cite book |author=Angel Miranda Basurto |title=La Evolucíon de Mėxico |publisher=Editorial Porrúa |year=2002 |location=Mexico City |edition=6th |isbn=970-07-3678-4 |page=358 |language=es |trans-title=The Evolution of Mexico }}</ref>{{rp|129–137}} The largest blow to Mexico was the US invasion in 1846 in the [[Mexican–American War]]. Mexico lost much of its northern territory, sealed in the 1848 [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. Despite this, Santa Anna returned to the presidency, but was ousted and exiled during the Liberal [[Revolution of Ayutla]].

===Liberal era (1855–1911)===
{{Main|Second Mexican Republic|La Reforma|Second Mexican Empire|Restored Republic (Mexico)|Porfiriato}}

[[File:Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Liberal President [[Benito Juárez]]. Known for his efforts to modernize Mexico, defend its sovereignty, and promote liberal reforms, especially during the mid-19th century.]]

The overthrow of Santa Anna, and establishment of a civilian government by liberals, allowed them to enact laws they considered vital for development. [[La Reforma]] attempted to modernize the economy and institutions along liberal principles. They promulgated a new [[constitution|Constitution of 1857]], separating Church and State, stripping the Church and military of privileges ({{lang|es|[[fueros]]}}); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and indigenous community lands, and secularizing education.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Britton |first=John A. |chapter=Liberalism |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]] |page=739 }}</ref> Conservatives revolted, touching off the [[Reform War]] between Liberal and Conservative governments (1858–61).

The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought to gain power via intervention by the French, asking Emperor [[Napoleon III]] to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. The French Army defeated the Mexicans and placed [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian Habsburg]] on the [[second Mexican Empire|newly established throne]], supported by Mexican Conservatives.<ref name="Hamnett 719–20">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hamnett |first=Brian |chapter=Benito Juárez |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]] |pages=719–20 }}</ref> The Liberal Republic under [[Benito Juárez]] was a government in internal exile, but with the end of the US Civil War in 1865, the US government began aiding the Mexican Republic. The French Army withdrew its support, but Maximilian remained in Mexico; Republican forces executed him. The "Restored Republic" saw the return of Juárez, "the personification of the embattled republic,"<ref name="Hamnett 719–20"/> as president.

The Conservatives had been defeated militarily and discredited politically, for their collaboration with the French, and liberalism became synonymous with patriotism.<ref>Britton, "Liberalism" p. 740.</ref> The Mexican Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army, then the army of the early republic, was destroyed, and new military leaders emerged from the Reform War and conflict with the French. Notable was [[Porfirio Díaz]], a hero of the {{lang|es|[[Battle of Puebla|Cinco de Mayo]]}}, who sought civilian power and challenged Juárez on his re-election in 1867.<ref name="Sullivan 736–38">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |chapter=Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]] |pages=736–38 }}</ref> Díaz then rebelled but was crushed by Juárez. Having won re-election, Juárez died in office in 1872. Liberal [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada]] became president, declaring a "religion of the state" for the rule of law, peace, and order. When Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the [[Plan of Tuxtepec]]. Díaz had more support and waged guerrilla war against Lerdo. On the verge of Díaz's victory on the battlefield, Lerdo fled from office into exile.<ref name="Sullivan 736–38"/>

[[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|''[[The Execution of Emperor Maximilian]]'', June 1867. Gen. [[Tomás Mejía]], left; Maximiian, center; Gen. [[Miguel Miramón]], right. Painting by [[Édouard Manet]] 1868]]
After the turmoil of 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General [[Porfirio Díaz]] (1876–1911) allowed Mexico to modernize in a period described one of "order and progress". The [[Porfiriato]] was characterized by economic stability and growth, foreign investment and influence, an expansion of the [[rail transport in Mexico|rail network]] and telecommunications, and investments in the arts and sciences.<ref>{{cite web |website=Inside Mexico.com |url=https://www.inside-mexico.com/el-porfiriato-en-mexico/ |title=El Porfiriato en Mexico |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=18 July 2019 |author=Adela M. Olvera |language=es |trans-title=The Porfirio Era in Mexico |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326165321/https://www.inside-mexico.com/el-porfiriato-en-mexico/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Díaz ruled with a group of advisors that became known as the {{lang|es|[[científico]]s}} ('scientists').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Buchenau |first=Jürgen |chapter=Científicos |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]] |pages=260–265 }}</ref> The regime was influenced by [[positivism]].<ref name="cientifico">{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=cientifico |chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/cientifico |title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113443/https://www.britannica.com/topic/cientifico |url-status=live }}</ref> They rejected theology and [[idealism]] in favor of scientific methods applied towards development. An integral aspect was secular education. The Díaz government led a protracted [[Yaqui Wars|conflict against the Yaqui]] that culminated with the forced relocation of [[Yaqui]] to Yucatán and Oaxaca. Díaz gave an [[James Creelman|interview]] where he said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80. Opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for new leaders. His announcement set off a frenzy of activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the son of a rich landowning family, [[Francisco I. Madero]]. Madero won a surprising amount of support when Díaz changed his mind and ran in the election, jailing Madero.

===Mexican Revolution (1910–20)===
{{Main|Mexican Revolution}}

[[File:Francisco_I_Madero.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|[[Francisco I. Madero]], who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911]]

The Mexican Revolution was a decade-long transformational conflict,<ref>Benjamin, Thomas. ''La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000</ref> the "wind that swept Mexico."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner |first1=Anita |title=The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1942 |date=1 January 1984 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-79024-7 |edition=New }}</ref> It began with uprisings against Díaz after the fraudulent 1910 election, his resignation in May 1911, demobilization of rebel forces, an interim presidency and the democratic election of Madero in fall 1911. In [[Ten Tragic Days|February 1913]], a military coup overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the US, resulting in Madero's murder by agents of [[Federal Army]] General [[Victoriano Huerta]]. The US administration of [[William Howard Taft|Taft]] supported the Huerta coup, but when Democrat [[Woodrow Wilson]] was inaugurated as president in March 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists. Wilson ordered troops to [[United States occupation of Veracruz|occupy the strategic port of Veracruz]] in 1914.<ref>{{cite web|website=Library of Congress|title=The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress, U.S. Involvement Before 1913|url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/us-involvement-before-1913.html|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051634/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/us-involvement-before-1913.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A coalition of anti-Huerta forces in the North, the [[Constitutional Army]] led by [[Governor of Coahuila]] [[Venustiano Carranza]], and a peasant army in the South under [[Emiliano Zapata]] defeated the Federal Army in 1914, leaving only revolutionary forces.<ref name="Matute"/>

Following the revolutionaries' victory against Huerta, they sought to broker a political solution, but the coalition splintered, plunging Mexico again into civil war. Constitutionalist general [[Pancho Villa]] broke with Carranza and allied with Zapata. Carranza's best general [[Alvaro Obregón]] defeated Villa, his former comrade, in the [[Battle of Celaya]] in 1915, and Villa's forces melted away. Carranza became president, and the US recognized his government<ref name="Matute"/> while Zapata's forces in the south reverted to guerrilla war. After Villa was defeated by revolutionary forces in 1915, he led an incursion raid into [[Columbus, New Mexico]], prompting the US to send [[Pancho Villa Expedition|10,000 troops]] in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. Carranza pushed back against US troops being in northern Mexico. The expeditionary forces withdrew as the US entered World War I.<ref>{{cite web|website=U.S. Department of State archive|date=20 January 2009|access-date=18 July 2019|title=Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916–1917|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108653.htm|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615184624/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108653.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Although often viewed as internal, the revolution had international elements:<ref>[[Friedich Katz|Katz, Friedrich]]. ''The Secret War in Mexico''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref> Germany attempted to get Mexico to side with it, sending a coded [[Zimmermann Telegram|telegram]] in 1917 to incite war between the US and Mexico, with Mexico to regain the territory it lost in the Mexican-American War<ref>{{cite web|website=The National WWI Museum and Memorial|url=https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/centennial-commemoration/us-enters-war/zimmermann-telegram|title=ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM|access-date=18 July 2019|date=2 March 2017|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051644/https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/centennial-commemoration/us-enters-war/zimmermann-telegram|url-status=live}}</ref> but Mexico remained neutral in the conflict.

[[File:Urbina,_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio,_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_México,_México_D.F.,_México,_2013-10-16,_DD_138.JPG|thumb|[[Tomás Urbina]], [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Emiliano Zapata]] in the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]], 1914]]
In 1916, the winners of the Mexican revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the [[Constitution of 1917]], ratified in February 1917. The Constitution empowered the government to expropriate resources including land, gave rights to labor, and strengthened anticlerical provisions.<ref name="Matute">Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 – December 1920" in ''[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]]'', 862–864.</ref> It remains the governing document of Mexico. The revolutionary war killed 900,000 out of Mexico's 15 million population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/mexican-revolution/ |title=The Mexican Revolution |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |date=20 November 1910 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205614/http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/505_mexicanrevolution.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/ |title=Missing millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution |author=Robert McCaa |publisher=University of Minnesota Population Center |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402165542/http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Consolidating power, Carranza had Zapata assassinated in 1919. Carranza had gained the support of the peasantry, but once in power, he did little to institute land reform, which had motivated many to fight. Carranza returned some confiscated land to their original owners. Carranza's best general, Obregón, served in his administration, but returned to his home state Sonora to position himself to run in the 1920 election. Since Carranza could not run for re-election, he chose a civilian to succeed him, intending to remain in power behind the presidency. Obregón and two other Sonoran revolutionary generals drew up the [[Plan of Agua Prieta]], overthrowing Carranza. General [[Adolfo de la Huerta]] became interim president, followed by the election of General [[Álvaro Obregón]].

===Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)===
{{Further|Maximato|Institutional Revolutionary Party}}
[[File:General_PE_Calles_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Plutarco Elías Calles]], the ruler of the ''[[Maximato]]'' and the founder of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], that held uninterrupted power in Mexico from 1929 to 2000]]

The post-revolutionary period (1920–46) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as presidents, including [[Álvaro Obregón]] (1920–24), [[Plutarco Elías Calles]] (1924–28), [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] (1934–40), and [[Manuel Avila Camacho]] (1940–46). The government sought to bring order, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. Workers, peasants, office workers, and even the army for a short period, were incorporated as sectors of the single party that dominated politics from its founding in 1929. Obregón instigated land reform and strengthened organized labor. He gained recognition from the US and [[American-Mexican Claims Commission|settled claims]] with companies and individuals that lost property during the Revolution. He imposed his fellow revolutionary general, Calles, as his successor. Calles provoked a [[Cristero War|major conflict]] with the [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Catholic Church]] and Catholic guerrilla armies when he enforced anticlerical articles of the constitution, which ended with an agreement. Although the constitution prohibited the reelection of the president, Obregón wished to run again and the constitution was amended to allow non-consecutive re-election. He won the 1928 elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a succession crisis. Calles could not become president again, so he sought to set up a structure to manage succession, founding the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], which dominated Mexico for the rest of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |website=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Historicos de las Revoluciones de Mexico |url=https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Articulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR |title=85º Aniversario de la Fundación del Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) |access-date=18 July 2019 |language=es |trans-title=85th anniversary of the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PRN) |author=Rafael Hernández Ángeles |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051635/https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Articulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR }}</ref> Despite not holding the presidency, Calles remained the key politician during the period known as the [[Maximato]] (1929–34), that ended during the presidency of [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], who expelled Calles and implemented economic and social reforms. This included the [[Mexican oil expropriation]] in 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the [[Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company]], which would result in the creation of the state-owned [[Pemex]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=The Mexican Miracle: 1940–1968 |work=World History from 1500 |publisher=Emayzine |url=http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403000322/http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html |archive-date=3 April 2007 |access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

Cárdenas's successor, [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] (1940–46) was moderate, and relations between the US and Mexico improved during World War II, when Mexico was a significant ally. From 1946 the election of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés|Miguel Alemán]], the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Mexico embarked on a program of development, known as the [[Mexican miracle]], characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and increased inequality between urban and rural areas.<ref name="auto"/> The [[Green Revolution]], a technological movement that led to worldwide increases in crop production, began in the [[Yaqui Valley]] in the middle of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=M. N. D. |title=He left India for Mexico to solve global hunger: Meet Ravi Singh |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/india/he-left-india-for-mexico-to-solve-global-hunger-meet-ravi-singh/ |website=Mexico News Daily |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=13 March 2024 |quote=...specifically the Yaqui Valley in Sonora... is considered the birthplace of the Green Revolution. |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/india/he-left-india-for-mexico-to-solve-global-hunger-meet-ravi-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Exèrcit al Zócalo-28 d'agost.jpg|thumb|Armored cars in the [[Zócalo]] during the [[Tlatelolco massacre|protests of 1968]]]]

With robust growth, Mexico sought to showcase itself by hosting the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]. The government poured resources into new facilities, prompting unrest among students and others. Demonstrations in Mexico City went on for weeks before the opening of the games, with the government of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]] cracking down. The culmination was the [[Tlatelolco Massacre]],<ref name=MMex>{{Cite book |title=Massacre in Mexico |author=Elena Poniatowska |publisher=Viking, New York |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8262-0817-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmnDdj7eP-wC |author-link=Elena Poniatowska|access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmnDdj7eP-wC |url-status=live }}</ref> which killed 300-800 protesters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Duncan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7513651.stm |title=Mexico's long forgotten dirty war |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629110724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7513651.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the economy continued to flourish for some, [[distribution of wealth|inequality]] remained a factor of discontent. PRI rule became authoritarian and oppressive in the [[Mexican Dirty War]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Krauze |first=Enrique |title=Furthering Democracy in Mexico |date=January–February 2006 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110074536/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html |archive-date=10 January 2006 |access-date=7 October 2007 }}</ref>

In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in the PRI's political dominance. In [[Baja California]], the [[Ernesto Ruffo Appel|PAN candidate]] was elected governor. When De la Madrid chose [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] as the candidate for the PRI, and therefore a foregone presidential victor, [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]], son of former President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], broke with the PRI and challenged Salinas in the 1988 elections. In 1988 there was [[electoral fraud]], with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. There were protests in Mexico City over the stolen election. Salinas took the oath of office in December 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/government/mexico_government_the_1988_elections.html |title="Mexico The 1988 Elections" (Sources: The Library of the Congress Country Studies, CIA World Factbook) |publisher=Photius Coutsoukis |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915102322/https://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/government/mexico_government_the_1988_elections.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1990 the PRI was described by [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] as the "perfect dictatorship", but there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/massacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196 |last=Gomez Romero |first=Luis |title=Massacres, disappearances and 1968: Mexicans remember the victims of a 'perfect dictatorship' |date=5 October 2018 |website=The Conversation |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512234050/http://theconversation.com/massacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/09/01/cultura/652140001_850215.html |title=Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta" |date=1 September 1990 |newspaper=El País |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235439/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Reding |first=Andrew |year=1991 |title=Mexico: The Crumbling of the "Perfect Dictatorship" |jstor=40209208 |journal=World Policy Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=255–284}}</ref>

Salinas embarked on a program of [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] reforms that fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation, opened Mexico to foreign investment, and began talks with the US and Canada to join their [[free-trade agreement]], which culminated in the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994; the same day, the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) in Chiapas began armed rebellion against the federal government, which captured towns and brought world attention. The armed conflict was short-lived and continues as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and [[globalization]]. In 1994, following the assassination of the PRI's presidential candidate [[Luis Donaldo Colosio]], Salinas was succeeded by victorious PRI candidate [[Ernesto Zedillo]]. Salinas left Zedillo's government to deal with the [[Mexican peso crisis]], requiring a $50 billion [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] bailout. Macroeconomic reforms were started by Zedillo, and the economy recovered and growth peaked at 7% by 1999.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cruz Vasconcelos |first=Gerardo |title=Desempeño Histórico 1914–2004 |url=http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf |access-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703181721/http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2006 |language=es }}</ref>

===Contemporary Mexico===
{{See also|Mexican drug war}}
[[File:Vicente Fox flag (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vicente Fox]] won the [[2000 Mexican general election|2000 general election]] and became the first president not from the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] since 1929, and the first elected from an opposition party since [[Francisco I. Madero]] in 1911.]]
[[File:Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoacán.jpg|thumb|A confrontation in [[Apatzingán]] during [[Operation Michoacán]] in August 2007.]]

After 71 years of rule, the incumbent PRI lost the [[2000 Mexican general election|2000 presidential election]] to [[Vicente Fox]] of the opposing conservative [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN). In the [[2006 Mexican general election|2006 presidential election]], [[Felipe Calderón]] from the PAN was declared the winner, with a narrow margin (0.6%) over leftist politician [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valles Ruiz |first1=Rosa María |title=Elecciones presidenciales 2006 en México. La perspectiva de la prensa escrita |trans-title=2006 presidential Elections in Mexico. The Perspective of the Press |language=es |journal=Revista mexicana de opinión pública |date=June 2016 |issue=20 |pages=31–51 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-49112016000100031 |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321091207/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-49112016000100031 |url-status=live }}</ref> López Obrador, however, [[Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election|contested the election]] and pledged to create an "alternative government".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reséndiz|first=Francisco|title=Rinde AMLO protesta como "presidente legítimo"|journal=El Universal|year=2006|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/389114.html|language=es|access-date=1 October 2007|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118162332/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/389114.html}}</ref> In the [[2012 Mexican general election|2012 presidential election]], the PRI again won the presidency with the election of [[Enrique Peña Nieto]]. However, he won with a plurality of around 38% and did not have a legislative majority.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/9369278/Enrique-Pena-Nieto-wins-Mexican-presidential-election.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/9369278/Enrique-Pena-Nieto-wins-Mexican-presidential-election.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election|date=2 July 2012|work=The Telegraph|access-date=25 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

During the 21st century, Mexico has contended with [[Crime in Mexico|high crime rates]], [[Corruption in Mexico|bureaucratic corruption]], [[Mexican drug war|narcotrafficking]], and a stagnant economy. Many state-owned enterprises were privatized starting in the 1990s with neoliberal reforms. [[Pemex]], the state-owned petroleum company is being privatized, with exploration licenses being issued.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Gaurav |title=Mexico's Oil And Gas Industry Privatization Efforts Nearing Critical Phase |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gauravsharma/2018/05/10/mexicos-oil-and-gas-industry-privatization-efforts-nearing-critical-phase/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Forbes |date=10 May 2018 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081840/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gauravsharma/2018/05/10/mexicos-oil-and-gas-industry-privatization-efforts-nearing-critical-phase/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a push against corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex, [[Emilio Lozoya Austin]], was arrested in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrera Diaz |first1=Cyntia |last2=Villamil |first2=Justin |last3=Still |first3=Amy |title=Pemex Ex-CEO Arrest Puts AMLO in Delicate Situation |url=https://www.rigzone.com/news/wire/pemex_exceo_arrest_puts_amlo_in_delicate_situation-14-feb-2020-161099-article/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Rigzone |agency=Bloomberg |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527071038/https://www.rigzone.com/news/wire/pemex_exceo_arrest_puts_amlo_in_delicate_situation-14-feb-2020-161099-article/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After founding the new political party [[National Regeneration Movement|MORENA]], Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO) won the 2018 election with over 50%. His coalition, led by his left-wing party founded after the 2012 elections, included parties from across the spectrum. The coalition won a majority in the upper and lower Congress chambers. His success is attributed to opposing political forces exhausting their chances, as well as AMLO's adoption of moderate discourse focused on reconciliation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sieff |first=Kevin |title=López Obrador, winner of Mexican election, given broad mandate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obrador-a-leftist-wins-sweeping-mandate-in-mexican-presidential-election/2018/07/02/4c5e1de4-7be3-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702170755/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obrador-a-leftist-wins-sweeping-mandate-in-mexican-presidential-election/2018/07/02/4c5e1de4-7be3-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=2 July 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> The first confirmed case of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico|COVID-19 in Mexico]] occurred in February 2020, and [[COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico]] began in December. [[Claudia Sheinbaum]], AMLO's successor, won the [[2024 Mexican general election|2024 presidential election]] in a landslide and became the first woman to lead Mexico.<ref name="france24.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president |title=Ruling leftist party candidate Sheinbaum elected Mexico's first female president |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063457/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president |url-status=live }}</ref> She was sworn in on 1 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Claudia Sheinbaum sworn in as 1st female president of Mexico |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-president-claudia-sheinbaum-7d3599b39a7298df46e7eda34d80afee |work=AP News |date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Mexico}}

[[File:Mexico topo.jpg|thumb|A [[topographic map]] of Mexico]]
[[File:Mexico map.svg|thumb|Mexico map of [[List of states of Mexico|states]] and capitals]]
[[File:Pico de Orizaba desde Hidalgo, Puebla.jpg|thumb|[[Pico de Orizaba]], the highest mountain in Mexico]]
Mexico is located between latitudes [[14th parallel north|14°]] and [[33rd parallel north|33°N]], and longitudes [[86th meridian west|86°]] and [[119th meridian west|119°W]] in the southern portion of North America, with a total area of {{convert|1972550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|13th largest country by total area]]. It has coastlines on the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Gulf of California]], as well as the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]], the latter two forming part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuN7xR6wR-4C&pg=PA405 |page=405 |last=Vargas |first=Jorge A. |title=Mexico and the Law of the Sea: Contributions and Compromises |year=2011 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-20620-5 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185531/https://books.google.com/books?id=MuN7xR6wR-4C&pg=PA405#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Within these seas are about {{convert|6000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of islands. Almost all of Mexico lies in the [[North American Plate]], with small parts of the [[Baja California peninsula]] on the [[Pacific Plate|Pacific]] and [[Cocos Plate]]s. [[Geophysics|Geophysically]], some geographers include the territory east of the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]] (around 12% of the total) within Central America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grec.cat/ |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ |archive-date=15 May 2016 |title=Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana |publisher=Grec.cat |access-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Geopolitics|Geopolitically]], Mexico is entirely considered part of North America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Alan |author2=Jonathan Schaffer |title=Geopolitics of oil and natural gas |publisher=U.S. Department of State |series=Economic Perspectives |date=May 2004}}</ref>

The majority of Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and as such the highest elevations are found at the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] which crosses Mexico east to west: [[Pico de Orizaba]] ({{convert|5700|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}), [[Popocatépetl]] ({{convert|5462|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Iztaccihuatl]] ({{convert|5286|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and the [[Nevado de Toluca]] ({{convert|4577|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Two mountain ranges known as [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] and [[Sierra Madre Occidental]], which are the extension of the [[Rocky Mountains]] from northern North America crossed the country from north to south and a fourth mountain range, the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]], runs from [[Michoacán]] to [[Oaxaca]]. The Mexican territory is prone to [[volcanism]].<ref name="ciageo"/>

Mexico has nine distinct regions: [[Baja California]], the Pacific Coastal Lowlands, the [[Mexican Plateau]], the [[Sierra Madre Oriental]], the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]], the [[Cordillera Neovolcánica]], the [[Gulf Coastal Plain]], the Southern Highlands, and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico Fact Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082328/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico |date=13 October 2023 }} Mexico. Accessed 4 May 2022</ref> An important geologic feature of the Yucatán peninsula is the [[Chicxulub crater]], the scientific consensus is that the [[Chicxulub impactor]] was responsible for the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]]. Although Mexico is large (a little over {{convert|2000|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} in length from its farthest land points), much of its land mass is incompatible with agriculture due to aridity, soil, or terrain.<ref name="ciageo"/>

In 2018, an estimated 54.9% of land was agricultural; 11.8% was arable; 1.4% was in permanent crops; 41.7% was permanent pasture; and 33.3% was forest.<ref name="ciageo">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico|section=Geography|access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Mexico is irrigated by several rivers, with the longest being the [[Rio Grande]], which serves as a natural eastern border with the United States.<ref name="NATIVENAMES">{{cite web |last1=Monforti |first1=Jessica Lavariega |last2=Graham |first2=Margaret A. |title=The Rio Grande |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199913701/obo-9780199913701-0134.xml |website=obo |access-date=5 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Usumacinta River]] serves as a natural southern border between Mexico and Guatemala.<ref name="Usumacinta">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Usumacinta-River "Usumacinta River | Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, & Map"] "Brittanica", retrieved on 16 October 2024.</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Mexico|Climate change in Mexico}}

The climate of Mexico is varied due to the country's size and topography. The [[Tropic of Cancer]] effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the Tropic of Cancer experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the Tropic of Cancer, temperatures are fairly constant year-round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems.<ref name="Climate"/>

Maritime air masses bring seasonal precipitation from May until August. Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with only sporadic rainfall, while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than {{convert|2000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like [[Monterrey]], [[Hermosillo]], and [[Mexicali]] experience temperatures of {{convert|40|C|F}} or more in summer. In the [[Sonoran Desert]] temperatures reach {{convert|50|C|F}} or more.<ref name="Climate"/>

There are 7 major climate types in Mexico<ref name="Clima">[https://gisviewer.semarnat.gob.mx/aplicaciones/Atlas2015/atm_climas.html "ATLAS / ATMOSFERA"] "SEMARNAT", retrieved on 10 October 2024.</ref> with warm sub-humid climate being coastal up to 900 meters found mostly in the southern region of Mexico; dry and desertic climates being found in the northern half of the country; temperate humid and sub-humid being found mostly on pastures at an elevation of 1,800 meters and higher in central Mexico and cold climate usually found at an elevation of 3,500 meters and beyond. Most of the country's territory has a temperate to dry climate.<ref name="Clima" />

Areas south of the Tropic of Cancer with elevations up to {{convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], have a yearly median temperature between {{convert|24|and|28|C|F|1}}. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a {{convert|5|C-change|0}} difference between winter and summer median temperatures. The Pacific coast is subject to natural hazards such as tsunamis and both Mexican coasts with the exception of the south coast of the [[Bay of Campeche]] and northern Baja California are vulnerable to serious [[tropical cyclone|hurricanes]] during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the Tropic of Cancer are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from {{convert|20|to|24|C|F|1|disp=or}}) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.<ref name="Climate">{{cite encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/drainage |chapter=Drainage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701220713/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Drainage |archive-date=1 July 2022 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] Mexico |access-date=6 May 2022 |title=Mexico | History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts | Britannica }}</ref>

[[File:Flooding in Mexico (837).jpg|thumb|A flash flood in Mexico]]
[[Climate change in Mexico]] is causing widespread impacts including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, intensified hurricanes, and sea-level rise in coastal regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNDP |date=16 December 2024 |title=Mexico {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/latin-america-and-caribbean/mexico |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}</ref> These changes pose threats to water resources and agriculture (particularly for rural and smallholder farmers),<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Emilio |date=14 December 2017 |title=Climate Change Threatens Mexican Agriculture - Mexico |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mexico/climate-change-threatens-mexican-agriculture |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref name="link.springer.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Estrada |first1=Francisco |last2=Mendoza-Ponce |first2=Alma |last3=Calderón-Bustamante |first3=Oscar |last4=Botzen |first4=Wouter |date=18 October 2022 |title=Impacts and economic costs of climate change on Mexican agriculture |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-022-01986-0 |journal=Regional Environmental Change |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=126 |doi=10.1007/s10113-022-01986-0 |bibcode=2022REnvC..22..126E |issn=1436-378X}}</ref> and affect crops including maize and coffee, contributing to economic insecurity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torres Castillo |first1=Nora E. |last2=Melchor-Martínez |first2=Elda M. |last3=Ochoa Sierra |first3=Jhosseph S. |last4=Ramirez-Mendoza |first4=Ricardo A. |last5=Parra-Saldívar |first5=Roberto |last6=Iqbal |first6=Hafiz M. N. |date=10 October 2020 |title=Impact of climate change and early development of coffee rust - An overview of control strategies to preserve organic cultivars in Mexico |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=738 |article-number=140225 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140225 |issn=1879-1026 |pmid=32806380}}</ref><ref name="link.springer.com"/> [[Climate change]] is impacting Mexicans' health,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riojas-Rodríguez |first1=Horacio |last2=Quezada-Jiménez |first2=María Laura |last3=Zúñiga-Bello |first3=Pamela |last4=Hurtado-Díaz |first4=Magali |date=2018 |title=Climate Change and Potential Health Effects in Mexican Children |journal=Annals of Global Health |language=en |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=281–284 |doi=10.29024/aogh.915 |pmid=30873791 |pmc=6748264 |issn=2214-9996 }}</ref> exacerbating human migration,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=Climate Change and Migration in Mexico: A Report Launch |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/climate-change-and-migration-mexico-report-launch |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wirtz |first=Nic |date=16 October 2017 |title=Climate change and migration in Mexico: Fifth in our series |url=https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/climate-change-migration-mexico-fifth-series/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Global Americans |language=en-US |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427203702/https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/climate-change-migration-mexico-fifth-series/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Julia Li |last2=Chau |first2=Nancy |last3=Rodewald |first3=Amanda D. |last4=Garip |first4=Filiz |date=12 November 2024 |title=Weather deviations linked to undocumented migration and return between Mexico and the United States |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=46 |article-number=e2400524121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2400524121|pmid=39495908 |pmc=11572974 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12100524Z }}</ref> and increasing [[extinction]] risk for Mexico's [[biodiversity]], as protected areas are expected to face warming temperatures and decreased precipitation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Esperon-Rodriguez|first1=Manuel|last2=Beaumont|first2=Linda J.|last3=Lenoir|first3=Jonathan|last4=Baumgartner|first4=John B.|last5=McGowan|first5=Jennifer|last6=Correa-Metrio|first6=Alexander|last7=Camac|first7=James S.|date=December 2019|title=Climate change threatens the most biodiverse regions of Mexico|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02357035/file/Esper%C3%B3n-Rodr%C3%ADguez_al_Accepted_BiolC.pdf|journal=Biological Conservation|language=en|volume=240|article-number=108215|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108215|bibcode=2019BCons.24008215E |s2cid=209561310 }}</ref>

===Biodiversity===
{{See also|Wildlife of Mexico}}
[[File:Mexican wolf lounging.jpg|thumb|A [[Mexican wolf]]]]
Mexico ranks fourth<ref>{{cite web|title=Ocupa México cuarto lugar mundial de biodiversidad|url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/11/05/ocupa-mexico-cuarto-lugar-mundial-biodiversidad|website=El Economista|access-date=5 February 2017|language=es|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104728/http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/11/05/ocupa-mexico-cuarto-lugar-mundial-biodiversidad|url-status=live |author1=Notimex }}</ref> in the world in biodiversity and is one of the 17 [[megadiverse countries]]. With over 200,000 species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity.<ref name="SEMARNAT">{{cite web|title=Biodiversidad de México |publisher=SEMARNAT |url=http://cruzadabosquesagua.semarnat.gob.mx/iii.html |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007045210/http://cruzadabosquesagua.semarnat.gob.mx/iii.html |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in [[reptile]]s with 707 known species, [[List of mammals of Mexico|second in mammals with 438 species]], fourth in [[amphibian]]s with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biodiversidad en México|publisher=CONEVYT|url=http://oregon.conevyt.org.mx/actividades/diversidad/lectura_biodiversidad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007013648/http://oregon.conevyt.org.mx/actividades/diversidad/lectura_biodiversidad.htm|archive-date=7 October 2007|access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in [[ecosystem]]s and fourth in overall species.<ref name="SNIB"/> About 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislation.<ref name="SNIB">{{cite web|title=Sistema Nacional sobre la Biodiversidad en México|publisher=CONABIO|url=http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/snib/doctos/acerca.html|access-date=7 October 2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012020717/http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/snib/doctos/acerca.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1854188.stm |title=Mexico's 'devastating' forest loss |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2002 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116232007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1854188.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity |journal=Nature Communications |date=8 December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> According to SGI there is [[Deforestation]] and [[soil erosion]] especially in rural areas of Mexico. In the 2022 report it was noted environmental protection laws have improved in major cities but remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sgi-network.org/2022/Mexico/Environmental_Policies#:~:text=Mexico%20faces%20a%20number%20of,of%20the%20most%20pressing%20problems. | title=SGI 2022 | Mexico | Environmental Policies | access-date=18 April 2024 | archive-date=18 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418114421/https://www.sgi-network.org/2022/Mexico/Environmental_Policies#:~:text=Mexico%20faces%20a%20number%20of,of%20the%20most%20pressing%20problems. | url-status=live }}</ref>

In Mexico, {{convert|170000|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}} are considered "Protected Natural Areas". These include 34 biosphere reserves, 67 [[List of national parks of Mexico|national parks]], 4 natural monuments, 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).<ref name="SEMARNAT"/> Some of Mexico's native [[culinary art|culinary]] ingredients include maize, tomato, beans, squash, chocolate, [[vanilla]], [[avocado]], [[guava]], [[chayote]], [[Dysphania ambrosioides|epazote]], [[Sweet potato|camote]], [[jícama]], [[nopal]], [[zucchini]], [[Crataegus mexicana|tejocote]], [[Corn smut|huitlacoche]], [[sapote]], [[mamey sapote]], and a great variety of [[chili pepper|chiles]], such as the [[habanero]] and the [[jalapeño]]. [[Tequila]], the distilled alcoholic drink made from cultivated [[agave]] cacti is a major industry. Because of its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of [[bioprospecting]] by international research bodies.<ref>Hayden, Cori. 2003. ''When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioproscpecting in Mexico''. Princeton University Press.</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Mexico|Federal government of Mexico}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Claudia Sheinbaum in 2025 (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] [[President of Mexico|President]] 
| image2 = Rosa Icela en la conferencia mañanera del 25 de marzo 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Rosa Icela Rodríguez]] [[Secretariat of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] 
}}
[[File:Bandera Mexicana - panoramio - cz354x (3).jpg|thumb|The [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] on the east side of [[Plaza de la Constitución]] or ''[[Zócalo]]'', the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of [[List of viceroys of New Spain|viceroys]] and [[Presidents of Mexico]] and now the seat of the Mexican government.]]
[[File:Mexico Chamber of Deputies_backdrop.jpg|thumb|[[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]], the lower house of the [[Congress of Mexico]]]]

The United Mexican States is a [[federation]] whose government is [[Representative democracy|representative]], democratic, and [[republicanism|republican]] based on a presidential system according to the [[Constitution of Mexico|1917 Constitution]]. The Constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments, and the municipal governments.

The federal [[legislature]] is the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Union]], composed of the [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]]. The Congress makes [[federal law]], declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|title=Articles 50 to 79|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006|access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref> The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of [[parallel voting]] that includes plurality and [[proportional representation]].<ref name="COFIPE_congreso"/> The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 300 are elected by [[Plurality voting system|plurality vote]] in [[single-member district]]s (the [[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|federal electoral districts]]) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with [[closed list|closed party lists]]<ref name="COFIPE_congreso">{{cite web|title=Third Title, First Chapter, About Electoral systems, Article 11–1 |work=Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) |date=15 August 1990 |publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States |url=http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2007 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025020343/http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies.<ref name="COFIPE_congreso"/> The Senate comprises 128 senators: 64 (two for each state and two for Mexico City) are elected by plurality vote in pairs, 32 are the first minority or first-runner-up (one for each state and one for Mexico City), and 32 are elected by proportional representation from national closed party lists.<ref name="COFIPE_congreso"/>

The [[Executive (government)|executive]] is the [[President of Mexico|President of the United Mexican States]], who is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government|government]], as well as the [[commander-in-chief]] of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the [[Mexican Executive Cabinet|Cabinet]] and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law and has the power to [[veto]] bills.<ref name="congress"/>

The highest organ of the [[Judiciary|judicial branch]] of government is the [[National Supreme Court of Justice|Supreme Court of Justice]], the national [[supreme court]]. Judges, pre-selected by Congress, are elected by popular vote. The nine members of the Supreme Court are elected for a single twelve-year term. The first judicial election occurred in [[2025 Mexican judicial elections|2025]]. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the [[Federal Electoral Tribunal]], collegiate, unitary, and district tribunals, and the Judicial Disciplinary Tribunal.<ref name="congress"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico president signs contested law to elect all judges – DW – 09/16/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mexico-president-signs-contested-law-to-elect-all-judges/a-70223638 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico ushers in a new era for its justice system with a judiciary elected by popular vote – EL PAIS – 09/2/2025 |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-09-02/mexico-ushers-in-a-new-era-for-its-justice-system-with-a-judiciary-elected-by-popular-vote.html |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=english.elpais.com |date=2 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI), a [[catch-all party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Niko Vorobyov |title=Dopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHUKBAAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+far-right+NP&pg=PA44 |quote=... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ... |date=2019 |publisher=[[Hachette UK]] |isbn=978-1-317-75509-8 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401070104/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHUKBAAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+far-right+NP&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}</ref> and member of the [[Socialist International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org.mx/PriistasTrabajando/saladeprensa/comunicados/noticia.aspx?x=1485|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217142341/http://www.pri.org.mx/PriistasTrabajando/saladeprensa/comunicados/noticia.aspx?x=1485|archive-date=17 December 2008 |title=Entrevista a la Lic. Beatriz Paredes Rangel, Presidenta dle Comité Ejecutivo Nacional del PRI |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the [[Mexican Revolution]] and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN), a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the [[Christian Democrat Organization of America]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odca.org.mx/miembros.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714033103/http://www.odca.org.mx/miembros.html|archive-date=14 July 2008 |title=Miembros Titulares |publisher=ODCA |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> and the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD), a left-wing party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.org.mx/portal/documentos/estatuto_xi.pdf |title=Estatuto del Partido de la Revolución Democrática |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235928/http://www.prd.org.mx/portal/documentos/estatuto_xi.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. The [[National Regeneration Movement]] (Morena), a [[Left-wing populism|left-wing populist]] party, has been the ruling party since [[2018 Mexican general election|2018]], and it won a second term in the [[2024 Mexican general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ine.mx/actores-politicos/partidos-politicos-nacionales/padron-afiliados/ | title=Padrón de afiliados }}</ref>

[[Democratic backsliding]] starting around 2019 was found by the [[V-Dem Institute#Democracy Report|V-Dem Democracy Report]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era? | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Mexico}}

{{Further|States of Mexico|Municipalities of Mexico}}
{{See also|List of Mexican state legislatures}}
The boundaries and constituent units of Mexico evolved from its colonial-era origins. Central America peacefully separated from Mexico after independence in 1821. Yucatán was briefly an independent republic. Texas separated in the [[Texas Revolution]] and when it was annexed to the U.S. in 1845, it set the stage for the [[Mexican–American War]] and major territorial loss to the U.S. The sale of northern territory known in the U.S. as the [[Gadsden Purchase]] was the last loss of Mexican territory. The United Mexican States is a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over [[Mexico City]].<ref name="thought">{{cite web|publisher=Thought.Co.|title=Mexico's 31 States and One Federal District|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/states-of-mexico-1435213|author=Amanda Briney|date=8 October 2018|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715171654/https://www.thoughtco.com/states-of-mexico-1435213|url-status=live}}</ref> Each state has its constitution, [[congress]], and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by [[direct vote|direct voting]] a [[List of Mexican state governors|governor]] for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.<ref name="congress"/>
Mexico City is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state.<ref name="thought" /> Formerly known as the Federal District, its autonomy was previously limited relative to that of the states.<ref name="congress"/> It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with [[Constitutional Assembly of Mexico City|its constitution]] and congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |date=30 January 2016 |work=Mexico News Daily |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |access-date=5 January 2018 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721155716/http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city }}</ref> The states are divided into [[Municipalities of Mexico|municipalities]], the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a [[mayor|mayor or municipal president]] ({{lang|es|presidente municipal}}), elected by its residents by plurality.<ref name="congress"/>

{{Mexico labeled map|width=700|float=center}}

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Mexico}}

[[File:Edificio_Tlatelolco_(S.R.E).JPG|thumb|Headquarters of the [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]]]]

The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the [[President of Mexico]]<ref name="CPEUM89"/> and managed through the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].<ref name="SRE">{{cite web|author=Internal Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Article 2, Section 1 |date=10 August 2001 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/marco_normativo/reglamento.htm |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611012801/http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/marco_normativo/reglamento.htm |archive-date=11 June 2008|language=es}}</ref> The principles of the [[foreign policy]] are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for [[international law]] and [[Sovereign state|legal equality of states]], their [[sovereignty]] and [[independence]], trend to [[non-interventionism]] in the domestic affairs of other countries, [[Dispute resolution|peaceful resolution of conflicts]], and promotion of [[international security|collective security]] through active participation in [[international organizations]].<ref name="CPEUM89">{{cite web|author=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States |title=Article 89, Section 10 |date=5 February 1917 |publisher=Chamber of Deputies |url=http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/1.pdf |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825041639/http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/1.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2007|language=es}}</ref> Since the 1930s, the [[Estrada Doctrine]] has served as a crucial complement to these principles.<ref name=estradadoctrine>{{cite web|last=Palacios Treviño |first=Jorge |title=La Doctrina Estrada y el Principio de la No-Intervención |url=http://www.diplomaticosescritores.org/obras/DOCTRINAESTRADA.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206085102/http://diplomaticosescritores.org/obras/DOCTRINAESTRADA.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref>

Mexico is a founding member of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations,<ref>{{cite web|author=UN |title=United Nations Member States |date=7 November 1945 |publisher=UN official website |url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#m |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref> the [[Organization of American States]],<ref name="Velázquez Flores 2007, p. 145">Velázquez Flores (2007), p. 145.</ref> the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Organization of Ibero-American States |title=Members |publisher=OEI official website |url=http://www.oei.es/acercaoei.htm |access-date=6 April 2009 |language=es |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216083900/https://www.oei.es/acercaoei.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[OPANAL]]<ref>{{cite web|author=OPANAL |title=Members |publisher=OPANAL official website |url=http://www.opanal.org/opanal/about/about-i.htm |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814205200/http://opanal.org/opanal/about/about-i.htm |archive-date=14 August 2009 }}</ref> and the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=El Presidente Felipe Calderón Hinojosa en la Ceremonia de Entrega de la Secretaría Pro Témpore del Grupo de Río |date=7 March 2007 |publisher=Gobierno Federal |url=http://portal2.sre.gob.mx/gruporio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823035712/http://portal2.sre.gob.mx/gruporio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=2 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009|language=es}}</ref> In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million [[American dollar|dollars]] to the United Nations regular budget.<ref name="unbudget">{{cite web |author=United Nations |title=Regular Budget Payments of Largest Payers |year=2008 |publisher=Global Policy |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/reg-budget/large08.htm |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216083915/https://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/reg-budget/large08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] since it joined in 1994 until [[Chile]] gained full membership in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=Members |date=18 May 1994 |publisher=OECD official website |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3343,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205075153/http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3343,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chile joins the OECD's Economic Club |date=12 January 2010 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/01/100112_chile_oecd_biz.shtml |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209231717/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/01/100112_chile_oecd_biz.shtml }}</ref>

Mexico is considered a [[regional power]]<ref name="regionalpower">{{cite web|title=Japan's Regional Diplomacy, Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|access-date=4 April 2009|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316232649/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="regionalpower2">{{cite web|title=Latin America: Region is losing ground to competitors|publisher=Oxford Analytica|url=http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024190633/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> hence its presence in major economic groups such as the [[G8+5]] and the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]]. Since the 1990s Mexico has sought a [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods]]<ref name="Foreign Affairs 2005 p. 215">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005), p. 215.</ref> with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the [[Coffee Club]].<ref name="coffeeclub">{{cite news |author=Maggie Farley |title=Mexico, Canada Introduce Third Plan to Expand Security Council |date=22 July 2005 |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-22-fg-unreform22-story.html |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206141851/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/22/world/fg-unreform22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It has an observer status at the [[Council of Europe]]<ref name="gob.mx"/>

===Military===
{{Main|Mexican Armed Forces|Military history of Mexico}}

[[File:From the front, ARM USUMACINTA, ARM BENITO JUAREZ, and JS IZUMO during the Japan-Mexico goodwill exercise.jpg|left|thumb|From foreground to background: [[Newport-class tank landing ship|Papaloapan-class]] Usumacinta, Mexican-Dutch-made Reformador-class [[ARM Benito Juárez (POLA-101)|Benito Juárez]] and Japananese [[Izumo-class destroyer|Izumo-class]] carrier, 2022]]
[[File:S-45 BAALAM.png|left|thumb|Mexican-made S-45 BAALAM [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] by [[Hydra Technologies]], 2022]]
The Mexican Armed Forces are administered by the [[Secretariat of National Defense]] ({{lang|es|Secretaria de Defensa Nacional}}, SEDENA). There are two branches: the [[Mexican Army]] (which includes the [[Mexican Air Force]]) and [[Mexican Navy]]. The [[National Guard (Mexico)|National Guard]], which was formed in 2019 from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy, functions as a [[gendarmerie]]; while responsible for law enforcement, it is placed under military command.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=Mexico's Congress puts National Guard under military command despite criticism. Why does it matter? |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-congress-national-guard-military-b31ab1b6aa165f87012fb93845922b9a |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=The Structural Redesign of Security in Mexico |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/structural-redesign-security-mexico |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Figures vary, but as of 2024, there are approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel: 160,000 Army; 10,000 Air Force; and 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines. The National Guard has roughly 110,000 personnel. Military expenditures are a small fraction of GDP, at around 0.6% as of 2023.<ref name="ciamil">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico|section=Military and Security|access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for the design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems; and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the [[Mexican Drug War|war on drugs]], increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, [[helicopters]], digital war-fighting technologies,<ref name="impreso.milenio.com">{{cite web|author=Loke |url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8696274 |title=Capacitarán a militares en combates con rifles láser | Ediciones Impresas Milenio |publisher=Impreso.milenio.com |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514075604/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8696274 |archive-date=14 May 2010}}</ref> urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub638.pdf |title=Strategy on recent equipment purchases: The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125104336/https://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub638.pdf }}</ref> Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the [[Treaty of Tlatelolco]] in 1968, pledging to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/Tlatelolco-i.htm |title=Text of the Treaty of Tlatelolco |publisher=Opanal.org |date=27 November 1963 |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430200457/http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/Tlatelolco-i.htm |archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> Mexico signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts,<ref>{{cite web |language=es |author=Gustavo Iruegas |title=Adiós a la neutralidad |date=27 April 2007 |work=[[La Jornada]] |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/04/27/index.php?section=opinion&article=023a2pol |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227154140/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/04/27/index.php?section=opinion&article=023a2pol |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mexico in World War II|with the exception of World War II]]. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Constitution]] to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in [[peacekeeping|peacekeeping missions]], or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.<ref name="neutral">{{cite web |author1=Ricardo Gómez |author2=Andrea Merlos |name-list-style=amp |title=Diputados, en Favor de Derogar Neutralidad en Guerras |date=20 April 2007 |work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/150273.html |access-date=4 April 2009 |language=es |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015201504/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/150273.html }}</ref>

===Law enforcement and human rights===
{{main|Law enforcement in Mexico|Crime in Mexico}}

{{Further|Mexican Drug War|Human trafficking in Mexico|Femicide in Mexico}}
[[File:Día_del_Policía_Federal.jpg|thumb|[[Mexican Federal Police]] celebration]]
[[File:Ayotz1napa ohs202.jpg|thumb|Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the [[2014 Iguala mass kidnapping|disappearance of the 43 students]] in the Mexican town of [[Iguala]]]]

The [[Mexican Federal Police]] was dissolved in 2019 by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador, being replaced by the [[National Guard (Mexico)|National Guard]], a national [[gendarmerie]] formed from units and assets of the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Look At Mexico's New National Guard |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/13/741391138/a-look-at-mexicos-new-national-guard |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=NPR |date=13 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628134718/https://www.npr.org/2019/07/13/741391138/a-look-at-mexicos-new-national-guard |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, the National Guard numbered 110,000 personnel. López Obrador had increasingly used military forces for domestic law enforcement, particularly against drug cartels.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref> There have been serious abuses of power reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10696136 |title=Big, expensive and weirdly spineless |publisher=The Economist |date=14 February 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=21 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421203502/http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10696136 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most Mexicans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens.<ref name=brit-mex>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico |title=Mexico |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317221559/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico |url-status=live }}</ref> There have been public demonstrations of outrage against what is considered a culture of [[impunity]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/world/americas/debanhi-escobar-mexico.html "A Woman's Haunting Disappearance Sparks Outrage in Mexico Over Gender Violence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172820/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/world/americas/debanhi-escobar-mexico.html |date=17 May 2022 }} [[New York Times]] accessed 17 May 2022.</ref>

Mexico has fully recognized [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico|same-sex marriage]] since 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Same-Sex Marriage Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174657/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in the nation since 2003.<ref name="Federal Law">{{cite web | author=International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission | title=Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law | date=23 April 2003 | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mexico+protects+its+gay+and+lesbian+citizens+with+new+law.-a0108149079 | access-date=27 November 2009 | archive-date=21 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202108/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/403.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> However, hate crimes towards the [[LGBT rights in Mexico|LGBT community]] remain an issue in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |title=STONEWALL GLOBAL WORKPLACE BRIEFINGS 2018 MEXICO |url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/mexico_global_workplace_briefing_2018.pdf |website=[[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]] |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145321/https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/mexico_global_workplace_briefing_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Oscar |title=Mexico sees deadliest year for LGBT+ people in five years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-lgbt-murders-trfn-idUSKBN22R37Y |website=Reuters |date=15 May 2020 |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145319/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-lgbt-murders-trfn-idUSKBN22R37Y |url-status=live }}</ref> Other crime and human rights violations in Mexico have been criticized, including enforced disappearances (kidnappings), abuses against migrants, extrajudicial killings, gender-based violence, especially [[femicide]], and attacks on journalists and human rights advocates.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Report, Mexico 2022|chapter=Mexico: Events of 2021|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/mexico?gclid=Cj0KCQjwpv2TBhDoARIsALBnVnlVHMbJ-Wc9gl98yizh3SmWhLJqcpoBeBZvdQkK92NKBgsbfpf8YAYaAhY-EALw_wcB|via=Human Rights Watch.org|date=10 December 2021|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812221207/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/mexico?gclid=Cj0KCQjwpv2TBhDoARIsALBnVnlVHMbJ-Wc9gl98yizh3SmWhLJqcpoBeBZvdQkK92NKBgsbfpf8YAYaAhY-EALw_wcB|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2020 report by the [[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]] gives statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households with at least one victim of crime.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-30053745 "Mexico crime and violence in numbers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508184955/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-30053745 |date=8 May 2022 }} [[BBC News]], accessed 8 May 2022</ref>
As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing, most since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-61477704 "Mexico disappearances reach record high of 100,000 amid impunity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211845/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-61477704 |date=8 January 2024 }} [[BBC News]] accessed 17 May 2022.</ref> Drug cartels remain a major issue in Mexico, with a proliferation of smaller cartels when larger ones are broken up and increasingly the use of more sophisticated military equipment and tactics.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/americas/mexico-cartels-michoacan.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814102457/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/americas/mexico-cartels-michoacan.html|date=14 August 2022}} "In Mexico, One Cartel Is Cleared, but Others Storm In" [[New York Times]], accessed 8 May 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.insightcrime.org/news/how-mexicos-cartel-have-learned-military-tactics/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527114615/https://insightcrime.org/news/how-mexicos-cartel-have-learned-military-tactics/|date=27 May 2022}} "How Mexico's Cartels Have Learned Military Tactics", accessed 8 May 2022</ref>

[[Mexican Drug War|Mexico's drug war]], ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing.<ref name=cfrdeaths>{{cite news|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war|title=Mexico's Drug War|work=Council on Foreign Relations|date=24 January 2019|access-date=19 July 2019|author1=Brianna Lee|author2=Danielle Renwick|author3=Rocio Cara Labrador|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716001309/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|National Geography and Statistics Institute]] estimated that in 2014, one-fifth of Mexicans were victims of some sort of crime.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Franco |first1=Yanira |title=Uno de cada cinco, víctima de algún delito: Inegi |trans-title=One in five, victim of a crime: Inegi |url=https://www.milenio.com/policia/uno-de-cada-cinco-victima-de-algun-delito-inegi |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Milenio |date=1 October 2015 |location=Mexico City |language=es |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081837/https://www.milenio.com/policia/uno-de-cada-cinco-victima-de-algun-delito-inegi |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2014 Iguala mass kidnapping|mass kidnapping of 43 students]] in [[Iguala]] on 26 September 2014 triggered nationwide protests against the government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption that gives free rein to criminal organizations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tuckman |first1=Jo |title=Mexicans in biggest protest yet over missing students |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/mexicans-protesting-about-missing-students-scuffle-with-police |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |location=Mexico City |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508062121/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/mexicans-protesting-about-missing-students-scuffle-with-police |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 100 journalists and [[List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico|media workers have been killed or disappeared]] since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom of Expression in Mexico|url=http://www.pen.org/campaign/freedom-expression-mexico|publisher=[[PEN American Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723210845/http://www.pen.org/campaign/freedom-expression-mexico|archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Alcázar|first1=Jesús|title=Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000|url=http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/06/17/53a089ccca47415c528b45a4.html|agency=[[EFE]]|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)]]|date=17 July 2014|language=es|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171324/http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/06/17/53a089ccca47415c528b45a4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2025, demonstrations were held all around Mexico, in protest over the 130,000 people who have disappeared and considered missing since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2025 |title=Mexico disappearances: Thousands march for the 130,000 missing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg4rnr720yo |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Mexico}}

{{See also|Economic history of Mexico}}
[[File:Mexico_City_(2018)_-_508.jpg|thumb|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]] building, in [[Mexico City]]]]
[[File:Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of [[América Móvil]] in [[Mexico City]], the [[List of mobile network operators|largest mobile network operator outside Asia]]]]
[[File:Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_García.jpg|thumb|[[Skyscraper]]s in [[San Pedro Garza García]], [[Nuevo León]]]]

As of April 2025, Mexico has the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|13th largest]] economy by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) (US$3.4 trillion), and a GDP per capita of US$26,000.<ref name="IMFWEO.MX"/> The World Bank reported in 2023 that the country's [[gross national income]] in was the second highest in Latin America after [[Brazil]] at US$1.7 trillion.<ref>{{cite web |title=GNI (current US$) |publisher=World Bank |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>

Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry after China, the US, Japan, [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]]. Mexico is the second-largest exporter of electronics to the US where it exported $71 billion worth of electronics in 2011. Electronics exports grew 73% between 2002 and 2012. The manufactured value-added sector, which electronics is part of, accounted for 18% of GDP.<ref name="Entrada">[https://www.entradagroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Whitepaper_Electronics-Whitepaper_pdf.pdf "Mexico, A New Hub For Electronic Manufacturing."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215234343/https://www.entradagroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Whitepaper_Electronics-Whitepaper_pdf.pdf |date=15 December 2024 }}, page 2, retrieved on 8 November 2024.</ref>

Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2008/12/11/Mexico_tops_US_Canadian_car_makers/UPI-17741229011704/ |title=Mexico tops U.S., Canadian car makers |publisher=Upi.com |date=11 December 2008 |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831183233/https://www.upi.com/Business_News/2008/12/11/Mexico_tops_US_Canadian_car_makers/UPI-17741229011704/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in research and development.<ref name="Gereffi">{{Cite book |last1=Gereffi |first1=G |last2=Martínez |first2=M |chapter=Mexico's Economic Transformation under NAFTA |editor-last=Crandall |editor-first=R |editor2-last=Paz |editor2-first=G |editor3-last=Roett |editor3-first=R |title=Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics |publisher=Lynne Reiner Publishers |publication-date=30 September 2004 |isbn=978-1-58826-300-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlPiswEACAAJ |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicosdemocracy0000unse }}</ref> The "Big Three" ([[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and [[Chrysler]]) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while [[Volkswagen]] and [[Nissan]] built their plants in the 1960s.<ref name="Hufbauer Auto">{{Cite book |last1=Hufbauer |first1=G.C. |last2=Schott |first2=J.J. |contribution=Chapter 6, The Automotive Sector |contribution-url=http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/332/06iie3349.pdf |title=NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Institute for International Economics |publication-date=October 2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 1–78] |isbn=978-0-88132-334-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 |date=1 January 2005 }}</ref> In [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen.<ref name="Gereffi"/> In 2016 [[Kia]] opened a $1 billion factory in [[Nuevo León]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=García |first1=Daniela |title=Inauguran Kia Motors en Pesquería |trans-title=Kia Motors launched in Pesquería |url=https://www.milenio.com/estados/inauguran-kia-motors-en-pesqueria |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Milenio |date=7 September 2016 |location=Pesquería |language=es |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081837/https://www.milenio.com/estados/inauguran-kia-motors-en-pesqueria |url-status=live }}</ref> with Audi also opening an assembling plant in Puebla the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Audi inaugura planta automotriz en Puebla |trans-title=Audi opens automotive plant in Puebla |url=http://www.autoexplora.com/autoexplora-drive-style/noticias/nacionales/audi-inaugura-planta-automotriz-en-puebla/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Autoexplora |date=30 September 2016 |language=es |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002505/http://www.autoexplora.com/autoexplora-drive-style/noticias/nacionales/audi-inaugura-planta-automotriz-en-puebla/ }}</ref> [[BMW]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Nissan]] currently have plants in construction.<ref name="KiaMexico">{{cite news|title=Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico|url=http://www.mexiconews.net/index.php/sid/225153337|date=28 August 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|publisher=Mexico News.Net|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092239/http://www.mexiconews.net/index.php/sid/225153337|url-status=live}}</ref> The domestic car industry is represented by [[DINA S.A.]], which has built buses and trucks since 1962,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dina.com.mx/history.html |title=History |author=DINA Camiones Company |access-date=15 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110559/http://www.dina.com.mx/history.html |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> and the new [[Mastretta]] company that builds the high-performance [[Mastretta MXT]] sports car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/25/london-2008-mastretta-mxt-will-be-mexicos-first-homegrown-car/|title=London 2008: Mastretta MXT will be Mexico's first homegrown car|author=Jeremy Korzeniewski|date=25 July 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122614/https://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/25/london-2008-mastretta-mxt-will-be-mexicos-first-homegrown-car/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, trade with the US and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.<ref name="cia.gov"/>

During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46 billion [[trade deficit]] with Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koreauspartnership.org/pdf/Koreas%20Balance%20of%20Payments.pdf |title=Korea's Balance of Payments |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111207/http://www.koreauspartnership.org/pdf/Koreas%20Balance%20of%20Payments.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the US are significant; after dipping during the 2008 [[Great Recession]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2021 they are topping other sources of foreign income.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT?locations=MX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511185705/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT?locations=MX|date=11 May 2022}} "Personal Remittances Received, Mexico", [[World Bank]] accessed 11 May 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/remittances-mexico-soar-covid-pandemic-rcna13638] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511185113/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/remittances-mexico-soar-covid-pandemic-rcna13638|date=11 May 2022}} "Latino Remittances from Mexico Soar". [[NBC News]] accessed 11 May 2022</ref> Remittances are directed to Mexico by direct links from a U.S. government banking program.<ref>[https://www.judicialwatch.org/most-of-the-33-billion-in-remittances-to-mexico-flow-via-u-s-govt-banking-program/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171346/https://www.judicialwatch.org/most-of-the-33-billion-in-remittances-to-mexico-flow-via-u-s-govt-banking-program/|date=18 May 2022}} "Most of the $33 Billion in Remittances to Mexico Flow Via U.S. Govt. Banking Program", [[Judicial Watch]], accessed 12 May 2022</ref>

Although multiple international organizations coincide and classify Mexico as an upper middle income country, or a middle class country,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Mazatlan Post|date=11 April 2019|access-date=15 July 2019|title=How much should you earn in Mexico to belong to the middle or upper class?|url=https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/04/11/how-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class/|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715181153/https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/04/11/how-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BloombergEcon>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Noah |title=Mexico Is Solidly Middle Class (No Matter What Trump Says) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-08-26/mexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status |work=Bloomberg |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108212012/https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/adi/N1395.273558.BLOOMBERG/B6753675.346299363;dc_ver=99.292;dc_eid=40004000;sz=970x250;u_sd=1;gdpr=0;dc_adk=4266363305;ord=dv8zb7;click=https%3A%2F%2Fadclick.g.doubleclick.net%2Fpcs%2Fclick%3Fxai%3DAKAOjsvOwLbc3X0f5-M_Rg6ujiM1V3fon_a4FrpB3nmGk76dwL2PhUj3LdDd44KnL2QzTd7-VQX4U3f8Fk1AKAU-xLGePQhPVk4VcXqFTpMldaMoC0nxcJyYVG5dp9K23ItSU1OQjhmjOZ7TqAC_2gcGTizlAABgCRzqdWGX90bNUWfkM013c6uKGfvwMyeglNa6el7tsGk1789Jagk3dUQRic8z-RCogjfsdQxIeX6MiateHjK6RWLMcEQib0kRO_y0dSd0DupeBM_8dGuLjTJ81noNf10XtvpE6OA8BbIEUK6hKAI1nSDuo0isKsihz7Kd8a7Yz5tbv9llCiezNtOLvWVc75gsD14-36LrZGY8WI3_rYS8G4h640XeF78Pjg%26sai%3DAMfl-YR5c4kVVCtILCebOcX745E_3v6caGOo7I0-wrSYNL3tfMALASqA_56hmnB-wyOCNiDJfNiCS6NU0Ot-fkgfGhCNl8eiKFHFzVRwdXbB6vJzNCxaMMrFSD5fPawqtRI%26sig%3DCg0ArKJSzGs1rAg5i3MeEAE%26fbs_aeid%3D%255Bgw_fbsaeid%255D%26urlfix%3D1%26adurl%3D;dc_rfl=1,https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2019-08-26%2Fmexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status$0;xdt=0;crlt=Pg9O1pn3Gi;cmpl=8;gcsr=m;stc=1;sttr=114;prcl=s |url-status=live }}</ref> Mexico's [[National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL)|National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy]] (CONEVAL), reports that much of Mexico's population lives in poverty. From 2006 to 2010 the portion who live in poverty rose from 19%<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2009 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 June 2020 |page=118 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608105942/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> to 46% (52 million people).<ref name="CONEVAL">{{cite web |url=http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf |title=CONEVAL Informe 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025820/http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> Despite this, CONEVAL reported in 2023 that the poverty rate had decreased, between 2018 and 2022, a 6% decrease, from 42% to 36% (from 52 to 47 million people), though [[extreme poverty]] rose by 0.1% (410 thousand people), to 7% (9 million people), and those lacking access to healthcare has significantly increased, from 16% to 39% (50 million),<ref>{{cite news|first=Carolina|last=Gómez Mena|title=Reducción de casi 9 millones de personas en pobreza entre 2020-2022: Coneval|trans-title=Decrease of nearly 9 million people in poverty between 2020-2022: Coneval|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=10 August 2023|language=es|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2023/08/10/sociedad/entre-2020-y-2022-se-redujo-en-casi-9-millones-cifra-de-personas-en-pobreza-coneval/|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2023/08/10/sociedad/entre-2020-y-2022-se-redujo-en-casi-9-millones-cifra-de-personas-en-pobreza-coneval/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Valeria|last=Moy|title=Buenas y malas en la reducción de la pobreza|trans-title=Good and bad news regarding the decrease in poverty|journal=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=15 August 2023|language=es|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/valeria-moy/buenas-y-malas-en-la-reduccion-de-la-pobreza/|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/valeria-moy/buenas-y-malas-en-la-reduccion-de-la-pobreza/|url-status=live}}</ref> though some specialists expressed doubt regarding the accuracy of these rates.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dulce|last=Soto|title=Expertos y ONG dudan que pobreza en México haya disminuido como reportó Coneval|trans-title=Experts and NGO doubt that poverty in Mexico has decreased as Coneval reported|work=Expansión Política|date=25 September 2023|language=es|url=https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2023/09/25/expertos-y-ong-dudan-que-pobreza-en-mexico-haya-disminuido-como-reporto-coneval|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2023/09/25/expertos-y-ong-dudan-que-pobreza-en-mexico-haya-disminuido-como-reporto-coneval|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]'s poverty line (defined as the percentage of the population who earns 60%<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm |title=Just what is poor? |access-date=27 August 2019 |author=Michael Blastland |work=BBC News |date=31 July 2009}} The "economic distance" concept, and a level of income set at 60% of the median household income</ref> or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico's population lived in poverty in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class |url=https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf |publisher=OECD Publishing |access-date=4 June 2020 |location=Paris |date=2019 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701060002/https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among OECD countries, Mexico has the second-highest degree of inequality between the extremely poor and rich, after Chile – though it is one of few countries in which this has been falling.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/06/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-16-en&containerItemId=/content/serial/19991290&accessItemIds=/content/book/soc_glance-2011-en&mimeType=text/html |chapter=Income inequality |title=Society at a Glance 2011: Social Indicators |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-09852-7 |date=12 April 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161819/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/06/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-16-en&containerItemId=/content/serial/19991290&accessItemIds=/content/book/soc_glance-2011-en&mimeType=text/html }}</ref> The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.4% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of 36%. The OECD notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development are only about a third of the OECD average.<ref name="OECDREFORMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf |title=Perspectivas OCDE: México; Reformas para el Cambio |pages=35–36 |publisher=OECD |date=January 2012 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522205932/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is also reflected in infant mortality in Mexico, which is three times higher than the OECD average, whereas its literacy is in the median range. According to a 2008 report the average income in an urban area of Mexico was $27,000, while in rural areas just miles away was, it only $8,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sobresale Nuevo León por su alto nivel de vida|journal=El Norte|year=2006|url=http://busquedas.gruporeforma.com/utilerias/imdservicios3w.dll?JPrintS&file=mty/norte01/00393/00393608.htm&palabra=|language=es|access-date=22 January 2007|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211851/https://www.gruporeforma.com/utilerias/imdservicios3w.dll?JPrintS&file=mty/norte01/00393/00393608.htm&palabra=|url-status=live}}</ref> Daily minimum wages are set annually; it was set at $248.93 [[Mexican peso]]s (US$13.24) in 2024 ($375 in the country's northern border), making it comparable to [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], and [[Ecuador]]. This rapidly increased, as it was set at 88 pesos in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|first=Karina|last=Suárez|title=El salario mínimo en México aumentará un 20% en 2024|trans-title=The Mexican minimum wage will increase by 20% in 2024|work=[[El País]]|date=1 December 2023|language=es|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-12-01/el-salario-minimo-en-mexico-aumentara-un-20-en-2024.html|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211902/https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-12-01/el-salario-minimo-en-mexico-aumentara-un-20-en-2024.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communications===
{{Main|Mass media in Mexico}}

[[File:Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Telmex]] Tower in Mexico City]]
The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by [[Telmex]] ({{lang|es|Teléfonos de México}}), previously a government monopoly privatized in 1990. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States. Other players are [[Axtel]], Maxcom, Alestra, Marcatel, AT&T Mexico.<ref name="budde">{{cite web|website=Budde.com|title=Mexico – Telecoms Infrastructure, Operators, Regulations – Statistics and Analyses|url=https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Mexico-Telecoms-Infrastructure-Operators-Regulations-Statistics-and-Analyses|year=2019|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715182621/https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Mexico-Telecoms-Infrastructure-Operators-Regulations-Statistics-and-Analyses|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of Mexican [[orography]], providing a landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at 52% percent; however, 81% of Mexican households have internet connection and 81% over the age of 6 have a mobile phone.<ref name=endutih>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2024/ENDUTIH/ENDUTIH_23.pdf "Encuesta Nacional sobre Disponibilidad y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información en los Hogares"] page 1 & 15, retrieved on 3 October 2024.</ref> Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 97 million lines.<ref name=endutih /> The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through [[Cofetel]] ({{lang|es|Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones}}).

The satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable.<ref name=ciacom>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ |title=Communications |publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mexican satellites are operated by {{lang|es|Satélites Mexicanos}} ([[Satmex]]), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing North and South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satmex.com.mx/english/?opcion=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915211310/http://www.satmex.com.mx/english/?opcion=0|archive-date=15 September 2009 |title=Satmex. Linking the Americas |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> It offers broadcast, telephone, and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to [[Argentina]]. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services.<ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Arianespace |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=7420 |title=Mexican Operator Satmex Has Chosen Arianespace to Launch Its New Satmex 6 Satellite |publisher=Spaceref.com |date=14 February 2002 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311130432/https://spaceref.com/press-release/mexican-operator-satmex-has-chosen-arianespace-to-launch-its-new-satmex-6-satellite/ }}</ref> Satmex maintains its satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in Mexico. Major players in broadcasting are [[Televisa]], the largest Mexican media company in the Spanish-speaking world,<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214054201/http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203|archive-date=14 December 2007 |title=Televisa Brings 2006 FIFA World Cup to Mexico in HD With Snell & Wilcox Kahuna SD/HD Production Switcher |publisher=Snellwilcox.com |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> [[TV Azteca]] and [[Imagen Televisión]].

===Energy===
{{See also|Electricity sector in Mexico}}
[[File:Inauguración de Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II.jpg|thumb|left|The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in [[Oaxaca]]]]
Energy production is managed by the state-owned companies [[Comisión Federal de Electricidad|Federal Commission of Electricity]] and [[Pemex]]. Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation, and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US$86 billion sales per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaeconomia.com/PLT_WRITE-PAGE.asp?SessionId=&Language=0&Modality=0&DateView=&NamePage=SearchResultArti&Section=1&Content=28380&Style=15624|title=Top 500 Companies in Latin America |access-date=16 February 2007 |author=América Economia |format=Requires subscription}} {{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=fortune>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/6385.html |title=Fortune Global 500 2010: 64. Pemex |work=Fortune |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072733/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/6385.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5de6ef96-8b95-11db-a61f-0000779e2340|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211181250/https://www.ft.com/content/5de6ef96-8b95-11db-a61f-0000779e2340|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=FT Non-Public 150 – the full list|newspaper=Financial Times|date=14 December 2006|access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer, with 3.7 million barrels per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216112638/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html|archive-date=16 February 2007 |title=Top World Oil Net Exporters and Producers |access-date=16 February 2007 |author=Energy Information Administration}}</ref> In 1980 oil exports accounted for 62% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7%.<ref name="Gereffi"/> Mexico owns 7 [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] on its territory, with the newest built in 2022<ref name="economista">{{cite news |access-date=31 May 2021 |author=Karol García |date=18 October 2020 |location=México |periodical=El Economista |title=Refinería de Dos Bocas se inaugurará el 1 de julio de 2022, asegura AMLO |url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Refineria-de-Dos-Bocas-se-inauguro-el-1-de-julio-de-2022-asegura-AMLO-20201018-0094.html |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701232101/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Refineria-de-Dos-Bocas-se-inauguro-el-1-de-julio-de-2022-asegura-AMLO-20201018-0094.html }}</ref> and [[Pemex Deer Park|another refinery]] within the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shell.com/media/news-and-media-releases/2022/shell-completes-sale-of-interest-in-deer-park-refinery-to-partner-pemex.html |title=Shell completes sale of interest in Deer Park refinery to partner Pemex |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=www.shell.com |language=en}}</ref> Mexico has 60 hydroelectric power plants which generate 12% of the country's electricity,<ref name="cfe">[https://app.cfe.mx/Aplicaciones/OTROS/Boletines/boletin%3Fi%3D2482 "hidroeléctricas, energía limpia y confiable para la población"], retrieved on 28 September 2024.</ref> the largest is the 2,400 MW [[Chicoasén Dam|Manuel Moreno Torres Dam]] on the [[Grijalva River]], the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Mexico/Background.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021853/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Mexico/Background.html|archive-date=9 March 2006 |title=EIA |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref>

Mexico has the third-largest [[Solar power in Mexico|solar power potential]]<ref name="S&G">Sener & GTZ 2006</ref> estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times the national electricity generation.<ref name="ER">{{cite web |url=http://cec.org/files/PDF/ECONOMY/Pres-Elvira-RenEnergyMeeting_es.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081003033523/http://cec.org/files/PDF/ECONOMY/Pres-Elvira-RenEnergyMeeting_es.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008 |title=Perspectiva Del Mercado De La Energía Renovable En México |access-date=30 October 2010 }}</ref> There is over 1 million square meters of [[solar thermal]] panels<ref name="SENER 2009b">SENER 2009b</ref> installed, while in 2005 there were only 115,000 square meters of [[solar PV]] (photo-voltaic) panels.<ref name="SENER 2009b" /> The project [[SEGH-CFE 1]] located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora in the Northwest of Mexico was completed in 2018 and has a capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acciona.com/pressroom/news/2019/january/acciona-completes-assembly-405-mwp-photovoltaic-plant-mexico-installing-one-million-panels-two-months/|title=ACCIONA completes the assembly of a 405 MWp photovoltaic plant in Mexico, installing over one million panels in two months|website=acciona.com|language=en|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> all of its generated electricity is sold directly to the CFE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system.<ref name="Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo">[[Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo]]</ref> The Villanueva solar park in Coahuila which opened in 2019, is the largest solar power plant in the Americas with a capacity of 828 MW.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 January 2019 |first=Secretaría de |language=es |last=Energía |title=Se inaugura la Planta Solar Villanueva en Coahuila |url=http://www.gob.mx/sener/articulos/se-inaugura-la-planta-solar-villanueva-en-coahuila |website=gob.mx}}</ref> Mexico has one [[nuclear power|nuclear power plant]], the [[Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station]] located in the state of Veracruz<ref name="world-nuclear">[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Mexico/ "Nuclear Power in Mexico"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407223454/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Mexico/ |date=7 April 2015 }}, retrieved on 28 September 2024.</ref> and numerous wind farms,<ref name="ineel">[https://transicionenergetica.ineel.mx/Revista.mvc/R1n2v3 "Energía eólica"], retrieved on 30 September 2024.</ref> with the [[Eurus Wind Farm|largest wind farm]] in Latin America located in Oaxaca.<ref>[http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=347873&CategoryId=12394 Acciona Completes Assembly of LatAm's Largest Wind Farm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302175705/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=347873&CategoryId=12394 |date=2 March 2012 }} ''Latin American Herald Tribune''.</ref>

Although Mexico has increased its renewable electricity generation from wind and solar sources, it is still dependent on [[fossil fuel]]s for most of its energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/mexico |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023 Mexico was in the top 15 highest [[greenhouse gas]] emitters, contributing over 5 million tonnes, or 1.4% of the global total.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=13 November 2024 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=5 March 2025 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia }}</ref> Mexico has committed to reducing [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 35% by 2030, with an increased target of 40% conditional upon external support. The country aims to cut [[black carbon]] emissions by 51% unconditionally and 70% with additional support by 2030 and has committed to [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/MEX?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{Further|History of science and technology in Mexico}}
[[File:GTM imagen.JPG|thumb|[[Large Millimeter Telescope]] in [[Puebla]]]]
The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] was officially established in 1910,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Don M. |last1=Coerver |first2=Suzanne B. |last2=Pasztor |first3=Robert |last3=Buffington |title=Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA161 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-132-8 |page=161 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211844/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA161 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.<ref>Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 285{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.<ref>Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 286{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as [[National Polytechnic Institute]],<ref>Forest & Altbach (2006), p. 882{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.<ref>Fortes & Lomnitz (1990), p. 18{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> In 1959, the [[Mexican Academy of Sciences]] was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.

In 1995, the Mexican chemist [[Mario J. Molina]] shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with [[Paul J. Crutzen]] and [[F. Sherwood Rowland]] for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 |access-date=2 January 2009 |work=Nobelprize.org |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226095935/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina-1018.html |title=Molina wins Nobel Prize for ozone work |access-date=2 January 2009 |author=Thomson, Elizabeth A. |date=18 October 1995 |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |archive-date=9 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109160659/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina-1018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the [[Large Millimeter Telescope]] (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6118-9_79 |chapter=Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U9jCFy5hTUC&pg=PA527 |title=The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources |year=2007 |last1=Carramiñana |first1=Alberto |pages=527–530 |isbn=978-1-4020-6117-2 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211849/https://books.google.com/books?id=_U9jCFy5hTUC&pg=PA527#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. Mexico was ranked 58th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/mexico |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Mexico}}

[[File:Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg|thumb|left|The resort town of [[Cancún]], May 2008]]

As of 2017, Mexico was the 6th most visited country. It had the 15th highest income from tourism and highest in Latin America.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition">{{cite book |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights |year=2017 |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) |isbn=978-92-844-1902-9 |doi=10.18111/9789284419029 |last1=Magalhães |first1=Bianca dos Santos |url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404213946/https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |url-status=live }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> The vast majority of tourists come from the US and Canada, followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number come from other Latin American countries.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/sectur/sect_Estadisticas_del_Sector| title=Turismo de internación 2001–2005, Visitantes internacionales hacia México |publisher=Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR) |access-date=26 July 2008|year=2006|language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610233248/http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/sectur/sect_Estadisticas_del_Sector |archive-date=10 June 2008}} pp. 5</ref> In the 2017 [[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]], Mexico was ranked 22nd in the world, and 3rd in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 |publisher=World Economic Forum |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf |date=April 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161433/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The coastlines are rich in sunny stretches of beach. According to the [[Constitution of Mexico#Article 27|Constitution of Mexico Article 27]], the entirety of the coastlines is under federal ownership. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the [[resort town]] of [[Cancún]], especially among [[university]] students during [[spring break]]. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called [[Riviera Maya]] which includes the beach town of [[Playa del Carmen]] and the ecological parks of [[Xcaret]] and [[Xel-Há]]. To the south of Cancún is the town of Tulum, notable for its ruins of [[Maya civilization]]. Other tourist destinations include [[Acapulco]] with crowded beaches and multi-story hotels on the shores. At the southern tip of the [[Baja California peninsula]] is the resort town of [[Cabo San Lucas]], noted for its [[marlin]] [[fishing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icabo.com/what-to-do/cabo-fishing.aspx |title=Cabo Fishing Information - Sport Fishing in Los Cabos |publisher=icabo.com |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144017/http://icabo.com/what-to-do/cabo-fishing.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> Closer to the US border is the weekend draw of [[San Felipe, Baja California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.offroadxtreme.com/event-coverage/off-road-events/2022-score-san-felipe-250-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=2022 SCORE San Felipe 250: Everything You Need To Know|first=Micah|last=Anderson|date=30 March 2022|website=Off Road Xtreme}}</ref>

In Mexican cities along the [[Mexico–United States border]], the most lucrative [[hospitality industry]] is now [[medical tourism]], with remnants of the traditional motivations that drove tourists to Mexico's northern borderlands for nearly a century. Dominant medical tourism for tourism planning are the purchase of [[medication]], [[dentistry]], [[elective surgery]], [[optometry]], and [[chiropractic]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Handbook of Globalisation and Tourism | editor1=Dallen J. Timothy |publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78643-129-5 | page=327}}</ref>

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in Mexico}}

[[File:Puente Baluarte 03.jpg|thumb|[[Baluarte Bridge]], the highest bridge in the Americas.]]
Despite its difficult topography, Mexico's roadway is extensive and most areas are covered. The road network has an extent of {{convert|366,095|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name=sctroad>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=20 December 2010|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status=dead}}</ref> of which {{convert|116,802|km|mi|abbr=on}} are paved,<ref name=sctroad-2>{{cite web|url=http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf |title=Infraestructura Carretera |work=dgaf.sct.gob.mx |publisher=Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes |place=México |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716114353/http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2007}}</ref> making it [[List of countries by road network size|9th largest]] of any country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Transporte |first=Instituto Mexicano del |title=Red Nacional de Caminos |url=http://www.gob.mx/imt/acciones-y-programas/red-nacional-de-caminos |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=gob.mx |language=es |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503030240/https://www.gob.mx/imt/acciones-y-programas/red-nacional-de-caminos |url-status=live }}</ref> Of these, {{convert|10,474|km|mi|abbr=on}} are multi-lane [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]]: {{convert|9,544|km|mi|abbr=on}} are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.<ref name=sctroad-2/>

Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development,<ref name=brit-mex/> and the network covers {{convert|30,952|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The [[Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretary of Communications and Transport]] of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from [[Mexico City]] to [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]].<ref name="azcentral.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/0106mextrain06.html |title=Mexico reviving travel by train |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=6 January 2006 |access-date=30 October 2010 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416153240/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/0106mextrain06.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guadalajarareporter.com/news-mainmenu-82/regional-mainmenu-85/3249-bullet-train-to-mexico-city-looks-to-be-back-on-track-.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022112/http://guadalajarareporter.com/news-mainmenu-82/regional-mainmenu-85/3249-bullet-train-to-mexico-city-looks-to-be-back-on-track-.html|archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Bullet Train To Mexico City Looks To Be Back On Track ? |work=Guadalajara Reporter |date=17 October 2003 |url-status=usurped|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> The train, which will travel at {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=off|sp=us}},<ref name="systra.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.systra.com/Project-for-a-Mexico-City-Guadalajara-High-Speed-Line?lang=fr |title=Project for a Mexico City – Guadalajara High Speed Line. Rail transport engineering, public transport engineering |publisher=Systra |access-date=30 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501154553/http://www.systra.com/Project-for-a-Mexico-City-Guadalajara-High-Speed-Line?lang=fr |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> will allow passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours.<ref name="systra.com"/> The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion [[MXN|pesos]], or about 25 billion US$<ref name="azcentral.com"/> and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including one of the wealthiest men in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon [[Carlos Slim]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-127506564/slim-invest-santa-cruz.html |work=The America's Intelligence Wire |title=Slim to invest in Santa Cruz |date=21 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118011900/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-127506564/slim-invest-santa-cruz.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The federal government has also been funding the construction of an [[Tren Maya|inter city railway line]] connecting cities such as [[Cozumel]], [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], [[Chichen Itza]], Cancún and [[Palenque, Chiapas|Palenque]];<ref name="BBCM">{{cite news |last=Fuentes |first=Yngrid |date=15 November 2018 |title=Tren Maya: así es el ambicioso proyecto que propone AMLO y tiene un costo de miles de millones de dólares para México |language=es |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45254080 |publisher=[[BBC Mundo]] |access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> [[El Insurgente|another inter city train]] connecting the city of Toluca and Mexico City<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Tren-Mexico-Toluca-funcionaria-a-finales-del-2022-20190716-0040.html|title=Tren México-Toluca funcionaría a finales del 2022|last=Rosa|first=Alejandro de la|website=El Economista|date=16 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> and has restored the [[Tren Interoceánico|Interoceanic train corridor]], which connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.<ref>{{cite web |title=De 70 a 100 kilómetros por hora tiene el tren del Istmo de Tehuantepec |url=https://www.presencia.mx/nota.aspx?id=199793&s=4 |website=Presencia.MX |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=es-es |date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

Mexico has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 10 carry 72% of national cargo and 97% of international cargo.<ref name=Transporteaereo>[https://imt.mx/resumen-boletines.html%3FIdArticulo%3D157%26IdBoletin%3D52 "El transporte aéreo de carga en México"] retrieved on 22 September 2024.</ref> The [[Mexico City International Airport]] remains the busiest in Latin America and the 36th busiest in the world<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/Estadisticas/index.php?Publicacion=169|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531064833/http://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/Estadisticas/index.php?Publicacion=169|archive-date=31 May 2008 |title=Acerca del AICM. Posicionamiento del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM) con los 50 aeropuertos más importantes del mundo |publisher=AICM |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> transporting 45 million passengers a year.<ref name="aicmstats">{{cite web|url=https://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/archivos/files/Estadisticas/Estadisticas2017_En.pdf|title=Statistics Mexico City airport|publisher=Mexico City International Airport|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021902/https://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/archivos/files/Estadisticas/Estadisticas2017_En.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> Two additional airports operate simultaneously to help relieve congestion from the Mexico City International Airport: the [[Toluca International Airport]] and the [[Felipe Ángeles International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themexicocitypost.com/2022/02/20/the-three-runways-at-the-amlos-general-felipe-angeles-airport-will-begin-to-operate/|title=On March 21, the three runways at the AMLO's General Felipe Ángeles Airport will begin to operate|work=Mexico City Post|date=20 February 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Mexico}}

[[File:Mexico Population Density, 2000 (5457623058).jpg|thumb|A map of Mexico's population density]]

In 2022, Mexico's estimated population was 129,150,971 people, per the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|National Geography and Statistics Institute]].<ref>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/aproposito/2023/EAP_DMPO23.pdf Estadísticas a propósito del día mundial de la población] "INEGI", July 2023. Retrieved on 20 September 2024.</ref> In 2025, Mexico's population was estimated by the UN to have grown to 131,946,900 people.<ref name="Total population by sex: Mexico"/> Since at least the 1970s, Mexico has been the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.<ref name="Spanishhistory">{{cite web|title=Spanish Language History|publisher=Today Translations|url=http://www.todaytranslations.com/index.asp-Q-Page-E-Spanish-Language-History--13053095|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050417234656/http://www.todaytranslations.com/index.asp-Q-Page-E-Spanish-Language-History--13053095|archive-date=17 April 2005|access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

Throughout the 19th century, the population of Mexico barely doubled. This trend continued in the first two decades of the 20th century. In 1900, the Mexican population was a little more than 13 million.<ref name="POBLACIÓN">[https://apps1.semarnat.gob.mx:8443/dgeia/informe_resumen/01_poblacion/cap1.html "POBLACIÓN"] "SEMARNAT", retrieved on 4 October 2024.</ref> The Mexican Revolution ({{circa}} 1910–1920) greatly impacted population growth, with the 1921 census reporting a loss of about 1 million inhabitants.<ref name="POBLACIÓN"/>

The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s. Mexico had growth rates of over 3% between 1950 and 1980. The Mexican population doubled in twenty years, and at that rate, it was expected that by 2000 there would be 120 million people living in Mexico. Mexico's population grew from 70 million in 1982<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=MX&name_desc=true&start=1982|title=Population, total {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|date=2022|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606130811/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=MX&name_desc=true&start=1982|url-status=live}}</ref> to 123.5 million inhabitants in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=México cuenta con 123.5 millones de habitantes |trans-title=Mexico has 123.5 million inhabitants |url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Mexico-cuenta-con-123.5-millones-de-habitantes-20170710-0116.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=El Economista |agency=Notimex |date=10 July 2017 |language=es |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919231325/http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2017/07/10/mexico-cuenta-1235-millones-habitantes |url-status=live }}</ref> Life expectancy increased from 36 years in 1895, to 75 years in 2020.<ref name="2020 Census"/>

===Urban areas===
{{Main|Metropolitan areas of Mexico}}

{{See also|List of cities in Mexico}}

In 2020, there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of Mexico's population lives.<ref name=metro>[https://www.gob.mx/sedatu/documentos/metropolis-de-mexico-2020%3Fstate%3Dpublished "Metropolis de México 2020"] Retrieved 7 September 2024.</ref> The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the ''Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico'', or [[Greater Mexico City]], which in 2020 had a population of 21.8 million, or around 18% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas are [[Monterrey Metropolitan area|Greater Monterrey]] (5.3 million), [[Guadalajara Metropolitan Area|Greater Guadalajara]] (5.2 million), [[Metropolitan area of Puebla|Greater Puebla]] (3.2 million) and [[Greater Toluca]] (2.3 million).<ref name="census2020" /> Urban areas contain 76.81% of Mexico's population.<ref name=programa>[https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/643102/PNOTDU_VERSION_FINAL_28.05.2021-comprimido.pdf "Programa Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano"] page 27, retrieved on 28 August 2024.</ref>
{{Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico|class=info}}

===Ethnicity and race===
{{Main|Mexicans}}

Mexico's population is diverse, and ethnic research has historically felt the impact of nationalist discourses on identity.<ref name="Knight, Alan 1990. pp. 78">Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and ''indigenismo'': Mexico 1910–1940". Chapter 4 in ''The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940''. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78–85</ref><ref name="autogenerated115">Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. ''Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity'', Cambridge University Press page 115</ref> Social stratification and [[racism in Mexico]] have remained in the contemporary era. Although phenotype is not as important as culture, European features and lighter skin tone are favored by middle- and upper-class groups.<ref name="Ayala"/>{{rp|75}}

Starting with the Royal Decree of 1503 and the [[Laws of Burgos]] of 1512, the Spanish crown influenced by the [[School of Salamanca]] recognized the freedom of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], while simultaneously importing African slaves. {{ill|Indian republics in New Spain|lt= Indian republics|es|República de indios (Derecho indiano)}} were granted some degree of autonomy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAE |title=Definición de república de indios - Diccionario panhispánico del español jurídico - RAE |url=https://dpej.rae.es/lema/rep%C3%BAblica-de-indios |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Diccionario panhispánico del español jurídico - Real Academia Española |language=es}}</ref> and full assimilation of Spaniards and Indians was ordained.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Domingo |first=Rafael Sanchez |date=2012 |title=Las Leyes de Burgos de 1512 y la Doctrina Juridica de la Conquista |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rvjcasle31&id=205&div=&collection= |journal=Revista Juridica de Castilla y Leon |volume=28 |pages=1/55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Cásense españoles con indias, e indios con española" – Diario Digital de Zamora |date=24 September 2024 |url=https://www.zamoradigital24horas.com/casense-espanoles-con-indias-e-indios-con-espanola/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |language=es}}</ref> In practice, the Spanish often occupied the administrative positions, and maintained a fluid and complicated [[caste system|caste-like system]] which favored Europeans over other groups. This social stratification offered some degree of social mobility, as [[Afro-Mexicans]] and indigenous people [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] to the ''[[mestizo]]'' (mixed) caste, and even pure Spaniards could also fall off the economic ladder. Slavery was abolished twice by the insurgent movements of [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla|Hidalgo]] and [[José María Morelos|Morelos]] in 1810,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historia general de México: versión 2000 |date=2017 |publisher=El Colegio de México, A.C |isbn=978-968-12-0969-8 |editor-last=Bernal |editor-first=Ignacio |edition=Primera edición electrónica |location=Mexico City|editor-last2=Colegio de México}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herrejón Peredo |first1=Carlos |title=Morelos |last2=Zerón-Medina |first2=Fausto |date=1996 |publisher=Clío |isbn=978-968-6932-43-0 |edition=1a |series=La antorcha encendida |location=México}}</ref> and again by the independent government of [[Vicente Guerrero]] in 1829, an Afro-Mexican.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Stanley C. |title=The Mexican Republic: the first decade, 1823-1832 |date=1987 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |others=University of Pittsburgh |isbn=978-0-8229-8567-9 |series=Pitt Latin American series |location=Pittsburgh, Pa}}</ref>

After Mexico gained [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain in 1821]], any traces of the colonial caste system were abandoned, with race being omitted from public documents.<ref name="Ayala">{{cite book |last1=Ayala |first1=María Isabel |chapter=The Demography of Race and Ethnicity of Mexico |title=The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity |series=International Handbooks of Population |date=2015 |volume=4 |pages=73–90 |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_4 |isbn=978-90-481-8890-1 }}</ref>{{rp|74–75}} Near the end of the 1800s, the government led by [[Porfirio Díaz]] adopted policies of selective immigration from Europe and persecuted certain indigenous groups, as it was believed it would help to modernize the country.<ref name="Ayala"/>{{rp|75}}

After the [[Mexican Revolution]] and during the 1930s, in an attempt to unify the country under a single national identity, Mexico's government promoted the views of academics such as [[José Vasconcelos]], who asserted that all Mexicans belonged to a mixed race, being distinguished only culturally by residence in or outside of an [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|indigenous community]], degree of fluency in an indigenous language, and degree of adherence to indigenous customs.<ref name="EL MESTIZAJE Y LAS CULTURAS REGIONALES">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|title=en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español.|archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=redalyc>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196) |publisher=Redalyc.org |date=16 March 2005 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref> While people of mixed ancestry form the most prominent ethnic group in contemporary Mexico, the subjective and ever-changing definition of this category means that precise estimates are impossible.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7|title = "The Map of the Mexican's Genome": Overlapping national identity, and population genomics|journal = Identity in the Information Society|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 489–514|year = 2010|last1 = Schwartz-Marín|first1 = Ernesto|last2 = Silva-Zolezzi|first2 = Irma|hdl = 10871/33766|doi-access = free|hdl-access = free}}</ref><ref name=mestizajeenmexico>{{cite web |title=El mestizaje en Mexico |language=es |trans-title=The miscegenation in Mexico |first=Federico |last=Navarrete Linares |url=http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |access-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

During Mexican Revolution, and again during the Cárdenas presidency, government efforts were made to decrease social and economic inequality among indigenous Mexicans.<ref name="Ayala"/>{{rp|76–77}} In 1992, the [[Constitution of Mexico#Article 2|Article 2 of the Constitution of Mexico]] was amended to define Mexico as a pluricultural country and specifically to emphasize the role of indigenous Mexicans. This new legal framework preceded the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]]'s push against the mestizaje ideology that led to the 1996 [[San Andrés Accords]] which granted autonomy, recognition, and rights to the indigenous population of Mexico.<ref name="Ayala"/>{{rp|78}}

At Mexico's 2020 census, 19.4% of the population identified as indigenous and 6.1% of Mexico's population speaks an Indigenous language.<ref name="2020 Census"/> Since the 1960s there has been a cultural and academic re-evaluation of the role of [[Afro-Mexicans]] in Mexico, dispelling the misconception that they had assimilated into the mestizo identity.<ref name="Ayala"/>{{rp|77}} At the 2020 census, Afro-Mexicans were 2.04% of Mexico's population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=Laura A. |title=Blacks, Black Indians, Afromexicans: The Dynamics of Race, Nation, and Identity in a Mexican "moreno" Community (Guerrero) |journal=American Ethnologist |date=2000 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=898–926 |doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.4.898 |jstor=647400 |issn=0094-0496}}</ref><ref name="2020 Census"/> In 2020, Asians and Middle Easterners were around 1% of the population each.<ref name="2020 Census"/>

===Emigration and immigration===
{{main|Emigration from Mexico|Immigration to Mexico}}

[[File:Border USA Mexico.jpg|thumb|The [[Mexico–United States barrier]] between [[San Diego]]'s border patrol offices in [[California]], US (left) and [[Tijuana]], Mexico (right)]]
In 2019, an estimated 11.7 million Mexicans lived outside Mexico, in addition to 13.5 million born abroad and another 12 million descendants. The vast majority of this combined population (98–99%) are in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seminar: "Statistical Information of the Mexican Population Abroad" |url=https://en.www.inegi.org.mx/eventos/2023/innametra/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=en.www.inegi.org.mx |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322092937/https://en.www.inegi.org.mx/eventos/2023/innametra/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest Mexican communities outside Mexico are in the metropolitan areas of [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]] and [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states | title=Mexican Migrants in the United States | publisher=Migration Policy Institute | date=17 March 2016 | access-date=9 September 2018 | archive-date=3 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703035905/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone—by far the top destination for both temporary and permanent migration—representing one of the largest mass migrations in modern history.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez-Barrera |first=Ana |date=9 July 2021 |title=Before COVID-19, more Mexicans came to the U.S. than left for Mexico for the first time in years |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/09/before-covid-19-more-mexicans-came-to-the-u-s-than-left-for-mexico-for-the-first-time-in-years/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405004839/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/09/before-covid-19-more-mexicans-came-to-the-u-s-than-left-for-mexico-for-the-first-time-in-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, an estimated 37.2 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the US population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819090429/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-mexican-origin-latinos/#:~:text=Mexicans%20are%20the%20largest%20population,20.9%20million%20to%2037.2%20million. Facts on Hispanics of Mexican origin in the United States, 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604173813/https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-mexican-origin-latinos/#:~:text=Mexicans%20are%20the%20largest%20population,20.9%20million%20to%2037.2%20million. |date=4 June 2024 }} | Pew Research Center</ref>

In 2018, among the remaining 2% of Mexican expatriates not residing in the U.S., the most popular destinations are [[Canada]] (86,780), primarily the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Ap-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=5&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GID=0&GK=1&GRP=0&PID=105411&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=2011 National Household Survey | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=8 May 2013 | access-date=9 September 2018 | archive-date=15 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715072024/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Ap-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=5&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GID=0&GK=1&GRP=0&PID=105411&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | url-status=live }}</ref> followed by [[Spain]] and [[Germany]]. The latter two countries account for two-thirds of all Mexicans living in Europe.<ref name="Migration Yearbook">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1809_AnuarioMigracionRemesas_2018.pdf | title=Yearbook of Migration and Remittances: Mexico 2018 | publisher=[[BBVA Bancomer|BBVA Research]] | date=2018 | access-date=9 September 2018 | archive-date=10 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910061234/https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1809_AnuarioMigracionRemesas_2018.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, it was estimated that 69,000 Mexicans live in Latin America, led by [[Guatemala]] (18,870) followed by [[Bolivia]] (10,610), [[Chile]] (10,560), and [[Panama]] (5,000).<ref name="Migration Yearbook" />

Historically, and relative to other countries in the Western Hemisphere, Mexico has not been a destination of mass migration.<ref name=":4" /> In 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico,<ref name="UN2017">{{cite web |title=Table 1: Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2017 |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2017.xlsx |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823213849/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2017.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> up from nearly 1 million in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf |publisher=[[INEGI]] |access-date=9 September 2018 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212235/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2015 | df=mdy}}</ref> In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase from the prior year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Migration Outlook 2023 {{!}} Mexico |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/08d19fb4-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/08d19fb4-en |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |language=en}}</ref> The overall number of migrants, including those unauthorized to enter or stay in the country, may be higher than official figures.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=González |first1=Alex |last2=Ormerod |title=A New Wave of Migration Is Changing Mexico |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/a-new-wave-of-migration-is-changing-mexico/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604191810/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/a-new-wave-of-migration-is-changing-mexico/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The vast majority of migrants in Mexico come from the United States (900,000), making Mexico the top destination for [[American immigration to Mexico|U.S. citizens abroad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |title=These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout |last1=Smith |first1=Dr. Claire M. |date=August 2010 |work=OVF Research Newsletter |publisher=[[Overseas Vote Foundation]] |access-date=9 September 2018 |quote=Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024051944/https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 }}</ref> The second largest group comes from neighboring [[Guatemala]] (54,500), followed by [[Spain]] (27,600).<ref name="UN2017" /> Other major sources of migration are fellow Latin American countries, which include [[Colombia]] (20,600), [[Argentina]] (19,200) and [[Cuba]] (18,100).<ref name="UN2017" /> Communities descended from the [[Lebanese Mexicans|Lebanese diaspora]] and [[Mennonites in Mexico|German-born Mennonites]] have had an outsized impact in Mexico's culture, particularly in its cuisine and traditional music.<ref name="Garcia 2005">{{cite web |url=https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |trans-title=The Arabs of Mexico: Assimilation and cultural heritage |date=December 2005 |language=es |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/arte-y-cultura/los-menonitas-en-mexico/ |title=Los Menonitas en México |trans-title=The Menonnites in Mexico |publisher=Fundación [[UNAM]] | date=28 August 2013 |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094730/http://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/arte-y-cultura/los-menonitas-en-mexico/ |archive-date=10 September 2018 }}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Mexico}}

[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' national language spoken by the vast majority of the population, making Mexico the world's most populous [[Hispanophone]] country.<ref>{{Ethnologue18|spa|Spanish → Mexico}}</ref><ref name=Spanishhistory/> [[Mexican Spanish]] refers to the [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Spanish spoken in Mexico, which differs from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}}
[[File:Mapa de lenguas de México + 100 000.png|thumb|The distribution of indigenous languages in Mexico, with more than 100,000 speakers]]

The federal government recognizes [[Languages of Mexico#Indigenous languages|sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas] | author-link=Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas | date=14 January 2008 | title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas | url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf | format=PDF online facsimile | journal=[[Diario Oficial de la Federación]] | location=Mexico City | volume=652 | issue=9 | pages=22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section) | oclc=46461036 | language=es | access-date=22 July 2011 | archive-date=16 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016174101/http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, an estimated 8.3 million citizens spoke these languages.<ref name="Indigenous Languages">{{cite web | url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm | title=Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older | publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Geography | date=2015 | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165419/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nahuatl]] is spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]], used daily by nearly 850,000 people. [[Tzeltal language|Tzeltal]] and [[Tzotzil language|Tzotzil]], two other [[Mayan languages]], are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="Indigenous Languages"/> [[Mixtec languages|Mixtec]] and [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]], with an estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other prominent language groups.<ref name="Indigenous Languages"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cultura |first=Secretaría de |title=Mexihko, ik chikome tlalli in kanin onka nepapan tlahtolli ipan nochi totlaltikpak |url=http://www.gob.mx/cultura/prensa/mexihko-ik-chikome-tlalli-in-kanin-onka-nepapan-tlahtolli-ipan-nochi-totlaltikpak |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=gob.mx |language=nah}}</ref>

Since its creation in March 2003, the [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas|National Indigenous Languages Institute]] has been in charge of promoting and protecting the use of Mexico's indigenous languages, through the [[General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples]], which recognizes them ''[[de jure]]'' as "national languages" with status equal to that of Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf |title=Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas |access-date=3 August 2017 |date=2003 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054016/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> That notwithstanding, in practice, indigenous peoples often face discrimination and do not have full access to public services such as education and healthcare, or to the justice system, as Spanish is the prevailing language.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/MODELO_DE_ACREDITACION_Y_CERTIFICACION_EN_MATERIA_DE_LENGUAS_INDIGENAS.pdf | title=Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages | publisher=National Indigenous Languages Institute | date=October 2012 | page=7 | language=es | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=13 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062348/https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/MODELO_DE_ACREDITACION_Y_CERTIFICACION_EN_MATERIA_DE_LENGUAS_INDIGENAS.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Mexico due to international migration, such as [[Low German]] by the 80,000-strong [[Mennonites in Mexico|Mennonite population]], primarily settled in the northern states, fueled by the tolerance of the federal government towards this community by allowing them to set their educational system compatible with their customs and traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205052716/http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2007|title=The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> The [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo dialect]], a variant of the [[Venetian language]], is spoken in the town of [[Chipilo]], located in the central state of [[Puebla]], by around 2,500 people, mainly descendants of Venetians that migrated to the area in the late 19th century.<ref>{{e18|vec|Venetian (Mexico)}}</ref>

[[English as a second or foreign language|English]] is the most commonly taught foreign language in Mexico. It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study English through public schools, private institutions, or self-access channels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ei.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/latin-america-research/English%20in%20Mexico.pdf | title=English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors | publisher=British Council | date=May 2015 | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=13 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062412/https://ei.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/latin-america-research/English%20in%20Mexico.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> However, in 2015, a high level of English proficiency was limited to 5% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/en-mexico-solo-de-la-poblacion-habla-ingles-imco.html | title=En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO | last=Becerril | first=Isabel | publisher=El Financiero | language=es | date=27 April 2015 | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=12 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912092135/http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/en-mexico-solo-de-la-poblacion-habla-ingles-imco.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[French language|French]] is the second most widely taught foreign language. Every year, between 200,000 and 250,000 Mexican students enroll in French language courses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/2e.pdf | title=Une Langue Pour Apprendre | page=132 | publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie | date=6 September 2010 | language=fr | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062358/https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/2e.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mx.ambafrance.org/Cours-de-francais,6567 | title=Cours de français | publisher=Ambassade de France à Mexico | language=fr | date=19 March 2013 | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=19 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819021740/https://mx.ambafrance.org/Cours-de-francais,6567 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://loutardeliberee.com/mexique-lacteur-monte-francophonie-damerique/ | title=Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique | last=Simon-Clerc | first=Nathalie | publisher=L'Outarde Libérée | language=fr | date=2 November 2016 | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=12 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912092219/http://loutardeliberee.com/mexique-lacteur-monte-francophonie-damerique/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Mexico}}

{{Pie chart
|caption =Religion in Mexico, 2020 census.<ref name="2020-census">{{cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados |title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Cuestionario básico |publisher=INEGI |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219183810/https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados |url-status=live }}</ref>
|thumb=right
|label1 = [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Catholicism]]
|color1 = Purple
|value1 = 77.8
|label2 = [[Protestantism in Mexico|Protestantism]]
|color2 = Blue
|value2 = 11.2
|label3 = Unaffiliated
|color3 = Salmon
|value3 = 2.5
|label4 = Other religions
|color4 = Yellow
|value4 = 0.2
|label5 = [[Irreligion in Mexico|No religion]]
|color5 = Green
|value5 = 8.1
}}
Although the [[Constitution of 1857|Constitutions of 1857]] and [[Constitution of 1917|1917]] put limits on the role of the [[Catholic Church]] in Mexico, Catholicism remains Mexico's dominant religious affiliation. In the 2020 census, 77.8% (97,864,218) of [[Catholic Church in Mexico|the population were Catholic]]. 11.2% (14,095,307) belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations—including Other [[Christians]] (6,778,435), [[Evangelicals]] (2,387,133), [[Pentecostals]] (1,179,415), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1,530,909), [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] (791,109), and members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (337,998). 8.1% (9,488,671) of the population declared having [[Irreligion in Mexico|no religion]]. 0.4% (491,814) were unspecified.<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref name=religion2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/catolicismo-pierde-creyentes-censo-inegi-2021|first1=Graciela|last1=Olvera|first2=Armando|last2=Martínez|date=25 January 2021|language=es|title=Catolicismo y otras religiones pierden creyentes en México|work=Milenio|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330112031/https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/catolicismo-pierde-creyentes-censo-inegi-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 97,864,218<ref name="2020 Census"/> Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after [[Brazil]]'s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112104651/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 November 2007 |title=The Largest Catholic Communities |access-date=10 November 2007 |publisher=Adherents.com }}</ref> In 1997, 47% percent of them attended church services weekly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church attendance |work=Study of worldwide rates of religiosity |year=1997 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases/1997/Dec97/chr121097a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122224/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=3 January 2007 }}</ref> [[Pentecostalism]] is the second Christian creed in Mexico, with more than 1.3 million adherents. Migratory phenomena have led to the spread of different aspects of Christianity, including branches Protestants, [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref name="cristianismosorientales">[https://www.iis.unam.mx/blog/cristianismos-orientales-persecucion-muerte-migracion-y-cambio/ "Cristianismos orientales: persecución, muerte, migración y cambio – Resonancias – Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021161144/https://www.iis.unam.mx/blog/cristianismos-orientales-persecucion-muerte-migracion-y-cambio/ |date=21 October 2020 }}, "UNAM", Mexico DF, 29 November 2019. Retrieved on 28 November 2020.</ref>

In the 2020 census, there were 58,876 Jews in Mexico.<ref name="2020 Census"/> The presence of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jews in Mexico]] dates back to the 16th century when Spaniards arrived in the Americas. The modern Jewish Community began to be formed in the late 19th and early 20th century when Jews from Europe and the Ottoman Empire immigrated to Mexico due to instability and antisemitism.<ref name=MexicanJewish>{{cite web|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/israel/index.php/en/community/mexican-jewish-community|language=en|title=Mexican Jewish Community |publisher=Embamex.sre.gob.mx}}</ref> [[Islam in Mexico]], with 7,982 members, is practiced mostly by [[Arab Mexican]]s.<ref name="2020 Census"/> In the 2020 census, 36,764 Mexicans belonged to a spiritualist religion,<ref name="2020 Census"/> a category which includes a tiny [[Buddhism in Mexico|Buddhist]] population. About 74,000 people practiced religions with "ethnic roots", religions of mostly African and indigenous origin.<ref name="2020 Census"/>

There is often a [[syncretism]] between [[shamanism]] and Catholic traditions. Another religion of popular syncretism in Mexico, especially in recent years, is [[Santería]], mainly due to the large number of Cubans who settled in Mexico after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite book | author = Jacobo Grinberg Zylberbaum | title = Los chamanes de México | date = 1989 | publisher = UNAM School of Psychology | location = Mexico City | isbn = 968-6022-01-5 | edition = University of Texas | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1QVZAAAAMAAJ&q=chamanes+en+M%C3%A9xico | access-date = 19 August 2019 | archive-date = 21 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240221140237/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QVZAAAAMAAJ&q=chamanes+en+M%C3%A9xico | url-status = live }}</ref> One of the most exemplary cases of popular religiosity is the cult of [[Santa Muerte|Holy Dead]] (Santa Muerte). Other examples are the representations of the [[Stations of the Cross|Passion of Christ]] and the celebration of [[Day of the Dead]], which take place within the framework of the Catholic Christian imagery, but under a very particular reinterpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castells Ballarin |first1=Pilar |title=La Santa Muerte y la cultura de los derechos humanos |journal=LiminaR |date=June 2008 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.29043/liminar.v6i1.263 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Mexico}}

[[File:-_panoramio_(2288).jpg|thumb|The [[Central Library (UNAM)|Central Library]] of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]]]

In 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico was 95.25%, a slight increase from 94.86% in 2018, and significantly higher than 82.99% in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/literacy-rate|title=Mexico Literacy Rate 1980-2021|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Literacy between males and females is relatively equal.

According to most rankings, the publicly funded [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM) is the best university in the country. Other prominent public universities include the [[Instituto Politécnico Nacional|National Polytechnic Institute]], the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]], the [[University of Guadalajara]] and the [[Autonomous University of Nuevo León]] and [[El Colegio de México]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2019 Mexico Rankings |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/rankings-by-location/mexico/2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=University Rankings - Mexico 2023 |url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher+educ.&country=MEX |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=www.scimagoir.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mexico {{!}} Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions |url=https://www.webometrics.info/en/North_america/Mexico |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=www.webometrics.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2020-2021/World_Ranking_2020-2021 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=urapcenter.org}}</ref>

In terms of private academic institutions, among the most highly ranked is the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]]. Other prominent private universities include {{Lang|es|[[Universidad Iberoamericana]]|italic=no}}, [[Panamerican University|Universidad Panamericana]], [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México|ITAM]] and [[Universidad Anáhuac México|Universidad Anáhuac]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===Health===
{{Main|Healthcare in Mexico}}

[[File:Secretaría de Salud, México D.F., México, 2013-10-13, DD 12.jpg|thumb|The [[Secretariat of Health (Mexico)|Secretariat of Health]], Mexico City, Mexico]]
In the 1930s, Mexico made a commitment to [[rural health|rural health care]], mandating that mostly urban medical students receive training in it and to make them agents of the state to assess marginal areas.<ref>[[Gabriela Soto Laveaga|Soto Laveaga, Gabriela]]. "Bringing the Revolution to| Medical School: Social Service and a Rural Health Emphasis." [[Mexican Studies|Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos]] vol. 29 (2) summer 2013, 397–427.</ref> Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/mexico/63.htm |title=Mexico – Health Care and Social Security |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities.<ref name="Health Care in Mexico">{{cite web|url=http://www.expatforum.com/articles/health/health-care-in-mexico.html |title=Health Care in Mexico |date=8 August 2009 |publisher=Expatforum.com |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://globerove.com/mexico/health-care-issues-mexico/695 |title=Health Care Issues Mexico |publisher=Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813094826/http://globerove.com/mexico/health-care-issues-mexico/695 |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> Rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.<ref name=brit-mex/> [[Social determinants of health in Mexico|Social determinants of health]] can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico.

State-funded institutions such as [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (IMSS) and the [[Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers]] (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinais.salud.gob.mx/medicinaprivada/index.html |title=Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud – Infraestructura |publisher=Sinais.salud.gob.mx |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609031712/http://www.sinais.salud.gob.mx/medicinaprivada/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2010 }}</ref> Medical training is done mostly at public universities, with many specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the [[University of Guadalajara]], have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.<ref name="Health Care in Mexico"/>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Mexico}}

[[File:211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_(3).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Cry of Dolores]]. Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City. ]]
Mexican culture reflects a [[History of Mexico|long and complex history]] of [[Cultural amalgamation|interactions]] between various peoples through migration, conquest, and trade. Three centuries of Spanish rule resulted in the blending of [[culture of Spain|Spanish culture]] with those of different indigenous groups. Efforts to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] the native population into Christian European culture during the colonial era were only partially successful, with many pre-Columbian customs, traditions, and norms persisting regionally (particularly in rural areas) or becoming [[Syncretism|syncretized]]; conversely, many Spanish settlers integrated into local communities through [[acculturation]] or intermarriage. However, a high degree of stratification along the lines of class, ethnicity, and race perpetuated distinct subcultures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico - Health, Welfare, Poverty {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Health-and-welfare |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Porfirian era (''[[Porfiriato|el Porfiriato]]'') (1876–1911), which brought relative peace after four decades of civil unrest and war, saw the development of philosophy and art, often with government support. Since that time, as accentuated during the [[Mexican Revolution]], the government adopted and promoted the ''mestizo'' ideology to create a unified Mexican identity, characterized by the blending of different races and cultures.<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= 23 August 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

In light of the ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, [[José Vasconcelos]] in ''[[La raza cósmica|La Raza Cósmica]]'' (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the ''mestizo'') not only biologically but culturally as well.<ref name="vasconcelos160">{{Cite book|last=Vasconcelos|first=José|others=Didier T. Jaén (translator)|title=La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race)|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8018-5655-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160|url-access=registration}}</ref> Other Mexican intellectuals grappled with the idea of ''Lo Mexicano'', which seeks "to discover the national ethos of Mexican culture."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phelan |first1=John Leddy |title=México y lo Mexicano |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=1 August 1956 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=309–318 |doi=10.1215/00182168-36.3.309 |jstor=2509215 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Nobel laureate]] [[Octavio Paz]] explores the notion of a Mexican national character in ''[[The Labyrinth of Solitude]]''.

=== Art ===
{{Main|Mexican art}}

[[File:Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Diego Rivera]] and [[Frida Kahlo]], two of the most famous Mexican artists]]

[[Painting]] is one of the oldest arts in Mexico. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7,500 years old and has been found in the caves of the [[Baja California Peninsula]].<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/2002/12/12/ciencia/1292233.html Descubierta en una cueva de México la pintura rupestre más Antigua de América / EL MUNDO] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213061450/http://www.elmundo.es/2002/12/12/ciencia/1292233.html |date=13 February 2009 }}</ref> Pre-Columbian Mexican art is present in buildings and caves, in [[Aztec codices]], in [[ceramics]], in garments, etc.; examples of this are the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] mural paintings of [[Bonampak]] or the murals found in [[Teotihuacán]], [[Cacaxtla]] and [[Monte Albán]].<ref name="MacLachlan" /> Mural painting with Christian religious themes had an important flowering during the 16th century, early colonial era in newly constructed churches and monasteries. Examples can be found in [[Acolman]], [[Actopan, Hidalgo|Actopan]], [[Huejotzingo]], [[Tecamachalco, Puebla|Tecamachalco]] and [[Zinacantepec]].<ref name="mexorg">{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicanarchitecture.org/glossary/index.php?detail=121 |last=Ekland |first=Charlotte |title=Mexican Colonial Architecture |publisher=Mexican Architecture |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526112024/http://www.mexicanarchitecture.org/glossary/index.php?detail=121 |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>

As with most art during the early modern era in the West, colonial-era Mexican art was religious during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Starting in the late seventeenth century, and, most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and images of racial types, so-called [[casta|''casta'' painting]] appeared.<ref>Katzew, Ilona. ''Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2005</ref> Important painters of the late colonial period were [[Juan Correa]], [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] and [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Miguel Cabrera]]. In early post-independence Mexico, nineteenth-century painting had a marked romantic influence; landscapes and portraits were the greatest expressions of this era. [[Hermenegildo Bustos]] is one of the most appreciated painters of the [[historiography]] of Mexican art. Other painters include {{ill|Santiago Rebull|es}}, [[Félix Parra]], [[Eugenio Landesio]], and his noted pupil, the landscape artist [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]].<ref>Widdiefield, Stacie G. ''The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexican Painting''. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1996</ref>
[[File:Murales Rivera - Markt in Tlatelolco 3.jpg|thumb|A mural by [[Diego Rivera]] showing the pre-Columbian [[Aztec]] city of [[Tenochtitlán]]. In the [[National Palace (Mexico)|Palacio Nacional]] in [[Mexico City]].]]
In the 20th century artists such as [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Clemente Orozco]], the so-called "Big Three" of [[Mexican muralism]] achieved worldwide recognition. They were commissioned by the Mexican government to paint large-scale historical murals on the walls of public buildings, which helped shape popular perceptions of the Mexican Revolution and Mexican cultural identity.<ref>Anreus, Robin Adèle Greeley, and Leonard Folgarait, eds. ''Mexican Muralism: A Critical History''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2012.</ref> [[Frida Kahlo]]'s largely personal portraiture is considered by many as the most important historical work by a female artist.<ref>Lozano, Luis-Martin, ed. ''Frida Kahlo: The Complete Paintings''. Taschen 2021.{{ISBN|978-3-8365-7420-4}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Mexico City became home to the highest concentration of art museums in the world. Institutions like the [[Museo Jumex]], the largest collection of its kind, founded by collector [[Eugenio López Alonso]] and bolstered by art advisor [[Esthella Provas]], changed the notion of contemporary art in Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amadour |first=Ricky |date=28 April 2022 |title=Urs Fischer Spotlights Pluralistic Notions of Love |language=en |work=Frieze |issue=228 |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/urs-fischer-lovers-2022-review |access-date=1 January 2024 |issn=0962-0672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Greet |first1=Michele |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQpQDwAAQBAJ&dq=esthella+provas+and+eugenio+lopez&pg=PT220 |title=Art Museums of Latin America: Structuring Representation |last2=Tarver |first2=Gina McDaniel |date=8 March 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-77790-2 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneo]]us founded by [[Rufino Tamayo]] is also considered a preeminent institution and introduced foreign artists to a wider population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2023 |title=Museo Tamayo celebrates contemporary art in Mexico City - The Yucatan Times |work=The Yucatan Times |url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2023/06/museo-tamayo-celebrates-contemporary-art-in-mexico-city/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The country is also an epicenter for International art galleries including [[Kurimanzutto]] and [[FF Projects]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Eileen |date=3 May 2018 |title=Mexico City's kurimanzutto Gallery Opens a New York Outpost With a Scrappy Ode to the Big Apple |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/mexico-city-manhattan-kurimanzutto-gallery-opens-new-york-1277855 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Eileen |date=23 November 2020 |title=Latin American Galleries Missing Out on Miami Beach Have Banded Together to Form Their Own Version of Art Basel in Mexico City |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/art-basel-miami-beach-in-mexico-city-1925437 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref> and leading artists including [[Gabriel Orozco]], [[Bosco Sodi]], [[Stefan Brüggemann]], and [[Mario García Torres]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davison |first=Tamara |date=1 August 2018 |title=Gabriel Orozco: The pioneer of Mexico's modern art movement |url=https://ec2-18-118-37-10.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com/gabriel-orozco/1147/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Aztec Reports |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101011820/https://ec2-18-118-37-10.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com/gabriel-orozco/1147/ }}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Mexico}}

[[File:Bellas Artes 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, artworks and a major performance space]]
The architecture of [[Mesoamerica|Mesoamerican civilizations]] evolved in style from simple to complex. Teotihuacan, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, is one of the foremost examples of ancient pyramid construction. The cities of the Maya stand out to modern architects as examples of integration between large urban centers (with elaborate stone construction) and a thick jungle, generally with a complex network of roads. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica also saw distinctive architectural influences from the [[Olmec]], the [[Puuc]] and [[Oasisamerica|oasiamerican]] peoples.<ref name="MacLachlan" />

With the arrival of the Spanish, architectural theories of the [[Classical order|Greco-Latin order]] with [[Arab architecture|Arab influences]] were introduced. In the first few decades of Spanish presence in the continent, the high level of Christian missionary activity, especially by mendicant orders like the Dominicans or Franciscans, meant the construction of many [[Mendicant monasteries in Mexico|monasteries]], often with Romanesque, Gothic or Mudéjar elements. The interaction between Spaniards and Indigenous people gave rise to artistic styles such as the ''[[tequitqui]]'', from the Nahuatl term for worker or builder.<ref name="mexorg" />

Years later, [[Baroque]] and [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] styles prevailed in large cathedrals and civil buildings. In rural areas, ''haciendas'' or stately estates with [[Mozarabic architecture|Mozarabic]] tendencies were built.<ref name="mexorg" /> In the 19th century, the neoclassical movement arose as the country gained independence and sought to establish itself as a republic. A famous example is the [[Hospicio Cabañas]], an orphanage and hospital complex completed in 1829. The ''art nouveau'', and the ''art deco'' were styles introduced into the design of the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] to mark the identity of the Mexican nation with Greek-Roman and pre-Columbian symbols.<ref name="lonely">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mexico/mexico-city/sights/376019 |title=Palacio de Bellas Artes |publisher=Lonely Planet Guides |access-date=18 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313200055/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mexico/mexico-city/sights/376019 |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg|thumb|[[Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)|The National Auditorium]]]]
As a new sense of nationalism developed in the 20th century, a strengthened central government issued formal policies that sought to use architecture to show Mexico's modernity and differentiation from other nations. The development of Mexican modernist architecture was especially manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the [[Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City]], the main campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including [[Mario Pani]], [[Eugenio Peschard]], and [[Enrique del Moral]], the buildings feature murals by artists [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Chávez Morado]]. It has since been recognized as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/364 |title=UNESCO |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

[[Juan O'Gorman]] was one of the first environmental architects in modern Mexico to develop the "organic" theory, trying to integrate buildings onto the landscape within the same approaches of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-mexicana.html|title=Arquitectura mexicana|website=www.arqhys.com|date=21 July 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150356/http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-mexicana.html}}</ref> In the search for a new architecture that does not resemble the styles of the past, it achieves a joint manifestation with the mural painting and the [[landscaping]]. [[Luis Barragán]] combined the shape of the space with forms of rural vernacular architecture of Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Spain-Morocco), integrating color that handles light and shade in different tones and opens a look at the international [[minimalism]]. He won the 1980 [[Pritzker Prize]], the highest award in architecture.<ref name=eighty>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/14/HOG51LMROS1.DTL|title=The Mexican garden revisited|access-date=26 June 2009|date=14 October 2006|first=Katherine|last=Endicott|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002659/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F10%2F14%2FHOG51LMROS1.DTL|archive-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|Mexican literature}}

[[File:Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malmö.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Octavio Paz]], the only Mexican awarded with the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]]]

Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in pre-Columbian Mexico, being divided into two broad categories—secular and religious. Aztec poetry was sung, chanted, or spoken, often to the accompaniment of a drum or a harp. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital, [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. The best well-known pre-Columbian poet is [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Aztecs at Mexicolore|first=John|last=Curl|access-date=14 July 2019|date=20 August 2009 |title=Aztec Poetry (1): Introduction |url=https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/aztec-poetry-1-intro}}</ref>

There are historical chronicles of the conquest of the Aztec Empire by participants, and, later, by historians. [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]]'s ''[[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|True History of the Conquest of the New Spain]]'' is still widely read today. Spanish-born poet [[Bernardo de Balbuena]] extolled the virtues of Mexico in ''Grandeza mexicana'' (Mexican Grandeur) (1604). [[Baroque literature]] flourished in the 17th century; the most notable writers of this period were [[Juan Ruiz de Alarcón]] and [[Juana Inés de la Cruz]]. Sor Juana was famous in her own time, called the "Ten Muse".<ref name="Britannica">{{citation|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=Latin American literature|last1=González Echevarría|first1=Roberto|first2=Ruth |last2=Hill|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Latin-American-literature|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>

Nineteenth-century liberal of Nahua origin [[Ignacio Manuel Altamirano]] is an important writer of the era, along with [[Vicente Riva Palacio]], the grandson of Mexican hero of independence [[Vicente Guerrero]], who authored a series of historical novels as well as poetry. The late colonial-era novel by [[José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi]], ''[[The Mangy Parrot]]'' ("El Periquillo Sarniento"), is said to be the first Latin American novel.<ref name="Britannica"/> In the modern era, the novel of the [[Mexican Revolution]] by [[Mariano Azuela]] (''Los de abajo'', translated to English as ''[[The Underdogs (novel)|The Underdogs]]'') is noteworthy. Poet and Nobel Laureate [[Octavio Paz]], novelist [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Alfonso Reyes]], [[Renato Leduc]], essayist [[Carlos Monsiváis]], journalist and public intellectual [[Elena Poniatowska]], [[Juan Rulfo]] (''[[Pedro Páramo]]''), [[Martín Luis Guzmán]], and [[Nellie Campobello]] (''[[Cartucho]]'') are other important Mexican writers.

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Mexico}}

[[File:Alfonso_Cuarón,_President_jury_Venezia_72_(25805089406)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Alfonso Cuarón]], the first Mexican filmmaker to win the [[Academy Award for Best Director]]]]
[[Cinema of Mexico|Mexican films]] from the ''[[Golden Age of Mexican cinema|Golden Age]]'' in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. ''[[María Candelaria]]'' (1943) by [[Emilio Fernández]], was one of the first films awarded a {{lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director [[Luis Buñuel]] realized in Mexico between 1947 and 1965 some of his masterpieces like ''[[Los Olvidados]]'' (1949) and ''[[Viridiana]]'' (1961). Famous actors and actresses from this period include [[María Félix]], [[Pedro Infante]], [[Dolores del Río]], [[Jorge Negrete]] and the comedian [[Cantinflas]].

More recently, films such as ''[[Like Water for Chocolate (film)|Como agua para chocolate]]'' (1992), ''[[Sexo, pudor y lágrimas|Sex, Shame, and Tears]]'' (1999), ''[[Y tu mamá también]]'' (2001), and ''[[El crimen del Padre Amaro|The Crime of Father Amaro]]'' (2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized. Mexican directors [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] (''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'', ''[[Birdman (film)|Birdman]]'', ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]]'', ''[[Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths]]''), [[Alfonso Cuarón]] (''[[A Little Princess (1995 film)|A Little Princess]]'', ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'', ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]'', ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]''), [[Guillermo del Toro]] (''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]'', ''[[Crimson Peak]]'', ''[[The Shape of Water]]'', ''[[Nightmare Alley (2021 film)|Nightmare Alley]]''), screenwriter [[Guillermo Arriaga]] and photographer [[Emmanuel Lubezki]] are some of the most known present-day film makers.

===Music and dance===
{{Main|Music of Mexico|Folk dance of Mexico}}

[[File:Pedro Infante in Habana, Cuba, c.1950s.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white portrait of a middle aged man wearing a dark suit, glasses and looking down.|upright|[[Pedro Infante]] was one of the best [[ranchera]] singers.]]
Mexico has a long tradition of music from the prehispanic era to the present. Much of the music from the colonial era was composed for religious purposes.<ref>Stevenson, Robert M. ''Music in Mexico: A Historical Survey''. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell 1952</ref><ref>Russell, Craig. "Music: Mesoamerica through Seventeenth Century", ''[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]]'', 976–980</ref>

Although the traditions of European opera and especially [[Italian opera]] had initially dominated the Mexican music conservatories and strongly influenced native opera composers (in both style and subject matter), elements of Mexican nationalism had already appeared by the latter part of the 19th century with operas such as [[Aniceto Ortega del Villar]]'s 1871 ''[[Guatimotzin]]'', a romanticized account of the defense of Mexico by its last [[Aztec]] ruler, [[Cuauhtémoc]]. The most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century is [[Carlos Chávez]] (1899–1978), who composed six symphonies with indigenous themes, and rejuvenated Mexican music, founding the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional.<ref>Hess, Carol A. "Carlos Antonio de Padua Chávez y Ramírez", ''[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]]'', 242–43</ref>

Traditional Mexican music includes [[mariachi]], [[banda music|banda]], [[Norteño (music)|norteño]], [[ranchera]], and [[corrido]]s. Corridos were particularly popular during the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) and in the present era include [[narcocorridos]]. The embrace of rock and roll by young Mexicans in the 1960s and 1970s brought Mexico into the transnational, counterculture movement of the era. In Mexico, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement of the late 1960s, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, ''[[La Onda]]'' (the wave).<ref>Zolov, Eric. "Counterculture", ''[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]]'', 363–368</ref><ref>Zolov, Eric. ''Refried Elvis: The Rise of Mexican Counterculture''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999.</ref>

On an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as [[Mexican pop music|pop]], [[Rock music in Mexico|rock]], and others in both English and Spanish. [[Folk dance of Mexico]] along with its music is both deeply regional and traditional. Founded in 1952, the [[Ballet Folklórico de México]] performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution in regional attire in the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]].<ref>"An Introduction to the Ballet Folklórico de México" ([https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/an-introduction-to-the-ballet-folklorico-de-mexico/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002071831/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/an-introduction-to-the-ballet-folklorico-de-mexico/|date=2 October 2021}}). Accessed 15 May 2022.</ref>

Some example of international success from Mexico [[Los Lobos]], [[Maná]], and [[Carlos Santana]] where is it in [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].

===Media===
{{Further|Mexican television|List of newspapers in Mexico|List of Mexican magazines}}
[[File:TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumb|The [[Televisa]] headquarters in [[Mexico City]]]]

''[[Telenovela]]s'', or [[soap operas]], are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world. Mexico was a pioneer in [[edutainment]], with TV producer [[Miguel Sabido]] creating in 1970s "soap operas for social change". The "Sabido method" has been adopted in many other countries subsequently, including India, Peru, Kenya, and China.<ref>Hanna Rosin, "Life Lessons: How Soap Operas Can Change the World", ''The New Yorker'', 5 June 2006, pp. 40–45.</ref> The Mexican government successfully used a telenovela to promote family planning in the 1970s to curb the country's high birth rate.<ref>[[Gabriela Soto Laveaga|Soto Laveaga, Gabriela]], "'Let's become fewer': Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world." ''Sexuality Research and Social Policy''. September 2007, vol. 4, no. 3 pp. 19–33.</ref>

Bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education (1958–65) and since 1979 the [[Instituto Nacional Indigenista]] has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.<ref>Dillingham, A.S. ''Oaxaca Resurgent: Indigeneity, Development, and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Mexico''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2021, 47–49, 69–70. {{ISBN|978-1-5036-2784-0}}</ref>

There was a major reform of the telecommunications industry in 2013, with the creation of new broadcast television channels. There had been a longstanding limitation on the number of networks, with [[Televisa]], with a virtual monopoly; [[TV Azteca]], and [[Imagen Television]]. New technology has allowed the entry of foreign satellite and cable companies. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico|access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Mexican cuisine}}

{{See also|Mexican wine|List of restaurants in Mexico}}
[[File:Comida en la Feria del Mole 2014 12.JPG|thumb|''[[Mole sauce]]'', which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of ''Mexicanidad''<ref name="Mole">{{cite web|title=El mole símbolo de la mexicanidad|url=http://www.cultura.gob.mx/turismocultural/cuadernos/pdf12/articulo4.pdf|publisher=CONACULTA|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> and is considered Mexico's national dish.<ref name="Mole"/>]]
The origin of the current Mexican cuisine was established during the Spanish colonial era, a mixture of the foods of [[Spain]] with native indigenous ingredients.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://projects.ups.edu/jlago/spring2003/250a/jlkeller/ | title = History and influences of Mexican food. | author = University of Puget Sound | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208232651/http://projects.ups.edu/jlago/spring2003/250a/jlkeller/ | archive-date = 8 December 2011}}</ref> Foods indigenous to Mexico include [[corn]], [[capsicum|pepper vegetables]], [[calabaza]]s, [[avocado]]s, [[sweet potato]], [[Turkey as food|turkey]], many [[bean]]s, and other fruits and spices. Similarly, some cooking techniques used today are inherited from pre-Columbian peoples, such as the [[nixtamalization]] of corn, the cooking of food in ovens at ground level, grinding in [[molcajete]] and [[metate]]. With the Spaniards came the pork, beef and chicken meats; [[Piper (plant)|peppercorn]], sugar, milk and all its derivatives, wheat and rice, citrus fruits and another constellation of ingredients that are part of the daily diet of Mexicans.

From this meeting of two millennia old culinary traditions, were born [[pozole]], [[mole sauce]], [[barbacoa]] and [[tamale]] in its current forms, [[chocolate]], a large range of [[Mexican breads|bread]]s, [[taco]]s, and the broad repertoire of [[Mexican street food]]s. Beverages such as [[atole]], [[champurrado]], milk chocolate and [[aguas frescas]] were born; desserts such as [[acitrón]] and the full range of crystallized sweets, [[rompope]], [[cajeta]], [[jericaya]] and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country.

In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for [[World Heritage Site]] of UNESCO, the first time a country had presented its gastronomic tradition for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web|author=La Crónica de Hoy|date=20 September 2005|title=Presentan en París candidatura de gastronomía mexicana|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=203109|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023074402/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=203109}}</ref> The result was negative, because the committee did not place the proper emphasis on the importance of [[corn]] in Mexican cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|author=esmas.com|date=25 November 2005|title=Cocina mexicana, fuera de la UNESCO|url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/492975.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023074402/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/492975.html|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> In November 2010, Mexican gastronomy was recognized as [[Intangible cultural heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="GastronomiaPatrimonio">{{citation|title=Cocina, fiesta y cantos mexicanos reconocidos por UNESCO|date=16 November 2010|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/723787.html|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)]] (newspaper)|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=24 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024140247/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/723787.html}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Daniela Soto-Innes]] was named the best female chef in the world by ''The World's Best 50 Restaurants'' and [[Elena Reygadas]] in 2023.<ref>{{citation|title=Latina chef Daniela Soto-Innes is youngest to be named 'World's Best Female Chef'|date=26 April 2019|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latina-chef-daniela-soto-innes-youngest-be-named-world-s-n998946|website=NBC News|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Mexico}}

[[File:Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_(25513748117).jpg|thumb|[[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]], Mexico City]]
Organized sport in Mexico largely dates from the late nineteenth century, with only [[bullfighting]] having a long history dating to the early colonial era. Once the political turmoil of the early republic was replaced by the stability of the [[Porfiriato]] did organized sport become public diversions, with structured and ordered play governed by rules and authorities. Baseball was introduced from the United States and also via Cuba in the 1880s and organized teams were created. After the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter the international image of political turmoil and violence.<ref name="Baker"/> Mexico's most popular sport is association football.

The bid to host the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] was to burnish Mexico's stature internationally. The government spent abundantly on sporting facilities and other infrastructure to make the games a success, but those expenditures helped fuel public discontent with the government's lack of spending on social programs.<ref name="Baker">Baker, Shannon L. and William H. Beezley, "Sports", ''[[Encyclopedia of Mexico]]'', 1370-1372</ref> Mexico City hosted the [[1968 Summer Olympics|XIX Olympic Games]] in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so.<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Binational Olympics|date=December 2003|publisher=San Diego Metropolitan|url=http://www.sandiegometro.com/2003/dec/coverstory2.html|access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043448/http://www.sandiegometro.com/2003/dec/coverstory2.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Mexico hosted the [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] and the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About CONCACAF|publisher=The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)|url=http://www.concacaf.com/about.asp|access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006070253/http://www.concacaf.com/about.asp |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref> and will co-host, along with Canada and the United States, the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]]. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will become the first country to host or co-host the men's World Cup three times.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=16 June 2022 |title=The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>

[[Image:100_años_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_(36184746106).jpg|thumb|[[El Santo]], one of the most iconic Mexican ''[[Lucha libre|luchadores]]'']]
Mexico is an international power in [[professional boxing]].<ref name="sports">{{citation|website=Marca Claro |url=https://www.marca.com/claro-mx/otros-deportes/2018/10/12/5bc012eb46163f49598b45b1.html|title=Los mejores deportistas mexicanos de la historia|date=12 October 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|language=es|trans-title=The best Mexican athletes in history}}</ref> Fourteen [[Mexico at the Olympics|Olympic boxing medals]] have been won by Mexico.<ref>{{citation|website=Caliente.mx|url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2016/08/16/album/1471303609_523251.html|title=Los medallistas que ha tenido el Box Olímpico mexicano|language=es|trans-title=The Mexican Olympic boxing medal winners|access-date=11 July 2019|date=15 August 2016}}</ref> The Mexican professional baseball league is named the [[Liga Mexicana de Beisbol]]. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, [[Mexico national baseball team|Mexico]] has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles.<ref>{{citation|website=Medio Tiempo|url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/beisbol/mexico-historia-exito-serie-mundial-ligas-menores|title=México, una historia de éxito en la Serie Mundial de Ligas Menores|language=es|trans-title=Mexico, a history of success in the Minor League World Series|date=25 August 2010|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation|website=Medio Tiempo|url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/beisbol/mexico-es-campeon-en-el-mundial-sub-23-de-beisbol|title=México es Campeón en el Mundial Sub-23 de beisbol|language=es|trans-title=Mexico is the World Baseball Champion in the Under-23 bracket|date=29 October 2018|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> ''[[Lucha Libre]]'' (freestyle professional wrestling) is also major crowd draw with national promotions such as [[Lucha Libre AAA World Wide|AAA]], [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre|CMLL]] and others.<ref name="sports"/>

Bullfighting is a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. [[Plaza México]] in Mexico City, which seats 45,000 people, is the largest bullring in the world.<ref>{{citation|website=Don Quijote|title=LOS TOROS EN MÉXICO|language=es|trans-title=Bullfighting in Mexico|access-date=11 July 2019|url=https://www.donquijote.org/es/cultura-mexicana/tradiciones/toros/}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal |Mexico}}
* [[Outline of Mexico]]
* [[Mexican War of Independence]]
* [[Culture of Mexico|Mexican culture]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Anna, Timothy. ''Forging Mexico, 1821-1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998.
* Adams, Richard E.W. ''Prehispanic Mesoamerica''. 3rd. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2005.
* Beezley, William H., ed. ''A Companion to Mexican History and Culture''. Blackwell 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-9057-2}}
* Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, [[John H. Coatsworth]], and Roberto Cortés Conde, eds. ''The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America. Vol. 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.
* [[Roderic Ai Camp|Camp, Roderic Ai]]. ''Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation or Decline?'' (Oxford University Press, 2014)
* Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor, and Robert M. Buffington. ''Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History''. Santa Barbara: ABCClio 2004. {{ISBN|1-57607-132-4}}
* Davis, Diane. ''Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century'' (Temple University Press, 2010)
* [[Charles A. Hale|Hale, Charles A.]] ''The Transformation of Mexican Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico''. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.
* Hamnett, Brian R. ''Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions 1750-1824''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985.
* Kirkwood, Burton. ''The History of Mexico'' (Greenwood, 2000) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224124206/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 |date=24 December 2009 }}
* [[Alan Knight (historian)|Knight, Alan]]. ''The Mexican Revolution''. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
* {{cite book|first=Enrique|last=Krauze|author-link=Enrique Krauze|title=Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0-06-092917-6|page=896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuuPAAZcKtYC}}
* Levy, Santiago. ''Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
* Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. ''Mexico: a country study'' (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright [https://archive.org/details/mexicocountrystu00merr_0 online free]
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Michael C.|editor1-last=Meyer|editor2-first=William H.|editor2-last=Beezley|title=The Oxford History of Mexico|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-511228-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/n149 736]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283|url-access=registration}}
* Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. ''The Course of Mexican History'' (7th ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2002) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202103530/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 |date=2 February 2011 }}
* Rugeley, Terry. ''Epic Mexico: A History from Earliest Times''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2020. {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6707-7}}
* [[Eric Van Young|Van Young, Eric]]. ''Stormy Passage: Mexico from Colony to Republic, 1750-1850''. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-4422-0901-5}}
* Vinson, Ben, III. ''Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico''. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.
* Werner, Michael S. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture'' (2 vol 1997) 1440pp [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124111608/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 |date=24 January 2010 }}
* {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Michael S. |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxp-GWiDPioC&pg=PA386 |date=January 2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-337-8 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

'''Government'''
* {{Official website|https://www.gob.mx/|name=The Government of Mexico}}
* [https://visitmexico.com/en Visit Mexico] – Official tourism website

'''General information'''
* {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico}}
* U.S.-Mexico foreign trade balance. [https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html/ Mexico].
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm Mexico] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico Mexico] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Wikiatlas|Mexico}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MX Key Development Forecasts for Mexico] from [[International Futures]]

{{Mexico topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Mexico}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|23|N|102|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Mexico| ]]
[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:G15 nations]]
[[Category:G20 members]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:OECD members]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Spanish is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1810]]
[[Category:1810 establishments in New Spain]]

Siti Mariah Mahmud

2026-03-24T06:19:33Z

MarielKrr8600268: basic updated layout after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{Malay name|Siti Mariah|Mahmud|note=on}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Siti Mariah Mahmud
| native_name = {{nobold|سيتي ماريا محمود}}
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Siti Mariah binti Mahmud
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|02|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kedah]], [[Federation of Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]])
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =

| office = Member of the [[Selangor State Executive Council]]
| term_start = 14 May 2018
| term_end = 12 August 2023 {{small|(Health, Women and Family Empowerment)}}
| monarch = [[Sharafuddin of Selangor|Sharafuddin]]
| 1blankname = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata = [[Azmin Ali]] {{small|(2018)}} [[Amirudin Shari]] {{small|(2018–2023)}}
| predecessor = [[Daroyah Alwi]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Seri Serdang (state constituency)|Seri Serdang]]

| constituency_AM1 = [[Seri Serdang (state constituency)|Seri Serdang]]
| assembly1 = Selangor State Legislative
| term_start1 = 9 May 2018
| term_end1 = 12 August 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Noor Hanim Ismail]] ([[Pakatan Rakyat|PR]]–[[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| successor1 = [[Abbas Salimi Azmi]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]–[[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
| majority1 = 14,363 ([[2018 Selangor state election|2018]])

| constituency_MP2 = [[Kota Raja (federal constituency)|Kota Raja]]
| parliament2 = Malaysian
| term_start2 = 8 March 2008
| term_end2 = 9 May 2018
| majority2 = 20,751 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]) 29,395 ([[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]])
| predecessor2 = [[Vigneswaran Sanasee]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]])
| successor2 = [[Mohamad Sabu]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]–[[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])

| citizenship = [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]]
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) {{small|(–2015)}} [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH) {{small|(since 2015)}}
|otherparty = [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) {{small|(–2004)}} [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{small|(2008–2015)}} [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) {{small|(since 2015)}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Physician, lecturer
| relations =
| spouse =
| children = 6
| alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) [[University of London]] ([[Physiology|MSc]]) [[National University of Malaysia]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| website = {{URL|https://drsitimariah.blogspot.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Siti Mariah binti Mahmud''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms|سيتي مارية بنت محمود}}; born 14 February 1958) is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]], [[physician]] and [[lecturer]] who served as Member of the [[Selangor State Executive Council]] (EXCO) in the [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) state administration under Menteris Besar [[Azmin Ali]] and [[Amirudin Shari]], Member of the [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Seri Serdang (state constituency)|Seri Serdang]] from May 2018 to August 2023 as well as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Kota Raja (federal constituency)|Kota Raja]] from March 2008 to May 2018. She is a member and Vice President of the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH), a component party of the PH coalition and was a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a component party the [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) coalition.

==Education==
She obtained [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine]] (MBBS) from the Cairo University, Master of [[Physiology]] from [[University of London]] and [[Master of Business Administration|Master of Business Management]] (MBA) from [[National University of Malaysia]] (UKM).

==Early career==
Before entering politics, Siti Mariah was a doctor and lecturer.

==Political career==
Siti Mariah was elected to Parliament in the [[2008 Malaysian general election]], gaining the seat of [[Kota Raja (federal constituency)|Kota Raja]] from the then-ruling [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition.<ref name="GE 2008 results">{{Cite web|title = Malaysia Decides 2008| work = [[The Star (Malaysia)]]| date =| url = http://thestar.com.my/election/| accessdate = 17 January 2010}}</ref> It was reported that her victory—for the Islamist PAS—came with the support of ethnic Chinese and Indian voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?col=sharingthenation&file=/2008/10/5/columnists/sharingthenation/2193877&sec=Sharing%20The%20Nation|title=In step with the rakyat|last=Anwar|first=Zainah|date=5 October 2008|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604001826/http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?col=sharingthenation&file=%2F2008%2F10%2F5%2Fcolumnists%2Fsharingthenation%2F2193877&sec=Sharing%20The%20Nation|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She was successfully reelected again in the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]] but she did not seek a third term reelection for her Kota Raja parliamentary seat in the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 election]] to make way for [[Mohamad Sabu]], the president of AMANAH. She contested and won the [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]] constituency of Seri Serdang instead as AMANAH of PH candidate for the first time.

In 2005, Siti Mariah was the first female candidate for vice-president of PAS, but her candidacy was defeated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/6/6/nation/11143037&sec=nation|title=Rebranding image the key, says new deputy|date=6 June 2005|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=17 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604002348/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F6%2F6%2Fnation%2F11143037&sec=nation|archive-date=4 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She has subsequently been portrayed as representing the "new dynamic progressive voice" of PAS.<ref name="Doing good">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm?id=26410|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217134416/http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm%3Fid%3D26410|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2020|title=Doing good by PAS|last=Ramanathan|first=Rathi|date=9 October 2008|publisher=The Sun (Malaysia)|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref>

== Views ==

=== Disagree with Covid-19 vaccine mandate ===
Siti Mariah, who was a health executive councilor (exco) in Selangor, has expressed disagreement with the implementation of any vaccine mandate. Even though she advocates for vaccination, she does not believe a person should lose their job over it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-10 |title=S'gor health exco disagrees with Covid-19 vaccine mandates |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/594821 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Malaysiakini}}</ref>

=== Supporting the use of Ivermectin for Covid-19 treatment ===
Siti Mariah stirred up controversy when she suggested the use of [[Ivermectin]], a drug generally authorized only for animals, to treat COVID-19. She tweeted about a couple who had recovered from COVID-19 after taking Ivermectin and claimed that there were no side effects. She also posed a question to the Health Director-General about what was wrong with taking this medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Alexander |title=Selangor Health Exco blasted for suggesting Ivermectin to treat COVID-19 |url=https://soyacincau.com/2021/07/02/selangor-health-exco-blasted-for-suggesting-the-use-of-ivermectin-to-treat-covid-19/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=SoyaCincau |language=en-US}}</ref>

However, she later posted a follow-up tweet stating that she was neither pro nor against Ivermectin. She defended her stance by asking why those who are against it wanted to block it, and urged everyone to argue scientifically. Surprisingly, she was unaware of the Ivermectin trials being conducted by the Ministry of Health at the time.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==

She has six children.<ref name="Doing good"/>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name="GE 2008 results"/><ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri |publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]] |language=Malay |accessdate=4 February 2017 }} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web
| title = Malaysia General Election
| work = undiinfo Malaysian Election Data
| publisher = [[Malaysiakini]]
| url = http://undi.info/#
| accessdate = 4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="GE13 results">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name ="myundi pru 13">{{cite web |url=http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |title=my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy) |website=www.myundi.com.my|access-date=2014-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331000718/http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Utusan PRU 13 results">{{cite web|url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321134049/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=6|P111 [[Kota Raja (federal constituency)|Kota Raja]]
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|Siti Mariah Mahmud}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |16,137
|rowspan=2|36.57%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Vigneswaran Sanasee]]'''}} ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|'''MIC''']])
|align="right" |'''24,376'''
|'''55.24%'''
|rowspan=2|44,758
|rowspan=2|8,239
|rowspan=2|76.67%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Krisnasamy Thevarayan ([[Independent politician|IND]])
| align=right|3,608
| align=right|8.18%
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Siti Mariah Mahmud'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''38,630'''
|'''68.36%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Vigneswaran Sanasee]] ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]])
|align="right" |17,879
|31.64%
|57,323
|20,751
|79.74%
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=3|{{nowrap|'''Siti Mariah Mahmud'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
| rowspan=3 align="right" |'''59,106'''
| rowspan=3|'''64.51%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Murugesan Sinnandavar]] ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]])
|align="right" |29,711
|32.43%
| rowspan=3|92,719
| rowspan=3|29,395
| rowspan=3|87.55%
|-
|{{party shading/Independent}} |
|[[Uthayakumar Ponnusamy]] ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |2,364
|align="right" |2.58%
|-
|{{party shading/Independent}} |
|Azman Idrus ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |280
|align="right" |0.31%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="undiinfo"/><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 Selangor state election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|'''N29 [[Seri Serdang (state constituency)|Seri Serdang]]'''
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|'''Siti Mariah Mahmud'''}} ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan="2" align=right|'''27,088'''
| rowspan="2" |'''59.71%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Mohamad Satim Diman]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| align=right|12,725
|28.05%
| rowspan="2" |46,054
| rowspan="2" |14,363
| rowspan="2" |87.18%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|[[Noor Hanim Ismail]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align=right|5,552
|12.24%
|}

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|my}}
{{s-bef | before = [[S. Vigneswaran M. Sanasee]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for [[Kota Raja (federal constituency)|Kota Raja]] | years = 8 March 2008–9 May 2018}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Mohamad Sabu]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siti Mariah Mahmud}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Kedah]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Former Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Dewan Rakyat]]
[[Category:Members of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Selangor state executive councillors]]
[[Category:Women MLAs in Selangor]]
[[Category:Cairo University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:National University of Malaysia alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian women politicians]]
[[Category:National Trust Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2013–2018]]

Shobana Kamineni

2026-03-24T00:47:34Z

MarielKrr8600268: adjust article for consistency

{{Short description|Indian business executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shobana Kamineni
| image = Shobana Kamineni.jpg
| caption = Kamineni in 2017
| spouse = Anil Kamineni
| children = 3
| father = [[Prathap C. Reddy]]
| relatives = {{ubl
| [[Preetha Reddy]] (sister)
| [[Sangita Reddy]] (sister)
| [[Ram Charan]] (son-in-law)
| [[Armaan Ebrahim]] (son-in-law)
}}
}}
'''Shobana Kamineni''' is an Indian business executive and the executive vice-chairperson of [[Apollo Hospitals]].

== Early and personal life ==
Kamineni Shobana is the daughter of [[Prathap C. Reddy]], the founder and chairman of [[Apollo Hospitals]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/apollo-hospitals-shobana-kamineni-is-the-new-president-of-cii/46857/1|title=Apollo Hospitals' Shobana Kamineni is the new President of CII|website=Forbes India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> She has three sisters, [[Preetha Reddy|Preetha]], Suneeta Reddy and [[Sangita Reddy|Sangita]], who all work as executives in Apollo Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Anish |title=How Preetha does it |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/how-preetha-does-it/100764 |website=fortuneindia.com |access-date=17 November 2019 |date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apollo Hospitals, a $2 billion health empire run by four sisters, makes a comeback |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TVKn84bevLrCNfGD7cK3gO/Apollo-Hospitals-A-2-billion-health-empire-run-by-four-sis.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=17 November 2019 |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

She is married to Kamineni Anil, a businessman and wildlife conservationist. They have two daughters, Upasana Konidela and Anushpala Ebrahim. Upasana is married to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Telugu film industry|filmstar]] [[Ram Charan]], son of filmstar [[Chiranjeevi]]. Anushpala married [[Armaan Ebrahim]], a professional car racer, in December 2021.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/anushpala-kamineni-and-armaan-ebrahim-raise-the-bar-for-eco-friendly-weddings/articleshow/88225678.cms Anushpala Kamineni weds Armaan Ebrahim]</ref>

==Career==
Kamineni Shobana has held various positions in the Apollo Group since a young age. She served as the president of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] from 2017 to 2018. She was the first woman to hold this position.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/this-top-apollo-hospital-executives-name-got-deleted-from-voters-list-and-she-is-furious/story/336236.html |title=I feel cheated as a citizen, says Shobana Kamineni, Executive Vice Chairperson of Apollo Hospitals | date=11 April 2019 | website=www.businesstoday.in |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/making-health-care-mobile-shobana-kamineni-says-smartphones-phones-can-be-the-disruptive-tech-india-needs/articleshow/68457417.cms |title=Making health care mobile: Shobana Kamineni says smartphones phones can be the disruptive tech India needs |last=Tellis |first=Shannon |date=2019-03-18 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shobana-kamineni-says-mansplaining-exists-in-boardrooms-men-can-be-forgiven-for-ignorance-not-arrogance/articleshow/64103199.cms |title=Shobana Kamineni says mansplaining exists in boardrooms; men can be forgiven for ignorance, not arrogance |last=Gupte |first=Masoom |date=2018-05-10 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-is-indias-new-tryst-with-destiny-cii-president-shobana-kamineni/ |title=GST is India's new tryst with destiny: CII President Shobana Kamineni |date=2017-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> Kamineni has received an honorary doctorate from [[Bryant University|Bryant University, USA]], in recognition of her work in healthcare and pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wef.org.in/shobana-kamineni/|title=Shobana Kamineni {{!}} WEF {{!}} Women Economic Forum|website=WEF|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamineni, Shobana}}
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Lok Bhavan, Bhopal

2026-03-22T02:24:22Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan (Bhopal)
|image =
|caption =
|building_type = Main residence
|coordinates = {{coord|23.240647|77.403250|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|current_tenants = [[Mangubhai Patel]]
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|operator =
|references = [http://governor.mp.gov.in/ Website]
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ({{langx|hi|राज भवन}}, [[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Madhya Pradesh|governor of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Mangubhai Patel]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==History==
In 1880, [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]] constructed the present Raj Bhavan as a place of stay for the British officers. It was initially named '''Lal Kothi'''. Thus, 1880 onwards, '''Lal Kothi''' became the official residence of the British Political Agents posted at [[Bhopal (state)|Bhopal]].

===Commissioner Period===
On 1 June 1949 Bhopal was merged with the Union of India ending the princely rule of 250 years.

The [[Government of India]] appointed an administrative head for Bhopal, called the Chief Commissioner and '''''Lal Kothi''''' was chosen as the official residence of the Chief Commissioner and was renamed '''''Commissioner House'''''

The '''''Lal Kothi''''' served as a '''''Commissioner House''''' from 1 June 1949 to 1 December 1956.

===Formation of Madhya Pradesh===
The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956, Bhopal state was integrated into the state of Madhya Pradesh, and Bhopal was declared as its capital.

The Government of India appointed Governors of Madhya Pradesh as the head of the state and '''''Lal Kothi''''' was once again chosen as the official residence of the Governors of Madhya Pradesh.

The '''''Commissioner House''''' was renamed as Raj Bhavan. Since then it has served as the official residence of the Governors of Madhya Pradesh.

==Building==

Built in 1880 by the [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal State, Begum Shahjahan]] by a European architecture under the supervision of Austate Cook (a French Engineer), Built over an area of {{convert|15423|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and the total cost incurred on construction was Rs. 72,878,3 annas and one paisa.

It was the first Kothi in the city of Bhopal with roof made of red China clay 'Kavelus' and the predominant colour of the Kothi was red. For these reason they named this building '''Lal Kothi'''.

A prevalent custom in the then erstwhile State of Bhopal (a Muslim State) was that whenever the State or the feudal lords constructed any building, the foundation stone for a [[mosque]] was laid first. Thus, a small mosque was built first around the campus of '''Lal Kothi'''.

The erstwhile Bhopal Government had sought the help of the British and PWD authorities in decorating the Kothi on European lines.

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://governor.mp.gov.in/ Official Web Site of Raj Bhavan]
{{City of Bhopal}}
{{State of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in India]]
{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Braj Bhasha

2026-03-16T06:03:22Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Distinguish|text = with the other Indian literary languages of [[Brajabuli]] and [[Brajavali dialect|Brajavali]], or with the [[Brijvasi]] ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Braj
| nativename = {{lang|bra|ब्रजभाषा}}
| ethnicity = Brajwasi
| altname = Brij Bhasha
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Braj]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|1.556314|3}} million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150916/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2018|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| speakers2 = Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| iso2 = bra
| iso3 = bra
| glotto = braj1242
| glottorefname = Braj
| map =
| mapcaption = Braj-speaking region
| image = Braj Bhasha.svg
}}
'''Braj'''{{efn|commonly called ''Braj Bhasha'', also known as ''Vraj Bhasha'' or ''Brij Bhasha'' or ''Braj Boli''}} is a language within the [[Indo-Aryan language family]] spoken in the [[Braj region]] in Western Uttar Pradesh centered on [[Mathura]] and in some parts of eastern Rajasthan centered on [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Karauli]], [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]], it was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before gradually merging and contributing to the development of standardized Hindi in the 19th century. It is spoken today in its unique form in many districts of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], often referred to as 'Central Braj Bhasha'.

The language was historically used for Vaishnavite poetry dedicated to Krishna, whose life was associated with sites in the Braj region. There were also early prose works in terms of the hagiographical ''vārtā'' literature of the [[Vallabh sect|Vallabha sect]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |pages=53, 57, 62}}</ref>

Braj is considered by scholars to be a more conservative example of the Central Indo-Aryan languages compared to the [[Hindustani language]], which has been influenced by [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and intermediate dialects.{{Sfn|Masica|1991|p=197-198}}

== Geographical distribution ==

Braj Bhasha is spoken in the nebulous [[Braj]] region centred on [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Hathras]], [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]], Southern Part of [[Bulandshahr]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Deeg]], [[Karauli]] & [[Dholpur]] in [[Rajasthan]]. It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the Ganges-Yamuna [[Doab]] in the following districts:
* [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
* [[Deeg district|Deeg]]
* [[Hathras district|Hathras]]
* [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
* [[Agra district|Agra]]
* [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
* [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
* [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
* Southern Part of [[Bulandshahr district]]
* [[Sambhal district]]
* [[Farrukhabad district]]
* [[Etah district]]
* [[Mainpuri district]]
* [[Etawah district]]
* [[Kasganj district]]
* [[Badaun district]]
* [[Bareilly district]]
* [[Faridabad district]]
* [[Palwal district]]
* [[Karauli district]]
* [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]

In [[Rajasthan]] it is spoken in the districts of :
* [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
* [[Karauli]]
* [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]

In [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] spoken in the southern part of western Uttar Pradesh. Braj-speaking districts include [[Mathura]], [[Hathras]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Etah]], [[Firozabad]], [[Budaun]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Etawah]], [[Bareilly]], [[Sambhal]] and Most parts of [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]] (areas of [[Jewar]] and [[Greater Noida]]), [[Bulandshahr]] (areas of [[Khurja]], [[Shikarpur, Bulandshahr]], [[Dibai]] and [[Aurangabad, Bulandshahr]]) and Even Some communities still speaks Braj basha near southern part of [[Ghaziabad]].

In Haryana it is spoken in the districts of :
* [[Palwal]],
* [[Faridabad]]
The area of South Delhi, which is connected to [[Faridabad]], still has some communities that speak Brajbhasha.

It is spoken in several villages of [[Mathura]], specially in [[Vrindavan]], [[Madhuvan]], [[Deeg]], [[Kaman, Rajasthan|Kaman]], [[Kosi Kalan]], [[Chhata]], [[Baldeo]], and all other villages belongs to Braj Area with [[Bajna, India|Bajna]], [[Surir]], [[Bhidauni]],

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Phonemes of Braj Bhasha
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|ts}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|dz}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dzʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

== Literature ==
{{Main|Braj literature}}[[File:Story_of_Camel_and_Jackal_in_Braj_language.webm|thumb|Story of Camel and Jackal in Braj language]]

Most Braj literature is of a mystical nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of the Braj Bhasha poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as directly emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. All traditional Punjabi literature is similarly written by saints and is of a metaphysical and philosophical nature.

Another peculiar feature of Northern Indian literature is that the literature is mostly written from a female point of view, even by male poets. This is because the saints were in a state of transcendental, spiritual love, where they were metaphorically women reuniting with their beloved. (In its inversion of the conventional genders of worshipper and worshippee, Maulana Da’ud's [[Chandayan]] departs from this tradition.)

Important works in Braj Bhasha are:
* ''Pushtimargiya kiratan'' of ashtachhap.
* ''Yugala Shataka'' by Swami Sri Sribhatta Devacarya; known as the first 'Vani' book in Vraja Bhasha composed in the 14th Century AD as a part of [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] tradition of [[Radha]] [[Krishna]] worship.
* ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]'' by [[Tulsidas]]
* ''Sur Sagar'' by [[Surdas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/notebook/public/03553967701179803178/BDQs4SwoQx5vXjbQh|title=Google Notebook|work=google.com|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* ''Buddha Charit'' by [[Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla]]
* [[Sufi]] poetry by [[Amir Khusro]]
* Eulogies by [[Kavi Bhushan]]
* Dasam Granth by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
* Nayikabhed, Nakhshikh and satasattak by Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atre |first=Shubhangana |title=History |publisher=Maharashtra state textbook bureau |year=2019 |location=Maharashtra |language=English}}</ref>
* ''Vrind Satsai'' by [[Vrind]] (1643 - 1723), court poet of ruler of [[Kishangarh]]<ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book|author=Sujit Mukherjee|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA425|date= 1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|pages=425–}}</ref>
* ''[[Chaurashi Vaishnavan ki Varta|Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā]]'' by [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha ]]; Edited and Compiled by [[Harirāy]]. An important [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg]] sacred biography of [[Vallabha|Vallabhācārya]]'s exemplary devotees.

== See also ==
* [[Hindi literature]]
* [[Brajavali dialect]]
* [[Brajabuli]]
* [[Awadhi language]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Snell, Rupert. 1991. ''The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader'' {{isbn|0728601753}}
* Snell, Rupert. 2016. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/46339 ''Braj in Brief: An introduction to literary Braj Bhāṣā'']

== External links ==
{{incubator|bra}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070524104936/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Languages/indian.htm

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Brij]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair

2026-03-15T05:19:59Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding first stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1888–1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1888}}
| birth_place = [[Tachhanattukara]], [[Palakkad district]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1962|1888}}
| death_place = [[Karalmanna]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]
| years_active =
| birth_name = Ravunni Nair
| spouse =
| website =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1961)
}}
'''Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair''' also known as '''Thekkinkattil Ramunni Nair''' was a [[Kathakali]] dancer from [[Kerala]] in India. He is a recipient of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.

==Biography==
Ravunni Nair was born on 1888, in Tachhanattukara village in present-day [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |last1=Lal |first1=Ananda |title=Nair, Thekinkattil Ramunni |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0407 |website=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0407 |date=2004 |page=297}}</ref>

Ravunni Nair was the first disciple of Kathakali legend [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=Staff |title=From an artist to another |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/from-an-artist-to-another/article19757465.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030727/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/from-an-artist-to-another/article19757465.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He trained under him for 15 years.<ref name="Hindu"/> In 1902, Ravunni Nair became a Kathakali performer in the Poomulli Mana Kaliyogam.<ref name="kathakali">{{cite web |title=പട്ടിക്കാംതൊടി രാവുണ്ണി മേനോൻ {{!}} കഥകളി.ഇൻഫൊ {{!}} Kathakali.info {{!}} കളിയറിവുകളുടെ തിരമൊഴി {{!}} The internet Kathakali hangout |url=https://prev.kathakali.info/ml/pattikkamthodi_ravunni_menon |website=prev.kathakali.info}}</ref> At that time, when his guru Ravunni Menon fell ill with rheumatism, it was Ravunni Nair who helped and cared for him.<ref name="kathakali"/> He also performed for kaliyogams (troupes) of Nedumpulli Mana, Modappilappally Mana and Kumbalath Embranthiri.<ref name="Oxford"/>

Ravunni Nair died in 1962 due to age related illness, at [[Karalmanna]], [[Palakkad district]].<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="Oxford"/>

==Career==
Portraying both Pacha (good characters) and Kathi (negative characters) roles in Kathakali, he has portrayed many female Kathakali characters, and his role as [[Urvashi]] has received widespread critical acclaim.<ref name="Hindu"/> Other than acting in Kathakali, he was also an expert in Kathakali costume making.<ref name="Oxford" />

Started teaching at Koodallur Mana in 1947, followed by Thootha near [[Cherpulassery]] and Ankarath in Palakkad, he became a Kathakali teacher at Sadanam in 1957.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="Oxford" /> Kathakali artists like [[Sadanam Krishnankutty]], [[Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan]] and Sadanam Ramankutty were his disciples.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Nair has also published a book on the art of Kathakali acting, named ''Natya rachana'' in 1956, which describes the rasas (face expression of emotions) in Kathakali, their nature, and the techniques of performing it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1740734878_T.R.Nair.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Oxford" />

==Awards and honors==
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1961)<ref name="Hindu"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Thekkinkattil Ravunni}}
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]

Moondru Mugam

2026-03-03T05:17:36Z

MarielKrr8600268: correct information for consistency

{{short description|1982 film by A. Jagannathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moondru Mugam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Jagannathan]]
| screenplay = Kanaga Shanmugan P. L. Sundar Rajan Thamizhazhagan Radha Veerannan
| story = [[Peter Selvakumar]]
| producer = Thamizhazhagan [[T. G. Thyagarajan|G. Thyagarajan]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
| cinematography = Viswam Natarajan
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{film date|1982|10|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Moondru Mugam''''' ({{translation|Three Faces}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[A. Jagannathan]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in three distinct roles. It was released on 1 October 1982 and became a major success, running for 250 days in theatres. Rajinikanth won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Superstar Rajinikanth as Minions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/superstar-rajinikanth-as-minions/photostory/45519504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230810092426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/superstar-rajinikanth-as-minions/superstar-rajinikanth-as-minions/photostory/45519506.cms |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[John Jani Janardhan (1984 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' (1984) with Rajinikanth reprising his roles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=The Superstar in khakhi: When Rajinikanth dazzled the audience in police uniform |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/09/the-superstar-in-khakhi-1962296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808053450/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/09/the-superstar-in-khakhi-1962296.html |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Mugguru Monagallu'' (1983) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Gedda Maga]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=5 Rajinikanth Classics Remade In Kannada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/5-rajinikanth-classics-remade-in-kannada/photostory/98389073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303222953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/5-rajinikanth-classics-remade-in-kannada/photostory/98389073.cms |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arun, the son of wealthy businessman Ramanathan, returns to India after spending 10 years in the United States – but as a saint. Shocked by his transformation, Ramanathan enlists Rekha, a press reporter, to help to change him back to his former self. Rekha first arranges an interview, which Arun deliberately disrupts. Undeterred, she devises another plan under the pretence of taking him to a temple.

On the way, Rekha fakes a car breakdown. As Arun wanders around, he encounters a crying child and offers a chocolate. Suddenly, he is swarmed by other children and villagers, who accuse him of being a child-kidnapper. Taking advantage of the situation, Rekha cuts off Arun’s beard – a symbol of his piety. After orchestrating a few more incidents, Arun renounces his sainthood.

Returning to work, Arun grows curious about why his father has been sending money to a woman named Sagaya Mary for over 20 years. Meanwhile, Sagaya Mary learns that someone has proposed to her nephew, John. When questioned about John’s parentage, she recounts the story of her brother, Alex Pandian – John’s father.

A flashback reveals Alex’s past. As a fearless and just police officer, Alex frequently clashes with local mob boss Egambaram. Their conflict escalates, and Egambaram ultimately stabs Alex fatally. With his dying breath, Alex vows to return and avenge his death. His wife dies soon after giving birth to twins. At the same hospital, Ramanathan’s wife loses her child – as she had during her previous pregnancies. Sagaya Mary entrusts one of Alex's sons to Ramanathan, who raises him as Arun, while she raises the other twin, John.

On his 25th birthday, Arun experiences a divine epiphany, and claims he is the reincarnation of Alex. He agrees to meet a woman named Asha at a hotel, but it turns out to be a trap. In the ensuing struggle, he kills his attacker and is arrested. During the court hearing, a man claiming to be Alex Pandian appears, saying he had been in Sri Lanka all along. This "Alex" is, in fact, John – unknowingly working with Egambaram, the man who murdered their father.

Later, Arun confesses to the police that he fabricated the reincarnation story to lure the killers out. John eventually learns the truth about Alex Pandian and his brother Arun. Determined to save him, John confronts Egambaram but is mortally wounded. In his final act, John kills Egambaram and disposes of his body in the sea, before succumbing. The film concludes with Arun and Rekha, now married, paying John their respects.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Alex Pandian [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Arun and John<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=4 November 2016 |title=Billa to Moondru Mugam: Why remaking Rajinikanth's cult classic is a sin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/billa-to-moondru-mugam-why-remake-rajinikanth-cult-classic-raghava-lawrence-350184-2016-11-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/billa-to-moondru-mugam-why-remake-rajinikanth-cult-classic-raghava-lawrence-350184-2016-11-04 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Rekha
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Dhadi
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Egambaram{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=122}}
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Ramanathan
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Asha
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Sheela
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Sagaya Mary
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Gopal
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Commissioner of police
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Judge
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Seeni
*[[C. R. Parthiban]] as D.I.G
*[[Charuhasan]] as Acharya swamiji (Guest Appearance)
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as Arun's uncle
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Gajalakshmi
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Drunker
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Drunker
*[[Master Haja Sheriff|Haja Sheriff]] as Mani
}}

== Production ==
''Moondru Mugam'' was directed by [[A. Jagannathan]] and produced by V. Thamizhazhagan and [[T. G. Thyagarajan|G. Thyagarajan]] of Sathya Movies.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 October 1982 |title=மூன்று முகம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/10-10-1982/p57.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808052850/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/10-10-1982/p57.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=57 |language=ta}}</ref> It is the first film where [[Rajinikanth]] played three distinct roles. For the role of Alex Pandian, he wore a wig and sported dentures.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 October 1982 |title=மூன்று முகங்களில் மூவர் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/17-10-1982/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808052908/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/17-10-1982/p49.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] and [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondru Muham Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/moondru-muham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110650/https://mossymart.com/product/moondru-muham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh-2/ |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondru Mugam |url=https://gaana.com/album/moondru-mugam-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110636/https://a10.gaanacdn.com/gn_img/gaanav5/bitmap.png |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Devamrutham
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 5:23
| title2 = Aasaiulla Roshakara
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Vani Jairam
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Naan Seitha Kurumbu
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Yethanaiyo
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:56
| total_length = 18:38 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Moondru Mugam'' was released on 1 October 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் – ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622114535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that portraying the titular three characters differently was an achievement not only for Rajinikanth, but the director too.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 October 1982 |title=மூன்று முகம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/17-10-1982/p45.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808053030/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/oct/17-10-1982/p45.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=29 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta}}</ref> Rajinikanth won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=ரஜினியின் சாதனை வரலாறு: அபூர்வ ராகங்கள் அறிமுகம் முதல் பால்கே விருது வரை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2021/apr/01/rajinikanth-timeline-featuring-movies-and-other-highlights-3595192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210719054045/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2021/apr/01/rajinikanth-timeline-featuring-movies-and-other-highlights-3595192.html |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=286}}

== Legacy ==
Alex Pandian became one of the memorable characters in the career of Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=27 February 2015 |title=Khaki rule in Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/khaki-rule-in-kollywood/article6941811.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111070741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/khaki-rule-in-kollywood/article6941811.ece |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The popularity of the character's name inspired the Tamil dubbed version of the Telugu film ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (1994) to take on its name,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram to Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao: 10 Telugu actors who have played Triple roles in films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-to-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-10-telugu-actors-who-have-played-triple-roles-in-films/photostory/97766281.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328022422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-to-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-10-telugu-actors-who-have-played-triple-roles-in-films/photostory/97766281.cms |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as well as a [[Alex Pandian|2013 film of same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=10 November 2012 |title=A win-win formula |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-winwin-formula/article4084841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323032147/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-winwin-formula/article4084841.ece |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=31 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Chinni Jayanth]] and [[Vadivelu]]'s character Telex Pandian from ''[[Pattukottai Periyappa]]'' (1994) and ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' (2000), respectively, as well as [[Imman Annachi]]'s character from ''[[Puthiyathor Ulagam Seivom]]'' (2014) and a character from the Malaysian film ''Ops Kossa Dappa'' (2004) were named after Alex.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2020 |title=Anecdotes of an auteur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/24/anecdotes-of-an-auteur-2120595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/24/anecdotes-of-an-auteur-2120595.html |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=1 July 2000 |title=Only meant for adults |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cRwrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3775%2C4829406 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424092930/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cRwrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3775%2C4829406 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Puthiyathor Ulagam Seivom |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Teju Films |year=2014 |time=1:27:16 |time-caption=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ea6phH5E1H4|title=OPS KOHSA DAPPA 1 - ஓப்ஸ் கோச டப்பா 1|date=19 April 2020|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=23 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref> Shiva ([[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]]) is introduced in ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' (2013) as a police officer named R. Alexpandian in a ''[[Undershirt|baniyan]]'' advertisement.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XRy2l-_52c|title=Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya Tamil Movie | Back To Back Comedy Scenes | Santhanam | Srinivasan | Sethu|date=17 April 2014|via=YouTube|time=0:38|language=ta}}</ref> The title ''Moondru Mugam'' inspired two unrelated series: one on [[Polimer TV]] and another on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2012 |title=air supply |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/air-supply/article2908234.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092916/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/air-supply/article2908234.ece |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2010 |title=Moondru Mugam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Moondru-Mugam/article16137965.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092756/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Moondru-Mugam/article16137965.ece |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{A. Jagannathan}}
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1980s police films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 action films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Jagannathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Indian Youth Congress

2026-03-02T14:34:57Z

MarielKrr8600268: cleanup information also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Youth wing of the Indian National Congress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
| colorcode = DeepSkyBlue
| name = Indian Youth Congress (IYC)
| native_name =
| logo = [[File:Indian Youth Congress Logo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Logo of the IYC
| logo2 =
| president = [[Uday Bhanu Chib]]
| chairperson =
| vice_chairperson =
| general secretary = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| treasurer =
| regionalvice-chair =
| fielddirector =
| founded = {{start date and years ago|9 August 1960|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| membership = 50 million
| merger_of =
| split_from =
| preceded_by =
| dissolved =
| merged_into =
| headquarters = 5, Raisina Hill, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| international = [[Progressive Alliance]], [[Socialist International]]
| regional1_type =
| regional1_name =
| regional2_type =
| regional2_name =
| website = {{URL|https://iyc.in/}}
}}
{{Liberalism sidebar}}
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
The '''Indian Youth Congress''' is the youth wing of the [[Indian National Congress]] party. The Indian Youth Congress was a department of the Indian National Congress from the period just after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 until the late 1960s. Then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] gave the Youth Congress a new dimension by establishing it as a frontal organisation of the Congress, with the objective of doing [[social work]]. [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]] was the first elected president of the Indian Youth Congress who later became Minister of Broadcasting and Parliamentary Affairs in the [[Indian Cabinet Ministers|Indian cabinet]]; [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]] was the President from 1969 to 1971. [[Jitin Prasada]] was also the president of the Indian Youth Congress.

During the 1970s, under the leadership of [[Sanjay Gandhi]], the Youth Congress undertook activities such as tree plantation, [[family planning]], and fought against domestic violence and [[dowry death]]s. After the death of Sanjay Gandhi, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] took over in charge of the Youth Congress. After he became prime minister in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi reduced the voting age to 18. [[Rahul Gandhi]] was appointed a general secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]] on 24 September 2007 and was given charge of the Indian Youth Congress<ref name="Youth Congress ways">{{cite web|title=Reform School: Can the Youth Congress expunge the sins of its fathers before it inherits their wicked ways?|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/PrintThisStory.aspx?StoryId=1017|publisher=[[The Caravan]]|access-date=9 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018153216/http://caravanmagazine.in/PrintThisStory.aspx?StoryId=1017|archive-date=18 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> along with the [[National Students Union of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092550240100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065913/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092550240100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007| title=Rahul Gandhi gets Youth Congress Charge|date=25 September 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 September 2007}}</ref>

The Indian Youth Congress has its headquarters in New Delhi and is headed by Uday Bhanu Chib. There are 39 office bearers at the national level, followed by the state, Lok Sabha, Assembly and Booth level. In all, 174,000 committees have been formed at the Booth level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://iyc.in/sns/pg/news/admin/read/7181818/membership-summary-total-office-bearers-total-booth-committee|title=Booth committees in IYC|date=2013-11-28|publisher=www.iyc.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131128093501/http://iyc.in/sns/pg/news/admin/read/7181818/membership-summary-total-office-bearers-total-booth-committee|archive-date=28 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
In the early 1970s, the Youth Congress was mostly the work of [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]], who served as the [[Minister of Education (India)|education minister]] from 1972 to 1977. The organisation's most effective unit was the West Bengal Youth Congress, where its first elected president, [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]], who transformed the unit into a full-time cadre, made it a body not to be ignored.<ref name=era>Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Pratinav Anil, 'An Era of Sultans: sanjay's emergency', India's First Dictatorship (2021; online edn, Oxford Academic, 17 June 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577820.003.0005 , accessed 11 Mar. 2024.</ref>

During [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], the organisation became an important body in the use of [[Sanjay Gandhi]]. The banning of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] helped with adding members from the banned organisation.<ref name=era/>

==Role in India==
===UTI Scam rally protest===
In 2001, several Youth Congress workers held Lalkar Rally around [[Parliament of India]] to protest against UTI Scam under [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] government and asked for resignation of then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="NDA Scam rally IYC">{{cite web|title=IYC demands cases against Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee and Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha on UTI scam|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010814/nation.htm#3|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="NDA Scams">{{cite web|title=NDA Government's achievement, a litany of scams: Sorake|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021710360300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710075146/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021710360300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="IYC unseat NDA">{{cite web|title=Youth Cong call to unseat NDA Government at Center|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-01/hyderabad/27230854_1_youth-congress-uti-scam-gandhi-bhavan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103222023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-01/hyderabad/27230854_1_youth-congress-uti-scam-gandhi-bhavan|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

===Protest against violent attacks===
In 2011, 2,500 Youth Congress activists rallied and protested in [[Calcutta]] against the violent attacks on its supporters by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref name="Youth Calcutta">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress protest rally chokes south Calcutta|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111119/jsp/calcutta/story_14770227.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203145909/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111119/jsp/calcutta/story_14770227.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Calcutta protest">{{cite web|title=Congress holds silent rally in Kolkata against Trinamool|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/congress-holds-silent-rally-in-kolkata-against-trinamool-151142|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

===Tripura civil disobedience movement===
In 2012, Tripura Pradesh Youth Congress organized civil disobedience movement in all 23 sub-divisions in [[Tripura]] as part of agitation to protest against the Left Front government's failure to provide employment, nepotism, rise of crime and atrocities against women in the state. This saw procession of 4,000 Congress workers and detainment about 25,000 Youth Congress activists across the state.<ref name="Youth Tripura">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress rally to protest against Left Front apathy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/guwahati/31062946_1_left-front-security-arrangements-procession|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/guwahati/31062946_1_left-front-security-arrangements-procession|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

===Madhya Pradesh memorandum===
[[Kunal Choudhary]] is the President of Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BPL-kunal-chowdhry-became-a-state-youth-congress-in-sehore-4359383-NOR.html|title=सीहोर के कुणाल चौधरी युवा कांग्रेस प्रदेशाध्यक्ष बने|date=28 August 2013}}</ref> In 2012, Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress president submitted a memorandum to the [[List of Governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] demanding dismissal of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|State Government]] run by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for not able to protect teenager girls and murders.<ref name="Youth Government dismiss">{{cite web|title=Youth Cong demands ouster of State Government|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/44887-youth-cong-demands-ouster-of-govt.html|publisher=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)]]|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

===Karnataka drought failure===
In 2012, Youth Congress workers of Karnataka took out a procession in protest against the failure of the [[Government of Karnataka]] under BJP to tackle drought in 123 taluks and staged a mass protest in front of all taluk offices and locked the offices.<ref name="Youth COngress drought">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress slams government's failure to tackle drought|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3375302.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> A memorandum was submitted to Deputy Commissioner.<ref name="Youth drought protest">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress stages protest in Karnataka|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3341237.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

In January 2013, a 17 kilometer rally was held in [[Kannur]] demanding the dissolution of BJP government for 'failing' to provide good administration and losing the support of the majority.<ref name="Youth rally BJP Kannur">{{cite web|title=Mangalore: Youth Congress Launches Protest Rally Against BJP Govt|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=160950|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Youth rally Kannur">{{cite web|title=Youth Cong takes up cudgels against BJP govt; organizes vehicle rally|url=http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=7915|publisher=[[Mangalore Today]]|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Youth rally Karnataka 2013">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress rally on Jan 15 against misrule of BJP govty|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=7905|publisher=[[Mangalore Today]]|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

===India-Pakistan border protest for Indian soldiers===
On 14 January 2013 more than hundred Youth Congress activists staged protests across India against Pakistan and its army outside the old customs gate at the Attari border over the killing of two Indian soldiers by Pakistani forces.<ref name="Youth protest Pakistan 2013">{{cite web|title=Indian Youth Congress stages protest against Pakistan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Youth-Cong-stages-protest-against-Pak/SP-Article1-989708.aspx|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118041438/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Youth-Cong-stages-protest-against-Pak/SP-Article1-989708.aspx|archive-date=18 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="YCC protest Kashmir">{{cite web|title=YCC protests against killing of two Indian soldiers in Kashmir|url=http://www.statetimes.in/news/ycc-protests-against-killing-of-two-indian-soldiers/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218093510/http://www.statetimes.in/news/ycc-protests-against-killing-of-two-indian-soldiers/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=State Times|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

===Implementation of 73rd and 74th Amendments in Jammu and Kashmir===
In August, 2012 the Pradesh Youth Congress Jammu and Kashmir launched a statewide protest against the Government led by National Conference for the implementation of the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India relating to Panchayti Raj in Jammu and Kashmir. The protests were led by J&K youth Congress president Mohammad Shahnawaz Choudhary.<ref name="Shahnawaz Choudhary">{{cite web|title=Youth Cong's 7-day ultimatum to Omar|url=http://kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=3008|publisher=[[The Kashmir Times]]|access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref>

===Kisaan Satyagrah against Land Acquisition Ordinance===
In January 2015, Indian National Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi directed nationwide protest against Land Acquisition Ordinance brought in by Indian Central government.<ref name="iejan15">[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/rahul-asks-youth-congress-to-launch-kisan-satyagraha-meet-each-mp-mla/ Rahul asks Youth Congress to launch ‘Kisan Satyagraha’; meet each MP, MLA], 16 January 2015.</ref> The protest took place in various part of country.<ref name="yt">{{cite web|title=Youth congress protest at CM house in Haryana| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x2ixEpougk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/1x2ixEpougk |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=22 February 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="thfeb15">{{cite news|title=Youth congress protest at Deputy Commissioner's office in Shivamogga Karnataka|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 January 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/youth-congress-protests-against-land-acquisition-ordinance/article6807431.ece|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> On 18 February, Indian Youth Congress protested against [[Vyapam Scam]] and Land Acquisition Ordinance near Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha where they were charged with water canon in which several youth congress volunteers were hurt and arrested along with Indian Youth Congress National President [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]].<ref name="yt1">{{cite web|title=Youth Congress workers protest at MP Vidhansabha| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVRmwDiXY5A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/nVRmwDiXY5A |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=22 February 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Protests at AI summit===

On 20 February, some members of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] (IYC) carried out protests inside the venue of [[India AI Impact Summit 2026]] with slogans such as “PM is compromised” and the criticism of the recent trade deal between India and the US. 4 of these members were sent to police custody by the court on 22 February.<ref name="p265">{{cite web | last=Jha | first=Prashant | title=Youth Congress protest at AI Summit imperilled India's diplomatic image: Delhi court sends 4 to police custody | website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news | date=2026-02-22 | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/youth-congress-protest-at-ai-summit-imperilled-indias-diplomatic-image-delhi-court-sends-4-to-police-custody | access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> While [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] condemned these protests, with its spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla saying, ""From being anti-BJP, you have gone to being anti-national? If you have a problem with the BJP, then protest at the BJP office, Jantar Mantar, or outside the PM's office. But the people of the country and their alliance partners condemn them for their attempt to defame India in front of the entire world at the AI Summit."<ref name="w233">{{cite web | title='Congress is anti-national...': BJP's Shehzad Poonawalla on IYC protest at AI summit | website=Lokmat Times | date=2026-02-21 | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/congress-is-anti-national-bjps-shehzad-poonawalla-on-iyc-protest-at-ai-summit/ | access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> Congress leader [[Harish Rawat]] defended the protests, saying "it’s also a fact that AI might become a tool in the hands of a few individuals… It’s the opposition’s job to warn against that… It’s not the first time such international events have been opposed. I know how the BJP protested during the Commonwealth Games… To say that such opposition has happened for the first time is not correct. The BJP has been doing this while in the opposition."<ref name="k541">{{cite web | last=Inputs) | first=TNM (With ANI | title=Congress Leader Defends Youth Congress Protest at AI Summit | website=The News Mill | date=2026-02-21 | url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/congress-leader-defends-indian-youth-congress-protest-at-india-ai-impact-summit/ | access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>

These protestors were granted bail by the Delhi high court on 2 March.<ref name="q635">{{cite web | last=Thapliyal | first=Nupur | title=AI Summit Protest: Delhi Court Grants Bail To 9 Indian Youth Congress Workers; Says Protest Was 'Political Critique' | website=Live Law | date=2026-03-02 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/news-updates/ai-summit-protest-political-critique-9-accused-get-bail-525132 | access-date=2026-03-02}}</ref>

==List of previous presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.no
! President
! Portrait
! colspan=2|Term
! Place
|-
!1
| Brij Mohan Jain<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-11 |title=Youth Congress emerges as a motivating political force in national events |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19760915-youth-congress-emerges-as-a-motivating-political-force-in-national-events-819329-2015-04-11 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|
|1962
| -
|
|-
!2
| Puran Singh Azad<ref name=":0" />
|
| -
| -
|
|-
!3
| [[N. D. Tiwari]]
|[[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|100px]]
|1969
|1971
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
!4
| [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| [[File:Priyaranjan Dasmunsi addressing at the inauguration of a workshop on Gender Equality in Indian Media being organized by the Ministry of women and child Development on the occasion of the World Press Freedom Day.jpg|100px]]
|1971
|1975
| [[West Bengal]]
|-
!5
| [[Ambika Soni]]
|[[File:Ambika Soni.jpg|75px]]
|1975
|1977
| [[Lahore]], [[British India]]
|-
!6
| [[Ramchandra Rath]]
|
|1978
|1980
| [[Odisha]]
|-
!7
| [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| [[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad-cropped.JPG|75px]]
|1980
|1982
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
!8
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
|[[File:Tariq Anwar assuming office as Minister of State for Agriculture in 2012 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|1982
|1985
| [[Bihar]]
|-
!9
| [[Anand Sharma]]
|[[File:Anand Sharma - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|100px]]
|1985
|1987
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
!10
| [[Gurudas Kamat]]
| [[File:Gurudas Kamat.jpg|100px]]
|1987
|1988
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
!11
| [[Mukul Wasnik]]
|[[File:Mukul_Wasnik_in_January_2010.jpg|100px]]
|1988
|1990
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
!12
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|[[File:Ramesh chennithala.JPG|100px]]
|1990
|1993
| [[Kerala]]
|-
!13
| [[Maninderjeet Singh Bitta]]
|[[File:Maninderjeet Singh Bitta (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|1993
|1996
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
!14
| [[Jitin Prasada]]
|[[File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Jitin Prasada addressing at the International Literacy Day celebrations, in New Delhi on September 08, 2013.jpg|100px]]
|1996
|1998
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
!15
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| [[File:Manish Tewari 2014.jpg|100px]]
|1998
|2000
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
!16
| [[Randeep Surjewala]]
| [[File:Randeep Surjewala.jpg|100px]]
| March 2000
| February 2005
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-
!17
| [[Ashok Tanwar]]
|
| February 2005
| February 2010
| [[Haryana]]
|-
!18
| [[Rajeev Satav]]
|
| February 2010
| December 2014
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
!19
| [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
| [[File:IYC President.JPG|100px]]
| December 2014
| May 2018
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
!20
| Keshav Chand Yadav
|
| May 2018
| July 2019
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
!21
| [[Srinivas BV]]
| [[File:Sriniavas BV adressing a meeting.jpg|75px]]
| August 2019
|22 September 2024
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
!22
|[[Uday Bhanu Chib]]
|[[File:Uday Bhanu Chib.jpg|100px]]
|22 September 2024
|'''Incumbent'''
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|}

==List of Current State Presidents==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.no
!State
!President
|-
!1
|[[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|Andhra Pradesh]]
|Ramarao Lakkaraju
|-
!2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Tarh Johnny
|-
!3
|[[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|Assam]]
|[[Zubair Anam]]
|-
!4
|[[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|Bihar]]
|सम्राट रिक्कू
|-
!5
|[[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Chhattisgarh]]
|Akash Sharma
|-
!6
|[[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|Goa]]
|Joel Andred
|-
!7
|[[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|Gujarat]]
|Shri Pravinsinh Vanol

|-
!8
|[[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee|Haryana]]
|Nishit Kataria
|-
!9
|[[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Chhater Singh
|-
!10
|[[Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee|Jharkhand]]
|[[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]]
|-
!11
|[[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Karnataka]]
|H. S. Manjunath
|-
!12
|[[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|Kerala]]
|O. J. Janeesh
|-
!13
|[[Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Yash Ghanghoria
|-
!14
|[[Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress|Maharashtra]]
|Shivraj More
|-
!15
|[[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee|Manipur]]
|Ningthoujam Popilal
|-
!16
|[[Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee|Meghalaya]]
|Adrian L Chyne Mylliem
|-
!17
|[[Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee|Mizoram]]
|Lalmalswama Nghaka
|-
!18
|[[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee|Nagaland]]
|Lima lemtur
|-
!19
|[[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Odisha]]
|Ranjit Patra
|-
!20
|[[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Punjab]]
|Mohit Mohindra
|-
!21
|[[Rajasthan Youth Congress|Rajasthan]]
|[[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
|-
!22
|[[Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee|Sikkim]]
|
|-
!23
|[[Tamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committee|Tamil Nadu]]
|Surya Prakash
|-
!24
|[[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana]]
|Jakkidi Shiva Charan Reddy
|-
!25
|[[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee|Tripura]]
|Rakhi Das
|-
!26
|[[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee|Uttarakhand]]
|Sumit Bhullar
|-
!27
|[[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee|Uttar Pradesh]]
|Dipak shivhare
W.Ankit Tiwari
Vishal Singh
Parash Sukla
|-
!28
|[[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee|West Bengal]]
|Rajesh Sinha Sunny (State Incharge)
|-
!29
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|Diksha Dular
|-
!30
|[[Chandigarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Chandigarh]]
|Deepak Lubana
|-
!31
|[[Dadra Nagar Haveli]]
|
|-
!32
|[[Daman and Diu]]
|
|-
!33
|[[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee|Delhi]]
|Akshay Lakra
|-
!34
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Akash Bhart
|-
!35
|Ladakh
| Aamir Hussain lone
|-
!36
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|Ajas Akber Puthiya Illam
|-
!37
|[[Mumbai]]
|Akhilesh Yadav<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/zeeshan-siddique-removed-from-mumbai-youth-congress-president-post-following-fathers-defection-to-ncp/articleshow/107875113.cms?from=mdr | title=Zeeshan Siddique removed from Mumbai Youth Congress President post following father's defection to NCP | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=21 February 2024 }}</ref>
|-
!38
|[[Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee|Puducherry]]
|Anandhbabu Natarajan
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[National Students Union of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{wikinews-inline|Militants target rally in Srinagar|Militants target rally organised by the Youth Congress in Srinagar.}}
* {{official|https://iyc.in/}}

{{Indian National Congress}}

[[Category:Indian Youth Congress| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Youth wings of political parties in India]]

Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T21:18:02Z

MarielKrr8600268: started - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Blue tigers Tirumala limniace Gundla Brahmeswaram WLS, extended core of NSTR AJTJohnsingh.JPG
| image_caption = Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace) butterflies in the Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
| image_alt = Blue tiger (''Tirumala limniace'') butterflies in the Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| location = [[Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.6612|N|78.7452|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| area = {{convert|1194|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}
| established = 1990
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of forests, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
}}
'''Gundla Brahmeshwaram Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Nallamala Forest]] in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The northern part of the sanctuary is an important part of the [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]].

==History==
Gundla Brahmeshwaram Wildlife Sanctuary declared wildlife sanctuary on September 18, 1990.<ref name="forest">{{cite web |title=GUNDLA BRAHMESWARAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY |url=https://forests.ap.gov.in/gundlabrahmeswara.php |website=forests.ap.gov.in |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Forest Department}}</ref> The sanctuary got its name from the Gundla Brahmeshwaram plateau.<ref name="wild">{{cite web |title=Gundla Brahmeswara Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Wildlife in India Foundation |url=https://wildlifeinindia.in/gundla-brahmeswara-wildlife-sanctuary/ |date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

==Description==
Gundla Brahmeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Nallamala Forest]] in Kurnool district of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=23 tigers spotted in Gundla Brahmeswaram Sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/23-tigers-spotted-in-gundla-brahmeswaram-sanctuary/article27028912.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is located between Mantralamma kanuma and Nandi kanuma hill passes.<ref name="forest"/> The sanctuary covers an area of {{convert|1194|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hindu"/> The northern part of the sanctuary is an important part of the [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="forest"/> The [[Gundlakamma River]] flows through the sanctuary.<ref name="forest"/>

==Flora and fauna==
353 species of plants including ten critically endangered species are seen here.<ref name="forest"/> The mammals in the Gundala Brahmeshwara Sanctuary includes [[langurs]], [[Panthera pardus tulliana|panthers]], [[Bengal tiger|tigers]], [[Rat|rats]], [[rusty-spotted cat]], [[Flying squirrel|Indian flying squirrel]], [[lesser woolly horseshoe bat]], [[mouse deer]], [[pangolin]], [[Sambar deer]], [[Nilgai]] and [[Bonnet macaque]]s.<ref name="forest"/><ref name="wild"/> In a survey conducted in 2019, 23 tigers were found in the sanctuary, of which 17 were female tigers, five were male tigers and one was a tiger cub.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Threats==
The indigenous biodiversity in the Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary is under threat by many invasive plant taxa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inventory of invasive alien plant taxa in gundla brahmeswaram wildlife sanctuary, Nallamalais, India: Implications for monitoring and management |journal=International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences |date=2021 |volume=3 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ecologyjournal.in/archives/2021.v3.i3.411}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1990]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]

Bholath Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:06:42Z

MarielKrr8600268: further add formatting after review

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bholath
| map_image = 26-Bholath.svg
| mla = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sukhpalsingh.jpeg
| electors = {{formatnum:136413}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 26
}}
'''Bholath Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 26) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Bhulath|Bholath]] in [[Kapurthala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |df= }}</ref> Sukhpal Khaira won this seat on [[Aam Aadmi Party]] party ticket in [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] but later on created a new party [[Punjab Ekta Party]] in 2019, and later, in June 2021, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Jagtar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Bholath<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਧਨਸਭਾ ਚੋਣਾਂ 2022 ਭੋਲੱਥ |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1926.htm?ac=26}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37254}}
|percentage = 41.15
|change = {{increase}}35.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:28029}}
|percentage = 31.20
|change = {{decrease}}10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:13612}}
|percentage = 15.20
|change = {{decrease}}34.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Rajinder Singh Fauji
|votes = {{formatnum:7583}}
|percentage = 8.38
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:720}}
|percentage = 0.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:9225}}
|percentage = 10.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:90537}}
|percentage = 66.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:136413}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Bholath<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48873}}
|percentage = 49.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Yuvraj Bhupinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40671}}
|percentage = 41.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:5923}}
|percentage = 6.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:379}}
|percentage = 0.39
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:8202}}
|percentage = 8.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:97561}}
|percentage = 74.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 130808}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Previous results===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Winner||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||26||[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]||SAD||49,392||[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]||INC||42,387
|-
|2007||39||[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]||INC||48,072||[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]||SAD||39,208
|-
|2002||40||[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]||SAD||41,937||[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]||INC||30,559
|-
|1997||40||[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]||SAD||53,168||[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]||INC||25,141
|-
|1992||40||Jagtar Singh||INC||2,865||Roop Singh||BSP||649
|-
|1985||40|| [[Sukhjinder Singh Khaira]]||SAD||29,693||Jagtar Singh||INC||21,047
|-
|1980||40||[[Sukhjinder Singh Khaira]]||SAD||26,686||Naranjan Singh||INC (I)||21,902
|-
|1977||40||[[Sukhjinder Singh Khaira]]||SAD||29,390||Bawa Harnam Singh||IND||16,244
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.54|75.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Motipur railway station

2026-02-21T08:40:05Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created a page

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Motipur
| native_name = मोतीपुर
| native_name_lang = hi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station {{rint|rail|1}}
| image = Motipur Railway Station.jpg
| caption =
| address = [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]], Ratanpura, [[Motipur, Muzaffarpur|Motipur]], [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.257039|N|85.168197|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|61|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MTR
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Mahwal|right=Nariyar|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| map_locator =
}}
'''Motipur railway station''' is a F category (halt) railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. This is situated beside [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] at Ratanpura, [[Motipur, Muzaffarpur|Motipur]] in [[Muzaffarpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motipur Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/motipur-mtr/1925|access-date=2021-09-17|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Motipur Railway Station (MTR) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/motipur-mtr-station|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Motipur (MTR) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/motipur-mtr|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

==Trains schedule==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Train No.
! Train Name
! Route
! Type
! Classes
! Frequency
! Arrival
! Departure
|-
| 14015 || SADBHAVANA EXP || Raxaul Jn (RXL) – Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) || Mail Express || – || 🟨 Mon, Wed || 01:18 || 01:20
|-
| 15654 || AMARNATH EXP || Jammu Tawi (JAT) – Guwahati (GHY) || Mail Express || – || 🟨 Sun || 02:04 || 02:06
|-
| 15556 || BMKI–PPTA INTERCITY EXP || Bapudm Motihari (BMKI) – Patliputra (PPTA) || Mail Express || GEN || 🟩 Daily || 06:54 || 06:56
|-
| 15653 || AMARNATH EXP || Guwahati (GHY) – Jammu Tawi (JAT) || Mail Express || – || 🟨 Thu || 07:37 || 07:39
|-
| 15202 || BUG–PPTA INTERCITY EXP || Bagaha (BUG) – Patliputra (PPTA) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 07:51 || 07:53
|-
| 15215 || MFP–NKE EXPRESS || Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) – Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 08:04 || 08:06
|-
| 12558 || SAPT KRANTI EXP || Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) – Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) || Superfast || – || 🟩 Daily || 09:28 || 09:30
|-
| 19038 || AVADH EXPRESS || Barauni Jn (BJU) – Bandra Terminus (BDTS) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 10:12 || 10:14
|-
| 12557 || SAPT KRANTI EXP || Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) – Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) || Superfast || – || 🟩 Daily || 12:07 || 12:09
|-
| 15216 || NKE–MFP EXPRESS || Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE) – Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 16:19 || 16:21
|-
| 14016 || SADHBHAWNA EXP || Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) – Raxaul Jn (RXL) || Mail Express || – || 🟨 Mon, Sat || 18:43 || 18:45
|-
| 19037 || AVADH EXP || Bandra Terminus (BDTS) – Barauni Jn (BJU) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 18:58 || 19:00
|-
| 15201 || PPTA–BUG INTERCITY EXP || Patliputra (PPTA) – Bagaha (BUG) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 20:18 || 20:20
|-
| 15211 || DBG–ASR JAN NAYAK EXP || Darbhanga Jn (DBG) – Amritsar (ASR) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 20:54 || 20:56
|-
| 15555 || PPTA–BMKI INTERCITY EXP || Patliputra (PPTA) – Bapudm Motihari (BMKI) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 21:31 || 21:33
|-
| 15212 || ASR–DBG JAN NAYAK EXP || Amritsar (ASR) – Darbhanga Jn (DBG) || Mail Express || – || 🟩 Daily || 22:58 || 23:00
|}

==See also==
*[[Muzaffarpur Junction]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Suryanarayanasastry Ramasesha

2026-02-12T03:06:16Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding first info added tags.

{{Short description|Indian quantum chemist (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Suryanarayanasastry Ramasesha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|1|16}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum theory]] | [[Molecular electronics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Princeton University]] | [[University of Arizona]] | [[Bordeaux University]] | [[École normale supérieure de Cachan]] | [[University of Mons-Hainaut]] | [[Institute for Molecular Spectroscopy (CNR) Bologna]] | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Bangalore University]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Oxford University]] | [[Louisiana State University]] | [[Princeton University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on conjugated organic systems and low-dimensional solids
| awards = {{ublist | 1978 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientists' Medal
1990 B. M. Birla Science Prize | 1992 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Silver Medal | [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Alumni Award }}
}}
'''Suryanarayanasastry Ramasesha''' (born 16 January 1950) is an Indian [[quantum chemist]] and a former Dean of the Faculty of Science at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He is a former chair of the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit and Amrut Modi Chair professor of Chemical Sciences at IISc.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P05-1398 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023147/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P05-1398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on conjugated organic systems and low-dimensional solids<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=258 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramasesha,_Prof._Suryanarayana_Sastry |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/ramasesha-suryanarayana-sastry |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126001812/http://twas.org/member/ramasesha-suryanarayana-sastry |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1992, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:A building at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|235px|left|IIT Kanpur]]
S. Ramasesha, born in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]] on 16 January 1950, completed his BSc (Hons) (1968) from [[Bangalore University]] before securing MSc (1970) and PhD (1977) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Moving back to his home state, he did his post-doctoral studies at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as well as at [[Oxford University]], [[Louisiana State University]], and [[Princeton University]]. He started his career in 1984 as a member of faculty at the Indian Institute of Science where he spent his entire academic career, serving in such different positions as professor and chair of Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit (1992–97),<ref name="SERB profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_S_Ramasesha.pdf |title=SERB profile |date=2016 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> as the Amrut Modi Chair professor of Chemical Sciences (2000-003) and as Dean, faculty of science (from 2014) to superannuate from service in 2015. In between, he has served as a visiting professor at Princeton University, [[University of Arizona]], [[Bordeaux University]], [[École normale supérieure de Cachan]], and [[University of Mons-Hainaut]].<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Legacy ==
Ramasesha is known to have conducted extensive researches on the electronic structure and nonlinear properties of conjugated organic systems and low-dimensional solids using the [[Valence Bond method]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34}}</ref> His researches have assisted in designing new protocols for the development of [[n-body problem|many-body models]] for investigating large molecules, low-dimensional materials and real time dynamics.<ref name="Prof. S. Ramasesha - Scientist profile">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/s_ramasesha.html |title=Prof. S. Ramasesha - Scientist profile |date=2016 |publisher=Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit - IISc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128090442/http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/s_ramasesha.html |archive-date=28 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> When [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] established its first computer laboratory, Ramsesha served as its founder head and has also served as the convenor of the National Centre for Science Information of the Indian Institute of Science. He has published over 240 peer-reviewed articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ramasesha=3ASuryanarayanasastry=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and guided 23 research scholars in their doctoral studies.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The Indian National Science Academy awarded Ramasesha the Young Scientists' Medal in 1978<ref name="INSA Young Scientists' Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists' Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received the B. M. Birla Science Prize in 1990.<ref name="B. M. Birla Science Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |title=B. M. Birla Science Prize |date=2016 |publisher=B. M. Birla Science Centre |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128175901/http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1992.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> A J. C. Bose National Fellow, he is also a recipient of the Silver Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] and the Alumni Award for Excellence in Research of the Indian Institute of Science.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and [[The World Academy of Sciences]],.<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> He was awarded the Sir M. Visvesvaraya life-time achievement award by the government of Karnataka, for the year 2018. He was conferred the Honorary Fellowship of the Karnataka Science and Technology Academy in 2020. He was also conferred the Chemical Research Society of India Gold Medal for lifetime achievement.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-G-iMBp8Mc |title=Correlated Electronic Structure of Some Conjugated Electronic Materials |last=S. Ramasesha |date=14 June 2013 |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences|work=YouTube video}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramasesha, Suryanarayanasastry}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical chemists]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Arizona faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kaveri Priyam

2026-02-10T23:53:53Z

MarielKrr8600268: new

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015 }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaveri Priyam
| image = Kaveri-Priyam-grace-the-red-carpet-of-News18-Showsha-Reel-Awards-2023.jpg
| caption = Priyam in 2023
| birth_date = 22 October<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/actress-kaveri-priyam-celebrates-her-birthday-with-orphan-kids--23252197|title=Actress Kaveri Priyam celebrates her birthday with orphan kids|date=26 October 2022|website=Mid-day|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105094857/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/actress-kaveri-priyam-celebrates-her-birthday-with-orphan-kids--23252197|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Bihar]], India (present day, [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]], India)
| nationality =
| years_active = 2017–present
| known for = ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]'' ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]'' ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| alma mater = [[Vellore Institute of Technology]], [[Vellore]]
| occupation = Actress
}}
'''Kaveri Priyam''' (born 22 October)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/happy-birthday-kaveri-priyam-the-divas-inspiring-journey-from-being-a-character-artist-to-a-successful-leading-star-is-truly-inspiring-23251802|title=Happy Birthday Kaveri Priyam: The diva's inspiring journey from being a character artist to a successful leading star is truly inspiring!|date=22 October 2022|website=Mid-day|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120064110/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/happy-birthday-kaveri-priyam-the-divas-inspiring-journey-from-being-a-character-artist-to-a-successful-leading-star-is-truly-inspiring-23251802|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kaveri-priyam-credits-television-making-household-name-says-tv-medium-caters-huge-audience/|title=Kaveri Priyam credits television for making her a household name; says "TV is medium that caters to a huge audience" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=23 August 2022|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824143318/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kaveri-priyam-credits-television-making-household-name-says-tv-medium-caters-huge-audience/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kaveri-priyam-misses-dr-monami-ziddi-dil-maane-na-reason/|title=Kaveri Priyam misses being Dr. Monami in Ziddi Dil Maane Na and this is the reason! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 July 2022|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824144839/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kaveri-priyam-misses-dr-monami-ziddi-dil-maane-na-reason/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is best known for her portrayals of Kuhu Maheshwari Rajvansh in ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-people-know-me-after-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/74265168.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam: People know me after 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'|website=The Times of India|date=23 February 2020 |access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120093148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-people-know-me-after-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/74265168.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and Dr. Monami Mahajan in ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/kaveri-opens-role-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na-1502991000.html|title=Kaveri opens up on her role in upcoming show 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=August 6, 2021|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120093246/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/kaveri-opens-role-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na-1502991000.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was last seen as Amrita in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-berry-kaveri-priyam-along-with-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-dil-diyaan-gallaan-visit-the-golden-temple-to-seek-blessings/articleshow/95605371.cms|title=Pankaj Berry, Kaveri Priyam, along with the cast of upcoming show 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' visit the Golden Temple to seek blessings|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121034126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-berry-kaveri-priyam-along-with-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-dil-diyaan-gallaan-visit-the-golden-temple-to-seek-blessings/articleshow/95605371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kaveri Priyam was born on 22 October<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-kaveri-priyam-the-divas-journey-from-being-a-character-artist-to-a-successful-leading-star-is-truly-inspiring/articleshow/95034009.cms|title=Happy Birthday Kaveri Priyam : The diva's journey from being a character artist to a successful leading star is truly inspiring|website=The Times of India|date=22 October 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120092757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-kaveri-priyam-the-divas-journey-from-being-a-character-artist-to-a-successful-leading-star-is-truly-inspiring/articleshow/95034009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in Bokaro, [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaveri Priyam celebrates birthday with Yeh Rishtey Hai Pyaar Ke co-stars; shares fun pics and videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-celebrates-birthday-with-yeh-rishtey-hai-pyaar-ke-co-stars-shares-fun-pics-and-videos/articleshow/71709993.cms |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Times of India |date=22 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708194039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-celebrates-birthday-with-yeh-rishtey-hai-pyaar-ke-co-stars-shares-fun-pics-and-videos/articleshow/71709993.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She did her schooling from Bokaro's [[St. Xavier's School (Bokaro)|St. Xavier School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/pandemic-has-taught-us-to-always-have-a-back-up-plan-kaveri-priyam-101629983902813.html|title=Pandemic has taught us to always have a back-up plan: Kaveri Priyam|date=26 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105095214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/pandemic-has-taught-us-to-always-have-a-back-up-plan-kaveri-priyam-101629983902813.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and graduated from [[Vellore Institute of Technology]], Vellore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/Television/My-parents-have-been-my-Guru;-Kaveri-Priyam/cid8023650.htm|title='My parents have been my Guru'; Kaveri Priyam|date=July 13, 2022|website=punemirror.com|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120111510/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/Television/My-parents-have-been-my-Guru;-Kaveri-Priyam/cid8023650.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After completing her studies, she came to Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-even-though-i-struggled-during-my-initial-years-in-mumbai-i-never-took-any-monetary-help-from-my-parents/articleshow/86262133.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam: Even though I struggled during my initial years in Mumbai, I never took any monetary help from my parents|website=The Times of India|date=17 September 2021 |access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623173557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-even-though-i-struggled-during-my-initial-years-in-mumbai-i-never-took-any-monetary-help-from-my-parents/articleshow/86262133.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and started her career as a model by doing print shoots and advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/all-my-first-ft-kaveri-priyam-shivangi-joshi-was-my-first-friend-from-the-industry/videoshow/94531020.cms|title='All my first' ft. Kaveri Priyam; Shivangi Joshi was my first friend from the industry | TV Videos|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120065729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/all-my-first-ft-kaveri-priyam-shivangi-joshi-was-my-first-friend-from-the-industry/videoshow/94531020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She has a younger brother, Ritesh Anand<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/kaveri-priyam-gets-a-special-bhai-dooj-gift-559844|title=VIDEO: Kaveri Priyam gets a special Bhai Dooj gift|date=29 October 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072255/https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/kaveri-priyam-gets-a-special-bhai-dooj-gift-559844|url-status=live}}</ref> with whom she runs a restaurant ''Konkan Chilly''<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE! Kaveri Priyam Gives Us A Tour Of Her Restaurant 'Konkan Chilly' Followed By A Lunch Date|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFimAjgE4k|website=[[YouTube]]| date=6 April 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120104012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFimAjgE4k&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnttv.com/shows/saas-bahu-betiyaan/video/kaveri-priyam-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-celebrating-rakshabandhan-unique-way-434640-2022-08-11|title=Actress Kaveri Priyam अनोखे अंदाज में मना रही हैं रक्षाबंधन, देखिए|website=Good News Today|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072414/https://www.gnttv.com/shows/saas-bahu-betiyaan/video/kaveri-priyam-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-celebrating-rakshabandhan-unique-way-434640-2022-08-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Kaveri-Priyam-Trailer-song-launch-of-the-film-Tishnagi.jpg|thumb|left|Priyam at the launch of film Tishnagi|320x240px]]
Priyam debuted with ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]'' as Bee.<ref name="debut">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-i-started-my-acting-career-as-a-madhu-makkhi/articleshow/84998748.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam: I started my acting career as a madhu makkhi|website=The Times of India|date=3 August 2021 |access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105084304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-i-started-my-acting-career-as-a-madhu-makkhi/articleshow/84998748.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]'' and in ''[[Savdhaan India]]''.<ref name="career">{{Cite web|title=Kaveri Priyam joins Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma in Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-naagin-2-actress-kaveri-priyam-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-sister-in-the-show-920874|work=ABP Live|date=16 February 2019|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120070739/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-naagin-2-actress-kaveri-priyam-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-sister-in-the-show-920874|url-status=live}}</ref> She made her film debut with ''Tishnagi'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/bollywood-business/0-6-288/interview-with-actors-of-tishnagi/0-1-bollywoodbusiness-bollywoodbusinesssea-episode_62516024|title=Watch Bollywood Business TV Serial 1st May 2018 Full Episode 2871 Online on ZEE5|website=ZEE5|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105092440/https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/bollywood-business/0-6-288/interview-with-actors-of-tishnagi/0-1-bollywoodbusiness-bollywoodbusinesssea-episode_62516024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Priyam joined [[Director's Kut Productions|Rajan Shahi]]'s ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'', a [[Star Plus]] series, in 2019 as Kuhu Maheshwari Rajvansh opposite [[Ritvik Arora]] and [[Avinash Mishra]], which proved to be her breakthrough role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Kaveri-Priyam-People-know-me-after-Yeh-Rishtey-Hain-Pyaar-Ke-22637218|title=Kaveri Priyam: People know me after Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|date=23 February 2020|website=Mid-day|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105084911/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Kaveri-Priyam-People-know-me-after-Yeh-Rishtey-Hain-Pyaar-Ke-22637218|url-status=live}}</ref> Simultaneously, she also appeared in Shahi's another production, a romantic drama series ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', for its integration episodes in March 2019 as Kuhu.<ref name="integration" >{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-and-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyar-ke-to-have-an-integration-episode/articleshow/68339698.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai and Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyar Ke to have an integration episode|website=Times of India|date=9 March 2019 |access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310153555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-and-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyar-ke-to-have-an-integration-episode/articleshow/68339698.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Priyam was seen as Dr. Monami Mahajan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-on-playing-soft-hearted-character-in-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85680733.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam on playing soft-hearted character in 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na'|website=The Times of India|date=27 August 2021 |access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120102440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-on-playing-soft-hearted-character-in-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85680733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Sony SAB]] show ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-opens-up-on-her-role-in-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85124982.cms|title=Kaveri opens up on her role in upcoming show 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na'|website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2021 |access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105090018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-opens-up-on-her-role-in-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85124982.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> opposite [[Shaleen Malhotra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaalien-malhotra-kaveri-priyam-to-kunal-karan-kapoor-meet-the-jodis-of-new-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85210208.cms|title=Shaalien Malhotra, Kaveri Priyam to Kunal Karan Kapoor; meet the jodis of new show Ziddi Dil - Maane Na|website=The Times of India|date=10 August 2021 |access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105085833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaalien-malhotra-kaveri-priyam-to-kunal-karan-kapoor-meet-the-jodis-of-new-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85210208.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which ended on 4 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ziddi-dil-maane-na-to-go-off-air-by-may-aditya-deshmukh-says-every-end-has-a-new-beginning/articleshow/90954282.cms|title=Exclusive! Ziddi Dil Maane Na to go off air by May, Aditya Deshmukh says, 'Every end has a new beginning'|website=The Times of India|date=22 April 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812042354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ziddi-dil-maane-na-to-go-off-air-by-may-aditya-deshmukh-says-every-end-has-a-new-beginning/articleshow/90954282.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She played Amrita Brar Dungarpal in [[Sony SAB]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-bags-a-new-show-will-play-the-lead-in-dil-diyan-gallan/articleshow/95014812.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam bags a new show; will play the lead in Dil Diyaan Gallan|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102002713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-bags-a-new-show-will-play-the-lead-in-dil-diyan-gallan/articleshow/95014812.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> show ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]'' opposite [[Paras Arora]] from December 2022 to September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paras-arora-to-play-lead-role-in-family-drama-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/96060299.cms|title=Paras Arora to play lead role in family drama 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan'|website=The Times of India|date=7 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213054140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paras-arora-to-play-lead-role-in-family-drama-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/96060299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''Tishnagi''
| Divya
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tishnagi/movie-review/64026150.cms|title=Tishnagi Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Tishnagi by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]''
| {{N/A}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/sony-tv-new-show-dil-diya-gallan-actress-kaveri-priyam-hails-from-bokaro-jharkhand-some-unknown-facts-unk|title=Sony TV के शो 'दिल दिया गल्लां' में नजर आएंगी बोकारो की कावेरी, फिल्मों में भी कर चुकी हैं काम|website=Prabhat Khabar|date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=14 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214232958/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/sony-tv-new-show-dil-diya-gallan-actress-kaveri-priyam-hails-from-bokaro-jharkhand-some-unknown-facts-unk|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Vash: Possessed by the Obsessed]]''
| Pooja
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''
|Madhu Makkhi
|<ref name="debut" />
|-
|''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
| rowspan="2"! {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="career" />
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| rowspan="2"| Kuhu Maheshwari Rajvansh
|<ref name="integration" />
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Kaveri-Priyam-Want-a-destination-wedding-in-real-life-21619182|title=Kaveri Priyam: Want a destination wedding in real life|date=27 August 2019|website=Mid-day|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526002634/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Kaveri-Priyam-Want-a-destination-wedding-in-real-life-21619182|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| Dr. Monami "Monu" Mahajan
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/meet-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na-23187366|title=Meet the cast of upcoming show 'Ziddi Dil - Maane Na'|date=11 August 2021|website=Mid-day|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220092934/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/meet-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na-23187366|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|Dr. Isha Talwar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-kaveri-priyam-of-yeh-rishtey-to-enter-in-colors-show-shakti-1441765|title='Yeh Rishtey' fame Kaveri Priyam to enter Colors' show 'Shakti'|date=30 January 2021|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081714/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-kaveri-priyam-of-yeh-rishtey-to-enter-in-colors-show-shakti-1441765|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| rowspan="2"|Dr. Monami "Monu/Mo" Mahajan
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="crossover" >{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahasangam-gear-up-for-the-romantic-dance-sequence-of-karan-shergill-and-monami-mahajan-of-ziddi-dil-maane-na-tonight/articleshow/87815875.cms|title=Mahasangam: Gear up for the romantic dance sequence of Karan Shergill and Monami Mahajan of Ziddi Dil- Maane Na tonight|website=The Times of India|date=20 November 2021 |access-date=29 October 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120073119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahasangam-gear-up-for-the-romantic-dance-sequence-of-karan-shergill-and-monami-mahajan-of-ziddi-dil-maane-na-tonight/articleshow/87815875.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''
| Amrita "Amu" Brar Dungarpal
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kaveri-priyam-to-play-an-nri-in-in-her-upcoming-show-dil-diyan-gallan-23251616|title=Kaveri Priyam to play an NRI in her upcoming show 'Dil Diyan Gallan'|date=October 21, 2022|website=Mid-day|access-date=29 October 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116163746/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kaveri-priyam-to-play-an-nri-in-in-her-upcoming-show-dil-diyan-gallan-23251616|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Madness Machayenge – India Ko Hasayenge]]''
|Herself
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Madness Machayenge: Kaveri Priyam Joins Hands With Comedians Gaurav More, Inder Sahani For AI Film Gag |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/madness-machayenge-kaveri-priyam-joins-hands-with-comedians-gaurav-more-inder-sahani-for-ai-film-gag-article-110503913 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=28 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| Ashika "Ash" Solanki
|
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''Yaad Karoge''
| Sandeep Jaiswal
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kaveri-priyam-ravi-bhatia-imran-nazir-come-together-in-yaad-karoge-23261697 | title=Kaveri Priyam, Ravi Bhatia, Imran Nazir come together in 'Yaad Karoge' | date=21 December 2022 | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-date=28 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228113835/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kaveri-priyam-ravi-bhatia-imran-nazir-come-together-in-yaad-karoge-23261697 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| [[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lions Gold Awards 2020 Winners List: Shaheer, Hina, Jennifer, Shraddha, Dheeraj & Others Bag Awards|work=ABP Live|date=26 January 2020|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-lions-gold-awards-2020-celebrities-talk-about-winning-1149084|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723005011/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-lions-gold-awards-2020-celebrities-talk-about-winning-1149084|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama}}

{{authority control}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Biography
|portal3 = Television
|portal4 = Films
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priyam, Kaveri}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Malvika Raj

2026-02-08T12:05:45Z

MarielKrr8600268: enhance section further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian artist and fashion designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malvika Raj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|18 September 1993}}
| alma_mater = [[Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology]], [[Mohali]]
| known_for = Art and Illustration
| style = [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]]
}}
'''Malvika Raj''' is an Indian [[artist]] and [[fashion design]]er. She works in the [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] style of art. As a [[Dalit]], she has used art to express her experiences with [[Caste system in India|caste]]-based discrimination in [[India]], and uses traditional techniques to express themes relating to Dalit identity and the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religion.

== Life ==
Raj is from [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], and studied at the [[Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology]] in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":3" /> Belonging to a [[Dalit]] family, she credits her family and her father particularly, for educating her about Dalit leadership, politics, and history in India, and the close links between [[Buddhism]] and [[Dalit]] identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sheth |first=Anisha |date=27 April 2016 |title=Colours of rebellion: Capturing Ambedkar's life and revolutionary spirit in art |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/colours-rebellion-capturing-ambedkars-life-and-revolutionary-spirit-art-42309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091855/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/colours-rebellion-capturing-ambedkar-s-life-and-revolutionary-spirit-art-42309 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raj initially worked as a fashion designer in Delhi, but returned home to [[Patna]] for health-related reasons. While recuperating at home, she trained in [[Madhubani art|Madhubani techniques]] with artist Ashok Biswas.<ref name=":1" /> She also learned traditional motifs and imagery used by [[Dalit]] women who made art in the [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] style in their homes, while visiting [[Samastipur]] in Bihar to continue her training.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Book Cover of Savitribai Phule and I, a book by Sangeeta Mulay.jpg|thumb|Raj's recent illustration, titled 'Mai']]

Raj's work is inspired by traditional Madhubani art, which originated from her home state of Bihar and was primarily created by women on mud walls, using rice flour paint in their homes. Raj's work focuses on an aspect of Madhubani art called 'Kobhar' (translating to 'honey forest'), and traditionally consists of images from nature used to decorate walls for wedding ceremonies.<ref name=":3" /> Speaking of her experiences in discrimination while studying Madhubani art, Raj said, <blockquote>"Historically, the Tantric subset of Madhubani art has been something that only the Brahmins have been allowed to work on. During my trip, I met a Tantric artist and when I asked him if he could teach me the style, he outright refused because I’m a Dalit. When I replied to him saying that I could just study the technique enough and teach myself the art form, he said bad fate would befall me. Caste is so deeply entrenched in everyone’s minds that even a local Dalit artist asked me not to paint in the Tantric style because he feared for my life."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=Drawing Strength – How Madhubani Artists Have Challenged Caste Oppression |url=https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/drawing-strength-how-madhubani-artists-have-challenged-caste-oppression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120155/https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/drawing-strength-how-madhubani-artists-have-challenged-caste-oppression/ |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Sarmaya |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>Raj has stated that this incident, among others, made her averse to depicting Hindu mythology in her art.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Alagarsamy |first=Hamsadhwani |date=22 January 2019 |title=In Conversation with Malvika Raj: Dalit Madhubani Artist |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/01/22/malvika-raj-dalit-madhubani-artist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012075438/https://feminisminindia.com/2019/01/22/malvika-raj-dalit-madhubani-artist/ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Feminism in India}}</ref> Raj's work accordingly uses Madhubani techniques and styles, but her imagery draws from political and social aspects of the historical and ongoing discrimination faced by Dalits as a result of the caste system in India, from Buddhism and the history of Dalit conversion to that faith, as well as from Dalit political leaders and social reformers like [[B. R. Ambedkar|B R. Ambedkar]], and [[Savitribai Phule]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Divya |date=26 August 2013 |title=Art that subverts |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/art-that-subverts/article5060793.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130015636/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/art-that-subverts/article5060793.ece |archive-date=30 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=14 November 2020 |title=Dalit Lives Matter: This Bihar Painter's Art Is Her Activism |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/dalit-lives-matter-this-bihar-painters-art-is-her-activism-6113791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201032406/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/dalit-lives-matter-this-bihar-painters-art-is-her-activism-6113791.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title=Malvika Raj Dalit History Month Europe 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF-SQqWBHEM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213024202/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF-SQqWBHEM |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=YouTube |publisher=Dalit Feminism}}</ref> She also paints scenes depicting Buddhist imagery, including events from the life of the Buddha, and has stated that her first painting depicted a scene from the Buddha's life.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A portrait of Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] made by Raj is on display in [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]].<ref name=":3" /> Raj has stated that she has described facing opposition for her subversion of religious themes in Madhubani art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Benita |date=18 October 2020 |title=Talkin' About a Revolution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/dalit-identity-indian-modern-art-talkin-about-a-revolution-6763789/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005090247/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/dalit-identity-indian-modern-art-talkin-about-a-revolution-6763789/ |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Raj's work has been exhibited in India, at the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in Delhi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=ICCR presents An exhibition of Paintings by Ms. Malvika Raj from Patna at Art Gallery, ICCR, Azad Bhavan, I.P. Estate > 17th to 22nd October 2014 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2014/10/iccr-presents-exhibition-of-paintings.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101234656/https://www.delhievents.com/2014/10/iccr-presents-exhibition-of-paintings.html |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Delhi Events}}</ref> In addition to art, Raj is also an entrepreneur who designs clothing which bear [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] motifs, and she also teaches rural woman to paint on dresses.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=The Alphabet of Violence & Resistance |url=https://zubaanprojects.org/projects/stepping-stones-body-of-evidence/the-alphabet-of-violence-resistance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020185819/https://zubaanprojects.org/projects/stepping-stones-body-of-evidence/the-alphabet-of-violence-resistance/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Zubaan Projects |language=en-US}}</ref> Her work has been used as illustrations in articles on contemporary Dalit politics and identity in ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanaraj |first=Christina |date=19 October 2020 |others=Paintings by Malvika Raj |title=Red Earth And The Sky A Dalit Blue |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-red-earth-and-the-sky-a-dalit-blue/303804 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041948/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-red-earth-and-the-sky-a-dalit-blue/303804 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> and ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandukuri |first=Divya |date=11 January 2019 |others=Photo: Malvika Raj |title=The life and times of Savitribai Phule |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DmR1fQSnVD62p4D3eyq9mO/The-life-and-times-of-Savitribai-Phule.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106201812/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/the-life-and-times-of-savitribai-phule-111642592582316.html |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> Raj has recently illustrated 'Savitribai Phule and I’, a book authored by Sangeeta Mulay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apurva |first=Ankita |date=28 February 2021 |title=Panther's Paw Publication: Literature That Needs to Be Read |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/out-and-about/books/panthers-paw-publications-the-literature-that-needs-to-be-read/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514204031/https://livewire.thewire.in/out-and-about/books/panthers-paw-publications-the-literature-that-needs-to-be-read/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Live Wire |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sumeet Samos]]
* [[Somnath Waghmare]]
* [[Savindra Sawarkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Malvika}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Women from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]

Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

2026-01-25T16:10:55Z

MarielKrr8600268: new

{{Short description|Indian reality and stunt television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
| season_number = 12
| bgcolour = #9C2542
| image = Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-12.gif
| image_alt =
| caption = Title screen
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 14
| winner = [[Tushar Kalia]]
| runner_up = Faisal shaikh
}}
|native_name = Bach Ke Kahan Jayega? Khatra Kahin Se Bhi Aayega!
| starring = [[#Contestants|See Below]]
| num_episodes = 26 ([[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12#Episodes|list of episodes]])
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|25|df=yes}}
| prev_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11|Season 11]]
| next_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13|Season 13]]
}}
'''''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi, Bach Ke Kahan Jayega? Khatra Kahin Se Bhi Aayega!''''' is the '''twelfth season'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-new-promo-rohit-shetty-warns-no-on-can-escape-danger-it-can-come-from-any-side/articleshow/92103814.cms|title=Khatron ke Khiladi 12 New Promo: Rohit Shetty warns, 'No on can escape danger, it can come from any side' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 June 2022 }}</ref> of '''''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''''', an [[India]]n [[Reality television|reality]] and [[Stunt|stunt television series]] produced by [[Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-from-tear-gas-chamber-to-fire-cycle-some-of-the-most-daredevil-stunts-of-the-adventure-based-show/photostory/92605465.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi: From tear gas chamber to fire cycle, some of the most daredevil stunts of the adventure based show|date=2 July 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show premiered from 2 July to 25 September 2022, on [[Colors TV]] and digitally streams on [[Voot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rohit-shetty-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-to-air-on-television-from-july-2-7969540/ |title=Rohit Shetty's Khatron Ke Khiladi season 12 to premiere on this date |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date= 15 June 2022|access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> Filmed in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], the 26-episode season was hosted by [[Rohit Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-to-head-to-south-africa-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-on-may-27-all-you-need-to-know-1948919-2022-05-13|title=Rohit Shetty to head to South Africa for Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 on May 27? All you need to know|first=Nirali|last=Kanabar|date=13 May 2022|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rohit-shetty-breaks-records-and-makes-history-11206941.html|title=With Khatron Ke Khiladi 12, Rohit Shetty breaks records and makes history|date=8 September 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Tushar Kalia]] emerged as the winner of this season while Faisal Shaikh became the 1st runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tushar-kalia-wins-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-beats-faisal-shaikh-and-mohit-malik-see-photos-8171539/|title=Tushar Kalia wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 12, beats Faisal Shaikh and Mohit Malik. See photos|date=25 September 2022}}</ref>

== Contestants==
[[File:Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_12_Contestants.png|thumb|Contestants of Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|400x400px]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2"|Contestant
! Occupation
! Status
! Place
! Ref.
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
|[[Tushar Kalia]]
| Choreographer
| {{Won|Winner}}
| 1st
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/social-media-star-faisal-shaikh-aka-mr-faisu-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-rahmani-in-talks-too/articleshow/91133708.cms|title=Social media star Faisal Shaikh aka Mr Faisu in Khatron Ke Khiladi 12, Jannat Zubair Rahmani in talks, too|website=The Times of India|date=28 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
!style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" |Faisal Shaikh
| rowspan="2" |Model
|{{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" |2nd
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Mohit Malik]]
| Actor
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd runner-up
| 3rd
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-ended-as-a-finalist-on-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-in-2015-but-i-am-determined-to-win-khatron-ke-khiladi-mohit-malik/articleshow/91338534.cms|title=Exclusive! I ended as a finalist on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa in 2015, but I am determined to win Khatron Ke Khiladi: Mohit Malik|website=The Times of India|date=5 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 4th
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Jannat Zubair opens up on being part of Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: I was afraid if I could do the stunts or not |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jannat-zubair-opens-being-part-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-i-was-afraid-if-i-could-do-stunts-or-not-1086080 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922074350/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jannat-zubair-opens-being-part-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-i-was-afraid-if-i-could-do-stunts-or-not-1086080 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Rubina Dilaik]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 5th
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-bigg-boss-14-winner-rubina-dilaik-confirmed-as-first-contestant-7899692/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Bigg Boss 14 winner and TV star Rubina Dilaik confirmed as first contestant|date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Kanika Mann]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 6th
| <ref name=":2" />
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Nishant Bhat
| Choreographer
| {{Eliminated}}
| 7th
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-nishant-bhat-quits-due-to-health-reasons-rubina-dilaik-becomes-top-performer-of-week-2986164|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Nishant Bhat quits due to health reasons, Rubina Dilaik becomes top performer of week|website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Rajiv Adatia
| Model
| {{Eliminated}}
| 8th
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" | Pratik Sehajpal
| rowspan="2" | Reality Show Alumnus
| {{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" | 9th
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-pratik-sehajpal-umar-riaz-rubina-dilaik-contestants-list-confirmed-rohit-shetty-show-2022-02-06-758343|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Pratik Sehajpal, Umar Riaz & Rubina Dilaik confirmed for Rohit Shetty's show?|date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Sriti Jha]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 10th
| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Kumkum Bhagya's Sriti Jha, Dance Deewane's Tushar Kalia Confirmed! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-kumkum-bhagyas-sriti-jha-dance-deewanes-tushar-kalia-confirmed-5117047.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Chetna Pande]]
| Model and Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 11th
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rajiv-adatia-and-chetna-pande-to-be-a-part-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-1945345-2022-05-04|title=Rajiv Adatia and Chetna Pande to be a part of Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|date=4 May 2022|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Shivangi Joshi]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 12th
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Confirmed! Shivangi Joshi to be a part of Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/confirmed-shivangi-joshi-to-be-a-part-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-12/articleshow/91338824.cms |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Times of India |date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Aneri Vajani]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 13th
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anupamaa-actress-aneri-vajani-to-participate-in-fear-factor-khatron-ke-khiladi-12/articleshow/91547855.cms|title=Exclusive! Anupamaa actress Aneri Vajani to participate in Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Neha|last=Maheshwri|date=13 May 2022|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Erika Packard
| Model
| {{Eliminated}}
| 14th
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-erika-packard-is-the-first-contestant-to-get-evicted-jannat-zubair-faints-after-crocodile-task/articleshow/92651498.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Erika Packard is the first contestant to get evicted, Jannat Zubair faints after crocodile task - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
|}
:{{Color box|#D0FF14|border=darkgray}} Indicates original entrants
:{{Color box|#B2FFFF|border=darkgray}} Indicates re-entered entrants

== Elimination chart ==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{|class="wikitable" border="2" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="68" |'''Weeks'''
|-
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="3" |2
! colspan="3" |3
! colspan="4" |4
! colspan="13" |5
! colspan="10" |6
! colspan="4" |7
! colspan="4" |8
! colspan="3" |9
! colspan="7" |10
! colspan="5" |11
! colspan="3" |12
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;" |13
|-
! colspan="3" |Grand Premiere (Head on Week)
! colspan="3" |[[Rohit Shetty]] vs Khiladis
! colspan="3" |Atyachaar Week{{ref|2|2}}
! colspan="4" |Partner Week{{ref|4|4}}
! colspan="13" |Relay Week
! colspan="10" |Team Week{{ref|7|7}} {{ref|8|8}}
! colspan="4" | K Medal Race
! colspan="4" |[[Mother|Mummy]] Special Week
! colspan="3" |Blockbuster Week
! colspan="7" |Fear Fanda Week{{ref|14|14}}
! colspan="5" |Race to Ticket to Finale
! colspan="3" |Semi Finale Week
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;"|GRAND FINALE WEEK
|-
! colspan="3" |2-3 July
! colspan="3" |9-10 July
! colspan="3" |16-17 July
! colspan="4" |23-24 July
! colspan="13" |30-31 July
! colspan="5" |6 August
! colspan="5" |7 August
! colspan="4" | 13–14 August
! colspan="4" |20-21 August
! colspan="3" |27-28 August
! colspan="3" |3 September
! colspan="4" |4 September
! colspan="2" |10 Sep
! colspan="3" |11 September
! colspan="3" |17-18 September
! colspan="3" style="background:gold;" |24 Sept
! colspan="3" style="background:gold;" |25 September
|-
! Tushar
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''NISHANT'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''CHETNA'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''CPT.'''{{ref|9|9}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|10|10}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="5" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" style="background:turquoise;" |{{nowrap|'''Ticket to Finale'''}}
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#73FB76 ;" |'''Winner'''
|-
! Faisal
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="2" style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''{{ref|3|3}}
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''SHIVANGI'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|5|5}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="tomato" | '''JANNAT'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="tomato" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="beige" |'''REMOVED BY NISHANT'''{{ref|11|11}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
! Mohit
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''SRITI'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="tomato" | '''FAISAL'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="tomato" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="tomato" |'''CPT.'''{{ref|9|9}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|10|10}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background:skyblue;" |'''{{no wrap|SAVED VIA K}} MEDAL'''{{ref|13|13}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:yellow;" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{no wrap|'''2nd Runner-Up'''}}
|-
! Jannat
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''PRATIK'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|5|5}}
| colspan="6" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="tomato" | '''KANIKA'''
| style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="tomato" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="beige" |'''REMOVED BY MOHIT'''{{ref|11|11}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''{{ref|13|13}}
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''{{ref|15|15}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''{{ref|15|15}}
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM 2'''
| '''SAFE'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Rubina
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''{{ref|1|1}}
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''KANIKA'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|5|5}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="tomato" | '''MOHIT'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="tomato" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="orange" | '''HEALTH HAULT'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | '''TIE (30 Points)'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="beige" |'''REMOVED BY TUSHAR'''{{ref|11|11}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="orange" | '''HEALTH HAULT'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Kanika
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''RUBINA'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''{{ref|5|5}}
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="tomato" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |'''K MEDAL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:yellow;" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM 2'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor=salmon|'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Nishant
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''{{ref|1|1}}
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''TUSHAR'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''TUSHAR'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="6" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Rajiv
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''CHETNA'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''SRITI'''
| style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" | '''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|12|12}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Pratik
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''JANNAT'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''{{ref|5|5}}
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="antiquewhite" | '''BTM3'''{{ref|6|6}}
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="beige" |'''REMOVED BY SRITI'''{{ref|11|11}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
|style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Sriti
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''MOHIT'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" | {{no wrap |'''TIE (30 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{no wrap |'''SAVED BY CPT.'''}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="25" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Chetna
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''RAJIV'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="YELLOW" | '''RAJIV'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''10'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (30 Points)'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="33" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Shivangi
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | '''N/A'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''FAISAL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''{{ref|5|5}}
| colspan="56" bgcolor="Salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Aneri
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" | ''' N/A '''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="60" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Erika
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="66" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|}
</blockquote>
{{refbegin|}}
#{{note|1}} Nishant and Rubina were nominated by co-contestants for the elimination stunt.
#{{note|2}} Contestants were tortured via Pre-Stunts before Stunts.
#{{note|3}} Faisal did not perform the Pre-Stunt as a result he had to directly perform elimination stunt.
#{{note|4}} {{color box|#CD9575|border=silver}} Pairs during Partner Week.
#{{note|5}} Pairs who lost the first stunt competed against each other to get rid of Fear Funda.
#{{note|6}} Pratik was not chosen as a teammate by any of the two teams so as a result he had to directly perform elimination stunt.
#{{note|7}} Teams continued from Week 5.
#{{note|8}} All contestants performed the ''Captaincy'' stunt together.
#{{note|9}} Captain of respective team: {{Color box|tomato|border=darkgray||}} Team Red {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Team Yellow
#{{note|10}} Captains were exempted from performing the Elimination stunt.
#{{note|11}} Winners of the first stunt of K Medal Race were given the exclusive power to remove losers of the first stunt from the race.
#{{note|12}} Faisal proxies Rajiv due to injury.
#{{note|13}} Kanika used K Medal to swap Mohit with Jannat in Elimination stunt.
#{{note|14}} All contestants received ''Fear Funda'' performed stunts together.
#{{note|14}} Mohit proxies Jannat due to health issues.
{{refend}}
:{{Color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} Winner
:{{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} 1st runner-up
:{{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=silver}} 2nd runner-up
:{{color box|yellow|border=silver}} Finalists
:{{Color box|turquoise|border=silver}} Ticket to Finale
:{{Color box|skyblue|border=silver}} Won/Used K Medal
:{{Color box|deepskyblue|border=silver}} The contestant won the stunt.
:{{Color box|plum|border=silver}} The contestant lost the stunt and received ''Fear Funda''.
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} The contestant got rid of ''Fear Funda'' by winning pre-elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|antiquewhite|border=silver}} The contestant was placed in the bottom and performed elimination stunt
:{{Color box|white|border=silver}} The contestant was safe from elimination by winning elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|salmon|border=silver}} The contestant was eliminated
:{{Color box|pink|border=silver}} The contestant was exempted from performing the stunt.
:{{Color box|yellowgreen|border=silver}} The contestant lost the Ticket to Finale Race/K Medal Race/failed to complete the target.
:{{Color box|beige|border=silver}} The contestant was removed from the Ticket to Finale/K Medal Race.
:{{Color box|orange|border=silver}} Injury
:{{Color box|darkgray|border=darkgray}} N/A

==Production==
[[File:Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-12-contestants-attend-the-press-meet-for-the-show.jpg|thumb|left|{{no wrap | Contestants during Media Interactions}}]]

===Broadcast===
Apart from the usual weekend episodes, [[Voot]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-meet-the-contestants/20220610.htm|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Meet The Contestants|first=Namrata|last=Thakker|website=Rediff}}</ref> for the first time launched web exclusive's like "''Pack-up Ka Punch''", "''Khiladiyon Ki Journey''", "''Khiladiyon Ki Fitness Diary''", "''Khiladiyon Ki Fashion Diary''" and "''Cape Town Diaries''" tracing the contestants' off-screen journey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rohit-shetty-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-budget-soaring-because-of-his-massive-stunts-8003483/|title=Rohit Shetty on KKK 12 budget soaring because of his massive stunts: 'Mujhe badnaam mat karo'|date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

===Casting===
In May 2022, it was reported that [[Munawar Faruqui]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-munawar-faruqui-opens-up-on-his-biggest-fear-before-entering-rohit-shetty-show-2956124|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Munawar Faruqui opens up about his biggest fear before entering Rohit Shetty's show|website=DNA India}}</ref> would join the show midway<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-munawar-faruqui-to-join-the-show-late-not-opting-out-5266309.html|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Munawar Faruqui to Join the Show Late, Not Opting Out|date=28 May 2022|website=News18}}</ref> but later backed out due to passport issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/munawar-faruquis-passport-issue-resolved-flying-to-join-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-team-in-cape-town-exclusive/articleshow/91917159.cms|title=Munawar Faruqui's passport issue resolved; Flying to join 'Khatron Ke Khiladi 12' team in Cape Town - Exclusive! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 May 2022 }}</ref>

===Development===
The series was announced by [[Colors TV]] with a press conference on 25 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-confirmed-contestants-and-their-first-photos-rubina-aneri-shivangi-look-fiery-latest-tv-news-2022-05-25-779307|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi – 12 confirmed contestants & their first photos: Rubina, Aneri, Shivangi look fiery|first=Vaishali|last=Jain|date=25 May 2022|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Kanika Mann gives a miss to Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 press conference owing to health issues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanika-mann-gives-a-miss-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-press-conference-owing-to-health-issues/articleshow/91798389.cms |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Times of India |date=26 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The contestants were spotted at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] before leaving for [[Cape Town]], South Africa on 28 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Rubina Dilaik, Pratik Sehajpal to Jannat Zubair, celebs jet off to Cape Town for Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rubina-dilaik-pratik-sehajpal-to-jannat-zubair-celebs-jet-off-to-cape-town-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-1955409-2022-05-28 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The contestants were spotted at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai Airport]] after returning from [[Cape Town]], South Africa on 18 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: From Abhinav Shukla and Rubina Dilaik's cosy reunion to Mohit Malik sharing lip-lock with wife Addite; how the contestants got welcomed after 50 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-from-abhinav-shukla-and-rubina-dilaiks-cosy-reunion-to-mohit-malik-sharing-lip-lock-with-wife-addite-how-the-contestants-got-welcomed-after-50-days/photostory/92953334.cms |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] of the series began on 6 June 2022 in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-shoot-begins-rubina-dilaik-sriti-jha-mr-faisu-rohit-shertty-photos-videos-7954973/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 shoot begins: Rubina Dilaik, Sriti Jha, Mr Faisu share photos and videos|date=6 June 2022}}</ref> [[Rohit Shetty]] took to his [[Instagram]] to officially announce the same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 shoot begins! Rohit Shetty is a daredevil hanging out from a helicopter {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-contestants-south-africa-shoot-begins-rohit-shetty-daredevil-stunt-video-2022-06-06-782287 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rohit Shetty]] announced the wrap up of "Khatron Ke Khiladi 12" in [[Cape Town]] through an [[Instagram]] post<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CgEmS13K40k/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> on 16 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kkk-12-host-rohit-shetty-signs-off-from-cape-town-is-back-to-india-cirkus-star-ranveer-singh-calls-him-stud-8034337/|title=KKK 12 host Rohit Shetty signs off from Cape Town, is back to India. Cirkus star Ranveer Singh calls him 'stud'|date=17 July 2022}}</ref> in 50 days schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rohit-shetty-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-stunts-not-real-cgi-7984389/|title=Rohit Shetty answers if Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 stunts are real: 'People ask me CGI kiya hai kya'|date=23 June 2022}}</ref> The Grand Finale<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-star-cast-of-rohit-shettys-upcoming-film-cirkus-ranveer-singh-and-others-to-join-the-filmmaker-for-the-finale-shoot/articleshow/94282885.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Star cast of Rohit Shetty's upcoming film Cirkus, Ranveer Singh and others to join the filmmaker for the finale shoot - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 September 2022 }}</ref> shooting was held on 18 September 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-pratik-sehajpal-sriti-jha-and-others-shoot-for-grand-finale-episode-1190861|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Jannat Zubair, Pratik Sehajpal, Sriti Jha and others shoot for Grand Finale episode|date=18 September 2022|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006111539/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-pratik-sehajpal-sriti-jha-and-others-shoot-for-grand-finale-episode-1190861|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Film City, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-exclusive-rohit-shetty-ranveer-singh-cirkus-cast-shoot-for-finale-in-mumbai-today-1190832|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 EXCLUSIVE: Rohit Shetty, Ranveer Singh & Cirkus cast shoot for finale in Mumbai today|date=18 September 2022|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 6 June 2022, a promo revealing the season's logo and sponsors was released on [[Colors TV]] official [[Instagram]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/Ced18CkDhYL/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> and [[Twitter]] handles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1533810953040502785?|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|website=www.twitter.com}}</ref> Subsequently, intro promos of [[Rubina Dilaik|Rubina]], [[Sriti Jha|Sriti]], [[Tushar Kalia|Tushar]], [[Mohit Malik|Mohit]], [[Kanika Mann|Kanika]], [[Shivangi Joshi|Shivangi]], [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani|Jannat]] and Faisal were released respectively.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 promos: Rubina Dilaik kisses a frog; Sriti Jha walks on a tightrope with a snake wrapped around her neck |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-promos-rubina-dilaik-kisses-frog-sriti-jha-walks-tightrope-with-snake-wrapped-7963120/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 PROMO: Tushar Kalia unveils his fearless side and performs gruesome stunts; Watch |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-promo-tushar-kalia-unveils-his-fearless-side-and-performs-gruesome-stunts-watch-1142178 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320052432/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-promo-tushar-kalia-unveils-his-fearless-side-and-performs-gruesome-stunts-watch-1142178 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 12: Rubina Dilaik screams as she receives '440 Volt' electric shock in a task; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-12-rubina-dilaik-screams-she-receives-440-volt-electric-shock-task-watch-1145639 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320052431/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-12-rubina-dilaik-screams-she-receives-440-volt-electric-shock-task-watch-1145639 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Controversies==
This season was marked by a series of controversies, including:
*[[Rubina Dilaik]] accused Kanika Mann of having searched the internet for the phrases "how to tame an ostrich" and " how to use the feathers of an ostrich" prior to the stunt,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Vaishali |date=2022-07-25 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Shivangi Joshi eliminated; Rubina Dilaik accuses Kanika Mann of cheating |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-shivangi-joshi-eliminated-rubina-dilaik-accuses-kanika-mann-of-cheating-rohit-shetty-stops-task-2022-07-25-794643 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=KKK12 EXCLUSIVE: Kanika Mann breaks silence on Rubina Dilaik's accusation of cheating in a task |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kkk12-exclusive-kanika-mann-breaks-silence-rubina-dilaiks-accusation-cheating-task-1169898 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> and alleged that this had been cheating. [[Rohit Shetty]] supported Rubina in this.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Rubina Dilaik accuses Kanika Mann of cheating before the task; Rohit Shetty supports her - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rubina-dilaik-accuses-kanika-mann-of-cheating-before-the-task-rohit-shetty-supports-her/articleshow/93105920.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Times of India |date=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* The show landed into controversy when [[Mohit Malik]], Rajiv Adatia and Faisal Shaikh accused that the stunt [[Rubina Dilaik]] got was easier than that of [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] and that is why Rubina deserves to go in elimination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2022 |first=Grace |last=Cyril |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 Ep 10: Pratik Sehajpal gets eliminated, relay week continues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-ep-10-pratik-sehajpal-gets-eliminated-relay-week-continues-1982231-2022-08-01 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Jannat Zubair Passes Out During Water Task, Fans Show Concern |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-jannat-zubair-passes-out-during-water-task-fans-show-concern-5451919.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Rohit Shetty]] defended Rubina by saying that the level of stunts cannot be a determining factor for who should go for the elimination stunt.
*[[Mohit Malik]] and [[Rubina Dilaik]] had an argument when Rubina revealed her fear of snakes. This agitated Mohit and asked her why she did not reveal it earlier and accused that this was a desperate attempt of trying to be seen, leading Rubina to leave the team.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Rubina Dilaik fans troll Mohit Malik for being 'rude' to her in the show; read - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rubina-dilaik-fans-troll-mohit-malik-for-being-rude-to-her-in-the-show-read/articleshow/93444264.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Times of India |date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Mohit Malik and Rubina Dilaik gets into fight over snake stunt; Actress gets emotional |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-mohit-malik-and-rubina-dilaik-gets-fight-over-snake-stunt-actress-gets-emotiona-1170306 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217235413/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-mohit-malik-and-rubina-dilaik-gets-fight-over-snake-stunt-actress-gets-emotiona-1170306 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Rubina Dilaik]] and [[Mohit Malik]] again get into a tiff when Mohit chooses Rubina for the elimination stunt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=मोहित मलिक पर बुरी तरह भड़की रुबीना दिलेक, वीडियो में देखिए क्या कुछ कह डाला |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rubina-dilaik-gets-angry-on-mohit-malik-says-i-dont-chill-with-anyone-watch-promo-2187516 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Rubina accuses Mohit of choosing her because she didn't chill with anyone post packup.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Team leader Mohit Malik chooses Rubina Dilaik for the elimination stunt; the actress says "he chose me because I don't chill with him" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-team-leader-mohit-malik-chooses-rubina-dilaik-for-the-elimination-stunt-the-actress-says-he-chose-me-because-i-dont-chill-with-him/articleshow/93425436.cms |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Times of India |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She further said, "no matter how good or bad I perform, I am always chosen for the elimination tasks based on people's disliking towards me."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=Mohit Malik breaks his silence over his fight with Rubina Dilaik |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-mohit-malik-breaks-silence-on-fight-with-rubina-dilaik-2187635 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> During Mohit and Rubina's fight, [[Tushar Kalia]] intervened and said "your team got saved because she won the animal task, Rubina isn't the right choice for the elimination task."<ref name=":4" />
*Kanika Mann and [[Rubina Dilaik]] had a verbal spat when Kanika won the K Medal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12, 14th August 2022, Written Update: Kanika Mann wins the 'K' medal |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-14th-august-2022-written-update-kanika-mann-wins-k-medal-1176892 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217235416/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-14th-august-2022-written-update-kanika-mann-wins-k-medal-1176892 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Rubina accused Kanika of lying about not knowing how to drive. Rubina remarked- "Losing with honestly is much better than winning with dishonesty" which irked the former.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Rubina Dilaik and Kanika Mann get into an ugly spat; she calls the latter a 'liar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rubina-dilaik-and-kanika-mann-get-into-an-ugly-spat-she-calls-the-latter-a-liar/articleshow/93570022.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Times of India |date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*Kanika Mann and [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani|Jannat Zubair]] had a verbal argument<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: जन्नत जुबैर-कनिका मान में छिड़ी जुबानी जंग, सृति झा हुईं एलिमिनेट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-12-kanika-mann-jannat-zubair-fight-sriti-jha-elimination-rohit-shetty-tmova-1523121-2022-08-22 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref> when Kanika chooses Jannat for the elimination stunt using K Medal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Kanika swaps Mohit with Jannat! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-21st-august-2022-written-update-sriti-jha-aborts-her-elimination-task-midway-1180238 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217235431/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/serial-updates/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-21st-august-2022-written-update-sriti-jha-aborts-her-elimination-task-midway-1180238 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The latter says, "It is not about the performance but the equation we share. I have performed well in the task. Your thought of keeping a female against female in the task, that's wrong."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Kanika Mann and Jannat Zubair get into a tiff as the former takes her name for elimination task - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-kanika-mann-and-jannat-zubair-get-into-a-tiff-as-the-former-takes-her-name-for-elimination-task/articleshow/93706636.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Times of India |date=22 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rohit Shetty]] thrashed Kanika Mann<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12's semi finale: Rohit Shetty reprimands Kanika Mann and Nishant Bhat for aborting a task; they apologise to the host - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12s-semi-finale-rohit-shetty-reprimands-kanika-mann-and-nishant-bhat-for-aborting-a-task-they-apologise-to-the-host/articleshow/94279192.cms |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The Times of India |date=18 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> when she aborted the stunt in semi-finale week and said that [[Shivangi Joshi]] was better than her and she deserved to be in her place. He further added that Kanika neither deserves to be a finalist nor the trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Rohit Shetty lashes out on Kanika Mann, Rubina Dilaik becomes 2nd finalist of show |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rohit-shetty-lashes-out-on-kanika-mann-rubina-dilaik-becomes-2nd-finalist-of-show-2985957 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Stunt Matrix==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{|class="wikitable" border="2" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!rowspan="3" |Contestant
! colspan="41" |'''Weeks'''
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |1
! colspan="2"rowspan="2" |2
! colspan="6" |3
! colspan="3"rowspan="2" |4
! colspan="2"rowspan="2" |5
! colspan="7" |6
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |7
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |8
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |9
! colspan="6" rowspan="2" |10
!colspan="2"rowspan="2" |11
|-
! colspan="3" | {{no wrap|Pre-Stunt}}
! colspan="3" | Stunt
! colspan="1" | {{no wrap|Captaincy/Stunt}}
! colspan="6" | Stunt
|-
|'''Tushar'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="#0087BD" |'''Water'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FF5F5F" |'''{{no wrap|Gross Food}}'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="Yellow" |'''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 33%, Yellow 33%, Yellow 66%, Plum 66%, Plum 100%); " | '''Animal+Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|bgcolor="#429E9D" | '''Tear Gas'''
|bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-

|'''Faisal'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" |'''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:Yellow " | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #ACD5F3 36%, #0087BD 36%);" | '''Ice+Water'''
| colspan="6" {{CEmpty}}
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-
|'''Mohit'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Animal+Water'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| style="background:Yellow " | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="#429E9D" | '''Tear Gas'''
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| rowspan="5" style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Animal+Vehicle'''
|style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Height+Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
|-
|'''Jannat'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Animal+Water'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" |'''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" |'''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Height+Water'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-
|'''Rubina'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #ACD5F3 50%);" | '''Height+Ice'''
| rowspan="6" style="background:#FF5F5F"|'''{{no wrap|Gross Food}}'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Animal+Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 25%, #66a5ad 25%, #66a5ad 50%, Yellow 50%, Yellow 75%, Plum 75%, Plum 100%); " | '''Animal+Dark+Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| rowspan="3" style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Height+Water'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-
|'''Kanika'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 33%, #66a5ad 33%, #66a5ad 66%, Orange 66%, Orange 100%); " | '''Animal+Dark+Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-
|'''Rajiv'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Height+Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 33%, #66a5ad 33%, #66a5ad 66%, Yellow 66%, Yellow 100%); " | '''Animal+Dark+Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|-
|'''Nishant'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, yellow 50%);" | '''Animal+Height'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #ACD5F3 50%);" | '''Height+Ice'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #FF4F00 50%);" | '''Height+Fire'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #ACD5F3 36%, #0087BD 36%);" | '''Ice+Water'''
|bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
|-
|'''Pratik'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" |'''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| colspan="7" {{CEmpty}}
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #FF4F00 50%);" | '''Height+Fire'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
|bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Animal+Vehicle'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Height+Water'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, Yellow 50%, Plum 50%);" | '''Height+Vehicle'''
|colspan="10" {{CEmpty}}
|-
|'''Sriti'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, yellow 50%);" | '''Animal+Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="Yellow" |'''Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| style="background:Yellow | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| colspan="14" {{CEmpty}}
|-
|'''Chetna'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" |'''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| colspan="20" {{CEmpty}}
|-
|'''Shivangi'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" | '''Water'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 33%, #66a5ad 33%, #66a5ad 66%, Orange 66%, Orange 100%); | '''Animal+Dark+Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#696969" |-
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| bgcolor="#B5651D" |'''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="Orange" | '''Shock'''
| bgcolor="#0087BD" |'''Water'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| colspan="30" {{CEmpty}}
|-
|'''Aneri'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" |'''Animal'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Animal+Water'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 0, #B5651D 33%, #66a5ad 33%, #66a5ad 66%, Orange 66%, Orange 100%); " | '''Animal+Dark+Shock'''
| bgcolor="#696969" | -
| style="background:#FF5F5F" | '''{{no wrap|Gross Food}}'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| bgcolor="#B5651D" | '''Animal'''
| colspan="36" {{CEmpty}}
|-
|'''Erika'''
| bgcolor="Plum" | '''Vehicle'''
| bgcolor="Yellow" | '''Height'''
| style="background:linear-gradient(to right, #B5651D 50%, #0087BD 50%);" | '''Animal+Water'''
| colspan="40" {{CEmpty}}
|}
</blockquote>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=#9C2542 |overall=|title=|airdate=|airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi S12|website=www.voot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/episodes/khatron-ke-khiladi/397/12/0/0|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 12|website=www.jiocinema.com}}</ref>|country=India|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Let the adventure begin!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|02|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/let-the-adventure-begin/1335438|title=E1 : Let the adventure begin!|website=www.voot.com}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Will Chetna conquer her fear?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|03|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/will-chetna-conquer-her-fear/1335621|title=E2 : Will Chetna conquer her fear?|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Rohit Shetty, the new competitor!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|09|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/new-episode/1339135|title=E3 : New Episode|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = One last chance for Rubina!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/one-last-chance-for-rubina/1339413|title=E4 : One last chance for Rubina!|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Rohit heralds the Atyachaar Week
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|16|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/rohit-heralds-the-atyachaar-week/1341816|title=E5 - Rohit heralds the Atyachaar Week|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Rohit's daring elimination tasks!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|17|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/rohit-s-daring-elimination-tasks/1342089|title=E6 : Rohit's daring elimination tasks!|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Get ready for a ride upside down!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|23|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/get-ready-for-a-ride-upside-down/1344055|title=E7 - Get ready for a ride upside down!|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Kanika-Rubina vs ostriches
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|24|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/kanika-rubina-vs-ostriches/1344346|title=E8 - Kanika-Rubina vs ostriches|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The relay race challenge
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|30|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/the-relay-race-challenge/1347984|title=E9 - The relay race challenge|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Jannat-Rajeev's icy showdown!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|31|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/new-episode-out-now/1348558|title=E10 - Jannat-Rajeev's icy showdown!|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = An electrifying task for the teams
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|06|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/new-episode-24-hours-before-tv/1351864|title=E11 : An electrifying task for the teams|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Captain Tushar rules
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|07|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/captain-tushar-rules/1352283|title=E12 - Captain Tushar rules|website=www.voot.com/}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = A fight for the 'K' medal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|13|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E13 - A fight for the 'K' medal |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/a-fight-for-the-k-medal/1355651 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = A wild accusation against Kanika!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|14|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E14 : A wild accusation against Kanika!|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/new-episode-24-hours-before-tv/1355985 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Creepy crawlies in a box
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|20|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E15 - Creepy crawlies in a box|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/creepy-crawlies-in-a-box/1358911 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = A shocking nomination for Jannat!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|21|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E16 - A shocking nomination for Jannat! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/a-shocking-nomination-for-jannat/1359259 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Rubina-Tushar ace the task!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|27|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E17 - Rubina-Tushar ace the task! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/rubina-tushar-ace-the-task/1362449 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Nishant-Faisal's final face-off
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|28|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E18 : Nishant-Faisal's final face-off |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/nishant-faisal-s-final-face-off/1362765 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = The week of fear begins!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|03|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E19 - The week of fear begins! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/the-week-of-fear-begins/1365582 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Fear fanda week special!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|04|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E20 - Fear fanda week special! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/fear-fanda-week-special/1365872 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Nishant displays his prowess!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E21 : Nishant displays his prowess! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/nishant-displays-his-prowess/1368587 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Race to the finale
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|11|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E22 : Race to the finale |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/race-to-the-finale/1368831 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Kanika-Nishant face humiliation
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|17|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E23 - Kanika-Nishant face humiliation |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/kanika-nishant-face-humiliation/1371522 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Nishant's position is in jeopardy!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|18|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E24 : Nishant's position is in jeopardy! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/nishant-s-position-is-in-jeopardy/1371855 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Jannat-Kanika's last chance!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|24|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E25 - Jannat-Kanika's last chance! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/jannat-kanika-s-last-chance/1374490 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = The final hurdle!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|25|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=E26 - The final hurdle! |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/the-final-hurdle/1374826 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

}}

==Guest appearances==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
! bgcolor="9C2542" |'''{{Font color|white|Week(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="9C2542" |'''{{Font color|white|Episode(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="9C2542" |'''{{Font color|white|Guest(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="9C2542" |'''{{Font color|white|Note(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="9C2542" |'''{{Font color|white|Ref.}}'''
|-
| Week 7
| Episode 13
| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| Video message
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-contestants-fight-k-medal-mohit-malik-sriti-jha-rubina-dilaik-kanika-mann-others-dangerous-stunts/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 contestants fight for 'K-Medal'; Mohit Malik, Sriti Jha, Rubina Dilaik, Kanika Mann and others do dangerous stunts |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6| Week 8
|rowspan=5| Episode 15
|Shakuntla Dilaik
|To support Rubina via video message
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-contestants-get-a-special-surprise-from-their-moms-in-the-mummy-special-week-as-rohit-shetty-presents-deadly-task/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Contestants get a special surprise from their moms in the Mummy special week as Rohit Shetty presents deadly task |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Sudesh Mann
| To support Kanika via video message
|-
|Mrs. Kalia
| To support Tushar via video message
|-
|Mrs. Adatia
| To support Rajiv via video message
|-
|Mrs. Jha
| To support Sriti via video message
|-
| Episode 16
|rowspan=3| [[Addite Shirwaikar Malik|Addite Malik]]
|rowspan=3| Video call
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-addite-malik-has-complaint-against-mohit-malik-heres-how-rohit-shetty-punishes-him-1174666|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Addite Malik has a complaint against Mohit Malik; Here's how Rohit Shetty punishes him|date=10 August 2022|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320052434/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-addite-malik-has-complaint-against-mohit-malik-heres-how-rohit-shetty-punishes-him-1174666|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Week 10
| Episode 20
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-tushar-kalia-nishant-bhat-help-mohit-malik-impress-girl-addite-malik-reacts-1169177|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Tushar Kalia, Nishant Bhat help Mohit Malik to impress a girl; Addite Malik REACTS|date=29 July 2022|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320052434/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-tushar-kalia-nishant-bhat-help-mohit-malik-impress-girl-addite-malik-reacts-1169177|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Week 12
| Episode 23
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-aditi-malik-pleasantly-surprises-mohit-malik-with-a-special-gift/articleshow/94268826.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Aditi Malik pleasantly surprises Mohit Malik with a special gift|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|Episode 26
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] and [[Varun Sharma]]
|To promote ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]'' on grand finale
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ranveer-singh-turns-back-as-his-tarbooja-is-praised-during-hatron-ke-khiladi-12-finale-101663680422302.html|title=Ranveer Singh is called 'nalayak', his 'tarbooja' is praised during KKK12 finale. Watch|date=20 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rajiv-adatia-writes-a-hilarious-letter-to-ranveer-singh-calls-him-nalayak/articleshow/94348980.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: Rajiv Adatia writes a hilarious letter to Ranveer Singh; calls him 'nalayak' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Reception==
The season opened with a TRP rating of 2.5 but soon the ratings dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naagin 6 enters top 10 TV shows; Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 slips to the third spot on TRP chart - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-6-enters-top-10-tv-shows-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-slips-to-the-third-spot-on-trp-chart/articleshow/93347574.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Times of India |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Anupamaa is the most-watched show again, Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 out of Top 10. On TV Rating War |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/anupamaa-is-the-most-watched-show-again-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-out-of-top-10-on-tv-rating-war-1992554-2022-08-25 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Ratings===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Week
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
|2.5
|2.4
|2.3
|2.2
| colspan="2" |2.0
|1.8
|2.0
| colspan="2" |1.5
|1.6
|1.4
|1.5
|-
! Rank
|colspan=3|2
|3
|4
|8
|11
|6
|16
|12
|16
|17
|14
|-
! colspan="2" | Ref.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARC TRP Week 27, 2022: ''Khatron Ke Khiladi 12'' attains second spot in its debut week |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rohit-shetty-show-give-tough-fight-to-star-plus-show-anupmaa-in-this-trp-week-see-top-five-shows-in-indian-television-22891252.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Jagran.com |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/tv/trp-list-27th-week-2022-khatron-ke-khiladi-rohit-shetty-on-the-trp-list-this-show-on-the-number-1-2022-07-14-865254|title=TRP List 27th Week 2022: 'खतरों के खिलाड़ी' का टीआरपी लिस्ट में बना दबदबा, नंबर 1 की गद्दी पर ये शो|first=Poonam|last=Shukla|date=14 July 2022|website=India TV Hindi News}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 reigns again in TRP charts followed by YHC, YRKKH and GHKKPM respectively in Week 28 of 2022|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/anupamaa-still-at-no-1-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-most-watched-reality-show-tv-rating-war-1978333-2022-07-21|access-date=2022-07-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP Report for Week 29 of 2022:Anupamaa and Khatron Ke Khiladi continue to reign in Top 2; Naagin 6 out of Top 5|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/trp-list-of-29th-week-naagin-6-not-in-top-10-anupamaa-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-continue-to-rule-in-trp-chart-2179393|access-date=2022-07-29|website=ABP Live|date=29 July 2022 |language=hindi}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anupamaa reigns again with slight drip, YHC enters top 2, KKK shifts to top 3, GHKKPM and Banni attains 4th and 5th positions respectively in Week 30 8f 3022|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/anupamaa-reigns-at-top-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-slips-to-no-3-on-tv-rating-war-1983682-2022-08-04|access-date=2022-08-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP Week 31, 2022: Anupamaa remains undefeated, GHKKPM gains 2nd spot, KKK slips to 4th position|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/trp-report-week-31-anupamaa-remains-undefeated-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-regains-2nd-spot-1175177|access-date=2022-08-11|website=Pinkvilla|date=11 August 2022|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811142854/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/trp-report-week-31-anupamaa-remains-undefeated-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-regains-2nd-spot-1175177|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List week 31: 'अनुपमा' ने फिर किया पहले पायदान पर राज, इन शोज के बीच दिखी भिड़ंत {{!}} News in Hindi |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/trp-list-week-31-anupamaa-imlie-kkk12-and-these-shows-are-in-top-5-chart/1299515/amp |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/trp-report-week-32-top-5-tv-shows-anupama-rating-number-one-kaun-banega-crorepati-could-not-find-place-at-top/433891|title=TRP List Week 32: पांच टीवी सीरियल को मिली एक जैसी रेटिंग, टॉप 20 में जगह नहीं बना पाया कौन बनेगा करोड़पति 14|date=19 August 2022|website=www.timesnowhindi.com}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-naagin-6-drop-from-top-10-most-watched-shows-trp-list-of-the-week/articleshow/93781676.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12, Naagin 6 drop from Top 10 most-watched shows; TRP list of the week - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2022 }}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/isalilsand/status/1565669759416315904?|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 TRP|website=www.twitter.com}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TRP Race: Anupamaa continues to rule the chart, Naagin 6 and Khatron Ke Khiladi slips out of top 10 TV shows - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trp-race-anupamaa-continues-to-rule-the-chart-naagin-6-slips-out-of-top-10-tv-shows/articleshow/94097849.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Times of India |date=9 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=TRP Race: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 disappoints, slips out of Top 10! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/trp-race-toshus-extramarital-affair-track-wins-as-anupamaa-tops-list-again-5965105.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=TV Rating War: Anupamaa gets tough fight from Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin; Poor Performance of Reality Shows! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-rating-war-anupamaa-gets-tough-fight-from-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-2003521-2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP Report Week 38: Anupamaa continues to hold top spot while Imlie numbers go down amid Sumbul, Fahmaan exit |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/trp-report-week-38-anupamaa-continues-to-hold-top-spot-while-imlie-numbers-go-down-amid-sumbul-touqeer-khan-fahmaan-khan-exit-article-94532417 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=TimesNow |date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi-12/ ''Khatron Ke Khiladi 12''] at [[Colors TV]]
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/12/1332890/ ''Khatron Ke Khiladi 12''] on [[Voot]]

{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12}}
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|12]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in South Africa]]

Karpagam College of Engineering

2026-01-08T15:52:00Z

MarielKrr8600268: entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}{{Short description|Institute in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox College
| name = Karapagam College of Engineering
| motto = Rediscover-Refine-Redefine
| established = 2000
| type = Private (autonomous)
| principal = Prof. Dr Karthigaikumar
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| campus = Suburban
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country =
| affiliations = [[Anna University]]
| nickname = KCE
| website = [http://www.kce.ac.in kce.ac.in]
}}
'''Karpagam College of Engineering''' is an autonomous institution of the Karpagam Charity Trust established in the year 2000. The college is one of the Karpagam Educational Institutions, affiliated with the Anna University of Chennai and approved by AICTE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karpagam College of Engineering – Free-Apply.com |url=https://free-apply.com/en/university/1035600586 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=free-apply.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also accredited by NBA, TCS, Microsoft{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} and [[Wipro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Best Engineering College In Coimbatore, Tamilnadu - KCE |url=https://kce.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UniversityKart |title=Karpagam College of Engineering: Courses, Admission 2025, Fees, Scholarship, Placements, Ranking |url=https://universitykart.com/university/universitydetails/karpagam-college-of-engineering-coimbatore |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=universitykart.com |language=English}}</ref> The programmes offered by the college include nine for undergraduates and five for postgraduates.

== History ==
The Karpagam Charity Trust was founded in 1989 by Dr. R. Vasantha Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.R.Vasanthakumar |url=https://kahedu.edu.in/naac/C-3/Website%20documents/3.3.2/12.pdf}}</ref> a renowned philanthropist and industrialist. Initially the trust established Karpagam Arts and Science College in 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karpagam Arts and Science College: Admission 2025, Fees, Scholarship, Coimbatore |url=https://www.collegebatch.com/3550-karpagam-arts-and-science-college-in-coimbatore-fs05 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=CollegeBatch.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> followed by Karpagam Polytechnic College in 1998, while Karpagam College of Engineering was started in 2000.

Karpagam College of Engineering was conferred with the autonomous status by the Anna University in the academic year 2007-2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI - 600 025 |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/PDF/Coimbatore/Karpagam%20college%20of%20Engineering.pdf}}</ref>

==Location==
10.8801° N, 77.0224° E

The campus is 26 km from Coimbatore, in the Myleripalayam village, Othakalmandapam post-641032.

== Academics==

=== Courses offered ===

==== Undergraduate programmes ====

* B.E. Civil Engineering
* B.E. Mechanical Engineering
* B.E. Computer Science and Engineering
* B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
* B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* B.E. Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber security)
* B.Tech Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
* B.Tech Information Technology

==== Postgraduate programmes ====

* MBA - Master of Business Administration
* MCA - Master of Computer Application
* M.E. Computer Science and Engineering
* M.E. CSE (Bigdata Analytics)

==== Technical Academy ====
The college offers special corporate-oriented technical training to the students with the establishment of an exclusive academy for technical courses viz., C Programming, OOP, Data Structure, Java Programming, Operating System, Database and Management System, Data and Algorithm Analysis, Advanced Java Programming, Unix/shell Programming.

==== ES Academy ====
The electrical and electronics oriented programmes offer additional in-depth knowledge to the students in an academy for the courses on microprocessors and microcontrollers, electronic circuits, and digital electronics.

=== Placement===
The placement cell of Karpagam College of Engineering started its effective functioning from October 2003, with a mission that graduates of Karpagam Educational Institutions should be ready to face the corporate scenario with self-confidence.

The recruiters list includes Microsoft, Amazon, IBM, HP, Zoho Corporation, [[Infosys]], [[EMC Corporation]], Oracle, Wipro, [[Tech Mahindra]], CTS, TCS, HCL, [[Accenture]], Odessa, Global Edge, L&T Info Tech, Soliton, i-Nautix, and i-Gate.

=== Student life===

==== Clubs ====
The clubs initiated for student activities in the campus include Robotics Club, ISTE Student Chapter, KCE Electronics Club, KCE-SAE Collegiate Club, Mini Bike and Go-Kart Car Club, KCE-CSI Student Branch, KCE-ISOI, KCE Software club, KCE- Product Development Club and KCE-Eco Care Club.

==== Extra-curricular ====
Extensive playing facilities are provided for the students with an area of six acres. Outdoor courts have been laid for games such as basketball, cricket and football, whilst indoor games such as carom, chess and table tennis are facilitated within the buildings, alongside a gymnasium. The college also supports the National Service Scheme and Youth Red Cross.

==== Symposiums ====
The department-wise symposiums are conducted every year to encourage and kindle the engineering spirits of students Dhruva (all department).{{clarify|date=September 2018}}

==== Cultural activity ====
A cultural festival, KonCurEnza, is celebrated every year in order to bring out the hidden talents of the students. The events are organised to encourage the youth in arts and literature and the best performers are awarded.

=== Infrastructure===
The campus consists of:
* computer laboratories that provide full-time internet access for the users and laboratories of each core department that provides genuine facilities for practical observance
* vast seminar halls
* a central library with around 65,984 books plus around 6191 numbers of back volumes and 3057 projects and 3137 CDs from various branches of engineering and technology
* a well maintained hostel with comfortable accommodation
* a cafeteria
* a store that satisfies daily necessities
* a fleet of 20 buses for the convenience of the faculty members and the students
* 10 centres of excellence, namely the IBM Centre of Excellence, Infosys Campus Connect, EMC Corporation, Oracle Workforce Development Centre, [[National Instruments]] LabView Academy, B&R Centre of Excellence, MEMS Centre of Excellence, Wipro Mission 10X programme, Microsoft Centre of Excellence and the Tech Mahindra Centre of Excellence for Infrastructure Management Services

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kce.ac.in kce Official website]
*[http://www.karpagam.edu.in KCE student website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Coimbatore]]

Manpreet Tiwana

2025-12-29T01:41:37Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created a details

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Music|date=August 2012}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name=Manpreet Tiwana
|image=
|alt=
|caption=
|image_size=
|landscape=
|background=non_performing_personnel
|birth_name=
|alias=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=[[Mehal Kalan]] village, [[Barnala district]], [[Punjab, India]]
|origin=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|genre=[[Music of Punjab|Punjabi folk and pop]]
|occupation=[[Songwriter]]/[[Lyricist]]
|instrument=
|years_active=
|label=
|website=
}}

'''Manpreet Tiwana''' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[songwriter]]/[[lyricist]] from [[Punjab, India]]. He was born on June 1, 1977, in Mehal Kalan, Punjab and spent his childhood there. In his childhood, he moved to Bathinda, the city of lakes, to pursue his life.

==Career==
He wrote songs for [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi films]] including ''[[Kabaddi Ik Mohabbat]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/kabaddi-ik-mohabbat-punjabi-film|title=Kabaddi Ik Mohabbat - Punjabi film - Punjabi Portal Articles|author=Punjabiportal|date=31 July 2010|publisher=www.punjabiportal.com|accessdate=23 Feb 2012}}</ref> Desi Munde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/-desi-munde-star-cast-comes-calling-to-city/296860.html|title=Desi Munde' star cast comes calling to city|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Also, he delivered judgments<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/students-display-talent-at-gku-youth-festival/203889.html|title=Students display talent at GKU youth festival|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> in various cultural activities such as youth festival of academic year 2015-16 of Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo. His famous songs are:
{| class="wikitable"
|Sr.No.
|YEAR
|ALBUM
|SONG
|SINGER
|-
|1
|1999
|Asin Reh Gaye Kalle
|Tere Hasseyaan Ne Maar Mukaye
|Varinder Boota
|-
|2
|2000
|Tera Rusna Manauna
|Jaan Ton Pyare
|Gora Chakk Wala
|-
|3
|2001
|Jaan Ton Pyare
|Jaan Ton Pyare
|Lovejeet
|-
|4
|2001
|Mitran Nu De Darshan
|Mitran Nu De Darshan
|Lovejeet
|-
|5
|2002
|Us kamli Diyan Yaadaan
|Gidha Paundi Dian
|Gurvinder Brar
|-
|6
|2003
|Dil Tadpde
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qeZniPrLvs Jina Rahaan Ch]
|[[Hakam Sufi]]
|-
|7
|2003
|Laung Taviteriaan
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-s3gowNVhU Laung Taviteriaan]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|8
|2003
|Guldasta Geetaan Da
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnn80-H9k1k Rangliyan Chunniyaan]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|9
|2004
|Mehndi
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIYXg4be-FI Mehndi]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|10
|2004
|Mehndi
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EE9xWyQ6sF0 Punian Da Chann]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|11
|2004
|Mehndi
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mj0YejYw6ls Sohni]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|12
|2004
|Mehndi
|Gabhru
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|13
|2004
|Udeekaan
|Maujaan
|Jagtar
|-
|14
|2005
|Phulkari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRXt03noXI Phulkari]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|15
|2005
|Phulkari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvM8UtIPQI4 Daultaan]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|16
|2005
|Phulkari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7U-hMSnfMk Put-Laadla]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|17
|2005
|Pardesi Ho Jana
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV5bhhKOFgw Nimma Nimma]
|Rakhi Hundal
|-
|18
|2005
|Pardesi Ho Jana
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07CoPaAuwsc Parde Ch Rakh Mundeya]
|Rakhi Hundal
|-
|19
|2005
|Need Kyon Ni Aaoundi
|Larda-Larda
|Rakhi Hundal
|-
|20
|2005
|Ishq Tera
|Jhalli
|Akashdeed
|-
|21
|2005
|Rangla Hassa
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1zWA_3eu_0 Mundri]
|Yugraj
|-
|22
|2005
|Rangla Hassa
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpvVkMYJkq0 Heer]
|Yugraj
|-
|23
|2005
|Nakhre Da Mull
|Tera ki Janda Si
|Jaswant Gill
|-
|24
|2006
|Vaisakhi-2006
|Mela
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|25
|2006
|Paani Akhiaan Da
|Tawitan Wale
|Gurvinder Brar
|-
|26
|2006
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Bhul Taan Ni Javenga
|Veer Davinder
|-
|27
|2006
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Jattan De Kake
|Veer Davinder
|-
|28
|2006
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Kagaz De Phul
|Veer Davinder
|-
|29
|2006
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Veer Davinder
|-
|30
|2006
|Phullan Wali Chunni
|Mitraan De Na Te
|Veer Davinder
|-
|31
|2006
|Risk
|Sunakheya
|Rajdeep Rano
|-
|32
|2006
|Mere Haaniyaan
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v4Y6_gz16s Doli]
|[[Rupinder Handa]]
|-
|33
|2006
|Das ki Sewa kariye
|J dukh hoya ta jhat dass dein
|Kulwinder Kanwal
|-
|34
|2006
|Baliye
|Pyaare
|Sonu Virk
|-
|35
|2006
|Dhan-Dhan Dharti Amritsar Di
|Daadi
|Parveen Bharta
|-
|36
|2007
|Jashan-2007
|Soude Dilan De
|Nirmal Sidhu & Minni Dilkhush
|-
|37
|2007
|Jashan-2007
|Jhanjraan
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|38
|2007
|Tere Darshan Karke
|Tere Darshan Karke
|Nirmal Sidhu & Minni Dilkhush
|-
|39
|2007
|Tere Bina Dil Na Lagge
|Sarpanch
|Bobby Gill & [[Miss Pooja]]
|-
|40
|2007
|Tera Mera Pyar
|Jind Katdi
|Vikram Sidhu
|-
|41
|2007
|Party
|Aitwaar
|Veer Sukhwant & [[Miss Pooja]]
|-
|42
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1XYWuipS-w Tere Utte Mar Mitti]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|43
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdVYG07UQF8 Chananian Raataan]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|44
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANqsUpE4nIo Udd Chaliye]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|45
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|Dukh Pardesan De
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|46
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|Naviye Bharjaiye
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|47
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|Khand Ban Jaani Aan
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|48
|2007
|Chubare Wali Baari
|Dhol Vajda
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|49
|2007
|Wanjara
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiQnKXpnYjQ Kaafle Wale]
|[[Hans Raj Hans]]
|-
|50
|2007
|Yaadan Pyar Dian
|Patli Naar De Gehne
|Hardeep
|-
|51
|2007
|Tohar Shoqina di
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hex-MNYNkVU Tohar Shoqina di]
|Jassi Sohal
|-
|52
|2007
|Tohar Shoqina di
|Munda
|Jassi Sohal
|-
|53
|2007
|Gori
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVBvNB1lLOI Gori]
|Jelly
|-
|54
|2008
|Awaz Punjab Di-2
|Maujaan
|Masha Ali & Neha
|-
|55
|2008
|Gabhru Di Jann
|Baraat
|Sukhwinder Sukhi
|-
|56
|2008
|Diljaniya
|Akhiaan
|Davinder Deol
|-
|57
|2008
|Diljaniya
|Sajna Tenu
|Davinder Deol
|-
|58
|2008
|Peenghan Pyar Diyan
|Peenghaan
|Gurjeet Rahal
|-
|59
|2008
|Peenghan Pyar Diyan
|Charkha
|Gurjeet Rahal
|-
|60
|2008
|Peenghan Pyar Diyan
|Boliyaan
|Gurjeet Rahal
|-
|61
|2008
|Gal Vakhri
|Dil Di Rani
|Jassi Sohal
|-
|62
|2008
|Saanwali
|Saanwali
|Sikander Brar
|-
|63
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Mere Malka
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|64
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfSz2pAi43Q Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|65
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Pyar Di Shuruaat
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|66
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Bekadre
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|67
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Maa De Sher
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|68
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Beriye Ni
|[[Balkar Sidhu]] & [[Manpreet Akhtar]]
|-
|69
|2009
|Hasdeyan De Ghar Vasde
|Kann Binn laye
|[[Balkar Sidhu]] & [[Manpreet Akhtar]]
|-
|70
|2010
|Parakh
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAviBUf-yiA Kabbadi]
|Sukhwinder Sukhi
|-
|71
|2010
|Ganni De Manke
|Pyari
|Dilbag Chahal
|-
|72
|2010
|Ganni De Manke
|Udne Sap Wargi
|Dilbag Chahal
|-
|73
|2010
|Folk Attack
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eaHBO2anKs Doriya]
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|74
|2011
|Face to Face
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV4FMzAUCX0 Face to Face]
|Jass Sadhu
|-
|75
|2011
|Face to Face
|Boliyan
|Jass Sadhu
|-
|76
|2012
|Pendu kake(Crazy Boys)
|Crazy Boys
|[[Balkar Sidhu]]
|-
|77
|2013
|Cut Like A Diamond
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn639vqJnyg Kehra La ke]
|[[Master Saleem]]
|-
|78
|2013
|Cut Like A Diamond
|Shaukeen Jatt
|Nirmal Sidhu & [[Miss Pooja]]
|-
|79
|2013
|Cut Like A Diamond
|Dukki-Tikki
|Meet Malkeet
|-
|80
|2013
|Wall Of Sirhind
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd3blPY8Lcg Sirhind]
|[[Harbhajan Mann]]
|-
|81
|2013
|Nakhro De Nakhre
|Nakhra Tera 2013 New Year
|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]
|-
|82
|2014
|Desi Yaar
|Boliyaan
|Veer Sukhvant - Renu Ranjit
|-
|83
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v67BgvuUUdQ Saun]
|[[Harbhajan Mann]]
|-
|84
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an4lF1-gCDQ Peengh]
|[[Jasbir Jassi]]
|-
|85
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFJnzGK7C_U Mann Aaiyan Gallan]
|[[Sarbjit Cheema]]
|-
|86
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgV_VIw47Co Chunni]
|Balkar Sidhu
|-
|87
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0PzbnQkF98 Jattiye]
|[[Harjit Harman]]
|-
|88
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAVD3BFjFbE Nanad Shaukeenan]
|[[Satwinder Bitti]]
|-
|89
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtlUTWcTiUE Khooh]
|Nirmal Sidhu
|-
|90
|2015
|Folk Flavour
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EpH-WV_tmA Boliyan]
|[[Pammi Bai]]
|-
|91
|2015
|Navin Viahi Jodi
|Navin Viahi Jodi
|Nirmal Sidhu
|-
|92
|2016
|Mahiya
|Mahiya
|Harinder Sandhu
|-
|93
|2016
|Qurbani
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfgD5kSRobk Qurbani]
|[[Ranjit Bawa]]
|-
|94
|2016
|Mulakataan
|Mulakataan
|Raj Aks
|-
|95
|2016
|Labour Chowk
|Labour Chowk
|Nirmal Sidhu
|-
|96
|2016
|Chadigarh Waliye
|Chadigarh Waliye
|Vikrant Maan
|-
|97
|2017
|Pasand
|Pasand
|Babbal Sidhu
|-
|98
|2017
|Not Time Pass
|Not Time Pass
|Jass Sandhu
|-
|99
|2017
|Photo
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM4HTLPWP9Y Photo]
|[[Jasbir Jassi]]
|-
|100
|2018
|Punjab
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeMaZ3iCNPE Punjab]
|[[Hans Raj Hans]]
|-
|101
|2018
|Sahe Chitthi
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ3hgIpbajE Sahe Chitthi]
|Jass Sandhu
|-
|102
|2019
|Tu meri care ni karda
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoX0317Qzx8 Tu meri care ni karda]
|[[Miss Pooja]]
|}

==References==
<ref>{{Citation|last=Amar Audio|title=MAHIYA (Full Video) {{!}}{{!}} HARINDER SANDHU {{!}}{{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2016 {{!}}{{!}} AMAR AUDIO|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSHTuuLkK9M&list=PLLV-6090FjQwxiNTmFiD-9KUwHpy7pnGl&index=8|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwana, Manpreet}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Barnala district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Captain (Indian Navy)

2025-12-28T14:21:33Z

MarielKrr8600268: refine layout per sources

{{Short description|Rank in the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox military rank
| name = Captain
| image = [[File:10-Indian Navy-CAPT.svg|60px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-5.svg|60px]]
| caption = Rank insignia of a captain of the Indian Navy
| image2 =[[File:IN SURG CAPT.png|60px]] [[File:SURG SLEEVE CAPT.png|60px]]
| image_size2 =
| caption2 =Rank insignia of Surgeon Captain of the Indian Navy
| image3 =
| image_size3 =60px
| caption3 =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| service branch = {{navy|India}}
| abbreviation = Capt/ Surg Capt
| rank = [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
| NATO rank =OF-5
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation =
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| lower rank = [[Commander]]
| equivalents = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] ([[Indian Army]]) [[Group captain (India)|Group captain]] ([[Indian Air Force]])
| history =
|pay grade=[[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|Level 13]]|rank group=''Senior officers''}}
'''Captain''' is a rank in the [[Indian Navy]]. [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] ranks above the rank of [[Commander]] and lower than a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]. It is equivalent to [[Colonel (India)|colonel]] in the [[Indian Army]] and [[Group captain (India)|group captain]] in the [[Indian Air Force]].

[[File:Potrait of Captain-Sharad-Sinsunwal.jpg|thumb|150px|Sharad Sinsunwal in captain insignia]]

==Terminology==
An officer in command of any [[warship]] is informally referred to as "the captain" on board, even if holding a junior rank. The formal title is ''[[Commanding officer]]'' (CO). Destroyers and frigates afloat were grouped into squadrons, which was commanded by the Captain (D) and Captain (F) respectively.<ref name="Capt (D)">{{cite web |title=PIB (Defence Wing) |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-11-06_337.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=6 November 1948}}</ref> Apart from operational command of the squadron, he also commanded the lead ship of the squadron.

To distinguish the rank from the junior rank of [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the [[Indian Army]], the term ''Captain (IN)'' is used.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Defence College |url=https://ndc.nic.in/FormerStaff.aspx?MenuId=9fsPy+KlrLAnIwEsuaB4ZA== |website=National Defence College |access-date=2021-06-25 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100649/https://ndc.nic.in/FormerStaff.aspx?MenuId=9fsPy+KlrLAnIwEsuaB4ZA== |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
On 21 July 1947, Commanders [[HMS Choudri]] and [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]] were promoted to the acting rank of Captain, the first Indians to attain the rank. Soman was appointed [[Chief of Personnel (India)|Chief of Personnel]] in this rank. After the [[partition of India]], Choudri opted to join the [[Pakistan Navy]] and rose to become the first native [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]].<ref name="higher_rank">{{cite web|title=Higher Ranks for Indian Officers of the R.I.N.|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-07-21_321.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=21 July 1947|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

==Appointments==
Captains in the Indian Navy command the important ships. Officers in the rank of captain also serve as [[executive officer]]s of shore establishments like [[INS Valsura]], [[INS Shivaji]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Officer {{!}} insshivaji |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insshivaji/content/executive-officer#:~:text=Captain%20Rohit%20Pant&text=Tech%20in%20Mechanical%20Engineering%20from%20Naval%20College%20of%20Engineering%2C%20INS%20Shivaji. |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Officer {{!}} insvalsura |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insvalsura/content/executive-officer#:~:text=Captain%20Arun%20Kumar%20Peri%2C%20(51703,alumnus%20of%2013th%20course%20NEC. |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> The [[naval attaché]]s and naval advisors at India's high commissions and embassies in most countries are officers of the rank of captain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers |url=https://www.eoibeijing.gov.in/officers.php |website=eoibeijing.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of India Tokyo, Japan |url=https://www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in/eoityo_pages/NQ,, |website=www.indembassy-tokyo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia : High Commission Officers |url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/high-commission-officers/ |website=www.hcicanberra.gov.in}}</ref> At Naval headquarters, captains hold the appointments of directors of directorates and branches.
===Indian Navy Medical Service===
Surgeon Captains in the [[Armed Forces Medical Services|Indian Navy Medical Service]] are usually appointed as [[Medical specialty|Head of Department]] in larger fleet hospitals such as [[INHS Asvini]], or as [[Commanding Officer|Commanding officers]] (CO) in smaller fleet hospitals such as [[Indian Naval Academy#INHS Navjivani|INHS Navjivani]], or may serve in a staff role as Fleet Medical Advisor.

==Insignia==
The badge of rank consists of four rings of gold braid with a loop in the upper ring. A captain wears [[gorget patches]] which are golden patches with white braids. In addition to this, the double-breasted [[reefer jacket]] has four golden sleeve stripes with a circle above.

==Pay scale==
Captains are at pay level 13, with a monthly pay between {{INRConvert|130600}} and {{INRConvert|215900}} with a monthly service pay of {{INRConvert|15500}}. This is the first selection-grade rank. The promotion to the rank can happen through selection or on time-scale basis. A minimum of 15 years of commissioned service is required for an officer to be considered in the selection grade. This is the highest rank which may be attained by officers on time-scale promotion if not promoted to captain by selection after 26 years of commissioned service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiJune 29 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |last2=June 29 |first2=India Today Web Desk New |last3=Ist |first3=India Today Web Desk New |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |date=29 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pay Scale of Officers - Join Indian Navy {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/pay-scale-of-officers.html |website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Military insignia|India Navy]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Navy]]

Aligarh Institute Gazette

2025-12-21T19:13:09Z

MarielKrr8600268: cleaned up structure for clarity and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = AMU Gazette
| cover =
| former_names = Aligarh Institute Gazette; Aligarh Institute Gazette of the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College; Muslim University Gazette; Aligarh Muslim University Gazette
| abbreviation = AMU Gaz.
| discipline =
| peer-reviewed =
| language = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| editor = [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]
| publisher = Syed Ahmed Khan
| country = India
| history = 1866–present
| frequency = Biweekly
| openaccess =
| license =
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| website =
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| link2 =
| link2-name =
| boxwidth =
}}
{{Aligarh Movement}}

The '''''Aligarh Institute Gazette''''' ({{Langx|ur|اخبار سائنٹیفک سوسائٹی|translit=}}) was the first multilingual journal of India, introduced, edited, and published in 1866 by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]<ref name="Muhammad1969">{{cite book|author=Shan Muhammad|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: A Political Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/sirsyedahmadkhan0000shan|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Meenaksi Parkashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sirsyedahmadkhan0000shan/page/172 172]–|quote=In the copies of The Aligarh Institute Gazette from its start to October 1897 the name of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Bahadur is clearly mentioned as the Editor.101 Copies of the journal from November 1897 to 1899 are not available even at Aligarh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Asghar Abbas|title=PRINT CULTURE- Sir Syed's Aligarh Institute Gazette, 1866–97|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-84082-29-1|edition=1st|year=2015}}</ref> which was read widely across the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Write back!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/write-back/article7561258.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=4 October 2015|date=20 August 2015|last1=Kidwai|first1=Shafey}}</ref> [[Theodore Beck]] later became its editor.<ref name="Sen2010">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=RA1-PA1876|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|pages=1–}}</ref> In 1921, it was renamed the '''''Muslim University Gazette''''', then later ''Aligarh Muslim University Gazette'' and ''AMU Gazette''.

== History ==

In 1864, a building named the Aligarh Institute was erected for the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh]], which launched its journal ''Aligarh Institute Gazette'' in the same year.<ref name="Moj2015">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Moj|title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLi2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|date=1 March 2015|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-388-6|pages=47–}}</ref> A joint mouthpiece of the Scientific Society and the Institute the journal came into weekly circulation from 30 March 1866 with the slogan "To permit the liberty of the Press is the part of a wise Government; to preserve it is the part of a free people."<ref name="Zakaria1986">{{cite book|author=Rafiq Zakaria|title=Rise of Muslims in Indian politics: an analysis of developments from 1885 to 1906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNq1AAAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Somaiya Publications|quote=On his transfer to Aligarh, it was considerably expanded and renamed the Scientific Society; its organ the famous Aligarh Institute Gazette was started on March 30, 1866. The same year he also formed the British Indian Association with the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamenta Scientiae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eMoAQAAIAAJ|volume=6|year=1985|publisher=Pergamon Press|pages=306–|quote=... policy of the cultivation of Western arts and sciences through the medium of the local languages the Society started a weekly newspaper the Aligarh Institute Gazette on 30 March 1866 with a slogan "to permit the liberty of the press is the part ...}}</ref> Part of the ''Gazette's'' contents were printed in Urdu alone, part in English, and a portion also in both languages.<ref name="Atkinson1875">{{cite book|author=Edward Atkinson|title=Descriptive and Historical Account of the Aligarh District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O54IAAAAQAAJ|year=1875|pages=403–|quote=In connection with the society, a newspaper called the Aligarh Institute Gazette is published. Part of its contents are printed in Urdu alone, part in English, and a portion also in both languages. It consists largely of extracts from the English ...}}</ref> The editorial team was composed of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Honorary Editor, Munshi Mohammad Yaar Khan as Editor, Munshi Chaukhan Lal as translator, Babu Durga Prashad as translator and Shaikh Fida Ali as Librarian and distribution incharge.<ref name="Muhammad2002">{{cite book|author=Shan Muhammad|title=Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : the Aligarh School|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&pg=PA10|year=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-275-2|pages=10–|quote= the Aligarh School Shan Muhammad ... his 'School' Syed started in 1866 the Aligarh Institute Gazette, a bi-weekly in two columns. ... Head Master English School, Aligarh and Honorary Secretary of the Society while the Vernacular columns were edited by Munshi Mohammad Yar Khan.}}</ref> The ''Aligarh Institute Gazette'' had a circulation of four hundred but played a key role in mobilizing the people and convey the message of the Society.<ref name="HoltLambton1977">{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Ann K. S. Lambton|author3=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA85|date=21 April 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8|pages=85–|quote=... to found a separate Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India to mobilize Muslim public opinion ... His 'Aligarh Institute Gazette had a circulation of no more than four hundred. ... In collaboration with the district officers, they played a leading role in the establishment of the Board of Trustees and in ...}}</ref><ref name="Pirzada2007">{{cite book|author=Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|title=Foundations of Pakistan: 1906-1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiVuAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Center of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University|isbn=978-969-415-078-9|page=xxxii|quote= And in 1903, the Aligarh Institute Gazette took up the task of mobilizing support for the proposal. The Gazette wrote that the Musalmans of India, on account of their religious unity, were fit to become a nation,2 and ...}}</ref>

In 1871 [[William Wilson Hunter]], a British civil servant in Bengal, published his famous book ''The Indian Mussalmans'', in which he raised questions about the loyalty of the Muslims to the British government and referred to the earlier military campaigns of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi to establish Muslim rule. Sir Syed's reaction to this book is described as follows:

"Sir Syed Ahmad Khan took Hunter's book very seriously, and vehemently criticized its contents by publishing a review on it. In the review he tried to argue that the jihad movement of Sayyid Ahmad [Barelvi] and his followers was directed solely against the Sikh rule in the Punjab and that it had nothing to do with the British government in India. He adopted an apologetic tone to convince the British authorities that the Indian Muslims, including the followers of Sayyid Ahmad [Barelvi], were not opposed to the British rule.
'The articles of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, which were published in The Pioneer and in the ''Aligarh Institute Gazette'', refuted William Hunter's ideas alleging that there was a widespread conspiracy among the Indian Muslims. He tried to convince the English readers and the British authorities that the accounts of William Hunter about the followers of Sayyid Ahmad and their jihad movement were not based on facts.'<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ahmadiyya.org/allegs/hamdard.htm |title = 19th century Indian Ulama repudiated Jihad against British rule}}</ref>

By 1876 the paper was jubilantly reporting the changing spirit of times.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ayesha Jalal|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|publisher=Routledge|location=Great Britain}}</ref>

Old archives (till 1944) of the ''Gazette'' can be found at [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nehrumemorial.nic.in/images/pdf/library/List%20of%20%20holdings%20on%20Microfilm.pdf |title=List of positive microfilms |access-date=30 September 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610002436/http://nehrumemorial.nic.in/images/pdf/library/List%20of%20%20holdings%20on%20Microfilm.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]
* [[Aligarh Muslim University]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{cite book
|author1=Asghar Abbas
|author2=Syed Asim Ali
|title=Print Culture: Sir Syed's Aligarh Institute Gazette 1866-1897
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHT-rQEACAAJ
|date=10 July 2015
|publisher=Primus Books
|isbn=978-93-84082-29-1}} {{Small|This book is based on a critical study of The Aligarh Institute Gazette covering the period 1866 97, a phase when India was slowly transiting to the modern age, with the spread of new political, social, educational and religious ideas. Numerous social movements too, were gathering steam during this period to reform the Indian society. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the founder of The Aligarh Institute Gazette, fought against obscurantist ideas and persuaded the Indian people to accept the impending changes.}}

== External links ==
* http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-musafir-to-london/278673
* http://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJSS/Vol30No12010/Final_PJSS-30-1-07.pdf
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812184319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/Sir-Syeds-message-of-reform-lost/2013/10/23/article1849811.ece ]
* http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=486&Query=..&Order=0&pp=10&View=0&RecView=1&HoldingsID=198 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111538/http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=486&Query=..&Order=0&pp=10&View=0&RecView=1&HoldingsID=198 |date=25 September 2015 }}
* http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1707/17070780.htm
* http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/History-Of-Press-In-Sub-Continent/154060
* http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/indian_newspaper_reports_parts_1_to_4/Detailed-Listing-Part-3.aspx

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

[[Category:Works by Syed Ahmed Khan]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Urdu-language journals]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1866]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Biweekly journals]]

Clivina arunachalensis

2025-12-16T10:52:56Z

MarielKrr8600268: done - done

{{short description|Species of beetle}}
{{speciesbox
|taxon=Clivina arunachalensis
|authority=Saha & Biswas, 1985<ref name="Saha & Biswas 1985"/>
}}
'''''Clivina arunachalensis''''' is a species of [[ground beetle]] in the subfamily [[Scaritinae]].<ref name=catlife/> It was [[species description|described]] by Saha & Biswas in 1985.<ref name="Saha & Biswas 1985"/><ref name=catlife/> It is known from [[India]].<ref name=catlife/> Its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Namdhapa in [[Tirap district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Saha & Biswas 1985"/>

Adult ''Clivina arunachalensis'' measure {{cvt|7.5|mm}} in length and are black in color.<ref name="Saha & Biswas 1985"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=catlife>{{Catalogue of Life |id=W9NW |title=''Clivina (Clivina) arunachalensis'' Saha & Biswas, 1985 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Saha & Biswas 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=S. K. |last2=Biswas |first2=S. |title=Insecta: Coleoptera Carabidae & Cicindelidae (Part I) |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India |date=1984 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.26515/rzsi/v82/i1-4/1984/161288 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13470229}}

[[Category:Clivina|arunachalensis]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1985]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
{{Clivina-stub}}

Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)

2025-12-12T05:55:16Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|Line of Hyderabad's metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Red Line
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color = {{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|red}}
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width = 350
| image_alt =
| caption = Red line metro at JNTU Station
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]
| system = [[Hyderabad Metro]]
| locale = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| start = Miyapur
| end = [[LB Nagar metro station|LB Nagar]]
| stations = 27
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = {{Start date|2017|11|29|df=y}}
| owner = {{ubl|[[Larsen & Toubro]] (90%)|[[Government of Telangana]] (10%)}}
| operator = Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL)
| character = Elevated
| depot = [[Miyapur]]
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| linelength_km = 29.21
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Hyderabad Metro Red Line Route}}
| map_state = expanded
| embedded =
}}
The '''Red Line''' is a part of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] system in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The line is 29.21 km long and spans 27 stations from [[Miyapur metro station|Miyapur]] to [[LB Nagar metro station|LB Nagar]]. It was funded by a [[public–private partnership]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Skywalks to connect Metro with schools & malls: NVS Reddy | Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/skywalks-to-connect-metro-with-schools-malls-nvs-reddy/articleshow/64103055.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Jyotika|date=26 July 2017|title=How metro rail networks are spreading across India|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ylEObaYWxcC7lGO2E2e4wJ/The-rise-of-metro-rail-network-in-India.html|website=Livemint}}</ref> with the state government holding a minority equity stake.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2007|title=EPC vs PPP in metro rail|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082910/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|archive-date=2 December 2007|access-date=18 April 2013|publisher=Projectsmonitor.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A special purpose vehicle company, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (L&TMRHL), was established by the construction company [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Next Station Is... | Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-next-station-is/292626|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=Eyeing non-fare revenues, L&T Metro Hyderabad takes up transit oriented development|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/eyeing-non-fare-revenues-lt-metro-hyderabad-takes-up-transit-oriented-development/article29167871.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref> to develop the Hyderabad Metro rail project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=N.V.S. Reddy to be AP Govt nominee on L&T Metro Rail board|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/N.V.S.-Reddy-to-be-AP-Govt-nominee-on-LampT-Metro-Rail-board/article20397817.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref><ref name="sixthyear">{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad metro on tricky track, running on losses | Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-metro-running-in-losses-rs-1300-crore-interest-per-annum-paid-for-rs-12k-crore-debt-nvs-reddy/articleshow/70527742.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The [[groundbreaking]] (''Bhoomi Puja'') for the project was conducted on 26 April 2012,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3356327.ece |title=L&T performs Bhoomi Puja for Hyderabad metro |date=26 April 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and construction began with pillar erection on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3500043.ece |title=L&T metro rail schedule on track |date=7 June 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A {{convert|11.3|km|mile|adj=on}} stretch of the Red Line from Miyapur to [[Ameerpet metro station|Ameerpet]], with 11 stations, was inaugurated on 28 November 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], and opened to the public the next day<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Metro: PM Modi inaugurates Hyderabad Metro Rail | Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pm-modi-inaugurates-hyderabad-metro-rail/articleshow/61833627.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi flags off Hyderabad Metro|url=http://www.express.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hyderabad-metro-4959534/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163208/https://www.express.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hyderabad-metro-4959534/|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> The remaining section from Ameerpet to LB Nagar was opened on 24 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/hyderabad-governor-esl-narasimhan-to-flag-off-new-ameerpet-lb-nagar-metro-line-on-september-24-1919196|title=Telangana Governor To Flag Off New Metro Line On September 24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

{{Fix|text=If there is a firm proposal to extend the line at both ends, should this be explained here?}}

==Construction==
Red Line sections were opened as indicated below.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|red}};" |'''Red Line'''
|-
! Stage
! Extension date
! colspan="2"|Terminal Stations
! Length
! Stations
|-
| 1 || 29 November 2017||[[Miyapur metro station|Miyapur]] ||[[Ameerpet metro station|Ameerpet]] ||11.3 km||11
|-
| 2 || 24 September 2018 ||Ameerpet || [[LB Nagar metro station|LB Nagar]] || 16.8 km ||16
|-
!colspan=2 |Total ||Miyapur||LB Nagar||{{convert|29.21|km|mi|abbr=on}}||27
|}

==Stations==
There are 27 stations and 16 proposed stations on the Red Line. All stations are elevated.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|red}};" |'''Red Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Opened
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Alignment
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|1
|Patancheru
|పటాన్చెరు
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|2
|ICRISAT
|ఐ సి ఆర్ ఐ ఎస్ ఎ టి
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|3
|R.C Puram
|ఆర్.సి పురం
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|4
|Beeramanguda
|బీరమంగూడ
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|5
|Jyoti Nagar
|జ్యోతి నగర్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|BHEL
|బి హెచ్ ఇ ఎల్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|Chanda Nagar
|చందానగర్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|8
|Madinaguda
|మదీనాగూడ
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|9
|Allwyn X Road
|ఆల్విన్ ఎక్స్ రోడ్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|10
|Miyapur X Road
|మియాపూర్ ఎక్స్ రోడ్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|11|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Miyapur}} || మియాపూర్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|12|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|JNTU College}} || జె ఎన్ టి యు కాలేజీ || 29 November 2017 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated
|-
|13|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|KPHB Colony}} || కె పి హెచ్ బి కాలనీ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|14|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Kukatpally}} || కూకట్‌పల్లి || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|15|| [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Balanagar metro station|Balanagar]] || బాలానగర్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|16|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Moosapet}} || మూసాపేట్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|17|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Bharat Nagar}} || భరత్ నగర్ || 29 November 2017 || [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad_MMTS|20x20px|up]] [[Bharat Nagar railway station|Bharat Nagar]]|| Elevated
|-
|18|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Erragadda}} || ఎర్రగడ్డ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|19|| ESI Hospital || ఇ.ఎస్.ఐ హాస్పిటల్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|20|| S.R. Nagar || ఎస్ ఆర్ నగర్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated
|-
|21|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Ameerpet}} || అమీర్‌పేట || 29 November 2017 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Blue|croute}}|| Elevated
|-
|22|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Punjagutta}} || పంజాగుట్ట || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|23|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Irrum Manzil}} || ఇరమ్ మంజిల్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|24|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Khairatabad}} || ఖైరతాబాద్ || 24 September 2018 || [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad_MMTS|20x20px|up]][[ Khairatabad railway station | Khairatabad]]|| Elevated
|-
|25|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Lakdi-ka-pul}} || లక్డీ-కా-పుల్ || 24 September 2018 || [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad_MMTS|20x20px|up]] [[Lakdikapul railway station|Lakdikapul]]|| Elevated
|-
|26|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Assembly}} || అసెంబ్లీ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|27|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Nampally}} || నాంపల్లి || 24 September 2018 || {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad Deccan]]|| Elevated
|-
|28|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Gandhi Bhavan}} || గాంధీ భవన్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|29|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Osmania Medical College}} || ఉస్మానియా మెడికల్ కాలేజీ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|30|| [[MG Bus Station metro station|M.G. Bus Station]] || ఎం జి బస్ స్టేషన్ || 24 September 2018 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Green|croute}} {{rint|bus}} [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]]|| Elevated
|-
|31|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Malakpet}} || మలక్ పేట || 24 September 2018 || [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad_MMTS|20x20px|up]][[ Malakpet railway station| Malakpet]]|| Elevated
|-
|32|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|New Market}} || కొత్త మార్కెట్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|33|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Musarambagh}} || ముసారాంబాగ్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|34|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Dilsukhnagar}} || దిల్ సుఖ్ నగర్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|35|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Chaitanyapuri}} || చైతన్యపురి || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|36|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Victoria Memorial}} || విక్టోరియా మెమోరియల్ || 24 September 2018 || None || Elevated
|-
|37|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|LB Nagar}} || ఎల్ బి నగర్ || 24 September 2018 || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Airport Shuttle]]
{{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Purple|croute}} (''Proposed'')
| Elevated
|-
|38
|Chintalkunta
|చింతలకుంట
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|39
|Vanasthalipuram
|వనస్థలిపురం
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|40
|Autonagar
|ఆటోనగర్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|41
|Lecturers Colony
|లెక్చరర్స్ కాలనీ
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|42
|RTC Colony
|ఆర్ టి సి కాలనీ
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|-
|43
|Hayatnagar
|హయత్‌నగర్
|Proposed
|None
|Elevated
|}

==Line Map==
{{maplink-road |from=RedLineHyderabadMetro.map}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hyderabad Metro|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Hyderabad Metro]]

Mayasura

2025-12-07T16:21:39Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|King of the danavas in Hindu scriptures}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| abode = [[Patala#Talatala|Talatala Loka]]
| father = [[Kashyapa]]
| mother = [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]]
| spouse = [[List of characters in Ramayana|Hema]] (in the ''[[Ramayana]]'')
| children = Mayavi Dundubhi [[Mandodari]] and Vyomasura
| type = hindu
| deity_of = Ruler of [[Patala#Talatala|Talatala Loka]]
| affiliation = [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]]
| siblings =
}}
'''Maya''' ({{langx|sa|मय}}) or '''Mayāsura''' ({{lang|sa|मयासुर}}), also called Maya Danava, is a figure in [[Hindu history]], described as the king of the [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danavas]], a race of beings descending from [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]]. He is known for his architectural expertise, credited with creating the [[Mayasabha]] (Hall of Illusions) for the [[Pandava]]s and [[Tripura (mythology)|Tripura]] (Three cities) for the sons of [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]]. In the ''[[Ramayana]]'', he is mentioned as the father-in-law of [[Ravana]].{{sfn|Māṇi|1998|pp=580–581}} He is presented as an architect of [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] (the illusory material reality). In the [[Surya Siddhanta]] 1.02, '''Mayāsura''' is described as a Daitya who received divine astronomical knowledge from the [[Surya|Sun God]] sometime around the end of [[Satya Yuga]].

== In the ''Mahabharata'' ==
Mayasura is mentioned to be a son of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]].{{sfn|Māṇi|1998|pp=580–581}}

Mayasura had befriended a [[Nāga]] named [[Takshaka]] and lived with him in the area of [[Khandavaprastha]] along with his family and friends, but when the [[Pandavas]] came there after the partition of [[Hastinapura]], [[Arjuna]] burnt the entire forest, forcing Takshaka to flee and killing everyone else. This made Mayasura decide to surrender to the [[Pandavas]]. [[Krishna]] was ready to forgive him and in return, Mayasura built a grand palace named [[Mayasabha]], where the [[Pandavas]] would perform the [[Rajasuya|Rajasuya Yagna]].

Mayasura also offers him gifts like a [[Bow and arrow|bow]], a [[sword]] etc. He gives a [[Gada (mace)|mace]] to Arjuna's brother [[Bhima]] named Vrkodara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&q=mayasura+in+Mahabharata&pg=PA491|title=History of Ancient India (A New Version)|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0616-1|language=en}}</ref> In some versions of the Mahabharata he also gives [[Arjuna]] the [[Gandiva]] bow.

== In the ''Ramayana'' ==
The ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'' of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions that during his visit to [[Svarga]] (heaven), Maya married an [[apsara]] (heavenly nymph) named Hema. They had two sons — Mayavi and Dundubhi — and a daughter [[Mandodari]], who later married [[Ravana]], the [[Rakshasa]] ruler of [[Lanka]] and the main antagonist of the epic. In some versions of the ''Ramayana'', Maya had another daughter named [[Dhanyamalini]], who also married [[Ravana]].

==In Folklores==
In [[Folklore of India|some folktales from Bengal]], Mayasura is married to [[Oladevi]], the goddess of [[cholera]].<ref name="VI">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Oladevi Oladevi - Banglapedia]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/culture/corona-mata-and-the-pandemic-goddesses | title=Corona Mata and the Pandemic Goddesses }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vishvakarma]]
*[[Mara (demon)]]
*[[Mamuni Mayan]]
*[[Oladevi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Danavas]]
[[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Jamia Nizamia

2025-12-04T01:19:31Z

MarielKrr8600268: rework references per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Islamic seminary in Hyderabad, India}}
{{distinguish|Nizamiyya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jamia Nizamia
| image_name = JamiaNizamia.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1876}}
| type = [[Islamic seminary]]
| affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| endowment =
| founder = [[Anwarullah Farooqui]]
| chancellor = Mufti Khaleel Ahmed
| vice_chancellor = Mohammed Saif Ullah
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| state = Telangana
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|17.36040|78.46469|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations =
| website = [http://www.jamianizamia.org/ www.jamianizamia.org]
| logo = Jamia Nizamia logo.jpg
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Manuscriptlib.jpg|thumb|Grand Mufti of Palestine Shaykh [[Ekrima Sa'id Sabri]] at Jamia Nizamia]]
'''Jamia Nizamia''' more properly, '''Jami'ah Nizamiyyah''', is one of the oldest [[Islamic seminaries]] of higher learning for [[Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hyderabad-seminary-issues-fatwa-against-viral-malayalam-song201802151837190003/|title=Hyderabad seminary issues fatwa against viral Malayalam song}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Now-a-fatwa-to-sing-Vande-Mataram/articleshow/1964371.cms|title=Now, a fatwa to sing Vande Mataram|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 September 2006 }}</ref> located in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].

== History ==
It was founded by [[Anwarullah Farooqui]], honorifically known as Fadilat Jung (the title was bestowed upon him by the [[Nizam]]), in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in 1876.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ramzan-activities-in-city-will-be-kept-low-key-in-wake-of-covid-19/articleshow/75169400.cms|title=Ramzan activities in Hyderabad will be kept low-key in wake of Covid-19 | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2020 }}</ref> It flourished under the patronage of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]. It is located in the Hussaini alam area of today's old city, Hyderabad.

Over the last 146 years the Jamia has preserved the understanding of Islam and its sciences by the means of unbroken chains of Islamic authorization, viz, the [[Ijazah]] and the [[Isnad]], which go back fourteen centuries to tie the institution and its scholars to [[Muhammad]]. It was mainly known due to the scholarly works accomplished by the faculty of the Jamia Nizamia in the late 19th and 20th centuries that the [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] served as a major hub of academic activities for the sub-continent. The Jamia constitutes a major part of Islamic history in the sub-continent, particularly, the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].

== Organisation ==
Jamia Nizamia has not the status of a university or deemed to be university according to the Indian University Grants Commission Act of 1956 and, therefore, can not confer or grant degrees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009183806/http://www.education.nic.in/htmlweb/he-centraluniversities-list.htm Central Universities. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)] Retrieved on 2007-10-05 from internet archive</ref> According to the Jamia Nizamia website, their "[[Moulvi]]", "[['alim|Alim]]", "Fazil" and "[[Kamil]]" are recognized by [[Osmania University]] as equivalent to degrees in oriental languages such as B.A.L. and M.A.L. After passing exams in English language prescribed for B.A., Fazil-passed students can be given admission to M.A. at Osmania University. Although previously the students would only be given admission into the Faculty of Oriental Languages at Osmania University, in 2022, Fazil certified graduates can directly gain admission into the MA Arabic, Faculty of Arts at Osmania University. Further recognizing universities would be [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Al-Azhar]] of Egypt, Jamia [[Umm al-Qura University|Umm al-Qura]] of Mecca, the [[Islamic University of Madinah]] and the University of [[Kuwait]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jamianizamia.org/certificates-en.php |title=Jamia Nizamia Website: Recognition |access-date=17 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216200834/http://www.jamianizamia.org/recog.htm |archive-date=16 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Jamia set up the Girls College in 1995.<ref>[http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.2000/community.htm Jamia Nizamia to have Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232053/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.2000/community.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''Islamic Voice'', August 2000</ref>

[[Arabic]] language students found employment in Arabic [[call center]]s in the last years, and student enrollment at Jamia Nizamia soared from 500 to 1,300 between 2004 and 2007.<ref>[http://www.bpotiger.com/2007/05/arabic_call_center_jobs_lapped.html Arabic call center jobs lapped up by Jamia Nizamia univ students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120092122/http://www.bpotiger.com/2007/05/arabic_call_center_jobs_lapped.html |date=20 November 2008 }} sulekha, 29 May 2007</ref>

The Jamia Nizamia budget in 2004–2005 was 97,72,000.00 INR (US$220,000),<ref>Jamia Nizamia Website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030523061001/http://www.jamianizamia.org/budget.htm Budget 2000-01]: 78,97,480.00 INR, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831091031/http://jamianizamia.org/budget.htm Budget 2004-05]: 97,72,000.00 INR, [http://jamianizamia.org/budget.htm Budget 2006-07]: 3,27,21,892.85 INR</ref> expenditure in 2004–2005 was 1,41,56,000 INR (US$31,5000 in 2004).<ref>Jamia Nizamia Website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030523061215/http://www.jamianizamia.org/exp.htm Expenditure 2000-01]: 72,21,000 INR, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831091347/http://jamianizamia.org/exp.htm Expenditure 2004-05]: 1,41,56,000 INR, [http://www.jamianizamia.org/exp.htm Expenditure 2006-07]: 2,24,71,803 INR</ref>

== Research ==
The scholars of Jamia Nizamia researched and published around 1000 books including rare Arabic [[Manuscript]]s which are the essential books for Islamic knowledge. The project was mainly accomplished under the auspices of another research institute known as the Dairatul Ma'arif an-Nizamiyyah or Dairat al- Ma'arif al-Uthmaniyyah. The graduates of Jamia Nizamia established the Lajnah Ihya al-Ma'arif an-Nu'maniyyah which enabled them to advance research and publish Arabic manuscripts pertaining to the [[Hanafi]] fiqh, in particular, and Islamic legal theories in general.

== Fatwa ==
A fatwa is basically a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a qualified jurist in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government to him.

The jurists also answer questions asked weekly by subscribers to the ''Siasat'' and the ''[[Etemaad]] Daily'' in print, and fatwas are available through email.<ref name="JN fatawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamianizamia.net/fatawa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701151721/http://www.jamianizamia.net/fatawa.html |archive-date= 1 July 2007 |url-status=dead |title=Welcome to Jamia Nizamia - Hyderabad India |access-date=28 July 2015 }}</ref> In 2003–2004, fatwa fees earned 40,000.00 INR.

Fatwas covered a wide range of topics:
*2000: In 2000, a fatwa banned Muslim actors like ([[Shabana Azmi]]) from performing "acts of polytheism" (such as ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'') on screen and asked them to denounce themselves being Muslims if they can't follow it.<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/iol-english/dowalia/news-6-3-2000/topnews3.asp Indian Muftis Ban Acting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625193458/http://www.islamonline.net/iol-english/dowalia/news-6-3-2000/topnews3.asp |date=25 June 2004 }} Islamonline, 6 March 2000, [http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/03shab.htm Fatwa against Shabana Azmi] by Syed Amin Jafri in Hyderabad, 3 March 2000</ref>
*2005: In another fatwa, the Jamia Nizamia had absolved [[Qadi|qazi]]s from responsibility for data such as age, previous marriages that is entered on the nikahnama forms in relation to the bride.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090108181059/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0805/167.html ‘Fatwa’ allows 4x1 weddings], ''The Asian Age'', 23 August 2005</ref>
*2005: In October 2005, Jamia Nizamia issued a fatwa calling [[suicide bombing]]s Un-Islamic.<ref>"Suicide bombings un-Islamic: Fatwa",'' The Asian Age'', 17 October 2005</ref>
*2007: A fatwa was issued in 2007 against the state government's move to provide reservations or [[Reservation in India|quota]]s to Muslims in education and employment on the basis of [[caste]] system.<ref>[http://www.andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=24261 Fatwa against caste-based quotas in AP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141440/http://www.andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=24261 |date=7 July 2011 }} 20 June 2007</ref>{{better source|date=June 2022}}
*2022: A fatwa was issued by Jamia Nizamia in September 2022, stated that Islamic punishment for blasphemy cannot be administered in a democratic, non-Islamic country like India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/death-penalty-fatwa-not-for-india/articleshow/93977642.cms|title='Death penalty fatwa not for India'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2022 }}</ref> Legal avenues must be explored and no individual has right to enforce this Islamic punishment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/islamic-punishment-for-blasphemy-cannot-be-administered-in-a-democratic-non-islamic-country-fatwa/article65841753.ece|title=Islamic punishment for blasphemy cannot be administered in a democratic, non-Islamic country: Fatwa|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 September 2022 |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed }}</ref> The fatwa stated that enforcing Sharia penalties is the exclusive domain of [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]].

==Notable alumni==

* [[Abul Wafa al-Afghani]], former Shaykh Ul Fiqh of Jamia Nizamia and Founder of Ihya Al Ma’arif An Nomaniya
*[[Muhammad Hamidullah]], Islamic scientist, translator of the Qur'an in French and Muslim jurist
*[[Abdul Haleem Chishti|Abdul Halim Chishti Nomani]], Pakistani Islamic scholar and librarian

==See also==
*[[List of Islamic educational institutions]]
*[[Al-Azhar Al-Sharif]]
*[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]
*[[Mazahir Uloom]]
*[[Darul Uloom Waqf]]
*[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]]
*[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
*[[Jamiatur Raza]]
*[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
*[[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]]
*[[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]]
*[[Manzar-e-Islam]]
*[[Ma'din]]
*[[Umm al-Qura University]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.jamianizamia.org}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jamia Nizamia| ]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1876]]
[[Category:Education in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Barelvi Islamic universities and colleges]]

Geevarghese Ivanios (Malankara Orthodox)

2025-12-02T01:37:47Z

MarielKrr8600268: stub

{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Geevarghese Mar Ivanios
| honorific_prefix = His Grace
| image = Geevarghese Mar Ivanios (Malankara Orthodox).jpg
| title = [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Metropolitan of Kottayam]]
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| consecration = May 15, 1985
| birth_name = George
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|11|14}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|04|12|1940|11|14}}
| buried = Mar Baselios Dayara, Njaliyakuzhy, Kottayam
| alma_mater = [[Oxford University]]
}}
'''Geevarghese Mar Ivanios''' (14 November 1940 – 12 April 2013) was a Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/geevarghese-mar-ivanios-passes-away/article4610525.ece |date=9 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Geevarghese Mar Ivanios passes away
}}</ref> He was an eminent theologian, writer, and spiritual teacher of the Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/07/13/catholica-bawa-drew-spiritual-power-from-silent-meditation.html |date=13 July 2021 |work=[[OnManorama]] |accessdate=3 June 2025 |title=HH Baselios Marthoma Paulose II drew spiritual power from silent meditation}}</ref>

==Early life==
George was born to K. George and Annamma on 14 November 1940 in [[Madurai]]. His parents were [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Mar Thoma Protestants]], and the family relocated to [[Kollam]] when George was four. During his college days, he drew close to the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and developed a personal relation with Met. Mathews Mar Coorilos of Kollam (later [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Varghese |first=Jacob |date=3 April 2021 |title=LL HG Geevarghese Mar Ivanios – Apr 12 / Man of Unceasing Prayer – Radiance of Orthodox Spirituality and Monasticism |url=https://oneinchrist.in/ll-hg-geevarghese-mar-ivanios-12-april-i-8th-commemoration/ |website=oneinchrist.in}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, at the age of twenty-one, George received chrismation and became a member of the Church. He was ordained as a deacon in March 1963 by Mar Coorilos, and left for England, where he lived among the [[Society of St John the Evangelist|Cowley Fathers]] and obtained M.A. in Christian Theology from the [[Oxford University]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |chapter=Visudhiyude Oru Harithakalam |last=Zacher |editor=T. J. Joshua |date=2014 |title=Visudhiyude Oru Harithakalam |publisher=Baselian Books |pages=25-26}}</ref>

==Priesthood==
He returned to Kerala in 1971 after being invited by Philipose Mar Theophilos to teach Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek at the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]. George was ordained as priest by Mar Coorilos in December 1973 at the Seminary, where he taught for seven years.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |date=2024 |title=Oru Sanyasiyude Saundarya Darsanam |publisher=Sopana Academy |page=8}}</ref> Diagnosed with cancer in 1978, he was treated and cured at [[Cancer Institute (WIA)|Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai]]. In March 1979, he was ordained as a hieromonk (''ramban'') by [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]].<ref name=":1"/>

The Malankara Association on 28 December 1982 in Thiruvalla elected K. G. George ''Ramban'' along with four others to the office of the episcopate. Subsequently, on 15 May 1985, he was consecrated as Geevarghese Mar Ivanios at St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthiyacavu, and appointed as [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Metropolitan of the Kottayam Diocese]] on 1 August 1985.<ref name=":0"/>

==Death==
Mar Ivanios died on 12 April 2013. The funeral service led by [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]] took place on the next day, at Mar Baselios Dayara, Njaliyakuzhy.

==Works==
* മൗനത്തിന്‍റെ ലാവണ്യം (''Maunattiṉṟe Lāvaṇyaṁ''; "Beauty of Silence").
* നിർലേപം (''Nirlēpaṁ''; "Untaintedness").
* ഹൃദയശുദ്ധീകരണം (''Hr̥dayaśuddhīkaraṇaṁ''; "Purification of the Heart").
===Translations===
* ''The Beauty of Silence'', translated by Rincy Raju (Kottayam: Mashikkoottu, 2023).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Jagat Ram

2025-10-14T18:44:20Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagat Ram
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pabiana village, [[Sirmaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]] affiliated to [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| occupation = [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = [http://pgimer.edu.in/PGIMER_PORTAL/PGIMERPORTAL/GlobalPages/JSP/Page_Data.jsp?dep_id=113 PGIMER Director]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jagat Ram''' is an [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologist]] and former director of [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER) Chandigarh, India.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mahajan | first=Manoj | title=PGI Director Jagat Ram completes year in office, lists achievements | website=The Tribune | date=2018-03-16 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pgi-director-jagat-ram-completes-year-in-office-lists-achievements/558549.html | access-date=2019-08-18 | archive-date=2019-08-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818121716/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pgi-director-jagat-ram-completes-year-in-office-lists-achievements/558549.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jagat Ram was born in family of humble background at Pabiana village in [[Sirmaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Dhaliwal 2017">{{cite web | last=Dhaliwal | first=Tanbir | title=Dr Jagat Ram is new director of PGIMER, Chandigarh: Know him and his priorities | website=Hindustan Times | date=2017-03-17 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dr-jagat-ram-is-new-director-of-pgimer-chandigarh/story-XzOgtGfKg1k8cy1ZpputJL.html | access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> He used to walk daily for a distance of about 10 km to reach his high school in Rajgarh.<ref>{{cite web | title=Prof Jagat Ram journey to PGI Director marked by many hurdles | website=United News of India | date=2019-08-18 | url=http://www.uniindia.com/prof-jagat-ram-journey-to-pgi-director-marked-by-many-hurdles/states/news/1031077.html | access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/i-almost-missed-admission-in-pgimer-recalls-dr-jagat-ram/story-DGQlbE50PlN2mpAzbYNUFJ.html|title=I almost missed admission in PGIMER, recalls Dr Jagat Ram|date=2017-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> He completed MBBS from [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]], Shimla, affiliated to [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in 1978 and later completed residency in MS in Ophthalmology from PGIMER in June 1982.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rajta | first=Subhash | title=Padma Shri for PGI head | website=The Tribune | date=2019-01-26 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/padma-shri-for-pgi-head/719313.html | access-date=2019-08-18 | archive-date=2019-07-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728223212/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/padma-shri-for-pgi-head/719313.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ram was head of department of ophthalmology at PGIMER.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pgimer-is-a-victim-of-its-own-popularity-people-have-high-hopes-chandigarh-4597054/|title='PGIMER is a victim of its own popularity…people have high hopes'|date=2017-04-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> In 2015, he received the Oscar of Paediatric Ophthalmology at the World Congress of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rajta | first=Subhash | title=PGI Director honoured | website=The Tribune | date=2019-07-07 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pgi-director-honoured/798243.html | access-date=2019-08-18 | archive-date=2019-08-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818121717/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pgi-director-honoured/798243.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He assumed office of Director at PGIMER in March 2017 when he had 24 awards to his credit.<ref name="Dhaliwal 2017"></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dr-jagat-ram-new-pgimer-director-4574424/|title=Dr Jagat Ram new PGIMER director|date=2017-03-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> He was conferred [[Padma Shri]] award by the President of India in January 2019. In 2019, he completed 40 years in PGIMER.<ref>{{cite web | title=Big honour, says PGI head on Padma Shri | website=The Times of India | date=2019-01-26 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/big-honour-says-pgi-head-on-padma-shri/articleshow/67695242.cms | access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

*[[Category:Medical doctors from Himachal Pradesh]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Jagat}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research alumni]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]

Santiniketan Leather Goods

2025-10-10T05:49:55Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding some data needs work.

{{Short description|Leather products from a region of India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Santiniketan Leather Goods
| image = Santiniketan_4426.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Boxes made of goat leather
| alternative names = শান্তিনিকেতনের চর্মজাত সামগ্রী
| description =
| type = Leather art
| area = [[Santiniketan]] and nearby cluster of villages
| country = India
| registered = July 2007
| material = Leather
| official website = }}

'''Santiniketan Leather Goods''' are leather products made in [[Santiniketan]] and surrounding villages near [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. The material used is vegetable tanned leather with art work done by touch dyeing.<ref name=Ghosh>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=R.D.|url=http://www.ediindia.org/DSR/Diagnostic%20Study%20Report%20for%20Leather%20Goods%20Cluster,%20Santiniketan%20-%20Part.pdf|title=Diagnostic Study Report For Leather Goods Cluster, Santiniketan|access-date=10 February 2016|publisher=Government Of India:Small Industries Service Institute|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216174742/http://www.ediindia.org/DSR/Diagnostic%20Study%20Report%20for%20Leather%20Goods%20Cluster,%20Santiniketan%20-%20Part.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its artistic leather bags are popular in foreign markets and are exported to many countries including Japan and the U.S.{{Sfn|Basu|1990|p=28}} They are generally made of [[E. I. Leather]] (East India Leather) from sheepskin and goatskin.<ref name=Ghosh/>{{Sfn|Virginia|1974|p=187}}

This product has been registered for protection under the List of [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical indications]] of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. In July 2007, it was listed as "Santiniketan Leather Goods" under the GI Act 1999 of the [[Government of India]] with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Class 18 Handicraft goods vide application number 509 for the dated 12 July 2007.<ref name=Journal>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_38.pdf|title=Geographical Indications Journal 29|date=14 February 2011|access-date=10 February 2016|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

==History==
Production was started as a cottage industry about 80 years ago in a few villages surrounding Santiniketan and marketed at the Bhuban Danga Market. The craftsmen of the villages were trained under the Rural Development Programme of [[Visva-Bharati University]] at Santiniketan.<ref name=Ghosh/>

==Process of manufacture==
The vegetable tanned skins used in production have the quality of permanently retaining the [[Leather crafting#Stamping|embossed]] imprint of motifs or [[batik]]s. A cotton pad or a glass, which has a smooth surface, is used to make the grains of the leather shine.<ref name=Ghosh/>

==Raw materials==
The raw materials used in making these goods are classified according to the grain quality and smoothness as E.I. Tanned leathers of sheepskin or goatskin that are dyed with vegetable colours. Three leather types are defined: "Paper" which has a coarse grain and spots is the skin of larger goats or sheep, and "Bind" and "Kid" which are both derived from smaller animals and are of superior quality. Other materials used to make the final product include paper board of varying thickness, cotton, velvet or silk for lining, foam rubber for padding, natural dyes and spirit, rubber solution, and assorted sundries.<ref name=Ghosh/>

===Process===
The E.I. tanned leathers, which are marketed in rolls with three or four skins, are coated with a preservative of [[Epsom salt]] to inhibit [[oxidation]]. The skins, after intensive washing, are immersed in a wooden vat or pit. They are then taken out and flattened by pulling and then dried. After drying, designs are drawn on the leather and the leather is cut to the required size to make the desired products.<ref name=Ghosh/>

===Products===
The products manufactured and marketed are in the form of coin bags, chappal, handbags, pouches, jewelry boxes, pencil boxes, eyeglass covers, bags, ladies' bags, piggy banks, cushion covers, sandals, wallets, and many more.<ref name=Ghosh/>

==Santiketan leather goods picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Showroom Interior - Amar Kutir Complex - Ballavpur - Birbhum 2014-06-29 5619.JPG|Santiketan leather goods and other handicraft items on sale at [[Amar Kutir]]
File:Santiniketan leather bag.jpg|Santiniketan leather bag with batik design
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|last= Basu |first=Āśīsha |title=Handicrafts of W. Bengal: A Retrospect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIHWAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Ashish Basu}}
*{{cite book|last= Virginia |first= University of |title=The Tanner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFBQAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=M. Raja}}

{{Santiniketan}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Leather goods]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Leather industry in India]]

Satgachi

2025-10-10T05:48:52Z

MarielKrr8600268: Adding new page v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Satgachi
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in South Dumdum
|image_skyline = Jessore Rd, Satgachi (Dum Dum).jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Jessore Rd, Satgachi
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6151|N|88.4186|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700028
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Satgachi''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6202|88.4138}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Satgachi
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6202|88.4138}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===
Newly established Nagerbazar police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Satgachi areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Post office ===

Jugipara Satgachi has a delivery sub-post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700028 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Nagerbazar is another post office with the same PIN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/jugipara-satganchi-kolkata-28/|title=Jugipara Satgachi Post Office|publisher=|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
The [[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] and the [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]] are nearest railway stations.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]] of [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] are the nearest metro stations.

=== Auto ===
Autos are available towards [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]] and [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment]] railway stations from Nagerbazar Auto stand which is located near Nagerbazar Crossing. Autos are also available towards [[Baguiati]] via Dakshinpara from Satgachi Auto stand.

==Markets==
Markets near Satgachi area are:
* Nagerbazar Market
* Dum Dum Park Market

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

New Market Ward

2025-10-02T18:05:20Z

MarielKrr8600268: Starting Basic Stub Nd Citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = New Market Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.669477|N|94.102363|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''New Market Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 8 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Daklane Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%208%20-%20New%20Market%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 8|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Modern School
* New Market Government High School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map8.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 8]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Arakere, Arsikere

2025-09-15T22:58:34Z

MarielKrr8600268: started basic details basic info

{{Other uses|Arakere (disambiguation){{!}}Arakere}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arakere Village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|22|31|N|76|07|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Arsikere
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2206
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 573112
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:0.95 (M:F) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Arakere''' is a village in [[Arsikere]], [[Hassan District]] of [[India]]. It is located in the southern state of [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. [[Banavara]] is only 6 km to village too nearest town to Arakere village distance from its Taluk Main Town Arsikere Arakere is 41.1 km distance from its District Main City Hassan. And 165 km distance from its State Main City Bangalore.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 India census]], Arakere had a population of 2,235 with 1,131 males and 1,104 females spread over 560 households.<ref name=census2011HassanDistrict>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6765/download/9842/DDW_PCA2920_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |title=PCA(Town Village): Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level - Karnataka / Hassan}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130314113604/http://www.arasikeretown.gov.in/ https://web.archive.org/web/20130314113604/http://www.arasikeretown.gov.in/]

{{Settlements in Hassan district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hassan district]]

{{Hassan-geo-stub}}

Puneet

2025-09-11T16:23:51Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{wikt|sa:पुनीत}}
'''Puneet''' is an Indian male given name and it may refer to
* [[Puneet Beniwal]], Indian actor
* [[Puneet Bisht]], Indian cricketer
* [[Puneet Datey]], Indian cricketer
* [[Puneet Issar]], Indian actor
* [[Puneet Mehra]], Indian cricketer
* [[Puneet Nath Datt]], Indian army officer
* [[Puneet Rajkumar]], Indian actor and singer
* [[Puneet Singh Ratn]], Indian actor
* [[Puneet Sira]], film director

== See also ==
* {{In title|Puneet}}
* {{Intitle|Puneeth}}
* {{In title|Punit}}
* [[Punita Arora]], Indian Navy officer
{{Disambiguation}}

Madras Boat Club

2025-09-10T21:55:43Z

MarielKrr8600268: Created entry.

{{Short description|Indian rowing club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox rowing club
| ClubName = Madras Boat Club
| ClubhouseImage =
| BladeColourImage =
| Emblem =
| Emblemsize =
| Location = Chennai
| Coordinates = {{coord|13|1|N|80|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| Founded = {{Start date and age|1867}}<ref name=:0 />
| Motto =
| Membership = 1,600<ref name=:0 />
| HomeWater = Chennai
| Website = {{URL|http://madrasboatclub.com/}}
| Affiliations =
| Events =
| Distinctions =
| NotableMembers = M. M. Muthiah
}}
The '''Madras Boat Club (Adyar Boat Club)''' is one of the oldest rowing centres in India, located in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The area adjoining it is the most expensive locality in [[South India]].

==Background==
A small group of Englishmen in [[Madras]] (now called Chennai) founded the club in 1867.<ref name=:0>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/...-A-lifetime-by-the-river/article17068134.ece |title=A lifetime by the river |author=Deepa Alexander |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 January 2017}}</ref> There are records to show that the club was first started in the backwaters of Ennore, and pictures of the rowing course lying alongside the sailing course are still available in the club's archives. Quite possibly sailors, with some rowing involvement back in England, devised the idea of setting up the rowing facility.

Later, in 1892, the club was moved to its present location on the banks of the Adyar river. The early records of the club reveal that in 1874–75 there was a membership of about 32 rowing members and 24 non-rowing members.

In 1898, the club coat of dark blue with brass buttons and the club monogram was adopted by the then committee. The original design is still in use today without modification. Inter-club and intra-club regattas were conducted quite regularly during those years, and the extensive press coverage that the sport received was indicative of its popularity. One name that figures often in the early records is that of F. H. Wilson for his sculling prowess.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In 1933, the Amateur Rowing Association of the East was formed, and the Madras Boat Club was one of its founder members. In the inaugural regatta of the ARAE in 1933 at Pune, MBC won the Willingdon Fours and the Venables Pairs trophies. Through these early years, the club maintained a commendable record of participation and performance in inter-club regattas.

The [[Madras-Colombo Regatta]] is the annual [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] encounter between the [[Colombo Rowing Club]] and Madras Boat Club. It has been held since 1898 and is widely believed to be among the oldest inter-club regattas in the world. The premier event, the Men's Boat Race is the second oldest inter-club boat race in the world, second only to the Oxford-Cambridge [[Boat Race]]. The Boat Race trophy is among the most prestigious trophies awarded. Winners of the men's regatta are awarded the Deepam Trophy, while the overall winners of the women's regatta are awarded the Adyar Trophy.

==First Indian President==
In 1967, M. M. Muthiah became the club's first Indian president. At that time the club had very limited resources and it strived to keep interest alive. In order to generate fresh interest in the sport, in 1966 students were brought in as members, and today they form the hub of the rowing activity. In 1967, the centenary year of the club, MBC won the prestigious Willingdon Fours at the ARAE regatta.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Enthusiasm was never lacking in the club and several people have contributed to its growth. In the early seventies, Borun Chanda introduced a pattern of organised coaching and training and this paved the way for better performances on the water. It was not long before the results showed; in 1972 MBC won the Willingdon trophy and followed it up the very next year by winning all the three trophies at the ARAE regatta.

==Indian National Rowing Championships==
After a few years, the Rowing Federation of India was formed, primarily through the efforts of the members of the Madras Boat Club. In 1977 the first Indian National Rowing Championship was held in Calcutta. Tamil Nadu was represented by rowers from the Madras Boat Club. At the 1980 Nationals at Calcutta, MBC rowers helped Tamil Nadu win the gold in the Coxed Fours event.

The 1981 Nationals at Pune saw one of the best performances. The MBC team representing Tamil Nadu won four of the available six gold medals and was awarded the shield for the 'Best team in Tamil Nadu' by the Tamil Nadu Sports journalist's Association.

==International Games==
At the 1982 Asian Games at New Delhi, rowing was introduced as a sport for the first time. The rowing events were held on the [[Ramgarh Lake]] in Jaipur. Several members of the MBC contributed in conducting this major event: Chacko Kandathil was one of the Indian coaches, Gopal Madhavan officiated as an International umpire, and S. Ravi and M. V. Sriram were selected to form part of the Indian team.

The year 1983 saw the Indian team participate in the World Rowing Championship for the first time, with Borun Chanda was the Chief Coach. The club had always extended its facilities to any organisation involved in the sport. Several of the nominees of the Tamil Nadu Amateur Rowing Association were permitted to use the club's facilities for the purpose of training.

==Female Participants==
Changes were in store in 1988 as women began to prove their skills in the sport. Five girls, Vijaya Chari, Arati Rao, Gayatri Acharya, Pavitra Rao and Chatura Rao (cox), began training under national coach, Chacko Kandathil. They were put through a systematic pattern of training and the girls showed the greatest commitment. The efforts paid off, and for three years they emphatically dominated the women's rowing scene in the country, winning every national event during the period. In 1989 they were selected to represent India at the Asian Rowing Championships at Chandigarh, where they won two silver medals - lightweight and open. Later in 1990, they were again selected as the lightweight coxless four for the Asian Games, at Beijing. They thus became the first all-MBC crew to represent India. Their consistent performances earned them the shield for the 'Best team in Tamil Nadu' from the Tamil Nadu Sports Journalist's Association.

The eighties saw a phenomenal growth in the activities of the club. The number of members grew. What was a mere seventy-five at the turn of the century was by the early eighties over a six-hundred. This called for better administration. Again contributions came from several members. Raja Bangara, who has been President of the club for eight years in the recent past, is one of the significant contributors. He steered the club to safe waters and in the matter of finance, stood it firmly on its two feet.

==Modern Era==
In the 1990s the club witnessed sweeping changes. The club acquired a number of modern facilities, and it is today proudly one of the best-equipped rowing clubs in the country. The club acquired a full complement of the latest boats and oars from U.S.A.

Today, the club faces new challenges. The very survival of the sport is threatened by the condition of the Adyar river. Besides the unchecked pollution that has been taking place, the river stands so badly silted that the stretches of water available for training and racing is far from what is required. Dredging has not only become imperative but urgent. The club finds itself in a position, unable to sort out these problems by itself and requires the active help of the government.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Sports}}
* [[Rowing Federation of India]]
* {{Official website|1=http://www.madrasboatclub.com/}}
''(Excerpted from https://www.angelfire.com/id/mbc/main.html - an unofficial and now defunct website of Madras Boat Club)''

{{Chennai Topics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rowing clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 1867]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]

Inner Ring Road, Pune

2025-08-11T06:53:30Z

MarielKrr8600268:

{{Distinguish|Outer Ring Road, Pune}}
{{Copy edit|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Planned road in Pune, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{infobox road
| country =IND
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=4|zoom=10|frame-lat=18.5398|frame-long=73.8697|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q60|title=Pune City}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes =
| name = Pune Inner Ring Road
| image =
| length_km = 105
| length_round =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Alandi]]
| junction =
: {{jct|NH|60|country=IND}} in [[National Highway 60 (India)|Pune - Nashik Highway]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} in Mumbai - Pune section of highway
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} in [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} in Pune - Bengaluru section of highway
: {{jct|NH|965|country=IND}} in Pune - Saswad - Palkhi Marg
: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} in Pune - Solapur Highway
: {{jct|NH|753F|country=IND}} in [[National Highway 753F (India)|Pune-Ahmednagar Highway]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Katraj]]
| formed =
| history =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| maint = [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], [[Pune Municipal Corporation]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
| cities = [[Pune]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
}}

'''Pune Inner Ring Road''' ('''PMRDA Ring road''') is a ring road currently under construction around the city of [[Pune]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pmrda.gov.in/project-1.html|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority|website=pmrda.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> The Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) claimed that the road will decrease traffic congestion and provide better access to the fastest growing areas. The road will be 173 km long and serve twenty-nine villages by connecting all highways around the city.<ref name=":0" /> The cost of building the route is estimated at {{INRConvert|104.08|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maharashtra-State-Road-Development-Corporation-revives-ring-road-plan/articleshow/13017362.cms|title=Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation revives ring road plan | Pune News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 May 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]], [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] and [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] are responsible for the road plan and purchase of the required land. The Public Works Department suggested that the Design-Finance-Build-Operate-Transfer model be used.{{What|date=February 2025}}

==History==
On 12 July 2007, Maharashtra Chief Minister Sri [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] proposed a ring road around city of Pune. The Pune District Guardian Minister proposed that the road be 120 meters wide with service roads.

On 16 January 2014, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] approved the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation's proposal for preparing a detailed project report.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://accommodationtimes.com/pune-ring-road-plan-by-msrdc-gets-approved-by-state-govt/|title=Pune Ring Road plan by MSRDC gets approved by state govt|date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

The government announced the formation of the authority on 2 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-Metropolitan-Region-Development-Authority-formed-after-18-yr-wait/articleshow/46776425.cms|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority: Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority formed after 18-yr wait |website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> The authority prioritizes [[Pune Metro|Metro]] and Ring Road works and promises to turn these plans into reality. On 26 July 2015, Pune NCP{{clarify|What is NCP?|date=September 2022}} leader Ajit Pawar described irregularities in the detailed project report. The Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] announced a new survey, and the work was given to the authority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Ajit-Pawar-admits-to-irregularities-in-DP/articleshow/48220955.cms|title=Ajit Pawar admits to irregularities in DP|website=The Times of India|date=26 July 2015 }}</ref> On 7 November 2015, authority completed the land survey. Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation planned to take measures to commence construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Land-survey-for-ring-road-over/articleshow/49706345.cms|title=Land survey for ring road over|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2015 }}</ref>

On 8 November 2019, ''[[Times of India]]'' reported that according to the Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority, only 24% of the needed land had been used for the first phase and "officials are awaiting central funds to speed up the project."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lack-of-funds-hits-ring-road-project/articleshow/71962160.cms|title=Pune: Lack of funds hits ring road project|date=November 8, 2019|first=Nisha|last=Nambiar|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmrda-awaits-rs-2000cr-from-centre-for-ring-road/articleshow/69640247.cms|title=PMRDA awaits Rs 2,000 crore from Centre for ring road |date=June 4, 2019|first=Nisha|last=Nambiar|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>

==Details==
The ring road will be 105 km long when completed. The road will consist of 2 lanes on both sides, and will include eight flyovers, four bridges over railways, seven viaducts, fourteen subway roads, thirteen tunnels (with a total subterranean distance of 3.75 km), and will cost an estimated ₹104.08 billion (US$1.5bn). The total land used for the project will be 48 hectares (118.6 acres) of government-owned land, and 25 hectares (61.8 acres) of privately owned land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/project-1.html|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority|website=www.pmrda.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==Planning==

This project will be completed in four phases:<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ranjit|last=Gadgil|date=2009-04-07|title=04. Ring Road Proposal|url=https://www.slideshare.net/rgadgi/04-ring-road-proposal}}</ref>

# Phase 1: Theurphata - [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] - Kesnand - Wagholi - Charholi - Bhavdi - [[Tulapur]] - [[Alandi]] - Kelgaon - Chimbli - [[NH 60]]
# Phase 2: [[NH 60]] - Chimbli Moi - Nighoje - Sangurde - Shelarwadi - [[Chandkhed]] - Pachne - [[Pimpaloli|Pimploli]] - [[Rihe]] - Ghotawde - Pirangutphata
# Phase 3: Pirangutphata - [[Bhugaon]] - Chandni Chowk - [[Ambegaon]] - [[Katraj]]
# Phase 4: Ambegaon - Katraj - Mangdewadi - [[Wadachiwadi]] - Holkarwadi - Wadkinaka - Ramdara - Theurphata - [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]]

==See also==

* [[Outer Ring Road, Pune]]
* [[High-capacity mass transit route, Pune]]
* [[List of roads in Pune]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.slideshare.net/rgadgi/04-ring-road-proposal Ring Road (Pune) Presentation]
* [https://www.pmrda.gov.in/index The Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]
* [https://archive.today/20130126194559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-13/pune/31689054_1_ring-road-plan-mobility-plan-transport Now, Urban development department to focus on traffic, transport woes]
* [http://www.projectsmonitor.com/ROADWAY/consultants-for-ring-road-in-pune Consultants for Ring Road in Pune]

{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Transport in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]