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Autograph (2023 film)

2026-06-10T03:58:25Z

MarieDevore: quick corrected page to improve readability and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Autograph – Ek Japun Thevavi Ashi Lovestory
| image = Autograph film poster.jpg
| caption = Television release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Satish Rajwade]]
| screenplay = Ashwini Shende Bagwadkar [[Satish Rajwade]]
| story = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] ({{abbr|'''uncredited'''}}) [[Satish Rajwade]]
| producer = Sanjay Chhabria, Ashwin Anchan
| starring = [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] [[Urmilla Kothare]] [[Manasi Moghe]]
| cinematography = Suhas Gujarathi
| editing = Faisal Mahadik
| studio = {{ubl|Everest Entertainment|STV Networks}}
| distributor = [[Star Pravah]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|5|14}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Autograph – Ek Japun Thevavi Ashi Lovestory''''' ({{Translation|Autograph – A love story to be preserved}}), also known as '''''Autograph''''', is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language [[Romantic Drama]] film directed by [[Satish Rajwade]] and produced by Sanjay Chhabria and Ashwin Anchan under the banners of Everest Entertainment and STV Networks. The film is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004), it stars [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Urmilla Kothare|Urmila Kothare]], and [[Manasi Moghe]] in the lead roles. The story of the film is a unique perspective on relationships, heartbreaks, and the memories that are worth treasuring throughout life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Autograph Movie Release Date: 'या' दिवशी रिलीज होणार 'ऑटोग्राफ' सिनेमा, जपून ठेवावी अशी एक Lovs Story |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/article/autograph-movie-release-date-30-th-december/447484 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=timesnowmarathi.com |language=mr}}</ref>

The film released directly on television for the [[Star Pravah]] channel on 14 May 2023, prior to its theatrical or OTT release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=24 April 2023 |title=ऑटोग्राफचा वर्ल्ड टेलिव्हिजन प्रीमियर 'या' दिवशी होणार |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/autograph-ankush-choudhary-amruta-khanvilkar-film-world-television-premiere-1170356 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Samar<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=21 July 2022 |title=Autograph : एक जपून ठेवावी अशी लव्हस्टोरी 'ऑटोग्राफ', अभिनेता अंकुश चौधरी झळकणार मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ankush-chaudhari-amruta-khanvilkar-and-urmila-kothare-starrer-autograph-upcoming-marathi-movie-announcement-1081708 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Julia<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amruta Khanvilkar: I am a go-getter and a workaholic; I never take things easy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/amruta-khanvilkar-i-am-a-go-getter-and-a-workaholic-i-never-take-things-easy/articleshow/95998309.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=5 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Urmilla Kothare|Urmila Kothare]] as Saavni<ref>{{Cite web |title=ब्रेकअप झालंय , त्रास होतोय ना..? कानात हेडफोन्स घाला आणि...उर्मिला कोठारेची पोस्ट चर्चेत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/urmila-kothare-instagram-post-about-her-upcoming-movie-autograph-marathi-movie-song/articleshow/96052867.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Manasi Moghe]] as Anushka<ref>{{Cite web |title=First song 'Ogha Oghani ' from Manasi Moghe's 'Autograph' out now! - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/first-song-ogha-oghani-from-manasi-moghes-autograph-out-now/articleshow/95822028.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Femina Miss India}}</ref>
* Tanvi Malpekar
* Mangala Kenkre

== Production ==
The film was officially announced on 18 July 2022, with the release of a motion poster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title=Marathi New Film Autograph: लवकरच मराठीत येतेय जपून ठेवावी अशी Lovs Story, 'ही' खास जोडी रंगवणार स्पेशल प्रेमकहाणी |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/article/amruta-khanvilkar-and-ankush-chaudhari-new-marathi-film-love-story-autograph-teaser-launch-directed-by-satish-rajwade/425515 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=timesnowmarathi.com |language=mr}}</ref>

This is Chaudhari and Rajwade's third collaboration; they previously collaborated on ''[[Gaiir]]'' and ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=अंकुश सांगणार ऑटोग्राफवाली लव्हस्टोरी, पुन्हा एकदा दिसणार 'या' दिग्दर्शकासोबत |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/ankush-choudharys-new-autograph-movie-release-soon-mhsz-733772.html |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> Khanvilkar was then a part of ''Gaiir'', while Kothare was a part of ''Ti Saddhya Kay Karte''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=अंकुश आणि अमृताची लव्हस्टोरी दिसणार 'ऑटोग्राफ'मध्ये, नव्या चित्रपटाची घोषणा |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/satish-rajvade-upcoming-movie-autograph-amruta-khanvilkar-ankush-chaudhari-141658138921486.html |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urmila Kothare: 'मनात लपवून ठेवलेली लव्ह स्टोरी...', हे काय म्हणाली उर्मिला? Marathi Actress |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/urmila-kothare-marathi-actress-post-about-her-autograph-marathi-movieppm81 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ogha Oghani
| length1 = 3:00
| lyrics1 = Abhishek khankar
| music1 = Hrishikesh Saurabh Jasraj
| extra1 = [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]] [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]]
| title2 = Adhure Adhure
| length2 = 2:58
| lyrics2 = Trupti Garad
| music2 = Mandar Apte
| extra2 = Mandar Apte
| title3 = Premat Aahe Me
| length3 = 2:33
| lyrics3 = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| music3 = Troy Arif
| extra3 = Harshavardhan Wavre Jyotsna Navandar
| title4 = Tulach Disate
| length4 = 3:15
| lyrics4 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| music4 = Hrishikesh Saurabh Jasraj
| extra4 = [[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
| total_length = 11:46
}}

== Release ==
The film was set to be released in theatres on 30 December 2022, alongside [[Riteish Deshmukh]]'s [[Ved (film)|''Ved'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=23 October 2022 |title='ऑटोग्राफ' चित्रपटाचा टीझर रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/autograph-teaser-release-ankush-choudhary-amruta-khanvilkar-movie-1113466 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> The film's release date was postponed for unknown reasons. The film released directly on television for the [[Star Pravah]] channel on 14 May 2023, prior to its theatrical or OTT release.<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|[[Ankush Chaudhari]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=मुंबई |first=ब्युरो रिपोर्ट, साम टीव्ही |date=5 September 2023 |title=कलाकारांच्या सन्मानासाठी रंगणार 'फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान' सोहळा |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/fakt-marathi-awards-show-will-take-place-on-15th-september-sh04 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Saam TV {{!}} साम टीव्ही |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=18 September 2023 |title=Fakt Marathi Awards {{!}} फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान सोहळ्यात ‘वाळवी’ ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट,सचिन पिळगावकर यांच्या कारकिर्दीला सलाम {{!}} Navarashtra (नवराष्ट्र) |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/walvi-movie-received-award-in-fakt-marathi-cine-sanman-sohla-nrsr-459415/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Urmila Kothare]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra Times|MaTa Sanman]]
| rowspan="3" |2024
|Best Lyricist
|Trupti Garad (for song "Adhure Adhure")
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=MaTa Sanman 2024 LIVE Updates: सुमन कल्याणपूर यांना 'मटा'चा महाराष्ट्र भूषण'; तर महेश काळेंना युवा आयकॉन पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mata-sanman-2024-awards-live-news-awards-nominees-marathi-entertainmen-industry-updates/liveblog/108300098.cms |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|Mandar Apte (for song "Adhure Adhure")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Director
|Ajit Dandekar
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |Sanskruti Kaladarpan
| rowspan="7" |2024
|Best Actor
|Ankush Chaudhari
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|Best Actress
|Amruta Khanvilkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Urmila Kothare
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Faisal Mahadik, Imran Mahadik
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Suhas Gujarathi
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|Mandar Apte (for song "Adhure Adhure")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Trupti Garad (for song "Adhure Adhure")
|{{nom}}
|-
|International Iconic Awards Marathi
|2024
|Best Actor
|Ankush Choudhari
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners IIA – Marathi – International Iconic Awards |url=https://internationaliconicawards.com/winners-iia-marathi/ |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8427466}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Autograph - Ek Japun Thevavi Ashi Lovestory}}
[[Category:Films directed by Satish Rajwade]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 direct-to-video films]]

2024 Virudhunagar explosions

2026-04-25T16:59:19Z

MarieDevore: adding details.

{{Short description|2024 accident in Thane, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox disaster
| date = {{start date|df=y|2024|2|17}} {{start date|df=y|2024|6|29}}
| location = [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| cause = [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents|Fireworks explosion]]
| reported deaths = 14
| reported injuries = 8+
}}

On 17 February 2024, a fire broke out following an [[fireworks accident|explosion at a firecracker]] factory in [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ten people were killed and more than seven were injured. On 29 June 2024, another explosion at a different fire cracker unit near [[Sattur]], resulted in four deaths and one injury.

== Background ==
[[Virudhunagar district]] is a major centre for [[fire cracker]] with nearly 90% of the fire cracker production of the country manufactured here. The firecracker units are located in rural areas, employ cheap local labour and often do not follow safety norms. Several accidents have been reported due to mishandling of chemicals and poor safety norms.<ref name="DH"/><ref name="IE"/>

== Incidents ==
At 12:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] 17 February 2024, an explosion at a fire cracker manufacturing unit at Ramuthevanpatti village in Virudhunagar district, [[Tamil Nadu]]. The factory was involved in the production of [[fire crackers]] and the inflammable chemicals, resulted in a fire and further explosions. The fire started in the chemical mixing room and spread to nearby areas, resulting in the explosion. Ten people were killed and more than seven were injured in the explosion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fireworks-factory-explosion-near-tamil-nadu-sattur/article67857598.ece|title=10 dead, six injured in blast at fireworks unit in Tamil Nadu’s Sattur|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430151257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fireworks-factory-explosion-near-tamil-nadu-sattur/article67857598.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/mishap-tn-fireworks-factory-9166740/|title=10 die in TN cracker unit blast, official points to ‘human error’|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315223459/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/mishap-tn-fireworks-factory-9166740/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2024, a similar explosion at a fire cracker unit near [[Sattur]] resulted in a fire, that killed four people and injured one. The fire started when chemicals used in the manufacture ignited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/four-workers-killed-in-explosion-at-tamil-nadu-fireworks-unit/articleshow/111357770.cms?from=mdr|title=Four workers killed in explosion at Tamil Nadu fireworks unit|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 June 2024|access-date=29 June 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000135/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/four-workers-killed-in-explosion-at-tamil-nadu-fireworks-unit/articleshow/111357770.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-firecracker-manufacturing-unit-explosion-death-toll-virudhunagar-2560013-2024-06-29|title=Blast at Tamil Nadu firecracker factory, 4 killed, Chief Minister announces aid|work=[[NDTV]]|date=29 June 2024|access-date=29 June 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000135/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-firecracker-manufacturing-unit-explosion-death-toll-virudhunagar-2560013-2024-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Tamil Nadu Disaster Response Force]] (TNDRF) and [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]] were involved in [[fire control]], search and rescue operations. The injured were rescued and treated in nearby hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/four-workers-killed-in-blast-at-fireworks-units-near-sattur/article68347217.ece|title=Four workers killed in blast at fireworks unit near Sattur|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2024|access-date=29 June 2024|archive-date=29 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629094911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/four-workers-killed-in-blast-at-fireworks-units-near-sattur/article68347217.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin]] announced an [[ex-gratia]] of {{INRconvert|300|k}} for the next of the kin who were killed.<ref name="DH">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/explosion-at-firecracker-unit-in-tamil-nadus-virudhunagar-2899032|title=10 dead, 7 injured in explosion at firecracker unit in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329234445/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/explosion-at-firecracker-unit-in-tamil-nadus-virudhunagar-2899032|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-workers-killed-1-injured-in-firecracker-unit-blast-in-tamil-nadu-cops-5996611|title=4 Workers Killed, 1 Injured In Firecracker Unit Blast In Tamil Nadu: Cops|work=[[NDTV]]|date=29 June 2024|access-date=29 June 2024|archive-date=29 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629125537/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-workers-killed-1-injured-in-firecracker-unit-blast-in-tamil-nadu-cops-5996611|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fireworks accidents and incidents}}
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virudhunagar explosions, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:February 2024 in India]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Fireworks accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Chemical disasters]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in India]]

Nagullanka

2026-04-23T06:50:12Z

MarieDevore: made new article

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagullanka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Scenic Greenery of Nagullanka Village by Prasad SVD.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Scenic Greenery by Kotikalapudi
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|31|58|N|81|52|22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nagullanka''' ({{audio|Nagullanka.ogg|pronunciation of Nagullanka}}) is a village in [[Konaseema district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[P.Gannavaram]] [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Nagullanka covers a vast portion of the delta area of the [[Godavari]] river. This village is located on the north-east coast of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is bounded by [[Amalapuram]] on the [[north]] and by [[Bay of Bengal]] on the [[south]] and by [[West Godavari district]] on the [[west]]. It is situated between the northern latitudes of 16* 30' and 18* and between 81* 30' and 82* 30' of the eastern longitudes. Nagullanka village is verry good natural village.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nagullanka}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Maharaja Kam Dev Mishra

2026-04-16T18:14:39Z

MarieDevore: made data

{{Short description|Ruler in north India (1438–1532)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Kamdev Misir
| title = [[Maharaja|Raja|Rao]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| reign = 1462-1527 (the [[Maharaja|Rao]] of [[Pahargarh Estate]]) 1527-1530 ([[Raja]] of [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehabad]]) 1530-1532 (ruler of [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]] estate)
| coronation =
| predecessor = Maharaja Jayarajadev Misir
| successor = Raja Dhamdeo Misir
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1438 CE
| birth_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri|Vijaypur Sikri]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1532 (aged 94 )
| death_place = [[Reotipur]], [[Ghazipur]], [[India]]
| spouse = two wives
| issue = *Achal Misir (b.1456)
*Vichal Misir (b.1458)
*Sarang Misir (b.1461)
*Rohit Misir (b.1465)
*(Children from second wife is not known)
| full name = Maharaja Kam Dev Misir
| house = [[Sakarwar Clan]]
| father = Maharaja Jayarajadev Misir
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Maharaja Kam Dév Misir''' (1438–1532) was a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin|Kanyakubj Brahmin]] of Sankrit Gotra who ruled over the region of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and then [[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh|Fatuhabad]] near [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]].<ref name="Ansari">{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Saiyad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kanyakubja+Bhumihar+Rajput+Pathan |title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Rural Insurgency During the Indian Revolt of 1857-59: Meghar Singh and the Uprising of the Sakarwars
| url = https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/026272800202200202
| journal = South Asia Research
| publisher = SAGE Publications
| doi = 10.1177/026272800202200202
| access-date = April 27, 2025
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url = https://archive.org/details/rDlx_kanya-kubja-vanshavali-devanagari-by-sri-pt.-lalmani-dharma-shastri-ji-shri-janta-book-stall-ka
| title = Kanya Kubja Vanshavali (Devanagari)
| author = Sri Pt. Lalmani Dharma Shastri Ji
| access-date = 2025-04-28
}}</ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272800202200202]

He was a ruler of [[Pahargarh Estate]], which mainly comprised what are now the cities of [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jhansi]], and [[Shivpuri]]. Maharaja Kam Dev was the son of Maharaja Jayraj Dev Singh who was the ruler of the Vijaypur Sikri kingdom. ([[Fatehpur Sikri]]). Rao Dham Dev was an ally of [[Rana Sanga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Janardan|title=Dhamadeva Pradipika |date=1999 |publisher=Jauhari Printers|page=4,5,9,848,850 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Oldham |first=Wilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THoNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District |date=1870 |publisher=Printed at the Government Press, North-western provinces |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer being Vol. XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221201224151/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |archive-date=2022-12-01}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anurag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+Madarpur&pg=PT46 |title=Brahmins Who Refused To Beg: Brief History Of Bhumihars, "Ayachak" Brahmins Of East India |date=2022-11-12 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88833-371-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oldham 1870">{{Cite book |last=Oldham |first=Wilton |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53598 |title=Memoir Of The Ghazeepoor District Pt.1 |date=1870}}</ref> Kam Dev's descendants went on to populate the areas around ghazipur while his brother Dham Dev Rao’s descendants stayed in morena.<ref name="Ansari" />

He was a ruler of [[Pahargarh Estate]], which mainly comprised what are now the cities of [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jhansi]], and [[Shivpuri]]. Maharaja Kam Dev was the son of Maharaja Jayraj Dev Singh who was the ruler of the Vijaypur Sikri kingdom. ([[Fatehpur Sikri]]).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name="Oldham 1870"/> Kam Dev's descendants went on to populate the areas around [[Ghazipur]] while his brother Dham Dev Rao’s descendants stayed in Morena.<ref name="Ansari" />

==Biography==
===Early life===
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
Raja Kam Dev Misir was born in 1438 CE at [[Fatehpur Sikri|Vijaypur Sikri]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} His father, Maharaja Jayraj Dev Singh was the ruler of the Vijaypur Sikri kingdom{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}. Kam Dev had two younger brothers: Dhamdeo Misir (also known as Rao Dham Dev) and Vikram Pratap Dev Singh. His father allocated parts of the [[Pahargarh Estate|Pahadgarh estate]] to him{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}. Kam Dev's coronation took place in 1462. He also served as the army chief of his father's military.. The kingdom of Vijayapur Sikri was handed over to Maharaja Jayarajadev Misir. when Kamdev became old, Dhamdev Rao managed the affairs of Vijaypur Sikri.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Pahargarh Fort.jpeg|alt=|thumb|A view of Pahargarh Fort built by Rao Anup Dev Singh, Great grand father of Maharaja Kamdev Misir Anno 1446.]]
After the death of, Maharaja Jayaraj dev Singh(1420–1504), in 1504. Kam Dev's brother [[Raja Dham Dev Rao|Raja Dham Dev Misir]](1458–1540) was crowned as the king of Vijaypur Sikri. Vijaypur Sikri was a large kingdom consisting of Fatehpur Sikri (parts of [[Agra]]), [[Karauli]], [[Dholpur]], Etawah, Auraiya, parts of Kanpur,Unnao and Chitrakoot, Fatehpur, Morena, Bhind and Sheopur.<ref name=":0" /> While Dhamdev ruled Vijaypur Sikri, Kam Dev governed the [[Pahargarh Estate|Pahadgarh estate]]. The youngest brother, Vikram Pratap Dev, was responsible for handling the affairs of both brothers' territories. After their father's death, Kam Dev became the army chief of Dham Dev's army, during the times of Kam Dev and Dham Dev Rao they commissioned rebuilding of Shergarh Fort located at [[Dholpur]]. The [[Sabalgarh Fort|Sabalgarh fort]] once served as the centre of administration during the rule of Sakarwar bhumihar.<ref name=":4" />[[File:Sabalgarh-Fort-Top-View.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Sabalgarh Fort]] which was under the administration of sakarwar Bhumihar, it was built by a [[gurjar]] ruler named 'Sabal', although most of its present structure was built by a Raja Gopal Singh of [[Karauli state|Karauli State]], when it was taken over by [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] from Sikarwar's.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_wbAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1908 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref>]]

Following the Battle of Khanwa, Kam Dev lost his kingdom but retained control over Kanpur, Kannauj, and Fatehpur. Kam Dev and his brother Dham Dev established their new capital at [[Madarpur]]. However, after their defeat in the [[Battle of Madarpur]], they moved to [[Ghazipur]]. In Ghazipur, they established their control on [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]], which was previously ruled by the Chero dynasty and [[Dikhit Rajput|Dikhit Rajputs.]] After a battle in 1530, Kam Dev overthrew the ruler of Birpur and became the ruler of the Birpur estate.<ref name="Ansari"/>

===The Battle of Madarpur===

After the three brothers settled in Kanpur with a large amount of gold coins and the statue of their clan deity, Mata Khamakhya, they became wealthy zamindars of the region. As they established their rule in Kanpur, [[Babur]] planned to attack their fort in [[Munger district|Madarpur]]. This led to the Battle of Madarpur against [[Babur]]'s general, [[Mir Baqi]]. Unfortunately, Kam Dev and his brothers, with their relatively small army, were defeated in 1528.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सैयद वंश व मुगलकालीन खंडहरों के ध्वंसावशेष - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh-8981760.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===Migration to Ghazipur===

On 26 October 1530, Kam Dev and Dham Dev migrated to [[Ghazipur]], first settling at Sakardih, because of floods Kam Dev's family, migrated and settled in a place and kept its name Dalpatpur, now known as [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]].

In the family of Anchal Misir, Kam Dev's eldest son, had two sons name as Harish Chandra and Reosar. Reosar's descendants founded [[Nagsar, Ghazipur|Nagsar]]. While Harishchandra had four sons, the eldest Rajmal Rao founded [[Tilwa, Ghazipur|Tilwa]], the second Sansar Rao founded [[Suhwal|Suhawal]] and [[Gaura, Ghazipur|Gaura]], the third Gosai Rao founded [[Ramaval|Ramwal]] and adopted [[Islam]], while the descendants of Puranmal Rao, the youngest (although some sources say he was the eldest and main heir after him) became the main owners of the estate, and established the large villages of [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]], [[Sherpur, Ghazipur|Sherpur]], and [[Basuka, Ghazipur|Basuka]]. The eldest son of Puranmal named as Raja Narhar Khan adopted Islam in 1542 and from him comes the most prominent branch known as "Kamsari Pathans" who founded [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]].<ref name="Ansari" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Dham Dev Pradipika, by Lal Bahadur Rao,
*Bhraharshimvansh, by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
*Sikarwar on ka itihas, by Satya Narayan Singh Gahmari
*Bihar research society, by Dr. S.B Soni
*Kamsarnama, by Suhail Khan

[[Bhumihar]]

[[Category:1438 births]]
[[Category:1532 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian royalty]]

Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony

2026-04-13T22:00:32Z

MarieDevore: adding new details.

{{Short description|Joint ceremony at India–Bangladesh border}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Benapole-Petrapole border ceremony
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size =
| image = Petrapole-Benapole border ceremony location.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Petrapole is situated on the national highway 35 (now NH 112)(Jessore Road) between [[Bangaon]], India and [[Benapole]], Bangladesh.
| status = active
| genre = Military display
| date = Every day
| begins = 
| ends = 
| frequency = Daily
| venue =
| location = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0365726|88.8769483|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|India}}
| years_active = 6 (since 2013)
| first = {{start date|2013|11|06}}
| founders = [[Border Security Force]] and [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]
| last = 
| prev =
| next =
| participants =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = 
| filing =
| people =
| member =
| sponsor = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Petrapole-Benapole joint retreat ceremony''' was inaugurated on 6 November 2013 by the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Minister]] at Integrated Check Post (ICP) [[Petrapole]]-[[Benapole]] in the presence of the [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Home Minister of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2013 |title=Retreat Ceremony at Indo–Bangladesh Border |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101354 |website= |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |ref=Press Release |accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> It is a daily military exercise, similar to the [[Wagah-Attari border ceremony|Wagah Border ceremony]], and engages soldiers of [[Border Security Force]] (India) and the [[Border Guards Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |date=14 July 2015 |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2014 |publisher=Routledge India |pages=512 |isbn=978-1138927438}}</ref>

==Events==
The Petrapole-Benapole border ceremony takes place every evening from 16:30 to 17:00. This joint retreat ceremony of 30 minutes resulting in lowering of national flags of India and Bangladesh is jointly conducted by BSF ([[Border Security Force]]) and BGB ([[Border Guards Bangladesh|Border Guard Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Petrapole set to have a spectacular retreat ceremony |work=Press Release |publisher=Border Security Force |url=http://bsf.nic.in/doc/press/pr69.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722022001/http://bsf.nic.in/doc/press/pr69.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2014 |accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref>

The "Wagah of the East" as it is known, the Petrapole-Benapole border ceremony starts off with opening of gates on India and Bangladesh side.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2011 |agency=PTI |title=India to have a 'Wagah in the East' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news//article60530312.ece |url-access=subscription |website=The Hindu |ref=Newspaper |accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> After a quick friendly handshake between the BSF and BGB infantrymen, the soldiers march into the "no man's land" in their respective ceremonial dresses and battle dress uniform. Ceremonial theatrics by the BSF and BGB are at the heart of the ceremony and is attended by Military officials of both countries. The ceremonial parade ends before sunset and the flags of either countries are lowered. The gates on either side of the border are closed for the day.

Since the border retreat ceremony was initiated in 2013, not many tourists are aware of this event. The crowd at the ceremony consists mostly of locals and very few tourists. After the retreat ceremony, the BSF jawans pose for a photo shoot with civilians or tourists in their ceremonial dress.

==Location==
Petrapole is on the Indian side of the border with [[Bangladesh]]. The Bangladesh border point is called Benapole. Petrapole is situated 6 km from Bangaon in the North 24 Parganas district of [[West Bengal]]. Petrapole is the largest land custom point in India and Asia.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2010 |title=Chief secretary visits Petrapole border |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Chief-secretary-visits-Petrapole-border/articleshow/6926627.cms? |website=Indiatimes |publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:BSF and BGB.JPG
File:Border Guards Bangladesh.jpg
File:BSF at Petrapole.JPG
File:Lowering of Flags.JPG
File:Lowering of Flag.JPG
File:Photoshoot with BSF.JPG
File:BSF in Ceremonial Dress.JPG
File:Indian BSF at Petrapole Border.jpg
File:Ceremony time parade.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Benapole Border Crossing]]
* [[Borders_of_India#Border_ceremonies|India-Bangladesh Border Ceremonies]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony]]
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[Look East policy (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2015-06-05 |title=At Petrapole-Benapole border post, it’s Bangladesh that showcases itself while India waits |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/at-petrapole-benapole-border-post-its-bangladesh-that-showcases-itself-while-india-waits/ |website=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mekala |first=Dilip Kumar |date=November 2014 |title=Fostering Friendship: The simple joint retreat ceremony at the Indo-Bangladesh border |url=https://forceindia.net/paramilitary/bsf/fostering-friendship/ |publisher=Force India |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306125115/https://forceindia.net/paramilitary/bsf/fostering-friendship/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |last=Nizami |first=Nishat |last2=Manna |first2=Sunayani |date=2017-12-17 |title=To a different beat |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/to-a-different-beat-1502546358.html |website=The Statesman}}

==External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHdSqTPAKjc BSF–BGB Joint retreat ceremony] on [[YouTube]]

{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Symbols of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benapole-Petrapole border ceremony}}
[[Category:Petrapole|Ceremony]]
[[Category:Benapole]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Bangladesh]]

Brahma Sthan

2026-04-13T20:00:58Z

MarieDevore: made a post more to come - done

{{Short description|Deity of Village in Mithila region}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Brahma Baba
| image = Brahm Baba Sthan- Basuki Bihari North.jpg
| caption = Brahma Baba Sthan at [[Basuki Bihari]] North village
| deity_of = Protector of Village
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| abode = Peepal Tree
| region = [[Mithila region]]
}}
'''Brahma Sthan''' ( [[Maithili language|Maithili]]: '''ब्रह्म स्थान or बरहम स्थान''' ) are holy places in villages of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] for worshiping the folk deity Brahm Baba or Baraham Baba in [[Bihar]] and [[Nepal]]. In the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], Brahm Baba is considered as the protector God for the villages. Brahm Baba is also known Gram Devta or Dihawar Baba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-27 |title=बिहार के लोक देवताओं के बारे में आप कितना जानते हैं? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2016/06/160627_bihar_folk_deities_tk |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=मिथिलाक लोक देवता डिहवार ,ब्रह्मबाबा |url=https://www.maithilmanch.in/dihbar-baba-brahmbaba/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Maithil Manch |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Brahma Baba Peetha at Brahma Sthan in Basuki Bihari.jpg|thumb|The iconic seat of Brahma Baba at the Brahma Sthan Mandir in the campus of the [[Basuki Nath Mahadev Mandir]]. It is symbolic representation of Brahma Baba in the Mithila region.]]

== Legendary description ==
According to rule, a Brahma Sthan should be in the west outside of a village in the form of a Peepal tree or Banyan tree, but when the village expands, more than one Brahma Sthan is formed in different directions of the village.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Brahm Baba Sthan, Banauli Vidyapati Dih.jpg|thumb|Brahm Baba Sthan, [[Banauli Vidyapati Dih]]]]

=== Rituals ===
People offer earthen pot, [[dhoti]], Hindu sacred thread [[Janeu (sacred thread)|Jenau]], sweets, petals leaf, flowers etc. to the Brahma Baba. People in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] on occasions of marriages and other auspicious occasions in the house, the first salutations are done at the Brahm Sthan. The concept of Brahma Baba in Mithila is legendary, folklore and tribal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=बिहार के लोक देवताओं के बारे में आप कितना जानते हैं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/how-much-you-know-about-the-folk-deities-in-bihar |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> During the festival of [[Durga Puja]] in the Mithila region, a local folk dance as well as song called as [[Jhijhiya]] is performed by the [[Musahar|Musahar community]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Janakpur, a traditional Mithila folk dance is helping shape women’s identities |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/12/10/in-janakpur-a-traditional-mithila-folk-dance-is-helping-shape-women-s-identities |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> of [[Maithils]], in which ''Brahma Baba'' is also remembered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-11-13 |title=Jhijhiya: The Cultural Folkdance of Mithila Region |url=https://thegorkhatimes.com/2020/11/13/jhijhiya-the-cultural-folkdance-of-mithila-region/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The Gorkha Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In the community of [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]] in the region, the Gram Devta Brahma Baba is praised and remembered through the folk songs of [[Brahman Geet]] sung by women of the community during the occasions of [[Maithil Upanayan|Maithil upanayana]], [[Samskara (rite of passage)|sanskar]] and [[Maithil Vivah]], etc.

=== Mythology Believe ===
According Brahmanical thought, it is believed that if a [[Brahmin]] child dies due to an accident after his [[Upanayana]] and before his marriage, then he becomes the Brahm of the village.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Worship]]
[[Category:Deities in culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

Tharala Tar Mag!

2026-04-07T05:52:27Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Sachin Gokhale
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| writer = Ashwini Snehal Ramesh
| screenplay =
| cinematography = Vinayak Jadhav
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Soham Productions
| num_episodes = 1117 
| producer = [[Aadesh Bandekar]] [[Suchitra Bandekar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|12|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| image = Tharla Tar Mag.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| released =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| related = ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''
| editor = Narpat Choudhari
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| theme_music_composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| open_theme = "Tharala Tar Mag" by Hrishikesh Ranade and Priyanka Barve
}}

'''Tharala Tar Mag!''' ({{translation|''It Is Decided!''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[soap opera]] airing on [[Star Pravah]] that premiered from 5 December 2022. It is an official remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेत्री जुई गडकरीचं ठरलं तर मग!: आदेश आणि सुचित्रा बांदेकर यांच्या नव्या मालिकेतून मनोरंजन विश्वात टाकणार पुढचं पाऊल |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/adesh-and-suchitra-bandekars-new-serial-tharla-tar-mag-starts-from-05th-dec-130531889.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Divya Marathi |date=7 November 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> It is directed by Sachin Gokhale, Written by Ashwini Snehal Ramesh and produced by [[Aadesh Bandekar]] and [[Suchitra Bandekar]] under the banner of Soham Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jui Gadkari to headline a new TV show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jui-gadkari-to-headline-a-new-tv-show/articleshow/95364740.cms |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Overly detailed|section|nosplit=yes|details=the plot cannot possibly contain information about every episode and therefore needs to be condensed|date=March 2025}}
It follows an optimistic girl who was raised in an orphanage. She meets her biological father Raviraj, but they are unaware of each other's identities. Sayali alias Tanvi, is grown in orphanage and has a sweet, kind disposition. Arjun, humble despite his wealth, is a leading criminal lawyer. Sayali is looking for a lawyer to argue in a case related to Madhubhau, who was falsely accused and arrested for Vilas' murder which was done by Sakshi with Priya by her side.

Arjun's family had planned his engagement with Priya (masquerading as "Fake Tanvi"). But Arjun loathed love and marriage because of his traumatic past, including Sakshi's betrayal of Arjun's friend's death. In particular, he had no desire to marry Priya. So, Arjun agrees to take up Sayali's case on the condition that she would agree to one-year contract marriage with him. After she agrees, the two go to the temple on Arjun's engagement day. After registering the marriage, Arjun and Sayali reach the engagement venue, and Arjun announces his marriage to Sayali to his family, thereby stopping the engagement. Sayali goes to Arjun's house and they pretend to be husband and wife in front of the family. Meanwhile, Priya, Sakshi Shikhare, her father Mahipat and Raviraj's brother Nagraj plot against Sayali and Arjun to make them cease the Madhubhau case.In this process it is revealed that Nagraj had arranged for Mahipat to kill Raviraj, Pratima and Tanvi years ago in a fake accident. On the other hand Arjun and Sayali keep up their facade of a couple in love, but do not have feelings for each other. However, with time, Arjun discovers her good qualities and falls in love with her. The family starts admiring Sayali's qualities which are similar to Pratima, but then Sayali gets stabbed on Visarjan day as per the villains' plan. Arjun takes her to hospital and Pratima donates blood to her, unbeknownst to the family. Asmita and Priya create a trap for Arjun-Sayali by changing Sayali's reports claiming her pregnancy while shes's not. Sayali feels Pratima's presence during Laxmi Poojan. Sayali gets impressed by arjun when he brings Madhubhau on Padva. Sayali helps Arjun regain trust on marriage and love through her actions and he develops strong feelings for her which he can't express.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Jui Gadkari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jui Gadkari to make her TV comeback with Aadesh-Suchitra Bandekar produced 'Tharla Tar Mag' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jui-gadkari-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-aadesh-suchitra-bandekar-produced-tharala-tar-mag/articleshow/95370277.cms |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> as Sayali Madhukar Patil / Tanvi Killedar / Sayali Subhedar; Arjun's Wife; Madhukar's adopted/foster daughter; Raviraj and Pratima's daughter; Kalpana and Pratap's daughter-in-law, Asmita and Ashwin's Sister-in-law; Annpurna's granddaughter (2022–present)
* Amit Bhanushali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/dharma-yoddha-garud-fame-amit-bhanushali-returns-to-marathi-tv-after-9-years-with-tharla-tar-mag/articleshow/95638965.cms|title=Dharma Yoddha Garud fame Amit Bhanushali returns to Marathi TV after 9 years with Tharla Tar Mag|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2022 |access-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> as Arjun Subhedar; A Criminal lawyer; Sayali's husband; Kalpana and Pratap's Son; Asmita and Ashwin's Brother; Raviraj and Pratima's Son-in-law; Annpurna's grandson (2022–present)

=== Recurring ===
* Priyanka Tendolkar as Priya Sadashiv Lokhande / Fake Tanvi; Mainavati and Sadashiv's daughter; Sakshi's friend; Ashwin's Wife (2022–present)
* Monika Dabade as Asmita Sachin Dixit / Asmita Pratap Subhedar; Sachin's Wife Pratap and Kalpana's elder daughter; Arjun and Ashwin's elder Sister; Sayali's Sister-in-law Annpurna's granddaughter (2022–present)
* Pratik Suresh as Dr. Ashwin Subhedar; A Doctor; Priya's husband, Asmita and Arjun's younger brother; Kalpana and Pratap's younger Son; Annpurna's grandson (2022–present)
* Narayan Jadhav as Madhukar Patil; Sayali's adoptive/foster father (2022–present)
* Atul Mahajan as Pratap Subhedar; Annpurna's Son; Kalpana's husband; Asmita, Arjun and Ashwin's father; Sachin and Sayali's father-in-law; Pratima's foster Brother (2022–present)
* Prajakta Dighe-Kulkarni as Kalpana Subhedar; Pratap's Wife; Asmita, Arjun and Ashwin's Mother; Sachin and Sayali's Mother-in-law Annpurna's daughter-in-law (2022–present)
* Shilpa Navalkar as Pratima Killedar / Pratima Subhedar; Raviraj's Wife, Pratap's younger foster Sister; Annpurna's foster daughter; Tanvi's Mother; Asmita, Arjun and Ashwin's Aunt (2022–present)
* Nakul Ghanekar as Sachin Dixit; Asmita's husband, Sayali, Arjun and Ashwin's Brother-in-law, Kalpana and Pratap's Son-in-law (2025-present)
* Sagar Talashikar as Raviraj Killedar; A lawyer; Pratima's husband; Tanvi's father; Asmita, Arjun and Ashwin's Uncle; Annpurna's foster Son-in-law; Nagraj's brother (2022–present)
* [[Jyoti Chandekar]] / [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Annapurna Subhedar; A Chief Minister; Pratap’s Mother and Pratima's foster Mother; Kalpana's Mother-in-law; Tanvi's grandmother-in-law; Asmita, Arjun and Ashwin's grandmother (2022–2025) / (2025–present)
* Mayuri Mohite as Vimal (2022–present)
* Mira Jagannath<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4's 'challenger' Mira Jagganath to be a part of Tharla Tar Mag TV show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4s-challenger-mira-jagganath-to-be-a-part-of-tharla-tar-mag-tv-show/articleshow/96001180.cms |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2022 }}</ref> / Ketaki Palav as Sakshi Shikhre; Mahipat's daughter (2022–2023) / (2023-present)
* Madhav Abhyankar / Mayur Khandge as Mahipat Shikhre (2022–2023) / (2023-present)
* Apoorva Ranjankar as Rakesh Killedar; Suman and Nagraj's Son; Tanvi's Cousin (2022–present)
* Dnyanesh Wadekar as Nagraj Killedar; Raviraj's brother; Suman's husband; Rakesh's father; Tanvi's Uncle (2022–present)
* Shraddha Ketkar-Vartak as Suman Killedar; Nagraj's Wife; Rakesh's Mother; Tanvi's Aunt (2022–present)
* Chaitanya Sardeshpande as Chaitanya Gadkari; Arjun's Best friend and Lawyer Criminal Boss (2022–present)
* Disha Danade as Kusum Raut (2022–present)
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Advocate Damini Deshmukh (2025-present)
* Ruchira Jadhav as Manasi; A lawyer of Arjun's Childhood friend (2023-present)
* Kirti Pendharkar as Mainavati Sadashiv Lokhande; Priya's Mother; Sadashiv's Wife
*Rajan Joshi as Sadashiv Lokhande; Priya's father; Mainavati's Husband

== Production ==
[[Jui Gadkari]] returned to the [[Star Pravah]] after a hiatus of seven years to take on the role of Sayali Patil, the female lead. Amit Bhanushali returned to the screen after a hiatus of nine years to the play the lead role of Arjun Subhedar.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ठरलं तर मग'मध्ये जुई गडकरीसोबत दिसणार हा अभिनेता |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jui-gadkari-upcoming-serial-tharla-tar-mag-star-cast-141669013474727.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=mr}}</ref> The duo have become one of the most loved onscreen couple on the Marathi television industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Marathi TV Serial Tharala Tar Mag Gets Highest TRP, Actress Jui Gadkari Shares Celebratory Video |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/marathi-tv-serial-tharala-tar-mag-gets-highest-trp-actress-jui-gadkari-shares-celebratory-video-8617836.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]'' ''ரோஜா''
| 9 April 2018
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 3 December 2022
| Original
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cast-and-crew-of-tv-serial-roja-rejoice-as-it-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/68892621.cms|title=Cast and crew of TV serial Roja rejoice as it completes 300 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sevanthi (TV series)|Sevanthi]]'' ''ಸೇವಂತಿ''
| 25 February 2019
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="6"| Remake
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sevanthi-celebrates-a-milestone-600-episodes/articleshow/83278019.cms|title=Sevanthi celebrates a milestone 600 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Roja (2019 TV series)|Roja]]'' ''రోజా''
| 11 March 2019
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 27 March 2020
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-remake-of-roja-to-launch-soon/articleshow/68151974.cms|title=Telugu remake of 'Roja' to launch soon|date=25 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat]]'' ''सिंदूर की कीमत''
| 18 October 2021
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
| 29 April 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Newbie Vaibhavi Hankare to play the lead in Gul Khan's next for Dangal|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-newbie-vaibhavi-hankare-to-play-the-lead-in-gul-khans-next-for-dangal/2021/08/12|work=IWMBuzz|date=12 August 2021|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]'' ''കളിവീട്''
| 15 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 22 September 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-daily-soap-palunku-to-launch-soon-thej-gowda-and-khushi-to-make-their-tv-debut/articleshow/87756247.cms|title=New daily soap 'Palunku' to launch soon; Thej Gowda and Khushi to make their TV debut|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 November 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Saathi (TV series)|Saathi]]'' ''সাথী''
| 7 February 2022
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|3 August 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Anumita Dutta on her upcoming show 'Saathi' and much more|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/actress-anumita-dutta-on-her-upcoming-show-saathi-and-much-more/cid/1847635|work=My Kolkata|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27121260}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/tharala-tar-mag/1260124795 ''Tharala Tar Mag!''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Pravah programmes}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Sonowal ministry

2026-03-29T06:29:31Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 2016 to 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 22nd
| jurisdiction = [[Assam]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = File:Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], [[Hon'ble]] [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
| date_formed = 24 May 2016
| date_dissolved = 10 May 2021
| government_head = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Padmanabha Acharya]] (until 17 August 2016) [[Banwarilal Purohit]] (22 August 2016 till 29 September 2017) [[Jagdish Mukhi]] (from 10 October 2017)
| political_parties = '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
*[[Bodoland People's Front]]
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| election = [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| last_election = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry]]
| successor = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma ministry]]
}}
The '''Sonowal ministry''' was the state ministry of [[Assam]] headed by Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] from 2016 till 2021. The ministry was formed on 24 May 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/sarbananda-sonowals-swearing-in-live-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-assam/264087/ |title=Sarbananda Sonowal's swearing-in Live: BJP's first Chief Minister in Assam | the Financial Express |accessdate=2016-05-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526051020/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/sarbananda-sonowals-swearing-in-live-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-assam/264087/ |archivedate=26 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> on the aftermath of the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 legislative assembly election]] which resulted in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerging as the majority party.

==Composition==
At the time of its formation in May 2016, the cabinet consisted of chief minister Sarbananda Sonowal, eight ministers of cabinet rank and two ministers of state (independent charge). The cabinet ministers were [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], [[Parimal Suklabaidya]], [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]] and [[Ranjit Dutta]] (all from Bharatiya Janata Party), [[Pramila Rani Brahma]] and [[Rihon Daimary]] (both from Bodoland People's Front) and [[Atul Bora]] and [[Keshab Mahanta]] (from the Asom Gana Parishad). The ministers of state were [[Naba Kumar Doley]] and [[Pallab Lochan Das]], both from BJP.

The ministry was expanded on 26 April 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-cm-sonowal-expands-cabinet-after-two-years-inducts-seven-new-faces-5152451/|title=Assam CM Sonowal expands cabinet after two years, inducts seven new ministers|date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-cabinet-expansion-2-bjp-mlas-sworn-in-as-ministers-1637980-2020-01-18|title = Assam cabinet expansion: 2 BJP MLAs sworn in as ministers}}</ref> with the induction of three cabinet ministers - [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]] and [[Sum Ronghang]] (BJP), [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]] (AGP) and [[Chandan Brahma]] (BPF). Three BJP MLAs were inducted as ministers of state (independent charge), namely [[Bhabesh Kalita]], [[Pijush Hazarika]] and [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]. Two ministers of state Pallab Lochan Das and Topon Kumar Gogoi were elected to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] and resigned from their positions on 4 June 2019.

The cabinet was expanded on 18 January 2020 with the induction of two BJP MLAs [[Jogen Mohan]] and [[Sanjoy Kishan]] as ministers of state (independent charge). Cabinet Minister [[Chandan Brahma]] resigned from the cabinet on 7 March 2021 after joining the [[Indian National Congress]] prior to the election.

==Council of Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Political Department of Personnel General Administration Development Secretariat Administration Development Department of Administrative Reforms and Training Department of Election Department of Information and Public Relations Department of Border Area Development Department of Implementation of Assam Accord 
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning and Development
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transformation and Development
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education (Higher, Secondary and Elementary)
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Horticulture and Food Processing Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[Atul Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = Asom Gana Parishad
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment and Forests
| minister1 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Soil Conservation
| minister1 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Chandan Brahma]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Mines and Minerals
| minister1 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Sum Ronghang]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 7 March 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources Minister of Science and Technology Minister of Information Technology
| minister1 = [[Keshab Mahanta]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = Asom Gana Parishad
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department
| minister1 = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Fisheries Minister of Excise
| minister1 = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation
| minister1 = [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Bhabesh Kalita]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] {{small|(Khadi and Village Industries)}}
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Ranjit Dutta]] {{small|(excluding Khadi and Village Industries)}}
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister2_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Welfare of Minorities
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport Minister of Commerce and Industry Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Skill Entrepreneurship and Employment
| minister1 = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 25 October 2016
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Skill, Employment and Entrepreneurship Development
| minister1 = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 October 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Act East Policy Affairs#Ministers|Minister of Act East Policy Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Rihon Daimary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food Minister of Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
| minister1 = [[Rihon Daimary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = Asom Gana Parishad
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Judicial, Legislative and Law
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law and Justice
| minister1 = [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hill Areas Development
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sum Ronghang]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 7 March 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Chandan Brahma]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Guwahati Development Department
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Rihon Daimary]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister2_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister3 = [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Pension and Public Grievances
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = Asom Gana Parishad
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue and Disaster Management
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Jogen Mohan]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power
| minister1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister3_termstart = 4 June 2019
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development
| minister1 = [[Atul Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Pijush Hazarika]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Town and Country Planning
| minister1 = [[Atul Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Pijush Hazarika]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tea Tribes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 June 2019
| minister2_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Sanjoy Kishan]], MoS (I/C)
| minister3_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour and Employment
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 25 October 2016
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour Welfare
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 25 October 2016
| minister1_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 June 2019
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare
| minister1 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]], MoS (I/C) {{small|(excluding Library and Archaeology)}}
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Keshab Mahanta]] {{small|(Library and Archaeology)}}
| minister3_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister3_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister3_party = Asom Gana Parishad
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Rihon Daimary]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Minister of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Panchayat and Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Minister of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Power
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Revenue and Disaster Management
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2016
| minister1_termend = 26 April 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Bhabesh Kalita]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister2_termend = 18 January 2020
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Environment and Forests
| minister1 = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Education
| minister1 = [[Pallab Lochan Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Bhabesh Kalita]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Public Works
| minister1 = [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Jogen Mohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister2_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 April 2018
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Labour Welfare
| minister1 = [[Sanjoy Kishan]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 January 2020
| minister1_termend = 10 May 2021
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarbananda Sonowal ministry}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Assam|Sonowal]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:Bodoland People's Front]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2016]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2021]]

Government of India

2026-03-26T20:16:26Z

MarieDevore: expand details additionally and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[BP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{ Infobox executive government
| background_color = #ff671f
| government_name = Government of India
| nativename = {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārata Sarakāra}}
| border = federal
| image = Government of India logo.svg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Government of India's Logo with wordmark crested with the emblem of India on the left.
| date_established = Current form: {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|1|26}} (see: [[Constitution of India]])
| date_dissolved = 
| state = [[Republic of India]]
| country = 
| polity =
| leader_title = [[President of India]] ([[Droupadi Murmu]])
 [[Prime Minister of India]] ([[Narendra Modi]]) (de facto)
| main_organ = [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| ministries = [[{{wikidata|title|Q24952557}}|{{wikidata|qualifier|Q24952557|P360|Q192350|P1114}} ministries and {{wikidata|qualifier|Q24952557|P360|Q643589|P1114}} subordinate departments]]
| responsible = [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>Article 75(3) of [[Constitution of India]]</ref>
| budget = {{INR Convert|50.65|t|year=2025}}
| address = [[Kartavya Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]]
| url = 
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Government of India''' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārata Sarakāra}}, legally the '''Union Government''', the '''Union of India'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India » 300. Suits and proceedings. |url=http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/article_300/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619123441/http://constitutionofindia.etal.in/article_300/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''Central Government''') is the national authority of the [[Republic of India]], established in accordance to the [[Constitution of India]]. As outlined in [[Part I of the Constitution of India|Part I]], India is a "Union of States", a term often used interchangeably to refer to the "Union Government" or the Government of India, representing the central authority. India is a [[parliamentary republic]] led by the [[president of India]] who, as the [[Ceremonial Head of state|ceremonial]] head of state, holds formal executive power. Dictated by [[Parliamentary elections of India|parliamentary elections]], the president appoints the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] as the head of government, along with other ministers.

India is divided into [[States and union territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories]], making a total of 36 [[subnational entities]]. The governance of these entities is described in the Constitution as a quasi-federal system, blending elements of both [[Federalism|federal]] and [[Unitary state|unitary]] governments. While the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|states]] are self-governing administrative divisions with their own [[State governments of India|state governments]], the [[Union territory|union territories]] are directly governed by the Union Government, under the administration of a lieutenant governor or an appointed administrator, who is chosen by the president of India. India operates under a [[Dual federalism|dual federalist]] system, where the Constitution outlines the powers and limitations of both the states and union territories. The President of India, serving as the [[ceremonial head of state]], holds formal executive power. Based on [[Elections in India|parliamentary elections]], the President appoints the Prime Minister as the head of government, along with other ministers who are members of Parliament.

The government's formal seat is at [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]]. It has three primary branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The Constitution of India vests legislative power in the bicameral [[Parliament of India]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gledhill |first=Alan |title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution |date=1970 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |isbn=978-0-8371-2813-9 |pages=127}}</ref> executive power in the [[Union Council of Ministers]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram |title=Cabinet Government in India |date=1 January 1950 |publisher=[[Parliamentary Affairs]] |pages=116–126}}</ref> and judicial power in the [[Supreme Court of India]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burt |first=Neuborne |title=The Supreme Court of India |date=2003 |publisher=International Journal of Constitutional Law |pages=478}}</ref> with the president as head of state.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=B. K. |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |date=1 August 2007 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |pages=31 |language=}}</ref> It is a derivation of the British [[Westminster system]], and has a [[Federalism|federal]] structure.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Kumarasingham |first=Harshan |url=http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/a-political-legacy-of-the-british-empire-power-and-the-parliamentary-system-in-post-colonial-india-and-sri-lanka |title=A Political Legacy of the British Empire: Power and the Parliamentary System in Post-Colonial India and Sri Lanka |date=2013 |publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd |isbn=978-0-7556-2122-4 |chapter=Mixed Messages? India’s Responses to its British Legacy |doi=10.5040/9780755621224.ch-002}}</ref> The government is formed {{update after|2029|05}}by {{wikidata|property|current|linked|qualifier|references|Q132690332|P460|P580|format=%p since %q, as the largest coalition in the [[Lok Sabha]].%r}} the prime minister and ministers, who are [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] and belong to the Union Council of Ministers, with the prime minister at its head. The Union Council of Ministers is the peak decision-making body within the executive branch responsible for advising the president on executive policy.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Article 74(1) of the [[Constitution of India]].</ref>

The Union Council of Ministers is responsible to the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house), as is the Cabinet in accordance with the principles of [[responsible government]].<ref>Article 75(3) of Constitution of India.</ref><ref name=":8" /> As is the case in most parliamentary systems, the government is [[Fusion of powers|dependent on Parliament]] to legislate, and [[Elections in India|general elections]] are held every five years to elect a new Lok Sabha. The most recent election was in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. After an election, the president generally selects as Prime Minister the leader of the party or alliance most likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha. In the event that the prime minister is not a member of either house of parliament upon appointment, they are given six months to be elected or appointed to parliament.{{efn|It is however not mandated by the constitution for any minister including Prime Minister to 'get elected' as they can be from among the [[Rajya Sabha#Nominated members|nominated members of Parliament]]. Six months of time is given to them for attaining the [[Rajya Sabha#Qualifications|qualifications]] of being a member of parliament so that they could be nominated as a members of the parliament within this duration.}}

==History==
=== British colonial rule: (1857–1947) ===
{{Main|British Raj}}
[[File:Parliament House, British India (1926).png|thumb|[[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Council House]] in [[New Delhi]], the seat of the former [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and home to the [[Parliament of India]] till 2023]]

The first seeds of elected responsible government were sown during [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]] in particular by the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], commonly known as the [[John Morley|Morley]]-[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Minto]] reforms. The Act introduced elections to the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] (then the unicameral Legislature for British India). Before that, governance was carried by an all-European [[Imperial Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]. As such, no Indians were represented in high levels of government before 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Councils Act, 1909 Archives |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/indian-councils-act-1909/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

India's current bicameral [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] has its roots in the [[Government of India Act 1919]], commonly known as the [[Edwin Montagu|Montagu]]-[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] reforms, which introduced a greatly expanded [[Imperial Legislative Council]]. It comprised a lower house, the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], with 145 members (of which 104 were elected and 41 nominated); and an upper house, the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], with 60 members (of which 34 were elected and 26 nominated).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India Act, 1935 Archives |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/government-of-india-act-1935/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318142618/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/government-of-india-act-1935/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next structural modification to the governance of [[British Raj|British India]], the [[Government of India Act 1935]] (the longest ever [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom]] until this record was surpassed by the [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]]) was aimed at subsidiarity and devolution of powers away from London: it sought to do this by establishing [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provincial governments]] and the creation of [[Union Public Service Commission|civil service institutions]]. However, it was unpopular amongst Indians and is considered a failure as it did not give Indians self-rule and permanent [[Dominion|dominion status]] (the form of government followed in [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]) as was previously promised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 1935 |title=Government of India Act, 1935 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206195737/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dominion: (1947–1950) ===
{{Main|Dominion of India}}

[[File:Rajagopalachari declares India as a Republic.jpg|thumb|[[Governor-General of India]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]] declaring India a republic at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Government House]] on [[Republic Day|26 January 1950]]]]

Between midnight on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] and [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]], India was an independent, self-governing [[dominion]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and a [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] as the viceregal representative of the head of state, [[George VI]]. Its unicameral legislature, the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], was tasked with drafting the country's constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 1947 |title=Indian Independence Act, 1947 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903043415/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Republic: (1950–present) ===
The [[Constitution of India]] came into effect on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]], making India a [[republic]] with a [[President of India|president]] as head of state, replacing the monarch and his viceregal representative, the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. It was based in large part on the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which was itself based on the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom]]. It also drew notable inspirations from the constitutions of several other Commonwealth dominions and the [[Constitution of France|French]], [[Constitution of the Soviet Union|Soviet]], [[Constitution of Japan|Japanese]], [[Weimar Constitution|German]] and [[Constitution of the United States|American]] constitutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Constitution Day: Borrowed features in the Indian Constitution from other countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307090944/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

India today prides itself in being the world's largest [[democracy]], and the 4th largest economy in the world. Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating [[Poverty in India|poverty]] and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf & Metcalf |title=A Concise History of Modern India |date=24 September 2012 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |pages=327 |language=English}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
The full name of the country is the ''Republic of India''. India and Bharat are equally official short [[Names for India|names]] for the Republic of India in the Constitution,<ref>{{Cite book|title=India|first=A. M.|last=Buckley|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61787-625-7|location=[[Edina, Minnesota]]|oclc=767886738}}</ref> and both names appears on legal banknotes, in treaties and in legal cases. The terms "Union government", "central government" and "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|bhārat sarkār}}" are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the government of India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} The term ''New Delhi'' is commonly used as a [[metonym]] for the Union government,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Nairita |date=14 June 2012 |title=Why Raisina Hills, is so important for Indian Politicians? |work=[[One India]] |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/06/14/why-raisina-hill-so-important-for-indian-politicians-1018252.html?story=1 |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144338/https://www.oneindia.com/2012/06/14/why-raisina-hill-so-important-for-indian-politicians-1018252.html?story=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as the seat of the central government is in [[New Delhi]].

== Basic structure ==
The Government of India is modelled after the Westminster system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece|title=A prime ministerial form of government|last=Subramanian|first=K.|date=17 June 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 March 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610072155/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Union government is mainly composed of the [[Executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature]], and the [[judiciary]], and powers are vested by the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] in the [[Council of Ministers of India|council of ministers]], [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], respectively. The [[president of India]] is the [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], while the [[Elections in India|elected]] [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/|title=Government of India, Structure of Government India|website=elections.com|date=8 January 2018|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521132635/http://www.elections.in/government/|url-status=live}}</ref> Parliament is [[bicameral]] in nature, with the [[Lok Sabha]] being the [[lower house]], and the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]]. The judiciary systematically contains an apex [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], 25 [[High Courts of India|high courts]], and hundreds of [[District Courts of India|district courts]], all subordinate to the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india|title=Constitution of India's definition of India|website=Indiagovt.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111125035/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The basic [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|civil procedure code]], the [[Indian Penal Code|penal code]], and the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|criminal procedure code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm|title=Legal services India on Criminal laws in India|publisher=Legal Services India|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328020227/http://legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English [[common law]] and [[Statutory Law]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ijlljs.in/structure-of-indian-legal-system-orignal-orign-and-development-dheeraj-kumar-tiwari-bb-a-ll-b-1st-year-siddhartha-law-collegedehradun-uttarakhand/ |title=Structure of Indian Legal System: Original Origin and Development |author=Dheeraj Kumar Tiwari |work=International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies |access-date=19 May 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608234531/http://ijlljs.in/structure-of-indian-legal-system-orignal-orign-and-development-dheeraj-kumar-tiwari-bb-a-ll-b-1st-year-siddhartha-law-collegedehradun-uttarakhand/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legislature ==
{{Main|Parliament of India}}

[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|[[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in New Delhi]]
The powers of the legislature in India are exercised by [[Parliament of India|the Parliament]], a bicameral legislature consisting of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]]. Of the two houses of parliament, the Rajya Sabha (or the 'Council of States') is considered to be the [[upper house]] and consists of members appointed by the president and [[Indirect election|elected]] by the [[States and union territories of India|state and territorial legislatures]]. The Lok Sabha (or the 'House of the People') is considered the [[lower house]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practise |isbn=978-1-137-43397-8 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1137433973 |access-date=10 May 2017 |last1=Arnull |first1=Elaine |last2=Fox |first2=Darrell |date=29 June 2016 |publisher=Springer }}</ref>

The parliament does not have complete control and [[Parliamentary sovereignty|sovereignty]], as its laws are subject to [[judicial review]] by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Parliaments-actions-subject-to-judicial-review-court/article14704694.ece|title=Parliament's actions subject to judicial review: court|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108183753/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Parliaments-actions-subject-to-judicial-review-court/article14704694.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it does exercise some control over the [[Executive (government)|executive]]. The members of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]], including [[Prime Minister of India|the prime minister]], are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/indian-constitution-and-parliamentary-government-administrative-law-essay.php|title=Indian Constitution And Parliamentary Government {{!}} Law Teacher|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213650/https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/indian-constitution-and-parliamentary-government-administrative-law-essay.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The council as a whole is [[Responsible government|responsible]] to the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&q=parliament+control+executive&pg=SA5-PA9|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-107466-7|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230658/https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&q=parliament+control+executive&pg=SA5-PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228040812/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2004|title=Our Parliament|website=www.parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

== Executive ==
The [[executive branch|executive]] of government has authority and responsibility to implement laws enacted by the legislature, and for the daily administration of the state through the civil service (the bureaucracy). The separation of various types of government power, its constraint and its sharing among the separate branches of government is central to the democratic idea of the [[separation of powers]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn2QDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Executive+Branch+of+government+of+India+is+the+one+that+has+sole+authority+and+responsibility+for+the+daily+administration+of+the+state+bureaucracy.+The+division+of+power+into+separate+branches+of+government+is+central+to+the+republican+idea+of+the+separation+of+powers.+President&pg=PA186|title=Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice: Connecting Theory, Policy and International Practice|last1=Arnull|first1=Elaine|last2=Fox|first2=Darrell|date=29 June 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-43397-8|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230607/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn2QDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Executive+Branch+of+government+of+India+is+the+one+that+has+sole+authority+and+responsibility+for+the+daily+administration+of+the+state+bureaucracy.+The+division+of+power+into+separate+branches+of+government+is+central+to+the+republican+idea+of+the+separation+of+powers.+President&pg=PA186|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== President ===
{{Main|President of India}}

[[File:The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu administered the Oath of Office of Vice President of India to Shri C. P. Radhakrishnan at a Swearing-in-Ceremony held at Ganatantra Mandap, in Rashtrapati Bhavan on September 12, 2025.jpg|thumb|[[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] (center), [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] (left), and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]

The executive power is vested mainly in the [[president of India]], as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] powers and exercises them directly or through subordinate officers as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is to act following aid and advice tendered by the prime minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in [[Article 74 (Constitution of India)|Article 74 of the Constitution]].

The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on her or his own initiative (ie, without advice to do so from the prime minister), it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the [[Lok Sabha]].

The president is formally responsible for appointing many high level government officials in India. These high officials include the [[Governors of states of India|governors]] of the 28 [[States and territories of India|states]]; the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]]; other judges of the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] and [[List of high courts in India|high courts]] (on the advice of other judges); the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]]; the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|comptroller and auditor general]]; the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] and other [[Election Commissioner of India|election commissioners]]; the chairperson and members of the [[Union Public Service Commission]]; the officers of the [[All India Services]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]] and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]) and [[Central Civil Services]] in group 'A'; officers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]; and [[ambassador]]s and [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioners]] to other countries; among many others.<ref name="Darpan2007">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|date=March 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|page=60|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Constitution of India|last=Bakshi|first=Parvinrai Mulwantrai|publisher=Universal Law Pub. Co|year=2010 |isbn=978-8175348400 |edition=10th |location=New Delhi |page=48|oclc=551377953}}</ref> Such appointments are made 'on advice': that is, on the recommendation of ministers

The president, as the [[head of state]], also receives the credentials of [[ambassador]]s from other countries, while the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], as [[head of government]], receives credentials of high commissioners from other [[Commonwealth of Nations|members of the Commonwealth]], in line with historical tradition.

The president is the ''[[de jure]]'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Oldenburg2010">{{cite book|last=Oldenburg|first=Philip|title=India, Pakistan, and Democracy: Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6nras7L790C&pg=PA71|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-78018-6|page=71|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6nras7L790C&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref>

The president can pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person once, particularly in cases involving the punishment of death. Decisions involving pardons and certain other matters are made independently of the advice of the prime minister or the opinion of the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises any executive power only on the advice of the prime minister.<ref name="Kumar">Kumar; Rajesh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA72 Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002040/https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA72 |date=7 January 2016 }} Pg no. 72.</ref>

=== Vice president ===
{{Main|Vice President of India}}

The vice president is the second-highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the [[President of India|president]] and takes charge as acting president in the case of resignation, impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairperson of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.importantindia.com/2059/functions-of-the-vice-president-of-india/|title=Important India functions of vicepresident|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920074801/http://www.importantindia.com/2059/functions-of-the-vice-president-of-india/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of parliament.

=== Prime minister ===
{{Main|Prime Minister of India}}

[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img5.jpg|thumb|North and South Blocks of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]] housing various [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|ministries]] of the Government of India, with the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] visible in the distance]]

The [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], as addressed in the [[Constitution of India]], is the chief executive of the government and the leader of the majority party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha. The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India.

The prime minister is the senior member of the cabinet in the executive government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.

The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.

=== Cabinet, ministries and agencies ===
{{Main|Union Council of Ministers|List of central agencies in India}}

[[File:Government of India hierarchy.svg|alt=|thumb|678x678px|The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.]]
The [[Union Council of Ministers]] includes the prime minister, [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Ministers]] and [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]] (MoS).<ref>[http://pmindia.gov.in/details9.php Cabinet Ministers (as on 26 May 2014)]. Cabsec.nic.in. Retrieved 6 December 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214936/http://pmindia.gov.in/details9.php |date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> Each minister must be a member of one of the houses of the parliament. The cabinet is headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], and is advised by the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|cabinet secretary]], who also acts as the head of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and other civil services. Other members of the council are either union cabinet ministers, who are heads of various ministries; or ministers of state, who are junior members who report directly to one of the cabinet ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or ministers of state (independent charges), who do not report to a cabinet minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either house, any joint sitting of the houses, and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall ''not'' be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.

==== Secretaries ====
{{Main|Secretary to the Government of India}}

A [[secretary to the Government of India]], a [[Civil service|civil servant]], generally an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|title=Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=15 January 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|title=Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts|date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714053948/https://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|title=Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials of 20 Civil Services|date=30 June 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813142643/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/ |url-access=subscription |title=Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=14 January 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055642/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|url-status=live}}</ref> is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department.<ref name="Governance India">{{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=3.1–3.10|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="CSMOP India2">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure – 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133401/http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on [[Indian order of precedence]].<ref name="rajyasabha2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662" /> Secretaries at the higher level are assisted by one or many [[Additional secretary to Government of India|additional secretaries]], who are further assisted by [[Joint secretary to Government of India|joint secretaries]].<ref name="CSMOP India2" /> At the middle they are assisted by directors/deputy secretaries and under secretaries.<ref name="CSMOP India2" /> At the lower level, there are section officers, assistant section officers, upper division clerks, lower division clerks and other secretarial staff.<ref name="CSMOP India2" />

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ministries and departments of the Government of India
!#
!Ministry
!Department(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
|[[Department of Atomic Energy]]
|-
|[[Department of Space]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
|[[Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
|-
|Department of Agricultural Research and Education
|-
!3
|[[Ministry of Ayush]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|[[Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals]]
|-
|Department of Fertilizers
|-
|Department of Pharmaceuticals
|-
!5
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
|
|-
!6
|[[Ministry of Co-operation]]
|
|-
!7
|[[Ministry of Coal]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]
|[[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]]
|-
|Department of Commerce
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
|[[India Post|Department of Posts]]
|-
|[[Department of Telecommunications]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
|Department of Consumer Affairs
|-
|Department of Food and Public Distribution
|-
!11
|[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
|
|-
!12
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |13
| rowspan="5" |[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|Department of Defence
|-
|Department of Defence Production
|-
|Department of Defence Research and Development
|-
|[[Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare]]
|-
|[[Department of Military Affairs]]
|-
!14
|[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
|
|-
!15
|[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
|[[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]
|-
|Department of School Education and Literacy
|-
!17
|[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
|
|-
!18
|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
|
|-
!19
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |20
| rowspan="6" |[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|Department of Economic Affairs
|-
|Department of Expenditure
|-
|Department of Financial Services
|-
|Department of Investment and Public Asset Management
|-
|Department of Public Enterprises
|-
|Department of Revenue
|-
!21
|[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
|Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
|-
!22
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |23
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
|Department of Family Welfare
|-
|Department of Health
|-
|Department of Health Research
|-
!24
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |25
| rowspan="6" |[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|Department of Border Management
|-
|Department of Home
|-
|Department of Internal Security
|-
|Department of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Affairs
|-
|[[Department of Official Language]]
|-
|Department of States
|-
!26
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|[[Central Public Works Department]]
|-
!27
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
|
|-
!28
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|
|-
!29
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |30
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]
|Department of Legal Affairs
|-
|Department of Justice
|-
|Legislative Department
|-
!31
|[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|
|-
!32
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]]
|
|-
!33
|[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]
|
|-
!34
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
|
|-
!35
|[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]
|
|-
!36
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |37
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances
|-
|Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare
|-
|Department of Personnel and Training
|-
!38
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|
|-
!39
|[[Ministry of Planning (India)|Ministry of Planning]]
|
|-
!40
|[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
|
|-
!41
|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]
|
|-
!42
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|
|-
!43
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |44
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]
|Department of Land Resources
|-
|Department of Rural Development
|-
! rowspan="3" |45
| rowspan="3" |[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]
|[[Department of Biotechnology]]
|-
|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
|-
|[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
|-
!46
|[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |47
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
|-
|Department of Social Justice and Empowerment
|-
!48
|[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|
|-
!49
|[[Ministry of Steel]]
|
|-
!50
|[[Ministry of Textiles]]
|
|-
!51
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]
|
|-
!52
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
|
|-
!53
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |54
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|Department of Youth Affairs
|-
|Department of Sports
|}

=== Civil services ===
{{Main|Civil Services of India}}

The Civil Services of India are the civil services and the permanent [[bureaucracy]] of India. The [[Executive (government)|executive]] decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants.

[[File:The Union Home Secretary, Shri Rajiv Gauba in a group photograph with the IPS Officer Trainees of 2016 batch, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] [[Rajiv Gauba]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer meets with trainee officers of the [[Indian Police Service]]; both arms of the [[All India Services]]]]

In the [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people based on [[universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]]. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers is not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.

==== Cabinet secretary ====
{{Main|Cabinet Secretary of India}}

The cabinet secretary ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva}}) is the top-most executive official and [[Civil Services of India|senior-most civil servant]] of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' head of the Civil Services Board, the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]], the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and the head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government.

The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the [[Indian order of precedence]].<ref name="rajyasabha2">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022423/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}</ref> The cabinet secretary is under the direct charge of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. Presently, the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] is [[Rajiv Gauba]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].

== Judiciary ==
{{Main|Judiciary of India}}

India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of [[Anglo-Saxon countries]]. The [[Supreme Court of India]] consists of the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]] and 33 associate justices, all appointed by the president on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The [[jury trial]]s were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case ''[[KM Nanavati v State of Maharashtra|KM Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra]]'', for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled.

Unlike its United States counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and union levels. The judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[High Courts of India|high courts]] at the state level, and [[District Courts of India|district courts]] and [[Sessions Court]]s at the [[List of districts in India|district]] level.

=== Supreme Court ===
{{Main|Supreme Court of India}}

[[File:Supreme Court of India - 200705.jpg|thumb|Complex of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[New Delhi]]|alt=Complex of the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi]]
The [[Supreme Court of India]] is situated in [[New Delhi]], the capital region of [[India]].

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the [[Constitution of India]], the highest constitutional court, with the power of [[constitutional review]]. Consisting of the [[Chief Justice of India]] and 33 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of [[Original jurisdiction|original]], [[Appellate jurisdiction|appellate]] and [[advisory jurisdictions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#|title=Rule of law index 2016|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As the [[Appellate court|final court of appeal]] of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the [[List of high courts in India|high courts]] of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards [[fundamental rights]] of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] by the president. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention to them. The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments.<ref name="History PDF">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf|title=History of Supreme Court of India|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222100038/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Per [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 142]], it is the duty of the [[President of India|president]] to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.

In addition, Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court concerning enforcing fundamental rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including [[writ]]s in the nature of ''[[habeas corpus]]'', ''[[mandamus]]'', ''[[prohibition]]'', ''[[quo warranto]]'' and ''[[certiorari]]'' to enforce them. The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct the transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court, or from a Court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court. Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts, of late{{When|date=April 2023}} the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which the interest of the public at large is involved. This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing a ''[[writ]] petition'' at the filing counter of the court or by addressing a letter to the [[Chief Justice of India]], highlighting the question of public importance for redress. These are known as [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l273-Public-Interest-Litigation.html|title=PIL|website=LegalServicesIndia|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428094327/http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l273-Public-Interest-Litigation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Elections and voting ==

{{Main|Elections in India|Politics of India}}

{{See also|Election Commission of India}}
India has a [[Federalism|quasi-federal]] form of government, called "union" or "central" government,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |title=The Constitution of India |access-date=16 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level, the [[head of government]], the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], is appointed by the [[president of India]] from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by [[universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] through a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. Members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], which represents the [[States of India|states]], are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by [[proportional representation]], except for 12 members who are nominated by the president.

The [[Election Commission of India]] conducts [[Parliament of India|national]] and [[State legislatures of India|state]] elections, while [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] conduct [[Local government in India|local government]] elections.

India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 900 million eligible voters, as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/indian-voter-population-is-900-million/articleshow/68345392.cms|title=Indian voter population is 900 million|date=10 March 2019|website=The Economic Times|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426184028/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/indian-voter-population-is-900-million/articleshow/68345392.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== State and local governments ==
{{Main|State governments of India|Union territory|Local government in India}}

In India, power is divided between the governments of the union and the [[states of India]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jagannadham |first1=V. |year=1947 |title=Division of Powers in the Indian Constitution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743171 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=742–751 |jstor=42743171}}</ref> the latter being ruled by the [[Chief Minister (India)|chiefs ministers]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=R. C. |title=Local Government and Development in India |journal=International Political Science Review |year=1980 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=265–279 |doi=10.1177/019251218000100210 |jstor=1600996 |s2cid=145673733 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600996|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The state legislature is [[bicameral]] in [[List of states of India by type of legislature|six states]] and [[unicameral]] in the rest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Miñón |first1=Miguel Herrero |title=The Passing of Bicameralism |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |year=1975 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=236–254 |doi=10.2307/839106 |jstor=839106 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/839106 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230037/https://www.jstor.org/stable/839106 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower house is elected with a five-year term, while in the upper house one-third of the members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year terms.

[[Union territory|Union territories]] are administered directly by the union government through an [[Administrator of the government|Administrator]] or [[Lieutenant Governor - India|Lieutenant Governor]], though some have legislatures and elected governments with limited powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is union territory and Special Areas-ForumIAS Blog |url=https://forumias.com/blog/polity/union-territories-and-special-areas/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Free UPSC IAS Preparation Syllabus and Materials For Aspirants |language=en-US}}</ref>

Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of [[Local self-government in India|panchayats]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]] in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people.

Local governments, comprising [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] in urban areas, function under the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd]] and [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th]] Constitutional Amendments to promote democratic decentralization. Each state also enacts its own legislation to regulate the structure and functioning of local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Amendment of Panchayati Raj in India {{!}} Election Commission for UTs {{!}} India |url=https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616121549/https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=74th Amendment and Municipalities in India {{!}} Election Commission for UTs {{!}} India |url=https://secforuts.mha.gov.in/74th-amendment-and-municipalities-in-india/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en}}</ref>

== Finance ==
{{See also|Reserve Bank of India}}

=== Taxation ===
{{Main|Taxation in India}}

[[File:RBI-Tower.jpg|thumb|[[Reserve Bank of India]]'s headquarters in Mumbai, India's financial capital]]
India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] empowers the union government to levy [[income tax]], tax on capital transactions ([[wealth tax]], [[inheritance tax]]), [[sales tax]], service tax, customs and [[excise]] duties and the [[States and territories of India|state governments]] to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, taxon [[entertainment tax|entertainment]] and [[profession]]s, excise duties on manufacture of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[stamp duty|stamp duties]] on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The [[local governments]] are empowered by the state government to levy [[property tax]] and charge users for [[public utilities]] like [[water supply]], [[sewage]] etc.<ref name="angela">{{cite journal |author1=Bernardi, Luigi |author2=Fraschini, Angela |title=Tax System And Tax Reforms in India |year=2005 |version=Working paper n. 51 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html |journal= Polis Working Papers|access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629132746/https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which 3/4 come from [[direct taxes]]. More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues are shared with the state governments.<ref name="sharing">Tax revenue was 88% of total union government revenue in 1950–51 and has come down to 73% in 2003–04, as a result of the increase in non-tax revenue. Tax revenues were 70% of total state government revenues from 2002 to 2003. Indirect taxes were 84% of the union government's total tax revenue and have come down to 62% in 2003–04, mostly because of cuts in import duties and rationalisation. The state's share in the union government's tax revenue is 28.0% for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission. In addition, states that do not levy sales tax on sugar, textiles and tobacco, are entitled to 1.5% of the proceeds.{{cite book|author1=Datt, Ruddar |author2=Sundharam, K.P.M.|title=Indian Economy|publisher=S.Chand|year=2005|isbn=81-219-0298-3|pages=938, 942, 946}}</ref>

The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions:
* Reducing the rates of individual and corporate income taxes, excises, and customs and making it more progressive
* Reducing exemptions and concessions
* Simplification of laws and procedures
* Introduction of [[permanent account number]] (PAN) to track monetary transactions
* 21 of the 29 states introduced [[value added tax]] (VAT) on 1 April 2005 to replace the complex and multiple sales tax system<ref name="angela" /><ref name="VAT">{{cite news|title=Indif_real_GDP_per_capitaa says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax |date=25 March 2005 |work=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065316/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13 |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref>

The non-tax revenues of the central government come from [[finance|fiscal]] services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services.<ref name="Datt-3">{{cite book|author1=Datt, Ruddar |author2=Sundharam, K. P. M.|title=Indian Economy|pages=943–945|chapter=55}}</ref>

Inter-state share in the union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the [[Finance Commission]] to the president.

Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD.

=== Union budget ===
{{Main|Union budget of India}}

The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual [[Union budget of India|union budget]] in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] on the last [[working day]] of February. However, for the F.Y. 2017–18, this tradition had been changed. Now the budget will be presented on the 1st day of February. The budget has to be passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's [[fiscal year]]. The Union budget is preceded by an [[Economic survey of India|economic survey]] which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/economy/union-budget-2017-18|title=Union Budget 2017–18|website=ibef.org|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325104858/https://www.ibef.org/economy/union-budget-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold from 1985 to 1986. Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing to defend from a difficult neighbourhood and external terror threats. In 2025–26, India's defence budget stood at {{INRConvert|6.81|t|year=2025}}.

== Issues ==
=== Corruption ===
{{Main|Corruption in India}}

In 2009, several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including murder.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/13/AR2009051303758.html When the Little Ones Run the Show (quote from the New Delhi based Association for Democratic Reform)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123223/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/13/AR2009051303758.html |date=15 December 2018 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2009.</ref> Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high-level government officials, including cabinet ministers and chief ministers, such as the [[Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games scandal]] ({{INRConvert|700|b|year=2010}}), the [[Adarsh Housing Society scandal]], the [[Indian coal allocation scam|Coal allocation scandal]] ({{INRConvert|1.86|t|year=2010}}), the [[Mining scams in India#Illegal iron ore mining in Karnataka|mining scandal in Karnataka]] and the [[cash-for-votes scandal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[List of central agencies in India]]
* [[india.gov.in|National Portal of India]]
* [[MyGov.in|National Social-media Portal]]
* [[Union government ministries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
* Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh (1999). ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. {{ISBN|81-7036-809-X}} (India HB), {{ISBN|0-7619-9344-4}} (US HB).

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.mygov.in/
My Gov.in official website}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{India topics}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Cabinet of India}}
{{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of India| ]]

Nyrraa M Banerji

2026-03-26T09:29:47Z

MarieDevore:

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nyrraa M Banerji with baby pink dress and cute smile.jpg
| caption = Banerji in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 14 May 1987
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Nyrraa M Banerji''' <ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji reveals she lost out on a film with Pushpa 2 star Allu Arjun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nyrraa-m-banerji-reveals-she-lost-out-on-a-film-with-pushpa-2-star-allu-arjun-i-kind-of-regret-it-because-/articleshow/117089800.cms |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji: I’ve always believed in experimenting and not limiting myself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/nyrraa-m-banerji-ive-always-believed-in-experimenting-and-not-limiting-myself/articleshow/125907273.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji ends the year with sizzling dance number Ishq Dhishoom Aa |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/nyrraa-m-banerji-ends-the-year-with-sizzling-dance-number-ishq-dhishoom-aa-9776433.html |work=News18}}</ref> (born 14 May 1987) is an Indian actress and model who appears in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada language productions. She is widely recognized for her lead roles in series such as ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' and ''[[Pishachini]]''. Banerji has been a prominent participant in major reality shows, including ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 13: Nyrraa M Banerji opens up about her journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-khatron-ke-khiladi-13s-nyrraa-m-banerji-reveals-her-beauty-secrets-gives-tips-to-maintain-good-physique-and-health/articleshow/101052053.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]'' (2024–2025).<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Naagin Actress Nyrraa M Banerji Calls Bigg Boss 18 Fascinating |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/exclusive-naagin-actress-nyrraa-m-banerji-calls-bigg-boss-18-fascinating-says-if-in-love-wont-announce-it-on-social-media-2934317.html |work=Zee News}}</ref>

In 2026, she starred in the pan-India comedy film ''[[One Two Cha Cha Chaa]]'' alongside [[Ashutosh Rana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji says comedy needs honesty as One Two Cha Cha Chaa trailer releases |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nyrraa-m-banerji-says-comedy-needs-honesty-one-two-cha-cha-chaa-trailer-releases/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> She also gained praise for her performance in [[Neeraj Pandey]]'s [[Netflix]] series ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]'' (2025–2026).<ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji on her role in Khakee: The Bengal Chapter |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/nyrraa-m-banerji-on-her-digital-stint-with-neeraj-pandey-9776433.html |work=News18}}</ref> Banerji's film career includes her Bollywood debut in ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]'' (2012) and ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]'' (2016). Beyond acting, she served as an assistant director for the film ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |title=Nyra Banerjee assisted Tony D'Souza in Azhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nyra-banerjee-assisted-tony-dsouza-in-azhar/articleshow/52237206.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Her professional identity is consistently reflected as '''Nyrraa M Banerji''' in all recent media credits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nyrraa M Banerji honoured at Womenpreneur India Awards |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/nyrraa-m-banerji-honoured-at-womenpreneur-india-awards-for-her-trailblazing-entrepreneurial-journey-a475/ |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nyrraa M Banerji was born on 14 May 1987 in [[Mumbai]] Banerji learned [[Hindustani classical music]] and [[ghazal]] from her mother and used to sing children's songs.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131218/entertainment-mollywood/article/multi-pronged-attack |title=Multi-pronged attack |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233620/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131218/entertainment-mollywood/article/multi-pronged-attack |url-status=live}}</ref> She also learned the classical dancing form [[Kathak]] but had to discontinue due to her father's transferable job.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/04/stories/2009070450720200.htm |title=Metro Plus Visakhapatnam / Profiles : Balancing act |date=4 July 2009 |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607113647/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/04/stories/2009070450720200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> While recording a song one day, she was spotted by noted director [[G. V. Iyer]] who signed her on for the Hindi television serial ''Kadambari''.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> She was supposed to play [[Sita]]'s role in a film adaptation of ''[[Ramayana]]'' that G. V. Iyer was planning to shoot, but the director died and the project failed to materialise.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

== Career ==
Banerjee, credited as Madhurima Banerjee, made her acting debut with the Telugu-language film [[Aa Okkadu]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=14 September 2012 |title=Good girl roles? No way!: Madhurima Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/good-girl-roles-no-way-madhurima-banerjee/articleshow/16281324.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

Banerjee was seen in the Telugu films like [[Saradaga Kasepu|Sardaga kasepu]] and ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]'', directed by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] which was followed by her Kannada releases, [[Savaari 2]] and Tiger,[[Savaari 2]] saw her playing a bank manager, . Then her Malayalam releases , [[Koothara]] alongside Mohan Lal and Black coffee. while in Koothara she played the role of Shaista, an NRI. She then starred in [[Maruthi]]'s ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' starring Allu Sirish<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Sirish-grooves-to-Chiranjeevis-song/articleshow/26043744.cms |title=Allu Sirish grooves to Chiranjeevi's song |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=20 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120021115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Sirish-grooves-to-Chiranjeevis-song/articleshow/26043744.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2015, she was seen in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'',<ref name="indiatimes.com">Hemanth Kumar (2 November 2014) [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Madhuurima-to-share-screen-with-NTR-Jr/articleshow/45015096.cms Madhuurima to share screen with NTR Jr] . ''The Times of India''</ref> which very successful and for which she was critically acclaimed. She then appeared in one Tamil films, [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Aambala]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madhuurima-and-Madhavi-Latha-join-Aambala-team/articleshow/43243676.cms "Madhuurima and Madhavi Latha join Aambala team"] . ''The Times of India''.</ref>

She also assisted director Tony D'Souza for his film ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''.

In 2019, she played one of titular character Divya Sharma Shergill in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' opposite [[Mishkat Varma]] and alongside [[Sana Sayyad]] and Adhvik Mahajan.

In 2022, she starred as titular role in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Pishachini]]''. In 2023 she particinated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' on same channel and finished up at seventh position. In 2024 she participated in Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]'' on same channel and finished up at 20th place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Nyra Banerjee gets evicted from Salman Khan-hosted show in double elimination week |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-18-nyra-banerjee-gets-evicted-from-salman-khan-hosted-show-in-double-elimination-week-3115300 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025 she was also seen [[Netflix series]] [[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter|Khakhee - The Bengal Chapter]] , a [[Neeraj Pandey]] series . playing a very prominent role.

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' ||Dr. Pavithra || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| ''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss]]'' ||Sherry || [[Hindi]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-toss/20090828.htm|title=Review: Toss is a laughable attempt|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|website=Rediff|access-date=26 December 2024|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019050313/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-toss/20090828.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Saradaga Kasepu]]''|| Manimala || rowspan="2" | Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' || Madhu || Special appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]'' || Maria || Hindi||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' || Pentamma
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Savaari 2]]'' || || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| ''[[Koothara]]'' || Sheistha || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aambala]]'' || Nadu Ponnu's daughter || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]'' || Item number|| Telugu || Special appearance
|-
| ''Supari Surya'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Ishq Ne Krazy Kiya Re'' || Ritu || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]''|| Simran ||
|-
| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'' || — || Assistant director
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]'' ||Gowri || Kannada ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Barun Rai and the House on the Cliff]]''|| Soumili || [[English language|English]]||
|-
|2026
|''[[One Two Cha Cha Chaa]]''
|Shoma
|Hindi
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes!! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Skyfire'' || || ||
|-
|''Operation Cobra'' || Tahira Shaikh || ||
|-
| 2019–2020 ||''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Divya Sharma Shergill
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Excuse Me Maadam]]''
| Mithu Madam
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-and-nyra-banerjee-starrer-excuse-me-madam-promo-is-out-and-looks-like-a-fun-watch/articleshow/77783893.cms |title=Rajesh Kumar and Nyra Banerjee starrer 'Excuse Me Madam' promo is out and looks like a fun watch |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412204340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-and-nyra-banerjee-starrer-excuse-me-madam-promo-is-out-and-looks-like-a-fun-watch/articleshow/77783893.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Rakshabandhan... Rasal Apne Bhai Ki Dhal]]''
|Chakori Moong Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nyra Banerjee on her multiple looks in 'Rakshabandhan...Rasal Apne Bhai Ki Dhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nyra-banerjee-on-her-multiple-looks-in-rakshabandhan-rasal-apne-bhai-ki-dhal/articleshow/85513738.cms |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Pishachini]]''
|Rani/Pishachini
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''
|Contestant
|7th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyrraa M Banerji joins the list of contestants in Khatron Ke Khiladi 13 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nyrraa-m-banerji-joins-list-contestants-khatron-ke-khiladi-13/ |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Fuh Se Fantasy 2''
| Kamnya
| Episode 1
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|Contestant
|20th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Bigg Boss 18 contestant Nyra Banerjee with 400 pair of clothes |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-meet-bigg-boss-18-contestant-nyra-banerjee-with-400-pair-of-clothes-3112090 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Checkmate''
| Neelam
| [[Hungama Play]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''
|Rekha Sinha
|[[Netflix]] series
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="filmography"
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Year
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Title
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Singer
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''Jaana Hai Toh Jaa''
|[[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautam Gulati and Nyra Banerjee's love story in singer Mohammed Irfan's latest single Jaana Hai Toh Jaa is to watch out for |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/jaana-hai-toh-jaa-gautam-gulati-and-nyra-banerjees-love-story-in-singer-mohammed-irfans-latest-single-is-to-watch-out-for |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Heartthrob''
|Veer Sahu
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out Latest Haryanvi Song Music Video - 'Heartthrob' Sung By Veer Sahu {{!}} Haryanvi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/check-out-latest-haryanvi-song-music-video-heartthrob-sung-by-veer-sahu/videoshow/90562153.cms |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aur Kitna Rulayegi Tu''
|Varun Jain
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV actors Nyrraa M Banerji and Vin Rana in a music video |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/just-beat-it-451483/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aashiqon Ki Mehfil''
|[[Stebin Ben]], [[Payal Dev]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch The Popular Punjabi Music Video Aashiqon Ki Mehfil By Payal Dev And Stebin Ben {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-the-popular-punjabi-music-video-aashiqon-ki-mehfil-by-payal-dev-and-stebin-ben/videoshow/107183550.cms |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Naughty Balam''
|[[Rahul Vaidya]]
|
|-
|2023
|''Baarish''
|[[Javed Ali]], Arpita Mukherjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyrraa M Banerji shares excitement about her latest song 'Baarish' - The rain anthem of the season |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/nyrraa-m-banerji-shares-excitement-about-her-latest-song-baarish-the-rain-anthem-of-the-season_200560 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''Main Teri Hoon''
|Ahaan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyra Banerjee and Manish Rana speak about their song |url=https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/videos/nyra-banerjee-and-manish-rana-speak-about-their-song-main-teri-hoon/24438 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=www.bollywoodhelpline.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Intezaar''
|Keshav Anand
|
|-
|''SLT (Stay Like This)''
|Harssh Dada
|
|-
|Patience
|Pranay Pawar
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=4659203}}
* {{Facebook|Nyra.Official/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Nyra}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Housing Development Finance Corporation

2026-03-25T13:08:29Z

MarieDevore: created some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian mortgage lending institution}}
{{for|its parent company|HDFC Bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Housing Development Finance Corporation|
| logo = HDFC logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE was|500010}} {{NSE was|HDFC}} [[BSE SENSEX]] constituent [[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE001A01036}}
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1977}}
| defunct = {{Start date and age|1 July 2023}}
| fate = Merged with [[HDFC Bank]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hdfc-hdfc-bank-boards-approve-july-1-as-effective-date-of-merger-july-13-as-record-date-10885991.html|title=HDFC-HDFC Bank Merger}}</ref>
| founder = [[Hasmukhbhai Parekh]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ublist|[[Deepak Parekh]] {{small|([[Chairman]])}}|[[Keki Mistry]] {{small|(Vice Chairman & [[CEO]])}}|[[Renu Sud Karnad]] {{small|([[Managing Director]])}}<ref name=AR201213>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012-13 |publisher=HDFC |access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref>}}
| products = [[Mortgage loan]]s
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|152997|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=Housing Development Finance Corporation Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Housing Development Finance Corporation Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/6e5630b2-5c15-4c20-ba23-97db0dc1adec.pdf|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2023
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|32130|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| income_year = 2023
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|26160|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| net_income_year = 2023
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1091528|c}}<ref name=bs>{{Cite web|title=Housing Development Finance Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheet, Housing Development Finance Corporation Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/6e5630b2-5c15-4c20-ba23-97db0dc1adec.pdf|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2023
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|201474|c}}<ref name=bs/>
| aum = {{up}} {{INRConvert|432084|c}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Housing Development Finance Corporation - Assets under management, May 31, 2022|url=https://groww.in/mutual-funds/amc/hdfc-mutual-funds|language=en}}</ref>
| equity_year = 2023
| num_employees = 3,226 (2021)<ref name="ongcindia.com">[https://www.hdfc.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/hdfc-shareholder-copy-2020-21.pdf Housing Development Finance Corporation Annual Report 2021]</ref>
| parent =
| subsid = [[HDFC Bank]] [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company|HDFC ERGO]] [[HDFC Life]] HDFC Mutual Fund<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdfcfund.com/about-us/corporate/overview|title=About Us – HDFC Asset Management Company in India – HDFC Mutual Fund}}</ref> HDFC Credila<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hdfccredila.com/about/about-credila.html|title=About HDFC Credila, an HDFC Ltd | Credila|website=www.hdfccredila.com}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| homepage = [http://www.hdfc.com www.hdfc.com]
}}

'''Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC)''' was an Indian [[private sector|private-sector]] mortgage lender based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="AboutHDFC" /><ref name="ETBB2013">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40815229_1_hdfc-standard-life-hdfc-bank-hdfc-asset-management |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127093741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40815229_1_hdfc-standard-life-hdfc-bank-hdfc-asset-management |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2013 |title=India's Best Boards 2013: HDFC distinguished by the fact that it has no promoter |newspaper=Economic Times |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> It was widely recognised as the largest housing finance company in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC finishes FY23 in style |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/moneycontrol-research/hdfc-a-strong-finish-to-fy23-10533101.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to its core mortgage lending operations, HDFC had diversified interests through its associate and subsidiary companies, including banking, life and general insurance, asset management, venture capital, and deposit services.<ref name="AboutHDFC" />

In July 2023, HDFC merged with [[HDFC Bank]], India’s largest [[Private sector|private-sector]] bank. The merger aimed to broaden the group's financial offerings and enhance customer access by leveraging the bank's extensive network and diverse [[Portfolio (finance)|portfolio]]. This strategic consolidation marked a significant milestone in India's financial services landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Explained: The main reasons behind the merger of HDFC and HDFC Bank |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/explained-the-main-reasons-behind-the-merger-of-hdfc-and-hdfc-bank-328467-2022-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427074846/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/explained-the-main-reasons-behind-the-merger-of-hdfc-and-hdfc-bank-328467-2022-04-04 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
HDFC was founded in 1977 under the leadership of [[Hasmukhbhai Parekh]], with financial support from India's business community,<ref name="HDFC Ref2" /><ref name="HDFC Ref1">{{cite news |title=Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd Stock Price - (2486.45), Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd Share Price Live Today, Housing Development Finance Corporation LtdStock Live BSE/NSE Share Price |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/stock-market/housing-development-finance-corporation-ltd-stock-price/ |access-date=18 May 2021 |publisher=www.financialexpress.com}}</ref> as India's first specialized mortgage company and the flagship entity of the HDFC Group.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" /><ref name="IPQ2FY201314" /> HDFC was promoted by the [[Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India]] ([[ICICI Bank|ICICI]]).<ref name="ETHistory">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/housing-development-finance-corporation-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13640.cms |title=Company History – Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> Hasmukhbhai Parekh played a key role in establishing the foundation of the company which started with the main aim of solving the housing shortage in India and steadily grew thereafter.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" />

In 2000, HDFC Asset Management Company launched its mutual fund schemes.<ref name="ETHistory" /> In the same year, [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|IRDA]] granted registration to [[HDFC Life|HDFC Standard Life Insurance]], as the first private sector [[life insurance]] company in India. Currently, the organization operates in India, [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="HDFC Ref2" />

==Products and services ==

===Mortgage===

The company provided housing finance to individuals and corporations for purchase/construction of residential houses.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" /><ref name="BRR201213">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/HDFC_Business_Responsibility_Report.pdf |title=Business Responsibility Report 2012-13 |publisher=HDFC |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> The type of loans offered by company included loans for purchase and construction of a residential units, purchase of land, home improvement loans, home extension loans, non-residential premise loans for professionals and loan against property and repayment options include step-up repayment facility and flexible loan instalment plan.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" /> It was one of the largest providers of housing loans in India.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" /><ref name="BRR201213" /> In its annual report for fiscal year 2012–13, the company disclosed that it disbursed {{abbr|approx.|approximately}} INR 456,000 crores in 35 years of its existence for a total of 4.4 million housing units.<ref name="AR201213" />

The average loan profile amounted to INR 2.18 million (US$35,160) which lasts for about 13 years and covers approx. 65% of actual property value. From the year 2000, the company started offering housing loans on the Internet, becoming the first company to do so.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" />

===[[Life insurance]]===
Beginning in 2000, the company provided life insurance through its subsidiary HDFC Standard Life Insurance company Limited. It offered 33 individual products and eight group products. It used the HDFC group network to cross-sell by offering customized products. It operated out of 451 offices across India, serving over 965 locations. It had a market share of 4.6% of life insurance business in India as of 30 September 2013.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> [[HDFC Life]] has over 15,000 employees.<ref name=ARSUB201213>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/Subsidairy_Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf |title=Annual Report of Subsidiaries for FY 2012–13 |publisher=HDFC |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>

===[[General insurance]]===
The company offered general insurance products such as:
* Motor, health, travel, home and personal accident in the retail segment which accounts for 47% of its total business and
* Property, marine, aviation and liability insurance in the corporate segment<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/>

===[[Mutual funds]]===
HDFC provided mutual fund services through its subsidiary HDFC Asset Management accountingy Limited. The average [[assets under management]] (AUM) of HDFC Mutual Fund for the quarter Jul-13 to Sep-13 was INR 1.03 trillion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amfiindia.com/research-information/aum-data/average-aum |title=Average AUM |publisher=Association of Mutual Funds in India|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

==Operations==
HDFC's distribution network spanned 396 outlets (including 109 offices of HDFC's distribution company HDFC Sales Private Limited) which catered to approx. 2,400 towns and cities in India.<ref name=AboutHDFC>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/others/about-hdfc.asp |title=About HDFC |publisher=HDFC |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081724/http://www.hdfc.com/others/about-hdfc.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> To cater to [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians]], HDFC had offices in London, Singapore and Dubai<ref name="HDFC Ref2">{{cite news |title=Housing Development Finance Corp. Ltd. |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Companies/Housing-Development-Finance-Corp.-Ltd |access-date=18 May 2021 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=28 January 2020}}</ref> and service associates in [[Middle East]]ern countries.<ref name=AboutHDFC/> The first international office was opened in Dubai in 1996 and in the 2000s expanded to London and Singapore.<ref name="HDFC Ref2" />

In addition, HDFC covered over 90 locations through its outreach programmes. HDFC's marketing efforts were concentrated on developing a stronger distribution network. Home loans are also sourced through HDFC Sales, [[HDFC Bank]] Limited and other third party [[Direct selling]] Agents (DSA). The corporation had 232 institutional owners and shareholders filing through 13D/G or 13F forms with the [[Securities Exchange Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FY Report 2019 : HDFC |url=https://www.hdfc.com/sites/default/files/2019-01/HDFC%20Shareholder%20Copy%202018.pdf |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> The largest investor amongst them was [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard International Growth Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC Institutional Ownership – HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORP.LTD. Stock |url=https://fintel.io/so/in/hdfc |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=fintel.io |language=en}}</ref>

==Major subsidiaries and associates==
HDFC's key associate and subsidiary companies included [[HDFC Bank]], [[HDFC Life|HDFC Life Insurance Company]], [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company]], HDFC Asset Management Company, and HDFC Capital Advisors.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314>{{cite web |url=https://www.hdfc.com/sites/default/files/HDFC_May17_10.pdf|title=Investor Presentations: Quarter Ended March, 2017 |publisher=HDFC Limited |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

===[[HDFC Bank]]===
HDFC held 26.14% of shares in HDFC Bank. [[HDFC Bank]] sources home loans for HDFC for a fee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/pdf/HDFC_Jun13_11.pdf |title=Investor Presentations: Quarter Ended March, 2013 |publisher=HDFC |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> The key business areas of HDFC Bank were wholesale and retail banking and treasury operations. As of April 2023, its [[market capitalisation]] was {{INRconvert|941386|c}}, making it India's third largest publicly traded company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswar |first1=Pooja Sitaram |title=HDFC twins, ITC are top 3 gainers in market value from Oct 2022 to April 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/hdfc-bank-itc-hdfc-market-cap-rises-the-most-from-oct-2022-to-april-2023-in-huruns-list-check-full-details-here-11687343654799.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=Mint |date=21 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===HDFC Life Insurance Company===
HDFC held approx. 48.7% of shares in [[HDFC Life]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Abrdn to sell 4.3 crore shares of HDFC Life to raise up to Rs 2,425 crore via block deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/abrdn-to-sell-2-stake-in-hdfc-life-for-at-least-305-million-via-block-deal/articleshow/94158255.cms |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 September 2022}}</ref> and was the sole promoter of the company, as of May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abrdn exits HDFC Life, sells entire stake for Rs 2,069 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/abrdn-exits-hdfc-life-sells-entire-stake-for-rs-2069-cr/articleshow/100657128.cms |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=31 May 2023}}</ref> In September 2013, it was ranked third in terms of market share of private life insurance companies in India.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> On the same date, it had a network of approx. 72,000 financial consultants to sell its policies.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/>

===HDFC Asset Management Company===
HDFC formed HDFC Mutual Fund as a joint venture with [[Standard Life]] Investments in 1999. HDFC Asset Management Company was the investment manager of HDFC Mutual Fund's schemes.<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC Asset Management Company Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/28062022062835_HDFC_Asset_Management_Company_Limited.pdf |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=CARE Ratings}}</ref> HDFC held a 52.6% stake and was the sole [[corporate promoter|promoter]] of the company as of June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abrdn Investment sells entire HDFC AMC stake |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/abrdn-investment-sells-entire-hdfc-amc-stake/article66990583.ece |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> HDFC AMC managed 68 schemes comprising debt, equity, exchange-traded fund and fund of fund schemes.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> Average assets under management (AUM) as at the end of March 2022 was {{INR}}4.07553 trillion. It was ranked third in the industry in India on the basis of average [[assets under management]].

===HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company===
HDFC formed this general insurance company with [[ERGO Insurance Group]]. HDFC held 50.5% and ERGO held 26% of the shares. By the end of September 2013, its market share in general insurance stood at 4.1% (overall) in terms of gross direct premium in first half year of FY 2013–14.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> The total employee strength of the company as of March 31, 2013 was 1,389.<ref name=ARSUB201213/>

===HDFC Capital Advisors===
Established in 2016, HDFC Capital Advisors is a [[private equity real estate]] firm. As of April 2023, HDFC holds 90% stake in the company while [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]] holds the remaining 10%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |title=HDFC inks pact to sell 10% equity in HDFC Capital to Abu Dhabi Investment Authority |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/hdfc-inks-pact-to-sell-10-equity-in-hdfc-capital-to-abu-dhabi-investment-authority/articleshow/90949878.cms |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, two wholly owned subsidiaries of HDFC, viz. HDFC Property Ventures and HDFC Venture Capital, were merged into HDFC Capital Advisors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |title=HDFC Property Ventures, HDFC Venture Cap to be merged with HDFC Capital Advisors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/hdfc-property-ventures-hdfc-venture-cap-to-be-merged-with-hdfc-capital-advisors/articleshow/93796826.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

==Former subsidiaries and associates==

===HDFC Credila Financial Services===
HDFC Credila was a non-banking finance company and the first Indian lender to exclusively focus on education loans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdfccredila.com/education-loan-details/education-loan-detail.html|title=Education Loan | HDFC Credila|website=hdfccredila.com}}</ref> The company lended to under-graduate and post-graduate students studying in India or abroad. HDFC held about 90% shares in this company.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> In 2023, HDFC sold a majority stake in HDFC Credila to a consortium of private equity firms, led by [[BPEA EQT|Baring EQT]] and ChrysCapital, for {{INRConvert|9060|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC sells education loan arm HDFC Credila to PE firms for Rs 9,060 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/hdfc-sells-education-loan-arm-hdfc-credila-to-pe-firms-for-rs-9-060-crore-123062000668_1.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

===HDFC RED===
Launched in 2010, HDFC held a 100% stake in HDFC RED, a real estate online listings platform operating under HDFC Developers Ltd. The company focuses on real estate, avoiding resale and rental services.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-estate-special/burning-cash-on-advertising-isnt-a-wise-strategy-for-housing-portals-hdfc-red-ceo-sohel-is/46575/1|title=Burning cash on advertising isn't a wise strategy for housing portals: HDFC RED CEO Sohel IS|work=[[Forbes]]|date=7 April 2017|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> In 2018, HDFC sold HDFC RED and HDFC Realty to [[Quikr]] for {{INRConvert|357|c|mode=historical|year=2017}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quikr buys HDFC Red and Realty for Rs 357 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/quikr-buys-hdfc-red-and-realty-for-rs-357-crore-2508245.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=14 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

===GRUH Finance===
HDFC held approx. 59% in GRUH, a housing finance company offering loans to individuals for purchase, construction and renovation of dwelling units. GRUH also offers loans to the self-employed segment where formal income proofs are not available.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> It has a retail network of 136 offices across 7 states in India.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/>

On October 17, 2019, GRUH Finance formally merged with Bandhan Bank, giving HDFC a 14.9% stake in Bandhan..

==Listings and shareholding==
'''Listing''': The equity shares of HDFC were listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] where it was a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] where it is a constituent of the [[S&P CNX Nifty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

'''Shareholding''': On 30 September 2013, 73.09% of the [[Common stock|equity shares]] of the company were owned by the Foreign Institutional Investors (FII). Around 185,000 individual public shareholders own approx. 9.25% of its shares. The remaining 17.66% shares are owned by others.<ref name=Shareholding>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/investors/shareholding_patterns.asp |title=Shareholding pattern |publisher=HDFC Limited |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shareholders (as of 30-September-2013)!! Shareholding<ref name=Shareholding/>
|-
| [[Corporate promoter|Promoter]] Group||00.00%
|-
| Foreign [[Institutional investor|Institutional Investors]] (FII)||73.09%
|-
| Individual shareholders||09.25%
|-
| [[Insurance]] companies||08.42%
|-
| [[Mutual fund|Mutual Funds]]/[[Unit Trust of India|UTI]]||03.04%
|-
| Corporate Bodies||02.77%
|-
| [[Financial institution|Financial Institutions]]/[[Bank]]s||02.11%
|-
| [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]/OCB/FDI/Others||01.32%
|-
| Total||100.0%
|}

==Employees==
As of 31 March 2013, the company had 1,833 employees, out of which 22% were women.<ref name=BRR201213/> The company incurred INR 5.28 billion on employee benefit expenses for the financial year 2012–13.<ref name=AR201213/> 
For FY 2012–13, the company reported a per employee profit of US$484,000 and per employee assets of US$18.5 million.<ref name=IPQ2FY201314/> 
HDFC's Training Centre is located in [[Lonavla]] Mumbai and it was established in 1989. It was mainly used for training programmes, workshops, conferences and strategy meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdfc.com/others/center_for_housing_finance_chf.asp |title=HDFC Training Centre |publisher=HDFC |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In 2013, a survey on "India's Best Boards" listed HDFC's Board of Directors among the 5 best boards in India.<ref name=ETBB2013/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40815148_1_hdfc-chairman-deepak-parekh-independent-directors-anand-burman |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127095631/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40815148_1_hdfc-chairman-deepak-parekh-independent-directors-anand-burman |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2013 |title=India's Best Boards 2013: Kumar Birla-led jury finds only five winners |newspaper=Economic Times |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>
* In May 2013, ''[[Forbes]]'' listed it at No. 561 in the Global 2000 list of largest companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/hdfc/ |title=HDFC on the Forbes Global 2000 list |work=Forbes |date=May 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>
* In 2012, HDFC Limited was recognised as one of India's 'Best Companies to work for' in a joint study conducted by ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and 'The Great Place to Work Institute'.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/news/32698656_1_vodafone-india-lodha-group-hcl-infosystems |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119223855/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/news/32698656_1_vodafone-india-lodha-group-hcl-infosystems |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2013 |title=Best companies to work for 2012 |newspaper=Economic Times |date=16 July 2012 |access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mortgage loan]]
* [[HDFC Life]]
* [[HDFC Bank]]
* [[HDFC securities]]
{{Portal bar|Companies}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{HDFC Group}}
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[[Category:HDFC Group| ]]
[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1977]]
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[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Arvind Muthu Krishnan

2026-03-22T23:28:01Z

MarieDevore: adding a info

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Arvind Muthu Krishnan''' (born 16 March 2000) is an Indian basketball player from Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arvind Muthu Krishnan - India - Player Profile - FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-asiacup-2025-qualifiers/teams/india/252166-arvind-muthu-krishnan |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> He plays for the [[India men's national basketball team]] as a point guard. He plays for Tamil Nadu in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Senior Men |url=https://www.basketballfederationindia.org/2023-senior-men/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Basketball Federation of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Muthu Krishnan started as a youth player in 2018 when he represented Indian youth team in the FIBA U18 Asian Championship. In 2021, he played for Senior India team in the FIBA Asia Cup 2021 Qualifiers<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA - FIBA WORLD CUP QUALIFIERS 2021 |url=https://scoutbasketball.com/competition/Fiba-World-Cup-Qualifiers/2021/India |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Scoutbasketball |language=en}}</ref> and in 2022, he played three matches in the FIBA Asia Cup. In 2023, he represented India and played 10 matches in the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 Asian Qualifiers. In 2023, he also played the FIBA Olympic Pre-Qualifying Tournament at Syria.<ref name=":0" />

In August 2025, he played 8 matches in the FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |title=FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers: India lose to Kazakhstan 50-63 in opener |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/fiba-asia-cup-2025-qualifiers-india-b3c |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref> and was the top scorer in the first match which they lost against higher ranked Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-08-05 |title=FIBA Asia Cup 2025: Spirited India loses to Jordan after overtime in opening group encounter |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/basketball/india-vs-jordan-fiba-asia-cup-2025-group-c-score-match-result-shot-stats-news/article69897387.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year, he was also part of the India team that played the FiBA Asia Cup. He also represented India in two matches at the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027 Asian Qualifiers.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2025, he also led India in the 3x3 men's basketball Asia Cup at Singapore. Along with Harsh Dagar and Pranav Prince, he helped India enter the quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-29 |title=Arvind leads India to historic quarterfinals in 3x3 basketball Asia Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/arvind-leads-india-to-historic-quarterfinals-in-3x3-basketball-asia-cup/articleshow/119691515.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthu Krishnan, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Point guards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]

Dasharatha

2026-03-15T04:39:11Z

MarieDevore: small refined information for accuracy and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|King of Kosala and father of Rama in the epic Ramayana}}
{{About|character from Indian epic Ramayana|Maurya King|Dasharatha Maurya|the film|Dasharatha (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Hindu
| birth_name = Nemi
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]], [[Bharatavarsha]] (modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_place = Ayodhya, Kosala, Bharatavarsha (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
| image = King Dasharatha Raja Sabha.jpg
| caption = King Dasharatha sitting on his throne
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kosala]]
| predecessor = [[Aja of Kosala|Aja]]
|successor = [[Rama]]
| dynasty = [[Solar Dynasty|Suryavamsha]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|[[Kaikeyi]]|[[Kausalya]]|[[Sumitra]]|350 junior wives<ref>{{cite web|title=Valmiki Ramayana - Ayodhya Kanda - Sarga 34 |url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/ayodhya/sarga34/ayodhya_34_frame.htm}}</ref>}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Rama]] (son)|[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] (son)|[[Lakshmana]] (son)|[[Shatrughna]] (son)|[[Shanta]] (daughter according to few recensions)}}
| father = [[Aja of Kosala|Aja]]
| mother = Indumati
}}

'''Dasharatha''' ({{Langx|sa|दशरथ}}, [[IAST]]: Daśaratha; born '''Nemi''') was the king of [[Kosala]], with its capital at [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. Dasharatha married [[Kausalya]], [[Sumitra]] and [[Kaikeyi]]. He was the father of [[Rama]], the protagonist of the epic Ramayana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Subhamoy |date=September 7, 2018 |title=The Hindu Epic Ramayana |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/the-story-of-ramayana-1770169 |website=learnreligions}}</ref> [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshmana]], and [[Shatrughna]]. Dasharatha also finds mention in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/ayodhya/sarga34/ayodhya_34_frame.htm | title=Valmiki Ramayana - Ayodhya Kanda - Sarga 34}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Early life and marriage ===
King Dasharatha was believed to be an incarnation of Manu, the son of [[Brahma]].

Dasharatha was born as the son of King [[Aja of Kosala]] and Indumati of [[Vidarbha Kingdom|Vidarbha]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Schistosomiasis: Schistosoma mansoni Tf/aja Alnassir and Charles H. King|date=2009-11-23|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781498713672-28|work=Medical Parasitology|pages=140–150|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781498713672-28|isbn=9780429089657|access-date=2022-01-13|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{failed verification|citation is about Medical Parasitology|date=January 2025}} He was originally named Nemi, but he acquired the moniker ''Dasharatha'' ('ten chariots') as his chariot could move in all ten directions, fly, and return to earth, and he could fight with ease in all of these directions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kalidasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gbr7nQEACAAJ|title=The Dynasty of Raghu|date=2012-04-10|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-4751-7250-8|language=en|author-link=Kalidasa}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=January 2025}}

Dasharatha became the ruler of Kosala after the death of his father. He was a great warrior who subjugated many of the neighbouring kingdoms with his prowess and slew many [[asuras]] in battle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arya |first=Samarendra Narayań |date=1990 |title=Historicity of Ayodhya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148186 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=44–48 |jstor=44148186 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga1/bala_1_frame.htm Baal Kaand — Valmiki Ramayana]</ref>

According to the ''[[Ramayana#Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa|Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa]]'' of the ''Ramayana'' (in chapter 34, verses 10–13), King Dasharatha had around 350 wives, three of whom were his favourite queens: [[Kausalya]] was his chief queen, [[Sumitra]] was his second queen [[Kaikeyi]] was his third queen. Kausalya hailed from the kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala]], Sumitra from [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]], and Kaikeyi from the [[Kekeya Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Publication |first=Tjprc |date=2013-10-31 |title=Images of Mother in Ramayana and Sundiata. A Comparative Critique |url=https://www.academia.edu/4884393 |journal=International Journal of English and Literature }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url =https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/sumitra-is-calm-and-composed/article66941470.ece |title=Sumitra is calm and composed |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2023 |accessdate=21 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Vaishnavi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mk7EAAAQBAJ|title=Kaikeyi|date=26 April 2022|publisher=Orbit|isbn=9780759557314|language=en}}</ref>

=== Yajñas to beget sons ===
[[File:Dasharatha give Payasa to his wives.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Dasharatha gives [[payasa]] to his wives]]

[[File:After_the_successful_completion_of_Yagna,_the_Lord_of_Fire,_Agnidev_appeared_and_gave_a_bowl_of_sweet_to_the_King_of_Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|The Fire Figure giving Payasa to Dasharatha]]

Dasharatha ruled over Ayodhyā, but he lacked a son to carry on his dynasty. He decided to perform a [[Puthrakamesti yagnam]] in order to beget a son. His counsellor and charioteer, Sumantra, told him of a prophecy that by bringing the sage [[Rishyasringa]] to Ayodhyā, he would beget sons.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bmzkgh |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume II: Ayodhyakāṇḍa |date=1986 |publisher=Princeton University Press|jstor=j.ctt1bmzkgh }}</ref> To fulfil the prophecy, Dasharatha traveled to [[Anga]], where king [[Romapada]]'s daughter [[Shanta]] was married to Rishyasringa. Bringing Rishyasringa to Kosala, he instructed the [[Brahmin]]s to perform the Puthrakamesti yagnam. After the Puthrakamesti yagnam was properly performed, a Putrīyā Iṣṭi was performed for the attainment of sons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Goldman |first=Sally J. Sutherland |date=2018 |title=Women at the Margins: Gender and Religious Anxieties in Vālmīki's Rāmāyaṇa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0045 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0045 |jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0045 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref>
[[File:Dasaratha sets out toward Angada to invite Rsyasrnga to his abode,C.1597-1605.jpg|thumb|Dasharatha going to Anga to invite Rishyashringa,his son-in-law]]
[[File:Agnipuruṣa rises from the sacred fire.jpg|thumb|left|Agnipuruṣa rises from the sacred fire with divine boon]]
[[File:Dasharatha four sons.jpg|thumb|Dasharatha with his four sons]]

During its performance, a figure emerged from the fire carrying a vessel of celestial porridge. Dasharatha offers half of this divine food to [[Kausalya]], a quarter to [[Sumitra]] (i.e., literally 'half of that which remained'), an eighth to [[Kaikeyi]] (i.e., again, 'half of that which remained'), and then, upon reflection, gives the final eighth to Sumitra again. Kausalya gives birth to the prince [[Rama]] and Kaikeyi to [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldman |first=Robert P. |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1984 |volume=I: Bālakāṇḍa |pages=136–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ramayana in Sanskrit: Book 1: Chapter 15 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rys/rys1015.htm}}</ref> and Sumitra became the mother of [[Lakshmana]] and [[Shatrughna]]
[[File:Rama and his brothers in the company of Raja Dashratha and his three queens.jpg|thumb|Rama and his brothers in the company of Raja Dashratha and his three queens.]]

=== Kaikeyi's boons and Rama's exile ===

[[File:Kaikeyi_vilap.jpg|thumb|Kaikeyi asks her boons from Dasharatha]]

[[File:The four sons of Dasharatha circumambulate the altar during their marriage rites.jpg|thumb|The four sons of Dasharatha circumambulate the altar during their marriage rites]]

In a battle between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[asura]]s, Dasharatha rode to [[Devaloka]], accompanied by Kaikeyi, to help [[Indra]] fight against the asuras. The devas were at a disadvantage due to the sorcery employed by [[Shambara]] and his army of asuras. Dasharatha, riding a chariot, faced the asuras in ten directions at the same time. In this battle, his chariot had to be turned to every direction in a swift manner. During the battle, the bolt of one of the wheels slipped out, and the wheel was about to disengage when Kaikeyi inserted her thumb in the hole of the bolt, and kept the chariot steady. When the king learnt of this, he was pleased, and offered her two boons. The queen said that she would ask for those two boons in the future, as she wished for nothing right then and there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rys/rys2039.htm|title=The Ramayana in Sanskrit: Book 2: Chapter 39}}</ref>

[[File:King Dasharatha grieves inconsolably at his obligation to banish Rama to the forest.jpg|thumb|King Dasharatha grieving the exile of his son Rama]]

[[Manthara]], Kaikeyi's maid, feared that Kaikeyi would lose her status as chief queen at court if Rama ascended the throne, as Kausalya would thus become queen mother. Manthara later convinced Kaikeyi to demand two boons granted to her years earlier by Dasharatha. King Dasharatha will be obliged to fulfill them.

[[File: Kaikeyi told that according to the two boons granted by Dasaratha Rama should go to the forest for 14 years and Bharata must become the king.jpg|thumb|Kaikeyi invokes the two boons granted to her by Dasharatha]]

As her two boons, Kaikeyi demanded that Bharata be crowned king, and Rama be sent to the forest for a period of fourteen years.<ref>{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2}}</ref>

[[File:Rama taking leave of Dasharatha.jpg|thumb|left|Rama taking Dashratha’s leave]]

=== Killing of Shravana Kumara and death ===
[[File:Dashrath Raja and Shravan.jpg|thumb|Dasharatha kills Shravana Kumara]]
[[File:The-death-of-King-Dasharatha-the-father-of-Rama-Photo-credit-The-Metropolitan-Museum-of-Art.jpg|thumb|left|The death of King Dasharatha the father of Rama]]
After Rama's departure to the forest, Dasharatha lay in his bed with a wailing Kaushalya. He suddenly remembered an incident which had occurred in his past. He narrated to Kausalya and Sumitra about how, by accident, he had killed a young man named [[Shravana Kumara|Shravan]]a, mistaking him to be a deer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=The king recalls a former evil deed [Chapter 63] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424040.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Dasharatha, who was then the crown prince, had gone hunting on the banks of River Sarayu. He was an expert in hunting by determining the direction of sound and heard the gurgle of an animal drinking water. Mistaking it to be deer, Dasharatha shot an arrow. He became mortified when he heard a human cry as the arrow found its target. Dasharatha hurried there to find a boy lying sprawled on the banks of the river with an arrow lodged in his chest. Dasharatha was aghast and profusely apologised to the young Shravana trying to revive and help him. The boy forgave Dasharatha for his unintentional, unrighteous act, and demanded that Dasharatha pull the arrow out of his chest. He also told him to take the pitcher of water to his blind parents, who must be waiting for him since they were thirsty because of all the travel. The boy died from his injury.

[[File:The blind hermit and his wife mourn their son, who was slain accidentally by Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|right|180x180px|The blind hermit and his wife mourn their son, who was slain accidentally by Dasarath.]]

Dasharatha approached the blind couple and told them about their son's unfortunate death. The parents, grief-stricken, cursed Prince Dasharatha: "Just as we are suffering and dying due to the separation from our beloved son, you too shall have the same fate."<ref name="indiatoday2008">[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20080602-an-unfinished-ancient-tale-736413-2008-05-23 An unfinished ancient tale]. IndiaToday.in. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2012-09-14.</ref>

[[File:King Dasharatha cremates Shravana and his aged Parents.jpg|thumb|left|251x251px|Dasharatha cremates Shravana and his parents (painting by Laharu of Chamba)]]

Dasharatha concluded the chapter by saying that his end was near and the curse of Shravana's parents had taken effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=Overborne by grief the king yields up his life [Chapter 64] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424041.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

=== Films ===
* Aditya Varma portrayed Dasharatha in the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002122/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Ramayanam Reviews }}</ref>
* Dilip Sinha voiced Dasharatha in the 2010 animated Hindi film ''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Epic-Effort/682610/|last=Nagpaul D'souza|first=Dipti|title=Epic Effort|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=Indian Express|agency=The Indian Express Limited}}</ref>
* Rajesh Dubey portrayed him in the 2024 Hindi film ''[[Singham Again]]''.

=== Television ===
* [[Bal Dhuri]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|author-link1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archive-date=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref>
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Pankaj Kalra portrayed Dasharatha in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Mihir Mishra]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 2011 series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] portrayed Dasharatha in 2000 series ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]'' and 2012 series ''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Yogesh Mahajan portrayed Dasharatha in the 2015 series ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.
* [[Dalip Tahil]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siya-Ke-Ram-Everything-you-want-to-know-about-the-show/photostory/49574651.cms|title=StarPlus' Siya Ke Ram: Everything you should know about the show|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 2018 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010609/https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Shishir Sharma]] portrayed Kausalya in the 2021 web series ''Ramyug''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramyug first impression: Kunal Kohli's retelling of Lord Ram's story misses the mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ramyug-first-impression-kunal-kohli-mx-player-7303122 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Aarav Chowdhary]] portrayed Dasharatha in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Review, Episodes 1 and 2: A cinematic visual spectacle on small screen |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-review-episodes-1-and-2-a-cinematic-visual-spectacle-on-small-screen-1269662?amp |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
* Sandeep Mohan portrayed Dasharatha in 2024 DD National series [[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]].

====YouTube ====

* Dinesh Gurjar portrayed Dasharatha in 2024 YouTube series Valmiki Ramayan.

=== Novels ===
* The character appears under the name Dasharath in Vaishnavi Patel's 2022 novel ''[[Kaikeyi (novel)|Kaikeyi]]''.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India}}
* [[Kausalya]]
* [[Sumitra]]
* [[Kaikeyi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869 Ramayana, translated in English by] [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* {{citation |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |title=The Story Of Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Peacock Books |isbn=978-81-248-0191-8 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Daśaratha}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869 Ramayana, translated in English by] [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]

{{Ramayana}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Kosala]]

Musi River (India)

2026-03-14T04:05:57Z

MarieDevore: cleanup details based on references

{{Short description|River in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Musi River
| name_other = [[Muchukunda]] River
| image = View of Musi river from Nayapul.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Musi river seen from Nayapul bridge in [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = Origin
| subdivision_name2 = Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad
| length = 250 km
| bridges = [[Purana Pul]] [[Naya Pul]]
| mapframe-zoom = 7
}}

The '''Musi River''', also known as [[Muchukunda]] or Musunuru river,<ref name="DecnChrn1">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/river-musi-got-its-name-from-sage-muchkunda-1828544|newspaper=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|title=River Musi Got Its Name From Sage Muchkunda|first=Neeraj|last=Kumar|date=2024-10-07|access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref> is a major [[tributary]] of the [[Krishna River]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], flowing through [[Telangana]], [[India]]. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] stands on the banks of the Musi River, and the river divides the historic [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] from the newer part of the city. The Musi flows into [[Himayat Sagar]] and [[Osman Sagar]], which are artificial lakes that act as reservoirs that once supplied the twin cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] with drinking water. The Musi originates in the [[Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad district|Ananthagiri Hills]], near [[Vikarabad]]. It generally flows towards the east, turning south at Chittaloor. It flows into the Krishna River at [[Vadapally]] near [[Miryalaguda]] in [[Nalgonda district]].

==Etymology==
According to some accounts, the river derived its name from two tributaries — Moosa and Esi which originate in [[Ananthagiri forest]] and have supposed to have been merged with each other near [[Langar Houz]]. As per others, the river was also once named as Musunuru or Muchukunda. According to the [[Hindu mythology]], [[Muchukunda]] was a king who later became a sage.<ref name="DecnChrn1" />

==Musi River Historic Buildings==
* [[Women's College, Koti]]
* [[Telangana High Court]]
* [[City College Hyderabad|City college]]
* [[Osmania General Hospital]]
* [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]]
[[File:Musi River at Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad Telangana India.jpg|thumb|left|110px|View of Osmania General Hospital on the banks of Musi]]
[[City College Hyderabad|City college]], [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]], [[Telangana High Court]] and [[Women's College, Koti|Women's College]] were included in the list of 2025 World Monuments Watch, by the New York-based organisation World Monuments Fund.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/musi-river-historic-buildings-on-2025-world-monuments-watch/article69103269.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Musi River Historic Buildings on 2025 World Monuments Watch|first=Serish|last=Nanisetti|date=2025-01-16|access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/musi-heritage-sites-get-top-billing-in-world-monuments-watch-2025/articleshow/117341023.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|title=Musi heritage sites get top billing in World-Monuments Watch 2025|first=Mahesh|last=Koride|date=2025-01-18|access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>

[[File:Women Offering Prayers to Musi River at Puranapul Hyderabad Telangana.jpg|thumb|right|140px|People praying at the banks of Musi in Hyderabad]]
[[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] and [[Salar Jung Museum]] are also located on the banks of Musi river

==Floods==
{{Main|Great Musi Flood|2020 Hyderabad floods}}
The Musi river was the cause of frequent flood devastation of Hyderabad city until the early decades of the 20th century. On 28 September 1908, Hyderabad was flooded, which included 17 inches of rain in one day, killing around 15,000 people.<ref name=the-hindu1>{{cite news|last=Ifthekhar|first=J.S|title=Remembering the deluge of 1908|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/remembering-the-deluge-of-1908/article3944923.ece |date=28 September 2012|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
[[File:Krishna River basin map.svg|right|thumb|Musi River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau]]
The modern era of the development of the twin cities began soon after these floods in 1908. This necessitated planned, phased development.<ref name=Murali>{{cite news|last=Murali|first=D|title=Floods proved a blessing in disguise|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|access-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108132827/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/04/22/stories/2006042200130300.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-04-22|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|title=Sitamber: the harbinger of torment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sitamber-The-harbinger-of-torment/articleshow/16606880.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809131747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/hyderabad/34177011_1_musi-bus-terminus-ends-today|url-status=live|archive-date=9 August 2013|date=30 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>

{{According to whom|Abdallah Ahmed Bin Mahfooz submitted his report on 1 October 1909, with recommendations on preventing a recurrence of floods and improving civic amenities|date=March 2025}}. {{According to whom|However, there are conflicting reports that|date=March 2025}} Sir M. Visvesvaraya was engaged by the erstwhile Nizam to help design the drainage system and prevent floods. [[Nizam VII]] constituted a City Improve Trust in 1912. He built a flood control system on the river. A dam was built in 1920 across the river, ten miles (16  km) upstream from the city called [[Osman Sagar]]. In 1927 another reservoir was built on Esi (a tributary of Musi) and named [[Himayat Sagar]]. These lakes prevented the flooding of the River Musi and are major drinking water sources for Hyderabad city.<ref name=TOI/><ref>{{cite news|title=Chequered past|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 February 2004|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117025716/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100220300.htm|archive-date=2010-01-17|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
{{Wide image|SC - GHY Special (28140164286).jpg|500px|Railway bridge over Musi river at [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]}}

==Pollution==
In 2022, the Musi river was the 22nd [[List of most-polluted rivers|most polluted river]] in the world.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Akbar |first=Syed |date=17 May 2022 |title=Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in the world, virtual drug lab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifeline-musi-22nd-most-toxic-river-in-world-virtual-drug-lab/articleshow/91605392.cms |access-date=21 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020007/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-61445-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Making a Living Along the Musi River, India]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050317091540/http://www.ruaf.org/no8/14_musi.html Livelihoods and Wastewater Irrigated Agriculture along the Musi River in Hyderabad City]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130803113318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/hyderabad/39025969_1_drinking-water-dams-osmansagar Hyderabads twin safaris left to dry and disappear]}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{coord|17|22|N|78|28|E|region:IN-AP_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Hyderabad floods]]

Mahendra Singh (soldier)

2026-03-12T19:29:54Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|Recipient of Kirti Chakra}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar Major]] and [[Captain|Honorary Captain]]
| name = Mahendra Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| image = File:Sub Maj Mahendra Singh.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Portrait of Sub Maj (Hony Capt) Singh
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[File:Subedar_Major_-_Risaldar_Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar Major]] [[File: Captain of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Captain|Honorary Captain]]
| servicenumber = JC-413444W
| unit = [[Parachute Regiment (India)|9 Para SF]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|6 RR]]
| commands =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Kirti_Chakra_ribbon.svg|30x30px]] [[Kirti Chakra]] [[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|30x30px]] [[Sena Medal]] (Gallantry)
}}

[[Subedar Major]] and [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] '''Mahendra Singh''', [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] is a decorated [[Indian Army]] [[Junior commissioned officer|Junior Commissioned Officer]] (JCO) of [[Para (Special Forces)|9 Para SF]]. During an operation, he was paralysed on one side of his body.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subedar Mahendra Singh, Kirti Chakra, Sena Medal - A fantastico leader|url=https://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/2016/01/subedar-mahendra-singh-kirti-chakra.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fantastico leader - Subedar Mahendra Singh, Kirti Chakra|url=https://www.indiblogger.in/post/fantastico-leader-subedar-mahendra-singh-kirti-chakra|website=Indi Blogger}}</ref>

== Military career ==
On October 21, 1990, Mahendra Singh of Jhunjhunu's Dumra village joined the Special Forces 9th Battalion The Parachute Regiment. Subedar Singh's career expanded over twenty years in the Indian Army. He participated in number of encounters with the hardcore terrorists in many operations.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Republic Day 2016: Complete list of Ashok Chakra, Vir Chakra and Shaurya Chakra winners|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-republic-day-2016-complete-list-of-indian-army-personnel-who-won-ashok-chakra-vir-chakra-and-shaurya-chakra-2170570}}</ref>

On the night of September 2, 2015, the operative team of the 6 RR Battalion was scouring the Kupwara jungles for four terrorists. The terrorists started shooting. This resulted in the deaths of two terrorists. Many bullets pierced Subedar Major Mahendra Singh's intestine and spine during this time. Even though he was paralysed due to spinal injuries, he killed the terrorist. His injured companion was bravely rescued.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-17|title=जंग जिद की : आतंकियों से मुठभेड़ में इन सूबेदार मेजर को लगी गोली, तभी से पेट के बाहर हैं आंतें...ऑपरेशन के समय 30 दिन तक खुला रखा था पेट और रीढ़|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/special-story-of-subedar-major-mahendra-5958353.html?_branch_match_id=link-818831992557112890|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727184540/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/special-story-of-subedar-major-mahendra-5958353.html|archive-date=2021-07-27|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

== Sena Medal ==

Singh was awarded with the Sena Medal (gallantry) for tackling the terrorists in the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] 2013. In 2013, he has killed a Pakistan Regular Army personnel who have breached the Line of Control.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Independence day gallantry award and other decorations|work=Sainik Samachar|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2013/aug16-13/h9.htm}}</ref>

== Kirti Chakra ==

On the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], 2016 [[Subedar]] Singh was awarded India's second highest peacetime gallantry award the Kirti Chakra for his gallant act on 2 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=President Mukherjee approves 11 gallantry awards|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://Indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-pranab-mukherjee-has-approved-11-gallantry-awards-to-the-indian-army-on-republic-day/lite/}}</ref>

On the 2 September 2015 night, Subedar Mahendra Singh got informed about the heavy gunfire between the terrorists and his team in Darel forest at [[Kupwara district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. He also informed that during fire two soldiers were hit by enemy bullets and they were badly injured. After hearing this news, Subedar Mahendra Singh and [[Lance naik|Lance Naik]] [[Mohan Nath Goswami]] went to rescue his teammates who are still fighting to the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India the Republic: 11 tales of valour YOU must know|work=Rediff.com|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/india-the-republic-11-tales-of-valour-you-must-know/20160126.htm}}</ref> When they reached the place there was a heavy firing from the terrorist. Immediately Subedar Mahendra Singh fired back and killed a terrorist at close quarters by risking his life. He was facing heavy gunfire from the terrorist group after this incident. Subedar Singh determined to kill remaining terrorists to save his teammates. Unfortunately he was hit in his abdomen that results he became paralyzed from toes to waist. At this condition he killed one more terrorist at point blank range. After his inspiration Lance Naik Mohan Goswami went and killed remaining terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news|title=One posthumous Ashok Chakra winner among 365 defence awardees|work=Business Standard|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/one-posthumous-ashok-chakra-winner-among-365-defence-awardees-116012600043_1.html}}</ref>

In this operation [[Lance naik|Lance Naik]] [[Mohan Nath Goswami]] martyred and Subedar Mahendra Singh became half body paralyzed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Army, government slug it out over Ashok Chakra gaffe|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/army-government-slug-it-out-over-ashok-chakra-gaffe-310206-2016-02-24}}</ref>

For the courageous act, bravery and supreme sacrifice Lance Naik Goswami was awarded with the nation's highest gallantry award the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lance Naik Mohan Nath Goswami posthumously awarded Ashok Chakra|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lance-Naik-Mohan-Nath-Goswami-posthumously-awarded-Ashok-Chakra/article14019799.ece/}}</ref> and [[Subedar]] Mahendra Singh was awarded with the [[Kirti Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Rajinder Kumar Sharma, SC|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3562|website=Gallantry Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic Day Gallantry|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2009/apr01-09/P-11.htm|website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Para Commandos]]

Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India

2026-03-12T09:31:16Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|Governing body for motorsports in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
| name = Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India
| logo = Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India.svg
| logosize = 250px
| image =
| motto =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1971}}
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| aff = {{Bulleted_list|[https://www.fim-asia.com/about-uam.html/ Asian Motorcycle Union]|[[Commission Internationale de Karting]]|[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]]|[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]]|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports – Government of India]]}}
| president = Arindam Ghosh
| vicepresident = Farooq Ahmed
| url = www.fmsci.co.in
}}

The '''Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India''', abbreviated as '''FMSCI''', is the governing body for [[motor sports]] in [[India]] and was founded in 1971. It is a long-standing member of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]] (FIM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fim-live.com/en/fim/the-federation/affiliated-federations/?tx_fimwebsite_federation%5B@widget_0%5D%5BcurrentPage%5D=2&cHash=ecddca181fc69d1c90b4545420dcf690|title=Affiliated Federations: FIM Website|website=www.fim-live.com|accessdate=14 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515183739/http://www.fim-live.com/en/fim/the-federation/affiliated-federations/?tx_fimwebsite_federation%5B@widget_0%5D%5BcurrentPage%5D=2&cHash=ecddca181fc69d1c90b4545420dcf690|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fim-live.com/en/fim/the-federation/about-the-fim/|title=About the FIM: FIM Website|website=www.fim-live.com|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> and [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fia.com/members/region/asia-6/country/IN/member_club/sport-mobility-3|title=Members|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fia.com/organisation|title=Organisation|date=24 February 2015|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> the world bodies for 2/3 and 4 wheeler motor sport respectively.

FMSCI is the only national motor sport federation recognised by the [[Government of India]] for promotion and control of motorsport in India, and is affiliated to the [[Indian Olympic Association]]. The FMSCI is affiliated to the Asian Motorcycle Union (UAM),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-15 |title=UAM Asian Motorcycle Union / FIM Asia - About UAM |url=http://www.fim-asia.com/about-uam.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815191830/http://www.fim-asia.com/about-uam.html |archive-date=15 August 2012 }}</ref> the Continental Asian wing of the FIM in 1986.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/history/|title=History – FMSCI|website=www.fmsci.co.in|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> FMSCI has been the FMN of the FIM uninterrupted for the last three decades.

FMSCI was the Indian ASN in FIA from 1979 to 1999 but lost the status for eight years to [[Motorsports Association of India]] (MAI) which was formed by founding member Nazir Hoosein, who engineered the split.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/sports/bumpy-road-for-indian-motorsport-news-motor-sports-jegrKXcfiggsi.html|title=Bumpy road for Indian motorsport|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> During this period the FSCI has also violated the National sports policies as communicated by the Sports Authority of India by electing the same president for more than the stipulated terms/years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Sam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oplAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Federation+of+Motor+Sports+Clubs+of+India%22&pg=PA16&article_id=655,3585658 |title=The Indian Express |date=24 April 1987 |publisher=The Indian Express |edition=Bangalore |location=Bangalore |publication-date=24 April 1987 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 April 2000, FIA dismissed FMSCI as the Indian ASN and transferred the ASN status to newly founded MAI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2001/sep/06motor.htm|title=rediff.com: MAI vs FMSCI|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> FMSCI was given back the ASN status in April 2008<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns20515.html|title=Latest Formula 1 Breaking News - Grandprix.com|website=www.grandprix.com|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> but MAI briefly won an appeal to retain its power. Finally, FMSCI regained the power in April 2009 to conduct and oversee motor sports activities in the country.<ref name=":2" /> However, MAI remained an ordinary member in the FIA till April 2013 when its membership was scrapped on the recommendation of WMSC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131207/sports-motor-sports/article/fmsci-now-sole-fia-recognised-body-india|title=FMSCI is now sole FIA recognised body from India|date=2013-12-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>

== Founding members ==
In 1971, the [[Madras Motor Sports Club]], Bangalore Motor Sports Club (currently renamed as the [[Karnataka Motor Sports Club]]), the Calcutta Motor Sports Club, the Coimbatore Auto Sports Club and the Indian Automotive Racing Club came together to form the National Federation and became the founding members.<ref name=":1" />

FMSCI is registered as a private limited non-profit company under Section 25 of the [[Companies Act 1956]] in 1973. It is recognized by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] of the [[Government of India]] as the only National Sports Federation (NSF) for governing motor sports in the country.

== Activities ==
The main activities of the National Federation are to promote motor sports at the grass-root level all over the country and to raise the standard of the sport by allocating and conducting various events, it trains and deputes technical officials including stewards to conduct events in a safe and fair manner, it formulated the rules and regulations, both sporting and technical, it issues licenses for clubs to conduct the events and for participants to take part in the events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/about-us/|title=About Us – FMSCI|website=www.fmsci.co.in|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>

FMSCI conducts National championships in over 10 different disciplines of motor sports like racing, rallying, karting, autocross, motocross & supercross, gymkhana, and drag. Two of the flagship National events are the [[Indian National Rally Championship]] (INRC) and National Racing Championship (NRC) both for two-wheelers and four-wheelers. Nationals with multiple rounds are also conducted by different affiliated clubs which are granted the hosting rights through promoters in karting, supercross and drag. Many club events are also conducted throughout the year. [[K1000 rally|K1000 Rally]], South India Rally and the Rally of Coimbatore are some of the regular rallies which are part of the National Championship calendar.

FMSCI also collaborates in the organisation of racing leagues like [[Indian Racing League]] and Ceat [[Indian Supercross Racing League]] (ISRL).

[[MRF (company)|MRF Tyres]] and [[J. K. Organisation|JK Tyres]] are two of the tyre companies that have taken active part in Indian motor sports since its early days. Other corporates like [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Bharat Petroleum]], [[ITC Limited]], [[United Breweries Group]], [[McDowell's No.1]], [[Birla Tyres]], Popular Automobiles, [[CEAT (company)|CEAT Tyres]], AVT, [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]], [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] were also associated with Indian motor sports as sponsors. TVS has been one of the very active members both in racing and motocross/super cross activities. Volkswagen has also taken part in the national racing and rally championships regularly in the last decade. Other manufacturers Yamaha, Hero Honda and Suzuki have also been conducting one-make races in the National Racing Championships. FMSCI regularly "homologates" the vehicles that take part in the National Championships, with regard to the technical registration of the vehicle, gearbox, and suspension to ensure a level-playing field.

[[File:Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India (crest).png|thumb|120px|right|Old logo of FMSCI]]
The FMSCI has developed over the years a dedicated pool of 98 Stewards, 20 Technical Delegates and a thousand-odd Marshals in addition to the following infrastructure/facilities for motor sport in India:
The international race track at Chennai by the Madras Motors Sports Club with international quality transponder/automatic timing equipment implanted at the start/finish line of the track.
Go-kart tracks by member clubs at Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Ludhiana, New Delhi.

The Federation also provides to the clubs and organisers Calibrated Scrutiny Kits for vehicle inspection, automatic rally-timing devices with printers, HAMS and other communication equipment.

Many of the member clubs and teams run driver and rider academies and schools, to train aspiring racing drivers and riders under the permission and aegis of FMSCI.

The FMSCI runs its activities through a central secretariat located in [[Chennai]], headed by Deputy Secretary General V. S. Shriakant, who is assisted by office-staff, P. Narendran, John Chittaranjan and C. Sivaguru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/secretariat/|title=Secretariat – FMSCI|website=www.fmsci.co.in|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Motorsport in India]]
*[[Indian National Rally Championship]]
*[[Madras Motor Sports Club]]
*[[Kari Motor Speedway]]
*[[Force India]]
*[[Buddh International Circuit]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fmsci.in FMSCI website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162705/http://www.madrasmotorsports.in/home.htm Madras Motor Sport Club]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{Indian motorsports}}

[[Category:Motorsport in India]]
[[Category:National sporting authorities of the FIA]]
[[Category:National members of the FIM]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Motorsport]]
[[Category:Motorsport governing bodies in India| ]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]

The India Papers

2026-03-12T07:40:13Z

MarieDevore: creating the stub nd citations

{{Short description|Archive of documents relating to British India}}
{{Infobox collection|name=The India Papers|housed_at=[[The National Library of Scotland]]|website={{URL|https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/index.html|nls.uk/indiapapers}}|curators=Curator (Social Sciences)|size=4,200+ bound volumes (40,000+ individual reports)|image=|imagesize=200 x 200 px}}

'''The India Papers''' collection is an archive containing roughly 4,200 bound volumes (40,000 individual reports)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Usher|first=Jan|date=|title=The Medical History of British India Online Project|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_180002/n1_4_Wed_Usher_29.pdf?Expires=1598441717&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=f2BZNT8EtjORPI-JYlpGOauHS4TrSpLJebgwl0sfu4r2U6jTB4ofSR84ecKcsQxSyqT4UczGrMIHAeqcI0CTwZYM5rRqRjCby5lNilfoK3mOMMSQ0KGJ83H9PDwiErT2dIJGAhWPnFqbcfmyMqSTVU2apyJIfC8bmRGQcqDQGMBfqFW4Sa9hunfgW7cEwf45OD8Lv7UL7XbTWnSc59xFOlWQVFlCkYcR~NSkzHELC2r1kH2OPTWOiXopIeKX0~Zjhb6K4Lv-tfTWyAkQaTR7O8WF7l88eeVn7lOH33oX66bA32GdKnYHZncy140huuL5P50oSVAMxb6Cbpx8BqvaHw__|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> dated from the [[:simple:Indian_Rebellion_of_1857|post-Mutiny]] reorganisation of the Indian government up until [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]] in 1947 and is essentially a collection of almost all things relating to [[British Raj|British India.]] There are large sections devoted to the state's medical history, human rights, military history, education, industry and trade, travel, politics, religion, arts, and various other subjects. Notable documents in the archive include important documentation concerning eye-witness accounts of the [[Partition riots]] and the police reports on [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's]] political meetings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cannabis and Empire|url=https://www.nls.uk/media/22687/folio08.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Folio}}</ref> The rare collection is held at the [[National Library of Scotland]] '''(NLS)''' in [[Edinburgh|Edinburgh, Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dysert|first=Anna|title=Spotlight on: Medical History of British India {{!}} De re medica|url=https://blogs.library.mcgill.ca/osler-library/spotlight-on-medical-history-of-british-india/|access-date=2020-08-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Only one other collection of similar size and content can be found in the UK, the [[India Office Records]], which are held at the [[British Library]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Office Records and Private Papers|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/india-office-records|access-date=2020-08-24|website=The British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Background to the Collection - Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/background.html|access-date=2020-08-24|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref> The India Papers are complemented further by more the substantial collections in [[India]] and in the [[United States]].

== History and acquisition ==
The India Papers consist of documents and other miscellaneous materials spanning from around 1858 to 1947. The collection comprises publications of the central imperial government and of various Indian states, many of which came under British rule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Papers Collection - Official Publications Collections - National Library of Scotland - National Library of Scotland|url=https://www.nls.uk/collections/official-publications/india-papers|access-date=2020-08-25|website=www.nls.uk}}</ref>

The National Library of Scotland acquired parts of the India Papers in different ways, though most materials were deposited under a scheme administered by the [[India Office]]. Some materials was published in the UK on the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s behalf and so has been acquired under the terms of the [[Copyright Act 1911|Copyright Act]], while all other papers were either donated or purchased. There are also composite volumes which were assembled by [[George Smith (1833–1919)|George Smith]] and [https://www.logcollegepress.com/blog/2018/8/5/the-story-of-a-dedicated-life Joseph Owen] as well as some books that were acquired as part of the Minto Papers - a collection of papers related to the Elliot family whose 1st [[Earl]], [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]], was [[Governor-general|Governor-General]] of India (1807 - 1813) and whose [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|4th Earl]], of the same name, was [[Viceroy]] (1905 - 1910).

== The Medical History of British India collection ==
The Medical History of British India collection exposes government practices, law and the operation of colonial power in British India in a medical context, with extensive information on colonial medicine accompanied by drawings, maps, graphs, illustrations and photographs. Most of the archive has been digitised by the NLS and so thousands of documents relating to disease, veterinary medicine, public health, and medical research are now available online to the general public. This digitised archive is divided up into six smaller series: Disease, Institutions, Drugs, Veterinary medicine, Mental health, and Vaccination.

=== Disease ===
The disease section of the collection is made up of 51 reports related to disease within India while it was under British rule. These reports are dated from 1868 to 1920. Included here are extensive reports on [[cholera]], [[Bubonic plague|the bubonic plague]], [[yellow fever]], [[leprosy]], and [[malaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Medicine - Disease - Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/archive/74466617?from_row=51|access-date=2020-08-25|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref>[[File:Scientific memoirs of the medical officers of the army of India.jpg|thumb|Scientific memoirs of the medical officers of the army of India]]

=== Institutions ===
There are 106 volumes in this series which has been further divided into three sections: Reports from medical colleges, schools, and research institutions; Army health reports and medical documents; and [[Lock hospital|Lock hospitals.]]

==== Reports from medical colleges, schools and research institutions ====
There are 13 titles in the first section, including reports on vaccine production, disease outbreaks and public health, some with extensive tables and diagrams which demonstrate patient admission figures and mortality rates. These reports include documents from a wide range of institutions such as asylums, prisons, and police hospitals.

==== Army health reports and medical documents ====
The Army health reports make up 12 of the titles in this section, each describing the health and sanitary conditions of the army in India at the time. Lists of the health details of military personnel from Britain, Europe and India details are all kept here. Also included within this section are three volumes of army regulations, as well as 73 separate documents belonging to the Scientific Memoirs series, a medical journal by Indian medical staff.

==== Lock hospitals ====
[[File:Men treading ganja in Ahmednagar, 1893.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Men treading ganja in Ahmednagar, 1893]]
This section is made up of five reports describing the treatment and control of venereal disease applied to soldiers and prostitutes from 1873 to 1891. There are tables in the reports which list instances of different venereal diseases, such as [[syphilis]] and [[Gonorrhea|gonorrhoea]], in patients. Of particular note in these reports are the comments made by staff appraising the lock hospital system, as well as various statements exposing imperial attitudes towards women and sex workers. In the context of the period, the government needed to maintain the health of British soldiers as effectively as possible, while also ensuring their basic needs were met. To meet these needs, they provided Indian women as prostitutes, most of whom were forced into it by poverty. to be as healthy as possible, while also ensuring men as healthy. They were seen as a commodity for the army, as valuable as blankets or food, and as such they were regularly checked for disease.<ref name=":0" />
=== Drugs ===
The Drugs collection is made up of nine volumes, dating from 1867 to 1903. It contains reports detailing research on hemp and [[opium]] usage in British India, of particular note is the 1893 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission report, as well as information on the cultivation of [[Cinchona|cinchona trees]] and reports from the Nilgiris plantation. Research on chloroform anaesthesia can also be found here, as can details about its clinical trials and debates on the safety of the drug. [[File:Photo of bhang drinkers, from the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission report, 1893.jpg|thumb|Photo of bhang drinkers, from the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission report, 1893|alt=|left]]

==== Indian [[Hemp]] Drugs Commission report ====
The Hemp Drugs Commission was formed in 1893 following a question posed in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] regarding hemp production and its use in [[Bengal, Indiana|Bengal, India.]] The job of the commission was to conduct a thorough investigation into the use of hemp drugs and its effects on physical, mental and moral wellbeing, and is a compilation of the answers to 70 questions asked in 30 cities across India to over 2,000 missionaries, hemp cultivators, traders, medical staff, and military personnel. This report shows the relationship between [[cannabis]] users and the government, its questions being indicative of the governments consideration of prohibition and also of its consequences (ie. loss of tax income).
[[File:A hemp drug shop in Kandesh, 1894, displaying bhang, ganja and majum.jpg|thumb|327x327px|A hemp drug shop in Kandesh, 1894, displaying bhang, ganja and majum]]
The commission report had controversial findings. Many of those interviewed voiced that cannabis, indigenous to [[South Asia]] and deeply rooted in Indian culture and religion, was used for thousands of years prior for the host of nutritional and medicinal benefits that it provided. This, alongside experiments which showed that cannabis benefitted manual labourers on poor diets, meant that the commission eventually decided to control and restrict cannabis with adequate taxation, ensuring cultivators had to obtain licences and also making sure there was a limit on sales and legal possession.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drugs - Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/drugs.html|access-date=2020-08-26|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref> The NLS is in possession of the only copy which contains photographs: 16 sepia-toned pictures of the plant, cannabis users, and cannabis traders.<ref name=":0" />

=== Veterinary medicine ===
This section contains 146 volumes dated from 1864 to 1959. It is split into three series: Veterinary diseases, Colleges and laboratories, and Civil Veterinary Departments. The reports consist of extensive medical research relating to [[trypanosomiasis]] and [[rinderpest]], and on a more general scale reports showing how veterinary medicine combatted and controlled disease, maintained livestock, and helped to alleviate famine. Of particular note are books about elephant health and disease, as well as much information on [[Animal husbandry|husbandry]] and management of working elephants.

=== Mental health ===
The Mental health collection consists of reports which describe the lunatic asylums and mental hospitals in British India from 1867 to 1948. These reports are significant because they reveal institutional conditions, accounts of violence and disease, and also how people (both native and European) were treated. As well as this, the reports allow for analysis of asylum populations. There are tables, diagrams, and charts within these volumes, each showing changes in the classification of different mental illnesses throughout the period.

=== Vaccination ===
The Vaccination section of the archive is made up of 66 volumes dating from 1856 to 1933. The reports here reveal how vaccination against [[smallpox]] was implemented in British India. They reveal the shift from [[variolation]], improved vaccination techniques, and the logistics of lymph supply, as well information on funding and staffing of hospitals and medical practices. They also explore how the local population viewed and resisted western vaccination.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/ The Medical History of British India digitised collection | NLS]

[[Category:India Office]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Indian documents]]
[[Category:Archives in Scotland]]

Bhadariya Library

2026-03-06T11:18:03Z

MarieDevore: adding new info.

{{Short description|Underground library in India}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Bhadariya Library
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| type =
| established =
| location = Bhadariya, [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.098325202802812|71.55673160533176}}
| website =
}}

'''Bhadariya Library''' is a library building based in [[Jaisalmer]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is situated at Bhadariya Village in Pokharan Tahesil under the Thar desert and has sitting capacity of 4000 persons.

==History==

The library was developed Harbansh Singh Nirmal -- also known as Bhadariya Maharaj -- an avid reader from Punjab. In 1998, he started collecting books gifted to him by people. Later on, funds were raised to construct a temple for a goddess here.<ref name = "TOI" /><ref name="HT">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Unique underground library in Rajasthan built under a temple is every bibliophile's dream come true |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/unique-underground-library-in-rajasthan-built-under-a-temple-is-every-bibliophile-s-dream-come-true/story-Hiie5VsNNBgtBS0c1mCYwK.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Construction==
It is an underground library set up {{convert|16|feet}} under ground beneath a temple.<ref name="CT">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=Rajasthan Has One Of Asia's Biggest Libraries Housing 9,00,000 Books |url=https://curlytales.com/rajasthan-has-one-of-asias-biggest-libraries-housing-900000-books/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref> This helps keeping library cool even in the humid summer. The bibliotheca consists of 562 glass shelves. the library is being looked after by the villagers and the temple devotees through a trust named Jagdamba Seva Committee.<ref name = "TOI"/><ref name="HT"/>

==Collection==
The library hosts more than 900,000 books. The books present in the library range from science and astronomy to astrology and history.<ref name = "TOI"/><ref name="CT"/> Most of the books here are in Hindi pertaining to archaic Indian texts, and scriptures.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/rajasthans-treasure-trove-an-underground-library-with-900000-books-one-of-asias-biggest/articleshow/75892476.cms |title=Rajasthan's treasure trove: An underground library with 900,000 books, one of Asia's biggest! |date=May 22, 2020 |website=Times of India |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519052248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/rajasthans-treasure-trove-an-underground-library-with-900000-books-one-of-asias-biggest/articleshow/75892476.cms |archive-date=May 19, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Libraries in India]]

Officer (2018 film)

2026-03-03T21:49:23Z

MarieDevore: small fixed lead per standard format also and improved wording

{{short description|2018 film directed by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Officer
| image = Officer poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = P. Jaya Kumar
| story = Ram Gopal Varma
| screenplay = Ram Gopal Varma
| producer =
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] Myra Sareen
| music = Ravi Shankar
| cinematography = Bharat Vyas N. Rahul Penumatsa
| editing = Anwar Ali R. Kamal
| studio = R Company Production
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|6|01|ref1=}}
| runtime = 124 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Officer''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] produced and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nagarjuna-akkineni-ram-gopal-varma-to-collaborate-again-for-upcoming-film-see-first-look-4218677.html|title=Nagarjuna Akkineni, Ram Gopal Varma to collaborate again for upcoming film; see first look|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-04-20|language=en-US}}</ref> on his R Company Production banner. The film stars [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], Myra Sareen in the lead roles and music composed by Ravi Shankar. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dubbed version, ''Simtaangaran'' was released on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagarjuna's Tamil film has a Vijay connect! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nagarjunas-tamil-film-has-a-vijay-connect/articleshow/77807458.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213114302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nagarjunas-tamil-film-has-a-vijay-connect/articleshow/77807458.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-gopal-varma-nagarjuna-film-titled-officer-has-a-release-date/story-yUWRkWwpl6L5gOVWPRnBcJ.html|title=Ram Gopal Varma,King Nagarjuna's film titled Officer; has a release date|date=2018-02-28|access-date=2018-04-20|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sivaji Rao is a [[Hyderabad]]-based [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who is posted as an SIT officer in [[Mumbai]] to handle the case of a corrupted cop called Narayan Pasari. Sivaji successfully manages to arrest Pasari, but the latter uses his influence, comes out of jail, and joins back in his duty. This time, he becomes even more lethal and starts targeting Sivaji.

==Cast==
* [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] as Sivaji Rao
* Myra Sareen as Meena Narang
* Anwar Khan as Narayan Pasari
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as JCP Ramdas
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Prasad
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Bajrangi
* Ankur Ratan as John
* Baby Kavya as Shaalu
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Producer (cameo appearance)

==Production==
The film shooting started on 20 November 2017 at the [[Annapurna Studios]], [[Hyderabad]]. Nagarjuna & Ram Gopal Varma are pairing up almost after 25 years,{{cn|date=December 2024}} this is the fifth film in their combination, their previous works being ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Shiva]]'' (1989), ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' (1990), ''[[Antham]]/[[Drohi (1992 film)|Drohi]]'' (1992) and ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]'' (1994).{{cn|date=December 2024}} The motion poster of the film released on 28 February 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/motion-poster-nagarjuna-rgv-s-film-officer-unveiled-77186|title=Motion poster for Nagarjuna-RGV's film 'Officer' unveiled|date=2018-02-28|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> and its teaser was released on 9 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/rgvs-nagarjuna-and-myra-sareen-starrer-officers-teaser-released/articleshow/63678696.cms|title=RGV's Nagarjuna and Myra Sareen starrer 'Officer's teaser released! |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> The second teaser released on 4 May while the theatrical trailer released on 12 May.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/officer-trailer-ram-gopal-varma-nagarjuna-1232272-2018-05-12 | title=Officer trailer: Nagarjuna shines as a tough cop in this Ram Gopal Varma film | date=12 May 2018 | magazine=India Today | access-date=24 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Officer
| type = film
| artist = Ravi Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|5|28}}
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 10:20
| label = Mango Music
| producer = Ravi Shankar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by Ravi Shankar. Lyrics were written by Sira Sri. The music was released on Mango Music Company.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:20
| title1 = Navve Nuvvu
| length1 = 04:09
| extra1 = Ravi Shankar, Ramya Behera
| title2 = Shehanai Baje
| length2 = 03:13
| extra2 = Manish Ragire, Manya Narang, Shakshi
| title3 = Officer Theme
| length3 = 02:58
| extra3 = Instrumental
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8065870}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 crime action films]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]

Thooku Medai

2026-03-03T05:18:09Z

MarieDevore: creating a article v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thooku Medai
| image = Thooku Medai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amirtham
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Thooku Medai''|M. Karunanidhi}}
| starring = [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sri Appan Films
| released = {{film date|1982|5|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thooku Medai''''' ({{translation|[[Gallows]]}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by Amirtham and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film stars [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] and [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]. It is an adaptation of Karunanidhi's play of the same name. The film was released on 28 May 1982.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2021}}

== Cast ==
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
*Chakravarthy
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
*Usha Rajender
*[[Nagesh]]

== Production ==
''Thooku Medai'' is a film adaptation of the stage play of the same name written by M. Karunanidhi who scripted the film version too.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=8 August 2018 |title=How Karunanidhi the playwright gave birth to Karunanidhi the politician |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karunanidhi-playwright-gave-birth-karunanidhi-politician-86218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503132206/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karunanidhi-playwright-gave-birth-karunanidhi-politician-86218 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thookumedai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thookumedai-orignal-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1464632649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917094730/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thookumedai-orignal-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1464632649 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thookku Medai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thookku-medai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218105057/https://mossymart.com/product/thookku-medai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kodi Uyara Kol Uyarum
| lyrics1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Aayiram Piraigal Kaanumvarai
| lyrics2 = M. Karunanidhi
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 4:14
| title3 = Kurinji Malar Ondru
| lyrics3 = M. Karunanidhi
| extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]], Vani Jairam
| length3 = 4:49
| title4 = Inioru Thollaiyum Illai
| lyrics4 = [[Subramania Bharati]]
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length4 = 3:33
| total_length = 17:24 
}}

== Controversy ==
Karunanidhi was displeased with the censor board for reducing 500 feet of the film which contained his dialogues that focused "on the long search from [[Madurai]] to [[Tiruchendur]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pratap |first=Anita |date=23–29 May 1982 |title=Producers protest against unjustified censorship |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20974/page/n399/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416110751/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20974/page/n399/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |magazine=Sunday |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=9 |issue=49}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Thooku Medai'' was released on 28 May 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=திரையுலகில் கலைஞர் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/karunanidhi/newsdetail.asp?id=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181026111453/http://www.dinamalar.com/karunanidhi/newsdetail.asp?id=8 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The reviewer from ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded Chandrasekhar's performance, and his recital of Karunanidhi's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 June 1982 |title=தூக்கு மேடை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-06-20/page/58/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231022074923/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-06-20/page/58/mode/2up |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=9 August 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58–59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite this, it failed commercially.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Laul |first=Brian |date=16 January 1983 |title=Where Cinema Is Politics and Politics Is Cinema |url=https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.101041/2015.101041.The-Illustrated-Weekly-Of-India-Vol102114-No3614dec-april1880.pdf |access-date=23 October 2023 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=16–19 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s political drama films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 controversies]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)

2026-03-03T05:11:39Z

MarieDevore: adding page

{{short description|1989 film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Crazy Mohan]] (dialogues)}}
| story = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| producer = Kamal Haasan
| starring = {{ubl|Kamal Haasan|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]|[[Nagesh]]|[[Gautami]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram|P. C. Sriram]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|4|14}}
| runtime = 150–157 minutes{{efn|While the runtime is listed in [[G. Dhananjayan]]'s ''The Best of Tamil Cinema'' as 150 minutes,{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=119}} the ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' by [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] says 157 minutes.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=487}}}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Apoorva Sagodharargal''''' ({{Translation|Unique Brothers}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=RS |first=Anand Kumar |date=16 April 2019 |title=30 years of 'Apoorva Sagodharargal': Why Kamal Haasan's film is unforgettable |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-apoorva-sagodharargal-why-kamal-haasans-film-unforgettable-100133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416220804/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-apoorva-sagodharargal-why-kamal-haasans-film-unforgettable-100133 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Nagesh]], [[Gautami]], [[Rupini]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Srividya]], [[Janagaraj]], [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]. The plot centers on the twins Raju and Appu, who were separated during childhood, and Appu's quest for revenge against the criminals who killed his father.

''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was produced by Haasan under the production company [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]. The film was written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]], while Haasan and [[Crazy Mohan]] wrote the screenplay and dialogues, respectively. [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] handled editing, and [[P. C. Sreeram|P. C. Sriram]] served as cinematographer. The music for the film was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].

''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]]. The film was theatrically released on 14 April 1989 and was a major box office success, completing a 200-day run in theatres and becoming the highest grossing Tamil film at that time. It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]], and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Haasan) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Vaali).

== Plot ==
Sethupathi is an honest police officer living with his pregnant wife Kaveri. He arrests four bigwigs – Dharmaraj, Francis Anbarasu, Nallasivam and Satyamoorthy  who escape justice easily and return to take revenge. One night, they kill Sethupathi and poison his pregnant wife, Kaveri. However, Kaveri manages to survive and flee. She gives birth to twins with the help of a woman named Muniyamma, but they are separated, with each woman believing the other to be dead. One of the twins, Raja, grows up as a mechanic with Muniyamma, while the other, Appu, a [[dwarfism|dwarf]], grows up in a circus with his mother.

After several years, Appu falls in love with Mano, the daughter of the circus owner. He mistakenly believes that she wants to elope with him, but she had actually asked him to be a witness to her marriage with her fiancé Vincent, whom her father disapproves of. Appu becomes heartbroken and insecure about his height, and he attempts suicide but is stopped by his mother, who then reveals that his dwarfism might have been because of the poison force-fed to her when she was pregnant. After learning about the murder of his father, Appu decides to avenge his father's death. Meanwhile, Raja falls in love with Janaki, who happens to be Satyamoorthy's daughter. As Raja resembles Sethupathi, Satyamoorthy and his three accomplices become wary of him.

Appu lures Francis to an abandoned building, and kills him using a [[Rube Goldberg machine]]. Francis's corpse falls into a lorry covered with hay, and Raja and Janaki hitchhike in the same lorry, oblivious to the corpse. The lorry driver discovers the corpse when he reaches his destination and calls the police. The inspector in charge of the case comes to suspect Raja of the murder.

Appu kills Nallasivam on a golf course using a tiger from his circus, but Nallasivam's caddie sees Appu's face, and the tiger's tail from afar. This leads the inspector to Raja again, who, coincidentally, is wearing a tiger costume while performing at a festival. Janaki becomes enraged when she learns that Raja is suspected of killing her father's friends and breaks up with him. Raja is released from custody as the postmortem examination has revealed real tiger wounds.

Raja goes to Janaki's house to reconcile with her, and the inspector covertly follows him. While Raja is talking to Janaki, Appu tricks Satyamoorthy into killing himself with a circus handgun that shoots backwards. Appu escapes, but Raja and Janaki enter Satyamoorthy's room, having heard the gunshot moments before the inspector arrives. Janaki faints when she sees her father dead, and the inspector believes that Raja shot Satyamoorthy. Raja escapes and becomes a fugitive. When he is spotted in a market, Raja takes a woman hostage and threatens to kill her, not knowing that the woman is his mother, Kaveri. When the crowd backs down, he releases Kaveri and flees. Kaveri realises that Raja is her other son and seeks out Muniyamma. Together, they realise that the murders were committed by Appu, and that Raja has been mistaken for Appu, who overhears their conversation.

Dharmaraj believes Raja is avenging his father's death and that he is the next target. He is shocked to see Kaveri, whom he believed to be dead. Nonetheless, he kidnaps both Muniyamma and Kaveri, and threatens to kill them unless Raja surrenders to him. Appu escapes, helps Raja evade the police, and tells him everything. They team up and go to the circus, where the women are held captive. In the ensuing battle, Appu and Raja overpower Dharmaraj's henchmen, and Dharmaraj ends up hanging by a rope. With Kaveri's silent approval, Appu shoots the rope, causing Dharmaraj to fall and be mauled by circus lions. Appu surrenders to the police, while Raja and Janaki reunite.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] in a triple role as:
** Appu
** Raja
** Sethupathi
*[[Gautami]] as Janaki<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Rupini]] as Mano<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Nagesh]] as Dharmaraj<ref name="cast" />
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sathyamoorthy<ref name="cast" />
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Muniyamma<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Srividya]] as Kaveri<ref name="cast" />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Nallasivam<ref name="cast" />
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Francis Anbarasu<ref name="cast" />
*[[Janagaraj]] as the inspector<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Raja's friend
*[[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]] as Mano's father<ref name="TCRC" />
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Constable Sambandham<ref name="cast" />
*[[Crazy Mohan]] as the car owner<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=10 June 2019 |title=10 times Kamal Haasan and Crazy Mohan gave us a belly-ache with their humour |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/10-times-kamal-haasan-and-crazy-mohan-gave-us-belly-ache-their-humour-103374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622210520/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/10-times-kamal-haasan-and-crazy-mohan-gave-us-belly-ache-their-humour-103374 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Vincent<ref name="hindutamil" />
}}

== Production ==


=== Development ===
In the mid-1980s, [[Kamal Haasan]] developed the desire to act as a dwarf in a feature film, and told [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] about it.<ref name="30 years" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=30 November 1990 |title=Humour is serious business |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19901130-i-love-comedy-humour-is-very-serious-business-kamalahasan-813311-1990-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120030/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/i-love-comedy-humour-is-very-serious-business-kamalahasan/1/315879.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=15 June 1990 |title=My daughter tells me I smile like Appu. I tell her I am Appu |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |pages=25}}</ref> According to Haasan, the story was originally written for his mentor [[K. Balachander]], who rejected the idea as "too complicated".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=22 June 2015 |title=Every time I think that this is the lowest point, it is actually my peak: Kamal Haasan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Every-time-I-think-that-this-is-the-lowest-point-it-is-actually-my-peak-Kamal-Haasan/articleshow/47764743.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626044115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Every-time-I-think-that-this-is-the-lowest-point-it-is-actually-my-peak-Kamal-Haasan/articleshow/47764743.cms |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Since no producers were willing to do the film, Haasan decided to produce it himself.<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 May 1989 |title=Comeback king |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19890531-kamalhasans-latest-performance-dwarfs-his-earlier-hits-816123-1989-05-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085137/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kamalhasans-latest-performance-dwarfs-his-earlier-hits/1/323484.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 October 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Haasan and Rao developed the "tragic story" of a dwarf who works in a circus, falls in love with a woman who does not reciprocate his feelings, and realises only at the end of the film that she has left him for another man.<ref name="30 years" /> The film would end with him walking into the desert with his circus troupe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2013 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao interview |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/singeethamsrinivasarao.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625232447/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/singeethamsrinivasarao.html |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Though shooting took place for a week, Rao became sceptical of the film's feasibility, and the project was dropped.<ref name="30 years" /><ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=சந்திரமௌலி |first=எஸ். |date=14 May 1989 |title=குள்ளக் கமலை உருவாக்கியது எப்படி? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-05-14/page/n9/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230804082912/https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-05-14/page/n9/mode/2up |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=9 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Afterwards, Haasan and Rao consulted [[Panchu Arunachalam]] who said, "you have a unique character – the dwarf; make him the hero and your picture is a hit." Arunachalam made substantial changes to the script, mainly to suit the interests of [[Kodambakkam]] audiences. It was his idea for Haasan to play an additional character, Raja, who would be the dwarf Appu's twin brother. According to Rao, the character of Raja was meant to satisfy "the popular audience" while Appu "makes the actual story". To prevent either character from overshadowing the other, Rao brought in additional plot details like "the whole mistaken identity, tiger dance and romance".<ref name="30 years" /> Haasan initially approached [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]] to write the dialogue, but he declined due to other commitments;<ref name="RetroTicket" /> the position went to [[Crazy Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2014 |title=Crazy Mohan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crazy-mohan/article6575791.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415085215/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crazy-mohan/article6575791.ece |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2019 |title=Crazy Creations must continue staging plays |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crazy-creations-must-continue-staging-plays-crazy-mohan-moulee-kamal-haasan/article28237185.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235211/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crazy-creations-must-continue-staging-plays-crazy-mohan-moulee-kamal-haasan/article28237185.ece |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=12 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[P. C. Sreeram|P. C. Sriram]] and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=119}}

=== Casting ===
Haasan played three roles: Appu, Raja and Sethupathi. For Raja, he wore tight pants and unbuttoned denim shirts with sport shoes, whereas for Appu he wore only clown-like costumes besides regular clothes.{{Sfn |Raj |2010 |page=52}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan to Vijay: Kollywood stars who played triple roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/kamal-haasan-to-vijay-kollywood-stars-who-played-triple-roles/kamal-haasan-in-apoorva-sagodharargal/photostory/65177638.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112091925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/kamal-haasan-to-vijay-kollywood-stars-who-played-triple-roles/Kamal-Haasan-in-Apoorva-Sagodharargal/photostory/65177638.cms |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Prem Nazir]] was the initial choice for the character of Sethupathi; because he was unwell at the time, Haasan himself played the role.<ref name="30 years" /> [[Nagesh]], known primarily as a comedian, was initially apprehensive when Haasan approached him to portray Dharmaraja; he feared the film would fail if audiences did not accept him in a negative role. Rao, Nagesh and Haasan wanted to depict the character as a new kind of villain.<ref name="sshivu" /><ref name="RetroTicket" />

[[Gandhimathi]] was originally cast as Appu's foster mother, but following changes in the script, she was replaced by [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Manorama wasn't Kamal's first choice |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Manorama-wasnt-Kamals-first-choice/articleshow/15326835.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912184946/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Manorama-wasnt-Kamals-first-choice/articleshow/15326835.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] was offered to play Sethupathi's wife Kaveri but did not accept, resulting in [[Srividya]] being cast.<ref name="31 years vikatan" /> Moulee, despite declining to write the film's dialogues, remained in the cast.<ref name="RetroTicket" /> [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] and [[Chinni Jayanth]] appeared in minor roles as Raja's friends, but their portions were deleted from the final cut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2010 |title=Goa was my big break: Ravikanth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/mar/16/goa-was-my-big-break-ravikanth-139701.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224081426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article259342.ece?service=print |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="RetroTicket" /> Haasan had included a character for [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]], but the character was later removed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=I was supposed to play Yugi Sethu's role in Panchathanthiram: Srikkanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-supposed-to-play-yugi-sethus-role-in-panchathanthiram-srikkanth/articleshow/73760558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415090824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-supposed-to-play-yugi-sethus-role-in-panchathanthiram-srikkanth/articleshow/73760558.cms |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Stage actor Suppuni was offered the role of a handicapped character, but declined.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 February 2014 |title=Rising high with grit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/rising-high-with-grit/article5709480.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709032121/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/rising-high-with-grit/article5709480.ece |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===

The portrayal of a dwarf by the normal-sized Haasan required different techniques for different camera angles.<ref name="kalki" /> A pair of special shoes was prepared to be attached to the folded knees of the actor for the straight angle shots. Haasan adopted a particular way of holding up his arms to match the appearance of his shortened legs. For the side angle shots, a trench was dug up just to cover up the actor's legs from the feet to knees, with special shoes attached at the knee level.<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2008 |title=Singeetam reveals secret behind Kamal's dwarf role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/singeetam-reveals-secret-behind-kamals-dwarf-role/article1311684.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920062007/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/singeetam-reveals-secret-behind-kamals-dwarf-role/article1311684.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |date=21 September 2009 |editor-last=NaChaKi |title=Interview: Singeetam Srinivas Rao |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/singeetam_interview_2009_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101023751/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/singeetam_interview_2009_2.php |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref> A scientist from Bangalore was employed to assist with the special effects for the dwarf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shailendra |first=Dinesh Shankar |date=27 June 2012 |title=G CaffeThe Story of 'Appu Raja' |url=http://gcaffe.com/2012/06/27/the-story-of-appu-raja/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205111707/http://gcaffe.com/2012/06/27/the-story-of-appu-raja/ |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=G Caffe}}</ref> Rao noted Appu would lend "attention and sympathy from the audience" and he made sure Raja "got equal attention and sympathy".<ref name="ss" />

S. T. Venky made his debut as visual effects designer for this film and also became the first person to use digital technology in visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=4 November 1997 |title=An interview with special effects whiz Venky |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/04ven.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217175704/http://m.rediff.com/movies/nov/04ven.htm |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=14 March 2012 |title=Cinema's future 'avatar' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinemas-future-avatar/article2994779.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415091014/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinemas-future-avatar/article2994779.ece |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Animals used in the films were trained by Ravindra Sherpad Deval.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2014 |title=A school within a ring |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-school-within-a-ring/article5591389.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200423132507/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-school-within-a-ring/article5591389.ece |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The circus portions in the film were filmed at Gemini Circus and in Cochin.<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2008 |title=Where the performers will send you into tailspin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Where-the-performers-will-send-you-into-tailspin/article15367574.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200423132001/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Where-the-performers-will-send-you-into-tailspin/article15367574.ece |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Raja Kaiya Vachchaa" had many scenes inspired from ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' (1978), including the transformation of the old car into a new one, and the dramatically changing costumes of the dancers.<ref name="RetroTicket" />{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=120}} The song "Ammava Naan" was initially dumped after the script went through changes, but after many days of running successfully in theatres, it was re-included as an added attraction.{{efn|Inconsistently stated by sources to be after 50 days,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=26 January 2011 |title=Films in spotlight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Films-in-spotlight/article15533170.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200415085542/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Films-in-spotlight/article15533170.ece |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> 75 days,<ref name="hindutamil" /> or 100 days.<ref name="31 years vikatan" />}} While filming the climax, Nagesh insisted on performing his own stunts rather than using a double.<ref name="sshivu" />

== Themes and influences ==
The title ''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was taken from the [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|1949 Tamil film of the same name]], an adaptation of the novella ''[[The Corsican Brothers]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]]. The idea of brothers coming together to avenge the death of their father is the common thread in both films.<ref name="TCRC" /> V. Ramji of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' felt the names of the villains – Nagesh's [[Dharma]]raj, [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]'s [[Satya]]moorthy, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]'s Nallasivam and [[Delhi Ganesh]]'s Francis Anbarasu – were in contrast to their personalities.<ref name="hindutamil" /> Haasan compared the film to ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973) because it features the concept of "a family being destroyed by the villain, brothers being separated and reunited".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan's guru almost killed Indian cinema's asset Apoorva Sagodharargal |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-s-guru-almost-killed-indian-cinema-s-asset-apoorva-sagodharargal-q9uoxn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628101915/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-s-guru-almost-killed-indian-cinema-s-asset-apoorva-sagodharargal-q9uoxn |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> Balaji of ''Indolink'' compared it to ''[[Twins (1988 film)|Twins]]'' (1988) as both films feature "a pair of 'imperfect' twins".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |title=The Answers.... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Features/Quiz/ans2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010621175847/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Features/Quiz/ans2.htm |archive-date=21 June 2001 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Apoorva Sagodharargal (soundtrack)}}
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref name="TCRC" /> All the songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]],<ref name="ta" /> while [[Prem Dhawan]] and [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] wrote the lyrics for the Hindi and Telugu versions.<ref name="te" /><ref name="hi" /> The soundtrack to the film featured six songs, including two versions of "Raja Kaiya Vachchaa" sung by Haasan and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], while the first version being used in the film and in the audio cassette, the latter was only included in the audio [[LP record|LP]].<ref name="TCRC" /> The Hindi and Telugu versions' soundtrack consisted only five tracks.<ref name="te" /><ref name="hi" />

== Release ==

''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was released on 14 April 1989 ([[Puthandu]]).<ref name="hindutamil" /> Despite facing competition from other Puthandu releases such as ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]'' and ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'', it became the highest grossing Tamil film at the time, beating the record of ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' (1982).<ref name="31 years vikatan" /> It was the first Tamil film to run for 100 days in five theatres in Bangalore,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=582058367784366081 |user=rameshlaus |title=#Ulaganayagan's #ApoorvaSagodharargal – The 1st Tamil movie to run 100 Days in 5 Theaters in #Bangalore.. #BOHistory |author=Ramesh Bala |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and overall completed a theatrical run of 200 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Vichithra Sodarulu'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=29 April 2016 |title=Raja Cheyyi Vesthe: Lost in a melee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raja-cheyyi-vesthe-lost-in-a-melee/article8537156.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427110152/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raja-cheyyi-vesthe-lost-in-a-melee/article8537156.ece |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and into [[Hindi]] as ''Appu Raja'' and released in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=20 July 2015 |title=10 South stunners we loved in 'Hindi' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/10-south-stunners-we-loved-in-hindi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427171011/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-inspired-says-lyricist-manoj-muntashir-speaking-song-teri-mitti-getting-corona-twist/ |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=196}}

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''{{'}}s review said that while there were three Haasans, the actor was stunning in his performance as Appu.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=121}} P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the story formulaic, but praised the execution.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=30 April 1989 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/apr/30-04-1989/p2.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731045433/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/apr/30-04-1989/p2.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=20 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=2 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Though [Kamal Haasan] dominates the show from the first frame to the last, the ensemble spirit is forever palpable: the ring-rang rock pop music score by Ilaiyaraja and the dynamic camerawork by P.C. Sriram of ''[[Nayakan]]'' contribute immensely to the picture's lightning impact."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=2 July 1989 |title=Superstar, naturally |url=https://ibb.co/D18X2tG |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105063204/https://ibb.co/D18X2tG |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event !! Category !! Recipient !! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]|| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 1990 |title=State film awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]|| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]|| rowspan="3" | Kamal Haasan
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1990 |title=Filmfare awards announced |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZZAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709022826/http://books.google.com/books?id=_JZZAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=27 October 2016 |magazine=Vidura |publisher=C. Sarkar |page=52 |volume=27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 1990 |title=Double honour for Kamal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900614&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[10th Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 1990 |title=தமிழ் |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=7 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
|Best Director – Special Prize
|[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Vaali
|}

== Cancelled sequel ==
Haasan had considered making a sequel to ''Apoorva Sagodharargal'', which would revolve around Appu escaping from prison. He even had one scene ready, and described it in 2021 as being "high up in the mountains with a high tension cable walk and Appu would be the only man to walk across the high tension cable but unfortunately, he chooses a windy day and that's how he loses his pole". The film was later dropped because, according to Haasan, "we wanted to stop being technobrats and become entertainers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After the success of ''Apoorva Sagodharargal,'' Haasan and Mohan worked together on numerous films, including ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990), ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994), ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' (1995), ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996), ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998), ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002), ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2003) and ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 June 2019 |title=Recalling 'Crazy' Mohan's Comedy, And His Kamal Haasan Collaborations |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/recalling-crazy-mohans-comedy-and-his-kamal-haasan-collaborations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108055104/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/recalling-crazy-mohans-comedy-and-his-kamal-haasan-collaborations/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that Haasan "created history by playing a dwarf who was almost half his original height".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan's top 10 mind-blowing avatars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/kamal-haasans-top-10-mind-blowing-avatars/photostory/45058379.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007044816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/kamal-haasans-top-10-mind-blowing-avatars/photostory/45058379.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2010, [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] wrote: "Under Singeetham's very able direction, the movie blended mainstream cinema and emotion very well, [...] and marked the beginning of what was to be a long career, for Kamal Haasan, in getting more into the skin of his character, and setting higher standards for himself with the aid of superior make-up and body language."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm?print=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423145558/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm?print=true |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> On Haasan's birthday, 7 November 2015, Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' considered ''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' to be one of the "films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=7 November 2015 |title=Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111657/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

The film was included by Rediff in their list of Kamal Haasan's ten best films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2013 |title=The 10 BEST Films of Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-10-best-films-of-kamal-haasan-south/20131107.htm?print=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423145834/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-10-best-films-of-kamal-haasan-south/20131107.htm?print=true |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' noted that Haasan's commitment to playing a dwarf in ''Apoorva Sagotharargal'' "helped him scale heights, not many can reach".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 January 2012 |title=Two to tango |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Two-to-tango/article13366287.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415090347/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Two-to-tango/article13366287.ece |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] compared ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015) to ''Apoorva Sagotharargal'', saying that in both films, "a noxious substance results in the hero's ‘deformity’, and when he discovers how he came to be this way, he doles out punishment in inventive ways".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=18 January 2015 |title=Terrific performance, uninspired movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/terrific-performance-uninspired-movie/article6798467.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200423132914/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/terrific-performance-uninspired-movie/article6798467.ece |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Director [[Vinayan]] said that his Malayalam film ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]'' (2005) was inspired by ''Apoorva Sagodharargal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 December 2006 |title=As the Lilliput lot converges ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/as-the-lilliput-lot-converges/article3231633.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415085347/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/as-the-lilliput-lot-converges/article3231633.ece |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rangan compared ''[[Mersal]]'' (2017) to ''Apoorva Sagodharargal'', saying that in both films, "A father is brutally murdered. A son takes revenge. The other son is thought to be the killer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mersal Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/mersal-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019054641/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/mersal-movie-review |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The 1990 film ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' was named after the song from ''Apoorva Sagodharargal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=14 December 1990 |title=Raja Kaiyya Vachaa |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901214&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The theme music from the film was humorously remixed as the "Gopi Bat Theme" in ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=23 April 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu: 5 Instances When The Director And His Team Celebrated Inside Humour In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/venkat-prabhu-5-instances-when-the-director-and-his-team-celebrated-inside-humour-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612102757/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/venkat-prabhu-5-instances-when-the-director-and-his-team-celebrated-inside-humour-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> In ''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]'' (1994), Sodalai (Goundamani) imagines himself as a dwarf similar to Appu and dances to the song "Pudhu Mappillaiku".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Periya Marudhu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Meenakshi Arts |year=1994 |time=1:29:12 to 1:30:00 |time-caption=From}}</ref> [[Janagaraj]] and [[R. S. Shivaji]] reprised their roles in ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Jayam Productions |year=2004 |time=46:11}}</ref> The scene where Appu uses a Rube Goldberg contraption to kill Francis Anbarasu was parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010), with Delhi Ganesh reprising his role.<ref name="30 years" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1243789466075987968 |user=editorsuresh |title=More than 10 years after the film released @csamudhan calls to ask the logic of why we made Delhi Ganesh drink in Tamizh Padam when he doesn't in the original (Apoorva Sagodharargal). Enna oru kadama unarchi! Actually there was logic, can you guess? PSA #TamizhPadam on Sirippoli |author=T. S. Suresh |author-link=T. S. Suresh |date=28 March 2020 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200415084354/https://twitter.com/editorsuresh/status/1243789466075987968 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Cultural depictions of dwarfism]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2019 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள் அப்புவுக்கு 30 வயது |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/162117-30.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415064927/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/162117-30.html |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2019 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="cast">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=குள்ள அப்பு மர்மம், இரண்டரை கோடி டிக்கெட், ஃபுல் ஹேண்ட் சர்ட்... அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள் படத்தின் 6 ஹைலட்ஸ்! – #30YearsOfApoorvaSagodharargal |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/155204-30-years-of-apoorva-sagodharargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423122020/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/155204-30-years-of-apoorva-sagodharargal#bypass-sw |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2013 |title=RARE: Original LP cover of Kamal Hassan's "Aboorva Sagodharargal" (Tamil, 1989) |url=http://tcrcindia.com/2013/05/15/rare-original-lp-cover-of-kamal-hassans-aboorva-sagodharargal-tamil-1989/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828214024/http://tcrcindia.com/2013/05/15/rare-original-lp-cover-of-kamal-hassans-aboorva-sagodharargal-tamil-1989/ |archive-date=28 August 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>
<ref name="30 years">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |first=S |date=13 April 2019 |title=Why Kamal Haasan's 'Apoorva Sagodharargal' is 30-years-young |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/30-years-of-kamal-haasans-apoorva-sagodargal-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-recalls-the-journey/article26829544.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415083846/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/30-years-of-kamal-haasans-apoorva-sagodargal-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-recalls-the-journey/article26829544.ece |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ss">{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=29 October 2016 |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020342/https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>
<ref name="RetroTicket">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kOiIht0gOU |title=RetroTicket GOLD {{!}} Apoorva Sagotharargal {{!}} Kamal, Singeetam, Crazy, PC, Vaali, Ilaiyaraja |date=20 May 2022 |publisher=Retro Ticket |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526065434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kOiIht0gOU |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sshivu">{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=30 June 1989 |title=For him comedy is clean fun |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1162979626202779648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802120725/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1162979626202779648 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=2 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=17 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
<ref name="31 years vikatan">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title={{''}}ஒரு துப்பாக்கி கையில் எடுக்காதே, எந்தத் தோட்டாவும் என்ன துளைக்காதே!" – கமல் சொல்லி அடித்த 'அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள்' |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423042711/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/special-article-about-31-years-of-aboorva-sagotharargal-movie#bypass-sw |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="ta">{{Cite web |title=Aboorva Sagodharargal (1989) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Aboorva-Sagodharargal-T0000264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825060903/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Aboorva-Sagodharargal-T0000264 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="te">{{Cite web |title=Vichitra Sodarulu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/vichitra-sodarulu-original/id606186684 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006032542/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/vichitra-sodarulu-original/id606186684 |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=iTunes Store}}</ref>
<ref name="hi">{{Cite web |title=Appu Raja (1990) |url=http://play.raaga.com/hindi/album/appu-raja-h001401 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010052906/http://play.raaga.com/hindi/album/appu-raja-h001401 |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Evolution: Kamal Haasan's Stupendous Style Journey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&pg=PA51 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |volume=1 |issue=10}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Circus films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about people with dwarfism]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Maharani Kottai

2026-03-03T03:33:44Z

MarieDevore: made a post

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by S. Vinod Kumar}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharani Kottai
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. Vinod Kumar
| producer = Subramaniam Thanamalar
S Vinod Kumar
| writer = S. Vinod Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Richard Rishi|Richard]]|Annie Prince Nag|[[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]]}}
| music = [[U. K. Murali]]
| cinematography = Chandran Chami
| editing = V. Don Bosco
| studio = Thanamalar Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|07|10|ref1=}}
| runtime = 118 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maharani Kottai''''' ({{langx|en|Queen's Castle}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language horror comedy drama film written and directed by S. Vinod Kumar. The film features [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] and Annie Prince Nag in the lead roles, alongside [[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]] and [[Shankar–Ganesh|Ganesh]]. Produced by Thanamalar Creations, the film was released on 10 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2015 |title=Maharani Kottai Movie Stills |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/photos/maharani-kottai-movie-stills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharani Kottai Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/maharani-kottai/movieshow/61289864.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Richard Rishi|Richard]]
* Annie Prince Nag
* [[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]]
* [[Shankar–Ganesh|Ganesh]]
* [[Ganja Karuppu]]
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]]
* [[Ashvin Raja]]
* Ashwini
* Velmurugan
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]]
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[Bonda Mani]]
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]]
*[[Neena Kurup]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
After making a Telugu film titled ''Win'' featuring [[Jai Akash]], Vinod Kumar began making ''Maharani Kottai'' in Tamil and cast [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] and actress Annie Prince Nag in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பேய் பங்களாவில் பாய்ஸ்! - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4442&id1=41&issue=20141006 |website=www.kungumam.co.in}}</ref> Annie had previously competed as a beauty pageant, and the film marked her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Girl from Odisha wins Miss India Elegant title |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/260917/girl-from-odisha-wins-miss-india-elegant-title.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Veteran actors [[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]], [[Shankar–Ganesh|Ganesh]] and [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] played supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharani Kottai Shooting Spot, Maharani Kottai Shooting Spot, Maharani Kottai, UK Murali |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/maharani-kottai/maharani-kottai-movie.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was produced by Singapore-based Subramaniam and Thanamalar as a joint venture for Dhanamalar Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Maharani Kottai || Maharani Kottai |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Preview/2014/10/09160509/Maharani-Kottai.vpf |website=Iflicks}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's audio launch was hold on 20 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மகாராணி கோட்டை பாடல் வெளியீடு/Queen Castle The song's release - Dinakaran Cinema News |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=13728&id1=3 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com}}</ref> The soundtrack had songs composed by [[U. K. Murali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2014 |title='மகாராணி கோட்டை' இசை வெளியீடு |url=https://top10cinema.com//article/tl/28743/maharani-kottai-audio-launch |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508004714/https://top10cinema.com/article/tl/28743/maharani-kottai-audio-launch |archive-date=8 May 2021 |website=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release across [[Tamil Nadu]] on 16 December 2016. A reviewer from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film "not scary" and gave the film a negative review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2015 |title=மகாராணி கோட்டை |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/07/11165950/Maharani-kottai-movie-review.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref> The reviewer from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' called the film "logic-less".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharani Kottai review |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1588/Maharani%20kottai/ |website=Dinamalar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13045462}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ibrahim Adil Shah II

2026-02-25T15:21:05Z

MarieDevore: further adjusted lead for consistency and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Sultan of Bijapur from 1580 to 1627}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ibrahim Adil Shah
| title = [[Sultan]]
| succession = 6th [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Sultan of Bijapur]]
| image = Portrait of Ibrahim Adil Shah II (close up), dated circa 1615.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = A portrait of Ibrahim Adil Shah II
| reign = 10 April 1580<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=289}}</ref> – 12 September 1627
| full name = Abdul Muzaffar Ibrahim Adil Shah Jagadguru Badshah
| predecessor = [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
| successor = [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]
| spouse = Chand Sultana (daughter of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Qutb Shah]]) Kamal Khatun Taj Sultana
| issue = Durvesh Badshah Sultan Sulaiman [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]] Khizar Shah Zahra Sultana Burhan Sultan Begum Fatima Sultana
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]
| father = Tahamasp
| mother = Haji Badi Sahiba Begum
| birth_date = {{circa|1570}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1627|9|12|1570|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Ibrahim Rauza]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley, 2011), 176.</ref>
}}
'''Ibrahim Adil Shah II''' (1570 – 12 September 1627) was the Adil Shahi [[sultan]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] from 1580 to 1627. Under his reign the sultanate had its greatest period<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=119}}</ref> as he extended its frontier as far south as [[Mysore]]. He was a skilful administrator, artist, poet<ref name="Schimmel2004">{{cite book|first=Annemarie |last=Schimmel|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|others=Corinne Attwood, translator| editor=Burzine K. Waghmar|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=N7sewQQzOHUC |p=39}}|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=39}}</ref> and a generous patron of the arts. He converted from [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] to [[Sunni]] Islam,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=1 Nov 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415966900|page=108}}</ref> but remained tolerant of other religions, including [[Christianity]]. The Adil Shahis under his rule left a tradition of cosmopolitan culture and artistic patronage whose architectural remains are to be seen in the capital city of [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Bijapur]].

== Biography ==
After the death of [[Ali Adil Shah I]] in 1580, the kingdom's nobles appointed Imran Ibrahim, son of Imran Sayzada Tahmash Adil Shah and nephew of Ali Adil Shah I, as sultan. At this time, Ibrahim Adil Shah II was a nine-year-old boy.<ref name="orbat_wars">{{cite web
|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/ibrahimII_adil_shahi.html
|title=The Wars & Campaigns of Ibrahim Adil Shahi II of Bijapur 1576–1627
|author=Ravi Rikhye
|date=7 March 2005
|access-date=24 December 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020232641/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/ibrahimII_adil_shahi.html
|archive-date=20 October 2006
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

===Regency (1580–1590)===
Kamal Khan (a Deccani general) seized power and became the regent.<ref name="orbat_wars"/> Kamal Khan showed disrespect to the [[Dowager]] queen [[Chand Bibi]], who felt that he had ambitions to usurp the throne. Chand Bibi plotted an attack against Kamal Khan, with help from another general, Haji Kishvar Khan. Kamal Khan was captured while fleeing and was beheaded at the fort. Kishvar Khan was the second regent of Ibrahim. He defeated the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] at Dharaseo, capturing all the artillery and elephants of the enemy army. He ordered other Bijapur generals to surrender the highly valued elephants that they had captured. The generals, along with Chand Bibi, hatched a plan to eliminate Kishvar Khan with help from General Mustafa Khan of [[Bankapura|Bankapur]]. Kishvar Khan's spies informed him of the conspiracy. Kishvar Khan sent troops against Mustafa Khan, who was captured and killed in the battle.<ref name="orbat_wars"/>

Chand Bibi challenged Kishvar Khan, who had her imprisoned at the [[Satara (city)|Satara]] fort and tried to declare himself the king. However, Kishvar Khan was already unpopular among the rest of the generals. He was forced to flee when a joint army, led by General Ikhlas Khan, marched to Bijapur. The army consisted of forces of three [[Habshi]] nobles: Ikhlas Khan, Hamid Khan and Dilavar Khan.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi">{{cite web| url=http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/ethiopia.html| title=Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian history: History of the Ethiopian Diaspora, in India – Part IV| author=Dr. [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]]| access-date=24 December 2006}}</ref> Kishvar Khan attacked Ahmednagar unsuccessfully and then fled to [[Golconda]]. He was killed in exile by a relative of Mustafa Khan. Chand Bibi was then declared the regent.<ref name="orbat_wars"/>

Ikhlas Khan became regent for a short time, but he was dismissed by Chand Bibi shortly afterwards. Later, he resumed his dictatorship, which was soon challenged by other Habshi generals.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/>

Taking advantage of the situation in Bijapur, Ahmadnagar's sultan allied with the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] of Golconda to attack Bijapur. The troops available at Bijapur were not sufficient to repulse the joint attack.<ref name="orbat_wars"/> The Habshi generals realised that they could not defend the city alone and tendered their resignations to Chand Bibi.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/> Abu-ul-Hassan, general appointed by Chand Bibi, called for the [[Maratha]] forces in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. The Marathas attacked the invaders' supply lines,<ref name="orbat_wars"/> forcing the Ahmednagar-Golconda allied army to retreat.

Ikhlas Khan then attacked Dilavar Khan to seize control of Bijapur. However, he was defeated and Dilavar Khan became the supreme ruler from 1582 to 1591.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/> He was the last regent of Ibrahim.
[[File:Bijapur Ibrahim Rouza 100C.jpg|thumb|Tomb in [[Ibrahim Rauza]], Bijapur]]

===Unfettered reign (1590–1627)===
Ibrahim II is known in Indian history as Jagadguru Badshah. He loved music and played musical instruments. For him, the [[Tanpura (instrument)|Tanpura]] personified learning – "Ibrahim the tanpurawala became learned due to grace of god, living in the city of Vidyanagari" (Vidyanagari is the earlier name of Bijapur.) He composed poems on his wife Chand Sultana, his Tanpura Motikhan and his elephant Atish Khan.

Ibrahim II publicly declared that all he wanted was Vidya or learning, music, and Guruseva (serving the teacher). He was a devotee of Banda Nawaj, the Sufi saint of [[Gulbarga]]. He composed a prayer to him to bestow [[Vidya (Knowledge)|Vidya]] or learning and charitable disposition.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

He founded a new township at [[Nauraspur]] to give concrete shape to his idea of a musical city. He had a temple built inside the precincts of the palace that still exists.

Bijapur attracted the period's best musicians and dancers because the king was famous as a great connoisseur and patron of music.

He spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Dakhani]], [[Urdu]] and [[Kannada]] languages fluently,{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} and like his predecessors, employed several Hindus in top posts.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}


== Cultural activity ==
Under Ibrahim II, the court began to support works in the indigenous [[Deccani language]], alongside the already well-established tradition of Persian patronage. This was part of a broader 17th-century cultural shift that sought to merge indigenous Indian styles with Persian aspects, rather than adhering to a purely Persian model. Deccani literature was now valued on par with or even above Persian at the time that Deccanis started to gain political hegemony over the Iranian elite. A Mughal ambassador noted Ibrahim II's flawed grasp of Persian. Indigenous poets became popular, such as Abdul (died 1603), Hasan Shauqi (died {{circa|1640}}), Miran Mian Hashimi (died {{circa|1697}}), and particularly [[Nusrati]] (died 1674). An important Deccani text on Indian musicology, ''[[Kitab-i Nauras]]'', was written by Ibrahim II. However, even in Bijapur's later culture, the Persian language and literary heritage influenced it. Its traditions were closely followed by the Deccani literary style, such as the ''[[tadhkirah (disambiguation)|tadhkira]]'' or ''tarikh'' in [[prose]] and the ''[[mathnavi]]'' or ''[[ghazal]]'' in poetry. A third of the vocabulary in both modern and medieval [[Marathi language]] is derived from Persian due to centuries of contact.{{sfn|Eaton|1983|pp=452–456}}

The major Persian poets under Ibrahim II were [[Malek Qommi]] (died 1616), [[Muhammad Zuhuri]], Sanjar Kashani (died 1612), and Zihni Kashani ({{floruit|1587}}), all immigrants from Iran.{{sfn|Sharma|2020|p=405–406}} The equal standing of Persian and Dakhni was demonstrated by Zuhuri's Persian introduction in Ibrahim II's ''Kitab-i Nauras''.{{sfn|Sharma|2020|p=406}} Under the orders of Ibrahim II, [[Firishta]] composed the ''Tarikh-i Firishta'' in Persian, a detailed chronicle on the history of India, especially the Deccan sultanates. The work was based on the ''[[Rawzat as-safa]]'' by [[Mirkhvand]] (died 1498), and according to the [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Richard M. Eaton]], "remains an indispensable source not only for the history of Bijapur but for the history of medieval India generally."{{sfn|Eaton|1983|pp=452–456}} A history Bijapur and of other contemporary courts was also composed by [[Rafi al-Din Shirazi]] in his ''Tazkirat al-Muluk'' ("History of Kings").{{sfn|Overton|2020|p=14}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781400868155|author-link=Richard M. Eaton}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naziri-of-nishapur/|title=ʿĀdelšāhīs|first=Richard M. |last=Eaton|year=1983|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Muqarnas]]|volume=33|date=2016|pages=91–154|title=Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551683|first=Keelan|last=Overton|doi=10.1163/22118993_03301P006 |jstor=26551683}}
* {{cite book|last=Overton|first=Keelan|editor-last=Overton|editor-first=Keelan|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0253048912|chapter=Introduction to Iranian Mobilities and Persianate Mediations in the Deccan|pages=3–76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&newbks}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sunil|editor-last=Overton|editor-first=Keelan|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0253048912|chapter=Forging a Canon of Dakhni Literature: Translations and Retellings from Persian|pages=401–420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&newbks}}
{{Commons category|Ibrahim Adil Shah II}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Adil Shahi dynasty]]||{{circa|1570}}||1627}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ali Adil Shah I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sultanate of Bijapur|Sultan of Bijapur]]|years=1580–1627}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:16th-century births]]
[[Category:1627 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Sultans of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam]]

Therthangal Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:28:51Z

MarieDevore: creating first info w/ refs

{{Short description|Protected area in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Therthangal Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = iv
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Map of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| image =
| image_alt =
| location = [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|27|27|N|78|46|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_ha = 29.295
| established = 2010
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]
| nearest_city =
| elevation =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Therthangal Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 15 July 2024
| designation1_number = 2562<ref name="Ramsar">{{cite web|title=Therthangal Bird Sanctuary|work=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2562|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Therthangal Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[bird sanctuary]] in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 2010, it is spread across an area of {{cvt|29.295|ha}}. It has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2024.

== Geography ==
Therthangal [[bird sanctuary]] is located in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 2010, it is spread across an area of {{cvt|29.295|ha}}.<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=25 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625060917/https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Desig">{{cite report|url=https://tnswa.tn.gov.in/pdf/ris_document/Therthangal%20Bird%20Sanctuary.pdf|title=Therthangal Bird Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is a [[protected area]] under the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]].<ref name="Desig"/> The wetland ecosystem is fed by small rivulets from the [[Vaigai river|Vaigai]] and [[Gundar river]]s. The tank gets water only during the rainy seasons, and it served primarily as a source of water for agriculture purposes.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Desig"/> It has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2024.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Feb/01/two-more-ramsar-sites-take-total-to-20-in-tamil-nadu|title=Two more Ramsar sites take total to 20 in Tamil Nadu|date=1 February 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The area consists of about 133 species of plants including a large number of [[Acacia nilotica]] trees, most of which were planted by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] and serves as the main nest-supporting trees.<ref name="Ramsar"/> About 96 species of birds have been recored in the sanctuary, including the [[endangered]] [[Egyptian vulture]] and the [[Indian spotted eagle]].<ref name="Ramsar"/> The sanctuary lies on the [[Central Asian Flyway]], an important bird migration route,<ref name="IE"/> and serves as a temporary refuge for a large number of [[migratory birds]] including [[grebes]], [[pelicans]], [[cormorants]], [[darters]], [[herons]], [[egrets]], [[bitterns]], and [[storks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/arrival-of-migratory-birds-to-therthangal-bird-sanctuary-on-the-rise/article69238907.ece|title=Arrival of migratory birds to Therthangal bird sanctuary on the rise|date=19 February 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The wetlands are also home to seven [[mammal]], 11 [[reptile]], six [[amphibian]], and various [[insect]] species.<ref name="Ramsar"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of birds of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Jama Masjid, Pilibhit

2026-02-24T21:24:06Z

MarieDevore: created first entry added tags

{{Short description|Mosque in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jama Masjid
| image = Jamiamasjid pilibhit02.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 2009
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250px
| map_alt =
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.6359|79.8007|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Pilibhit]], [[Bareilly division]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| cercle =
| sector =
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership = ''[[Shahi Imam]]''
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]]
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1769
| construction_cost = {{INR}}3 [[lakh]]s{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Three {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
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| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
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}}
The '''Jama Masjid''' is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[mosque]], located in [[Pilibhit]], in the [[Bareilly division]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The mosque was constructed by [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]] in 1769 and was modelled on the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid Delhi]]. The mosque is situated {{convert|3.2|km}} from [[Pilibhit Junction railway station|Pilibhit Junction Railway Station]] and in the Sarai Khan Area, near Ayurvedic College.

== Architecture ==
The gateway is built in Mughal style, which resembles to the gateways of the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid in Delhi]], while the wall around the mosque enclosure are reminiscences of the curvilinear Bengali roof found in Shahjahan's additions to the Mughal palace at [[Agra]].{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== Overview ==
Every Friday, a number of Muslims in the city and nearby villages gather to perform the Friday prayer. The part of the building has been destroyed and part of land has been trespassed. A small market is also held on every Tuesday in the Jama Masjid compound. A new Tehsil compound has also been constructed close to Jama Masjid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jama Masjid in Pilibhit, History of Jama Masjid Pilibhit |url=https://www.pilibhitonline.in/city-guide/jama-masjid-in-pilibhit |date= |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=www.pilibhitonline.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist place: Jama Masjid |work=District Pilibhit, Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://pilibhit.nic.in/tourist-place/jama-masjid/ |date= |access-date=2021-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Jama Masjid: History of Pilibhit |script-title=bn:साल पुरानी जामा मस्जिद पीलीभीत |url=https://www.bareillyheritage.com/Monuments/details/362/-----jama-masjid-pilibhit |date= |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=www.bareillyheritage.com/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top thing to do in Jama Masjid: All about Jama Masjid, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh |date=2021 |url=https://www.tripnight.com/uttar-pradesh-tourism/pilibhit/detail-about-jama-masjid |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=TripNight |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Jama Masjid Pilibhit |script-title=bn:इतिहासिक जामा मसजिद पीलीभीत |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsKovf1e-k8 |work=[[YouTube]] |language=en |date= |access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref>

Construction of the mosque cost {{INR}}3 [[lakh]]s.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
[[File:Mosque built by Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Pilibhit, 1780s.jpg|thumb|The gate of the Mosque in the 1780s, by [[Thomas Daniell]]]]
* [[Sunni Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Jama Masjid, Pilibhit}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Bareilly division topics}}

[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Pilibhit]]
[[Category:Hanafi mosques]]
[[Category:Deobandi mosques]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1760s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1769]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Anish Sood

2026-02-23T18:56:51Z

MarieDevore:

{{short description|Indian music producer, DJ and songwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anish Sood
| image = Anish Sood Live at BIT Ranchi.jpg
| caption = Anish Sood Live at BIT Ranchi
| birth_name = Anish Sood
| alias = Anyasa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[House music]]
*[[Deep house]]
*[[Progressive house]]
*[[Melodic house]]
*[[Techno]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Music producer
* DJ
* Songwriter
}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| website = {{URL|anishsood.com}}
| label = [[Anjunabeats|Anjunadeep]], Class Action
}}

'''Anish Sood,''' also known by his alias, '''Anyasa''' (born 22 November 1989), is an Indian [[music producer]], songwriter and DJ. He is currently signed to English [[deep house]] label [[Anjunabeats|Anjunadeep]] and released his debut Gaya EP as Anyasa in July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edmidentity.com/2021/08/12/anyasa-unveils-blissful-gaya-ep-on-anjunadeep/ |title=Anyasa Unveils Blissful 'Gaya' EP On Anjunadeep}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anish Sood was born and brought up in [[Goa]], India. He attended high school in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. Anish holds a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from [[Goa Engineering College]]. His father and uncle are guitar players and he started collecting cassettes and CDs at the age of 9.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/house-has-a-new-caretaker/article22856059.ece|title=House has a new caretaker|last=Vellat|first=Anuradha|date=2018-02-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Anish's first exposure to electronic music was [[Armin van Buuren]]'s [[A State of Trance]] podcast<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.askmen.com/first-impression/1116231/article/the-prolific-anish-sood-on-leading-indias-dance-music-scene|title=This Guy Can Make Every Party Goer Dance To His Tunes! Hello Anish Sood|date=2017-03-27|work=Askmen India|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164633/http://in.askmen.com/first-impression/1116231/article/the-prolific-anish-sood-on-leading-indias-dance-music-scene#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and he started DJing in high school at the age of 15, soon gaining popularity for the college parties he organized and performed at. He quickly moved on to playing local nightclubs in Goa and soon made regular nightclub and festival appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Anish Sood Talks Indian Dance|url = http://nh7.in/indiecision/2015/02/23/anish-sood-talks-indian-dance-music-audiences-the-edm-bubble-more/|website = NH7|access-date = 2015-12-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120902/http://nh7.in/indiecision/2015/02/23/anish-sood-talks-indian-dance-music-audiences-the-edm-bubble-more/#|archive-date = 8 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

He has been booked to play at major Indian festivals, including [[Sunburn Festival]] in Goa,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/11/29/indias-percept-set-to-export-sunburn-and-bollyboom-festivals/#5efec555557b|title=India's Percept Set To Export Sunburn And Bollyboom Festivals|last=Groves|first=Don|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225600/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/11/29/indias-percept-set-to-export-sunburn-and-bollyboom-festivals/#5efec555557b#5efec555557b|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[NH7 Weekender]] and [[Enchanted Valley Carnival (music festival)|Enchanted Valley Carnival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2016/12/29/enchanted-valley-carnival-2016-reloaded-and-how/|title=Enchanted Valley Carnival 2016 – Reloaded (And How)!|date=2016-12-29|work=MissMalini|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302165755/https://www.missmalini.com/2016/12/29/enchanted-valley-carnival-2016-reloaded-and-how/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has performed alongside artists such as [[David Guetta]], [[Kygo]], [[Axwell and Ingrosso]], [[Tiësto]], [[Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike]], [[Steve Aoki]], [[Kshmr]] and [[Afrojack]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/went-kygos-debut-mumbai-concert/|title=What went down at Kygo's debut Mumbai concert|date=2017-11-27|work=GQ India|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164817/https://www.gqindia.com/content/went-kygos-debut-mumbai-concert/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Sunburn 2014 in Goa to have biggest DJ line-up ever|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sunburn-2014-in-goa-to-have-biggest-dj-line-up-ever-2028819|website = dna|access-date = 2015-12-01|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151209130706/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sunburn-2014-in-goa-to-have-biggest-dj-line-up-ever-2028819#|archive-date = 9 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Sherp Review: EVC Launch Party with Steve Aoki - Festival Sherpa {{!}} Online Guide to Music Festivals|url = http://www.festivalsherpa.com/evc-launch-party-with-steve-aoki-the-review/|website = Festival Sherpa {{!}} Online Guide to Music Festivals|access-date = 2015-12-01|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114242/http://www.festivalsherpa.com/evc-launch-party-with-steve-aoki-the-review/#|archive-date = 8 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Percept-promotes-DJ-Kshmr-for-6-city-charity-tour-Karma-/14-10-2017-128614/|title=Percept promotes DJ Kshmr for 6-city charity tour 'Karma'|work=Everything Experiential|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164536/http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Percept-promotes-DJ-Kshmr-for-6-city-charity-tour-Karma-/14-10-2017-128614/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2008–11: Early beginnings ===
Anish signed on a residency at a local club where he started booking and performing with talent from around the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161221-anish-sood-readies-album-launch|title=Anish Sood readies album for launch|publisher=Radio and Music|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164203/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161221-anish-sood-readies-album-launch#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This is where he connected with Mumbai-based promoter Submerge who started booking him at shows around the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://goastreets.com/anish-sood-revealed/|title=Anish Sood Revealed|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164041/https://goastreets.com/anish-sood-revealed/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2010, Anish entered the Sunburn Anthem remix contest<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-04114/percept-announces-tuborg-sunb-1288328172166|title=Percept announces 'Tuborg Sunburn Goa 2010'|work=EVENTFAQS Media|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164241/https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-04114/percept-announces-tuborg-sunb-1288328172166#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> along with his childhood friend Rishabh Joshi and their remix for Nadia Ali's Love Story won them a slot at [[Sunburn Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-events/Sun-Burn-Festival-of-Goa-is-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/10680246.cms|title=Sun Burn Festival of Goa is back with a bang - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721190214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-events/Sun-Burn-Festival-of-Goa-is-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/10680246.cms#|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He released his debut international single in 2011 on Trance legend Marcel Woods's imprint Musical Madness.

=== 2012–13: Invasion Festival and Hello World Tours ===
Anish performed as direct support to [[David Guetta]] on his maiden India tour in March 2012 at Invasion Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/two-much-music/922709/|title=Two Much Music - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050307/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/two-much-music/922709/#|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His performance was widely acclaimed and this helped catapult him to the forefront of the Indian electronic scene.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He subsequently supported David Guetta on all his Indian tours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/anish-sood-open-david-guetta-india-tour-2014-december|title=Anish Sood to open for David Guetta India Tour 2014 this December|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164344/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/anish-sood-open-david-guetta-india-tour-2014-december#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/david-guetta-performs-in-mumbai-says-we-deserve-this-party-1336254.html|title=David Guetta Performs In Mumbai, Says We Deserve This Party|work=News18|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164708/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/david-guetta-performs-in-mumbai-says-we-deserve-this-party-1336254.html#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In April 2012, Anish released his first EP on Dutch artist Miss Nine's 925 Music label featuring vocals by Indian singer/songwriter Ramona Arena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/ramona-sood-take-on-the-world-with-new-ep|title=Ramona, Sood take on the world with new EP|website=www.sunday-guardian.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref> He followed this up with another EP featuring Ramona titled "Hello World" and later released a single featuring British singer/songwriter Zoe Klinck titled "We Won't Stay".

In August 2013, Anish announced a 6 city tour in to promote his new single "Hello World" with Ramona Arena. They performed in New Delhi, Kolkata, Goa, Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore with Anish DJing and Ramona singing live.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vj-ramona-dj-sood-bring-electronic-dance-music-in-new-genre-113080800835_1.html|title=VJ Ramona, DJ Sood bring electronic dance music in new genre|access-date=2015-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821200222/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vj-ramona-dj-sood-bring-electronic-dance-music-in-new-genre-113080800835_1.html#|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2014–16: Sunburn On Air, Superfly, Tomorrowland Unite ===
In April 2014, Anish won the prestigious MyFav Best House DJ and DJ Of The Year awards and was once again voted MyFav Best House DJ in 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/freedom-of-expressiontake-two/15983165|title=Freedom of Expression.Take Two|website=mid-day|access-date=2015-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135213/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/freedom-of-expressiontake-two/15983165#|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In May 2014, he also launched a weekly podcast, Sunburn On Air in collaboration with [[Sunburn Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sunburn Radio's host Anish Sood working on the Radio show and his singles|url = http://www.radioandmusic.com/node/36021|website = Radioandmusic.com|access-date = 2015-12-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092916/http://www.radioandmusic.com/node/36021#|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The podcast has featured guestmixes by artists such as [[Hardwell|Afrojack]], [[Hardwell]] and [[MAKJ]] to name a few. The podcast was discontinued in 2016.

In April 2015, Anish collaborated with popular Indian singer [[Anushka Manchanda]] and upcoming indie producer Nanok to release "Superfly". The track peaked at #3 on the iTunes India chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-anish-sood-nanok-and-anushka-manchandas-latest-track-superfly/|title=Listen: Anish Sood, Nanok and Anushka Manchanda's latest track "Superfly" -|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US|access-date=2015-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208140504/http://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-anish-sood-nanok-and-anushka-manchandas-latest-track-superfly/#|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In June 2015, Belgian dance music festival [[Tomorrowland (festival)|Tomorrowland]] hosted a live stream event in [[Mumbai]] and [[Mexico]]. The stream featured [[Martin Garrix]], [[Armin Van Buuren]] and [[Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike]]. Anish Sood played a live opening set before the stream at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tomorrowland 2015 Unite in Mexico City and Mumbai; Percept Live to Host Live Streaming|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tomorrowland-2015-unite-experience-magic-festival-india-percept-live-host-live-streaming-639948|website = International Business Times, India Edition|access-date = 2015-12-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113092421/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tomorrowland-2015-unite-experience-magic-festival-india-percept-live-host-live-streaming-639948#|archive-date = 13 November 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

On 13 December 2015, Anish performed alongside [[Hardwell]] at a free concert entitled "The World's Biggest Guestlist" in Mumbai. All the proceeds of the festival were donated to the Magic Bus Charity Project, which enables children from poor backgrounds to achieve better education in co-operation with the United We Are Foundation and Guestlist Events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/6619974/hardwell-guinness-world-record-india-united-we-are-benefit-show|title=Hardwell to Attempt 'World's Biggest Guest List' Guinness Record at India Charity Concert|work=Billboard|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513182529/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/6619974/hardwell-guinness-world-record-india-united-we-are-benefit-show#|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/deepika-s-year/16773157|title=Breaking records with dance music|date=2015-12-15|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050255/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/deepika-s-year/16773157#|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 28 August 2016, Anish was the first electronic artist invited to perform at the renowned [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/ncpa-mumbai-to-host-its-first-edm-show/|title=NCPA Mumbai to Host its First 'EDM' Show -|date=2016-08-19|work=Rolling Stone India|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164520/http://rollingstoneindia.com/ncpa-mumbai-to-host-its-first-edm-show/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Anish also performed at the debut [[Electric Daisy Carnival]] in New Delhi on 13 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/electric-daisy-carnival-is-set-to-take-indian-electronic-music-scene-by-storm-this-november-2995760.html|title=Electric Daisy Carnival is set to take Indian electronic music scene by storm this November|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225330/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/electric-daisy-carnival-is-set-to-take-indian-electronic-music-scene-by-storm-this-november-2995760.html#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Towards the end of 2016 he released a remix of Autograf's Metaphysical which has since become one of his most successful releases to-date with over 700,000 plays on [[Spotify]] as well as being licensed in the OST for [[Ubisoft]]'s video game [[Steep (video game)|Steep.]]

=== 2017–2020: Class Action, Future Perfect ===
Anish started 2017 with the launch of his own label "Class Action" and the single "Don't Stop" featuring vocals from Los Angeles-based singer/songwriter Charlie Sputnik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161226-anish-sood-on-his-label-class-action|title=Anish Sood on his label 'Class Action'|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164127/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161226-anish-sood-on-his-label-class-action#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://djmag.jp/en/news/20170125180000|title=DJ Mag Japan Special Interview：Anish Sood|date=2017-01-25|work=DJ Mag Japan|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164510/https://djmag.jp/en/news/20170125180000#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The track received widespread media attention and peaked at #6 on the Music Week Club Charts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/news/premiere-anish-sood-x-charlie-sputnik-dont-stop|title=Premiere: Anish Sood x Charlie Sputnik - 'Don't Stop'|work=Clash Magazine|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302174314/http://www.clashmusic.com/news/premiere-anish-sood-x-charlie-sputnik-dont-stop#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He followed this up with another single titled "Going Under" this time featuring London based singer/songwriter Andy Wilson-Taylor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2017/03/anish-sood-going-under/|title=Anish Sood feat. Andy Wilson-Taylor - Going Under {{!}} The Bangin Beats|date=2017-03-18|work=The Bangin Beats|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164340/http://thebanginbeats.com/2017/03/anish-sood-going-under/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Anish's single "Starry Night" featuring LA-based singer Zach Sorgen and Atlanta-based rapper Kelechi was released on 24 November accompanied by a music video shot on the [[Amalfi Coast]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171204-anish-sood-release-castles-after-starry|title=Anish Sood to release 'Castles' after 'Starry Night'|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050533/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171204-anish-sood-release-castles-after-starry#|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> "Starry Night" won an award for Best Electronica/Dance Single at the Independent Music Awards in New York, thus making him the first Indian to win this award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/hot-news-text/india-s-anish-sood-wins-at-independent-music-awards|title=India's Anish Sood wins at Independent Music Awards|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

He also supported Norwegian DJ and producer [[Kygo]] on his debut India tour<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sunburn-hyderabad-king-tropical-house|title=Hyderabad experiences Sunburn with king of tropical house|date=2017-11-26|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164357/https://telanganatoday.com/sunburn-hyderabad-king-tropical-house#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and performed at It's The Ship, Singapore<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Its-The-Ship-Reveals-Final-Phase-Lineup-ft-Andrew-Rayel-Tyson-Beckford-More-20171020|title=It's The Ship Reveals Final Phase Lineup ft. Andrew Rayel, Tyson Beckford & More|author=BWW News Desk|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164145/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Its-The-Ship-Reveals-Final-Phase-Lineup-ft-Andrew-Rayel-Tyson-Beckford-More-20171020#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Womb, Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/events/1026853 |title=Tokyo Dance Music Event |work=Resident Advisor |access-date=2018-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164640/https://www.residentadvisor.net/events/1026853# |archive-date=2 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In February 2018, Anish released the single "Castles" featuring vocals by Canadian-Indo singer [[Jonita Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/music/india/jonita-gandhi-collaborates-with-dj-anish-sood-for-an-edm-track/articleshow/62729181.cms|title=Jonita Gandhi collaborates with DJ Anish Sood for an EDM track|work=BombayTimes|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023526/http://www.bombaytimes.com/music/india/jonita-gandhi-collaborates-with-dj-anish-sood-for-an-edm-track/articleshow/62729181.cms#|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The track was accompanied by a music video shot in [[Cappadocia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/jonita-gandhi-anish-sood-roam-turkey-castles/|title=Jonita Gandhi and Anish Sood Roam Turkey in Search for Love on 'Castles' -|date=2018-02-06|work=Rolling Stone India|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164401/https://rollingstoneindia.com/jonita-gandhi-anish-sood-roam-turkey-castles/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Anish released two singles in 2020 with [[Indian American]] singer/songwriter [[Lisa Mishra]] titled 'Running Back To You' <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/anish-soods-new-track-is-sure-to-get-you-grooving/articleshow/74476181.cms |title=Anish Sood's new track is sure to get you grooving |author=Flexcia D'Souza |date=4 March 2020}}</ref> and French songwriter Charlie Sputnik titled 'Say My Name'.

On 18 July 2020, Anish Sood, [[Ritviz]] and [[Nucleya]] conducted an online virtual concert named retroFuture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=retroFuture ft. Nucleya, Ritviz & Anish Sood|url=https://insider.in/retrofuture-ft-nucleya-ritviz-anish-sood--jul18-2020/event|access-date=2020-10-22|website=insider.in|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021-Present: Anyasa, Anjunadeep ===
In July 2021, Anish rebranded his artist project to [[Anyasa]] which translates to "spontaneous and effortless" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/anish-sood-transitions-into-anyasa-releases-new-single-rasiya/ |title=Anish Sood Transitions into Anyasa, Releases New Single ‘Rasiya’ |author=David Britto |date=3 August 2021}}</ref> He signed with English [[deep house]] label [[Anjunabeats|Anjunadeep]] and is the first Indian artist signed to the label.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mixmag.net/feature/anyasa-anjunadeep-anjunabeats-goa-india-traditional-interview |title=ANYASA IS BRINGING INDIAN TRADITIONAL MUSIC AND ELECTRONIC SOUNDS TO THE WORLD |author=NICK DECOSEMO |date=20 August 2021}}</ref> [[DJ Mag]] included him in its "12 emerging artists to watch" list in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://djmag.com/longreads/12-emerging-artists-you-need-hear-october-0 |title=12 emerging artists you need to hear this October |date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Recipient
!Outcome
!Ref(s)
|-
|2014
|MyFav Awards
|DJ Of The Year
|Anish Sood|Anish Sood
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/freedom-of-expressiontake-two/15983165|title=Freedom of Expression.Take Two|date=2015-02-12|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164159/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/freedom-of-expressiontake-two/15983165#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Global Indian Music Awards
|Best Electronica Single
|Anish Sood, Nanok - Superfly feat. [[Anushka Manchanda]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/non-film-nominations.php|title=GiMA :: Non Film Nominees 2016|website=www.gima.co.in|language=en|access-date=2017-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324142940/http://gima.co.in/non-film-nominations.php#|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Independent Music Awards
|Dance/Electronica Song
|Anish Sood - Starry Night feat. Zach Sorgen & Kelechi
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://independentmusicawards.com/16th-independent-music-awards-winners/#song|title=THE 16TH INDEPENDENT MUSIC AWARDS WINNERS - Independent Music Awards|work=Independent Music Awards|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173739/http://independentmusicawards.com/16th-independent-music-awards-winners/#song#song|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

Anish has also been featured on [[GQ]] India's 50 best dressed Indian men list in 2014, 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = GQ Best Dressed 2014|url = http://www.gqindia.com/look-good/style-fashion/gq-best-dressed-2014/|website = GQ India|access-date = 2015-12-01|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092942/http://www.gqindia.com/look-good/style-fashion/gq-best-dressed-2014/#|archive-date = 8 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 2015 Best Dressed: Red Carpet|url = http://www.gqindia.com/best-dressed/gq-best-dressed-2015-party-gq-india|website = GQ India|access-date = 2015-12-01|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210210447/http://www.gqindia.com/best-dressed/gq-best-dressed-2015-party-gq-india/|archive-date = 10 December 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

== Other ventures ==
Anish has endorsed American denim brand [[Levi Strauss & Co.]] in India since 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/865555/no-longer-just-moneybags-corporate-brands-are-now-shaping-indias-independent-music|title=No longer just moneybags, corporate brands are now shaping India's independent music|last=Gurbaxani|first=Amit|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US}}</ref> He has carried out a wide range of promotional activities for them including visiting and reviewing [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/coachella-calling/|title=Coachella Calling|date=2016-04-27|work=Rolling Stone India|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164226/http://rollingstoneindia.com/coachella-calling/#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Sood is also very active in the international dance music conference circuit and he was the curator for [[Amsterdam Dance Event]]'s Global Sessions in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/ade-global-sessions-mumbai-insight-anish-sood|title=ADE Global Sessions, Mumbai, INSIGHT: Anish Sood|website=www.redbull.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164017/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/ade-global-sessions-mumbai-insight-anish-sood#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has also been invited to speak at [[International Music Summit]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mixmag.asia/read/ims-asia-pacific-reveals-second-round-of-speakers-and-topics-local|title=IMS Asia-Pacific reveals second round of speakers and topics|work=Mixmag Asia|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225327/http://mixmag.asia/read/ims-asia-pacific-reveals-second-round-of-speakers-and-topics-local#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Tokyo Dance Music Event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/anish-sood-speak-tokyo-dance-music-event-132009712.html|title=Anish Sood to speak at Tokyo Dance Music event|date=1 November 2017|author=Indo Asian News Service|publisher=Yahoo|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164906/https://in.news.yahoo.com/anish-sood-speak-tokyo-dance-music-event-132009712.html#|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In August 2017 he was invited to speak at TEDxGECSalon (the [[TEDx]] Salon event of his alma mater, [[Goa Engineering College]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170721-anish-sood-set-make-his-tedx-debut|title=Anish Sood set to make his TEDx debut|date=Jul 21, 2017|work=RadioandMusic.com|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title="From A Classroom To The Dance-floor" {{!}} Anish Sood {{!}} TEDxGECSalon|date=2018-02-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1zRNMC50GM|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref>

==Discography==

===EPs===
* Anish Sood, Ramona Arena – Wanna Be Your Only Love [925 Music] (2012)
* Anish Sood, Ramona Arena – Hello World [925 Music] (2013)
* Anyasa – Gaya EP [Anjunadeep] (2021)
* Anyasa – Athena EP [Anjunadeep] (2022)
* Anyasa – Apollo EP [Anjunadeep] (2023)

===Singles===
* Anish Sood & Beta 5 – Catapult [Musical Madness] (2011)
* Anish Sood – What She Wants (2013)
* Anish Sood – We Won't Stay feat. Zoë Klinck (2014)
* Anish Sood, Nanok – Superfly feat. [[Anushka Manchanda]] (2015)
* Anish Sood, Charlie Sputnik – Don't Stop [Class Action] (2017)
* Anish Sood – Going Under feat. Andy Wilson-Taylor [Class Action] (2017)
* Anish Sood – Starry Night feat. Zach Sorgen & Kelechi [Class Action] (2017)
* Anish Sood – Castles feat. [[Jonita Gandhi]] [Class Action] (2018)
* Anish Sood – Mountain Of A Man feat. TRISHES & TMPO [Class Action] (2018)
* Anish Sood – Running Back To You feat. Lisa Mishra [Class Action] (2020)
* Anish Sood – Say My Name feat. Charlie Sputnik [Class Action] (2020)
* Anyasa - Closure feat. Coulson [Anjunadeep] (2024)

===Remixes===
* [[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]] – Love Story (Anish Sood & Rishabh Joshi Remix) [Times Music] (2010)
* Teenu Arora feat. Megha – Dreams (Anish Sood Remix) [Pearlicka Records] (2012)
* Mazzr feat. Kadri Gopalnath – Tillana (Anish Sood Remix) [System Recordings] (2013)
*Jimmy Kennedy, Aneesh Gera feat. Pryce Oliver – Once in a Lifetime (Anish Sood Remix) [Weekend Millionaires] (2014)
* Sandunes feat. Nicholson – Slybounce (Anish Sood Remix) [High Chai Recordings] (2014)
* Oozeundat - The Feud (Anish Sood Remix) [Qilla Records] (2015)
* Autograf feat. Janelle Kroll - Metaphysical (Anish Sood Remix) [Counter Records] (2016)
* Autograf feat. Victoria Zaro - Simple (Anish Sood Remix) [Spinnin Records] (2017)
* Stalvart – Wobble Disko (Anish Sood Remix) [Class Action] (2020)
* Sixth Ocean – Swerve (Anish Sood Remix) [Class Action] (2020)
* [[Ritviz]] - Thandi Hawa (Anish Sood Remix) (2020)
* Mali – Age Of Limbo (Anish Sood Remix) [Class Action] (2020)
* Marsh & Wassu feat. Mariel Beausejour - Forgiveness (Anyasa Remix) [Anjunadeep] (2023)
* [[Eelke Kleijn]] - Time Machine (Anyasa Remix) [Days Like Nights] (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Anish}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Musicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Anjunabeats artists]]

Free School Under the Bridge

2026-02-21T09:38:05Z

MarieDevore: made the details v1 - done

{{short description|Private school in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Free School Under the Bridge Delhi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| location = [[East Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6229|77.2758|display=inline.title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 2009
| founder = Laxmi Chandra
| closed =
| school_board =
| district =
| director =
| authority = 
| oversight = 
| head =
| staff = 6
| faculty =
| grades = 
| gender = 
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| enrollment_as_of = 
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = [[Urban design|Urban]]
| colors = 
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = Unrecognised
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Free School Under the Bridge''' is a [[private school]] in [[Delhi]], India. It provides free-of-cost [[tuition centre|tuition]] to underprivileged children. Almost all the students come from the [[slum]]s situated adjacent to the [[Yamuna river]] and are enrolled in nearby [[state school|government-run schools]]. Started in 2006 by grocery shop owner Rajesh Kumar Sharma with just two children, the school now has a strength of more than 300 students. Seven teachers volunteering in their free time help these students to better understand their school curriculum. The school is run in two shifts with a morning shift for boys and an afternoon shift for girls. It has no permanent building and its makeshift campus is situated under a [[Delhi Metro]] bridge with pillars serving as its boundary marker and blackboards painted on a wall of Yamuna Bank Metro Depot. It receives no help from either the government or any [[non-governmental organisation]].

== History ==
The school was founded in 2006 by Rajesh Kumar Sharma, a grocery shop owner, for underprivileged children. Originally from the [[Hathras district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Sharma could not complete his [[Bachelor of Science]] due to financial reasons. The idea to start a school for children from poor families struck him while he was wandering near the Yamuna River and saw children playing in dust and mud near an under-construction metro bridge. He asked the parents why their children were not attending school, and they expressed their helplessness at being unable to afford their children's education and how there was no school in the neighbourhood.<ref name="Metro2017">{{Cite news |url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/01/19/teacher-has-been-holding-free-lessons-for-slum-children-under-a-bridge-in-india-6391182/ |title=Teacher has been holding free lessons for slum children under a bridge in India |last=Meyjes |first=Toby |date=19 January 2017 |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> Sharma began the school by teaching two children. He believes that "no one should be deprived of education due to poverty and to fulfil his or her dream" and devotes more than 50 hours in a week to teaching in the school.<ref name="IndianExpress2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/sep/24/delhi-shopkeeper-runs-school-under-metro-bridge-for-300-poor-children-2038398.html |title=Delhi shopkeeper runs school under Metro bridge for 300 poor children |date=24 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 September 2019 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

== Programme ==
The school provides free tuition to children already enrolled in nearby [[state school|public schools]], helping them better understand their school curriculum. It tutors students in learning subjects like mathematics, English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], science, history and geography.<ref name="Aljazeera2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/05/day-delhi-bridge-school-poor-160511154423330.html |title=A day in Delhi's under-the-bridge school for the poor |last=Shafi |first=Showkat |date=16 May 2016 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> Students are encouraged to get enrolled in nearby government-run schools as it provides them opportunity to avail benefits like [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meal]]s and free textbooks, among others. Many parents express their reluctance to send their children for tuition, as they need them to either work part-time jobs to support their families, or to take care of their younger siblings at home. Only after extensive persuasion do such parents allow their children to attend the school.<ref name="BetterIndia2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/105689/grocery-store-owner-free-school-under-a-bridge-delhi/ |title=This Grocery Store Owner Has Been Teaching over 300 Underprivileged Kids under a Bridge for a Decade |last=Patwardhan |first=Aditi |date=20 June 2017 |publisher=[[The Better India]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> Almost all the students come from the slums situated close to the Yamuna river.<ref name="IndiaTodayVideo">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/free-school-under-the-bridge-yammuna-bank-rajesh-kumar-sharma-847990-2017-05-02 |title=Free School Under the Bridge, a unique initiative by grocery store owner |date=2 May 2017 |type=video |language=English, Hindi |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

The school is operated in two separate shifts: the morning batch from 9 a.m. to 11{{nbsp}}a.m. is for boys and the afternoon batch from 2 p.m. to 4:30{{nbsp}}p.m. is for girls.<ref name="Jagran2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/delhi-shopkeeper-runs-makeshift-school-under-metro-bridge-for-over-300-poor-children-151587 |title=Delhi shopkeeper runs makeshift school under metro bridge for over 300 poor children |date=23 September 2019 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> More than 300 students of the age group four to fourteen attend the school. Seven teachers besides Sharma volunteer to teach in their free time.<ref name="Jagran2019" /> Students bring their own textbooks and they are taught in groups.

== Campus ==
The school is situated under a [[Delhi Metro]] bridge close to [[Yamuna Bank metro station]] in [[East Delhi]]. It is a makeshift structure with a metro bridge functioning as overhead roof and bridge pillars serving its boundaries. Five blackboards have been painted on a wall of Yamuna Bank Metro Depot.<ref name="HindustanTimes2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/a-school-under-metro-bridge-teaches-these-delhi-slum-children/story-Qr3EV279SarAME4K6N8orL.html |title=A school under Metro bridge teaches these Delhi slum children |last=Saha |first=Abhishek |date=5 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> There are separate toilets for boys and girls in the proximity of school. There are no benches and students sit on scraps of carpet or just the dirt. It receives no help or funding from either the government or any non-governmental organisation (NGO).<ref name="News182009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/under-delhi-metro-bridge-shopkeeper-runs-makeshift-school-for-over-300-poor-children-2318439.html |title=Under Delhi Metro Bridge, Shopkeeper Runs Makeshift School for Over 300 Poor Children |date=22 September 2019 |work=[[News 18]] |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> A few NGOs approached Sharma to associate with the school but he rejected their help because of their lack of commitment towards the goal of the school and their questionable interests. Only non-financial contributions such as packaged food, water bottles, chairs and carpets among others are accepted.<ref name="IndianExpress2019" />

== See also ==
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:Schools in East Delhi]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Poverty in India]]

Raagam (radio channel)

2026-02-19T18:10:03Z

MarieDevore: made a article...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox radio station
| country = IN
| name = Raagam
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| caption =
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| area = India
| branding = "This is Raagam Twenty Four Seven DTH – Indian Classical Music Channel"
| frequency = 100.1 MHz
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = 26 January 2016
| last_airdate =
| format = Indian Classical Music Channel
| language =
| power =
| erp =
| haat =
| class =
| facility_id =
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns = Amrithavarshini
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator = AIR Bengaluru
| owner = [[All India Radio]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations =
| webcast = http://raagam.airbengaluru.com/
| website =
}}

'''Raagam''' is an Indian niche radio channel owned and operated by [[All India Radio]]. The channel was launched on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] on 26 January 2016. Raagam is programmed to offer and devoted to classical music. The channel is a 24-hour internet radio channel, which represents a mosaic of Hindustani and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical music]] through DTH facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/play-it-again-19/|title=Play it Again|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/all-india-radios-24x7-classical-music-channel-to-be-launched-today/202204/|title=All India Radio’s 24×7 classical music channel to be launched today|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref>

Raagam was launched at a function in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] on 26 January 2016. The channel was in the Public Domain with [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|AIR]]'s Mobile App, "[[NewsOnAIR]]" which made available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]] platforms from 6 PM on 18 March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ddinews.gov.in/National/National%20-%20Headlines/Pages/air.aspx|title=AIR launches 24x7 classical music channel 'Raagam' in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[Doordarshan]]|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MIBI}}
{{Prasara Bharathi Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raagam}}
[[Category:Hindi-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:All India Radio]]

Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)

2026-02-17T17:54:14Z

MarieDevore: minor edit

{{Short description|Medical Head of Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Director General Armed Forces Medical Services
| body =
| native_name = {{lang|hi|महानिदेशक सशस्त्र बल चिकित्सा सेवा}}
| insignia = File:DGAFMS Crest.png
| insigniasize = 170px
| insigniacaption = Seal of DGAFMS
| flag = File:Vice_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg
| flagsize = 170
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Flag of [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]]
| image = File:Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin.jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Arti Sarin]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}
| acting = no
| incumbentsince = 1 October 2024
| department = [[Armed Forces Medical Services]] 
{{navy|India}}
| style = Surgeon Vice Admiral
| type = Apex level medical military position
| status =
| abbreviation = DGAFMS
| member_of =
| reports_to = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
* [[File:Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg|20px]] [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
}}
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC)
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = 1948
| first = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] K. S. Master, {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}}
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary = [[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|Pay level 17]]
| website =
}}

The '''Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (DGAFMS)''' is the head of the [[Armed Forces Medical Services]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The DGAFMS is the advisor to the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) and the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] on the medical requirements of the Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite web| title =DIRECTORATE GENERAL ARMED FORCE MEDICAL SERVICES | publisher =Ministry of Defence| url =https://mod.gov.in/dod/directorate-general-armed-force-medical-services | access-date = 31 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226132633/https://mod.gov.in/dod/directorate-general-armed-force-medical-services| archive-date =26 February 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==History==
In March 1947, an ''Armed Forces Medical Services and Research Integration Committee'' was formed by the Government of India. The committee, headed by Dr. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], subsequently Chief Minister of West Bengal until 1962, was tasked with examining the integration of medical services and research of the three branches of the Armed Forces. The committee recommended that the [[Armed Forces Medical Services|Indian Armed Forces Medical Services]] would have a supreme controller designated ''Director General of the Armed Forces Medical Services'' in the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]], [[Vice Admiral (India)|vice admiral]], or [[Air Marshal (India)|air marshal]].<ref name="AFMS-MOD">{{cite web |title=DIRECTORATE GENERAL ARMED FORCE MEDICAL SERVICES {{!}} Department Of Defence |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/directorate-general-armed-force-medical-services |website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref>

In September 1948, the medical services of the [[Royal Indian Navy]], the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] were integrated into the Armed Forces Medical Service (AFMS). The AFMS consists of the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] (AMC), the Army Dental Corps (AD Corps) and the [[Military Nursing Service]] (MNS). The Director of Medical Services at Army Headquarters, Lieutenant General K. S. Master, was appointed the first director general Armed Forces Medical Services to head the service.<ref name="First DGAFMS"/> The DGAFMS would be responsible to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] for overall medical policy matters related to the Armed Forces.<ref name="AFMS-MOD"/>

==Appointees==
;Key
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:Left"
! scope="col" style="width: 40px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Defence branch
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Notes
|-
|1.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Kaikhosru Sorabji Master {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MC}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|September 1948
|1 October 1950
|<ref name="First DGAFMS">{{cite web|title=Defence Services Medical Chief Retires|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-09-16_254.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020238/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-09-16_254.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=16 September 1950|access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Daya Ram Thapar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CIE|OBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 October 1950
|11 June 1954
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Director-General of Armed Forces Medical Services: General Thapar's Career|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-10-14_270.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801074414/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-10-14_270.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 October 1950|access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Chakravarti"/>
|-
|3.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Devendra Nath Chakravarti {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|12 June 1954
|15 October 1955
|<ref name="Chakravarti">{{cite web|title=Lt-Gen Chakravarti Takes Over As D.G.A.F.M.S.|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-06-11_154.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030083413/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-06-11_154.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 June 1954|access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|4.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Bijeta Chaudhuri {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|15 October 1955
|16 October 1959
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Director General Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1955-JULY%20DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1955-10-15_168.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221719/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1955-JULY%20DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1955-10-15_168.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 October 1955|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|5.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Benegal Mukunda Rao
|{{army|India}}
|16 October 1959
|1 September 1961
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Maj-Gen B.M. Rao Next Director General of Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1959-JULY-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1959-07-10_006.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026012457/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1959-JULY-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1959-07-10_006.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=10 July 1959|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|6.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Shiv Parshad Bhatia {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 September 1961
|9 October 1962
|<ref name="reflections"/>
|-
|7.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Charu Chandra Kapila {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|9 October 1962
|10 October 1964
|<ref>{{cite web|title=General Kapila Takes Over As Director-General Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCTOBER-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1962-10-09_156.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026014311/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCTOBER-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1962-10-09_156.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 October 1962|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|8.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Tirath Ram Pahwa
|{{army|India}}
|10 October 1964
|25 October 1966
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Director-General of Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-10-09_192.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026011349/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-10-09_192.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 October 1964|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|9.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Amarendra Krishna Dey {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|26 October 1966
|15 December 1967
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen A. K. Dev Takes Over as New DG Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-10-25_127.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020141/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-10-25_127.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=25 October 1966|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Jagdish Ram Vaid [[Royal College of Surgeons|FRCS]]
|{{army|India}}
|15 December 1967
|27 July 1968 {{note label|†|†|†}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt-Gen J R Vaid - New DG AFMS|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-12-14_195.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022027/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-12-14_195.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 December 1967|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lt-Gen Vaid Passes Away, Body Cremated With Full Military Honours|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-07-28_092.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917065319/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-07-28_092.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 July 1968|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Bidyapati Bhattacharjya {{small|[[Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]], [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|FRCPE]]}}
|{{army|India}}
|31 July 1968
|9 July 1969
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt-Gen B. Bhattacharjya, New Director General of Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-07-31_096.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917065330/ttps://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-07-31_096.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 July 1968|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Sailendra Nath Chatterjee {{small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Military Cross|MC]]}}
|{{army|India}}
|9 July 1969
|1 August 1973
|<ref name="Ved_Prakash"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Gen Chatterjee Takes Over As Director General of Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-09_016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020124/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-09_016.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 July 1969|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ved Prakash {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|2 August 1973
|31 December 1974
|<ref name="Ved_Prakash">{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Ved Prakash Appointed Director General of Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-07-22_035.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020142/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-07-22_035.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 July 1973|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14.
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Ajit Nath {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|{{air force|India}}
|1 January 1975
|23 April 1976
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Marshal Ajit Nath|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1666|website=IAF - Bharat Rakshak|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|15.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Raghunath Singh Hoon {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|24 April 1976
|1 July 1977
|<ref name="RS_Hoon">{{cite web|title=Lt. Gen. R. S. Hoon Appointed Director General Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-23_105.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221719/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-23_105.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=23 April 1976|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="BDP_Rao"/>
|-
|16.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Biradavolu Durga Prasad Rao {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MBE}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 July 1977
|24 April 1978
|<ref name="BDP_Rao">{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Rao is New DG AFMS|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-06-30_175.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026011943/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-06-30_175.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 June 1977|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|17.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Lok Nath Budhraja {{small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}}
|{{army|India}}
|24 April 1978
|31 October 1979
|<ref name="reflections">{{cite web|title=Timeless Reflections 1764-2011|url=https://deltazuluconsultancy.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/timeless-reflections.pdf|website=Indian Army Medical Corps|date=2011|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Armed Forces Dental Clinic Inaugurated|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-04-24_042.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026021726/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-04-24_042.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 April 1978|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="DN_Gupta"/>
|-
|18.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Devendra Nath Gupta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 November 1979
|31 January 1982
|<ref name="DN_Gupta">{{cite web|title=General Gupta New DGAFMS|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-II/PDF/DEF-1979-10-28_166.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026010927/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-II/PDF/DEF-1979-10-28_166.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 October 1979|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="HS_Seth"/>
|-
|19.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Harnam Singh Seth
|{{army|India}}
|1 February 1982
|31 July 1982
|<ref name="HS_Seth">{{cite web|title=Lt Gen HS Seth New DG AFMS|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-01-03_002.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221720/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-01-03_002.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=3 January 1982|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|20.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vallury Venkateswara Surya Prataprao {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 August 1982
|31 May 1983
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Director General For Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-M-II/PDF/DEF-1982-07-25_025.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026013309/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-M-II/PDF/DEF-1982-07-25_025.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=25 July 1982|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|21.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ananta Narayanan Ramasubramaniam {{small|[[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|FRCPE]]}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 June 1983
|1985
|<ref>{{cite web|title=General Subramanian to Head Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-05-31_196.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917065345/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-05-31_196.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 May 1983|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|22.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Harish Chandra Puri [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|FRCS]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|FRCSE]]
|{{army|India}}
|October 1985
|31 August 1986
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen H.C. Puri New DG AFMS|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-10-18_298.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917065326/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-10-18_298.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=18 October 1985|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen H.C. Puri Retires|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-1JULY-DEC31-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-08-31_055.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020147/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-1JULY-DEC31-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-08-31_055.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 August 1986|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|23.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Jagdish Narayan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 September 1986
|31 December 1987
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Jagdish Narayan Appointed As Director General Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-1JULY-DEC31-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-09-06_058.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026015943/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-1JULY-DEC31-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-09-06_058.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 September 1986|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|24.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Krishan Das Kapur
|{{army|India}}
|1 January 1988
|September 1988
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Symposium on Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Inaugurated|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-08-26_063.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030085359/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-08-26_063.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 August 1988|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|25.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Jaswant Singh Paul
|{{army|India}}
|30 September 1988
|February 1990
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Paul Appointed DG Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-09-30_096.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221719/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-09-30_096.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 September 1988|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|26.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vijay Kishore Tewari
|{{army|India}}
|16 February 1990
|March 1991
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen VK Tewari Retires |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-03-05_084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-03-05_084.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 March 1991|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|27.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Nirendra Chandra Sanyal
|{{army|India}}
|16 April 1991
|December 1994
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen N C Sanyal Is New DG Medical Services |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-04-16_110.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022027/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-04-16_110.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=16 April 1991|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|28.
|Surgeon [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Inderjit Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=}}}}
|{{navy|India}}
|18 December 1994
|1 September 1996
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Surgeon Vice Admiral Inderjit Singh Takes Over As Director General Armed Forces Medical Services |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1994-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1994-12-18_430.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221721/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1994-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1994-12-18_430.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=18 December 1994|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|29.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Dasarathy Raghunath {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 September 1996
|1 September 1997
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen D Raghunath Takes Over As DG AFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-09-09_087.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026014311/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-09-09_087.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 September 1996|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="jayaswal"/>
|-
|30.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ramanand Jayaswal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 September 1997
|2000
|<ref name="jayaswal">{{cite web|title=Gen Jayaswal New DG of Armed Forces Medical Services |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/MINISTRY%20OF%20HEALTH/1997-JAN-DEC-MIN-HEALTH-FAMILY-PLANNING-NO-1-31/PDF/HEA-1997-09-01_196.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026013636/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/MINISTRY%20OF%20HEALTH/1997-JAN-DEC-MIN-HEALTH-FAMILY-PLANNING-NO-1-31/PDF/HEA-1997-09-01_196.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 September 1997|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|31.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ravinder Kumar Jetley {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|9 October 2000
|31 October 2002
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Gen Jetley Takes Over as DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2000-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEC/PDF/DEF-2000-10-09_017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026021606/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2000-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEC/PDF/DEF-2000-10-09_017.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 October 2000|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|32.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Bijoy Nandan Shahi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 November 2002
|1 February 2004
|<ref>{{cite web|title=LT GEN SHAHI TAKES OVER AS NEW DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rnov2002/02112002/r021120021.html|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=4 February 2004|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|33.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Janak Raj Bhardwaj {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 February 2004
|May 2005
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JR Bhardwaj takes over as DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=4 February 2004|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=3 June 2005 |title=More legal trouble for the Army|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/More-legal-trouble-for-the-Army/articleshow/1131905.cms|work=Times of India |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|34.
|Surgeon [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice-Admiral]] Vijai Kumar Singh
|{{navy|India}}
|June 2005
|1 May 2007
|<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2007 |title=Vice Adm Yogendra Singh to Take Charge as DGAFMS|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/30/vice-adm-yogendra-singh-to-take-charge-as-dgafms-1178000307.html |work=OneIndia.com |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|35.
|Surgeon [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice-Admiral]] Yogendra Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|{{navy|India}}
|1 May 2007
|30 May 2009
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Surg. Vice Admiral Yogendra Singh takes over as new DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 May 2007|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|36.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Naresh Kumar Parmar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 June 2009
|1 June 2011
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Naresh Kumar assumes the charge of DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 June 2009|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|37.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Hira Lal Kakria {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 June 2011
|30 June 2012
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt. General HL Kakria Takes Over as DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 June 2011|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|38.
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Dhananjay Parashuram Joshi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM,AVSM}}}}
|{{air force|India}}
|1 July 2012
|31 October 2014
|<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2012 |title=Air Marshal Joshi appointed DGAFMS |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/air-marshal-joshi-appointed-dgafms/969608/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="chopra"/>
|-
|39.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Bhushan Kumar Chopra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 November 2014
|30 June 2016
|<ref name="chopra">{{cite web|title=LT Gen BK Chopra Takes Over As DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 November 2014|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|40.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Manoj Kumar Unni {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 July 2016
|1 November 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen MK Unni Takes over as the new DGAFMS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 July 2016|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|41.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Bipin Puri {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 November 2017
|1 November 2019
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Bipin Puri, VSM, PHS Director General Armed Forces Medical Service |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/PrintRelease.aspx|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=3 November 2017|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|42.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Anup Banerji {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|SM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|1 November 2019
|31 December 2020
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Anup Banerji takes charge as DG AFMS|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1589978|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 November 2019|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|43.
|Surgeon [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice-Admiral]] Rajat Datta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|{{navy|India}}
|1 January 2021
|14 March 2023
|<ref name="incumbent">{{cite web|title=Surgeon Vice Admiral Rajat Datta takes over as Director General Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685414|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 January 2021|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|44.
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Daljit Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{army|India}}
|15 March 2023
|30 September 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Lt Gen Daljit Singh takes over as military’s top doctor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lt-gen-daljit-singh-takes-over-as-military-s-top-doctor-101678895021979.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|45.
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Arti Sarin]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|{{navy|India}}
|1 October 2024
|''Incumbent''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin becomes first woman to take over as DG, Armed Forces Medical Services|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2060559|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 October 2024|access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Number of DGAFMS by branches of service
|-
! Branch !! Count
|-
| {{army|india}}|| 38
|-
| {{navy|india}} || 5
|-
| {{air force|india}}|| 2
|}

==See also==
* [[Army Medical Corps (India)]]
* [[Armed Forces Medical Services]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Military medical organizations]]

Lisa von Pott

2026-02-08T09:23:39Z

MarieDevore: made info

{{short description|Nazi agent and sculptor, b. 1888}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lisa von Pott
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lisa Louisa Elisabeth von Pott
| birth_date = 18 February 1888
| birth_place = [[Pula|Pola]], Istria
| death_date = unknown
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma mater =
| occupation = Sculptor
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| known for = *Association with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and teaching at [[Kala Bhavana]]
*Organiser of the "Von Pott Group" in Vienna
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Paul Friedrich August von Pott]]
| relations =
| website =
}}
'''Lisa Louisa Elisabeth von Pott''' (18 February 1888 – ?) was an Austrian espionage agent, sculptor, secretary to the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in the 1920s and 30s, and in 1928 the first instructor in sculpture at [[Kala Bhavana]] in Bengal. With the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in 1939 she was interned in India as an [[enemy alien]], and in 1940 repatriated to Austria.

She was the organiser of a Nazi espionage group in Vienna, later known to the British security services as the "Von Pott Group". The group was in the pay of Dr Robert Wagner, an [[Schutzstaffel|S.S.]] or [[Sicherheitsdienst|S.D.]] officer, and spied on anyone in the city suspected of helping the Allies or having pro-British views. According to a witness, von Pott later admitted to the Russians that she had denounced to the [[Gestapo]] the members of a dinner party she had attended, resulting in them all being arrested and several being sent to concentration camps. She was last recorded as having left Vienna in 1945, possibly heading for Switzerland, and to be staying at the castle of a friend in an Alpine town.

==Early life and family==
[[Edle]] Lisa von Pott was born on 18 February 1888 in [[Pula|Pola]], Istria, (then in Austria, now in Croatia), to ''Kontreadmiral'' (rear admiral) [[Edler]] [[Paul Friedrich August von Pott]] (1842-1903) of the [[Imperial Austrian Navy]], commander of the ''Pola''.<ref>Schmidt-Brentano, Antonio. (2000) ''Die österreichischen Admirale Band 2: 1896-1914''. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verl. p. 92. {{ISBN|9783764825195}}</ref><ref name="Gesellschaft2019">{{cite book|title=Jahrbuch der Schiffbautechnischen Gesellschaft: Fünfter Band 1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5inDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|edition=reprint of 1904|year=2019|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-52150-8|pages=68–69}}</ref> She spent her youth in England.<ref name=pott>"The Von Pott Group", 22 January 1946, 183a, in [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10967534 Susan Dorothea Mary Therese HILTON], KV 2/423, National Archives. {{subscription required}}</ref>

She described herself as a ''[[Baronin]]'' (the wife of a Baron).<ref name=pott/>

==Career==
In 1914-18 von Pott was secretary and "lady of the house" to [[Georg von und zu Franckenstein]] (later Sir George Frankenstein) at the Austro-Hungarian embassy in Brussels. She was suspected of being a spy for the Germans on Belgian aristocratic families and of counter-espionage on behalf of the Allies.<ref name=pott/>

[[File:Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan.jpg|thumb|Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan]]
In 1920 she held an art exhibition in London<ref name=pott/> and in October 1926 an exhibition of painting and sculpture at the [[Embassy of Austria, London|Austrian embassy]] in Belgrave Square, London.<ref>"Court Circular", ''The Times'', 29 September 1926, p. 15.</ref> In October 1927, two of her drawings were shown at the 26th annual exhibition of the [[Women's International Art Club]] in London.<ref>"Art Exhibitions", ''The Times'', 3 October 1927, p. 20.</ref>

From 1926 to 1939 she was secretary to the [[Nobel Laureate in Literature|Nobel laureate]] Rabindranath Tagore in India<ref name=pott/> and in 1928 became the first instructor in sculpture at [[Kala Bhavana]], the fine arts faculty of [[Visva-Bharati]] founded by Tagore and under the directorship of [[Nandalal Bose]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181448/page/n291/mode/2up/ "Annual Report, 1928"] in ''The Visva-bharati Quarterly'', April–July 1929, p. 184.</ref><ref>Nahar, Sujata. (1986) [https://www.motherandsriaurobindo.in/_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-03%20Disciples/Sujata%20Nahar/-01%20English/_pdfs/-02_Mother%5es%20Chronicles%20Book%20Two.pdf ''Mirra the Artist''] Paris: Institut de Recherches Évolutives. p. 57. {{ISBN|2902776209}}</ref> There she taught [[Ramkinkar Baij]] and [[Sudhir Khastgir]], both, like Bose, members of the [[Bengal School of Art|Bengal school of art]] which was closely associated with the cause of [[Indian nationalism]].<ref>[https://www.sahapedia.org/memory-ramkinkar-baij-grassroots-modernist-artist In Memory of Ramkinkar Baij: A Grassroots Modernist Artist.] Shatadeep Maitra, ''Sahapedia'', 27 August 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</ref><ref name="Mitter">{{cite book|author=Mitter, Partha.|title=The Triumph of Modernism: India's Artists and the Avant-garde, 1922-47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krdWkzVLSbkC&pg=PA95|year=2007|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-318-5|page=95}}</ref> With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 she was interned as an [[enemy alien]] and in 1940 repatriated to Austria.<ref name=pott/>

==Von Pott Group==
Back in Vienna, von Pott became active in anti-British circles and in 1941-43 published anti-British articles. She was the organiser of a Nazi espionage group there later known to the British security services as the "Von Pott Group" which reported to Dr [[Robert Wagner (chemist)|Robert Wagner]], an S.S. or S.D. officer.<ref name=pott/> The function of the group was to spy on anyone in the city suspected of helping the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] or having pro-British views. She sometimes used the alias "Maria Lisa D'Altura". Her address was Bez III [[Stanislausgasse]] 4 and [[Schuetzengasse]] 9 and adjoining studio.<ref name=pott/><ref name=don>O'Donoghue, David A. (2014) ''Hitler's Irish Voices: The story of German radio's wartime Irish service''. Dromore: Somerville Press. p. 216. {{ISBN|9780992736408}}</ref>

The British security services said she "moved in the best Austrian circles, and was so skilful that persons of the highest intelligence did not suspect her till she was denounced. She is of great intelligence, with a distinguished manner, able to make and use contacts in the highest circles. Had no private means or source of honest income."<ref name=pott/>

They believed the following people to be members of the Von Pott Group:
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] - Indian nationalist who co-operated with Nazi Germany against the British. British intelligence wrote that a search of von Pott's studio and information from informants indicated a close connection between von Pott and Bose.<ref name=pott/> Bose had been in Vienna before the war and had secretly married a Viennese woman, [[Emilie Schenkl]], in 1937.<ref name="Bose">{{cite book|author=Bose, Subhas Chandra. Edited by Sisir Kumar Bose & Sugata Bose.|title=Letters To Emilie Schenkl 1934-1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnRD67VbfuEC&pg=PR17|year=2004|publisher=Netaji Research Bureau & Permanent Black|location=Kolkata & Delhi|isbn=8178241021|page=xvii}}</ref>
* Hans Kaufman - a friend of Wagner and member of the Nazi party who posed as a communist.<ref name=pott/>
* Gestapo interrogators Foppelt, Berger, [[Eduard Tucek]], and Scmiedel.<ref name=pott/>
* Frau Schoen - introduced by Wagner to work as secretary to the economist Dr Kogerer. The British believed that Schoen denounced Kogerer and his wife to the Gestapo. Both were sent to [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] and not heard from again.<ref name=pott/>
* [[Susan Sweney]] - British pro-Nazi broadcaster and journalist, born in India, who was recruited by von Pott to the group under the pretext of fighting communism. Von Pott introduced her to Luze Krimann with whom she lived.<ref name=pott/><ref name=rehilt>"re Susan HILTON" in [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10967534 Susan Dorothea Mary Therese HILTON], KV 2/423, National Archives. {{subscription required}}</ref>
* Luze Krimann - keen Nazi who Susan Sweney lived with in Vienna. Her husband, Herbert Felix Krimann, deserted from the Luftwaffe in February 1945.<ref name=pott/> He claimed, to his wife, to have been denounced to the Gestapo by von Pott and Sweney.<ref name=krim>"Report of Interview with Frau Krimann by Captain Spooner on 11th October 1945" in [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10967534 Susan Dorothea Mary Therese HILTON], KV 2/423, National Archives. {{subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Amethé von Zeppelin]] - British woman who married Count Leo Zeppelin<ref name=times>"Count von Zeppelin and Mrs. McEwen", ''The Times'', 15 August 1929, p. 13.</ref> and was regarded by the British security services as anti-British since before the outbreak of the Second World War. Her degree of involvement was uncertain but she appeared to send a coded message to Sweney which was quoted in British intelligence reports.<ref name=pott/>

In June 1944, von Pott was at a dinner party at the house of Dr [[Alphons Klingsland]], a leading Viennese lawyer, where the guests spoke in strongly pro-British terms. In October, they were all arrested and some sent to concentration camps. Willi Wiesbauer, one of those sent to a camp, was released by the [[Allied-occupied Austria#1945–1946: first year of occupation|Russians]] in May 1945 but soon re-arrested by the [[NKVD]] (Russian secret police) and interrogated because the Nazis had shown interest in him. Von Pott was also arrested and an interpreter warned Wiesbauer against her and said she had admitted acting as a Gestapo agent for money and to have denounced the dinner party guests to them.<ref name=pott/>

She was released a few days later and said to have left Vienna with her friend Joan Whitehead in August 1945, probably for Switzerland. She was then seen at the ski resort of [[Kitzbühel]] in the company of French journalists, and in September 1945 was staying as a guest of Maria von Einem at her castle near [[Schladming]].<ref name=pott/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pott, Lisa}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian women artists]]
[[Category:Austrian Nazis]]
[[Category:Austrian spies]]
[[Category:Austrian women sculptors]]
[[Category:Espionage in Austria]]
[[Category:Female spies during World War II]]
[[Category:People from Pula]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Edlers of Austria]]
[[Category:Nobility in the Nazi Party]]
[[Category:World War II spies for Germany]]

Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government

2026-02-05T08:20:25Z

MarieDevore: minor expand layout as per guidelines further

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
The [[Middle East]] region plays a vital role in [[Economy of India|India's economy]] as it supplies nearly two-thirds of India's total oil import, bilateral trade is also flourishing in recent years particularly with [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and other [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. Over the years, millions of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]] mostly working class have migrated to the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf region]] looking for jobs<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 most powerful Indians in the Gulf|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-476064.html|access-date=4 May 2015|magazine=Arabian Business|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> and they account for a sizeable share in the total [[Remittances to India|remittances]] received from abroad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gulf India remittance|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Gulf-India-remittance|access-date=4 May 2015|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A fifth of remittances to India will be from Keralites in Gulf|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/a-fifth-of-remittances-to-india-will-be-from-keralites-in-gulf/article5201272.ece|access-date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian External Affairs Ministry]] refers the region as [[Western Asia|West Asia]] and not as Middle East which is a more popular attribution, particularly in the Western countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Addrerss by Secretary(East) at the Inaugural Section of Second ORF-MEA West Asia Conference in New Delhi (April 27, 2015)|url=http://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/25131/Addrerss+by+SecretaryEast+at+the+Inaugural+Section+of+Second+ORFMEA+West+Asia+Conference+in+New+Delhi+April+27+2015|access-date=4 May 2015|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India)|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

==Link West policy==
In an attempt to strengthen ties with India's western neighbours, especially the [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Modi proposed this policy to complement his Act East policy concerning East Asia. Although it is called "Link West" (west of India) which gives it a bigger geographical connotation, it is most likely to focus on the [[Middle East|middle-east]] and some of the India's strategic thinkers are calling it as Modi's middle-east policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-and-the-middle-east-towards-a-link-west-policy/|title=Modi and the Middle East: Towards a Link West Policy|author=C Raja Mohan|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 October 2014|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>

==Bahrain==
Swaraj chose [[Manama]], Bahrain for her first visit to the [[Persian Gulf]]. The visit marked the first high level exchange from Modi govt to any Arab states following apprehension of less priority given to the Indo-Arab relation under Modi administration. The island country with a significant population of Indian origin people has extensive trade and business ties with India. There addressing at a business meet the minister reiterated "Our government is firmly committed to bring back growth, have clear policies which will facilitate business environment, transparency and speed, well thought out decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/2014/September/07.09.2014/sushma-bahrain-visit.html|title=Sushma in Bahrain, first Modi's colleague on tour to an Arab state| date=7 September 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> In order to boost maritime cooperation with the Persian Gulf countries India sent [[Vishwast-class advanced offshore patrol vessel|ICGS Vijit, a Vishwast class offshore patrol vessel]], to a 4 nations friendly visit including Bahrain in late December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-bahrain-to-enhance-maritime-co-operation/articleshow/45641629.cms|title=India, Bahrain to enhance maritime co-operation|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 December 2014|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

==Iraq==
===Iraqi Kurdistan===
Prior to the Modi administration, there had been limited diplomatic relations between India and [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. India purchases [[Kurdistan|Kurdish]] crude oil sold through Turkish companies. Several Indian citizens work in Iraqi Kurdistan. Many Kurds travel to India for educational or medical purposes. In July 2014, [[Hemin Hawrami]], head of the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party|Kurdistan Democratic Party's]] international relations wing, told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that he hoped for deeper political and economic ties with India, describing the country as "an important partner". Hawrani also expressed his desire to see the Indian government open a consulate in Erbil, and invited Indian companies to invest in Kurdistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/kurdish-leadership-calls-for-better-india-ties/article6170941.ece|title=Kurdish leadership calls for better India ties|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 July 2014|last1=Swami|first1=Praveen}}</ref> In November 2014, the Indian government sent special envoy Ambassador Suresh K. Reddy to visit Kurdistan and meet Kurdish government officials. Reddy stated that India "fully supports the Kurdistan Region during this difficult time", and expressed confidence in the Kurdish government and the Peshmerga forces to preserve the stability and security of the region. The Ambassador also praised the role of Peshmerga forces in fighting ISIL, and announced that the Indian government would open a consulate in Kurdistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfr.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=12&a=44267 |title=India to open Consulate General in Kurdistan |website=dfr.gov.krd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021652/http://dfr.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=12&a=44267 |archive-date=2015-11-17}} </ref>

== Israel==
{{main|India–Israel relations}}

[[Israel]] is one of India's most important strategic partner and major source of its military hardware. Relation is expected to flourish with Modi government as the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is known for its pro-Israeli stands and in favour of strengthening ties with Israel. Sushma Swaraj, who was chairperson of the 'India-Israel parliamentary friendship group', visited Israel earlier and called Israel a reliable partner besides expressing her admiration for former Israeli Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-new-foreign-minister-a-strong-fan-of-israel/|title=India's new foreign minister a strong fan of Israel|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=27 May 2014|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

In September 2014, Modi met his Israeli counterpart [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in the first interaction between the premiers of the two countries in 11 years with the leader of the Jewish state saying, "Sky is the limit." for bilateral relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-29/news/54437450_1_prime-minister-narendra-modi-benjamin-netanyahu-islamic-state|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001143418/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-29/news/54437450_1_prime-minister-narendra-modi-benjamin-netanyahu-islamic-state|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2014|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets his Israeli counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 September 2014|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Later on India has decided to buy Israeli [[Spike (missile)|anti-tank Spike missile]] instead of [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin missile]] offered by the US which signifies the depth of Israel-India bilateral relation specially with [[BJP]] government in [[New Delhi]]. The contract is expected to be worth $525 million, making Israel India's second biggest arm supplier after Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/india-chooses-israel-over-us-for-latest-defense-purchase/|title=India Chooses Israel Over US for Latest Defense Purchase|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=29 October 2014|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] became the first [[First Modi ministry|minister of the Modi government]] to visit Israel. His trip featured a series of high level meetings with top Israeli leadership including Defence Minister [[Moshe Yaalon|Moshe Ya'alon]], National Security Adviser Yossi Cohenand, Public Security Minister [[Yitzhak Aharonovich]] and the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] following which Netanyahu said that Indians and Israelis share the combination of ingenuity and continuity. It was the first visit of an Indian Home Minister to Israel since June 2000 when [[Lal Krishna Advani]] visited Jerusalem, marking an upsurge in bilateral cooperation.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajnath-singh-in-israel-to-bolster-ties-meets-benjamin-netanyahu/articleshow/45060890.cms |title= Rajnath Singh in Israel to bolster ties; meets Benjamin Netanyahu|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> On the same day Modi met former [[President of Israel|Israeli President]] and Nobel laureate [[Shimon Peres]] in New Delhi. In the meeting Modi informed Peres about his strong desire to further expand and strengthen India's relations with Israel, both in traditional areas as well as in new areas of cooperation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/find-political-solution-for-islamic-state-rajnath-singh-to-advise-israel/articleshow/45029679.cms|title=Find political solution for Islamic State, Rajnath Singh to advise Israel|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-wants-to-expand-ties-with-israel-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/45058989.cms |title=India wants to expand ties with Israel: PM Narendra Modi|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

;2014 Israel-Hamas conflict
At the height of the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|tension between Israel and Hamas]] in July, India offered a rhetorical condemnation holding both sides responsible for erupting violence and asked Israel to "stop disproportionate use of force" in Gaza which was read by many as departure from tradition of more vocal supports for the Palestinian cause. External Affairs Minister Swaraj insisted that "there is absolutely no change in India's policy towards Palestine, which is that we fully support the Palestinian cause while maintaining good relations with Israel", clarifying India's current position on the issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/8/3/modi-israel-relations.html|title=Why Modi's India aligns more closely with Israel than with Palestinians|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=3 August 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>

Sushma Swaraj, a seasoned parliamentarian, had herself blocked the opposition demand in [[Rajya Sabha]] for passing a resolution condemning Israel for [[2014 Israel-Gaza conflict]] by saying, "India has friendly relation with both Israel and Palestine and therefore any such move may impact its friendship negatively".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/modi-govts-dilemma-over-israel-palestine-conflict/20140716.htm|title=Modi govt's dilemma over Israel-Palestine conflict|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=16 July 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> Although later in a symbolic gesture India joined others BRICS nations in voting at the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] for a probe into the alleged human rights violation in Gaza, which generated mixed response among media and analysts in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/gaza-crisis-modi-govts-unhrc-vote-against-israel-must-be-lauded-1633149.html|title=Gaza crisis: Modi govt's UNHRC vote against Israel must be lauded|work=Firstpost|date=25 July 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>

==Oman==
External Affairs Minister Swaraj made a two-day visit to [[Oman]], her maiden visit to the oil-rich Persian Gulf country, on 17 February 2015 where she met her counterpart [[Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah]] and discussed bilateral issues of mutual interests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofoman.com/News/47514/Article-Sayyid-Fahd-receives-Indian-External-Affairs-Minister-Sushma-Swaraj-in-Oman|title=Sayyid Fahd receives Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj in Oman|newspaper=[[Times of Oman]]|date=18 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219122636/http://www.timesofoman.com/News/47514/Article-Sayyid-Fahd-receives-Indian-External-Affairs-Minister-Sushma-Swaraj-in-Oman|archive-date=19 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Omani top leadership expressed their interests in developing a strong political, economic and strategic relation with India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eager-to-boost-ties-with-india-omani-leaders-tell-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/46285730.cms|title=Eager to boost ties with India: Omani leaders tell Sushma Swaraj|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Swaraj had said that the welfare of the diaspora is among her top priority in the [[Persian Gulf]] region which host more than 7 million Indian workers.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sushma-swaraj-oman-indian-diaspora-priority-external-affairs-240777-2015-02-18|title=Sushma Swaraj in Oman: Welfare of Indian diaspora a top priority|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=18 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==United Arab Emirates==
{{See also|Indians in the United Arab Emirates}}
Economic cooperation defines the bilateral relations between India and the [[United Arab Emirates]], as the UAE is one of the largest trading partners of India. Foreign Minister Swaraj during her maiden trip to Abu Dhabi tried to win the confidence of potential UAE investors and welcomed them to join the new Indian govt effort to build world class infrastructure in India which is expected to require foreign investments up to US$1 trillion in next five years. She had also held discussion with her counterpart Sheikh [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], during the meeting, both sides reviewed the existing bilateral relations and took stock of progress and development in joint cooperation in many areas and looked into the ways of enhancing them for common interests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/external-affairs-minister-sushma-swaraj-seeks-increased-uae-investments-during-visit/articleshow/45114511.cms|title=External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj seeks increased UAE investments during visit|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 November 2014|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government]]
* [[Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government]]
* [[De-hyphenation]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi]]
* [[Sushma Swaraj as Minister of External Affairs]]
* [[Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Policy Of Narendra Modi}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]

INS Sarayu

2026-02-01T22:56:06Z

MarieDevore: Made redirect

#redirect [[SLNS Sayura]]

{{R category shell|
{{R from former name}}
{{R from merge}}
}}

Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

2026-01-30T12:29:19Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Hatnote|"Indian Pharmacopoeia" and "Pharmacopoeia of India" redirects here.}}
{{For|the book 'Pharmacopoeia of India' (1866)|Edward John Waring}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission
| bgcolor =
| fgcolor =
| image =
| image_border =
| size = 2000
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| msize =
| malt =
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = 
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 1956
| extinction = 
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=191 |title=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Contact Us. |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521010156/http://ipc.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=191 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served =
| membership =
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| general = 
| leader_title = Chairman<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=446&sublinkid=225 |title=IPC Governing body. |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235937/http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=446&sublinkid=225 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_name = P. K. Pradhan, Secretary (Health & Family Welfare), Gov of India.
| leader_title2 =
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}}

'''Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission''' ('''IPC''') is an autonomous institution of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] which sets standards for all drugs that are manufactured, sold and consumed in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=484&sublinkid=227 |title=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Official Website. About IPC, Introduction. |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235846/http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=484&sublinkid=227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The set of standards are published under the title '''Indian Pharmacopoeia''' ('''IP''') which has been modeled on and historically follows from the [[British Pharmacopoeia]]. The standards that are in effect since 1 December 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=494&sublinkid=234 |title=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Effective Date |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235921/http://ipc.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=494&sublinkid=234 |url-status=dead }}</ref> are the ''Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 (IP 2010)''. The Pharmacopoeia 2014 was released by Health Minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] on 4 November 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) Releases Eighth Edition Of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) - Food, Drugs, Healthcare, Life Sciences - India|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/food-and-drugs-law/671182/indian-pharmacopoeia-commission-ipc-releases-eighth-edition-of-indian-pharmacopoeia-ip|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.mondaq.com}}</ref> The Pharmacopoeia 2018 was released by Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.<ref name=":0" />

'''I.P.''', the abbreviation of 'Indian Pharmacopoeia' is familiar to the consumers in the Indian sub-continent as a mandatory drug name suffix. Drugs manufactured in India have to be labelled with the mandatory non-proprietary drug name with the suffix ''I.P''.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} This is similar to the ''B.P.'' suffix for [[British Pharmacopoeia]] and the ''U.S.P.'' suffix for the [[United States Pharmacopeia]].

The IPC was formed according to the Indian ''Drugs and Cosmetics Act'' of 1940 and established by executive orders of the Government of India in 1956.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== History of publication==
The actual process of publishing the first Pharmacopoeia started in the year 1944 under the chairmanship of [[Ram Nath Chopra|Col. R. N. Chopra]]. The I. P. list was first published in the year 1946 and was put forth for approval. The titles are suffixed with the respective years of publication, e.g., IP 1996. The following table describes the publication history of the Indian Pharmacopoeia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipapharma.org/events/speakerpresentation/8-%20Dr%20S%20C%20Mathur.pdf|title=Presentation on IP|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807041235/http://www.ipapharma.org/events/speakerpresentation/8-%20Dr%20S%20C%20Mathur.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Edition
!Year
!Volumes
!Addendum/Supplement
|-
|1st Edition
|'''1955'''
| –
|Supplement 1960
|-
|2nd Edition
|'''1966'''
| –
|Supplement 1975
|-
| rowspan="2" |3rd Edition
| rowspan="2" |'''1985'''
| rowspan="2" |2
|Addendum 1989
|-
|Addendum 1991
|-
| rowspan="4" |4th Edition
| rowspan="4" |'''1996'''
| rowspan="4" |2
|Addendum 2000
|-
|Vet Supplement 2000
|-
|Addendum 2002
|-
|Addendum 2005
|-
|5th Edition
|'''2007'''
|3
|Addendum 2008
|-
|6th Edition
|'''2010'''
|3
|Addendum 2012
|-
| rowspan="2" |7th Edition
| rowspan="2" |'''2014'''
| rowspan="2" |4
|Addendum 2015
|-
|Addendum 2016
|-
| rowspan="2" |8th Edition
| rowspan="2" |'''2018'''
| rowspan="2" |4
|Addendum 2019
|-
|Addendum 2021
|-
|9th edition
|'''2022'''
|}
| rowspan="1" |4
|Addendum 2024
|-
|10th edition
|'''2026'''
|}
== See also ==
* [[Pharmacopoeia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pharmacopoeias]]
[[Category:Pharmacy organisations in India]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1956]]

List of years in Kerala

2026-01-22T10:48:56Z

MarieDevore: made new stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

This is a list of '''years in [[Kerala]]'''.

== Twenty-first century ==
{{years in decade|2040|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|2030|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|2020|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|2010|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|2000|Kerala}}

== Twentieth century ==
{{years in decade|1990|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|1980|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|1970|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|1960|Kerala}}
{{years in decade|1950|Kerala}}

==See also==
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[Timeline of Kerala]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]].

{{Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{History of India by State}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia topic|title=Years in Asia|prefix=List of years in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Years in Kerala, List of}}
[[Category:Years in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]
[[Category:Year lists by country|India]]

Nandish Sandhu

2026-01-20T19:22:51Z

MarieDevore:

{{short description|Indian actor, model and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandish Sandhu
| image = Nandish Sandhu at the ITA Awards 2018.jpg
| caption = Nandish at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]] in 2018
| birth_name= Nandish Singh Sandhu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1981|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rashami Desai]]|2012|2015|end=divorce}}
| partner = Kavita Banerjee (2025–present)
| known_for = ''[[Uttaran]]'' ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
}}

'''Nandish Singh Sandhu''' (born 25 December 1981) is an Indian actor, working in [[Hindi cinema]] and television. He is best known for starring in the notable soap opera ''[[Uttaran]]'' (2009–2012) as the lead, Veer Singh Bundela. Sandhu's other TV works include ''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]'' (2012), ''[[Beintehaa]]'' (2013), ''[[Grahan (TV series)|Grahan]]'' (2021) and ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' (2023). He made his Hindi film debut with a supporting role in ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'' (2019).

==Life and career==
Sandhu started his career with modelling.<ref name="auto2">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/It-feels-good-to-be-married-Nandish-Sandhu/articleshow/12097513.cms It feels good to be married: Nandish Sandhu – Times of India] . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2 March 2012). Retrieved on 2016-02-14.</ref> In 2007, he made his acting debut in the television show with [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'', where he played Raunak.<ref name="auto">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-cant-play-an-older-character-on-TV-Nandish-Sandhu/articleshow/15202497.cms I can't play an older character on TV: Nandish Sandhu – Times of India] . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (28 July 2012). Retrieved on 2016-02-14.</ref> and afterwards he appeared in several TV shows, where he played supporting role and cameo role.

In 2009, His first major breakthrough and official debut occurred in TV with the role of Veer Singh Bundela opposite [[Tina Dutta]] in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Uttaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/happy-birthday-nandish-singh-sandhu-uttaran-super-30-check-out-his-journey-tv-bollywood-495045|title=Happy Birthday Nandish Singh Sandhu: From Uttaran to Super 30, check out his journey from TV to Bollywood|date=25 December 2019|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref> It was his portrayal of Veer which garnered him household name and fame, earned widespread recognition and popularity, including several awards and nominations. Uttaran opened up newer international markets for [[Indian Television]], The ratings of the show increased after his entry and his chemistry with Tina Datta was also highly applauded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/2-trp-channels.html|title=2 TRP Channels|website=dokumen.tips}}</ref> He quit the show in 2012, when the show took 18 years leap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nandish-and-rashmi-did-not-want-be-part-of-the-leap-says-producer-rupali-guha|title=Nandish and Rashmi did not want to be a part of the leap, says producer Rupali Guha|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref>

In 2012, Sandhu featured in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nandish-sandhu-replaces-anuj-sachdeva-the-lead-phir-subah-hogi|title=Nandish Sandhu replaces Anuj Sachdeva in Phir Subah Hogi|website=Tellychakkar|author=Team|date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> In 2014, Sandhu played Lawyer Rehaan in Colors TV's ''[[Beintehaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvkiduniya.com/uttaran-fame-nandish-sandhu-to-enter-in-beintehaa-as-lawyer/|title=Nandish Sandhu will be seen in Beintehaa in the role of a lawyer|website=www.tvkiduniya.com}}</ref> In 2015, he participated in Colors TV's stunt-action show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]'' which was hosted by director [[Rohit Shetty]] and reached the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nandish-sandhu-to-enter-khatron-ke-khiladi-114112800922_1.html|title=Nandish Sandhu to enter 'Khatron Ke Khiladi...'|date=28 November 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref> In the same year, he participated (along with his then-wife [[Rashami Desai]]) in the Star Plus's dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]'' emerging as runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-and-nandish-sandhu-in-nach-baliye/articleshow/46714822.cms|title=Nandish Sandhu and Rashami Desai in Nach Baliye 7|website=Times of India|author=TNN by Saloni Bhatia|date=May 21, 2015}}</ref>

Sandhu married his ''[[Uttaran]]'' co-star [[Rashami Desai]] on 12 February 2012 in Dholpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It feels good to be married: Nandish Sandhu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/It-feels-good-to-be-married-Nandish-Sandhu/articleshow/12097513.cms|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, they announced their separation and they got divorced in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actors-rashami-desai-nandish-sandhu-file-for-divorce/story-e8VOnhcq4pSdINQmQSDr5N.html|title=TV actors Rashami Desai, Nandish Sandhu file for divorce|work=Hindustantimes.com|date=30 December 2015|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rashami-desai-says-she-was-depressed-during-divorce-with-ex-nandish-sandhu-i-tried-my-level-best/story-gJ7mf9ZKCWkVngpenXmaKI.html|title=Rashami Desai says she was depressed during her divorce with Nandish Sandhu|website=Hindustan Times|date=March 5, 2020|author=HT correspondent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/nandish-sandhu-opens-up-about-his-divorce-with-rashami-desai-says-mutual-consent-not-affair-led-to-the-decision-301691-2016-01-01|title=Mutual Consent, not affair lead to the decision|website=India Today|author=India Today Web desk}}</ref>

He turn producer a short film in 2016 named ''Girl in Red'', he also acted in it. It was directed by Saurabh Verma. ''Girl in Red'' is now also available on [[MX Player]], the film holds an average rating of 6.3 out of 10 based on 15 reviews. Girl in red received mixed reviews by critics; Rahul of [[Film Companion]] says Saurabh Varma's short about a chain-smoking author battling a writer's block isn't a bad film. But often, this averageness is more disappointing because of what could have been.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/girl-in-red-short-film-review-rahul-desai/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192519/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/girl-in-red-short-film-review-rahul-desai/|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 July 2021|title=Girl in Red Short film review by Film Companion|website=Film Companion|author=Rahul|date=December 19, 2016}}</ref> Then again in 2017, he co-produced another short film named ''The Gift'' starring [[Gul Panag]], [[Kushal Punjabi]] and [[Mandira Bedi]] in lead, it's available on the streaming app [[Sony LIV]] since it is released.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/sony-to-move-its-video-streaming-service-sony-liv-to-a-fee-based-model/48739192 |title=Sony to move its video streaming service SonyLIV to a fee-based model|access-date= 2015-08-31 |date=2015-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903031309/http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/sony-to-move-its-video-streaming-service-sony-liv-to-a-fee-based-model/48739192 |archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2019, Sandhu was cast alongside [[Hrithik Roshan]] in [[Bollywood]] biopic movie ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'' he played the role of Pranav Kumar, a brother of [[Anand Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nandish-singh-sandhu-thanks-hrithik-roshan-for-super-30-1569173-2019-07-15|title=Nandish Sandhu thanks Hrithik Roshan for Super 30|website=India Today}}</ref> The film was released to commercial success, but received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/super-30-brothers-hrithik-roshan-and-nandish-singh-sandhu/cid/1699351|title=Super 30 brothers:Hrithik Roshan and Nandish Sandhu|website=Telegraph|date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> He also starred in the 2019 movie ''[[Family of Thakurganj]]'' which was directed by Manoj Jha and written by Dilip Shukla. The film also starred [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Mahie Gill]] and [[Saurabh Shukla]] in key roles.

In 2021, Nandish played a supporting role in the [[Hotstar]] original series titled ''[[Grahan (TV series)|Grahan]]'' in the role of Kartik. The series starred [[Pawan Malhotra]], [[Zoya Hussain]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] and Anshumaan Pushkar in lead roles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"

! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| Groom
| Special appearance {{no wrap|in song "Dagabaaz Re"}}
|-
| 2016
|''[[Girl in Red]]''
| Aditya Verma
|Short film; also producer
|-
| 2017
|''The Gift ''
| {{n/a}}
|Short film; producer only
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
| {{no wrap|Pranav Kumar}}
|
|-
|''[[Family of Thakurganj]]''
| Munnu
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2007
| ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''
| Raunak Singhaniya
|
|-
| ''[[Khwaish]]''
| Yasir
|
|-
| ''[[Kayamath]]''
| Saket
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Rahul
| Episode 23
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| Shiv
| Episodes 118 & 119
|-
| ''[[Hum Ladkiyan]]''
| Rahul
|
|-
| 2009–2012
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Veer Singh Bundela
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by STAR One|Laughter Ke Phatke]]''
|rowspan="4" | Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]''
|
|-
| ''Kitchen Champion 4''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 4|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4]]''
|Guest Contestant
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 5|Bigg Boss 5]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]''
| Thakur Aditya Singh
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beintehaa]]''
| Rehan Habeeb Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
|''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''
| Inspector Sartaj Quereshi
|
|-
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki|Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki 2]]''
| rowspan="4" | Contestant
|
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Rajinder/Raj
| Episodic role
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| rowspan="3" | Contestant
|
|-
| ''BCL Gujarat''
|
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 9|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]''
|Wild card entrant; not selected
|-
| 2021
|''[[Grahan (TV series)|Grahan]]''
| Kartik
| [[Hotstar]] series
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Undekhi]]''
| Samarth
| [[Sony Liv]] series
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
| Jamshed Khan
| {{no wrap|[[Amazon Prime Video]]}} series
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Taskaree]]''
| Ravinder Gujjar
| [[Netflix]] series<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Taskaree: The Smuggler's Web OTT release announced: Emraan Hashmi's first look out. Where to watch upcoming Neeraj Pandey's crime series |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/taskaree-the-smugglers-web-ott-release-announced-emraan-hashmis-first-look-out-where-to-watch-upcoming-neeraj-pandeys-crime-series/articleshow/125975916.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
|-
| 2015
| "Teri Ek Hansee"
| [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|-
|2020
|"Chale Aao"
|Rhiti
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|nm5446189}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|nandish-sandhu}}
*{{Instagram|nandishsandhu}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Nandish}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:People from Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

George Vishnu

2026-01-18T18:27:44Z

MarieDevore: further reworked citations for clarity also and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Vishnu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Murali Raj Sathish
| birth_place = [[India]]
| other_names = George
| years_active = 1997-present
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]|[[Sheela]]}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Smitha|1999}}
|children = 2
| website =
}}

'''George Vishnu''' is an Indian actor who has worked on [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]-language films and in television dramas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/sheela/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929172714/http://www.mtv.com/artists/sheela/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2015|title = MTV Music|website = [[MTV]]}}</ref>

==Career==
George Vishnu, the son of [[Tamil Malaysians|Malaysian Tamil]] actor [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and Malayalam actress [[Sheela]], was chosen by producer Bhaskar to debut in a film titled ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/sheela/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929172714/http://www.mtv.com/artists/sheela/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2015|title = MTV Music|website = [[MTV]]}}</ref> According to the deal signed, he was not supposed to act in any other film until ''Kadhal Rojavae'' had been completed and released. However, during production, Vishnu could not wait and starred in a Malayalam film, while Director [[Keyaar]] was still shooting, causing a rift between the actor and producer Bhaskar during the making of the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |title=1997-98 Kodambakkam babies Page |publisher=Indolink.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201551/http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film, which featured him alongside [[Pooja Kumar]], subsequently had a release after a delay in production in 2000.

The failure of the film meant that he instead chose to portray characters in television serials, and appeared intermittently in Tamil films with [[Sundar C]] include ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (2010), ''[[Nagaram (2010 film)|Nagaram]]'' (2010), ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013) and ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' (2016).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Five Star Hospital]]'' || Rafael || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' ||Sreekumar || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || Vishnu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Malayali (film)|Malayali]]'' || Ganesh|| Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Thunichal]]'' || Shiva's elder brother || rowspan="11" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''|| Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''|| Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Nagaram (2010 film)|Nagaram]]''|| Dhamu ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Adhisaya Ulagam]]'' || Varsha and Vikas's father ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Raghavendra Rao ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' || Sehwag's assistant ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || Thenmozhi's father||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Brahmin ||
|-
| ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' || Muthupandi's brother ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' || Jeyaraj's uncle ||
|}

===Serials===
* 2000-2003 ''Veetuku Veedu Looty'' ([[Jaya TV]])
* 2003-2004 ''Sahana'' as Akash ([[Jaya TV]])
* 2003-2005 ''Roja'' as Pugazhmani ([[Jaya TV]])
* 2005 ''Selvi'' as Vijay ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
* 2005-2006 ''Malargal'' as Moorthy ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
* 2007 ''Megala'' ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
* 2008 ''Boys vs Girls'' ([[Star Vijay]])
* 2009-2010 ''[[Chellamay]]'' ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
* 2016 ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' ([[Star Vijay]])
* 2023 ''[[Geethanjali (2023 TV series)|Geethanjali]]'' ([[Gemini TV]])
* 2024–present ''Manamagale Vaa'' as Rajasingam ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5425954}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu, George}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Jinjira massacre

2026-01-11T15:55:53Z

MarieDevore: updated details per standard format

{{short description|1971 mass killing of civilians by the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Jinjira massacre
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=23.70|long=90.39|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Jinjira, [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]]
| date = April 2, 1971
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| target = Mostly [[Bengali Hindus]]
| type = [[massacre]], [[ethnic cleansing]]
| victims = Estimated to about 3,000
| perpetrators = [[Pakistani Army]]
*[[Razakars]]
}}
The '''Jinjira massacre''' ({{langx|bn|জিঞ্জিরা গণহত্যা|translit=Jiñjirā gaṇahatyā}}) was a planned killing of civilians by the [[Pakistan army]] during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971.

The killing took place at the unions Jinjira, Kalindi and Shubhadya of [[Keraniganj Upazila]] across the [[Buriganga River]] from [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Goon" />

{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}

==Background==
The [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]] began as the Pakistan army launched [[Operation Searchlight]] on 25 March 1971 to suppress the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] uprising in then [[East Pakistan]]. As a reaction, people from Dhaka flocked to Keraniganj on the other side of the river. The union Jinjira and nearby areas were inhabited by a large number of Hindu families.<ref name=Goon /> The elements of Pakistan army, now in control of Dhaka city after the crackdown of 25 March marked Jinjira and surrounding area as a target for military operation.

==Massacre==
The army started to amass forces around Keraniganj from midnight of 2 April.<ref name=Dolil>{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ : দলিলপত্র |title=Bāṃlādeśera svādhīnatā yuddha : dalilapatra |trans-title=History of Bangladesh War of Independence: Documents |volume=8 |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1984 |publisher=Ministry of Information |oclc=295000537 |pages=376–378}}</ref> They took control of the Mitford Hospital by the river. At around 5 am, they commenced the attack by throwing flares from the roof of the mosque adjacent to the hospital.<ref name="Goon">''Atmokotha 1971'' (My story 1971) by [[Nirmalendu Gun]], Bangla Prokash, 2008 (page 147)</ref> The army moved into Jinjira and opened fire on people. The [[massacre]] continued for hours. One incident took place beside a pond near Nandail Dak Street, where 60 people were killed. Women were raped. The soldiers also burned down houses and left no house undamaged.<ref name=Dolil /> More than a thousand people died in this massacre.<ref>The Daily Bangla, 13 November 1972</ref>

==Cover-up in the Pakistani media==
In the night of 2 April [[Pakistan Television]] broadcast news about strong military action against separatist miscreants taking shelter at Jinjira of Keraniganj on the other side of Buriganga.<ref name=Goon /> On 3 April The Morning News came up with the headline "Actions taken against miscreants at Jinjira".<ref>''Ekatturer Dinguli'' (Days of 71) by [[Jahanara Imam]], Shandhani publications, 2005 (page 56)</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of massacres in Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

[[Category:April 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in 1971]]
[[Category:1970s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1970s in Islam]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1971]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arson in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Dhaka in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Murder in Dhaka]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque arson in Asia]]

Manju Sharma (politician)

2026-01-05T13:10:29Z

MarieDevore: made new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name= Manju Sharma
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]]
| predecessor = [[Ramcharan Bohra]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Manju Sharma''' ({{IPA|hi|mən.d͡ʒuː ʃəɾ.maː}}) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan and a current member of [[Lok Sabha]]. She won [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]. She belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jaipur, Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates: Manju Sharma Emerges Victorious by 343036 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jaipur-rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547908-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LS poll results BJP's Manju Sharma wins Jaipur seat - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/06/04/eln442-elections-rj-jaipur-result.amp.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manju Sharma Opens Account For BJP In Jaipur">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Manju Sharma Opens Account For BJP In Jaipur |url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/manju-sharma-opens-account-for-bjp-in-jaipur |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712172132/https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/manju-sharma-opens-account-for-bjp-in-jaipur |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Manju}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jaipur]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Tamil music directors

2025-12-11T04:56:11Z

MarieDevore:

{{Short description|none}}
{{for|the list of '''all music directors''', irrespective of their origin, who worked or are working in the Tamil film industry|Indian film music directors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
In this list of '''directors of ethnic Tamil origin''', the names are ordered by the musicians' first or stage name.

* [[A. M. Rajah]]
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[A. R. Reihana]]
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
* [[Aruldev]]
* [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
* [[Bharathwaj]]
* [[Bhavatharini]]
* [[Black Pandi]]
* [[C. Sathya]]
* [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
* [[D. Imman]]
* [[Darbuka Siva]]
* [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
* [[Devan Ekambaram]]
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
* [[Dharan Kumar]]
* [[Dhina]]
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
* [[Gangai Amaren]]
* [[Ghibran]]
* [[Harris Jayaraj]]
* [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
* [[Ilayaraaja]]
* [[James Vasanthan]]
* [[Jassie Gift]]
* [[Joshua Sridhar]]
* [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
* [[K (composer)|K]]
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
* [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
* [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
* [[Karthik Raja]]
* [[Karunaas]]
* [[Kuralarasan]]
* [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
* [[M. M. Keeravani]]
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
* [[Mani Sharma ]]
* [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
* [[Nivas Prasanna ]]
* [[ofRo]]
* [[Prakash Nikki]]
* [[Pravin Mani]]
* [[Premji Amaren]]
* [[R. P. Patnaik]]
* [[Raj–Koti]]
* [[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]]
* [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
* [[Sam CS]]
* [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
* [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
* [[Sean Roldan ]]
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
* [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
* [[Shruti Haasan]]
* [[Sid Sriram]]
* [[Siddharth Vipin]]
* [[Silambarasan]]
* [[Simon K. King]]
* [[Sirpi ]]
* [[Srikanth Deva]]
* [[Srinivas]]
* [[Sundar C. Babu]]
* [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
* [[T. Rajendar]]
* [[Thaman]]
* [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
* [[Vijay Antony]]
* [[Vivek-Mervin]]
* [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Film music]]

XSEED Education

2025-11-25T07:51:30Z

MarieDevore: creating some entry more to come

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Companies|date=February 2021}}
{{Advert|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = XSEED Education
| type = Private company
| founder = Ashish Rajpal
| industry = Education
| founded = 2014
| location = Singapore
| logo =
| products = The XSEED Method, The XSEED School Program, Learnometer, XSEED MAX, Report Bee
| num_employees = 100 (2023–24)<ref>XSEED Education No. of Employees ''[http://xseededucation.com/about-us/]''</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|xseededucation.com/}}
}}
'''''XSEED Education''''' is a Singapore-based education company founded by Ashish Rajpal. It runs the XSEED program for teaching and learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/in-small-towns-teachers-embrace-a-new-script-115060901166_1.html|title=In small towns, teachers embrace a new script|publisher=businessstandard.com|work=June 2015|date=9 June 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

The XSEED program is an integrated curriculum, teacher training, and assessment tool for K-8 school and out-of-school education. XSEED replaces a knowledge-transmission or "teaching as telling" approach with an inquiry-based, [[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|constructivist]] approach that uses hands-on activities, followed by reflection and feedback. It also emphasizes rigor through practice and assessments.

The XSEED program has reached close to 2 million students across several countries. XSEED Education has acquired two technology companies, Pleolabs (2015) and Report Bee (2018).

== Overview ==
The XSEED Method was invented by Ashish Rajpal, an alumnus of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. The XSEED school program content was then developed with a team that included alumni from Harvard, Cambridge, MIT, and IIM Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Head Master |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110725-ashish-rajpal-idiscoveri-idiscoverixseed-746871-2011-07-16|access-date=18 November 2011|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=16 July 2011}}</ref> The program includes a detailed micro-curriculum, training for teachers, assessment tools, and digital learning resources for students.

The XSEED program aligns with existing international standards and the syllabus of various boards, including the US Core, Singapore, India ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], State Boards), and the Philippines (K-12 standards of the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]]).

The XSEED Method has been implemented by 3,000 schools across [[India]], [[Philippines|the Philippines]], [[Dubai]], [[Riyadh]], [[Qatar]], [[Nepal]], and [[Oman]]. XSEED has also partnered with the Royal Education Council in [[Bhutan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://xseededucation.com Official website]

[[Category:Educational technology companies of Singapore]]

Atal Progress-Way

2025-11-09T13:28:28Z

MarieDevore: expanded intro and added references

{{Short description|Proposed road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox road
| header_type = proposed
| country = IND
| name = Atal Progress-Way
| alternate_name = Chambal Expressway
| map =
| map_notes =
| length_km = 404
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = Seemalya, [[Kota district]], Rajasthan
| junction =
| terminus_b = Nanawa, [[Etawah district]], Uttar Pradesh
| formed = 2027 (expected)<ref>{{cite news|title=Atal Progressway (Chambal Expressway) – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-chambal-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>
| states = [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| cities = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Sheopur]], [[Sabalgarh]], [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bhind]] and [[Etawah]]
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| mapframe = Yes
}}
'''Atal Progress-Way''', also known as '''Chambal Expressway''', is an approved {{cvt|405|km}} long, six-lane [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]] [[Greenfield land|greenfield]] expressway, which will connect the city of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] in [[Rajasthan]] with the city of [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], through the famous city of [[Gwalior]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It will pass through three states–Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The expressway is a part of [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana]].<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Development of Highway sector in MP: Centre incorporates Atal Progress-Way in Bharatmala Pariyojana Phase-1 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/development-of-highway-sector-in-mp-centre-incorporates-atal-progress-way-in-bharatmala-pariyojana-phase-1/2314372/ |access-date=18 January 2023 |publisher=www.financialexpress.com |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indianconstructioninfo">{{cite web |title=Chambal Expressway aka Atal Progressway Complete Project Details |url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/chambal-expressway/ |website=www.indianconstructioninfo.com |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of India|government]]'s aim is to develop the economically backward regions of [[Chambal division]] and [[Gwalior division]] of Madhya Pradesh through the expressway.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |author1=Ankur Sirthia |title=With Atal Progress Way, govt aims to uplift Madhya Pradesh's hinterland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/with-atal-progress-way-govt-aims-to-uplift-mps-hinterland/articleshow/85606770.cms |access-date=18 January 2023 |agency=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=25 August 2021 |location=Bhopal |language=en}}</ref> The expressway will reduce both travel time and distance, from 10-11 hours at present, to only 6-7 hours, and from {{cvt|490|km}} to {{cvt|404|km}}. It will be built at a cost of approximately ₹ 23,700 crore, which was earlier slated at ₹ 20,000 crore.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news |title=Gadkari says Atal Progressway will change the face of up-mp-Rajasthan's highways |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gadkari-says-atal-progressway-will-change-the-face-of-up-mp-rajasthan-s-highways-11663290846621.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |agency=Mint |publisher=www.livemint.com |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The expressway has been named as ''Atal Progress-Way'' after the former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and also because he was born in Gwalior, nearby which the expressway will pass.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chambal Progress Way To Be Named After Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Shivraj Chouhan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/300-km-long-chambal-progress-way-to-be-named-after-atal-bihari-vajpayee-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2280298|work=NDTV|date=16 August 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Atal Progress Way (Chambal Expressway) Route Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/atal-progress-way-chambal-expressway/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
To improve connectivity, tourism, development and economic growth in the economically backward regions of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]] and northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] planned to build an expressway from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] to [[Etawah]], in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chambal Expressway aka Atal Progressway Complete Project Details|url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/chambal-expressway/|work=indianconstructioninfo.com|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> The expressway will reduce both travel time and distance, from {{cvt|475|km}} to {{cvt|404|km}}, and from 10-11 hours to only 6-7 hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre incorporates MP's Atal Progress-Way in highways sector project|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/centre-incorporates-mp-s-atal-progress-way-in-highways-sector-project-121081901255_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=19 August 2021|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> Once completed, these regions will see exponential growth with the growth of industries and socio-economic development by promoting employment among people living in the regions, which the regions currently lack altogether. The [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]], laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project, in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chambal Atal Progress-Way will open doors for regions’ devpt: CM|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/9/11/Chambal-Atal-Progress-Way-will-open-doors-for-regions-devpt-CM.html|work=The Hitavada|date=11 September 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] included the expressway in [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana's Phase-I]] in August 2021.<ref name="drishtiias">{{cite web |title=Atal Progress Way Included in Bharatmala Phase-1 |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/atal-progress-way-included-in-bharatmala-phase-1 |website=www.drishtiias.com |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Cabinet of Madhya Pradesh]] approved the project in October 2021.<ref name="infra">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh cabinet approves 404 km highway connecting Rajasthan, MP, UP |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-404-km-highway-connecting-rajasthan-mp-up/86810063 |website=infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) applied for environmental clearance for the project, as it will pass through a small section of the [[Kuno National Park]]. The land acquisition for the project also began in the same month. In December 2022, the NHAI issued tender notices for the project's construction. The project will be built at a cost of ₹ 23,645 crore, which was earlier slated at ₹ 20,000 crore, and is expected to be completed by 2027.<ref>{{cite news|title=Atal Progressway (Chambal Expressway) – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-chambal-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

== Route ==
{{lengths table|length_ref=<ref name="indianconstructioninfo"/>}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan|RJ]]
|{{convert|44.739|mi|km|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
|{{convert|194.992|mi|km|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
|{{convert|14.267|mi|km|disp=table}}
|-
|'''Total'''
|{{convert|253.998|mi|km|disp=table}}
|}

[[File:Chambal_River_near_Kota,_Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chambal River]] flowing through a valley in [[Rajasthan]]. The expressway will run along the route of the river.]]
The expressway will run alongside the route of the [[Chambal River]].<ref name="forestsclearance">{{cite web |title=Consultancy Services for preparation of Final Feasibility Study Report of Atal Progress way |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/DownloadPdfFile.aspx?FileName=0_0_41115121212191ExecutiveSummaryofDPR_AtalProgressway.pdf&FilePath=../writereaddata/Addinfo/ |website=forestsclearance |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It will run through the following states and their regions:

=== Rajasthan ===
{{see also|List of districts of Rajasthan}}
The western end of the expressway will be located at Seemalya village in [[Kota district]], and will start with an interchange to the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]. The expressway will cover a distance of {{cvt|72|km}} within [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="indianconstructioninfo"/>

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
{{see also|List of districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
The expressway will cover the following districts along with their cities:

* [[Sheopur]], [[Sheopur district]]
* [[Sabalgarh]], [[Morena district]]
* [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], Morena district
* [[Bhind]], [[Bhind district]]
It will cover a total distance of {{cvt|313|km}} within [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="indianconstructioninfo"/> To link [[Gwalior]], an interchange will be built at Morena along the Agra–Gwalior Expressway.

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{see also|List of districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
The eastern end of the expressway will be located at Nanawa village in [[Etawah district]], from where a spur will be built to connect the expressway with [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]]. It will cover a total distance of {{cvt|23|km}} within [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Construction==
The expressway will be fully four-lane, [[Controlled-access highway| access-controlled]] and a [[Greenfield land|greenfield]] project, with a provision of expanding it into six lanes at a future date, by leaving a space in between it, with a width of 100 metres in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] section, and 60 metres in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] sections. The land acquisition of the project after the environmental clearance began in June 2022, and the bidding process for the project's construction was started by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) in December 2022. The expressway will be built using the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) mode of construction. Currently, the project is under bidding, land acquisition and [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) preparation, which is being prepared by the [[Bhopal]]-based firm, after forming a [[joint venture]] with another firm, L.N. Malviya Infra Projects – Pioneer Infra Consultants JV. The project has been divided into six packages, while the package division for the [[Uttar Pradesh]] section is still underway. The following table lists the packages, contractors and their statuses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Atal Progressway (Chambal Expressway) – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-chambal-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
{|class= 'wikitable sortable'
|-
!Packages
!Chainages{{efn|Distances from the origin of the expressway, i.e., [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].}}
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Bidding process underway
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Bidding process underway
|}
===Madhya Pradesh===
{|class= 'wikitable sortable'
|-
!Packages
!Chainages
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|Sada ka Pada village to Chhavar village (94.100 km to 155.000 km), [[Sheopur district]]
|TBA
|Bidding process and land acquisition underway
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|Chhavar to Jhundpura ([[Morena district]]) (155.400 km to 206.000 km)
|TBA
|Bidding process and land acquisition underway
|-
|'''Package-3'''
|Jhundpura to Maithana village (206.000 km 265.000 km), Morena district
|TBA
|Bidding process and land acquisition underway
|-
|'''Package-4'''
|Maithana village to Kuretha village (265.000 km 312.950 km), Morena district
|TBA
|Bidding process and land acquisition underway
|}

The remaining stretch till [[Etawah]] is under package division and bidding process.

==Benefits==
The expressway will benefit [[Central India]] as well as [[Eastern India]] as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Chambal Expressway aka Atal Progressway Complete Project Details|url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/chambal-expressway/|work=indianconstructioninfo.com|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

*'''Trade:''' The expressway will help in direct transportation of cargo from Eastern India to [[Western India]], as currently, though a connection exists via the [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27 (East-West Corridor)]] (NH-27), but it has become constrained and experiences high traffic and long delays in transport to facilitate trade. The expressway will become an alternative to that route and will relieve pressure on NH-27, thus resulting in the growth of the overall national economy, by reducing dependency on imports and increasing exports.

*'''Tourism:''' The expressway will help to facilitate tourism in northern Madhya Pradesh, as it has the presence of several tourist spots as well as major tourist destinations, like [[Gwalior]] and wildlife parks, sanctuaries, like [[Ranthambore National Park]] and [[Kuno National Park]], which are well known for their tiger reserves and other animals and activities for tourists, and Kuno for its tigers and recently introduced [[Cheetah]]s. The rise in tourist arrivals will mark the growth of adjoining regions and towns along with cities nearby.

*'''Connectivity:''' The expressway will not only create a direct route from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] to [[Etawah]], but will also create a direct route from Eastern and Northeast India to Western India. For example, goods and people could be transported directly to [[Mumbai]] from [[Kolkata]], as well as from [[Guwahati]] and other [[Northeast India|north-eastern states]], via the [[Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway]] and [[Purvanchal Expressway]], [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]], Atal Progress-Way and the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] (Atal P-Way begins from there), thus resulting in faster, better and safer commute in the northern part of the country.

*'''Protection of the Environment:''' To ensure the protection of the green cover, plants and trees will be planted in between and along the entire route of the expressway, and to avoid excess deforestation through the section of Kuno National Park, sustainable methods of construction will be used.

*'''Employment:''' Due to increase in industrial activities along the expressway's route, various agricultural and industrial initiatives to help the state's economy and growth. The establishment of these numerous centres will result in multiple job possibilities for thousands of people living in both the states.

==Environmental concerns==
In July 2022, in a meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC), the EAC raised concerns on the alignment of the expressway's [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]] and [[Morena district|Morena]] districts, due to the high presence of the well- known rugged eroded topography, the [[Chambal (region)#Geography|ravines of the Chambal region]], or also known as the 'bad lands'. The construction in these parts will cause the soil to get further eroded, thus exposing the parent rock, which may result in a harm to the surrounding environment and other unaffected areas by drought, and the permanent stoppage of any agricultural activities on the entire region. If these changes occur, it would be irreversible to change back to the land what it was before and the efforts taken to turn ravines into normal, plain land. So the Ministry advised the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) to change the alignment of the expressway. In view of this, the NHAI changed the route by taking a new land survey, as far from the ravines as possible, and to ensure as much as impacts to be created on the socio-economic development of the entire Chambal region after the expressway's completion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Environment {{sic|hide=y|Minist|ery}} objects to Atal Progress way|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/environment-ministery-objects-to-atal-progress-way.html|work=The Pioneer|date=19 July 2022|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Status updates==
*'''2017:''' The plan of the expressway was proposed by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chambal Expressway aka Atal Progressway Complete Project Details|url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/chambal-expressway/|work=indianconstructioninfo.com|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''September 2020:''' The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project was laid by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chambal Atal Progress-Way will open doors for regions’ devpt: CM|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/9/11/Chambal-Atal-Progress-Way-will-open-doors-for-regions-devpt-CM.html|work=The Hitavada|date=11 September 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''August 2021:''' The [[Government of India]] approved the project and included it in [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana's Phase-I]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre incorporates MP's Atal Progress-Way in highways sector project|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/centre-incorporates-mp-s-atal-progress-way-in-highways-sector-project-121081901255_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=19 August 2021|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''October 2021:''' The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Cabinet of Madhya Pradesh]] approved the project.<ref name="infra">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh cabinet approves 404 km highway connecting Rajasthan, MP, UP |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-404-km-highway-connecting-rajasthan-mp-up/86810063 |website=infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''June 2022:''' The [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) applied for environmental clearance for the project, as it will pass through a small section of the [[Kuno National Park]], and also began land acquisition for the project.
*'''December 2022:''' The NHAI issued tender notices for the project's construction.
*'''March 2023:''' 16 firms bid for the project's first two packages in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] section.

== See also ==
* [[Expressways of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Expressways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Nexus Esplanade

2025-11-08T18:16:31Z

MarieDevore: made article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Esplanade One
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| location = {{Flag icon|India}} [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.27|N|85.84|E|display=inline,Esplanade One Bhubaneswar}}
| address = Esplanade1,
Puri – Cuttack Road,
Rasulgarh Industrial Estate,
Rasulgarh,
Bhubaneswar,
Odisha 751010
| opening_date = 12 July 2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One Opens|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=24919&todo=news}}</ref>
| developer = [[Forum Group]] [[The Blackstone Group]]
| manager =
| architect = [[Practice Design Pvt Ltd]]
| number_of_stores = 200+
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name='Esplanade One'>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One|url=https://www.gloopla.com/IN/Bhubaneswar/484494438425563/Esplanade-One}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name='Esplanade One Information'>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One Information|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Esplanade-One-484494461758894/}}</ref><ref name='Esplanade One Details'>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One Details|url=https://www.crisil.com/content/dam/crisil/our-businesses/crest/bhubneswar/esplanade/pdf/esplanade-report.pdf}}</ref>
| parking = 1000+
| floors = G+9
| website = [https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-esplanade Nexus Esplanade]
}}
'''Nexus Esplanade''', formerly known as Esplanade One, is the largest [[Shopping mall|shopping mall]] in the state of [[Odisha]] located at [[Bhubaneswar]], designed by the Practice Design Pvt Ltd. It was developed by the [[Forum Group]] and [[The Blackstone Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/forum-group-starts-building-rs-500-crore-mall-in-city-114102801454_1.html|title=Forum Group starts building Rs 500 crore mall in city|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref> Nexus Esplanade has a built-up area of 9.5 lakh sqft, including 4 lakh sqft of leasable area (Retail Space & 7 Screen Multiplex).<ref name='Esplanade One'/><ref name='Esplanade One Details'/> It also includes 2.5 lakh sqft of offices and 3 lakh sqft of parking. The complex is spread over 9 floors and the offices start from the third floor.<ref name='Esplanade One Information'/>

== About ==
Nexus Esplanade is located in Rasulgarh Industrial Estate Area, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The mall has a total commercial (Built-up) space of 1,000,000 sq ft spread over ten floors designed by the [[Practice Design Pvt Ltd]], with a Retail space of 400,000 sq ft.<ref name='Esplanade One'>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One|url=https://www.gloopla.com/IN/Bhubaneswar/484494438425563/Esplanade-One}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name='Esplanade One Information'>{{cite web|title=Esplanade One Information|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Esplanade-One-484494461758894/}}</ref> It was developed by [[Forum Group]] in association with [[The Blackstone Group]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.forumprojects.in/projectListing.html| title=Completed Projects – Forum Group| access-date=23 May 2018| archive-date=29 May 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529100457/http://www.forumprojects.in/projectListing.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> It has capacity to contains more than 200 outlets, including cafeterias, food courts, restaurants, family entertainment zones, multiplex and it has multi level parking.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magicbricks.com/forum-esplanade-rasulgarh-bhubaneswar-pdpid-4d4235303934383835| title=Magic Bricks – Esplanade by Forum Group| access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

==Events==
*Actress and model [[Disha Patani]] inaugurated the first [[Marks & Spencer]] Store in Bhubaneswar on 14 September 2018. The event was huge success and huge crowd gathered to witness the event at Esplanade One.
*On 14 August 2018, Esplanade One organised The First Ever Midnight Sale at Odisha's No.1 Shopping & Entertainment Hub. Over 40 Brands offering 50% off. Also Get a Chance to win hourly exciting prizes including one lucky draw prize – Honda Activa 5G.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Odisha]]

Sarana, Balotra

2025-11-02T07:11:24Z

MarieDevore: creating initial details more to come

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|23|N|72|21|57|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governing_body =
[[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4293
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi Language|Hindi]]|[[Marwari language|Marwari]]}}<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=16 October 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|pages=34–35}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarana, Balotra''' is a village in [[Pachpadra]] Tehsil of [[Balotra]] district, [[ Rajasthan]] with a total of 792 families residing. The Sarana village has population of 4293 of which 2298 are males while 1995 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Sarana Pin Code - 344022, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/sarana-pincode-344022.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
It is the '''Temple''' of [[Kheteswara]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Bhadunda Kalan

2025-08-15T00:34:28Z

MarieDevore: adding new article

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadunda Kalan
| native_name_lang = raj
| other_name = Bharonda Kalan
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.0718|N|75.5259|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| leader_title1 = Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = [[Surendra Kumar (Rajasthan politician)|Surendra Kumar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 355
| population_total = 4,873
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333024
| area_code = +91-1592 / 01592
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 76.23%
(M - 88.88%) ( F - 63.33%)
| website = {{URL|jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = Rajasthani ([[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]])
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Brijendra Singh Ola]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| native_name = Bada Bharunda
}}
'''Bhadunda Kalan''', also known as ''Bada Bharunda'' is a village in Jhunjhunu [[Tehsil]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] District, [[Rajasthan]] State, [[India]].
== Census and Population ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;"|Particulars
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;"|Total
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;"|Male
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;"|Female

|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | '''Houses'''
!856
|
|-
!Population
!4873
|2483
|2390
|-
!Child (0–6)
!619
|334
|285
|-
!Literacy
!76.23
|88.88%
|63.33%
|-
!Schedule Caste
!1011
|505
|506
|-
!Schedule Tribe
!111
|53
|58
|}
Above data is included according to the 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhadunda Kalan Village Population - Jhunjhunun - Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/71088-bhadunda-kalan-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Rajasthan]]

Hardyal Singh

2025-08-10T14:26:06Z

MarieDevore: general expanded article based on references as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Hardyal Singh
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|11|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|8|17|1928|11|28}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| height =
| position =
| clubs1 =
| years1 =
| caps(goals)1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalcaps(goals)1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| updated =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalGold|[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Melbourne]]|[[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
}}

'''Hardyal Singh''' (28 November 1928 – 17 August 2018)<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/sport/olympics-hockey-gold-winner-subedar-hardayal-singh-passes-away/638891.html Olympics hockey gold winner Subedar Hardayal Singh passes away]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/hardyal-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120109/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/hardyal-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Hardayal Singh Olympic Results |accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> was an Indian [[Field hockey|hockey]] player who lived in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. He was part of the Indian hockey team that won the gold medal in men's field hockey competition at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history India's Olympic History] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120913011318/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history |date=2012-09-13 }}</ref> He died on 17 August 2018.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Sports reference}}
*{{Olympedia}}

{{India FH Squad 1956 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hardyal}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Vaacha: Museum of Voice

2025-06-19T21:09:28Z

MarieDevore: creating the info first draft

{{Short description|Museum in Gujarat, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = Vaacha: Museum of Voice
| established = {{Start date and age|1998}}
| location = The Adivasi Academy, [[Tejgadh]], [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.357|N|73.913|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Ethnographic museum]]
| founder = [[G.N. Devy]]
| curator = Naranbhai Ukedbhai Rathva
| architect = Karan Grover and Associates
| website = {{URL|https://bhasharesearch.org/vaacha}}
}}

The '''Vaacha: Museum of Voice''' is an indigenous museum located in [[Tejgadh|Tejgadh village]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Museum of Voice (Vaacha): "A laboratory for contemporary ethnic, anthropological and artistic studies carried out from the perspective of Adivasis" |url=https://indiantribalheritage.org/?p=18877 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=indiantribalheritage.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribal Centre of Excellence |url=https://www.tribaldesignforum.com/event/tribal-centre-of-excellence/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Tribal Design Forum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilikar |first=Divya |date=2023-04-23 |title=Learning from Community Initiatives at Bhasha Institute, Tejgadh |url=https://keystone-foundation.org/learning-from-community-initiatives-at-bhasha-institute-tejgadh/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Keystone Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> The museum is part of a larger initiative called the Adivasi Academy, which is an offshoot of the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre based in [[Vadodara]]. The museum aims to preserve [[Adivasi]] history and culture which otherwise historically has been undocumented because most indigenous communities do not have a written script and therefore much of their traditions and worldview are at risk of decaying. The present director of the initiative is the visual artist and craft revivalist [[Madan Meena]].

Some of the notable visitors and dignitaries include [[Mahasweta Devi]], [[Rajmohan Gandhi]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], and [[Gail Omvedt]], amongst others.

== History ==
Vaacha, which literally means voice, started as a community-led and run museum alongside the Adivasi Academy in [[Tejgadh]], a village located 90 kilometres from [[Vadodara]] city in eastern [[Gujarat]]. The village and its surrounding areas have historically been inhabited by tribal communities such as [[Rathwa]], [[Naikda]], and [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], sub-groups of the [[Bhil]]s. The initiative started when the linguist [[G. N. Devy|Ganesh N. Devy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Ganesh Devy Website |url=https://gndevy.in/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=gndevy.in}}</ref> visited the Koraj hills,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokhale |first=Nishant |date=2019-04-19 |title=Koraj Pahadi: A Little Hill of Great Importance |url=https://aif.org/koraj-pahadi-a-little-hill-of-great-importance/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=AIF |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Adivasi Academy in Tejgadh documents tribal culture of Gujarat |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/adivasi-academy-in-tejgadh-documents-tribal-culture-of-gujarat/article65782666.ece |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> wherein exists a pre-Holocene cave and remnants of a town that is at least a thousand years old,<ref name=":0" /> in 1996 and decided to leave his university job soon after to settle in an [[Adivasi]] village. While still an academic in Vadodara, prior to 1996, Devy pondered upon the questions of Adivasi communities migrating to the city for jobs, living in temporary settlements (sometimes even by the side of the road) with no access to healthcare and basic amenities, and on their quest to assimilate themselves; they move past their culture and traditions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |date=2008-11-10 |title=India's aborigines study, rather than shed, their culture |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/world/asia/10iht-tribal.1.17683714.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was this complex negotiation with modernity of the Adivasis, the continuing challenges faced by them, and to preserve the dying languages and traditions that motivated Devy to settle in Tejgadh—a village primarily inhabited by the Rathwas, beside the [[Orsang|Orsang River]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |date=2008-11-11 |title=Rescuing Cultures of India, From A to Z |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/world/asia/11tribal.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The work for the Academy alongside the museum started in 1998.
[[File:Vaacha Museum of Voice Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Vaacha: Museum of Voice, Tejgadh, Gujarat.]]
The Academy and its many initiatives, the Vaacha museum, Vasantshala—a multilingual school run for young Adivasi children, a library consisting of diverse information regarding Adivasi communities across the country and elsewhere, etc., are all run by the men and women of the local communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Initiatives of the Adivasi Academy |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/cultural-initiatives-of-the-adivasi-academy |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> As a result of Devy and his associates' long-lasting work, many young Adivasis now work towards documenting their history, culture, and traditions which otherwise historically existed orally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-29 |title=Scholar GN Devy's Life's Work Is The Best Reply To Those Rallying For One National Language |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/gn-devys-lifes-work-is-the-best-reply-to-those-rallying-for-on_a_23003511 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> When a generation passed, with them disappeared the traditional ways of being—be it traditional agricultural techniques, ways of making jewellery, or styles of artwork. With an increase in modernisation, this process had accelerated.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adivasi Art and Activism: Curation in a Nationalist Age {{!}} IIAS |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-review/adivasi-art-and-activism |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=www.iias.asia}}</ref> Therefore, the documentation and preservation of local expressions and worldviews is the core objective of the Vaacha: Museum of Voice. The museum and the Academy provide a platform for the Adivasi communities to assert and voice their identity and belongingness, which have historically been lost within the discourses of the hegemonic communities. It is not the museumification of indigeneity that Vaacha is interested in, but rather a space which the Adivasis can call their own and be proud of who and where they come from. The geographic location of the museum, beside the historic Koraj hills and the Orsang River, is a testament to the history of the Adivasi communities and their lived experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sneharshi |date=2020-12-30 |title=Why an Adivasi Museum Should Matter |url=https://aif.org/why-an-adivasi-museum-should-matter/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=AIF |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coates |first1=Eileen |title=Voice and Memory: Indigenous Imagination and Expression |last2=Coates |first2=Brian |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |year=2011 |editor-last=Devy |editor-first=Ganesh N. |location=New Delhi, India |language=en |chapter=Vaacha: Voice and Memory in the Museum |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Geoffrey V. |editor-last3=Chakravarty |editor-first3=K.K.}}</ref>

Initially, the museum started as an open space but then redesigned itself in 2006.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tilche |first=Alice |date=2015 |title=A forgotten adivasi landscape: Museums and memory in western India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0069966715578048 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=188–215 |doi=10.1177/0069966715578048 |s2cid=143225580 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Collections ==
The museum has a wide range of collections from sculptures and photographs to household items, traditional clothes and jewellery, kitchen utensils, hunting equipment, etc.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vaacha |url=https://bhasharesearch.org/vaacha |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=bhasharesearch.org |language=en}}</ref> One could say it is almost as if all the exhibits are a testament to a bygone era and are not used anymore in the region.<ref name=":1" /> However, all the materials on display are not only for show but also performed by the curators to the visitor. Various musical equipment from the museum are often borrowed by the young children of the Vasantshala initiative and then returned. Therefore, all the collections of the museum are not dead objects on display but traditions and memories that are being preserved and performative. Furthermore, the museum features a number of [[Pithora (painting)|pithora paintings]], which is a ritualistic artwork performed on walls by the [[Rathwa]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tilche |first=Alice |date=2015 |title=Pithora in the Time of Kings, Elephants and Art Dealers: Art and Social Change in Western India |journal=Visual Anthropology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/08949468.2015.973255 |issn=0894-9468|doi-access=free }}</ref> In recent times, many pithora artists also paint on canvas. For instance, the Vaacha museum has presented a series of pithora paintings which narrates the regional retelling of the epic Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sneharshi |date=2021-07-13 |title=The Expedition of Myth and Narratives in South Asia |url=https://aif.org/the-expedition-of-myth-and-narratives-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=AIF |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
# '''Bhasha-van''': an initiative aimed at documenting the rich diversity of flora and languages found in the Indian subcontinent. It is an "outdoor extension of the Vaacha Museum, literally meaning a forest of languages, created to provide a real-time experience of India’s linguistic diversity."<ref name=":3" /> This idea came during the making of the [[People's Linguistic Survey of India|Peoples Linguistic Survey of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orient BlackSwan |url=https://orientblackswan.com/books?id=0&pid=0&sid=191 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=orientblackswan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Prof. G.N. Devy: 'All our languages are losing linguistic prowess' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/interview-g-n-devy-all-our-languages-are-losing-linguistic-prowess/article38467813.ece |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> a nationwide survey on existing languages, carried out by Bhasha Research and Publication Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=When human beings go past language |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/when-human-beings-go-past-language-111646984548735.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> The survey, being published in 50 volumes by [[Orient Blackswan]], systematically organised several hundred living Indian languages, especially those of the minority and marginalised communities at risk of decay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-03 |title=780 Indian languages surveyed and documented by PLSI, next aim to document 6000 world languages |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/7780-indian-languages-surveyed-and-documented-by-plsi-next-aim-to-document-6000-world-languages-4781113/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kidwai |first=Ayesha |date=2019 |title=The People's Linguistic Survey of India Volumes: Neither Linguistics, Nor a Successor to Grierson's LSI, but still a Point of Reference |journal=Social Change |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=154–159 |doi=10.1177/0049085718821783 |issn=0049-0857|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Documentary based on survey of 780 Indian languages to be screened on August 6 at SPPU |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/documentary-based-on-survey-of-780-indian-languages-to-be-screened-on-august-6-at-sppu-101659550396400.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why language diversity matter? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/jan/01/whylanguagediversity-matter-2533628.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
# '''Lakhara Artist Studio''' is a space dedicated to indigenous artists to work on their art, exchange ideas with other artists, etc.<ref name=":3" />
# '''Kala Kasab''' is the craft outlet of the museum where visitors can purchase souvenirs available for sale made by indigenous artists. The idea is to support traditional craft-making and local Adivasi artisans.<ref name=":3" />
# '''National Consortium of Tribal Arts and Culture''': an initiative started by Bhasha, associated with the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], in collaboration with the 18 Tribal Research and Training Institutes (TRTIs) across India to document and digitise all the materials found in the institutes' ethnographic museums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-09 |title=Move to link 14 tribal museums through digital technology |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/move-to-link-14-tribal-museums-through-digital-technology/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Online exhibition – The National Consortium of Tribal Arts and Culture – Tribal Cultural Heritage in India |url=https://indiantribalheritage.org/?p=6859 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=indiantribalheritage.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Consortium |url=https://bhasharesearch.org/national-consortium |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=bhasharesearch.org |language=en}}</ref> This audio-visual project is a repository of diverse indigenous cultures, expressions, and ways of life.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
* [[G. N. Devy|Ganesh N. Devy]]
* [[Budhan Theatre]]
* [[People's Linguistic Survey of India]]
* [[Tribal Research Institute Museum|Tribal Research Institute Museum, Odisha]]
* [[Tribal Research Institute and Museum|Tribal Research Institute and Museum, Ranchi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# Bakshi, Rajni. (2013). "Adivasi Academy: Acknowledging Adivasi Knowledge." In Chebrolu Prasad, Shambhu. (eds.). ''Rethinking Universities for Development: Intermediaries, Innovation and Inclusion''. Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar and International Development.
# Devy, Ganesh N; Davis, Geoffrey V; Chakravarty K.K. (2009). ''Indigeneity: Culture and Representation''. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan.
# Tilche, Alice. (2022). ''Adivasi Art and Activism: Curation in a Nationalist Age''. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295749723

== External links ==

* [https://www.kga.co.in/tejgadh-tribal-academy.php Tejgadh Tribal Academy]
* [https://mythinteractives.com/portfolio_page/virtual-tour-vr-vaacha-museum-of-voice/ 360 Virtual Tour of the Vaacha Museum by Myth Interactives]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Museum, Vaacha}}
[[Category:Museums in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1998]]

Bhagwan Mahaveer College of Engineering and Management

2025-05-02T16:13:27Z

MarieDevore: adding details

{{Short description|Educational institution in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Bhagwan Mahaveer College of Engineering and Management
|image_name =
|caption =
|established =
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|chairman = Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay Jain
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
| director =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = Jagdishpur
| colors =
| nickname =
|website = {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220803063827/https://mvsit.org/ www.msgi.co.in]}}
|logo =
|footnotes =
|affiliations = [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], [[AICTE]]
|faculty =
}}
{{coord|28.922479|77.0525406|display=title}}
'''Bhagwan Mahaveer College of Engineering and Management''' ('''BMCEM''') now merge in '''Mahavir Swami Institute of Technology MVSIT''' is a private [[Jainism|Jain]] minority college affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and located in Jagdishpur, Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Self Financing Institute|url=http://ipu.ac.in/affiliates/Instlist220318.pdf|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref> '''MVSIT''' is recognised as unaided private institution by [[AICTE]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of AICTE approved Institutes in `Engineering and Technology``Unaided - Private ``Minority` for the state Haryana for the academic year: 2018-2019|url=https://www.facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204010055/https://www.facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Admission to MVSIT is through the [[Common Entrance Test]] (CET) /JEEMAINS conducted by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University/NTA. The institute offers B.Tech full-time degree programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Program Offered|url=http://www.bmcemsnp.com/Program_offered.aspx|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwan Mahaveer College of Engineering and Management}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Haryana]]

2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group A

2025-02-28T15:35:36Z

MarieDevore: adding page

{{refimprove|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group A
| fromdate = 11 October 2024
| todate = 2 February 2025
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| participants = 8
| matches = 28
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]] is the 90th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556116/bcci-announces-domestic-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |title=BCCI announces domestic fixtures for home season 2024-25|work=bcci.tv|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/bcci-announce-indian-domestic-schedule-for-2024-25-full-list-of-tournaments-and-start-dates|title=BCCI announce Indian domestic schedule for 2024/25: Full list of tournaments and start dates|work=wisden|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> It is contested by 38 teams, divided into four elite groups and a plate group, with eight teams in Group A. It took place between 11 October 2024 to 2 February 2025.

==Points table==
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group A}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11–14 October 2024
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tirpura]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 =
| score2 =
| score1_2nd =
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match abandoned
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445842.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]]
| points = Tripura 1, Odisha 1
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11–14 October 2024
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 290 (103.1 overs)
| score2 = 214 (62.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 185 (60.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 177 (48.2 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 84 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445839.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| points = Baroda 6, Mumbai 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11–14 October 2024
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 519/7d (150 overs)
| score2 = 428 (130.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 38/0 (10 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match drawn
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445840.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Kashmir Stadium]], [[Srinagar]]
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 3, Maharashtra 1
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11–14 October 2024
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 402 (132.4 overs)
| score2 = 233 (86 overs)
| score1_2nd =
| score2_2nd = 104 (57.5 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| result = Services won by an innings and 65 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445841.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| points = Services 7, Meghalaya 0
}}
===Round 2===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 18–21 October 2024
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 377/8d (78.4 overs)
| score2 = 222 (77.4 overs)
| score1_2nd =
| score2_2nd = 138 (37.5 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| result = Tripura won by an innings and 17 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445858.html Scorecard]
| venue = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]]
| points = Tripura 7, Meghalaya 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 18–21 October 2024
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 270 (70.3 overs)
| score2 = 272 (87.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 270/7d (73.2 overs)
| score2_2nd = 112/8 (80.4 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445856.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 1, Odisha 3
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 18–21 October 2024
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 477/6d (150 overs)
| score2 = 271 (86.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 134/1d (14.4 overs)
| score2_2nd = 275 (82.2 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 65 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445855.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| points = Baroda 6, Services 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 18–21 October 2024
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 126 (31.4 overs)
| score2 = 441 (103.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 388 (106.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 75/1 (13.3 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445857.html Scorecard]
| venue = Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy BKC, [[Mumbai]]
| points = Mumbai 6, Maharashtra 0
}}

===Round 3===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26–29 October 2024
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 450 (122.4 overs)
| score2 = 302 (95.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 123/6d (43 overs)
| score2_2nd = 48/0 (22 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445874.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]]
| points = Mumbai 3, Tripura 1
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26–29 October 2024
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 193 (65 overs)
| score2 = 456 (128.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 165 (34 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Baroda won by an innings and 98 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445871.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| points = Baroda 7, Odisha 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26–29 October 2024
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 71 (25.1 overs)
| score2 = 228 (62 overs)
| score1_2nd = 132 (32 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Jammu and Kashmir won by an innings and 25 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445872.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Kashmir Stadium]], [[Srinagar]]
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 7, Services 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26–29 October 2024
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 276 (88.3 overs)
| score2 = 361 (106.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 185 (55.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 104/0 (21.1 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 10 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445873.html Scorecard]
| venue = Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Ground, [[Aurangabad]]
| points = Maharashtra 7, Meghalaya 0
}}

===Round 4===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 6–9 November 2024
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 73 (37.3 overs)
| score2 = 194 (51.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 195 (59.1 overs)
| score2_2nd = 77/3 (15.4 overs)
| result = Jammu and Kashmir won by 7 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445888.html Scorecard]
| venue = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]]
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 6, Meghalaya 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 6–9 November 2024
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 235 (82.2 overs)
| score2 = 482/7d (120.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 241/4 (99 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match drawn
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445887.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]]
| points = Tripura 3, Baroda 1
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 6–9 November 2024
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 293 (110.3 overs)
| score2 = 185 (58.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 230 (73.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 303 (100.5 overs)
| result = Services won by 35 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445889.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| points = Services 6, Maharashtra 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 6–9 November 2024
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 602/4d (123.5 overs)
| score2 = 285 (94.3 overs)
| score1_2nd =
| score2_2nd = 214 (72.5 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 103 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445890.html Scorecard]
| venue = Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy BKC, [[Mumbai]]
| points = Mumbai 7, Odisha 0
}}

===Round 5===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 13–16 November 2024
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 162 (54 overs)
| score2 = 200 (82.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 166 (53.4 overs)
| score2_2nd = 130/7 (36.2 overs)
| result = Odisha won by 3 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| points = Odisha 6, Maharashtra 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 13–16 November 2024
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 103 (36.5 overs)
| score2 = 442 (71.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 78 (17.5 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Baroda won by an innings and 261 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445902.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| points = Baroda 7, Meghalaya 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 13–16 November 2024
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 165 (50.3 overs)
| score2 = 175 (57.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 211 (67 overs)
| score2_2nd = 204/6 (56 overs)
| result = Jammu and Kashmir won by 4 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445903.html Scorecard]
| venue = Hostel Ground JKCA, Jammu
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 6, Tripura 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 13–16 November 2024
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 240 (81 overs)
| score2 = 288 (73.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 182 (62 overs)
| score2_2nd = 137/1 (35.4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445905.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| points = Mumbai 6, Services 0
}}

===Round 6===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 23–26 January 2025
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 212 (73.1 overs)
| score2 = 294 (78.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 357/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (83 overs)
| score2_2nd = 101/2 (19.1 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445921.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]]
| points = Tripura 1, Services 3
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 23–26 January 2025
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 297 (98.4 overs)
| score2 = 145 (33.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 464/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (119 overs)
| score2_2nd = 177 (36 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 439 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445918.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Hutatma Anant Kanhere Maidan]], [[Nasik]]
| points = Maharashtra 6, Baroda 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 23–26 January 2025
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 120 (33.2 overs)
| score2 = 206 (41.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 290 (74 overs)
| score2_2nd = 207/5 (49 overs)
| result = Jammu and Kashmir won by 5 wickets
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445919.html Scorecard]
| venue = Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy BKC, [[Mumbai]]
| points = Jammu and Kashmir 6, Mumbai 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 23–26 January 2025
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 198 (64.3 overs)
| score2 = 548/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (111.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 294 (92.2 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Odisha won by an innings and 56 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445920.html Scorecard]
| venue = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]]
| points = Odisha 7, Meghalaya 0
}}

===Round 7===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 246 (71.3 overs)
| score2 = 166 (62.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 284 (106.4 overs)
| score2_2nd = ''58/2 (16 overs)''
| result = ''Stumps, Day 3''
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445934.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Reliance Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| points =
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 270 (101.2 overs)
| score2 = 418 (124.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = ''135/2 (30 overs)''
| score2_2nd =
| result = ''Stumps, Day 3''
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445935.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Solapur)|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], [[Solapur]]
| points =
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 86 (24.3 overs)
| score2 = 671/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (140.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 129 (30.1 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 456 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445936.html Scorecard]
| venue = Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy BKC, [[Mumbai]]
| points = Mumbai 7, Meghalaya 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 180 (62.2 overs)
| score2 = 199 (54.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 394 (118.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = ''46/0 (13 overs)''
| result = ''Stumps, Day 3''
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DRIEMS Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
| points =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2024-25-1445824 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2024–25}}

{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

R.B. McCabe

2025-01-25T03:41:27Z

MarieDevore: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Robert Blair McCabe]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Dattatreyayogashastra

2024-12-02T23:16:09Z

MarieDevore: made basic page initial version - done

{{Short description|13th century yoga text}}
{{italictitle}}
The '''''Dattātreyayogaśāstra''''', ([[Sanskrit]]: दत्तात्रेययोगशास्त्र) a [[Vaishnavism|Vaisnava]] text probably composed in the 13th century CE, is the earliest text which provides a systematized form of [[Haṭha yoga]] under that name,<ref name="Hatha Yoga Project 2016">{{cite web |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |last2=Mallinson |first2=James |author-link1=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |author-link2=James Mallinson (author) |title=Hatha Yoga Project |url=https://www.theluminescent.org/2016/02/hatha-yoga-project.html |website=The Luminescent |publisher=Hatha Yoga Project ([[SOAS, University of London]]) |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=February 2016}}</ref> and the earliest to place its yoga techniques under the name Haṭha.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2024}}

==Three paths==

The ''Dattātreyayogaśāstra'' is the first text to describe and teach yoga as having three types, namely [[mantra]] yoga, [[laya yoga]], and [[hatha yoga]]. All three lead to [[samadhi]], the goal of [[raja yoga]]. Mantra yoga consists simply of repeating mantras until powers ([[siddhis]]) are obtained. Laya yoga dissolves the mind by methods such as raising [[Kundalini]], though neither this nor the [[chakra]]s are named in the text.{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}

==Eightfold yoga==

The work teaches an eightfold yoga identical with [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Patañjali's 8 limbs (''aṣṭāṅgayoga'')]] that it attributes to [[Yajnavalkya]] and others, and as an alternative, ten exercises, later called mudras, that it attributes to teachers including [[Kapila]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}}

It claims there are 8,400,000 [[asana]]s, though it only describes one or two non-seated postures including [[Shavasana]], corpse pose (as a method of Laya yoga), and the inverted posture of [[Viparita Karani|viparītakaraṇī]], sometimes considered an asana, sometimes a mudra.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=90–91}}

Its account of [[pranayama]] calls for the yogi to sit in [[lotus position]] (padmasana) and practice what it calls breath-retention ([[kumbhaka]]), now called [[anuloma pranayama|anuloma or nadi shodhana]], alternate nostril breathing. It states that this gives the yogi the power of levitation, followed by a range of [[Siddhi|powers]] such as great strength and the ability to overcome the strongest animals, whether tigers, buffaloes, [[gayal]]s, elephants, or lions.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=155–157}}

The text classifies meditation as being of two types, with and without attributes. Meditation with attributes gives the yogi powers such as becoming very small. That without attributes, such as by meditating on space, confers [[Moksha|liberation]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=320}}

==Mudras==

The ''Dattātreyayogaśāstra'' teaches [[mahāmudrā]], mahābandha, [[Khecarī mudrā|khecarīmudrā]], [[Jalandhara Bandha|jālandharabandha]], [[Uddiyana bandha|uḍḍiyāṇabandha]], [[Mula Bandha|mūlabandha]], viparītakaraṇī, [[vajrolī|vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī]]. The goal was to halt, or to put into reverse, the movement of the vital fluid bindu.{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}}{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=240–244}}

== See also ==

* [[Yogacintamani]], a more scholastic text which similarly tries to bring together hatha yoga and Patanjali's eightfold yoga

== References ==

{{reflist|28em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title=Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |pages=770–781 |url=https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004214316/B9789004214316-s014.xml }}
* {{cite book |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |last=Mallinson |first=James |url=http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf |chapter=Śāktism and Haṭhayoga |title=Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine |editor-link=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |editor-last=Wernicke-Olesen |editor-first=Bjarne |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |pages=109–140 |isbn=978-1317585213 |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616025645/http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title=The Dattātreyayogaśāstra |date=2024 |publisher=[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] and Institut français de Pondichéry |location=Paris and Pondicherry |url=https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/1022_the-datt-treyayoga-stra}}

==External links==

* [https://www.academia.edu/3773137/Translation_of_the_Datt%C4%81treyayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra_the_earliest_text_to_teach_ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga Translation by James Mallinson]

{{Hatha yoga}}

[[Category:Hatha yoga texts]]
[[Category:13th-century Sanskrit literature]]