Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jagannath

2026-05-07T19:00:27Z

MaricelaHamilton:

{{short description|Regional form of the Hindu deity Mahavishnu}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| image = Rath Yatra in Munich 2020, Lord Jagannath 20200725 160839.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| caption = A ''[[murti]]'' of Lord Jagannath
| name = [[Para Brahman]] Jagannath
| venerated_in = [[Hinduism]]
| affiliation = Form of [[Vishnu]]
| weapon = [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
| siblings = [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]]
| temple = [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], Odisha
| mount = [[Garuda]]
| consort = [[Jaganmata]]
| mantra = Om Jagannāthāya Namah, 
[[Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya]]
| symbols = [[Panchajanya]]
| region = [[Puri]],(and later all around world)
}}

{{Hinduism}}'''Jagannath''' ({{langx|sa|जगन्नाथ}}, {{langx|or|ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ|lit=Lord of the Universe|translit=Jagannātha}}, {{ipa|or|dʒɔɡɔnːat̪ʰɔ}}; formerly {{langx|en|[[Juggernaut]]}}) is a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] worshipped as part of a triad along with his brother, [[Balabhadra]], and his sister, [[Subhadra]].

Jagannath, within [[Odisha|Odia]] Hinduism, is the supreme god, ''[[Purushottama]]'',{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|pp=31–98}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}} and the ''[[Para Brahman]]''.{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=99|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=151}} To most [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Hindus, Jagannath is a form of [[Mahavishnu]],{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=67}}{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} sometimes as an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}} To some [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shakta]] Hindus, he is a symmetry-filled [[Tantra|tantric]] form of [[Bhairava]], a fierce manifestation of Shiva associated with annihilation.<ref name="Mohanty2009">{{cite book|author=Jagannath Mohanty|title=Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 3. Indian culture and education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T2Ph_SmjtoC&pg=PA19|year=2009|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-150-6|page=19}}</ref><ref name="Das 2010 89" />

The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship is very ancient.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}} The hymn 10.155.3 of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as a possible origin of the deity with tribal roots.{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=72}} ''Jagannathism'' ({{a.k.a.}} Odia Vaishnavism) — the particular sector of Jagannath as a major deity — emerged in the [[Early Ages]]{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981}}{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978}} and later became an independent state regional temple-centered tradition of [[Vaishnavism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Rajaguru|4y=1992|4p=|5a1=Guy|5y=1992|5pp=213–230|6a1=Starza|6y=1993|6p=|7a1=Ray|7y=1993|7p=|8a1=Patnaik|8y=1994|8p=|9a1=Kulke|9a2=Schnepel|9y=2001|9p=|10a1=Miśra|10y=2005|10loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}} The idol of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and a symmetric face, and the idol has a conspicuous absence of hands or legs. The worship procedures, sacraments and rituals associated with Jagannath are syncretic and include rites that are uncommon in [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}<ref>[http://www.jagannath.nic.in/pdf/SYNTHETIC%20CHARACTER%20OF%20JAGANNATHA%20CULTURE.pdf "Synthetic Character of Jagannath Culture", Pp. 1–4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233822/http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/SYNTHETIC%20CHARACTER%20OF%20JAGANNATHA%20CULTURE.pdf |date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Unusually, the icon is made of wood and replaced with a new one at regular intervals.

The English word ''[[juggernaut]]'' was the rendition into English of "Jagannath" by early British in India, and came to mean a very large and unstoppable force from accounts of the famous [[Ratha Yatra]] processions in [[Puri]].

Jagannath is considered a non-sectarian deity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=Atul Chandra|title=Evolution of Jagannath Cult|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2004|pages=74–77|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/evolution2.pdf|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=97|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Patnaik">{{cite news|last=Patnaik|first=Bibhuti|title=My friend, philosopher and guide|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191152.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715032448/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191152.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> He is significant regionally in the Indian states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tripathy|first=B|author2=Singh P.K.|title=Jagannath Cult in North-east India|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2012|pages=24–27|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/27-30.pdf|access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref> He is also significant to the Hindus of [[Bangladesh]]. The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] in Puri, Odisha is significant in Hinduism, and is regarded as one of the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites in India.<ref>See: Chakravarti 1994, p 140</ref> The Jagannath temple is massive, over {{convert|215|ft|order=flip}} high in the [[Kalinga architecture]] style of [[Hindu temple architecture]], and one of the best surviving specimens of [[Kalinga architecture]], namely Odisha art and architecture. It has been one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Bijoy M.|editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA139 |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148923|pages=139–141}}</ref>

The annual festival called the [[Ratha Yatra]] celebrated in June or July every year in eastern states of India is dedicated to Jagannath. His image, along with the other two associated deities, is ceremoniously brought out of the sacrosanctum ([[Garbhagriha]]) of his chief temple in [[Puri]] ({{lang|or|ଶ୍ରୀ ମନ୍ଦିର}}, {{transliteration|or|Śrī Mandira}}). They are placed in a [[temple car]] which is then pulled by numerous volunteers to the [[Gundicha Temple]] (located at a distance of nearly {{cvt|3|km|disp=or}}). They stay there for eight days, and on the 9th day they are returned to the main temple. Coinciding with the Ratha Yatra festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world. It falls on the [[Dvitiya|Dwitiya Tithi]], the second day of the bright fortnight of the Sharad Paksha (also called [[Shukla Paksha]]), a fortnight of the Hindu lunar month of [[Ashadha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Desk |first=Express |date=7 July 2024 |title=Jagannatha Rath Yatra 2024: Date, history, significance and ritual; all you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/jagannatha-rath-yatra-2024-date-history-significance-and-ritual-all-you-need-to-know-9434392/ |access-date= |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agnihotri |first=Akanksha |date=8 July 2024 |title=Jagannath Rath Yatra 2024: Date, timings, history, significance, rituals and all you need to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/jagannath-rath-yatra-2024-date-timings-history-significance-rituals-and-all-you-need-to-know-101720332296445.html |work=www.hindustantimes.com/}}</ref> During the festive public procession of Jagannath in Puri, hundreds of thousands of devotees visit Puri to see Jagannath in chariot.<ref>{{cite book|first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduikm: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year= 2002|publisher= Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n123 567]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Jagannath during 2011.jpg|thumb|Idol of Jagannath, 2011]]
''Jagannath'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word, compounded of ''jagat'' meaning "universe" and ''nātha'' meaning "Master" or "Lord". Thus, ''Jagannath'' means "lord of the universe".{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|p=537}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/July/engpdf/july-09-1.pdf#page=13|title=Lord Jagannath Symbol of National Integration|first= Basanta Kumar |last=Das |work=Orissa Review |year=2009 |quote=The term Jagannath etymologically means the Lord of the Universe |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>

{{quote box
| width = 20em
| align = right|Jagannatha, according to them is a generic term, not unique, as much as [[Lokanātha|Lokanatha]] or [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteswara]]. ln fact, the name Jagannatha could be applied to any Deity which is considered supreme.|— [[Surendra Mohanty]]|Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture<ref>[[Surendra Mohanty|Mohanty, Surendra]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNIXAAAAIAAJ Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture], p. 93. Orissa Sahitya Academy (1982)</ref>
}}

In the [[Odia language]], ''Jagannath'' is linked to other names, such as ''Jagā'' ({{lang|or|ଜଗା}}) or ''Jagabandhu'' ({{lang|or|ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ}}) ("Friend of the Universe"). Both names derive from ''Jagannath''. Further, on the basis of the physical appearance of the deity, names like ''Kāḷiā'' ({{lang|or|କାଳିଆ}}) ("The Black-coloured Lord", but which can also mean "the Timely One"), ''Dārubrahma'' ({{lang|or|ଦାରୁବ୍ରହ୍ମ}}) ("The Sacred Wood-Riddle"), ''Dāruēdebatā'' ({{lang|or|ଦାରୁ ଦେବତା}} "The wooden god"), ''Cakā Ākhi'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ଆଖି}}) or ''Cakā Nayana'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ନୟନ}} "with round eyes"), ''Cakā Ḍōḷā'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ଡୋଳା}} "with round pupils") are also in vogue.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lordjagannath.co.in/j_names.htm |title= LordJagannath.Co.in: Lord Jagannath (Names) |work=lordjagannath.co.in |year=2010|quote=Different names of Shree Jagannath|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/03-08/features970.htm | title=The Sampradaya Sun – Independent Vaisnava News – Feature Stories – March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/feature-article/64-names-of-lord-jagannath-around-odisha |title=64 Names of Lord Jagannath Around Odisha | PURIWAVES |work=puriwaves.nirmalya.in |quote=Sri Jagannath is being worshipped throughout Orissa over thirty districts in 64 names. |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>

According to Dina Krishna Joshi, the word may have origins in the tribal word ''[[Kittung]]'' of the [[Sora people]] (Savaras). This hypothesis states that the Vedic people as they settled into tribal regions adopted the tribal words and called the deity Jagannath.<ref name="Joshi 2007 80–84">{{cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Dina Krishna|title=Lord Jagannath: the tribal deity|journal=Orissa Review|date=June–July 2007|pages=80–84|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/Pages80-84.pdf|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> According to O. M. Starza, this is unlikely because ''Kittung'' is phonetically unrelated, and the ''Kittung'' tribal deity is produced from burnt wood and looks very different from Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Jaya Jagannatha.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Jagannatha Clipart.svg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Two versions of Jagannath iconography
}}
The icon of Jagannath in his temples is a brightly painted, rough-hewn log of ''[[neem]]'' wood.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Merriam-Webster, In|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/547 547]}}</ref> The image consists of a square flat head, a pillar that represents his face merging with the chest. The icon lacks a neck, ears, and limbs, is identified by a large circular face symbolizing someone who is ''anādi'' (without beginning) and ''ananta'' (without end).<ref>{{cite book|author=Santilata Dei|title=Vaiṣṇavism in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0kdAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Punthi |isbn=978-81-85094-14-4|pages=58–59}}</ref> Within this face are two big symmetric circular eyes with no eyelids, one eye symbolizing the sun and the other the moon, features traceable in 17th-century paintings. He is shown with an ''[[Urdhva Pundra]]'', the Vaishnava U-shaped mark on his forehead. His dark colour and other facial features are an abstraction of the cosmic form of the Hindu god Krishna, states Starza.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=48–52}} In some contemporary Jagannath temples, two stumps pointing forward in an embracing position represent his hands. In some exceptional medieval and modern era paintings in museums outside India (such as in [[Berlin]]), states Starza, Jagannath is shown fully anthropomorphised but with the traditional abstract mask face.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=48–52}}

The typical icon of Jagannath is unlike other deities found in Hinduism who are predominantly anthropomorphic. However, aniconic forms of Hindu deities are not uncommon. For example, Shiva is often represented in the form of a Shiva [[linga]]. In most Jagannath temples in the eastern states of India, and all his major temples such as the Puri, Odisha, Jagannath is included with his brother [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] and sister [[Subhadra]]. Apart from the principal companion deities, the Jagannath icon shows a [[Sudarshana Chakra]] and sometimes under the umbrella cover of multiheaded [[Shesha|Sesha Naga]], both linking him to [[Vishnu]].

[[File:Nabakalebar - 2015.jpg|thumb|Jagannath icons are produced from wood. They are replaced every 8 or 12 or 19 years. Above: logs in transport to prepare the Jagannath icon.]]
When shown with Balabhadra and Subhadra, he is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to the oval or almond shape of the other two abstract icons. Further, his icon is dark, while Balabhadra's face is white, and Subhadra's icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon, compared to semi-circular carved heads of the other two.<ref name=donaldson779>{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Donaldson|title=Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2otOAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=DK Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0198-3|pages=779–780}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.<ref name=donaldson779/>}} They are accompanied by the Sudarshana Chakra, the iconic weapon of Vishnu. It is approximately the same height as Balabhadra, is red in colour, carved from a wooden pillar and clothed, unlike its traditional representation as a chakra in other Vishnu temples.<ref name="Pattanaik 2002 58–60">{{cite journal|last=Pattanaik|first=Shibasundar|title=Sudarsan of Lord Jagannath|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2002|pages=58–60|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/58_Sudarsan_of_Lord_Jagannath.pdf|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> Jagannath iconography, when he is depicted without companions, shows only his face, neither arms nor torso. This form is sometimes called ''[[Patita Pavana]]'',<ref name="The origin of Patita Pavana">{{cite web|title=The origin of Patita Pavana|url=http://www.gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_patita-pavana_pp_6-9.pdf|work=Sri Krishna Kathamrita|publisher=Sri Gopaljiu|access-date=30 November 2012|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918082809/http://gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_patita-pavana_pp_6-9.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> or ''Dadhi Vaman''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Madhavananda|title=The Story of Gopal Jiu|url=http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0406/ET08-8635.html|access-date=27 November 2012|newspaper=Vaishnav News|date=8 June 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150950/http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0406/ET08-8635.html|archive-date=13 September 2010}}</ref>

The images are unique in being made of wood, since most Hindu ''murtis'' are made of stone or metal.{{sfn|Misra|2007}} The ''[[murti]]s'' of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana Chakra are made of ''[[Azadirachta indica|neem]]'' wood.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vaishnava. Cz|title=Jagannatha Puri|url=http://www.bvml.org/photoessays/jagannathapuri/index.html|publisher=Bhakti Vedanta Memorial Library|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014040237/http://bvml.org/photoessays/jagannathapuri/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neem wood is chosen because the [[Bhavishya Purana]] declares it to be the most auspicious wood from which to make Vishnu ''murtis''.<ref name="Sricon">{{cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Janmejay |title=Iconography of Jagannath |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Srimandir/srimandirenglish/Epdf/Ech6.pdf |journal=Srimandir |pages=21–23 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> The idol of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana is re-painted every week in the Jagannatha Temple, Puri. It is replaced with a newly carved image every 12 or 19 years approximately, or more precisely according to the luni-solar [[Hindu calendar]] when its month of Asadha occurs twice in the same year.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter J. Claus |author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA515|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=515}}</ref>

===Attributes===
In the Jagannath tradition (Odia Vaishnavism), Jagannath is most frequently identified with an abstract form of [[Krishna]] as the supreme deity.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=67}}{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}<ref name="Srinivasan2011">{{cite book |author=Srinivasan |title=Hinduism For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br61gYKt5Q0C&pg=PA96 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-11077-5 |page=96}}</ref>

Jagannath is considered as equivalent to the Hindu metaphysical concepts of [[Brahman]]/[[Para Brahman]] and [[Purushottama]]/Shunya Purusha, wherein he then is the Avatarī, i.e., the cause and equivalence of all avatars and the infinite existence in space and time.{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|pp=31–98}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}}{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=99|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Mishra">{{cite news |last=Mishra|first=Kabi|title=He is the infinite Brahman|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191119.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528135924/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191119.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2015|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph, Kolkata|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> According to author Dipti Ray in ''Prataparudra Deva'', the Suryavamsi King of Odisha:

{{Blockquote|In Prataparudradeva's time Odia poets accepted [[Sarala Dasa]]'s idea and expressed in their literary works as all the [[Avatar]]as of [[Vishnu]] (Jagannath) manifest from him and after their cosmic play dissolute (bilaya) in him (Jagannath). According to them Jagannath is Sunnya Purusa, Nirakar and Niranjan who is ever present in Nilachala to do cosmic play ... The five [[Vaishnavite]] Sakhas ["Comrades"] of [[Odisha|Orissa]] during Prataparudradeva's time expounded in their works the idea that Jagannath ([[Purushottama]]) is Purna Brahman from whom other Avataras like [[Rama]], Krishna, etc., took their birth for lilas in this universe and at the end would merge in the self of Purna Brahman.|Dipti Ray{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=151}}}}

In the Jagannath tradition, he has the attributes of all the avatars of Krishna/Vishnu. This belief is celebrated by dressing him and worshipping him as different avatars on special occasions.<ref name="Bengal1825">{{cite book|author=Asiatic Society of Bengal|title=Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1825|page=319}}</ref> The Puranas relate that the [[Narasimha]] Avatar of Vishnu appeared from a wooden pillar. It is therefore believed that Jagannath is worshipped as a wooden ''murti'' or Daru Brahma with the Shri Narasimha hymn dedicated to the Narasimha Avatar.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dash|first=Durgamadhab|title=Place of Chakratirtha in the cult of Lord Jagannath|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2007|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/June_july_2007.pdf|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> Every year in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]], Jagannath is dressed and decorated in the form of the [[Vamana]] avatar of Vishnu.<ref name="Mishra"/> Jagannath appeared in the form of [[Rama]], another avatar of Vishnu, to [[Tulsidas]], who worshipped him as [[Rama]] and called him Raghunath during his visit to [[Puri]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Mohanty 2005 109–110">{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Tarakanta|title=Lord Jagannath in the form of Lord Raghunath and Lord Jadunath|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2005|pages=109–110|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/lord_raghunath_jadunath.pdf|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=4–18}}

Sometimes one regards him as one of the avatars (incarnations) of Krishna (i.e., Buddha-Jagannath) or Vishnu (i.e., Vamana).{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}}<ref name="Asiatic Journal">{{cite book |title=Asiatic Journal |url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala44unkngoog |year=1841 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala44unkngoog/page/n243 233]–}}</ref> His name does not appear in the traditional [[Dashavatara]] (ten avatars) of Vishnu,<ref name= Wilkins>{{cite book | author = Wilkins, William Joseph | year = 1900 | title = Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic| url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp30.htm| isbn = 978-81-7120-226-3 | publisher = Elibron Classics | location = London}}</ref> though in certain [[Odia literature]], Jagannath has been treated as the avatar of Krishna, as a substitute for or the equivalent of the avatar [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] from [[Dashavatara]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}

===Tantric deity===
Outside Vaishnava tradition, Jagannath is considered the epitome of [[Tantra|Tantric]] worship.<ref name="Siṃhadeba2001">{{cite book|author=Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba|title=Tāntric Art of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&pg=PA146|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=978-81-7835-041-7|page=146}}</ref> The symmetry in iconography, the use of mandalas and geometric patterns in its rites support the tantric connection proposal.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=8–10, 17–18}}

Jagannath is venerated as [[Bhairava]] or [[Shiva]], the consort of the goddess [[Vimala Temple|Vimala]], by [[Shaivites]] and [[Shakta]] sects.<ref name="Mohanty2009"/> The priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri belong to the Shakta sect, although the Vaishnava sect's influence predominates.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=64}} As part of the triad, [[Balabhadra]] is also considered to be Shiva and [[Subhadra]], a manifestation of [[Durga]].{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=665}} In the [[Markandeya Purana]] the sage [[Markandeya]] declared that Purushottama Jagannath and [[Shiva]] are one.<ref>{{cite web|title=Index of 16 Purans|year=2009|location=Markandeya|pages=18, 19|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/17775667/Index-of-16-Hindu-Puranas|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901222938/http://www.scribd.com/doc/17775667/Index-of-16-Hindu-Puranas|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jagannath in his Hathi Besha or Gaja Besha (elephant form) has been venerated by devotees like [[Ganpati Bappa|Ganapati Bappa]] of [[Maharashtra]] as [[Ganesh]]a.<ref name="Mohanty 2005 109–110"/>

==Origins==

===Skanda Purana===
According to the ''Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya'' (<ref name="Andriaensen">{{citation |first1=R. |last1=Andriaensen |first2=Hans T.|last2=Bakker|first3=H.|last3=Isaacson|title=Towards a Critical Edition of the ''Skandapurana'' |date=October 1994|jstor=24655548 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |first=Hans T.|last=Bakker|title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=2004 |isbn= 978-8120820494 }}</ref>{{sfn|Bakker|2004|loc= [https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)]}}) of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', the deity Yama requested Vishnu to disappear from the region of Purushottama Kshetra, dissatisfied with the direct salvation of those who lived in the region. Vishnu agreed to do so. [[Indradyumna]], the king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]], grew interested in venerating the deity [[Neela Madhava|Nilamadhava]], made of sapphire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPxLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+refulgent+skanda+purana&pg=PT4 |title=Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> He is described to have sent the younger brother of his royal priest, or sometimes a minister, Vidyapati, to locate the site of the deity's [[Murti|image]] in the [[Nilachal|Nilagiri]] region. Regional folklore states that the priest was welcomed by Vishvavasu, the chieftain of the Savara people. During the duration of his stay in the chieftain's house, the latter's daughter, Lalita, fell in love with him. Upon the chieftain's request, Vidyapati married her. He noticed that the chieftain would leave the house every evening, and only return the following noon. At his urging, Lalita revealed to him that these were her father's visits to the shrine of Nilamadhava, whose location was held secret within the community. Vidyapati persuaded his wife to ask Vishvavasu to take him along to see the image of the deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PT217 |title=Spiritual India Handbook |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref> The chieftain agreed to take Vidyapati with him, but on the condition that he be blindfolded during the journey so that the shrine's location remained undisclosed. Lalita helped her husband devise a plan:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PA210 |title=Vaisnavism |date=1994-11-30 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1235-2 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref> Vidyapati brought a bag of mustard seeds with him, scattering them all along the path to the shrine present in a cave, bearing witness to the deep blue image of Nilamadhava.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Pranab Chandra Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoTiOp3pkk4C&dq=nila+madhava+biswabasu&pg=PA204 |title=Best Loved Folk Tales of India |date=August 1999 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1660-5 |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PT250 |title=Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions |date=2008-05-29 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-61452-3 |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Returning to Avanti, he reported his discovery of the shrine to Indradyumna. After a few months, following the mustards seeds that had since germinated into plants, the king and his retinue travelled to the shrine, unable to locate the image. After praying to Vishnu for three days and nights, they heard the deity's voice thunder from the heavens, rebuking them for their scheme and informing them of his omnipresence. He announced that he would manifest as a ''dāru'' (wooden image) floating by the sea. He instructed them to construct a new [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|temple]] upon a mountain that stood beside the seashore for his worship.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yw2BDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita&pg=PA130 |title=Urmi: The Journal of the Odisha Society of Americas 49th Convention: For Annual Convention Held in 2017 at Dearborn, Michigan |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |pages=129–132 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 2007 11071 crop.jpg|thumb|2007 Jagannath Chariot Festival in [[Puri]], Odisha]]

In the ''Skanda Purana'', by the time Vidyapati returned to inform the king of the site of the shrine, a great storm had buried the image of Nilamadhava under the sand. Despite his best attempts, the king was unable to locate the image. Upon the counsel of the sage divinity [[Narada]], Indradyumna constructed a new temple, and performed a thousand [[Ashvamedha|ashvamedha yajnas]] at the site. Receiving guidance in the form of a divine dream, a great tree floating in the sea was felled and used to create the three wooden images of the temple, those of Jagannatha, [[Balarama]], and [[Subhadra]]. The king travelled to [[Brahmaloka]] to invite [[Brahma]] to inaugurate the temple. With the passage of time, a king named Gala claimed to have been the temple's real architect, but with the return of Indradyumna to earth, he withdrew this claim. After Brahma had inaugurated the temple, Indradyumna returned to Brahmaloka, entrusting the upkeep of the site to Gala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&dq=indradyumna+Avanti&pg=PA322 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Jose Carlos Gomes da |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yChREAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+sapphire&pg=PA129 |title=The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3462-0 |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Nepal]], a [[Skanda Purana]] manuscripts dated to 9th century CE have been discovered. However, a comparison shows that the 9th century CE document is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in the [[Indian subcontinent]] after the 12th century. The various Khandas in modern Skanda Purana have all been found in manuscripts after 12th century.<ref name="Andriaensen"/>{{sfn|Bakker|2004|loc= [https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)]}}

===Vedic origin===
In hymn 10.155.3 of the ''[[Rig veda|Rigveda]]'', there is mention of a ''daru'' (wooden log) floating in the ocean as ''apurusham''.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}<ref name="Rig Veda">{{cite book|title=Rig Veda|publisher=Wikisource |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_155 |author=Ralph TH Griffith }} verse 10.155.3; [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१५५ Quote]: अदो '''यद्दारु''' प्लवते सिन्धोः पारे '''अपूरुषम्''' । तदा रभस्व दुर्हणो तेन गच्छ परस्तरम् ॥३॥</ref> Acharya [[Sayana]] interpreted the term ''apurusham'' as same as ''Purushottama'' and this ''Dara'' wood log being an inspiration for Jagannath, thus placing the origin of Jagannath in 2nd millennium BCE. Other scholars refute this interpretation stating that the correct context of the hymn is "Alakshmi Stava" of Arayi.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}

According to Bijoy Misra, Puri natives do call Jagannatha as Purushottama, consider driftwood a savior symbol, and later Hindu texts of the region describe the Supreme Being as ever present in everything, pervasive in all animate and inanimate things. Therefore, while the Vedic connection is subject to interpretation, the overlap in the ideas exist.{{sfn|Misra|2007}}

According to Vishnu Puran, ''Purushottama Kshetra'' was in the ocean. The modern location was identified as ''Purushottama Kshetra'' later.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dash |first= Kailash Chandra|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2018/Jun-July/engpdf/59-65.pdf |title=Antiquity of the Purushottama Kshetra |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2018 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref> According to a copper plate grant by Rajaraja Deva III (father of [[Anangabhima Deva III]]), ''Lord Purushottama'' was in the ocean and [[Chodaganga Deva]] constructed a suitable temple for him.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pal |first=Dr. Bharati|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2017/June/engpdf/137-138.pdf |title=Lord Purushottama Jagannatha and Anantavarmana Chodagangadeva |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=June 2017 |location=Bhubaneshwar |page=2 }}</ref>

===Buddhist origins===
[[File:Three Buddhist symbols in Sanchi.png|thumb|Three Buddhist symbols in the upper panel, east face, of the left pillar of the southern gateway at [[Sanchi]]. [[Alexander Cunningham]] examined a sketch of these three symbols and believed the modern Jagannath and his siblings are based on this [[Triratna]] symbol of Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G0zgEACAAJ |title=The Bhilsa Topes |section=CHAPTER XXVII: Symbols of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha - Part 10 |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_gWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA358 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=September 2021 |orig-year=1854 |isbn=978-1013407505 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBqfzgEACAAJ |title=The Stupa of Bharhut |section=F-OBJECTS OF WORSHIP: II.Uddesika or Monuments - 3. Tri-Ratna Symbol |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NY-kwovjMC&pg=PA111 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2021 |orig-year=1879 |isbn=978-8121226509 }}</ref> [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] also believes the idol triad to be the wooden transformation of the Buddhist Triratna.{{sfn|Mansinha|2021|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n83/mode/2up?view=theater Chapter VIII. The Post Sarala Period – A Period of Experiments: I. The Buddhist Influence - ''The Metaphysical Poets''] |p=72}} But Starza argues that these Buddhist symbols bear little resemblance to the modern Jagannath triad.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55–56}}]]
Theories suggesting [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] origins of Jagannatha stems from the [[relic]] worship associated with Jagannatha, a concept integral to Buddhism but alien to Hinduism. For example, there exists an unexamined relic in the Jagannath shrine in Puri,{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=58–59 with footnotes}} and the local legends state that the shrine relic contains a tooth of [[Gautama Buddha]] – a feature common to many cherished Theravada Buddhist shrines in and outside India.{{sfn|Misra|2007}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Ananda Abeysekara|title=Colors of the Robe: Religion, Identity, and Difference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2BXV9zQwAwC&pg=PA148 |year=2002|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-467-1|pages=148–149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first= Mano Mohan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536395/page/n483/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Orissa And Her Remains - Ancient And Mediaeval |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |orig-date=1912 |year=1986 |location=Puri |page=400 |isbn=978-8121200646 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Patel |first=C.B. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/130476638/OldJagannathTemplePuriBuddhistSomavamsiConnections-pdf |title=Oldest Jagannath Temple of Puri: The Buddhist and Somavamsi Connections |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |date=July 2003 |location=Bhubaneswar |page=2 }}</ref> Buddhism anciently prevailed in Odisha as appears from the Buddhist remains still existing. The idols of Jagannatha is believed to contain the bones of Krishna even though it forms no part of the Brahmanical religion to collect and adore dead men's bones while it is a most meritorious act among the Buddhists to collect and preserve the relics of departed saints, and the places that contain them are esteemed peculiarly holy.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stevenson |first=J.|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-25207562/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |title=On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the Religion of the Hindus of the Dekkan |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society]] |date=21 November 1840 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |location=London |jstor=25207562 }}</ref> In Buddhism, preserving [[cetiya]] or skeletal parts such as "Buddha's tooth" or relics of dead saints is a thriving tradition. The existence of these legends, state some scholars such as Stevenson, suggests that Jagannath may have a Buddhist origin.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=58–59 with footnotes}} In ancient times, the place of Purī was known as Danta-Pura, i.e., the city where the sacred tooth of Buddha has been preserved.{{sfn|Kar|2020|p=70}}

[[Swami Vivekananda]] in his book [[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]] mentioned that Jagannath temple was once a Buddhist temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Lal Mani |title=Aspects of Buddhism in Indian History |section=IV. The Buddhist Contribution to Indian Civilization:Education |section-url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofbuddhis0000lmjo/page/38/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |year=1973 |location=Colombo |page=45 |isbn=9788189524760}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcEOEQAAQBAJ&q=jagannath |title=Lectures From Colombo To Almora |publisher=Double9 Books |orig-year=1897 |date=October 2023 |location=Delhi |page=124 |isbn=9789359393476}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=A K |url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article7334.html |title=Did Ambedkar Appreciate Puri's Jagannath? |publisher=Mainstream Weekly |date=22 July 2017 }}</ref>

Another evidence that links Jagannath to Buddhism is the ''[[Ratha-Yatra]]'' festival for Jagannath, the stupa-like shape of the temple and a dharmachakra-like discus (''chakra'') at the top of the spire. The major annual procession festival has many features found in the [[Mahayana Buddhism]] traditions.{{sfn|Misra|2007|p=141}} [[Faxian]] (c. 400 CE), the ancient Chinese pilgrim and visitor to India wrote about a Buddhist procession in his memoir, and this has very close resemblances with the Jagannath festivities. Further the season in which the ''Ratha-Yatra'' festival is observed is about the same time when the historic public processions welcomed Buddhist monks for their temporary, annual monsoon-season retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Jawhar|url=https://thewire.in/religion/jagannath-rath-yatra-odisha-hinduism |title=The Jagannath Rath Yatra Is a Reminder of How Inclusive Hinduism Can Be |publisher=The Wire (India) |date=22 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Skykes |first=Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDXbJagkdUAC&pg=PA59 |title=Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion |publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co |orig-year=1841 |date=March 2009 |location=London |page=59 |isbn=978-1104197568}}</ref>

There is no distinction of caste inside the Jagganath temple, many day-to-day services (Vidhis) of Lord Jagannatha owe their origin either to Jainism or to Buddhism or the combination of both, the local legends link the idols with aboriginal tribes and the ''daitapatis'' (servitors) claim to be descendants of the aboriginals. Majority of rituals are based on [[Oddiyana#Odisha|Oddiyana]] Tantras which are the refined versions of Mahayana Tantras as well as Shabari Tantras which are evolved from [[Tantric Buddhism]] and tribal believes respectively.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kanungo |first=Archana|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/58-67.pdf |title=Unity in Diversity: The Uniqueness of Jagannath Culture of Odisha |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2013 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref><ref name="Olsen2004">{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Brad|title=Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations|section=India and the Sub-Continent: Holy Cities of India|section-url={{Google books|Ua0_7HPGMqkC|page=91|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=February 2004|publisher=Consortium of Collective Consciousness|isbn=978-1888729108|page=91 }}</ref> According to Starza, these practices are also connected to [[Tantra|Tantric]] practices.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=59}}

Buddha was assimilated as Vishnu's ninth avatar in ''Vishnu Puran'' as a divinely incarnated purveyor of illusion. It states that Vishnu's descent as the ''Buddhavatara'' was accomplished so that the wicked and demonic could be only further misled away from the truth in ''kali yuga''. This assimilation and the consequent "disingenuous interpretation" or rationale for his inclusion aptly articulate the considerable ambivalence characteristic of Hindu attitudes towards Buddhism, "undermining his historicity", to "make him an appendage" of the Vaisnava mythic hierarchy.{{sfn|Holt|2008|p=18–21}}{{sfn|Coulter|2013|p=109}}{{sfn|Srinivasan|2011|p=182}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=188}} But in the opening chapter of his [[Gita Govinda]], the poet [[Jayadeva]] claims that Vishnu reincarnated as the Buddha to condemn the animal sacrifices prevalent in Vedic times.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|loc= [https://archive.org/details/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/page/n157/mode/2up?view=theater Buddha Avatar]|p=128}} In the Jagannath cult, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha, when it could have been substituted for any other avatar.{{sfn|Kar|2020|p=77-78}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klaproth |first1=Julius Von |last2=Rémusat |first2=Abel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lAvQEACAAJ |title=The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian |section=CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3)|section-url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageoffahi00faxi/page/258/mode/2up?view=theater|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=11 October 2018 |orig-year=1848 |location=Sheridan, Wyoming |isbn=978-0342257140 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat | date=August 1986 |orig-year=1940 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7DvAAAACAAJ |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=9780836417548 |section=Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath |section-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282185/page/n165/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55}} Buddha is even now called Jagannath in [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepalese Buddhism]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Barik |first=Pabitra Mohan|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath Culture |date=July 2005 |location=Bhubaneshwar|page=2 }}</ref>

The association of Jagannath with the ninth avatar Buddha continued until 15th century. In a [[Kabir panth]] scripture Laxmanbodh in Kabir Sagar by [[Dharamdas#Spiritual journey|Dharamdas]], disciple of [[Kabir]], Jagannath is identified as a form of Buddha.<ref name=B00KTG6DLK>{{Cite book |last=युगलानन्द |first=स्वामी |title=कबीर सागर (सम्पूर्ण 11 भाग) |publisher=खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास |year=2013|asin=B00KTG6DLK }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=[[Kali Yuga]] has come. I am established as Buddha. Jagannath is my name. I am established with this method.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n721/mode/2up?view=theater लक्ष्मणबोध - श्रीकृष्ण वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>अब कलिथुग बेठेगा सोई । बौद्ध थापना हमरो होई ॥
जगन्नाथ मम नाम है सोई । हमरी थापना यहि विधि होई॥</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=In the form of Ram he killed Ravana. In the form of Krishna he defeated Kansha. Jagannath came in the form of Buddha. And so he has lots of divine play.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n1089/mode/2up?view=theater श्रीअमरमूल - सद्गुरु वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>राम रूप होय रावन मारा । कृष्ण रूप होयकंस पछारा ॥
बौध रूप जगन्नाथ ओतारा । लीला बहुत भांति सम्हारा ॥</nowiki>}}}}

According to Starza, these manifestations of the Jagannath cult, such as the supposed tooth relic of Buddha, the ''Ratha-Yatra'', the absence of caste rules in the temple, and the identification of Jagannath with the Buddha, are not sufficient to establish a Buddhist origin of the worship of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=57}}

[[Indrabhuti]], the ancient Buddhist king of [[Oddiyana#Odisha|Oddiyana]], describes Jagannath as a Buddhist deity in ''[[Jnanasiddhi|Jñānasiddhi]]''. This is the oldest known direct mention of the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Dr. Ganeswar |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper_15.pdf |title=History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D) |publisher=[[Utkal University]] |location=Bhubaneshwar |date=11 March 2014 |page=107 }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam.
Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.<ref>{{cite web|title=JÑĀNASIDDHI|url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/content/860/2988|year=2019|publisher=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon}}</ref>}}
Abhinav Patra argues that it has not been historically ascertained whether the deity Jagannath as worshipped by Indrabhuti was just a coincidental homonym with the present Jagannath or referred to the same deity.{{sfn|Patra|2011|p=7}}

The 10th century era text [[Kubjika#Kubjikāmatatantra|Kubjikāmatatantra]], mentions ''[[Biraja Temple|Biraja]]'' (ancient capital of [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Nabin Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8MBAAAAMAAJ |title=Utkal University History Of Orissa: Volume I - From the Earliest Time Up to 500 A.D. |publisher=Utkal University |section=CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - Capital of Utkala |section-url=https://archive.org/details/utkaluniversityh0000nksa/page/107/mode/2up?view=theater |year=1964 |location=Bhubaneshwar |oclc=1179182033 |pages=107–110}}</ref>) as the goddess of Oddiyana, with which Indrabhuti's son [[Padmasambhava]] is associated with. The ''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapundarika]]'' records a prophecy in which the Lord assures [[Śāriputra]], that he would be in a distant future time a Buddha under the name of Padmaprabha, and that his place of enlightenment would be Biraja. Padmasambhava and Tārā, along with other deities are invoked in an inscription of 25 lines incised in nail-headed characters of the late 8th-9th century on the back of an image of [[Avalokiteśvara]]/[[Karuṇā#Mahayana Buddhism|Mahākaruṇā]] at [[Udayagiri Caves|Udaygiri]] not far from [[Jajpur]], which states that a ''stupa'' with a relic inside and dwelt in by the [[Tathāgata]] was set up on that very spot. The stupa is believed to have contained the relics of Padmasambhava. Though the site is only partially excavated, at least one stupa has been unearthed. According to Nabin Kumar Sahu, this mass of evidence, supports the belief that Indrabhuti was the king of Odisha which is same as Oddiyana or Odra-''pitha'', of which the main deities are Jagganath and Viraja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first= Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA11 |title=Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa Volume 1 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] |year=2001 |location=London |page=11 |isbn=978-8170173755 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Nabin Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GMEAAAAYAAJ |title=Buddhism in Orissa |chapter=IX. Tantric Buddhism in Orissa: (A) The Uddiyana Pitha |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/buddhism-in-orissa-1958/page/141/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Utkal University |year=1958 |location=Bhubaneshwar |oclc=1391872675 |pages=141–155 }}</ref>

Some scholars argue that evidences of Jagannatha's Buddhist nature are found from medieval [[Odia literature]]. Many medieval Odia poets suggest to their readers, that they wrote their books on the commands of a formless god-like personality, identifying the Buddhist principles of ''[[Śūnyatā|Śūnya]]'' (The great void) and ''Alekha'' (The formless one) with Jagannath himself. The idols of Jagannath triad are not anthropomorphic like [[Murti|Hindu idols]], but instead are stumps of wood with crude symbolic facial features and stumpy obtrusions for limbs.{{sfn|Mansinha|2021|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n81/mode/2up?view=theater Chapter VIII. The Post Sarala Period – A Period of Experiments: I. The Buddhist Influence - ''The Metaphysical Poets'']}}

Odia poet [[Sarala Dasa]] of 15th century in his Mahabharata, describes Lord Jagannatha as a form of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Satyabrata|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/48_Sri_Krsna-Jagannath.pdf |title=Sri Krsna - Jagannath Consciousness: Vyasa - Jayadeva - Sarala Dasa |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2008 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discus in the form of Buddha.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind...{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ସଂସାରଜନ୍ମକୁ ତରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ବୁଦ୍ଧରୂପରେ ବିଜେ ଅଛେ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥେ |</nowiki>}}

|author=Sarala Dasa<ref name="Das 2015 91">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Suryanarayan |title=ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ |section=ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ |section-url=https://archive.org/details/jagannatha-mandir-o-jagannath-tattwa-1966/page/n101/mode/2up |publisher=ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ|year=2015 |orig-year=1966 |location=Cuttack |asin=B08SBVZDYK |asin-tld=in |page=91 }}</ref>}}

At another part in [[Adi Parva]] he also says: Glory be to Rama-Krishna-Brahma as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha... Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.{{sfn|Das|2008|p=2}}

===Jain origins===
Pandit Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of [[Jain]] origin because of the appending of ''Nath'' to many Jain [[Tirthankar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Jagannath|title=Indian Culture and Education|year=2009|publisher=Deep& Deep|isbn=978-81-8450-150-6|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T2Ph_SmjtoC&q=nilakantha+das+jagannath&pg=PA5}}</ref> He felt Jagannath meant the 'World personified' in the Jain context and was derived from ''Jinanath''. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of [[Kaivalya]], which means [[moksha]] or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition.<ref name="Barik 2005 36">{{cite journal|last=Barik|first=P M|title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath culture|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2005|pages=36|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the ''Baisi Pahacha'', have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=8–10, 17–18}}

According to Annirudh Das, the original Jagannath deity was influenced by Jainism and is none other than the ''Jina'' of Kalinga taken to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] by [[Mahapadma Nanda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Aniruddha|title=Jagannath and Nepal|pages=9–10}}</ref> The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

Another circumstantial evidence supporting the Jain origins proposal is the discovery of Jain images inside as well as near the massive Puri temple complex, including those carved into the walls. However, this could also be a later addition, or suggestive of tolerance, mutual support or close relationship between the Jains and the Hindus.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

According to Starza, the Jain influence on the Jagannath tradition is difficult to assess given the sketchy uncertain evidence. Nothing establishes that the Jagannath tradition has a Jain origin.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

=== Vaishnava origins ===
[[File:Dadhivaman deity.png|thumb|An old Dadhivaman deity in [[Kendrapara]], [[Odisha]]. [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Shrila Bhakti Vinod Thakur]]'s great forefather [[Krishnananda Dutta Chaudhury|Krishnanada]] started worshipping this deity in mid-14th century AD. ]]
The Vaishnava origin theories rely on the iconographic details and the typical presence of the triad of deities, based on original scriptures of Hinduism. The colors, state the scholars of the Vaishnava origin theory, link to black-colored Krishna and white-colored Balarama. They add that the goddess originally was Ekanamsa (Durga of Shaiva-Shakti tradition, sister of Krishna through his foster family). She was later renamed to Shubhadra (Lakshmi) per Vaishnava terminology for the divine feminine.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=63–64 with footnotes}}

It is certainly true that the Vaishnava Hindus in the eastern region of India worshipped the triad of Balarama, Ekanamsa and Krishna. There are many scriptural references to support the same. Further, in many Jagannath temples of central and eastern regions of India, the Shiva icons such as the [[Lingam|Linga-yoni]] are reverentially incorporated, since Lord Shiva is a Vaishnav according to the conclusion of Srimad Bhagavatam, he protects Sri Jagannath Temple from external calamities, just like he does so in his form of Hanuman for the palace of Sri Ram.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=63–64 with footnotes}}

===Tribal origins===
[[File:Nrusimha Besha.JPG|thumb|Jagannath in the [[Narasimha]] or Nrusingha Besha in [[Jagannath Temple, Koraput|Koraput]] ]]
The tribal origin theories rely on circumstantial evidence and inferences such as the Jagannath icon is non-anthropomorphic and non-zoomorphic.<ref name="Joshi 2007 80–84"/> The hereditary priests in the Jagannath tradition of Hinduism include non-Brahmin servitors, called ''Daitas'', which may be an adopted grandfathered practice with tribal roots. The use of wood as a construction material for the Jagannath icons may also be a tribal practice that continued when Hindus adopted prior practices and merged them with their Vedic abstractions.<ref name="Sricon"/> The ''Daitas'' are Hindu, but believed to have been the ancient tribe of ''Sabaras'' (also spelled ''Soras''). They continue to have special privileges such as being the first to view the new replacement images of Jagannath carved from wood approximately every 12 years. Further, this group is traditionally accepted to have the exclusive privilege of serving the principal meals and offerings to Jagannath and his associate deities.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Misra|2007}}

According to [[Verrier Elwin]], Jagannatha in a local legend was a tribal deity who was coopted by a Brahmin priest.<ref name=elwin597>{{cite book|last=Elwin|first=Verrier|title=The Religion of an Indian Tribe|year=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprint)|page=597}}</ref> The original tribal deity, states Elwin, was ''Kittung'' which too is made from wood. According to the Polish Indologist Olgierd M. Starza, this is an interesting parallel but a flawed one because the ''Kittung'' deity is produced by burning a piece of wood and too different in its specifics to be the origin of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}} According to another proposal by [[Stella Kramrisch]], log as a symbol of ''Anga pen'' deity is found in central Indian tribes and they have used it to represent features of the Hindu goddess [[Kali]] with it. However, states Starza, this theory is weak because the ''Anga pen'' features a bird or snake like attached head along with other details that make the tribal deity unlike the Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Jagannatha.svg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 'A close up of Narasimha face.jpg
| width2 = 134
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Jagannath (left) may have roots in [[Narasimha]]{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} (right, man-lion avatar of Vishnu who fights evil demon and ends religious persecution).<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/111 111]}}</ref>
}}

Some scholars such as Kulke and Tripathi have proposed tribal deities such as Stambhesveri or Kambhesvari to be a possible contributor to the Jagannath triad.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} However, according to Starza, these are not really tribal deities, but Shaiva deities adopted by tribes in eastern states of India. Yet another proposal for tribal origins is through the medieval era cult of Lakshmi-[[Narasimha]].{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} This hypothesis relies on the unusual flat head, curved mouth and large eyes of Jagannath, which may be an attempt to abstract an image of a lion's head ready to attack. While the tribal Narasimha theory is attractive states Starza, a weakness of this proposal is that the abstract Narasimha representation in the form does not appear similar to the images of Narasimha in nearby [[Konark]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] temple artworks.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}}

In contemporary Odisha, there are many Dadhivaman temples with a wooden pillar god, and this may be same as Jagannath.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=P.C.|title=Jagannath temples of Ganjam|journal=Odisha Review|date=June 2012|pages=113–118|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/116-121.pdf|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref>

===Syncretic origins===
According to H.S. Patnaik and others, Jagannath is a syncretic/synthetic deity that combined aspects of major faiths like [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=97|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Patnaik"/>{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=1–2}} [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] sampradayas, as example, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, have identified him strongly with Krishna.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}<ref name="Bryant 2007 142">{{cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin F|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148916|page=142}}</ref> In Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, Balabhadra is the elder brother [[Balaram]]a, Jagannath is the younger brother [[Krishna]], and Subhadra is the youngest sister.<ref name="Das 2010 89"/>

Balabhadra, considered the elder brother of Jagannath, is sometimes identified with and worshipped as [[Shiva]].<ref name="Bryant 2007 142"/> Subhadra now considered Jagannath's sister has also been considered as a deity who used to be [[Brahma]].<ref name="Bryant 2007 142"/><ref name="History of deities">{{cite web|title=History of deities|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/histdaities.asp|publisher=Jagannath temple, Puri administration|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402173714/http://jagannath.nic.in/histdaities.asp|archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> Finally the fourth deity, Sudarshana [[Chakra]] symbolizes the wheel of the sun's chariot, a syncretic absorption of the Saura ([[Surya]]-centric) tradition of Hinduism. The conglomerate of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, and Sudarshana Chakra worshipped together on a common platform are called the Chaturdhamurti or the "four-fold form".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Behera|first=Prajna Paramita|title=The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2004|pages =65|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

O.M. Starza states that the Jagannath Ratha Yatra may have evolved from the syncretism of procession rituals for Shiva lingas, Vaishnava pillars, and tribal folk festivities.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|pp=70, 97, 105}} The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] element in the tradition of Jagannath overlap with the rites and doctrines of [[Tantrism]] and [[Shaktism]]. According to the Shaivas, Jagannath is Bhairava.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ">{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/44-47.pdf |title=The Cult of Jagannath |first=Rabindra Kumar |last=Behuria |publisher=Orissa Review |pages=42–43 |date=June 2012 | access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Shiva Purana]] mentions Jagannatha as one of the [[108 names of Shiva]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Shiva Purana |title=Shiva Shahasranama |url=http://www.harekrsna.de/1000Shiva.htm |website=harekrsna.de |access-date=27 March 2019 |ref=(Book IV), Chapter 35, 1-133}}</ref> The Tantric literary texts identify Jagannath with Mahabhairava.<ref name="Das 2010 89">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+as++jain&pg=PA82}}</ref> Another evidence that supports syncretism thesis is the fact that Jagannath sits on the abstract tantric symbols of the [[Shri Yantra]]. Further, his Shri Chakra ("holy wheel") is worshipped in the [[Bījamantra|bijamantra]] 'klim', which is also the bijamantra of Kali or Shakti. The representation of Balarama as [[Shesha]]naga or Sankarsana bears testimony to the influence of Shaivism on the cult of Jagannath. The third deity, Devi Subhadra, who represents the Sakti element is still worshipped with the Bhuvaneshvari Mantra.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ"/>

The Tantric texts claim Jagannath to their own, to be Bhairava, and his companion to be the same as [[Vimala Temple|goddess Vimala]] is the Shakti. The offerings of Jagannath becomes ''mahaprasad'' only after it is re-offered to goddess Vimala. Similarly, different Tantric features of yantras have been engraved on the Ratna vedi, where Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra are set up. The [[Kalika Purana]] depicts Jagannath as a Tantric deity.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ"/> According to Avinash Patra, the rituals and special place accepted for non-Brahmin ''Daitas'' priests in Jagannath tradition, who co-exist and work together with Brahmin priests suggests that there was a synthesis of tribal and Brahmanical traditions.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=17–18}}

According to the Jain version, the image of Jagannath (black colour) represents sunya, Subhadra symbolises creative energy and Balabhadra (white colour) represents the phenomenal universe. All these images have evolved from the Nila Madhava, the ancient Kalinga Jina. The "Sudarshana Chakra" is contended to be the Hindu name of the [[Dharma Chakra]] of Jaina symbol.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In the words of the historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]]:<ref>{{cite book|last=Siṃhadeba|first=Jitāmitra Prasāda|title=Tāntric Art of Orissa|year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Evolution of tantra in Orissa|isbn=978-81-7835-041-7|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&q=jagannath&pg=PA146}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The diverse religions of [[Odisha|Orissa]] in all ages have tended to gravitate towards and finally merged into the Jagannath worship, at least in theory.}}

===Transformation from unitary icon to triad===
[[File:Shri Jagannatha.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Jagannath with Balabhadra and Subhadra]]
The [[Madala Panji]] observes that Nila Madhava transformed into Jagannath and was worshipped alone as a unitary figure, not as the part of a triad. It is significant to note that the early epigraphic and literary sources refer only to a unitary deity [[Purushottama]] Jagannath.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30">{{cite journal|last=Tripathy|first=Manorama|title=A Reassessment of the origin of the Jagannath cult of Puri|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2012|pages=30|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/31-39.pdf|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> The Sanskrit play "Anargharaghava" composed by Murari mentioned only Purushottama Jagannath and his consort [[Lakshmi]] with no references to Balabhadra and Subhadra.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> The Dasgoba copper plated inscription dating to 1198 also mentions only Purushottama Jagannath in the context that the Puri temple had been originally built by Ganga king [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] (1078–1147) for Vishnu and Lakshmi.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> These sources are silent on the existence of Balabhadra and Subhadra. Such state of affairs has led to arguments that Purushottama was the original deity and Balabhadra and Subhadra were subsequently drawn in as additions to a unitary figure and formed a triad.

[[File:Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with Wellcome V0017732.jpg|thumb|right|Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. Oil painting by a painter of Puri, Orissa, ca. 1880/1910.]]

During the rule of [[Anangabhima Deva III|Anangabhima III]] [1211–1239], Balabhadra and Subhadra find the earliest known mention in the Pataleshwara inscription of 1237 CE.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> According to the German Indologist Kulke, Anangibhima III was the originator of the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra suggesting that Balabhadra was added after Lakshmi's transformation into Subhadra.

==Theology==
The [[theology]] and rituals associated with the Jagannatha tradition combine Vedic, Puranic and tantric themes. He is the Vedic-Puranic [[Purushottama]] (lit.: the Upper Person),{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}} as well as the Puranic [[Narayana]] and the tantric [[Bhairava]].{{sfn|Misra|2007}} According to the ''Vishnudharma Purana'' (ca. 4th century), Krishna is worshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha).{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=76}} He is same as the metaphysical [[Para Brahman]], the form of Krishna that prevades as abstract ''kāla'' (time) in Vaishnava thought. He is abstraction which can be inferred and felt but not seen, just like time. Jagannath is ''chaitanya'' (consciousness), and his companion Subhadra represent [[Shakti]] (energy) while Balabhadra represents [[Jnana]] (knowledge).{{sfn|Misra|2007}} According to Salabega, the Jagannath tradition assimilates the theologies found in Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Buddhism, Yoga and Tantra traditions.{{sfn|Sālabega|1998|pp=13–14}}

The Jagannath theology overlaps with those of Krishna. For example, the 17th-century Odia classic ''Rasa kallola'' by Dina Krushna opens with a praise to Jagannath, then recites the story of Krishna with an embedded theology urging the pursuit of knowledge, love and devotion to realize the divine in everything.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=341}} The 13th-century ''Jagannatha vijaya'' in Kannada language by Rudrabhatta is a mixed prose and poetry style text which is predominantly about Krishna. It includes a canto that explains that "Hari (Vishnu), Hara (Shiva) and Brahma" are aspects of the same supreme soul. Its theology, like the Odia text, centers around supreme light being same as "love in the heart".{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=347}} The 15th-century Bhakti scholar [[Shankaradeva]] of [[Assam]] became a devotee of Jagannatha in 1481, and wrote love and compassion inspired plays about Jagannatha-Krishna that influenced the region and remain popular in Assam and Manipur.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=373–374}}

The medieval era Odia scholars such as Ananta, Achyutananda and Chaitanya described the theology of Jagannath as the "personification of the Shunya, or the void", but not entirely in the form of Shunyata of Buddhism. They state Jagannath as "Shunya Brahma", or alternatively as "Nirguna Purusha" (or "abstract personified cosmos"). Vishnu avatars are descend from this Shunya Brahma into human form to keep dharma.{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388}}

=== ''Jagannath Dev’s Name in Every Month'' ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Minakshi |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Jagannath Dev's Name in Every Month: Divine Significance, Myths & Scriptural Truth |url=https://www.storywire.co.in/2025/06/jagannath-dev-names-in-every-month-with-meaning-myths-references-and-modern-significance.html |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=Story Teller}}</ref>

''January (Magha) – Padma Nabha''

''February (Phalguna) – Purushottama''

''March (Chaitra) – Satya Narayana''

''April (Vaishakha) – Madhava''

''May (Jyestha) – Sri Hari''

''June (Ashadha) – Jagannatha''

''July (Shravana) – Vamandeva''

''August (Bhadrapada) – Sridhara''

''September (Ashwin) – Raghunatha''

''October (Kartika) – Damodara''

''November (Margashirsha) – Vasudeva''

''December (Pausha) – Ananta Narayana''

==In Hindu texts and traditions==
===Vaishnavite version===
The Skanda Purana and [[Brahma Purana]] have attributed the creation of the Jagannathpuri during the reign of [[Indradyumna]], a pious king and an ascetic who ruled from [[Ujjain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> According to the second legend, associated with the [[Vaishnava]]s, when Krishna ended the purpose of his Avatar with the illusionary death by Jara and his "mortal" remains were left to decay, some pious people saw the body, collected the bones and preserved them in a box. They remained in the box till it was brought to the attention of Indradyumna by Lord Vishnu himself who directed him to create the image or a murti of Jagannath from a log and consecrate the bones of Krishna in its belly. Then King Indradyumna appointed [[Vishwakarma]], the architect of gods and a divine carpenter, to carve the murti of the deity from a log that would eventually wash up on the shore at Puri. Indradyumna commissioned Vishwakarma, who is also said to be the divine god himself in disguise. Vishwakarma accepted the commission on the condition that he could complete the work undisturbed and in private.<ref name="Deshpande2005">{{cite book | last = Deshpande| first = Aruna | title = India: A Divine Destination| publisher = Crest Publishing House | year = 2005  | isbn = 978-81-242-0556-3 |page=203}}</ref>

Everyone was anxious about the divine work, including King Indradyumna. After a fortnight of waiting, the king, anxious to see the deity, could not control his eagerness and visited the site where Vishwakarma was working. Soon enough, Vishwakarma became very upset and left the carving of the idol unfinished; the images were without hands and feet. The king was very perturbed by this development and appealed to Brahma for help. Brahma promised the King that the images which were carved would be deified as carved and would become famous. Following this promise, Indradyumna organized a function to formally deify the images and invited all gods to be present for the occasion. Brahma presided over the religions function as the chief priest and brought life (soul) to the image and fixed (opened) its eyes. This resulted in the images becoming famous and worshipped at Jagannath Puri in the well-known Jagannath Temple as a Kshetra (pilgrimage centre). It is, however, believed that the original images are in a pond near the temple.<ref name="Deshpande2005"/>

===Ramayana and Mahabharata===
According to Prabhat Nanda, the [[Valmiki]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions Jagannath.<ref name="Nanda 2007 110–111">{{cite book|last=Nanda|first=Prabhat Kumar|title=Shree Jagannath and Shree Ram |date=June–July 2007|pages=110–111|publisher=Sanbun Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA26 |access-date=28 November 2012|isbn=9789380213224}}</ref> Some believe that the mythical place where King [[Janaka|Janak]] performed a [[yajna]] and tilled land to obtain [[Sita]] is the same as the area in which the Gundicha temple is situated in Puri, according to Suryanarayan Das.<ref name="Das 2010 13">{{cite book|last=Das|first= Suryanarayan|title= Lord Jagannath|year= 2010|publisher= Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page =13|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA26 }}</ref> The [[Mahabharata]], states Das, describes King [[Indradyumna]]'s Ashvamedh Yajna and the advent of the four deities of the Jagannath cult.<ref name="Das 2010 13"/>

===Sarala Dasa Mahabharata version===
Sarala Dasa, the great Odia poet of the 15th century while praising Jagannath as the saviour of mankind considered him both as a form of Buddha as well as a manifestation of Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+sarala+das&pg=PA26}}</ref>

===Kanchi conquest===
One of the most popular legends associated with Jagannath is that of ''Kanchi Avijana'' (or "Conquest of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]]"), also termed as "Kanchi-Kaveri". According to the legends,<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|pages=163–165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+sarala+das&pg=PA26}}</ref> the daughter of the King of Kanchi was betrothed to the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] of Puri. When the Kanchi King witnessed the Gajapati King sweeping the area in front of where the chariots of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were kept during Ratha yatra, he was aghast. Considering the act of sweeping unworthy of a King, the King of Kanchi declined the marriage proposal, refusing to marry his daughter to a 'Sweeper'. Gajapati Purushottam Deva, felt deeply insulted at this and attacked the Kingdom of Kanchin to avenge his honour. His attack was unsuccessful and his army defeated by the Kanchi Army.

Upon defeat, the Gajapati King Purushottam Deva returned and prayed to Jagannath, the God of land of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] before planning a second campaign to Kanchi. Moved by his prayers, Jagannath and Balabhadra, left their temple in Puri and started an expedition to Kanchi on horseback. It is said that Jagannath rode on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse. The legend has such a powerful impact on the [[Oriya culture]] that the simple mention of white horse-black horse evokes the imagery of Kanchi conquest of the God in devotees minds.

[[File:Ashwadwara (Horse Gate) of Jagannath temple, Puri.JPG|thumb|The Ashwadwara at [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri]] with the statue of Jagannath on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse]]
On the road, Jagannath and Balabhadra grew thirsty and met a milkmaid Manika, who gave them butter-milk/yogurt Instead of paying her dues, Balabhadra gave her a ring telling her to claim her dues from King Purushottam. Later, King Purushottam himself passed by with his army. At Adipur near [[Chilika]] lake, Manika stopped the king for the unpaid cost of yogurt consumed by His army's two leading soldiers riding on black and white horses. She produced the gold ring as evidence. King Purusottam Deva identified the ring as that of Jagannath. Considering this a sign of divine support for his campaign, the king enthusiastically led the expedition.

In the war between the army of Kalinga inspired by the Divine support of Jagannath and of the army of Kanchi, Purushottam Deva led his army to victory. King Purusottam brought back the Princess Padmavati of Kanchi to Puri. To avenge his humiliation, he ordered his minister to get the princess married to a sweeper.<ref>{{cite book|title=Purushottam Dev and Padmavati|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|url=http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/epics-and-mythology/purushottam-dev-and-padmavati-768|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=4 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504164303/http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/epics-and-mythology/purushottam-dev-and-padmavati-768|url-status=dead}}</ref> The minister waited for the annual Ratha Yatra when the King ceremonially sweeps Jagannath's chariot. He offered the princess in marriage to King Purusottam, calling the King a Royal sweeper of God. The King then married the Princess. The Gajapati King also brought back images of [[Uchchhishta Ganapati|Uchchhishta Ganesh]] (Bhanda Ganesh or Kamada Ganesh) and enshrined them in the Kanchi Ganesh shrine at the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

This myth has been recounted by Mohanty.{{Sfn|Mohanty|Buhler|1980|p=7}} J.P. Das{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=120}} notes that this story is mentioned in a Madala panji chronicle of the Jagannath Temple of Puri, in relation to Gajapati Purushottama. At any rate, the story was popular soon after Purushottama's reign, as a text of the first half of the 16th century mentions a Kanchi Avijana scene in the Jagannath temple. There is currently a prominent relief in the ''[[jaga mohan]]'' (prayer hall) of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] of Puri that depicts this scene.

In modern culture, Kanchi Vijaya is a major motif in [[Odissi dance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guruji's Compositions:Dance and Drama|url=http://www.srjan.com/dancedrama.aspx|work=of Kelucharan Mohapatra|publisher=Srjan|access-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029132340/http://www.srjan.com/dancedrama.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

In [[Odia literature]], the Kanchi conquest (Kanchi Kaveri) has significant bearing, in medieval literature romanticized as the epic '''Kanchi Kaveri''' by [[Purushottama Dasa]] in the 17th century and a work by the same name by Maguni Dasa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|title=Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850|year=1999|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=kanchi+kaveri&pg=PA163}}</ref> The first [[Odia language|Odia]] drama written by [[Ramashankar Ray]], the father of [[Odia language|Odia]] drama in 1880 is ''Kanchi Kaveri''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=kanchi+kaveri&pg=PA1091}}</ref>

The Kanchi Kingdom has been identified as the historical [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Kingdom]]. As per historical records, Gajapati Purushottam Deva's expedition towards [[Virupaksha Raya II]]'s [[Vijayanagara Empire|Kanchi (Vijayanagar) Kingdom]] started during 1476 with Govinda Bhanjha as commander-in-chief. According to J. P. Das, the historicity of Kanchi conquest event is not certain.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=120-121}}{{verify source|date=June 2017}}

===Early Vaishnava traditions===
Vaishnavism is considered a more recent tradition in [[Odisha]], being historically traceable to the [[Early Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981}}<ref name="Panigrahi 1995 320">{{cite book|last=Panigrahi|first=K.C.|title=History of Orissa|year=1995|publisher=Kitab Mahal|page=320}}</ref> Already, according to the ''Vishnudharma Purana'' (ca. 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha).{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=76}}

[[Ramanuja]], the great Vaishnav reformer, visited Puri between 1107 and 1111 converting the King Ananatavarman Chodaganga from Shaivism to Vaishnavism.<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|first=K.K. |last=Kusuman|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&q=guru+nanak+jagannath+puri&pg=PA167|isbn=9788170992141}}</ref> At Puri he founded the Ramanuja Math for propagating Vaishnavism in Odisha. The [[Alarnatha Mandira|Alarnatha Temple]] stands testimony to his stay in Odisha. Since the 12th century, under the influence of Ramanuja, Jagannath culture was increasingly identified with Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}

Under the rule of the Eastern Gangas, Vaishnavism became the predominant faith in Odisha.{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=149}} Odia Vaishnavism gradually centred on Jagannath as the principal deity. Sectarian differences were eliminated by assimilating deities of Shaivism, Shaktism, and Buddhism in the Jagannath Pantheon.<ref name="Panigrahi 1995 320"/> The Ganga Kings respected all the ten avatars of Vishnu, considering Jagannath as the cause of all the avatars.

The Vaishnava saint [[Nimbarkacharya]] visited Puri, establishing the Radhavallav Matha in 1268.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/> The famous poet [[Jayadeva]] was a follower of Nimbaraka, with a focus on Radha and Krishna. Jayadev's composition ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' put a new emphasis on the concept of [[Radha]] and Krishna in East Indian Vaishnavism. And the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] became a place where for the first time the famous Krishnaite poem ''Gita Govinda'' was introduced into the liturgy.<ref name="Sahoo1988">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Sahoo |given=K.C. |title=Gitagovinda (Influence: Oriya) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |editor=Amaresh Datta |year=1988 |volume=2 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=PA1419 |pages=1419–1421 |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}</ref> This idea soon became popular. Sarala Dasa in his adaptation of the Mahabharat thought of Jagannath as the universal being equating him with [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] and Krishna. He considered Buddha-Jagannath as one of the avatars of Krishna.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}} Sometimes Jagannath is venerated as [[Vamana]], the avatar of Vishnu.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/51-53.pdf |title=Jagannath—The Epitome of Supreme Lord Vishnu |author=Jayanti Rath}}</ref>

In the 16th century, the worship of [[Gopal (Krishna)]], associated with Jagannath, had already flourished in Odisha. Thus the raja Languliya Narasimha Deva installed the image called ''[[Gopinath (god)|Gopinath]]'' with eight figures of [[gopi]]. During [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Hera-Panchami]] festival, Jagannath is regarded as Krishna.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992|loc=vol 2, part 2.18. The Cult of Gopal Krsna or gopinatha}}

===Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Gaudiya Vaishnavism===
Jagannath is widely revered in [[Bengal]]. The event of the Ratha Yatra is celebrated in [[West Bengal]], and the day also marks the beginning of preparations for Bengal's biggest religious festival, the [[Durga Puja]]. The popularity of Jagannath among Bengalis is attributed to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu emphasised bhakti and encouraged the identification of Jagannath with Krishna.<ref name="Bryant 2007 142" /> He spent the last 20 years of his life in Puri dedicating it to the ecstatic worship of Jagannath, whom he considered a form of Krishna.<ref name="Kulke 2004 150">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Herman|title=A History of India, 4th edition|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA150}}</ref> Mahaprabhu propagated the [[Sankirtan]] movement which laid great emphasis on chanting God's name in Puri. He converted noted scholars like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya to his philosophy. He left a great influence on the then king of [[Odisha]], Prataprudra Deva, and the people of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin Francis|title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=68–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=chaitanya+mahaprabhu&pg=PA65|isbn=9780231508438}}</ref> According to tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to have merged with the idol of Jagannath in Puri after his death.<ref name="Kulke 2004 150" />

===The ISKCON movement===
[[File:Bhaktivedanta Swami with Jagannath in Golden Gate Park, February 1967.jpg|thumb|Shrila Prabhupada in Golden Gate Park with Jagannath deity to his right, February, 1967]]
[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], the founder of ISKCON, selected Jagannath as one of the forms of Krishna to install in ISKCON temples around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghorne|first=J.P.|title=Diaspora of the Gods:Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLFbfUrsDIC&q=jagannath++iskcon&pg=PA32|isbn=9780198035572}}</ref> ISKCON has promoted Jagannath throughout the world. Annual Ratha Yatra festival is now celebrated by ISKCON in many cities in the West where they are popular attractions.<ref name="Melton 2007">{{cite book|last=Melton|first=Gordon|title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|year=2007|publisher=Visible Ink Press|location=Jagannath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOldV3dVOoUC&q=jagannath++iskcon&pg=PT374|isbn=9781578592593}}</ref> ISKCON devotees worship Jagannath and take part in the Ratha Yatra in memory of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu spending 18 years in Puri worshipping Jagannath and taking an active part in the Ratha Yatra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bromley|first=David|title=Krishna Consciousness in West|year=1989|publisher=Bucknell University Press|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&q=jagannath+iskcon&pg=PA161|isbn=9780838751442}}</ref>

===Jagannath in Shaktism===

Jagannath is considered the combination of 5 Gods Vishnu, Shiva, [[Surya]], Ganesh and [[Durga]] by Shaktas. When Jagannath has his divine slumber (Sayana Yatra) he is believed to assume the aspect of Durga. According to the "Niladri Mahodaya"<ref name="Simhadeba 2001 133">{{cite book|last=Simhadeba|first=J.P.|title=Tantric Art of Orissa|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&q=vimala+jagannath&pg=PA133|isbn=9788178350417}}</ref> Idol of Jagannath is placed on the Chakra [[Yantra]], the idol of Balabhadra on the Shankha Yantra and the idol of Subhadra on the Padma Yantra.

==Jagannath and other religions==

===Jagannath and Buddhism===
Among the believers of Jagannath, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klaproth |first1=Julius Von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lAvQEACAAJ |title=The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian |last2=Rémusat |first2=Abel |date=11 October 2018 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-0342257140 |location=Sheridan, Wyoming |pages=261 |section=CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3) |orig-year=1848 |section-url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageoffahi00faxi/page/258/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7DvAAAACAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=August 1986 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=9780836417548 |section=Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath |orig-year=1940 |section-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282185/page/n165/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55}} Buddha is called Jagannath in Nepalese Buddhism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barik |first=Pabitra Mohan |title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath Culture |date=July 2005 |page=2 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |location=Bhubaneshwar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Karunakar |url=http://oaob.nitrkl.ac.in/56/ |title=ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚର୍ଜାଚୟ |publisher=ଓଡିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ |year=1969 |location=Bhubaneshwar}}</ref>

Odia poet [[Sarala Dasa]] of 15th century in his Mahabharata, describes Lord Jagannatha as a form of Buddha:{{Blockquote
|text=He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discus in the form of Buddha.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind...{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ସଂସାରଜନ୍ମକୁ ତରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ବୁଦ୍ଧରୂପରେ ବିଜେ ଅଛେ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥେ |</nowiki>}}

|author=Sarala Dasa<ref name="Das 2015 91">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Suryanarayan |title=ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ |section=ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ |section-url=https://archive.org/details/jagannatha-mandir-o-jagannath-tattwa-1966/page/n101/mode/2up |publisher=ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ|year=2015 |orig-year=1966 |location=Cuttack |asin=B08SBVZDYK |asin-tld=in |page=91 }}</ref>{{sfn|Das|2008}}{{page needed|date=July 2025}}{{refn|group=note|At another part in Adi Parva he also says: Glory be to Rama Krsna Brahmaa as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha ...
Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.{{sfn|Das|2008|p=2}}}}}}


In a [[Kabirpanth]] scripture Laxmanbodh in Kabir Sagar by [[Dharamdas#Spiritual journey|Dharamdas]], disciple of [[Kabir]], Jagannath is identified as a form of Buddha.<ref name=B00KTG6DLK />

{{Blockquote
|text=[[Kali Yuga]] has come. I am established as Buddha. Jagannath is my name. I am established with this method.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n721/mode/2up?view=theater लक्ष्मणबोध - श्रीकृष्ण वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>अब कलिथुग बेठेगा सोई । बौद्ध थापना हमरो होई ॥
जगन्नाथ मम नाम है सोई । हमरी थापना यहि विधि होई॥</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=In the form of Ram he killed Ravana. In the form of Krishna he defeated Kansha. Jagannath came in the form of Buddha. And so he has lots of divine play.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n1089/mode/2up?view=theater श्रीअमरमूल - सद्गुरु वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>राम रूप होय रावन मारा । कृष्ण रूप होयकंस पछारा ॥
बौध रूप जगन्नाथ ओतारा । लीला बहुत भांति सम्हारा ॥</nowiki>}}}}

===Jagannath and Islam===
During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] era, Jagannath temples were one of the targets of the Muslim armies. Firuz Tughlaq, for example raided Odisha and desecrated the Jagannath temple according to his court historians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA216|year=2004|publisher=Mushilal Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5|pages=216–217}}</ref> Odisha was one of the last eastern regions to fall into the control of Sultanates and Mughal invasion, and they were among the earliest to declare independence and break away. According to Starza, the Jagannath images were the targets of the invaders, and a key religious symbol that the rulers would protect and hide away in forests from the aggressors.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} However, the Muslims were not always destructive. For example, during the rule of [[Akbar]], the Jagannath tradition flourished.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} However, states Starza, "Muslim attacks on the Puri temple became serious after the death of Akbar, continued intermittently throughout the reign of Jahangir".{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}}

The local Hindu rulers evacuated and hid the images of Jagannath and other deities many times between 1509 and 1734 CE, to "protect them from Muslim zeal" for destruction. During Aurangzeb's time, an image was seized, shown to the emperor and then destroyed in Bijapur, but it is unclear if that image was of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} Muslim rulers did not destroy the Jagannath temple complex because it was a source of substantial treasury revenue through the collection of pilgrim tax collected from Hindus visiting it on their pilgrimage.<ref name="cassels17">{{cite book|author=Nancy Gardner Cassels|title=Religion and Pilgrim Tax Under the Company Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f57wAAAAMAAJ |year=1988|publisher=Riverdale|isbn=978-0-913215-26-5|pages=17–22}}</ref>

===Jagannath and Sikhism===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Koh-i-Noor old version copy.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = MaharajaRanjitSIngh - L Massard.gif
| width2 = 123
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The Sikh emperor [[Ranjit Singh]], claimed by some to have revered Jagannath. He allegedly bequeathed the Koh-i-noor diamond (left) to the Jagannath temple in Puri.<ref>{{cite book|author=Isabel Burton|title=Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egyyNGelXQcC |year= 2012|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-108-04642-8|page=168}}</ref>
}}

In 1506<ref name="orgov">{{Cite web| title=The Jagannath Temple and the Sikh Arti | author=Anil Dhir | url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062002/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf | archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> or 1508<ref name="barusahib">{{Cite web|url=http://www.barusahib.org/Assets/Publications/Natures_Own_Arti.pdf |title = Home|date = 13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="sikh-heritage">http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm  {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], made a pilgrimage to Puri to visit to Jagannath<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|author=K.K. Kusuman|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA167 |isbn=9788170992141}}</ref> during his journey (called "udaasi") to east India.<ref name="orgov"/><ref name="barusahib"/> The [[Sikh]] [[Aarti]] [[Gagan mein thaal|Gagan mai thaal]] was recited by him<ref>[http://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184921/http://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html |date=3 May 2014 }}. ''www.livehindusthan.com'' {{in lang|hi}}.</ref> at the revered [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]. This arti is sung (not performed with platter and lamps etc.) daily after recitation of [[Rehraas Sahib]] & [[Ardās]] at the [[Harmandir Sahib]], [[Amritsar]] and at most Gurudwara sahibs.

Later Sikh gurus like [[Guru Teg Bahadur]] also visited Jagannath Puri.<ref>{{cite book|last=S.S. Johar|first=University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for South Asian Studies|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur|year=1975|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFomYOVXsAkC&pg=PA149|isbn=9788170170303}}</ref> It is said that Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] the famous 19th-century Sikh ruler of Punjab held great respect in Jagannath, and allegedly willed his most prized possession, the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond, to Jagannath in [[Puri]], while on his deathbed in 1839.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Real Ranjit Singh''; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, {{ISBN|81-7380-778-7}}, 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed.</ref>

=== Jagannath and Christianity ===
[[File:Claudius Buchanan00.jpg|thumb|Claudius Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" were the first introduction of Indian religions to the American audience, and one that originated and constructed intercultural misunderstanding.<ref name="altman30"/><ref name=gribbin297/>]]
For Christian missionaries who arrived through the ports of eastern states of India such as [[Calcutta]] in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, Jagannath was the "core of idolatry" and the target of "an all-out attack".{{sfn|Kulke|Schnepel|2001|pp=159–160}} Jagannath, called ''Juggernaut'' by the Christian missionary [[Claudius Buchanan]], was through Buchanan's letters the initial introduction in America of Hinduism, which he spelled as "Hindoo". According to Michael J. Altman, a professor of Religious Studies, Buchanan presented Hinduism to the American audience, through ''Juggernaut'', as a "bloody, violent, superstitious and backward religious system" that needs to be eliminated and substituted with the Christian gospel.<ref name="altman30"/> He described ''Juggernaut'' with Biblical terminology for his audience, called him the [[Moloch]], and his shrine as [[Golgatha]] – the place where Jesus Christ was crucified, but with the difference that the "Juggernaut tradition" was of endless meaningless bloodshed, fabricating allegations that children were sacrificed in the "valley of idolatrous blood shed to false gods".<ref name="altman30"/> In his letters, states Altman, Buchanan "constructed an image of Juggernaut as the diametric opposite of Christianity".<ref name="altman30">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Altman|title=Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhonDwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-065492-4|pages=30–33}}</ref>

These views are picked up in [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s posthumous poetical illustration to The Temple of Juggernaut,<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA6|section=poetical illustration|page=22|year=1839|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA8|section=picture|year=1839|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> a picture by [[Alfred Gomersal Vickers]]. However, she counters them not so much with hostility, as with the Christian doctrine of 'Faith, Hope, and Love'.
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840/The Temple of Juggernaut|The Temple of Juggernaut, picture by A. G. Vickers, poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

In his book ''Christian Researches in Asia'', published in 1811,<ref>{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Claudius|title=Researches in Asia with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages|date=1811}}</ref> Buchanan built on this theme and added licentiousness to it. He called hymns in language he did not know nor could read as "obscene stanzas", art works on temple walls as "indecent emblems", and described "Juggernaut" and Hinduism to his American readers as the religion of disgusting Moloch and false gods. Buchanan writings formed the "first images of Indian religions" to the American evangelical audience in early 19th-century, was promoted by American magazines such as [[The Panoplist]] and his book on "Juggernaut" attracted enough reader demand that it was republished in numerous editions.<ref name="altman30"/> Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" influenced the American imagination of Indian religions for another 50 years, formed the initial impressions and served as a template for reports by other missionaries who followed Buchanan in India for most of the 19th century.<ref name="altman30"/> According to William Gribbin and other scholars, Buchanan's Juggernaut metaphor is a troublesome example of intercultural misunderstanding and constructed identity.<ref name=gribbin297>{{cite journal | last=Gribbin | first=William | title=The juggernaut metaphor in American rhetoric | journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech | volume=59 | issue=3 | year=1973 | doi=10.1080/00335637309383178 | pages=297–303}}</ref><ref>S. Behera (2007), ''Essentialising the Jagannath cult: a discourse on self and other'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Volume 30, Number 1-2, pages 51-53</ref><ref>Nancy Gardner Cassels (1972), The Compact and the Pilgrim Tax: The Genesis of East India Company Social Policy, Canadian Journal of History, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 45-48</ref> Ujaan Ghosh, however, argues that these misrepresentations of "Juggernaut" and the deity's demonization were not homogeneous throughout the nineteenth century. Gradually global perception of the deity were more humanized. Several European authors, such as [[William Wilson Hunter|W.W. Hunter]] and [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] went to great lengths to revise Buchanan's perception and presented a more humane version of Jagannatha to British and American audience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Ujaan |date=August 2018 |title=Chariots of the Gods: The Many Histories of Jagannath, "Juggernaut," and the Rathayatra in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/697934 |journal=History of Religions |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=64–88 |doi=10.1086/697934 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Due to persistent attacks from non-Indic religions, even to this day, devotees of only [[Dharmic religions]] are allowed entry in the [[Jagannatha Puri|Jagannath puri temple]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-urges-jagannath-temple-to-allow-entry-of-non-hindus/articleshow/64877985.cms|title=SC urges Jagannath temple to allow entry of non-Hindus|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Rautray|first1=Samanwaya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004230424/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=magazines.odisha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:1 icon Hare Krishna Jagannath Krsna abstract symbol.jpg|thumb|The Jagannath symbol is a part of the Krishna iconography in [[ISKCON]] events around the world.]]
[[File:Jaggerynauth, Kalighat Painting.jpg|thumb|Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra in Kalighat Painting]]
The English traveller William Burton visited the Jagannath temple. According to Avinash Patra, Burton made absurd observations in 1633 that are inconsistent with all historical and contemporary records, such as the image of Jagannatha being "a serpent, with seven heads".{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}} Burton described it as "the mirror of all wickedness and idolatry" to the Europeans, an introduction of Hinduism as "monstrous paganism" to early travellers to the Indian subcontinent. [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] never saw the Puri temple icon and its decorations, but described the jewelry worn by the idol from hearsay accounts.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}} [[François Bernier]] mentioned the Puri chariot festival, in his 1667 memoir, but did not describe the icon of Jagannath raising the question whether he was able to see it.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}}

According to Kanungo, states Goldie Osuri, the Jagannath tradition has been a means of legitimizing royalty.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> Codaganga, a benevolent ruler of the Kalinga region (now [[Odisha]] and nearby regions), built the extant Puri temple. Kanungo states that this endeavor was an attempt by him to establish his agency, and he extrapolates this practice into late medieval and modern era developments.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> According to him, Muslim rulers attempted to control it for the same motivation, thereafter the Marathas, then East India Company and then the British crown over the colonial era sought to legitimize its influence and hegemonic control in the region by appropriating control over the Jagannath temple and affiliating themselves with the deities.<ref name="Osuri2013p55">{{cite book|author=Goldie Osuri|title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lz0Mg3xx9sC&pg=PA55|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66557-5|pages=55–56}}</ref>

Jagannath became an influential figure and icon for power and politics during the 19th-century colonialism and Christian missionary activity, states Osuri.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> The British government initially took over the control and management of major Jagannath temples, to collect fees and Pilgrim Tax from Hindu who arrived from all over the Indian subcontinent to visit.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ingham | first=Kenneth | title=The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim Tax in India, 1800–1862 | journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume=3 | issue=2 | year=1952 | doi=10.1017/s0022046900028426 | pages=191–200| s2cid=163518878 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Claudius Buchanan mentions the Pilgrim Tax was collected from Hindus after they had walked very long distances, for many weeks, to visit the Puri temple. Anyone refusing to pay would be denied entry to the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=Claudius Buchanan|title=Christian Researches in Asia, Ninth edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EVfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1812|publisher=T. Cadell & W. Davies|pages=20–21}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|The pilgrim tax was not a British invention, and was a religious tax on Hindus introduced by the Muslim rulers during the Mughal era.<ref name="cassels17"/>}} In contrast, Christian missionaries strongly opposed the British government association with Jagannath temple because its connected the government with [[idolatry]], or the "worship of false god". Between 1856 and 1863, the British government accepted the missionary demand and handed over the Jagannath temples to the Hindus.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/><ref>{{cite book|author=James Peggs|title=Pilgrim Tax in India: The Great Temple in Orissa, Second edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASFYAAAAcAAJ|year=1830|publisher=London: Seely, Fleet-Street}}</ref> According to Cassels and Mukherjee, the British rule documents suggest that the handing over was more motivated by the growing Hindu agitation against the Pilgrim Tax that they considered as discriminatory targeting based on religion, and rising corruption among the British officials and their Indian assistants, in the handling of collected tax.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nancy Gardner Cassels|author2=Sri Prabhat Mukherjee|title=Pilgrim Tax and Temple Scandals: A Critical Study of the Important Jagannath Temple Records During British Rule|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E293AAAAMAAJ|year= 2000|publisher= Orchid|isbn=978-974-8304-72-4|pages= 96–108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=N. Chatterjee|title=The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCOGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year= 2011|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-230-29808-8|pages=58–67}}</ref>

To colonial era Hindu nationalists in the late 19th-century and 20th-century, Jagannath became a unifying symbol which combined their religion, social and cultural heritage into a political cause of self-rule and freedom movement.<ref>{{cite book|author=Goldie Osuri|title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lz0Mg3xx9sC&pg=PA55|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66557-5|pages=56–57}}</ref>

==Festivals==
{{main|List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri}}

A large number of traditional festivals are observed by the devotees of Jagannath. Out of those numerous festivals, thirteen are important.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=By large 13 festivals are celebrated at Lord Jagannath Temple |access-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

# Niladri Mahodaya
# [[Snana Yatra]]
# [[Ratha Yatra]] or Shri Gundicha Yatra
# Shri Hari Sayana
# Utthapana Yatra
# Parswa Paribartana
# Dakhyinayana Yatra
# Prarabana Yatra
# Pusyabhisheka
# [[Uttarayana]]
# [[Dol Purnima|Dola Jatra]]
# Damanaka Chaturdasi<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/article/id/726/damanaka-chaturdasi |title=Damanaka Chaturdasi - Jagannath Temple |work=jagannathtemplepuri.com|quote=This falls in the month of Chaitra. On this day, the deities pay a visit to the garden of the celebrated Jagannath Vallabha Matha where they pick-up the tender leaves of the Dayanaa unnoticed by anybody. |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
# [[Chandan Yatra]]

Ratha Yatra is most significant of all festivals of Jagannath.

===Ratha Yatra===
{{main|Ratha Yatra (Puri)}}

The Jagannatha triad are usually worshipped in the sanctum of the temple, but once during the month of [[Asadha]] (rainy season of [[Odisha]], usually falling on the month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (Puri's main high street) and travel 3 km to the Shri [[Gundicha Temple]], in huge chariots, allowing the public to have [[Darśana|Darshan]] (i.e., holy view). This festival is known as Ratha Yatra, meaning the festival (''yatra'') of the chariots (''ratha''). The ''rathas'' are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately {{convert|45|ft|order=flip}} high and {{convert|35|sqft|order=flip}} and takes about 2 months to construct.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=16}} The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals etc. on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=40}} The huge chariot of Jagannath pulled during Ratha Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word ''[[juggernaut]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juggernaut, definition and meaning|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut|publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> The Ratha Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha Yatra.

The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra is the ''chhera pahara''. During the festival, the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati king]] wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the ''Chera Pahara'' (Sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati king has been considered the most exalted person in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingan]] kingdom, still he renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign, the Gajapati king, and the most humble devotee.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karan |first=Jajati |title=Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/world-twenty20-west-indies-thrash-australia-by-74-runs-will-face-sri-lanka-in-the-final/68263-13.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121328/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/world-twenty20-west-indies-thrash-australia-by-74-runs-will-face-sri-lanka-in-the-final/68263-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=28 November 2012 |newspaper=IBN Live |date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

''Chera pahara'' is held on two days, on the first day of the Ratha Yatra, when the deities are taken to the garden house at [[Mausi Maa Temple]] and again on the last day of the festival, when the deities are ceremoniously brought back to the Shri Mandir.

As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the chariots in ''Pahandi vijay'', disgruntled devotees hold a right to offer kicks, slaps and make derogatory remarks to the images, and Jagannath behaves like a commoner.

In the Ratha Yatra, the three deities are taken from the Jagannath Temple in the chariots to the Gundicha Temple, where they stay for seven days. Thereafter, the deities again ride the chariots back to Shri Mandir in ''bahuda yatra''. On the way back, the three chariots stop at the Mausi Maa Temple and the deities are offered ''poda pitha'', a kind of baked cake which are generally consumed by the poor sections only.

The observance of the Ratha Yatra of Jagannath dates back to the period of the Puranas.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Vivid descriptions of this festival are found in Brahma Purana, Padma Purana and Skanda Purana. Kapila Samhita also refers to Ratha Yatra. During the [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] period, King Ramsingh of Jaipur, Rajasthan, has also been described as organizing the Ratha Yatra in the 18th century. In Odisha, kings of [[Mayurbhanj District|Mayurbhanj]] and [[Parlakhemundi]] also organized the Ratha Yatra, though the most grand festival in terms of scale and popularity takes place at Puri.

In fact, Starza{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=133}} notes that the ruling [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] instituted the Ratha Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. [[Friar Odoric]] of Pordenone visited India in 1316–1318, some 20 years after [[Marco Polo]] had dictated the account of his travels while in a [[Genoa|Genovese]] prison.{{Sfn|Mitter|1977|p=10}} In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "[[cult image|idol]]s" on chariots, and the king and queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=129}}{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=48}}

==Temples==
{{main|Jagannath Temple (disambiguation)}}

''Besides the only temple described below, there are many temples in India, three more in Bangladesh and one in Nepal.''
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Puri, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-69).jpg
| width1 = 177
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = PURI JAGANATHA TEMPLE, PURI, ORISSA, INDIA, ASIA.jpg
| width2 = 160
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The Jagannath temple in Puri, [[Odisha]]. It is a major historic Hindu pilgrimage site. Left: An artist's sketch in 1915.
}}

The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Temple of Jagannath at Puri]] is one of the major Hindu temples in India. The temple is built in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] style of architecture, with the [[Pancharatha]] (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha. Jagannath temple is a pancharatha with well-developed pagas. 'Gajasimhas' (elephant lions) carved in recesses of the pagas, the 'Jhampasimhas' (Jumping lions) are also placed properly. The perfect pancharatha temple developed into a Nagara-rekha temple with unique Oriya style of subdivisions like the Pada, Kumbha, Pata, Kani and Vasanta. The Vimana or the apsidal structure consists of several sections superimposed one over other, tapering to the top where the [[Amalaka]]shila and Kalasa are placed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Architecture of Jagannath temple|url=http://www.jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|publisher=Jagannath temple, Puri|access-date=28 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171916/http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Temple of Jagannath at Puri]] has four distinct sectional structures, namely -
# Deula or [[Vimana]] ([[Sanctum sanctorum]]) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls);
# Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
# [[Nata mandir]]/Natamandapa, which is also known as the [[Jaga mohan]], (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
# Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |title=Jagannath Temple, India - 7 wonders |work=7wonders.org |year=2012 |quote=The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612083058/http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:1 Jagganath temple Ranchi Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|left|The Jagganath temple in Ranchi, [[Jharkhand]]]]
The temple is built on an elevated platform, as compared to [[Lingaraja temple]] and other temples belonging to this type. This is the first temple in the history of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingaan]] temple architecture where all the chambers like Jagamohana, Bhogamandapa and Natyamandapa were built along with the main temple. There are miniature shrines on the three outer sides of the main temple.

The Deula consists of a tall shikhara (dome) housing the [[sanctum sanctorum]] ([[garbhagriha]]). A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, guarded by two guardian deities [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]]. A 16-sided, {{convert|11|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} [[granite]] monolithic columnar pillar known as the Aruna Stambha (Solar Pillar) bearing [[Aruṇa|Aruna]], the charioteer of [[Surya]], faces the Lion Gate. This column was brought here from the Sun temple of [[Konark]].

There is a temple situated in [[Mahesh, Serampore]] in West Bengal, which is famous for [[Rathayatra of Mahesh]].

The temple's historical records Madala panji maintains that the temple was originally built by King Yayati of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty on the site of the present shrine. However, the historians question the veracity and historicity of the Madala Panji. As per historians, the Deula and the Mukhashala were built in the 12th century by Ganga King Anangabheemadeva, the grandson of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] and the Natamandapa and Bhogamandapa were constructed subsequently during the reign of Gajapati Purushottama Deva (1462–1491) and Prataprudra Deva (1495–1532) respectively. According to Madala Panji, the outer prakara was built by Gajapati Kapilendradeva (1435–1497). The inner ''prakara'' called the Kurma bedha (Tortoise encompassment) was built by Purushottama Deva.

==See also==
*[[Hindu deities]]
*[[Hundun]]
*[[Ideogram]]
*[[Lingam]]
*[['Oro]]
*[[Ratha Yatra]]
*[[Sevayat]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Coulter |first=Charles Russell |year=2013 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96390-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA109}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url={{Google books|DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
* Das, Bikram. ''Domain of Jagannath - A Historical Study'', BR Publishing Corporation.
* {{citation|last= Das|first=J. P. |title= Puri Paintings: the Chitrakara and his Work |publisher= New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann|year= 1982}}
* Das, M.N., ed. (1977). ''Sidelights on History and Culture of Orissa''. Cuttack.
* Das, Suryanarayan (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC Jagannath Through the Ages]'', Sanbun Publishers, New Delhi.
* {{Citation |last=Doniger O'Flaherty |first=Wendy |year=1988 |title=The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Eschmann |editor-given1=Anncharlott |editor-link1=Anncharlott Eschmann |editor-surname2=Kulke |editor-given2=Hermann |editor-link2=Hermann Kulke |editor-surname3=Tripathi |editor-given3=Gaya Charan |year=1978 |orig-year=Rev. ed. 2014 |title=The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa |series=South Asian Studies, 8 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi |url={{Google books|rnlCAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=9788173046179 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Guy |first=John |title=New evidence for the Jagannatha sect in seventeenth century Nepal | journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=2 |date=1992 |series=3rd Ser. |issue=2 |pages=213–230 |doi=10.1017/S135618630000239X|s2cid=162316166 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Hardy |given=Friedhelm E. |author-link=Friedhelm Hardy |title=Kṛṣṇaism |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |pages=387–392 |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |volume=8 |isbn=978-0-02897-135-3 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Holt |first=John Clifford |year=2004 |title=The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Holt |first=John Clifford |year=2008 |title=The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3269-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvuDlhpvvHwC&pg=PA18}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=John Clifford |editor-last2=Kinnard |editor-first2=Jacob N. |editor-last3=Walters |editor-first3=Jonathan S. |year=2012 |title=Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791487051 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnnG8sclrdYC&q=Buddha+avatar&pg=PA111}}
* Hunter, W.W. Orissa: ''The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province under Native and British Rule'', Vol. I, Chapter-III, 1872.
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA96}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Kulke |editor-given1=Hermann |editor-link1=Hermann Kulke |editor-surname2=Schnepel |editor-given2=Burkhard |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |series=Studies in Orissan society, culture, and history, 1 |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |url={{Google books|JIzXAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar }}
* [[Hermann Kulke|Kulke, Hermann]] in ''The Anthropology of Values'', Berger Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisted, Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010).
* {{Citation |last=Leyden |first=Rudolf von |year=1982 |title=Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India |publisher=The Victoria and Albert Museum |isbn=978-09052-0-9173}}
* Mahapatra, G.N.: ''Jagannath in History and Religious Tradition'', Calcutta, 1982.
* Mahapatra, K.N.: ''Antiquity of Jagannath Puri as a place of pilgrimage'', OHRJ, Vol. III, No.1, April, 1954, p. 17.
* Mahapatra, R.P.: ''Jaina Monuments of Orissa'', New Delhi, 1984.
* Mishra, K.C.: ''The Cult of Jagannath'', Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1971.
* Mishra, K.C.: ''The Cult of Jagannath'', Calcutta, 1971.
* {{cite book |surname=Miśra |given=Narayan |title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha |editor=Durga Nandan Mishra |year=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |place=New Delhi |url={{Google books|WKUkLzqNv64C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=81-7625-747-8 }}
* {{citation|last=Mitter|first=P.|year=1977|title=Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226532394|url={{Google books|Mv59F9FoY2MC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}
* Mohanty, A. B. (Ed.): ''Madala Panji'', Utkal University reprinted, Bhubaneswar, 2001.
* {{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=B.C. |last2=Buhler |first2=Alfred |chapter=Patachitras of Orissa |title=Study of Contemporary Textile Crafts of India |location=Ahmedabad, India |publisher=Calico Museum of Textiles |date=1980}}
* Mohapatra, Bishnu N. ''Ways of 'Belonging': The Kanchi Kaveri Legend and the Construction of Oriya Identity'', Studies in History, 12, 2, n.s., pp. 204–221, Sage Publications, New Delhi (1996).
* {{cite book |surname=Mukherjee |given=Prabhat |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |year=1981 |orig-year=1940 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |place=New Delhi |isbn=8120602293 |url={{Google books|7LFzfbhmJcMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* Nayak, Ashutosh (1999). ''Sri Jagannath Parbaparbani Sebapuja (Oriya)'', Cuttack.
* Padhi, B.M.: ''Daru Devata (Oriya)'', Cuttack, 1964.
* Panda, L.K.: ''Saivism in Orissa'', New Delhi, 1985.
* {{cite book |surname=Patnaik |given=Himanshu S. |year=1994 |title=Jagannath: His Temple, Cult and Festivals |place=New Delhi |publisher=Aryan Books International |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/lord-jagannath-his-temple-cult-and-festivals-IDD772/ |isbn=81-7305-051-1 }}
* Patnaik, N. (2006). ''Sacred Geography of Puri: Structure and Organisation and Cultural Role of a Pilgrim Centre'', {{ISBN|81-7835-477-2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Patnaik |given=Tandra |title=Śūnya Puruṣa: Bauddha Vaiṣṇavism of Orissa |url={{Google books|tlEvAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2005 |publisher=DK Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0345-1 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Patra |given=Avinash |editor=Maria Joseph (Vishnupriya Dasi) |title=Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath |year=2011 |url=https://oxford.academia.edu/AvinashPatra/Papers/1125327/Origin_and_Antiquity_of_the_Cult_of_Lord_Jagannath. |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University weekly Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623000000/https://oxford.academia.edu/AvinashPatra/Papers/1125327/Origin_and_Antiquity_of_the_Cult_of_Lord_Jagannath. |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2023 }} [https://archive.org/stream/OriginAntiquityOfTheCultOfLordJagannath/OriginAntiquityOfTheCultOfLordJagannath_djvu.txt Alt URL]
* {{cite book |surname=Rajaguru |given=S.N. |title=Inscriptions of Jagannath Temple and Origin of Sri Purusottam Jagannath |year=1992 |volume=1–2 |place=Puri |publisher=[[Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya]] |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/inscriptions-of-temples-of-puri-and-origin-of-sri-purusottama-jagannath-in-2-volumes-bound-in-one-rare-book-NAC960/ }}
* Ray, B. C., Aioswarjya Kumar Das, ed. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQHc3v_qC10C&dq=daru+Plavate+sayana&pg=PA3 Tribals of Orissa: The changing Socio-Economic Profile]'', Centre for Advanced Studies in History and Culture, Bhubaneswar.
* {{cite book|last=Ray |first=Bidyut Lata |title=Studies in Jagannatha Cult |year=1993 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |place=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |surname=Ray |given=Dipti |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |year=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |url={{Google books|to_U9I6Ol9wC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=9788172111953 }}
* Sahu, N.K.: ''Buddhism in Orissa'', Utkal University, 1958.
* {{cite book |author=Sālabega |title=White Whispers: Selected Poems of Salabega |year=1998 |url={{Google books|uFQcO-pRaCkC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0483-6 }}
* Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda: ''Tāntric art of Orissa''
* Singh, N.K.: ''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism'', Volume 1.
* Sircar, D.C. (1965). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&dq=bhaumakara&pg=PA297 Indian Epigraphy]'', New Delhi: [[Motilal Banarsidass]].
* {{cite book |surname=Starza |given=O. M. |title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult |series=Studies in South Asian culture, 15 |url={{Google books|v4bV3beb0n8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=Leiden; New York; Köln |year=1993 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-09673-6 }}
* Starza-Majewski, Olgierd M. L: ''The Jagannatha temple at Puri and its Deities'', Amsterdam, 1983.
* Upadhyay, Arun Kumar: ''Vedic View of Jagannath: Series of Centre of Excellence in Traditional Shastras'' :10, Rashtriya Sanskrita Vidyapeetha, Tirupati-517507, AP. [2006]
* {{Cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMC5zgEACAAJ |title=History of Oriya Literature |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=10 September 2021 |orig-year=1960|location=Sheridan, Wyoming |isbn=978-1015025486 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kar |first=Sasmita |url=https://www.academia.edu/113450202 |title=Assimilation and Integration of Buddha Consciousness in the Cult of Lord Jagannātha
|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research |date=30 January 2020 |journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research |volume=37 |pages=67–82 |location=New Delhi |doi=10.1007/s40961-020-00190-x|issn=0970-7794 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jagannath}}
{{Americana Poster|Jagannath}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc370720.html Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana]
* [http://www.jagannath.nic.in/ Shri Jaganath, Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060852/http://jagannath.nic.in/ |date=19 June 2009 }}
* [http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/ Shri Jaganath Temple at Puri]
* [http://jagannath.in/ Shri Jagannath Dham, Puri]
* [http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/65-67.pdf Detailed description of Ratha Yatra festival of Jagannath]
* [http://rathjatra.nic.in/ Ratha Yatra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719004253/http://www.demotix.com/news/2242602/136th-jagannath-yatra-2013-ahmedabad-city-gujarat-begins-today 136th Jagannath Temple Ratha Yatra in Ahmedabad, Gujarat]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.8046193,85.8193112,3a,75y,275.12h,83.01t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipOSoOv73JbJAKBMyrQ-l8hUnoOMoNpo7KZmHgJj!2e10!7i5376!8i2688 Street View around Jagannath Temple]
* [https://pratibhabooks.com/product/mahaprabhu-sri-jagannatha-the-lord-of-universe/ Mahaprabhu Sri Jagannatha The Lord of Universe (Paperback Edition)]

{{Jagannath}}
{{Krishna}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar| Hinduism|India}}

[[Category:Jagannath| ]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]

Sheikh Darvesh Saheb

2026-05-07T14:37:44Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding post

{{Short description|Former State Police Chief of Kerala}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| caption = Shaikh Darvesh Saheb
| office = [[Director General of Police|State Police Chief]] of [[Kerala]]
| image = [[File:Sheikh Davesh Saheb IPS.png|frameless|center|Sheikh Davesh Saheb IPS]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2023|06|27|df=y}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2024|11|30|df=y}}
| predecessor2 = [[Anil Kant]]
| successor2 = [[Ravada A. Chandrasekhar]]
| office3 = [[Director General]] of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Prisons and Correctional Services]], Kerala
| term_start3 = {{start date|2021|08|02|df=y}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|2022|04|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]<ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/27/who-sheikh-darvesh-sahib-kerala-new-police-chief.html</ref>
| occupation = [[Police officer]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| batch = 1990
| service =
| department = [[Kerala Police]]
| cadre = [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service (Kerala Cadre)]]
| service_years = 1990–2025
| status = Retired.
| rank = [[Director General of Police]] [[File:Director General of Police.png|20px]]
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service President's Police Medal]][[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Ati Utkrishta Seva Pathak
}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| allegiance =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| children = 2
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[SVPNPA|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]
}}

'''Shaik Darvesh Saheb''' is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer who served as the State Police Chief and [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-27 |title=Kerala gets a new police chief in Shaik Darvesh Saheb |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jun/27/kerala-gets-a-new-police-chief-in-shaik-darvesh-saheb-2589054.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He assumed charge on 27 June 2023, succeeding [[Anil Kant]], and completed his extended tenure in 2024.<ref name="Onmanorama2023"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-27 |title=V Venu appointed as new Chief Secretary; Sheikh Darvesh Saheb is new Police Chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jun/27/v-venu-appointed-as-new-chief-secretarysheikh-darvesh-saheb-is-new-police-chief-2589031.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jeemon |date=2023-06-29 |title=Why Pinarayi Vijayan selected Shaik Darvesh Saheb as Kerala police chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-pinarayi-vijayan-selected-shaik-darvesh-saheb-as-kerala-police-chief-2399787-2023-06-29 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Background and education==
Darvesh Saheb is a native of Kadapa, district in Andhra Pardesh.<ref name="ETV2023"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Dr V Venu is new chief secretary, Shaik Darvesh Saheb new DGP |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1096033&u=dr-v-venu-is-new-chief-secretary-shaik-darvesh-saheb-new-dgp |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> He holds a Masters in Agriculture, a Doctorate in Agronomy and an MBA in Finance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-27 |title=Kerala government decides to extend tenure of Police Chief by a year |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/27/kerala-government-decides-to-extend-tenure-of-police-chief-by-a-year |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Darvesh Saheb is married to Sheikh Farida Fatima. The couple has a son and a daughter.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who is Sheikh Darvesh Sahib, Kerala's new police chief? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/27/who-sheikh-darvesh-sahib-kerala-new-police-chief.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Who is Sheikh Darvesh Sahib, Kerala's new police chief? |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Darvesh Saheb is 1990 Batch IPS officer. He started his career as an Assistant Superintendent of Police(ASP) of Nedumangad. He later worked as Superintendent of police in various districts including Wayanad, Kasaragod, Kannur, and Palakkad. Later he served as Superintendent of police in Railways and State Special Branch.He also served as Commandant in [[Malabar Special Police]] (MSP) and Kerala Armed Police Battalions (KAP) 2nd Battalion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/home/page/news/77 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=keralapolice.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

Darvesh Sahib served as Governor's Aide-De-Camp (ADC) and was part of [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]]. He also served as [[Kochi City Police]] Commissioner in SP rank. He was assistant director and deputy director at [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]] in Hyderbad. He also worked as Additional Excise Commissioner and Director of Kerala Police Academy. He was the first Additional Director General of Police (Law and Order) of the state when the Kerala Police underwent a structural change, with the entire law and order charge of the state under a single command.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2019-06-07 |title=Reshuffle in top police echelons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reshuffle-in-top-police-echelons/article27585191.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Darvesh Saheb was appointed [[Director General of Police]] and State Police Chief of Kerala on 27 June 2023.<ref name="IndiaToday2023" /> His appointment to post was followed the retirement of former state police chief [[Anil Kant]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-28 |title=V Venu to be chief secretary, Shaik Darvesh police chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jun/28/v-venu-to-be-chief-secretary-shaik-darvesh-police-chief-2589163.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

During his tenure as state police chief, the Kerala Police saw several notable initiatives. In early 2024, he oversaw the formation of the Cyber Division, bringing together scattered units like Cyber Patrol, Cyber Crime Investigation, and Cyber Dome under a single command. His tenure also witnessed the launch of “Operation D-Hunt”, one of the state's most comprehensive crackdowns on illicit drug trafficking.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2025-04-16 |title=Operation D-Hunt: Kerala Police tighten net on narcotics trade in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/operation-d-hunt-kerala-police-tighten-net-on-narcotics-trade-in-thiruvananthapuram/article69456536.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=Operation D-Hunt: 146 arrested in Kerala, MDMA and cannabis seized |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-police-operation-d-hunt-drug-bust-arrest-qmslj484 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Darvesh Sahib saw cyber crimes, financial fraud, and narcotics as the major policing challenges Kerala faces in the coming years, has urged the force to continue prioritising these threats.<ref name="SouthFirst2024" />

He further emphasised upon citizen-centric policing, and directed officers to ensure courteous treatment of complainants. He also played role in streamlining police-station grievance handling.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2025" /> His tenure also witnessed several administrative reforms, increased coordination with district police chiefs, and public-safety initiatives.<ref name="SouthFirst2024" />

In June 2024, the Government of Kerala decided to extend his tenure by one year.<ref name="NIE2024" /> He retired from service after completing the extended term on 26 April 2022.<ref name="SouthFirst2024" />

== Awards ==
Darvesh Saheb was awarded the [[President's Police Medal]] for meritorious services in 2016 and also received [[Indian Police Medal]] in 2018. He also received the [[United Nations Medal]] for peacekeeping missions in Kosovo.<ref name="Onmanorama2023" /><ref name=":0" />

==Appointments==
* Director General of Police & State Police Chief, Kerala – 30 June 2023.<ref name="Onmanorama2023"/>
* Director General of [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]], Civil defence, and Homeguards.
* Tenure extended by one year – June 2024.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2024"/>
* Director of Kerala Police Academy.<ref name=":0" />
* Director General of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi2025" />
* Additional Director General of Police, Law and Order<ref name=":1" />
* Additional Director General of Police, Police Headquarters<ref name="Onmanorama2023" />
* Additional Director General of Police, Vigilance <ref name="Onmanorama2023" />
* Additional Director General of Police, Crime Branch<ref name=":2" />
* Additional Director General of Police, North Zone (L&O)<ref name=":3" />
* Additional Excise Commissioner, Kerala (IGP)<ref name=":4"/>
* City Police Commissioner of Kochi (SP)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=Sheikh Darvesh Sahib appointed as Director General of Police of Kerala |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/sheikh-darvesh-sahib-appointed-as-director-general-of-police-of-kerala-rwwdbi |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>
* Superintendent of Police (SP) of the districts of Wayanad, Palakkad, Kasaragod and Kannur.<ref name=":4" />

==See also==
* [[Kerala Police]]
* [[Indian Police Service]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Onmanorama2023">{{cite news |title=Who is Sheikh Darvesh Saheb, Kerala's new police chief? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/27/who-sheikh-darvesh-sahib-kerala-new-police-chief.html |work=Onmanorama |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ETV2023">{{cite news |title=Dr Sheikh Darvesh Saheb is new DGP of Kerala |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/kerala/dr-sheikh-darvesh-saheb-is-new-dgp-of-kerala-dr-v-venu-new-chief-secretary/na20230627135044997997035 |work=ETV Bharat |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="IndiaToday2023">{{cite news |title=V Venu appointed as Kerala Chief Secretary; Sheikh Darvesh new State Police Chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/v-venu-appointed-as-kerala-chief-secretary-sheikh-darvesh-new-state-police-chief-2398719-2023-06-27 |work=India Today |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Mathrubhumi2025">{{cite news |title=Kerala DGP Darvesh Saheb steps down, urges police to treat complainants with dignity |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-dgp-darvesh-sahib-steps-down-urges-police-to-treat-complainants-with-dignity-rf3gfex1 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="SouthFirst2024">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Darvesh Saheb bids farewell as Kerala's State Police Chief |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/sheikh-darvesh-sahib-bids-farewell-as-keralas-state-police-chief/ |work=The South First |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="NIE2024">{{cite news |title=Kerala government decides to extend tenure of police chief by a year |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/27/kerala-government-decides-to-extend-tenure-of-police-chief-by-a-year |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 June 2024 |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Mathrubhumi2024">{{cite news |title=Kerala govt extends tenure of State Police Chief Darvesh Saheb |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-govt-extends-tenure-of-state-police-chief-darvesh-saheb-01275b37 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2024 |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darvesh Saheb, Sheikh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:State Police Chiefs of Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. Keerthana

2026-05-06T17:08:19Z

MaricelaHamilton: added the post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''S. Keerthana''' (born 1996) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sivakasi]] in [[Virudhunagar district]] representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srimathi |first=Geetha |date=2026-05-04 |title=No wins for women candidates of DMK, BJP; TVK’s newcomers unseat veterans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/no-wins-for-women-candidates-of-dmk-bjp-tvks-newcomers-unseat-veterans/article70939678.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Keerthana is from Virudhunagar district. She is the daughter of Sampath.<ref name=":0" /> She completed her B.Sc. in mathematics at a college affiliated with Madurai University and later did M.Sc in statistics in 2019 at Pondicherry Central University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keerthana S, SIVAKASI constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/keerthana-s-1093/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1093|title=Keerthana S(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- SIVAKASI(VIRUDHUNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Keerthana became an MLA for the first time winning her debut [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sivakasi Assembly constituency]] representing the TVK Party. She polled 68,709 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Ashokan G of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,670 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Sivakasi election results 2026: Keerthana S of TVK wins, Congress’ Ashokan G finishes second |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sivakasi-election-results-2026-keerthana-s-of-tvk-wins-congress-ashokan-g-finishes-second/articleshow/130677981.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Sivakasi Election Result 2026 Live: TVK's Keerthana S defeats INC's Ashokan G with 11670 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sivakasi-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905881-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keerthana, S.}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]

Chief ministership of M. K. Stalin

2026-05-06T16:57:24Z

MaricelaHamilton: done

{{Short description|Government of Tamil Nadu 2021-2026}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = MKStalin.jpg
| caption = Stalin in 2022
| name = Ex Chief ministership of M. K. Stalin
| premier = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| premier_link = List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| official_url =
| term_start = 7 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| seat = [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| election = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| appointer = [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor]], [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| cabinet = [[M. K. Stalin ministry|Stalin ministry]]
}}
'''Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin''' has served as the 8th [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] from May 7, 2021 to May 5, 2026. He is the leader of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). During his tenure, the state government had implemented policies and programmes in the state such as economic development, infrastructure, social welfare, education, environmental sustainability, and administrative efficiency.

His tenure had included initiatives such as the Naan Mudhalvan Scheme for skill development, the Green Tamil Nadu Mission aimed at increasing the state’s green cover, and the Chief Minister's Breakfast Scheme to address child nutrition. The government had also introduced measures related to social justice, including appointment of individuals from various castes as temple priests.

== Economic policies ==
During [[M. K. Stalin|Stalin's]] tenure, according to data from the [[Reserve Bank of India]], Tamil Nadu recorded a nominal 16% growth in [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross State Domestic Product]] (GSDP) for the 2024–25 financial year. The GSDP at current prices increased to ₹31.19 lakh crore in 2024–25, compared with ₹26.89 lakh crore in the previous financial year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-17 |title=Robust fiscal management, visionary leadership drive T.N.’s economic growth: Thangam Thennarasu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/robust-fiscal-management-visionary-leadership-drive-tns-economic-growth-thangam-thennarasu/article70406555.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=Tamil Nadu at full throttle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-at-full-throttle/articleshow/125965943.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-12 |title=TN posts 16% nominal GSDP growth, widens lead over UP and Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Dec/12/tn-posts-16-nominal-gsdp-growth-widens-lead-over-up-and-karnataka |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The real GSDP growth rate for 2024–25 was 11.19%, marking the first time in 14 years that it exceeded 10%, and surpassing earlier estimates of 9.69%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After 14 years, Tamil Nadu records double-digit growth in real terms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-14-years-tamil-nadu-records-double-digit-growth-in-real-terms/article69897160.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806070849/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-14-years-tamil-nadu-records-double-digit-growth-in-real-terms/article69897160.ece |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Tamil Nadu posts 11.19% GSDP growth in 2024–25, only State to record double-digit rise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Aug/06/tamil-nadu-posts-1119-gsdp-growth-in-202425-only-state-to-record-double-digit-rise |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For 2025–26, the real GSDP growth rate was reported at 10.83%.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-04-28 |title=Tamil Nadu does it again with double-digit economic growth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-does-it-again-with-double-digit-economic-growth/article70913645.ece |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Significant investments were made in the Indian automotive sector in the years 2025 and 2026. In August 2025, the [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]] electric vehicle manufacturer [[VinFast]] inaugurated a new manufacturing plant in [[Thoothukudi]], with a reported investment of {{Currency|2|}} billion (₹16,000 crore).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=C. |date=2025-07-23 |title=CM Stalin to inaugurate Vietnamese EV plant on July 31 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/23/cm-stalin-to-inaugurate-vietnamese-ev-plant-on-july-31 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anirudh |date=2025-08-04 |title=VinFast’s first EV manufacturing plant in India inaugurated in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-inaugurates-india-first-vinfast-ev-manufacturing-plant-in-thoothukudi/article69892600.ece |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Subsequently, in February 2026, [[Tata Motors]] and [[Jaguar Land Rover]] inaugurated a multi-energy vehicle plant in [[Ranipet]], built at a cost of approximately <bdi>{{Currency|1.10|}} billion</bdi> (₹9,000 crore), for the production of both internal combustion engine and electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2026-02-09 |title=CM Stalin launches Rs 9,000-crore Tata Motors-Jaguar Land Rover plant in Ranipet |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cm-stalin-launches-rs-9000-crore-tata-motors-jaguar-land-rover-plant-in-ranipet |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M.K. Stalin inaugurates Tata Motors Passenger Vehicle JLR at Ranipet district in Panapakkam |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/mk-stalin-inaugurates-tata-motors-passenger-vehicle-jlr-at-ranipet-district-in-panapakkam20260209115622/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=NDTV |date=9 February 2026 |title=India set for its first fully made luxury electric SUV as Tata-JLR opens Rs 9,000 crore today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/india-set-for-its-first-fully-made-luxury-electric-suv-as-tata-jlr-opens-rs-9-000-crore-today-10972476 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Investment policy ===
During the financial year 2021 to 2023, the Tamil Nadu government reported attracting an investment of ₹9.74 lakh crore, alongside the creation of an estimated 31 lakh jobs across various industrial projects. According to the Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, the data for the annual survey of industries (2022-23) indicated that employment in the manufacturing sector increased by 7.5% during the period, with Tamil Nadu recorded as having the highest number of factories and industrial workers in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-03 |title=10 lakh crore worth investments attracted in 3 years: TN govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-attracts-10-lakh-crore-in-investments-and-31-lakh-jobs-in-three-years/articleshow/113915338.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu garnered Rs 9.74 trn investments, created 3.1 million jobs: CM |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/tamil-nadu-garnered-rs-9-74-trn-investments-created-3-1-million-jobs-cm-124082100497_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241014180008/https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/tamil-nadu-garnered-rs-9-74-trn-investments-created-3-1-million-jobs-cm-124082100497_1.html |archive-date=2024-10-14 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2024, the Government oF$f Tamil Nadu states that it has secured total investment commitments of approximately ₹10.27 lakh crore, with an estimated 32.33 lakh employment opportunities associated with these projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=897 MoUs fetched Rs 10L crore investments in four years: Tamil Nadu government |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/May/12/897-mous-fetched-rs-10l-crore-investments-in-four-years-tamil-nadu-government |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tidal Neo Park ===
The [[TIDEL Park|Tidal]] Neo Park is a small-scale information technology park, scheme announced in the Tamil Nadu 2021–22 state budget, aims to promote IT sector growth in the state’s Tier-II and Tier-III cities. Each Tidal Neo Park ranges from 50,000 to 100,000 sq ft in built-up area. The first park was inaugurated in [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]] in 2024, followed by facilities in [[Thanjavur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Ooty]] and the most recent park in [[Vellore]], inaugurated on 5 November 2025 at a cost of ₹32 crore. Each park is designed to accommodate 450–600 professionals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neo-Tidel Parks to come up in tier-2 and tier-3 Tamil Nadu cities, says CM Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neo-tidel-parks-to-come-up-in-tier-2-and-tier-3-tamil-nadu-cities-says-cm/article37645367.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123125305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neo-tidel-parks-to-come-up-in-tier-2-and-tier-3-tamil-nadu-cities-says-cm/article37645367.ece |archive-date=2021-11-23 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-23 |title=Stalin opens Neo Tidel Parks in Thanjavur, Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-opens-neo-tidel-parks-in-thanjavur-salem/articleshow/113602395.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Stalin opens Neo Tidel Park in Villupuram district |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/18/stalin-opens-neo-tidel-park-in-villupuram-district |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TNPSC Current Affairs {{!}} TNPSC Monthly Current Affairs |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/first-mini-tidel-park#:~:text=To%20promote%20growth%20of%20IT,Tamil%20Nadu%20budget%202023-2024. |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.tnpscthervupettagam.com}}</ref>

The parks provide modern office infrastructure for IT and ITeS companies and startups, with the objective of supporting local employment and reducing migration to larger urban centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu advances towards vision of distributed growth with slew of projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-advances-towards-vision-of-distributed-growth-with-slew-of-projects-3260269 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vision 2030 ===
Tamil Nadu is India's second largest economy, contributing 9.21% to the national [[Gross domestic product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP). For the year 2023–24, the state’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) was reported at approximately {{Currency|327|}} billion, equal to ₹27.22 lakh crore. The government has announced a long-term economic plan to transform the size of the state’s economy to 1 trillion US dollars by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025 |title=Full Document of Tamil Nadu First Economic Survey 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/69325492-Full-Document-of-Tamil-Nadu-first-Economic-Survey-2025.pdf |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chandrasekaran |first=B. |date=2025-10-29 |title=Tamil Nadu's bumpy road to $1-trillion economy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2025/Oct/29/tamil-nadus-bumpy-road-to-1-trillion-economy |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The vision, presented by Chief Minister M. K. Stalin, outlines objectives such as accelerating industrial development, strengthening the state’s role in global manufacturing unit, improving [[per capita income]] of the state. The currently per capita income is estimated at about {{Currency|3780|}}. The targeted economic expansion is projected to require sustained real economic growth in the range of 9% to 13% annually.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-27 |title=Will Tamil Nadu hit the $1-trillion mark by 2030? Growth says yes, math says maybe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/can-tamil-nadu-really-achieve-a-1-trillion-economy-by-2030/articleshow/124830683.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-09-10 |title=Centre's hurdles, deceptive politics won't stop Tamil Nadu's progress: MK Stalin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/mk-stalin-tamil-nadu-trillion-economy-by-2030-dravidian-model-federalism-nep-language-2785223-2025-09-10 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tamil Nadu's first agriculture budget ===
Stalin released Tamil Nadu's first ever agricultural budget on 14 August 2021, which was dedicated to farmers protesting against the farm laws passed by the Union Government. The one of a kind budget was prepared after consulting farmers from 18 districts of the state and it predominantly aimed at increasing the cultivable land from the existing 60 per cent to 75 per cent. At present, about 10 lakh hectares of land is under cultivation and the agriculture budget promises to increase it to 11.75 lakh hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=DMK government presents Tamil Nadu's first agriculture Budget |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-government-presents-tamil-nadu-s-first-agriculture-budget-1019687.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143846/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-government-presents-tamil-nadu-s-first-agriculture-budget-1019687.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Under the budget, the newly launched ‘Kalaignarin Anaithu Grama Orunginaindha Velan Valarchi Thittam’, has been introduced to convert wasteland into cultivable land.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Agricultural Development Plan |url=https://tamil.goodreturns.in/news/tamil-nadu-agriculture-budget-2021-kalaignar-integrated-agricultural-development-plan-024625.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143844/https://tamil.goodreturns.in/news/tamil-nadu-agriculture-budget-2021-kalaignar-integrated-agricultural-development-plan-024625.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Metro ===
Stalin's administration has prioritized infrastructure projects across the states in order to achieve a $1 trillion economy by 2030.<ref name=":3" /> The ''[[Chennai Metro Rail]] Phase II project'', consisting of a 118.9km route with 128 stations, was proposed by the State Government and expected to complete by 2027. However, in August 2024, the Central Government withdrew its funding for the project.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Entire cost of Chennai Metro Rail Phase II project will be with TN government: Nirmala Sitharaman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/entire-cost-of-chennai-metro-rail-phase-ii-project-will-be-with-tn-government-nirmala-sitharaman/article68671494.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922185137/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/entire-cost-of-chennai-metro-rail-phase-ii-project-will-be-with-tn-government-nirmala-sitharaman/article68671494.ece |archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-09 |title=Tamil Nadu govt will bear cost for Chennai metro phase-2: Minister in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-govt-will-bear-cost-for-chennai-metro-phase-2-minister-in-parliament/articleshow/112390420.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After follow-up from the State government, the central government has approved the project in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Cabinet approves ₹63246 crore worth phase II project of Chennai Metro Rail |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/union-cabinet-approves-63246-crore-worth-phase-ii-project-of-chennai-metro-rail/113923573 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PMIndia‑ChennaiMetroPhaseII">{{cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Cabinet approves Chennai Metro Rail Project Phase II comprising three corridors – (i) Madhavaram to SIPCOT, (ii) Light House to Poonamallee Bypass and (iii) Madhavaram to Sholinganallur |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-chennai-metro-rail-project-phase-ii-comprising-three-corridors-i-madhavaram-to-sipcot-ii-light-house-to-poonamallee-bypass-and-iii-madhavaram-to-sholinganallur/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=Prime Minister of India}}</ref>

In the 2023–24 Tamil Nadu state budget, the state government proposed metro rail projects for [[Coimbatore Metro|Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai Metro|Madurai]], allocating ₹9,000 crore and ₹8,500 crore respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-03-20 |title=TN Budget: Metro rail projects for Coimbatore and Madurai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-budget-metro-rail-projects-coimbatore-and-madurai-174811 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-03-20 |title=T.N. Budget {{!}} Coimbatore, Madurai to get Metro Rail services |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-budget-coimbatore-madurai-to-get-metro-rail-services/article66641390.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2023-03-20 |title='Ezhilmigu Kovai' 'Maa Madurai' in TN Budget: Details here |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ezhilmigu-kovai-maa-madurai-in-tn-budget-details-here |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref> The proposals were subsequently returned by the Union Government of India, which cited the population of both cities as being below 20 lakh, in accordance with the criteria outlined in the Metro Rail Policy. The Government of Tamil Nadu expressed concerns regarding what it described as an uneven application of the policy, noting that metro rail projects had been approved for other cities, including [[Agra Metro|Agra]], [[Patna Metro|Patna]], and [[Bhoj Metro|Bhopal]], despite their populations being below the same threshold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Why Madurai and Coimbatore didn’t get Centre's Metro approval — and how smaller cities did |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tamilnadu-metro-policy-madurai-coimbatore-centre-rejection-qw0p0b2t |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-11-18 |title=Centre rejects metro projects for Coimbatore, Madurai citing low population: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-rejects-metro-rail-project-for-coimbatore-chennai-citing-low-population-sources-2821857-2025-11-18 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDTVMetroRejection">{{cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=MK Stalin Slams Centre Over Metro Rejection for Madurai, Coimbatore, BJP Counters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-slams-centre-over-metro-rejection-for-madurai-coimbatore-bjp-counters-9666014 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=NDTV |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Airports ===
''Parandur Greenfield Airport,'' located near [[Chennai]], was proposed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in August 2022, considering the existing [[Chennai International Airport]] at Meenambakkam is operating near its capacity limits and lacks modern infrastructure, making it difficult to accommodate the increasing passenger and cargo traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=DMK urges Central Government for site clearance of new Greenfield Airport in Chennai |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-dmk-urges-central-government-for-site-clearance-of-new-greenfield-airport-in-chennai-3542635/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaitanya |first=SV Krishna |date=2024-07-23 |title=Centre gives nod for site clearance for new airport in Tamil Nadu's Parandur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jul/23/centre-gives-nod-for-site-clearance-for-new-airport-in-tamil-nadus-parandur |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Land acquisition already commenced, and the construction expected to start late 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Parandur airport land process picks up pace, government acquires 1,000 acres |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/parandur-airport-land-process-picks-up-pace-government-acquires-1000-acres-852078 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=Centre issues ToR for Parandur airport; valid for four years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Sep/10/centre-issues-tor-for-parandur-airport-valid-for-four-years |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title=TN to compensate AAI if Parandur airport is operational before footfalls at city airport rise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-to-compensate-aai-if-parandur-airport-is-operational-before-footfalls-at-city-airport-rise/articleshow/121447182.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 27 June 2024, Stalin made a ''suo motu'' statement in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] proposing the construction of a new international airport at [[Hosur]]. The proposed airport was planned to be developed over an area of about 2,000 acres and designed to handle approximately 30 million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin announces International airport at Hosur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-announces-international-airport-at-hosur/articleshow/111308165.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Location identified for Hosur airport, says Tamil Nadu CM Stalin |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/hosur-airport-location-identified-in-krishnagiri-mk-stalin-3723818 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-06-27 |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin announces international airport at Hosur |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-international-airport-at-hosur |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=T.N. Assembly: CM Stalin announces international airport at Hosur; Kalaignar library in Tiruchi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-international-airport-at-hosur-kalaignar-library-in-tiruchi/article68339298.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627115626/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-international-airport-at-hosur-kalaignar-library-in-tiruchi/article68339298.ece |archive-date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> On 18 January 2026, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Ministry of Defence]] rejected the Tamil Nadu government’s request to establish an airport at Hosur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=2026-01-17 |title=T.N. government faces setback as Defence Ministry rejects proposal to set up airport in Hosur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-government-faces-setback-as-defence-ministry-rejects-proposal-to-set-up-airport-in-hosur/article70519070.ece |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-01-20 |title=‘Centre denying nod to Hosur airport no surprise’: Industries Minister TRB Rajaa |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/20/centre-denying-nod-to-hosur-airport-no-surprise-industries-minister-trb-rajaa |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2026-01-18 |title=Defence Ministry refuses clearance for Hosur airport project over airspace concerns |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/defence-ministry-refuses-clearance-for-hosur-airport-project-over-airspace-concerns |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

=== Urban and rural road works ===
Tamil Nadu has about 1.38 lakh km of rural and panchayat roads. As of mid-2024, government has completed 8,120 km of these roads had been improved, and a proposal for improving 10,000 km has been allocated a budget of ₹4,000 crore, with the work expected to be completed in two years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Rs 4,000 crore for developing 10,000 km of rural roads in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/25/rs-4000-crore-for-developing-10000-km-of-rural-roads-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin announces development of additional 10,000 km rural roads |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-development-of-additional-10000-km-rural-roads-900628 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-22 |title=Udhayanidhi distributes bicycles to 771 Class 11 govt school students |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/udhayanidhi-distributes-bicycles-to-771-class-11-govt-school-students-854049 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=CM Stalin inaugurates Rs 1.2K-crore worth projects across TN |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Nov/02/cm-stalin-inaugurates-rs-12k-crore-worth-projects-across-tn |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In addition, the government has completed the construction of high-level bridges, conversion of causeways into bridges, upgradation of major state highways and expressways, development of ring roads and bypasses, and modernization of major bus stands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Two G.O.s issued for road projects worth Rs 7,430 crore in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/08/two-gos-issued-for-road-projects-worth-rs-7430-crore-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=CM Stalin accords greater importance to developing south TN, says minister Velu |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cm-stalin-accords-greater-importance-to-developing-south-tn-says-minister-velu-810611 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=11,872 km of roads in Tamil Nadu will be relaid before 2026, says CM Stalin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/11872-km-of-roads-in-tamil-nadu-will-be-relaid-before-2026-says-cm-stalin/articleshow/111627494.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=CM Stalin inaugurates Rs 1.2K-crore worth projects across TN |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Nov/02/cm-stalin-inaugurates-rs-12k-crore-worth-projects-across-tn |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2025, an [[G. D. Naidu Elevated Expressway|elevated four-lane flyover expressway]] on [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]] in [[Coimbatore]] was inaugurated. The structure is {{Convert|10.10|km|mi|abbr=unit}} long and {{Convert|17.25|m|ft|abbr=unit}} wide, and was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|16.21|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-09 |title=Coimbatore G.D Naidu flyover inauguration: CM Stalin opens Tamil Nadu’s longest 10.1-km flyover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-cm-stalin-opens-10-km-gd-naidu-flyover-in-coimbatore-city/article70143112.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In December 2025, a four-lane flyover at the Melamadai junction in Madurai was inaugurated. The flyover was officially named after named after freedom fighter [[Velu Nachiyar]], it is {{Convert|1.00|km|mi|abbr=unit}} long and was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|1.5|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-06 |title=Melamadai flyover in Madurai to be named after freedom fighter Velu Nachiyar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/melamadai-flyover-in-madurai-to-be-named-after-freedom-fighter-velu-nachiyar/article70365043.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Bus terminus ===
Between 2021 and 2026, the Government of Tamil Nadu, under Chief Minister Stalin, undertook the development and inauguration of several bus terminus and transport infrastructure projects across the state. These included the [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kalaignar Centenary Bus Terminus]] in Kilambakkam, Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Stalin inaugurates Kalaignar Centenary Bus Terminus in Chennai |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-stalin-inaugurates-kalaignar-centenary-bus-terminus-in-chennai20231230115728/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli|Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus]] in Tiruchirappalli,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-10 |title=Tiruchy heart of TN, govt invested Rs 26K crore in four years, says CM Stalin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/May/10/tiruchy-heart-of-tn-govt-invested-rs-26k-crore-in-four-years-says-cm-stalin |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> new bus stands at [[Ramanathapuram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin inaugurates projects worth Rs 737.88 crore, provides welfare assistance worth Rs 4268 crore |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs-73788-crore-provides-welfare-assistance-worth-rs-4268-crore20251003105549/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> and [[Mayiladuthurai new bus station|Mayiladuthurai]],<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-03-13 |title=Chief Minister inaugurates new bus stand in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/chief-minister-inaugurates-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article70739200.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and an [[Central Bus Station, Erode|Integrated Solar Bus Stand]], Erode.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-24 |title=CM Stalin to inaugurate Solar bus terminal in Erode on November 26 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/cm-stalin-to-inaugurate-solar-bus-terminal-in-erode-on-november-26/article70316799.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In addition, renovation and modernization works were carried out at existing bus stands, including the Periyar Bus Stand in [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2021-12-08 |title=Stalin inaugurates bus stands in Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur under Smart City project |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/stalin-inaugurates-bus-stands-in-madurai-tirunelveli-thanjavur---under-smart-city-project |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

== Law and order ==

=== Case withdrawals ===
On 24 Jun 2021, [[M. K. Stalin|Stalin]] announced the withdrawn of 5,570 cases that had been filed during the previous [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] led government between 2011 and 2021 against journalists, media personnel, and protesters. According to the data these cases were relate to [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|Farm Bill protest]] 2831 cases, [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA protestors]] 2282 cases, [[Kaveri delta coal-bed methane project|Methane, neutrino]], and Salem expressway projects protestors 405 cases, [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Koodankulam nuclear]] protest 26 cases and Media personnel 26 cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Govt Withdraws 5,570 Cases Against Journalists, Protestors |url=https://thewire.in/rights/tamil-nadu-govt-withdraws-5570-cases-against-journalists-protestors |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Tamil Nadu govt withdraws 5,570 cases filed against protestors since 2011 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-govt-withdraws-5-570-cases-filed-against-protestors-since-2011-101631894425996.html |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=TN Government withdraws 5,570 cases against protestors of controversial projects, CAA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-government-withdraws-5570-cases-against-protestors-of-controversial-projects-caa/article36446419.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914153755/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-government-withdraws-5570-cases-against-protestors-of-controversial-projects-caa/article36446419.ece |archive-date=2021-09-14 |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Crime reduction statistics ===
On 20 March 2025, during the Tamil Nadu assembly session, Stalin responded to the leader of Leader of Opposition [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], and stated that the state recorded 1,540 murders in 2024 making the lowest in the past 12 years. He compared the statics with the previous AIADMK period noting that 1,943 murders in 2012, 1927 murders in 2020, and 1661 murders were reported in 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news |title=T.N. saw 1,540 murders in 2024, lowest in 12 years: CM Stalin in Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-saw-1540-murders-in-2024-lowest-in-12-years-cm-stalin-in-assembly/article69352952.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322120813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-saw-1540-murders-in-2024-lowest-in-12-years-cm-stalin-in-assembly/article69352952.ece |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Tamil Nadu recorded lowest number of murders in 12 years in 2024: CM Stalin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Mar/21/tamil-nadu-recorded-lowest-number-of-murders-in-12-years-in-2024-cm-stalin |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=TN Assembly: CM MK Stalin says murder numbers at an all time low under DMK |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-cm-mk-stalin-says-murder-numbers-at-an-all-time-low-under-dmk |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Major Welfare Schemes ==

=== Zero-Ticket Bus Travel scheme for women ===
The free bus travel scheme for women in Tamil Nadu, titled ''Magalir Vidiyal Payanam'' ''in Tamil'' (also referred to as the Zero-Ticket Bus Travel scheme), was launched on 7 May 2021 by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Tamil Nadu launches free bus travel for women's empowerment |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/gender/free-rides-women-empowerment-tamil-nadu-bus-ticket-scheme-critical-evaluation/article34793039.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> The scheme provides free travel for women on ordinary government operated city and town buses across the state of Tamil nadu.<ref name=":0" /> Reports by the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission in 2022 noted that beneficiaries recorded monthly savings in the range of ₹400–₹800.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title='Women saved 888 a month through free bus rides' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/women-saved-888-a-month-through-free-bus-rides/articleshow/121146626.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A government update released in May 2025 estimated the average monthly savings at around ₹888.<ref name=":1" />

As of October 2024, the average rides 57 lacks women travelling and benefited by this scheme daily.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title='57 lakh women benefit from Magalir Vidiyal Payanam daily' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Nov/24/57-lakh-women-benefit-from-magalir-vidiyal-payanam-daily |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> By May 2025, the total number of zero-ticket rides recorded under the scheme reached approximately 682.02 crore, reflecting a significant increase since its introduction.<ref name=":1" /> Similar free bus travel initiatives for women have also been introduced in other Indian states, including Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2025-08-17 |title=Free Bus Travel For Women In Entire Nation? |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/andhra-news/free-bus-travel-for-women-in-entire-nation-148521 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pudhumai Penn ===
Stalin launched the Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar Higher Education Assurance scheme titled 'Pudhumai Penn' at a function in [[Chennai]] on 5 September 2022, in the presence of [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Delhi chief minister]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]]. The scheme was transformed from Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar Memorial Marriage Assistance Scheme to the Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar Higher Education Assurance Scheme after recognising that in higher education, the enrolment ratio of girls from government schools was quite low. During the event Kejriwal unveiled 26 schools of excellence and 15 model schools set up by the Tamil Nadu government. Under Pudhumai Penn scheme, girl students, who studied from Class VI to Class XII in state government schools would be paid a monthly assistance of ₹1,000 till they complete their graduation or diploma. Through the scheme, about six lakh girls would be benefited every year. The state government allocated ₹698 crore in the 2022–23 budget for the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar Higher Education Assurance Scheme - Home |url=https://penkalvi.tn.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002035445/https://penkalvi.tn.gov.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=penkalvi.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

Stalin also announced that 25 schools run by municipal corporations would be elevated as Schools of Excellence in the first phase at a cost of ₹171 crore. The classrooms in these Schools of Excellence would be modernised and art, literature, music, dance, sports among others would be promoted among students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Pudhumai Penn scheme launch in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chief Ministers Stalin, Kejriwal share dais |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudhumai-penn-scheme-launch-chief-ministers-stalin-kejriwal-share-dais/article65852744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudhumai-penn-scheme-launch-chief-ministers-stalin-kejriwal-share-dais/article65852744.ece |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Tamil Pudhalvan ===
Following the launch of the Pudhumai Penn scheme, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced the ''Tamil Pudhalavan'' scheme on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-08 |title=CM Stalin to launch Tamil Pudhalvan scheme to benefit boys of government schools |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-stalin-to-launch-tamil-pudhalvan-scheme-to-benefit-boys-of-government-schools/article68502602.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The scheme, titled as a Higher Education Assurance initiative for boys, provides financial assistance of ₹1,000 per month to male students who studied in Classes VI to XII in State-run schools and subsequently enrol in higher education programmes. The government has estimated that approximately 3.28 lakh students will benefit from the scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Tamil Pudhalvan scheme to be launched in August 2024: CM Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-pudhalvan-scheme-to-be-launched-in-august-cm-stalin/article68288591.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Rs 360 cr allocated for Tamil Pudhalvan, 3.28L to benefit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jul/26/rs-360-cr-allocated-for-tamil-pudhalvan-328l-to-benefit |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kalaignar Women's Rights Grant Scheme ===
The Kalaignar Women's Rights Grant Scheme, titled ''Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam'' ''in Tamil,'' is a welfare programme of the Government of Tamil Nadu, launched on 15 September 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-15 |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin launches Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam in Kancheepuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-launches-kalaignar-magalir-urimai-thittam-in-kancheepuram/article67310529.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The scheme provides ₹1,000 per month to eligible women with the stated objective of recognising unpaid household labour and supporting economic independence. Women aged 21 years and above are eligible if their annual household income is below ₹2.5 lakh and if they satisfy prescribed limits relating to land ownership and electricity consumption. The financial assistance is transferred directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts. Exclusions under the scheme include regular government employees, income-tax payers, and pensioners.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2023-07-15 |title=T.N. will be the third State to implement a basic income scheme for women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-will-be-the-third-state-to-implement-a-basic-income-scheme-for-women/article67083804.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

During the initial application phase, the government received 1.63 crore applications, of which 1.06 crore were approved following eligibility verification. In November 2023, a further 7.35 lakh women were added after an appeals process. As of 2025, the number of beneficiaries stands at 1.15 crore, including 14,246 women from Sri Lankan Tamil refugee families.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam |url=https://spc.tn.gov.in/kalaignar-magalir-urimai-thittam/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

A survey conducted by the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission in June–July 2025 examined the scheme’s impact across districts. According to the assessment, many beneficiaries reported spending the financial assistance primarily on food, with others allocating funds toward medicines, children's education, and savings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-14 |title='Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam' helps beneficiaries buy food, medicines: State Planning Commission report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalaignar-magalir-urimai-thittam-helps-beneficiaries-with-food-medicines-and-children-education-state-planning-commission-report/article70161963.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamilarasu |first=Prabhakar |date=2025-10-16 |title=Food security & wider safety net—TN planning body says govt's financial aid is making women self-reliant |url=https://theprint.in/india/food-security-wider-safety-net-tn-planning-body-says-govts-financial-aid-is-making-women-self-reliant/2764945/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=AIADMK stages protest against DMK govt over alleged irregularities in SIR exercise |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/national/aiadmk-stages-protest-against-dmk-govt-over-alleged-irregularities-in-sir-exercise-853826 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tamil Nadu assured pension scheme ===
In January 2026, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced the Tamil Nadu Assured Pension Scheme (TAPS) for state government employees and teachers. The scheme was introduced in response to demands from employee associations seeking the restoration of benefits similar to those provided under the [[Old Pension Scheme]] (OPS). TAPS guarantees a pension equivalent to 50% of the employee’s last-drawn salary. Under the scheme, employees contribute 10% of their salary, while the state government contributes the remaining amount. The pension amount is subject to revision through biannual increases in Dearness Allowance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2026-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu’s new pension scheme broadly follows the guidelines of Old Pension Scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-governments-new-pension-scheme-broadly-follows-the-guidelines-of-old-pension-scheme/article70468074.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu launches assured pension scheme for government employees |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-new-assured-pension-scheme-for-govt-employees-3850371 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=2026-01-04 |title=TN CM Stalin announces Assured Pension Scheme; to be implemented in 2027 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2026/Jan/04/tn-cm-stalin-announces-assured-pension-scheme-to-be-implemented-in-2027 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and Youth Development ==

=== Chief Minister's Breakfast Scheme ===
Stalin launched the ‘Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme’ on 15 September 2022 to prevent hunger and [[nutritional deficiency]] in children. The scheme is set to improve the nutritional status of students, eliminate deficiencies such as malnutrition and [[anaemia]], and encourage children in poor households to attend schools.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=20 September 2022 |title=Why the Stalin government's 'Breakfast Scheme' for schoolchildren is an inspiring model |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003152923/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The cause of concern for anemia among children as a major health problem in Tamil Nadu was highlighted in the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS) (2019–21) report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NFHS-5reports |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134447/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Stalin's Breakfast Scheme is set to minimise, if not eliminate, this inadequacy. The breakfast scheme will be implemented at a cost of ₹33.56 crore in more than 1,500 government-run schools across the state where over 1.14 lakh primary government school children will benefit from it. It is Stalin's hope that the education-nutrition matrix will be an inspiring model for other states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=Free Breakfast Scheme |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-launches-free-breakfast-scheme-for-govt-school-children-101663235272862.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-launches-free-breakfast-scheme-for-govt-school-children-101663235272862.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 15 July 2024, marking the birth anniversary of former Chief Minister [[K. Kamaraj]], the Government of Tamil Nadu extended the scheme to 3,995 rural government-aided schools, benefiting approximately 223,000 additional students. By August 2025, the scheme was further expanded to include 2,430 urban aided schools, covering around 305,000 more students. With these extensions, the total number of beneficiaries reached more than 2.05 million students in Classes I to V across government and government-aided primary schools. Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] stated that the initiative represented “not just a meal, but an investment in the future of Tamil Nadu's students.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=CM Stalin's breakfast scheme: How Tamil Nadu is ensuring no child goes to school hungry |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/cm-stalins-breakfast-scheme-how-tamil-nadu-is-ensuring-no-child-goes-to-school-hungry-yf4yki7k |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Breakfast scheme to benefit over 20 lakh students after expansion: CM Stalin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/breakfast-scheme-to-benefit-over-20-lakh-students-after-expansion-cm-stalin/articleshow/123481166.cms |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Laptop distribution programme for college students ===
On 5 January 2026, Tamil Nadu government announced the launch of the first phase of a free laptop distribution scheme for state-run college students. The programme, titled ''Ulagam Ungal Kaiyil'' (Tamil for “The World is in Your Hands”), aims to support student's access to digital learning tools. According to the announcement, the scheme envisages the distribution of a total of 20 lakh laptops. In the first phase, 10 lakh laptops are to be distributed. The state government has allocated ₹2,000 crore for the initiative in the current financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-06 |title=TN CM Stalin launches laptop scheme for college students |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/tn-cm-stalin-launches-laptop-scheme-for-college-students-101767670689155.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-05 |title=Tamil Nadu rolls out free laptop scheme for 20 lakh college students, CM Stalin says 'it is not a gift, but an opportunity to rule the world' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-rolls-out-free-laptop-scheme-aims-to-train-youth-in-ai-20-lakh-students-to-get-devices/articleshow/126354891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

While launching the programme, Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] stated that the laptop scheme was intended as an investment in education for the students, rather than a welfare expenditure, and described it as an opportunity to equip students with skills for the future of the students and the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=10 lakh laptops, AI access & free software: Did you know about TN’s ‘Ulagam Ungal Kaiyil’? |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/ulagam-ungal-kaiyil-scheme-10-lakh-laptops-tamil-nadu-kvczu5z1 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin launches distribution of free laptops to college students across State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-launches-distribution-of-free-laptops-to-college-students-across-state/article70475144.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107120340/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-launches-distribution-of-free-laptops-to-college-students-across-state/article70475144.ece |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu had previously implemented a free laptop scheme in 2011 under the AIADMK government led by then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. That programme provided laptops to students studying in Class 12 in government schools and to students enrolled in state-run colleges. The scheme saw a decline in implementation towards the later years of the AIADMK administration and was discontinued during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2025 |title=TN Budget 2025: State allocates Rs 2,000 crores for free laptop scheme, 20 lakh college students to benefit in two years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Mar/14/tn-budget-2025-state-allocates-rs-2000-crores-for-free-laptop-scheme-20-lakh-college-students-to-benefit-in-two-years |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=The New Indian Express Group |location=Chennai}}</ref>

=== Illam Thedi Kalvi ===
Stalin launched the ‘Illam Thedi Kalvi’ scheme on 19 October 2021, notably India's largest volunteer-based education program”, where over 3.3 million students across 92,000 habitations are being taught by 200,000 women volunteers for 90 minutes every day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இல்லம் தேடிக் கல்வி - Illam Thedi Kalvi |url=https://illamthedikalvi.tnschools.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016175550/https://illamthedikalvi.tnschools.gov.in/ |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=இல்லம் தேடிக் கல்வி - Illam Thedi Kalvi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Illam Thedi Kalvi: A booster shot for post-Covid education |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/illam-thedi-kalvi-a-booster-shot-for-post-covid-education.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004173857/https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/illam-thedi-kalvi-a-booster-shot-for-post-covid-education.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=Ideas For India |language=en}}</ref>

Domain experts and Data scientists have praised the ingenuity of the scheme stating that over 24% of the total recovery from learning loss can be attributed to the ‘Illam Thedi Kalvi’ sessions and that the recovery has been a lot more progressive among the disadvantaged group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illam Thedi Kalvi |url=https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/COVID-19_Learning_Loss_Recovery_Panel_Data_Evidence_India.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134446/https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/COVID-19_Learning_Loss_Recovery_Panel_Data_Evidence_India.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Naan Mudhalvan ===
Stalin launched the ‘Naan Mudhalvan’ scheme on 1 March 2022; this aims to equip about 10 lakh youth across the State annually with skills that will help them realise their talents for the benefit of the country. He also launched a new portal for this scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Mudhalvan |url=https://naanmudhalvan.tnschools.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004222143/https://naanmudhalvan.tnschools.gov.in/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=naanmudhalvan.tnschools.gov.in}}</ref> The scheme aims to identify, train and offer career and academic guidance to talented students in government-run and State-aided educational institutions. It also aims to offer spoken English lessons to enable students to face interview panels successfully. The scheme will offer training capsules in coding and robotics to keep pace with technological advancements. Psychological counsellors and medical doctors will offer guidance on nutrition, physical fitness and overall development of the student's personality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Chief Minister inaugurates 'Naan Mudhalvan' scheme for students |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-inaugurates-naan-mudhalvan-scheme-for-students/article65143960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143844/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-inaugurates-naan-mudhalvan-scheme-for-students/article65143960.ece |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== <bdi>Mudhalvar Padaippagam</bdi> ===
Muthalvar Padaippagam, also known as Tamil Nadu Learning Centre is a government-run network of co-working spaces and modern libraries launched by Chief Minister M. K. Stalin in 2024 to support entrepreneurs, start-ups, and exam-preparing students. Each centre offers well-equipped facilities including meeting rooms, conference halls, learning areas, and low-cost rented desk spaces. As of 2026, sixteen such learning centres are operational across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2025-06-01 |title=Muthalvar Padaippagam, a co-working space, helps budding businessmen in Tamil Nadu cut cost |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/muthalvar-padaippagam-a-co-working-space-helps-the-budding-businessmen-cut-cost/article69646303.ece |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-15 |title=CM inaugurates modernised Periyar Nagar library and co-working hub in Kolathur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-stalin-inaugurates-modernised-library-with-co-working-hub/article70279596.ece |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Start-up Boost: Mudhalvar Padaippagam Offers Co-Working Desks at Rs 50 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/mudhalvar-padaippagam-offers-budget-friendly-work-and-study-spaces-in-tamil-nadus-kolathur-3558151 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kalaignar Centenary Library ===
On 15 July 2023, the [[Kalaignar Centenary Library]] in [[Madurai]] city was inaugurated by Stalin. The government-run library was established with an investment of ₹218 crore (approximately US$24 million). It consists of a basement, ground floor, and six additional floors, with a total built-up area of {{Convert|218000|sqft|m2|abbr=unit}}, with 3.64lakh books. The facility includes a conference hall, a multipurpose hall, and a library studio. The library is designed to serve a wide range of users, including children, students, researchers, job seekers, women, senior citizens, and persons with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-07-05 |title=Kalaignar Centenary Library in Madurai to be inaugurated on July 15: T.N. Minister E.V. Velu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kalaignar-centenary-library-in-madurai-to-be-inaugurated-on-education-development-day-tn-minister/article67044375.ece |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-01 |title=‘Kalaignar library got 10 lakh visitors in a year’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/kalaignar-library-attracts-10-lakh-visitors-in-a-year/articleshow/112180475.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2025-11-23 |title=Madurai’s Kalaignar Centenary Library to get tech upgrade |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/madurai-kalaignar-centenary-library-to-get-advanced-it-upgrade-854153 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

== Governance and Administratation ==

=== Ungal Thoguthiyil Mudhalamaichar ===
One of the key achievements of [[M. K. Stalin|Stalin]] as the Chief Minister is the 'Ungal Thoguthiyil Mudhalamaichar'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grievances {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/ta/grievance |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=www.tn.gov.in |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113654/https://www.tn.gov.in/ta/grievance |url-status=live }}</ref> (Chief Minister in your Constituency), which is a robust grievance redressal service set up to resolve petitions and problems raised by the constituents. The timely redressal system took the state by storm as over 2.30 lakh out of 4.57 lakh grievances had been addressed by Stalin in his first 100 days of taking office.

The department originated from a programme 'Ungal Thoguthiyil Stalin', which was initiated by DMK President Stalin during his election campaign. Stalin had collected grievances from the citizens and assured them that their issues would be addressed in 100 days once he took office. Experts and journalist Govi Lenin called the scheme a direct reflection of the DMK's core principle, 'Makkalidam Sel' (Go to the People) coined by the party's founding member, C. N. Annadurai.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Julie Mariappan |date=3 June 2021 |title=3,750 grievances redressed under DMK govt's Ungal Thoguthiyil Muthalamaichar scheme {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/3750-grievances-redressed-under-dmk-govts-ungal-thoguthiyil-muthalamaichar-scheme/articleshow/83202223.cms |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/3750-grievances-redressed-under-dmk-govts-ungal-thoguthiyil-muthalamaichar-scheme/articleshow/83202223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Chief Minister's Dashboard ===
Stalin launched the ‘CM Dashboard Monitoring System’ at his office.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Julie Mariappan |date=23 December 2021 |title=CM MK Stalin to launch dashboard today to access real-time data on Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cm-mk-stalin-to-launch-dashboard-today-to-access-real-time-data-on-tamil-nadu/articleshow/88442861.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cm-mk-stalin-to-launch-dashboard-today-to-access-real-time-data-on-tamil-nadu/articleshow/88442861.cms |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 23 December 2021 which will enable him to track all [[Welfare schemes in India|Welfare schemes]], including the status of their implementation, fund allocation and the number of beneficiaries. The dashboard is set to help in proper monitoring, more efficiency, elimination of delays and prompt decision making. It will also update the Chief Minister on the water storage level in key dams, rainfall patterns, daily report on crimes, progress of housing schemes, employment trends, civil supplies in the State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Stalin launches CM Dashboard for faster governance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/stalin-launches-cm-dashboard-for-faster-governance-1063981.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143843/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/stalin-launches-cm-dashboard-for-faster-governance-1063981.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The dashboard will display the status of pleas and representations made on the Chief Minister Helpline and under the ‘CM In Your Constituency’ scheme.

== Health Initiatives ==

=== Innuyir Kappom - Nammai Kakkum 48 ===
Stalin launched ‘Innuyir Kappom-Nammai Kakkum 48’ on 18 November 2021 through which the State government will bear the expenses of emergency care for accident victims for the first 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2021 |title=Assembly Speaker M. Appavu inaugurates 'Nammai Kaakkum 48' scheme in Tirunelveli |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/assembly-speaker-m-appavu-inaugurates-nammai-kaakkum-48-scheme-in-tirunelveli/article37986238.ece |access-date=10 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143842/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/assembly-speaker-m-appavu-inaugurates-nammai-kaakkum-48-scheme-in-tirunelveli/article37986238.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Rolling out the scheme at Stalin said that the government was paying special attention to reducing road accidents, preventing fatalities and improving road safety. The scheme is aimed at reducing deaths due to road accidents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu launches emergency care scheme |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-launches-emergency-care-scheme/article37987793.ece |access-date=10 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-launches-emergency-care-scheme/article37987793.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 609 hospitals including 201 government hospitals and 408 private hospitals are linked to the scheme. All persons injured in road accidents whether they are covered or not under the Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS), or even those who belong to other States or countries that occur in Tamil Nadu limits would receive treatment for the first 48 hours free of charge. As many as 81 treatment packages have been identified for accident victims in the hospitals where they shall be admitted for the first 48 hours with a ceiling of ₹1 lakh per individual. One of the key highlights of the scheme is that the government would bear the emergency treatment expenses for the first 48 hours in private hospitals, as majority of the lives could be saved if treated appropriately within 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme |url=https://www.cmchistn.com/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=www.cmchistn.com |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143844/https://www.cmchistn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital ===
On 15 Jun 2023, Stalin Inaugurated the [[Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital]] at [[Guindy]], [[Chennai]]. The hospital is a government-run healthcare facility established with an investment of ₹230 crore - ₹380 crore. It has a capacity of 1,000 beds and provides advanced medical services free of cost under the Chief Minister's Comprehensive Medical Insurance Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jane |first=Sinduja |date=2024-03-12 |title=Chennai: Lack of access ails new hospitals at King Institute campus in Guindy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Mar/12/chennai-lack-of-access-ails-new-hospitals-at-king-institute-campus-in-guindy |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-06-15 |title=Kalaignar centenary hospital marks one year of medical service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kalaignar-centenary-hospital-marks-one-year-of-medical-service/article68293988.ece |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Environmental Sustainability ==

=== Green Tamil Nadu Mission ===
Stalin launched the Green Tamil Nadu Mission <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greentnmission |url=http://www.greentrmission.com/}}</ref> on 24 September 2022, that aims at increasing the green cover in the state from 23.7% to 33% in the next ten years. The mission will facilitate [[tree planting]] initiatives, online seedlings purchase via the Green Tamil Nadu Mission portal.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=24 September 2022 |title=CM MK Stalin launches Green TN Mission, urges people to join hands |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cm-mk-stalin-launches-green-tn-mission-urges-people-to-join-hands-122092400642_1.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113650/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cm-mk-stalin-launches-green-tn-mission-urges-people-to-join-hands-122092400642_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2024, under the Green Tamil Nadu Mission, the mangrove cover in Tamil Nadu increased from approximately {{Convert|45|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} in 2021 to about {{Convert|90|km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}}. The expansion occurred over a three-year period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=State mangrove cover doubles in three years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-mangrove-cover-doubles-in-3-years/articleshow/112614257.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=World Mangrove Day: Tamil Nadu’s renewed efforts add nearly 3,000 hectares of mangroves in three years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/world-mangrove-day-tamil-nadus-renewed-efforts-add-nearly-3000-hectares-of-mangroves-in-three-years-chennai/article69855738.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726062708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/world-mangrove-day-tamil-nadus-renewed-efforts-add-nearly-3000-hectares-of-mangroves-in-three-years-chennai/article69855738.ece |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Governing Council on Climate Change ===
Stalin set up a 22-member Tamil Nadu Governing Council on [[Climate change|Climate Change]] (GCCC) on 23 October 2022. Montek Singh Ahluwalia, economist; Nandan M Nilekani, co-founder and chairman of Infosys Board; [[Erik Solheim]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://twitter.com/eriksolheim/status/1584010980849483776 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208133922/https://twitter.com/eriksolheim/status/1584010980849483776 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Sixth Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme; Dr Ramesh Ramachandran, founder-director of National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management; G Sundarrajan, co-ordinator of Poovulagin Nanbargal) and Nirmala Raja, Chairperson, Ramco Community Services are among the members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Stalin to head new climate change council in TN |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/23/stalinto-head-new-climate-change-council-in-tn-2511037.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028044720/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/23/stalinto-head-new-climate-change-council-in-tn-2511037.html |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The GCCC council has been formed to provide a policy directive to the Tamil Nadu Climate Change Mission, advise on climate [[climate change adaptation|adaptation]] and mitigation activities, provide guidance to the Tamil Nadu State Action Plan on climate change and guide the implementation strategy on climate action.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=T.N. sets up Governing Council on Climate Change; ropes in Montek Singh Ahluwalia and Nandan Nilekani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-sets-up-governing-council-on-climate-change-ropes-in-montek-singh-ahluwalia-and-nandan-nilekani/article66045291.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028044716/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-sets-up-governing-council-on-climate-change-ropes-in-montek-singh-ahluwalia-and-nandan-nilekani/article66045291.ece |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The terms of reference of the GCCC includes providing guidance to the Climate Change Mission and long-term climate-resilient development pathways, strategies and action plan which will help improve livelihoods, social and economic well-being and responsible [[environmental management]].

The council will periodically monitor outcomes and deliverables based on the strategies being followed. Besides, it will give a continued and sustained push for research, collaboration, and interdisciplinary work, in close coordination with researchers and policymakers.

The council will evaluate the efficacy of existing policies on climate change and learn from sustainable practices across the country and the world for suitable adaptation. The State Environment, Climate Change and Forest Department Secretary Supriya Sahu will be the convenor of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tn.gov.in |url=http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/pr221022_e_1856.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921151304/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/pr221022_e_1856.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>

It is imperative to note that, Tamil Nadu has been spearheading several path-breaking initiatives in the field of climate change and has set up three key missions viz., Tamil Nadu Green Mission, Tamil Nadu Climate Change Mission and the Tamil Nadu Wetlands Mission.

== Egalitarianism and social justice in Tamil Nadu ==
Stalin initiated the process to appoint persons of all [[Caste|castes]] (in contrast to the hereditary system of Brahmin priests) as [[archaka|archakas]] (priests) for the temples in the State on 15 August 2021, and assured steps will be taken to appoint those trained by the government during the previous DMK government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2021 |title=Archakas of all castes get appointed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archakas-of-all-castes-get-appointed/article61429932.ece |access-date=11 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113652/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archakas-of-all-castes-get-appointed/article61429932.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stalin maintained that the move will fulfill the dream of former Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi|M Karunanidhi]], and [[Periyar]] who wanted people of all castes to become temple priests. As a move seen as controversial by many, this policy however garnered him acclaim for it being the right step at a social revolution and combating discrimination at all levels.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shunmugasundaram |first=Manuraj |date=13 September 2021 |title=Archakas of all hues |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/archakas-of-all-hues/article36440384.ece |access-date=11 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113650/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/archakas-of-all-hues/article36440384.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chief ministerships of Indian states|Stalin]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]

Wolff Ravn

2026-05-05T05:57:09Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding a info

{{Short description|Governor of Dannemarksnagore from 1709 to 1711}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Wolff Ravn
| office = Governor of Dannemarksnagore
| order = 5th
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| predecessor = [[Jacob Panck]]
| successor = Rasmus Hansen Attrup
| term_start = 3 September 1709
| term_end = 1 October 1711
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Bremerholm]], Denmark–Norway
| spouse = Anna Jørgensdatter Larsen
| children = 1
}}'''Wolff Ravn'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|vɒlf ʁɑʊ̯n}}}} (alternative spelled '''Wolf'''; {{Floruit|1705–1714}}) was a Danish colonial official and [[governor of Dannemarksnagore]] from 3 September 1709 to 1 October 1711.

Ravn started as an assistant in the [[Danish East India Company]]'s merchantry in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]], and in 1706, he was chosen as the governor of the Danish [[factory]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Dannemarksnagore]], succeeding [[Jacob Panck]]. During his tenure, the colony experienced economic difficulties, and he was subsequently placed under [[citizen's arrest]] by his successor, Rasmus Hansen Attrup, in 1711. Despite attempting to escape, Ravn was eventually convicted and sentenced to life in prison at [[Bremerholm]] in Copenhagen.

== Career ==
Wolff Ravn began his career as an assistant in the [[Danish East India Company]]'s merchantry in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} In 1705, he became a ship’s assistant aboard the vessel ''Printz Carl'' and participated in its voyage to [[Safavid Persia|Persia]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} where it grounded.{{Sfn|Smith|2019}} He returned to Tranquebar in 1706 and was chosen by the {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}} management as governor of the Danish [[factory]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Dannemarksnagore]], on 30 August 1709,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} succeeding [[Jacob Panck]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=96, 100}} In this regard, the [[governor of Tranquebar]], [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]], refers to him as young and unthorough, yet reasonable relative to his young age.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}

=== Governor of Dannemarksnagore ===
Subsequently, Ravn departed from Tranquebar on 3 September{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} on board the [[yacht]] ''Gyldenløve'',{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} reaching Dannemarksnagore soon after.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} In Dannemarksnagore, Ravn quickly dismantled Panck's work,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} acting arbitrarily to the Company's disadvantage.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} Evidently, he gave large gifts to the local [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor, although receiving the village of [[Gondalpara|Gondelapore]] in return in 1710.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} However, the newly assumed ''[[dewan]]'' of Bengal, [[Murshid Quli Khan]], now demanded 30,000 [[Rupee|rupees]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} in gifts,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} in order for the Company to get a [[firman]] that secured their trading privileges in Bengal.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}}

Meanwhile, in a letter from 12 January 1711, Ravn mentions the factory,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} which was already in bad shape{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} and built with weak materials,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} to be decaying.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} Nevertheless, Ravn decided to repair the factory, which cost 8,000 rupees, while simultaneously requesting to resign, as his salary was too small.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} As such, Ravn resorted to unauthorized incomes, including leasing out vessels for voyages to Persia.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} Eventually, reports about his [[embezzlement]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} and debt{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} reached Tranquebar,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} and the later governor of Tranquebar, [[Rasmus Hansen Attrup]], was appointed as the new [[Opperhoved|''opperhoved'']] of Dannemarksnagore.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39}} Tranquebar's [[Privy council|Privy Council]] (''{{Langx|da|secrete råd|label=none}}'') subsequently sent him to Dannemarksnagore,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} departing in September 1711{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39}} with two yachts{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39, 100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} to investigate the conditions caused by Ravn{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} and receiving authority to arrest Ravn if necessary.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}}

==== Arrest and deposition ====
Upon reaching Dannemarksnagore, Attrup found the colony in disorder,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39, 100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} and Ravn was quickly exposed,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} being placed under [[citizen's arrest]] in a chamber in the factory by Attrup after Ravn tried to escape.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} Ravn was subsequently found guilty of being responsible for the loss of 6,128 rupees, which were used for excessive expenses, and he consequently had to pay 311 rupees to the D.E.I.C.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} Additionally, he was exposed for lying about the ships of the Company's cargo,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} and Attrup accordingly assumed the office{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}}{{Sfn|Thankappan|1984}} on 1 October 1711.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39, 100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}}

=== Escape and sentence ===
Despite his arrest, Ravn managed to escape and fled to [[Madras]], but was there handed over to the Danish captain of the ship ''Gyldenløve'', who took Ravn back to Tranquebar on 20 June 1713.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}} At Tranquebar, Ravn was quickly brought before the court, where his documents from Bengal were brought forth.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} Ravn did not answer questions regarding the main claims,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} and he was subsequently sentenced to life in prison at [[Bremerholm]] in Copenhagen.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=26}}

Accordingly, Ravn is called an evil-minded man by his contemporaries, with Governor Johan Hassius claiming only God knew how much damage Ravn had caused.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} Additionally, Indian historian Lalit Mohan Mitra called him incompetent and claimed he did little to further Danish trade in Dannemarksnagore.{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}

Ravn was temporarily imprisoned at [[Fort Dansborg]] before being transported on the vessel [[HDMS Fridericus Quartus|''Fredericus Quartus'']], which departed from Tranquebar on 28 October 1714.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}}

== Personal life ==
Ravn was married in Tranquebar to Anna Jørgensdatter Larsen,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=100}} who was the daughter of the chief of Tranquebar's garrison,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=85–86, 100}} [[Jørgen Larsen (colonist)|Jørgen Larsen]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=85–85}} Together, they had one son named Jørgen Wolff Ravn.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=85–86, 100}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Thomas Schmertz}}
* {{Annotated link|Axel Juel}}

== Notes and citations ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, residenter, kommandanter og chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Lalit Mohan |url=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.63290/2015.63290.A-Guide-To-Nalanda.pdf |title=The Danes in Bengal |publisher=Prabartak Publishers |year=September 1952 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata, India |pages=15 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Stefan Halikowski |title=Two missionary accounts of Southeast Asia in the late Seventeenth Century |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |isbn=978-1641893183 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Christina |series=Connected Histories in the Early Modern World |volume= |location=Leeds, UK |pages=166 |editor-last2=Schleck |editor-first2=Julia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thankappan |first=Parameswaran Nair |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532760/page/n117/mode/2up |title=Calcutta in the 18th Century |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |year=1984 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata, India |via=Internet Archive|pages=90|author-link=P. Thankappan Nair}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravn, Wolff}}
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:17th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Dannemarksnagore]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]

P. Pandu

2026-05-04T22:45:18Z

MaricelaHamilton: added the article more to come - done

{{distinguish|text=P. Pandurangan, the producer of [[Kutram Thavir]]}}
{{Short description|Indian actor (1947–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Pandu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = P. Pandurangan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|02|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Komarapalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|05|06|1947|02|19|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/tamil-actor-pandu-passes-away-due-to-covid-19-complications-982862.html|title = Tamil actor Pandu passes away due to Covid-19 complications|date = 6 May 2021}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| yearsactive = 1970-1981 1988–2020
| spouse = Kumudha
| children = 3
| education = [[National Institute of Design]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}

'''P. Pandurangan''', known as '''Pandu''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/man-who-designed-two-leaves-dies/article34502727.ece|title=Actor Pandu, who designed the symbol and flag of AIADMK dies|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195424/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/man-who-designed-two-leaves-dies/article34502727.ece|archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> (19 February 1947 – 6 May 2021) was an Indian [[Tamils|Tamil]] actor and graphic designer who appeared in many comedy roles in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite magazine |language=ta |last=Suresh Raja |title=கில்லி பாண்டு |url=https://issuu.com/kungumam2011/docs/vannathirai_ba294e431bab8e |magazine=Vannathirai |pages=58–60 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228091113/https://issuu.com/kungumam2011/docs/vannathirai_ba294e431bab8e |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his acting debut in the film ''[[Maanavan]]'' (1970).

A [[Doctor of Philosophy]] graduate in arts from France, he was also a [[visual art]]ist who founded Capital Letters, a graphic designing company. He most notably designed the party symbol and logo of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. His brother [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] had also previously appeared in films as a comedian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-05/comedian-idichapuli-selvaraj-30-01-12.html|title=Veteran Comedian No More - Comedian - Idichapuli Selvaraj - Dead - Pandu - Brother - Tamil Movie News|website=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-pandu-passes-away-chennai-due-covid-19-148388 | title=Actor Pandu passes away in Chennai due to COVID-19 | publisher=The NewsMinute | date=6 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
He designed the two leaves party logo under the instruction and supervision of [[AIADMK]] founder leader [[MGR]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Actor Pandu who designed AIADMK's flag and symbol, dies of Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/actor-pandu-who-designed-aiadmk-s-flag-and-symbol-dies-of-covid19-101620290991056.html|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper in 2016, he said that he designed the [[AIADMK]] Flag within one hour at night, around 10:00 pm and also revealed that his association with late Indian veteran actor turned politician MGR began in 1973 when Pandu had designed stickers for MGR's iconic yesteryear evergreen film ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-05-06|title=Actor Pandu, who designed AIADMK flag, no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-pandu-who-designed-aiadmk-flag-no-more/article34495934.ece|access-date=2021-05-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Pandu made his acting debut in ''[[Maanavan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Tamil comedian Pandu passes away due to Covid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/06/tamil-comedian-pandu-passes-away-due-to-covid-2299112.html |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He played a supporting role in Agathiyan's ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' portraying Ramasamy who accompanies [[Ajith Kumar]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The performance as Ajith's sidekick was widely praised and established him as a prominent actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Tamil comedy actor Pandu dies of Covid-19 at 74|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-comedy-actor-pandu-dies-of-covid-19-at-74-7303972/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, he starred in ''[[Vellachi]]'', which featured his son Pintu Pandu in the leading role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vellachi/movie-review/18774512.cms|title=Vellachi Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vellachi by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> In 2019, he was bestowed with the [[Kalaimamani]] award for the year 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Feb/28/kalaimamani-awards-revived-by-tamil-nadu-government-after-7-years-10327.html|title=Vijay Sethupathi, Sasikumar, Yuvan Shankar Raja among those bestowed Kalaimamani awards by Tamil Nadu government|date=28 November 2019|work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

Away from films, in 1975 he started a brass and aluminium business in Chennai called Prapanj Unlimited. He ran it as a family business, with son Prabhu Panju in charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/prapanj-unlimited/|title=Name Boards and Metal Letters Manufacturer | Prapanj Unlimited, Chennai|website=IndiaMART.com|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101806/https://www.indiamart.com/prapanj-unlimited/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also ran a company called Capital Letters and engaged in designing name boards for offices and residences of Tamil film fraternity. In 2014, he held an art exhibition alongside another son Panju Pandu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/apr/07/art-with-alphabets-595368.html|title=Art With Alphabets|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 6 May 2021 at the age of 74 after being hospitalized for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Comedy actor Pandu passes away due to COVID-19 complications|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/comedy-actor-pandu-passes-away-due-to-covid-19-complications/articleshow/82424252.cms|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=May 6, 2021 |title=Actor and comedian Pandu dies of Covid-19 at 74 in Chennai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-and-comedian-pandu-dies-of-covid-19-at-74-in-chennai-1799379-2021-05-06|access-date=2021-05-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Maanavan]]'' || Student ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]''|| Cyclist ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Sirithu Vazha Vendum]]''|| Cheater in gambling ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1981 || ''[[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]]'' || Thangarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Meengal]]'' || Vadivelu's colleague ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1988 || ''[[Raththa Dhanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Uyir Kannamma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1989 || ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' || Police constable ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1990 || ''[[Panakkaran]]'' || Ponnusamy ||
|-
| ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' || Kannayya ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Pattanathil Petti'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nadigan]]'' || Pandu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1991 || ''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' || Domestic help ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1992 || ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Deiva Vaakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]'' || House Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' || Poramboku ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Varusham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1993 || ''[[Mutrugai]]'' || Pandurangam ||
|-
| ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Suriyan Chandiran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Madhumathi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan|Rajadhi Raja Raja ...]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1994 || ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Madam]]'' || Director ||
|-
| ''[[Nattamai]]'' || Nattamai's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' || College principal ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1995 || ''[[Thamizhachi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Anbu Magan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Pallavarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Seethanam]]'' || Dr. Thandavarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' || Hitler (College principal) ||
|-
| rowspan="14"| 1996 || ''[[Vaanmathi]]'' || Krishna's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' || Viswanathan's manager ||
|-
| ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' || Traffic Police Ponraj ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' || Gajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' || Anjala's father ||
|-
| ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' || Police constable ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' || Ramasamy ||
|-
| ''Vetri Mugam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
| ''[[Gokulathil Seethai (film)|Gokulathil Seethai]]'' || Cook ||
|-
| ''[[Purushan Pondatti]]'' || Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Take It Easy Urvashi]]'' || Sub-inspector ||
|-
| rowspan="11"| 1997 || ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' || Chakkaravarthy's servant ||
|-
| ''[[Nesam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gopura Deepam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' || Sanjay Kujidabadham ||
|-
| ''[[Vaimaye Vellum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganga Gowri (1997 film)|Ganga Gowri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' || Panju Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Vasuki (film)|Vasuki]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1998 || ''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maru Malarchi]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
| ''[[Color Kanavugal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Ellam Sugame]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnudan]]'' || Venkatesh ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' || Vignesh ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1999 || ''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Annan (film)|Annan]]'' || Sangu ||
|-
| ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' || Velu Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' || Broker Ponnushamy ||
|-
| ''[[Annan Thangachi]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
| ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' || Akhila's boss ||
|-
|''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]''||
|-
| ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || House owner ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]'' || Chinnasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' || Priya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Paattali]]'' || Lawyer Naachiyappan ||
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2000 || ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]'' || P. Pandu ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Poranthachu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae]]'' || Pannaiyar ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[James Pandu]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Sabhash]]'' || Marriage broker ||
|-
| ''[[Ennavalle]]'' || First House Owner ||
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2001 || ''[[Looty]]'' || Subramanian ||
|-
| ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Ramesh's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' || Shopkeeper ||
|-
| ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]'' || Police constable ||
|-
| ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' || Film Director ||
|-
| ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]'' || Sundaram Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' || Subramani's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Paneerselvam's sidekick ||
|-
| ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || Major's secretary ||
|-
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' || Hostel Warden ||
|-
| ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || Dhadaji ||
|-
| rowspan="16"| 2002 || ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || Shanmugam's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || Security Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Junior Senior (2002 film)|Junior Senior]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' || Vaidyalingam's follower ||
|-
| ''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]'' || Kaalimuthu ||
|-
| ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || Kothandam ||
|-
| ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || Rajagopal ||
|-
| ''[[Student Number 1]]'' || Sambasivam's sidekick ||
|-
| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vadakku Vaasal'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2004 || ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gambeeram]]'' || Rajendran's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghilli]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Arivumani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Meesai Madhavan]]'' || Nair ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2005 || ''[[Iyer IPS]]'' || Sub-Inspector Maduray ||
|-
|''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || Ranga ||
|-
|''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Mazhai ]]'' || Priest ||
|-
|''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sorry Enaku Kalyanamayidichu]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Vanjagan]]'' || Police constable ||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Shivshankar's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Ganapathy Vanthachi]]'' || Vaithi ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Thillagara ||
|-
| ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || Inspector Mustafa ||
|-
| ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || political member ||
|-
| ''[[Puli Varudhu]]'' || Vinayaga's father ||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Pattaya Kelappu]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || Jyothi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kudiyarasu]]'' || Saamy ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmadeva (film)|Brahmadeva]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2010 || ''[[ Rasikkum Seemane]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Singam]]'' || Maarichaamy ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadaa]]'' || Vanangamudi's PA ||
|-
| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Swamiji's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' || Sadhasivam ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2011 || ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''En Ullam Unnai Theduthey'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Keratam|Yuvan]]'' || Avudaiyappan || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Marudhavelu]]'' || Sub-Inspector ||
|-
| ''Vazhividu Kanney Vazhividu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2012 || ''Vachathi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maasi (film)|Maasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2013 || ''Kaadhal Kilukiluppu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Vellachi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ingu Kadhal Katrutharapadum'' || ||
|-
| ''Thiru Pugazh'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhuvanakadu'' || Police officer ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2014 || ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Theriyama Unnai Kadhalichitten'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' || IBIBI Bank Branch Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Thalakonam]]'' || Tour guide || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=733|title=தலக்கோணம்|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|date=8 October 2014|trans-title=Thalakonam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093630/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=733|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jamaai'' || ||
|-
| ''Manam Konda Kaadhal'' || ||
|-
| ''Nenjirukkumvarai Ninaivirukkum'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2015 || ''[[Katham Katham]]'' || Madhu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || Dr. Pandurangan ||
|-
| ''Apoorva Mahaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Nandhivaram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Traffic police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Narathan]]'' || Astrologer ||
|-
| ''Anbudan Anbarasi'' || Irandam Thiruvalluvar alias Bakkiyaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2017 ||''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mugathirai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Thiri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Namma Kadha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' || ||.
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018 ||''[[Panjumittai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kannakkol'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inba Twinkle Lilly|Itly]]'' || Producer ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2020 ||''[[Indha Nilai Maarum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2024 ||''Chittu 2020'' || || Posthumous release
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2025 ||''Yaman Kattalai '' || || Posthumous release
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role !! Language
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]'' || Chennoor villager || [[Kannada]] || Bilingual film
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' || Gopi's follower || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]]'' || || rowspan="2"|Telugu || Dubbed in Tamil as ''Yen Indha Mounam''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Keratam]]'' || Bikshapati || Bilingual film
|-
|}

===Television===
* 2007: ''Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali''
* 2014: ''[[Uravugal Sangamam]]''
* 2015-2016: ''[[Sabitha Engira Sabapathi]] ''
* 2016: ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]'' - Natarajan

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3118361}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandu}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Heeramandi

2026-04-20T08:14:11Z

MaricelaHamilton: New Some Article Initial Version...

{{Short description|2024 Indian television series}}
{{About|the 2024 Indian television series|the neighborhood and market in Lahore, Pakistan|Heera Mandi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Heeramandi Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| based_on =
| screenplay = Sanjay Leela Bhansali '''Dialogues:''' Divya Nidhi [[Vibhu Puri]]
| story = Moin Baig
| director = Sanjay Leela Bhansali
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Manisha Koirala]]
*[[Sonakshi Sinha]]
*[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
*[[Richa Chadha]]
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
*[[Sharmin Segal]]
*[[Taha Shah Badussha]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] '''Background Score:''' [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]] Naren Chandavarkar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_series =
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Prerna Singh}}
| producer =
| editor = Sanjay Leela Bhansali
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] [[Mahesh Limaye]] Huentsang Mohapatra Ragul Dharuman
| runtime =
| company = [[Bhansali Productions]]
| budget = {{INR|200}} crore<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix's 'Heeramandi' budget around Rs 200 crore, creator Sanjay Leela Bhansali took home Rs 60-65 crore, other stars got paid… |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-heeramandi-budget-around-rs-200-crore-creator-sanjay-leela-bhansali-took-home-rs-60-65-crore-other-stars-got-paid-13766143.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=2 May 2024 |language=en-us |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502035010/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-heeramandi-budget-around-rs-200-crore-creator-sanjay-leela-bhansali-took-home-rs-60-65-crore-other-stars-got-paid-13766143.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|05|01}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[period drama]] television series created and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. Set in the red-light district of [[Heera Mandi]] in [[Lahore]] during the [[Indian independence movement]], the series explores the lives of ''[[tawaif]]s'' and their intersection with political and personal struggles under [[British Empire|British colonial rule]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=1 February 2024 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar' Drops First Footage |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-1235893808/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201043026/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-1235893808/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The [[ensemble cast]] includes [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]], [[Sharmin Segal]], and [[Taha Shah Badussha]].

The series premiered on [[Netflix]] on 1 May 2024 and received mixed reviews from critics. In June 2024, it was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=3 June 2024 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali Hit 'Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar' Renewed for Season 2 by Netflix (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/global/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-season-2-netflix-1236022762/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604014324/https://variety.com/2024/global/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-season-2-netflix-1236022762/ |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

At the [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar'' received a leading 17 nominations, including Best Drama Series, Best Director in a Drama Series (for Bhansali), and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (for both Chadha and Sheikh), and won 5 awards, including Best Actress in a Drama Series (for Koirala).

==Premise==
Set against the backdrop of the [[Indian independence movement]] in the 1940s, ''Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar'' chronicles the lives of ''[[tawaif]]s'' in the [[red-light district]] of [[Heera Mandi]] in [[Lahore]].<ref name="HindustanTimesFirstLook">{{cite news |date=1 February 2024 |title=Heeramandi first look: Sanjay Leela Bhansali series starring Manisha, Sonakshi, Aditi will take you back to another era |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201052151/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Mallikajaan:{{efn|"[[wikt:جان#Persian|Jaan]]" in the names here being an endearing suffix, see [[Jan (Persian name)|Jan]].|name=jaan}} chief [[courtesan]] of Shahi Mahal
*[[Sonakshi Sinha]] in a dual role as
**Rehana Jahan: former chief courtesan of Shahi Mahal, Mallikajaan and Waheeda's elder sister
**Fareedan Jahan: chief courtesan of Khwabgah and Rehana's daughter
*[[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Bibbojaan:{{efn|name=jaan}} Mallikajaan's elder daughter
*[[Richa Chadha]] as Lajwanti "Lajjo": Mallikajaan's foster daughter
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as Waheeda: Rehana and Mallikajaan's younger sister
*[[Sharmin Segal]] as Alamzeb: Mallikajaan's youngest daughter
*[[Taha Shah Badussha]] as [[Nawab]] Tajdar Baloch: an advocate and Alamzeb's lover

===Recurring===
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Qudsia Begum: Tajdar's grandmother<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farida-jalal-joins-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandi-exclusive/articleshow/95373372.cms?from=mdr|title=Farida Jalal joins Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Heeramandi|work=The Times of India|date=8 November 2022|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326165527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farida-jalal-joins-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandi-exclusive/articleshow/95373372.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Adhyayan Suman]] as Zoravar Ali Khan / Imaad: Mallikajaan's son and Lajjo's patron<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/adhyayan-suman-to-star-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandi-for-me-he-is-no-less-than-god-4325212|title=Adhyayan Suman To Star In Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Heeramandi: "For Me He Is No Less Than God"|website=NDTV|date=24 August 2023|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128142424/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/adhyayan-suman-to-star-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandi-for-me-he-is-no-less-than-god-4325212|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Fardeen Khan]] as Wali Bin Zayed-Al Mohammed: Bibbojaan's and Fareedan's patron<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/fardeen-khan-star-first-ever-period-drama-heeramandi-sanjay-leela-bhansali/|title=Fardeen Khan to star in his first ever period drama Heeramandi by Sanjay Leela Bhansali|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=23 July 2022|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201132322/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/fardeen-khan-star-first-ever-period-drama-heeramandi-sanjay-leela-bhansali/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shekhar Suman]] as Khan Bahadur Zulfikar Ahmed: Mallikajaan's patron<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shekhar-suman-reveals-the-role-of-chunnilal-in-devdas-was-first-offered-to-him-4391176|title=Shekhar Suman Reveals The Role Of Chunnilal In Devdas Was First Offered To Him|website=NDTV|date=15 September 2023|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201130918/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shekhar-suman-reveals-the-role-of-chunnilal-in-devdas-was-first-offered-to-him-4391176|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Adhyayan Suman]] as young Zulfikar
*Indresh Malik as Ustaad
*[[Jason Shah]] as Alastair Cartwright
*[[Jayati Bhatia]] as Fathima "Phatto" ,Mallikajaan's maid
*Nivedita Bhargava as Satto: Mallikajaan's maid
*Bharti Sharma as Gurbaksh Kaur
*Abha Ranta as young Mallikajaan
*[[Vaishnavi Ganatra]] as young Waheeda
*[[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]] as Saima / Mirza Begum: Alamzeb's maid, Iqbal's lover
*Rajat Kaul as Iqbal "Balli" Singh: Mallikajaan's driver, Saima's lover
*[[Pratibha Ranta]] as Shama: Waheeda's daughter
*Anuj Sharma as Hamid Mohsin Ali
*Ajay Dhansu as Rizwan
*Mark Bennington as Samuel Henderson
*Astha Mittal as Huma
*Nasirr Khan as Choudhry
*[[Anju Mahendru]] as Phoophi
*Abhishek Deswal as Nawaz
*[[Ujjwal Chopra]] as Ashfaq Baloch: Tajdar's father
*Pankaj Bhatia as Feroze: Waheeda and Shama's patron

==Episodes==
{{long plot|date=May 2024}}
{{Episode table |background=#73D8FF |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Mallikajaan: The Queen of Heeramandi
|DirectedBy = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In 1920 [[Lahore]], at [[Heera Mandi|Heeramandi]], Rehana, the authoritative ''[[tawaif]]'' of ''Shahi Mahal'', coldly trades her younger sister Mallika's child for an ornament. Devastated, Mallika swears vengeance. Twenty five years later, Gunther, an Englishman, introduces a [[gramophone]] to Mallika aka Mallikajaan, who has become the unimpeded madam of ''Shahi Mahal'', and implores her to let him record the voice of Bibbo, her first born, but she discards him. Waheeda, Mallikajaan's sister, purloins a part of Bibbo's earnings. Mallikajaan disregards her younger daughter Alam's apathy towards becoming a ''tawaif'' and announces her forthcoming ''nath-utrai'', i.e., her debut as a courtesan. Lajjo, Mallika's foster daughter, is deeply in love with her patron Zoravar Ali Khan and expects to marry him. Tajdar Baloch, the intellectual son of [[Nawab]] Ashfaq Baloch, has just returned from [[Oxford]] and at a gathering, he professes his hatred for Heeramandi and its customs and also for the [[British Raj]]. Alastair Cartwright, the newly recruited [[Superintendent of Police]], solicits Mallika, asking for one of her girls to perform at his private party but she bluntly rejects his proposition, claiming that ''Shahi Mahal'' will lose its exclusivity if its ''tawaif''s perform at a private party. A humiliated Cartwright seduces Ustaad, the [[eunuch]] pimp, to uncover Mallika's secrets. Meanwhile, Alam, an aspiring poetess, attends a recital at Tajdar's residence and stumbles upon him. While love blossoms between Mallika's servants Iqbal and Saima, Bibbo learns from her patron Wali Mohammad that Samuel Henderson, the [[Inspector General]] of [[Indian Imperial Police|Imperial Police]], might be passing on shoot-at-sight orders in response to the brewing rebellion on streets against the British Raj. Revealed to be a rebel herself, Bibbo notifies Hamid, her chief, of Henderson's intentions and gives him a revolver. Tajdar and Alam come across each other amidst riots; Hamid rescues Tajdar from being shot by a policeman while Alam disappears.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Fareedanjaan: The Challenger Returns
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In a flashback, Mallika suffocates Rehana to death in a rage and stages it a suicide with the assistance of her patron and lover Zulfikar, but leaves behind a witness: Rehana's daughter Fareedan. In the present, the residents of ''Shahi Mahal'' pay their respects to Rehana on her death anniversary. Waheeda asks Mallika for the possession of ''Khwabgah'', a mansion presented to Rehana by a Nawab, Sammi Ali. Mallika delays the benefaction, citing that Sammi's widow has laid a claim for the inheritance of ''Khwabgah''. Satto and Phatto, Mallika's attendants, discuss with Iqbal and Saima that a nine-year-old Fareedan was cruelly sold off to a merchant by Mallika. Meanwhile, Bibbo restrains Lajjo from pinning any hopes on Zoravar, revealing that he is about to marry a noblewoman. Lajjo visits Zoravar at a club and confirms Bibbo's contention regarding his wedding. Tajdar, having fallen in love with Alam, initiates a search for her. Zoravar summons an anguished Lajjo to perform at his wedding but she embarrasses him by confessing her feelings for him through her rendition, causing him to disrespect her. Mallika intercedes for Lajjo and condemns Zoravar, disclosing that he is her illegitimate son, who was sold off to a Nawab for adoption by Rehana. As Lajjo and Mallika depart, Lajjo, drunk and disoriented from her heartbreak hits her head when their carriage swerves and dies suddenly, devastating Mallika. To Mallika's surprise, a grown-up Fareedan attends the funeral and cautions Mallika about her imminent downfall.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Waheedajaan: Scarred for Life
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali [[Mitakshara Kumar]] [[Vibhu Puri]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In a flashback, a teenage Waheeda, disclosing herself to be a witness of Rehana's murder, demands ''Khwabgah'' from Mallika, threatening to incarcerate her and Zulfikar otherwise. An outraged Zulfikar assaults her, scarring her face. In the present, Mallika and Waheeda receive the verdict in their favour, taking over ''Khwabgah'' but Mallika, contradictory to what she had promised to Waheeda, hands over the mansion to Sammi's family, so as to prevent Fareedan from suing her. Nonetheless, Fareedan buys the mansion from Sammi's widow and prepares to organize her ''nath-utrai''. Through Ustaad, Fareedan discovers about Alam's tiff with Mallika and Cartwright's animosity towards the latter. Elsewhere, Tajdar attends a [[Indian Independence Movement|pro-independence gathering]] hosted by Hamid, intending to join the rebellion. Fareedan begins to dupe Alam under the pretext of uniting her with Tajdar. Further, she attempts to entice Wali and seduces Cartwright with an appeal to reopen Rehana's murder case. Intimidated by Fareedan's move, Zulfikar threatens Mallika to find and destroy a file pertaining to Rehana's case, which contains incriminating evidence against them. Mallika remembers asking Waheeda to stash the file but she claims to have burned it. Mallika opposes Fareedan's ''nath-utrai'', arguing to the tawaif guild that women who have lost their virginity are not permitted to do so but Fareedan proceeds with it nevertheless. To restrain the Nawabs from attending her ''nath-utrai'', Mallika forces Bibbo to make a final performance, which mandates their presence; Bibbo protests this sudden end to her career but is overruled. While Wali seethes at Bibbo’s supposed abandonment of both her art and him, Fareedan is left stranded on her big day, mourning her defeat.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Alamzeb: The Innocent Pawn
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Mitakshara Kumar Vibhu Puri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Wali visits a grieving Fareedan and becomes her patron to spite Bibbo. Mallika, feeling Alam’s rise is threatened by Saima's beauty and talent for singing, decides to sell her to a mysterious buyer named Wajid Ali for a price of ₹10,000. Iqbal promises to earn the same amount within fifteen days to buy Saima's freedom and takes to gambling. Waheeda unveils her patron Feroz's interest in her daughter Shama and breaks down when Mallika declares Feroz as Shama's patron to appease him. Meanwhile, Hamid is unconvinced of Tajdar's sincerity towards the cause. Alam confides in Bibbo about Tajdar. Waheeda agrees to testify against Mallika and Zulfikar if she retains ''Khwabgah'' from Fareedan. Ashfaq discovers that Tajdar is involved with the rebels and warns him against it, emphasizing that their alliance with the British will uphold their social status. While Bibbo [[honey trapping|honey traps]] Henderson to grasp the government's secrets, Mallika has Iqbal apprehended by the police on grounds of gambling before he could earn the money. Alam implores Mallika to release Iqbal and stop the sale of Saima, agreeing to have her ''nath-utrai'' done in exchange. In prison, Cartwright vainly tries to provoke Iqbal against Mallika and torments him by revealing who was behind his arrest, but Iqbal refuses to turn against Mallika. On the day of Alam's ''nath-utrai'', she receives a misleading letter from Fareedan, which she believes to have been sent by Tajdar, asking her to elope from the ceremony. For Alam's sake, Saima surrenders herself to her buyers Wajid and Ali, revealed to be two separate men who gang rape her. Alam ultimately runs away with Fareedan's help, causing a shattered Mallika to call off the event.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Tajdar: The Lover's Dilemma
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Mitakshara Kumar Vibhu Puri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Alam meets Tajdar at his residence and realizes that she has been betrayed; Tajdar refuses to accept her upon discovering her lineage and insists her to leave. However, he repents his actions and takes her in, introducing her to his family as a friend's sister. In ''Khwabgah'', Fareedan hosts a loud, drunken party to mock Mallika and all of Heeramandi. At the Baloch residence, Alam rekindles her relationship with Tajdar and builds a good rapport with his paternal grandmother Qudsia Begum, who even contemplates getting her married to Tajdar. Waheeda tries to make Henderson as her patron but realizes that he has an affair with Bibbo. She meets Fareedan and reveals that she'd never burned the file, hoping to use it against Mallika and Zulfikar. Ustaad spots Alam at the market with Qudsia and notifies Mallika of it. Mallika pays a visit to the Baloch residence amidst the festivities of [[Eid al-Fitr]], exposing Alam's true identity. Ashfaq clashes with Tajdar over his love affair with a ''tawaif'''s daughter and ousts him from the household.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Tajdar & Alamzeb: Nation vs. Love
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Mitakshara Kumar Vibhu Puri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Alamzeb and Tajdar arrive at ''Amrood Kothi'', a bungalow left in Tajdar's possession by his late mother. Mallika goes on a voyage to [[Murree]] with Zulfikar while Waheeda retrieves the file from ''Shahi Mahal'' and hands it over to Fareedan but they are compelled to wait for fifteen days as Cartwright is told to have gone out of station. Alam eavesdrops on a conversation between Tajdar and his friend, discovering that he is a rebel but assures them that she will not come in his way. In Murree, Zulfikar gathers incriminating evidence against Fareedan and reveals to Mallika that she is a wanted criminal, having committed murder and arson at a very young age. Returning home, Mallika threatens Fareedan with the proof of her crimes, causing her to destroy the file. Deceived by Fareedan, an agonized Waheeda turns to Mallika and asks for forgiveness. Iqbal is freed from prison but he is told that Saima has run away. Bibbo, through Henderson, discovers that the army has shipped a consignment of [[Lee-Enfield|Enfield rifles]] to Lahore. Hamid and his team plan to loot the ammunition; Tajdar schedules his wedding with Alam and hosts a party on the same account, with the intent of distracting the officials from the consignment. He leaves to execute the robbery while Fareedan, a guest of the party, explores ''Amrood Kothi'' and realizes that Tajdar is a rebel. After Hamid, Tajdar and his team successfully loot the ammunition, Fareedan reveals the culprits to Cartwright, asking him to incarcerate Mallika and Zulfikar in return. On the day of Alam and Tajdar's wedding, Cartwright carries out a raid on ''Amrood Kothi'' in the latter's absence and arrests Alam on grounds of rebellion. Compelled by Hamid and persuaded by Alam’s selfless testimony that she was the only perpetrator, Tajdar reluctantly testifies against Alam at the police station.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Bibbojaan: Long Live the Revolution
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Mitakshara Kumar Vibhu Puri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Bibbo rebukes Mallika for leaving Alam to her own fate. Affected, Mallika visits the police stations and allows herself to be gang-raped by Cartwright and his colleagues in exchange for Alam's freedom. Later that night, she breaks down in the middle of the street and the residents of Shahi Mahal curse Fareedan for inciting Cartwright to such brutality; Fareedan, shocked by Mallika’s shattered psyche, is disheartened by Cartwright's cruelty and states that while she hates her aunt, no woman would ever want such brutality for another woman. While Mallika unravels, Alam informs Bibbo about her pregnancy but tells her that she wouldn't want herself and her unborn child to be an obstacle for Tajdar's cause. Later, Bibbo notifies Tajdar of Alam's pregnancy and reprimands him for abandoning Alam. Repenting his actions, Tajdar apprises his father of his intentions to marry Alam and upon receiving no support from him, he departs to Heeramandi with Qudsia, so as to persuade Mallika to accept their relationship. Wary of Tajdar’s intent after so much trauma, Mallika agrees to orchestrate their wedding but threatens to have Alam's ''nath-utrai'' done if he doesn't make it on time on the wedding day. Ustaad enlightens Iqbal, Satto and Phatto that Saima has become a popular singer in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]; when Iqbal states his feelings of betrayal, Ustaad has a moment of compassion and informs of Mallika's vile deeds against him and Saima, leaving him shattered. Bibbo invites Fareedan to Alam's wedding and she expresses her genuine contentment for the first wedding of Heeramandi. Enraged by his son’s defiance, Ashfaq apprises the police of Tajdar's connection with the rebels and has him apprehended for a time being to stop the wedding from taking place, but contrary to what Cartwright had promised Ashfaq, he viciously tortures Tajdar to comprehend the details of his fellow rebels. When the wedding procession doesn't arrive, Mallika asks Alam to change from her wedding gown to a dance costume for her ''nath-utrai''. Realizing that Tajdar has been arrested, Fareedan rushes to the police station and vainly pleads with Cartwright to free Tajdar. She helplessly witnesses Tajdar succumb to the torture and returns to ''Shahi Mahal'', breaking the news of Tajdar's death to Bibbo, who halts the event and notifies Alam of Tajdar's demise. An anguished Alam faints.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Heeramandi: The Swan Song
|DirectedBy = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Mitakshara Kumar Vibhu Puri
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In a desperate effort to rouse Alan from her shock, Bibbo and Waheeda take Alam to Tajdar's grave so she may mourn his death. Cartwright and Henderson lie to Ashfaq that the rebels have assassinated Tajdar to save themselves from being exposed. Mallika and Fareedan make peace with each other; the former asks Fareedan to be her successor, but Fareedan declines, agreeing that their rivalry can wait until Heeramandi’s survival is assured. Bibbo shelters her fellow rebels in ''Shahi Mahal'' with Mallika's support. Fareedan declares to Wali sahab that she is willing to spend the rest of her life for the country's independence; though he doubts the cause will succeed, they part on good terms. Alam discloses to Qudsia that she is pregnant. Discovering that the ''tawaif''s have been supporting the rebellion, the Nawabs boycott Heeramandi to be in the British government's good books. While Heeramandi loses its pomp and splendour, Mallika appeals to Zulfikar and his wife to sway the nawabs, but is rebuffed; at the guild hall, Bibbo motivates the ''tawaif''s to fight for the country's Independence, asserting that none other than them are aware of the value of freedom. They symbolically put away their musical instruments and costumes, the tools of their trade, and prepare for war. Hamid and the rebels plan to assassinate Henderson and Bibbo comes forward to execute the mission. She successfully shoots Henderson to death at a conference but Cartwright manages to kill Hamid and apprehends Bibbo. Mallika is informed of Bibbo's arrest and impending execution; despite the horror, she conveys her pride in her daughter. Led by Mallika, Fareedan and Waheeda, all the ''tawaif''s take to streets amidst a strict curfew and march towards the prison on the day of Bibbo's execution to express their support for the rebellion. Meanwhile, Alam visits Cartwright under the pretext of offering sex in exchange for money but shoots him down with a revolver given by Ustaad, avenging Tajdar's death. Elsewhere, the ''tawaif''s manage to arrive at the prison, where they chant the slogan "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]" while a gratified Bibbo is shot and executed.
The series concludes with all the women of Heeramandi looking towards the audience, enraged with the spirit of rebellion, torches in hand. The closing monologue states that while many tawaifs played a role in the Independence movement, many of them have been overlooked by historians, and that while Independence brought freedom for India, it spelled the end of the tawaif way of life.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
}}

==Production==
''Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar'' was officially announced in April 2021 as a long-gestating project conceived by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] nearly 14 years earlier.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2021 |title=India's Sanjay Leela Bhansali Sets Netflix Series 'Heeramandi' |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-netflix-1235037240/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823080742/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-netflix-1235037240/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Variety}}</ref> The eight-episode series, marking Bhansali's debut in the streaming space, commenced principal photography in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2023 |title=Ted Sarandos On Netflix's Ambitions In India: "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet" |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/sanjay-leela-bhansali-netflix-ted-sarandos-1235263992/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327145813/https://deadline.com/2023/02/sanjay-leela-bhansali-netflix-ted-sarandos-1235263992/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Filming concluded in June 2023, following reshoots requested by Bhansali in May of that year.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Heeramandi to be Wrapped up by end of the Month |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/heeramandi-to-be-wrapped-up-by-end-of-the-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201122409/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/heeramandi-to-be-wrapped-up-by-end-of-the-month |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali orders re-shoot of 'Heeramandi; risks delayed release of web series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sanjay-leela-bhansali-orders-re-shoot-of-heeramandi-scenes-risks-delayed-release-of-web-series/articleshow/100471047.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530040703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sanjay-leela-bhansali-orders-re-shoot-of-heeramandi-scenes-risks-delayed-release-of-web-series/articleshow/100471047.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> According to ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', Bhansali directed the pilot episode, while the remaining episodes were helmed by Mitakshara Kumar—Bhansali's former associate director on ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015) and ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018)—who replaced [[Vibhu Puri]], the initially appointed director.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Heeramandi finds a new Director; Vibhu Puri replaced with Mitakshara Kumar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-heeramandi-finds-new-director-vibhu-puri-replaced-mitakshara-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731045327/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-heeramandi-finds-new-director-vibhu-puri-replaced-mitakshara-kumar/ |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

In a 2023 conversation with Netflix co-CEO [[Ted Sarandos]], Bhansali described ''Heeramandi'' as his "biggest project," and cited ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), and ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972) as key influences on the series’ tone and visual aesthetic.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Heeramandi is Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Biggest Project" Yet |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/heeramandi-is-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-biggest-project-yet-aditi-rao-hydari-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-richa-chadha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201122345/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/heeramandi-is-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-biggest-project-yet-aditi-rao-hydari-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-richa-chadha |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> Costume designers Rimple and Harpreet Narula noted that the wardrobe for the series drew inspiration from the styles of vintage film personalities such as [[Patience Cooper]], [[Suraiya]], [[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaran Lata]], [[Noor Jehan]], [[Shamshad Begum]], and [[Mukhtar Begum]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Fashion Masterminds Rimple & Harpreet Narula Bring Alive SLB's Vision For Heeramandi |url=https://elle.in/heeramandi-rimple-harpreet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216122345/https://elle.in/heeramandi-rimple-harpreet/ |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Elle India}}</ref> In a separate interview with Lilly Singh, Bhansali revealed that he had initially hoped to cast Pakistani actors [[Mahira Khan]], [[Fawad Khan]], and [[Imran Abbas]], but plans were shelved due to the prevailing ban on cross-border artistic collaborations between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali says he wanted to cast Mahira, Fawad Khan in 'Heeramandi' |url=https://theasianmirror.com/latest/51044/sanjay-leela-bhansali-says-he-wanted-to-cast-mahira-fawad-khan-in-heeramandi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502074840/https://theasianmirror.com/latest/51044/sanjay-leela-bhansali-says-he-wanted-to-cast-mahira-fawad-khan-in-heeramandi/ |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=The Asian Mirror}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Heeramandi (soundtrack)}}The first track from the soundtrack, "Sakal Ban," composed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] with lyrics attributed to [[Amir Khusrau]] and vocals by [[Raja Hasan]], was released on 8 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali Launches Music Label With 'Heeramandi' Soundtrack |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/asia/sanjay-leela-bhansali-music-label-heeramandi-1235934783/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526112230/https://variety.com/2024/music/asia/sanjay-leela-bhansali-music-label-heeramandi-1235934783/ |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=Variety}}</ref> The second song, "Tilasmi Bahein," performed by Sharmistha Chatterjee, was released on 2 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 April 2024 |title='Tilasmi Bahein': Sonakshi Sinha is femme fatale in 'Heeramandi's 2nd song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tilasmi-bahein-sonakshi-sinha-is-femme-fatale-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandis-second-song-2522640-2024-04-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511133802/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tilasmi-bahein-sonakshi-sinha-is-femme-fatale-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandis-second-song-2522640-2024-04-03 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref> The album also features traditional folk songs such as "Phool Gendwa Na Maaro" and "Nazariya Ki Maari," which had previously appeared in ''Dooj Ka Chand'' (1964) and ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), respectively.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2024 |title='Heeramandi' songs: Sanjay Leela Bhansali remade three iconic old songs for the series |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sanjay-leela-bhansali-recreated-three-iconic-songs-for-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar/109717907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430085721/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sanjay-leela-bhansali-recreated-three-iconic-songs-for-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar/109717907 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Mirchi Plus}}</ref> The complete soundtrack, released under the Bhansali Music label, became available on 24 April 2024.<ref name="spotify">{{cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Heeramandi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6b2vHhEysVp1gXn7WMrBFy?si=pyy-PmZ9T12M03jfqMa_Mg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511133818/https://open.spotify.com/album/6b2vHhEysVp1gXn7WMrBFy?si=pyy-PmZ9T12M03jfqMa_Mg&nd=1&dlsi=f73961915bee42b5 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

Each classical composition is choreographed to feature members of the principal cast, often as part of [[mujra]] performances. "Tilasmi Bahein" is performed by [[Sonakshi Sinha]], while "Phool Gendwa Na Maaro" and "Saiyaan Hatto Jaao" are picturized on [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]. "Chaudhavi Shab" features [[Sharmin Segal]], "Nazariya Ki Maari" is performed by [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]], and "Masoom Dil Hai Mera" by [[Richa Chadha]]. The songs "Sakal Ban" and "Azadi" include appearances by most of the primary female cast.

==Release==
A teaser for the series was released in February 2024, with [[Netflix]] announcing a planned release later that year.<ref name="HindustanTimesFirstLook" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Heeramandi: First look of Sanjay Leela Bhansali's series to be revealed on THIS date |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heeramandi-first-look-of-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-series-to-be-revealed-on-this-date-64159.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201034856/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heeramandi-first-look-of-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-series-to-be-revealed-on-this-date-64159.html |archive-date=2024-02-01 |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=Filmfare}}</ref> In March, it was confirmed that the series would premiere on 1 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Bhansali's 'Heeramandi' to drop on Netflix on May 1 |url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2024/mar/27/bhansalis-heeramandi-to-drop-on-netflix-on-may-1/8e83691040991a3fed81875d865c9402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526112231/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2024/mar/27/bhansalis-heeramandi-to-drop-on-netflix-on-may-1/8e83691040991a3fed81875d865c9402 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Viewership ===
During the week of 29 April to 5 May 2024, ''Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar'' ranked as the second most-watched non-English television series on [[Netflix]] globally.<ref name="record">{{cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=Netflix Global Top 10 - Most-Watched Non-English TV (29 April 2024 – 5 May 2024) |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/top10/tv-non-english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508144017/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/top10/tv-non-english |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> The series garnered 4.5 million views and accumulated 33 million viewing hours during its debut week, setting a record for the highest viewership for an Indian series in its opening week on the platform.<ref name="record1">{{cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title=Top 10 Week of Apr. 29: 'Baby Reindeer' Holds Strong; 'Heeramandi' Breaks Records; Katt Williams and Tom Brady Live Events Bring the Laughs |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/top-10-week-of-apr-29-baby-reindeer-holds-strong-heeramandi-breaks-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511133705/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/top-10-week-of-apr-29-baby-reindeer-holds-strong-heeramandi-breaks-records |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's debut web show Heeramandi becomes most-viewed Indian series on Netflix |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/sanjay-leela-bhansalis-debut-web-show-heeramandi-becomes-most-viewed-indian-series-on-netflix-101715172741662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508145052/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/sanjay-leela-bhansalis-debut-web-show-heeramandi-becomes-most-viewed-indian-series-on-netflix-101715172741662.html |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It topped Netflix charts in 10 countries and appeared in the top ten list in 43 countries worldwide.<ref name="record" /><ref name="record1" />

=== Critical response ===
On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 46% of 13 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.8/10.<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar|id=heeramandi_the_diamond_bazaar/s01|type=tv|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the series as "stunning to behold," citing its expansive production values.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=1 May 2024 |title='Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar' series review: Sanjay Leela Bhansali's dazzling soap opera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-series-review-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-dazzling-soap-opera/article68127732.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515153226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-series-review-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-dazzling-soap-opera/article68127732.ece |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that while the series "might feel like a long watch," its cinematic quality "will linger on long after its conclusion."<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |date=1 May 2024 |title=Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar Season 1 Review : Dazzles with stellar performances and visual grandeur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar/season-1/seasonreview/109685822.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514114227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar/season-1/seasonreview/109685822.cms |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' awarded the series 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "a treat to the eyes" and "a lesson of history."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2024 |title=Manisha Koirala, Sonakshi Sinha's Heeramandi Review: Sanjay Leela Bhansali directorial series is intoxicatingly beautiful {{!}} Netflix |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinhas-heeramandi-review-sanjay-leela-bhansali-directorial-series-is-intoxicatingly-beautiful-netflix-13765827.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502051937/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinhas-heeramandi-review-sanjay-leela-bhansali-directorial-series-is-intoxicatingly-beautiful-netflix-13765827.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 3 stars, commending [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s thematic ambition and observing that, amid the show's opulence, it promotes the subcontinent's syncretic cultural heritage—a theme he deemed particularly relevant in contemporary India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=1 May 2024 |title=Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar Review - There's More Than The Blindingly Sumptuous Means Sanjay Leela Bhansali Employs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-review-theres-more-than-the-blindingly-sumptuous-means-sanjay-leela-bhansali-employs-3-stars-5563342 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083513/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-review-theres-more-than-the-blindingly-sumptuous-means-sanjay-leela-bhansali-employs-3-stars-5563342 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3 out of 5, writing that it "mirrors Bhansali's film-making's finest and frustrating features," reflecting both artistic grandeur and narrative excess.<ref name="rd">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2024 |title=Heeramandi Review: Romance, Revenge, Rebellion |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/heeramandi-review/20240501.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503133554/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/heeramandi-review/20240501.htm |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the show 2.5 stars, commenting that while Bhansali's signature visual flair is evident, the story aims to portray the lives of courtesans who were once central to Indian popular culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=1 May 2024 |title=Heeramandi review: Part history, part myth, full-on Sanjay Leela Bhansali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-review-part-history-part-myth-full-on-sanjay-leela-bhansali-9300636/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502042112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-review-part-history-part-myth-full-on-sanjay-leela-bhansali-9300636/ |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Classical dancer and founder of ''The Courtesan Project'', [[Manjari Chaturvedi]], criticized the series for conflating tawaifs with prostitutes, arguing that it fails to accurately portray the educational and cultural significance of historical courtesans. She also expressed concern that the show neglects essential references to the authentic tawaif tradition.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=The British reduced all tawaifs to sex workers – so has Sanjay Leela Bhansali in Heeramandi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/tawaifs-sex-workers-sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-9316484/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509014501/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/tawaifs-sex-workers-sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-9316484/ |archive-date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref>

==Accolades==
===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|16 August 2024
|Best OTT Series
| rowspan="2" |''Heeramandi''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFM 2024: Laapataa Ladies leads with 5 nominations; Shah Rukh to compete with Kartik, Mammootty, Diljit for Best Actor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifm-2024-laapataa-ladies-leads-5-nominations-shah-rukh-khan-compete-kartik-aaryan-mammooty-diljit-best-actor-3096309 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |[[2024 Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards|6 October 2024]]
| Best OTT Original|| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalottawards.org/eng/addon/10000001/page.asp?page_num=6079 |title=ACA & Global OTT Awards: Nominations 2024|date=August 30, 2024|access-date=August 30, 2024 |website=Asia Contents Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ACA & G.OTT |url=https://www.globalottawards.org/eng/addon/10000001/page.asp?page_num=6078 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=ACA & G.OTT}}</ref>
|-
| Best Original Song
| "Sakal Ban" || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="16" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="16" |[[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|1 December 2024]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Heeramandi''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="16" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Kareena Kapoor, Diljit Dosanjh Bag Top Honours. Here's The Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2024-kareena-kapoor-diljit-dosanjh-bag-top-honours-heres-the-full-list-of-winners-7152011 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director in a Drama Series
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Manisha Koirala]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Richa Chadha]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Story (Series)
|Moin Beg
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Screenplay (Series)
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali and [[Vibhu Puri]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Dialogue (Series)
|Divya Nidhi and Vibhu Puri
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music (Series)
|[[Benedict Taylor]] and Naren Chandavarkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Soundtrack (Series)
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali, [[Raja Hasan]], and Sharmistha Chatterjee
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Series)
|Subrata Chakraborty and Amit Roy
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]], [[Mahesh Limaye]], Huenstang Mohapatra, and Ragul Herian Dharuman
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Design (Series)
|Rimple, Harpreet Narula, and Chandrakant Sonawane
|{{won}}
|-
|Best VFX (Series)
|Vinay Singh Chuphal (FutureWorks)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Design (Series)
|Sanal George
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |3–4 December 2024
|Best Actress in a Leading Role (India)
|Manisha Koirala
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=pdf |first=Asian Academy Creative Awards |date=26 September 2024 |title=List of National Winners 2024 |url=https://aaca.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/List-of-NW-24-_-By-Categories.pdf |website=[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography (Fiction) (India)
|Sudeep Chatterjee
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Visual or Special FX (TV or Feature Film) (India)
|FutureWorks|FutureWorks
|{{won}}
|}

== Sequel ==
Following the massive success of the series as it generated the highest viewership ever for any show by Netflix India,{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} ''Heeramandi'' was renewed for a second season. A 'Season 2 Announcement' video was dropped on 3 June 2024. However, the streaming date of the new season has not yet been informed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2024 |title=Heeramandi Season 2 announced: Aditi Rao Hydari, Taha Shah join fans to share their excitement for Sanjay Leela Bhansali's next chapter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heeramandi-season-2-announced-aditi-rao-hydari-taha-shah-join-fans-to-share-their-excitement-for-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-next-chapter/articleshow/110657970.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Rajkahini]]'' (2015) – Indian Bengali-language film centered on a group of prostitutes during the [[Partition of India]]
* [[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|''Begum Jaan'']] (2017) – Hindi-language remake of ''Rajkahini'', also set against the backdrop of Partition
* ''[[Jaanisaar]]'' (2015) – Hindi-language film focusing on [[Tawaif|tawaifs]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* ''[[Kalank]]'' (2019) – period drama involving courtesans, set in pre-Partition India

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Netflix original current series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heeramandi}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1910s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1945]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian prostitution TV series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans drama series]]
[[Category:Works about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian musical television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Agra South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:26Z

MaricelaHamilton: Added A Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agra South ( आगरा दक्षिण )
| constituency_no = 88
| map_image = 88-Agra South.svg
| mla = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2008
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,58,858 (2019)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Agra South Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Agra district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First assembly election in this assembly constituency was conducted in 2012 after the constituency came into existence in the year 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 November 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 November 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Agra South Assembly constituency comprises ward numbers 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 23, 25, 29, 30, 36 to 39, 41, 44, 49, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74 to 77 & 80 in [[Agra district|Agra]] [[Municipal corporation#India|municipal corporation]].<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}} <ref name="election2012">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Agra South<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:109262}}
|percentage = 52.39
|change = {{increase}}0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vinay Agrawal
|votes = {{formatnum:52622}}
|percentage = 25.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Bharadwaj
|votes = {{formatnum:38219}}
|percentage = 18.32
|change = {{decrease}}8.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anuj Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:4867}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change = {{decrease}}15.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:949}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:56640}}
|percentage = 27.16
|change = {{increase}}2.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208569}}
|percentage = 56.75
|change = {{decrease}}5.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Agra|Agra South]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:111882}}
|percentage = 51.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Zulfiquar Ahmed Bhutto
|votes = {{formatnum:57657}}
|percentage = 26.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nazir Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:39434}}
|percentage = 18.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:753}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:54225}}
|percentage = 24.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:217225}}
|percentage = 62.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Agra|Agra South]]<ref name="election2012"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|votes = 74,324
|percentage = 37.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Zulfiquar Ahmed Bhutto
|votes = 51,364
|percentage = 26.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nazir Ahmed
|votes = 39,962
|percentage = 20.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohammad Sareef Usmani
|votes = 13,408
|percentage = 6.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
|candidate = Choudhry Basheer
|votes = 9,211
|percentage = 4.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Garg
|votes = 2,013
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,960
|percentage = 11.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,782
|percentage = 59.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Agra district]]
*[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kantamal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:20Z

MaricelaHamilton: New Initial Page First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Kantamal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kantamal
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 85
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Boudh district|Boudh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,69,070{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}
'''Kantamal''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Boudh district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=85|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225152717/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=85|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Kantamal (85) District : Boudh|accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Kantamal block and 10 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Raxa, Manupali, Gochhapada, Baunsuni, Bohira, Talasarada, Mundipadar, Sagada, Gundulia and Ainlapali) of Boudh block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp105.htm|title= 105 - Kantamal Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}|48.28}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|33.03}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.62}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.68}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date

List of members elected from the Kantamal constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Boudh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/kantamal.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kantamal Assembly Election Results 2024: Kantamal Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/kantamal-constituency-result-18085 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Mahidhar Rana
|{{party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Bhagaban Kanhar
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanhai Charan Danga]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mahidhar Rana]] by a margin of 7,149 votes.<ref name=":0" />
{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Kantamal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|votes = 68,356
|percentage = 48.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahidhar Rana]]
|votes = 61,207
|percentage = 43.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 7,694
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,399
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,149
|percentage = 5.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,41,575
|percentage = 83,74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mahidhar Rana]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanhai Charan Danga]] by a margin of 3,650 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kantamal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahidhar Rana]]
|votes = 43,099
|percentage = 33.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|votes = 39,449
|percentage = 30.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sesha Kumar Meher
|votes = 28,370
|percentage = 21.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prasanta Kumar Sahu
|votes = 13,166
|percentage = 21.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,091
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,650
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,465
|percentage = 79.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mahidhar Rana]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Harinarayan Pradhan by a margin of 25,366 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kantamal<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Kantamal|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1885.htm?ac=85|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=16 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Kantamal|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=85|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615172220/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=85|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 June 2014|work=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Kantamal (85)|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahidhar Rana]]
|votes = 49,202
|percentage = 42.62
|change = {{down}}2.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Harinarayan Pradhan|votes=23,836|percentage=20.65|change={{down}}9.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Kanhai Charan Danga]]|votes=23,688|percentage=20.52|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sudhansu Danga|votes=9,336|percentage=8.09|change={{down}}11.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,132|percentage=0.98|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,366|percentage=21.97|change={{up}}7.92}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,436|percentage=80.71|change={{up}}6.84}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,43,026
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bhagaban Kanhor defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Kanhai Charan Danga]] by a margin of 14,453 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=14453 |accessdate=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kantamal<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bhagaban Kanhor
|votes = 45,979
|percentage = 44.68
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|votes = 31,526
|percentage = 30.64
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harinarayan Pradhan
|votes = 20,448
|percentage = 19.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,453
|percentage = 14.05{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,02,929
|percentage = 73.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Boudh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.66|83.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Boudh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2004]]

Indore-1 Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:57Z

MaricelaHamilton: New Initial Data First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indore-1
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 204
| map_image = 204-Indore-1.svg
| mla = [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Sanjay Shukla]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kailash Vijayvargiya BJP.jpg
}}

'''Indore-1 Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Indore-1 Assembly constituency is one of the 9 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|title=Delimination of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies, 2008|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf|website=upload.indiacode.nic.in|publisher=The Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/indore-1.html|website=elections.in|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|[[Babulal Patodi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Arif Beg|Arif Baig]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Mahesh Joshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Om Prakash Rawal
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Chandra Shekhar Vyas
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1980{{note|1980}}
|[[Satyanarayan Sattan]]<ref name="election1952">{{Cite web |title=Details of bye-elections from 1952 to 1995 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/?do=download&r=26445&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=3ab3a228f02340a3bbf6a11251e9bdaf |archive-url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2| Lalit Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Lalchand Murlidhar Mittal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Ramlal Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Usha Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Sudarshan Gupta]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Sanjay Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{note|1980}} by-election

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-1<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/mp/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 5 May 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:158123}}
|percentage = 59.67
|change = +13.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Shukla]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:100184}}
|percentage = 37.81
|change = -12.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1384}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:57939}}
|percentage = 21.86
|change = +18.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:264978}}
|percentage = 72.81
|change = +3.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-1<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:114555}}
|percentage = 50.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudarshan Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106392}}
|percentage = 46.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2409}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8163}}
|percentage = 3.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228013}}
|percentage = 69.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.725|75.826|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Gundlupet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:40Z

MaricelaHamilton: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gundlupet
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 224
| map_image = 224-Gundlupet constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| district = [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1956
| electors = {{formatnum:213888}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[H M Ganesh Prasad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]]
}}

'''Gundlupet Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224 electoral constituencies]] that form the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in the [[South India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is part of [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency was formed in 1957 after [[Mysore State]] was reorganized as the result of [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |title=History in the making |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 November 2005 |first=Prem Paul |last=Ninan |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111458/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]] won the first election of 1957, and she went on to be elected six more times. H. K. Shivarudrappa won in 1978 and since 1994 [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] has won the seat five times consecutively. Following Prasad's death on 3 January 2017, the by-election was won by M. C. Mohan Kumari.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060117/choose-late-ministers-wife-for-gundlupet.html |title=Choose Late minister's wife for Gundlupet: B Janardhan Poojary |author=Paniyadi, Gururaj A. |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="4" | [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || H. K. Shivarudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="5" | [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Karnataka|2017 By-election]] || M. C. Mohan Kumari Uruf Geetha
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[H M Ganesh Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H M Ganesh Prasad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 107,794 |percentage = 57.34% |change = {{increase}}14.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,119 |percentage = 37.83% |change = {{decrease}}13.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil. M. P |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,227 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. K. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,850 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Govindaraju |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,675 |percentage = 19.51% |change = {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,014 |percentage = 87.90% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 187,995}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,888 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,151 |percentage = 51.48% |change = {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Mohan Kumari Uruf Geetha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,467 |percentage = 42.35% |change = {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Guruprasad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,412 |percentage = 3.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kantharaj. C. G |party = Praja Parivartan Party |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,684 |percentage = 9.12% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,230 |percentage = 89.10% |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,646 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2017 elections in India#Karnataka|2017 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15622-bye-elections-july-to-dec-2024/ |title= Bye-Elections, July to Dec, 2024 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Mohan Kumari Uruf Geetha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,260 |percentage = 52.07% |change = {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Niranjan Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,383 |percentage = 45.79% |change = {{increase}}44.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraju. M |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,877 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,000 |percentage = 87.11% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,359}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,723 |percentage = 45.42% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 66,048 |percentage = 40.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,052 |percentage = 3.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Muddumallu |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,017 |percentage = 2.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Gadkar |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Karnataka) |votes = 3,123 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,041 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Mallikarjunaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,989 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}42.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Sanghasena |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,588 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maridasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,675 |percentage = 4.73% |change = {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,443 |percentage = 85.31% |change = {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,425 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,824 |percentage = 45.15% |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Niranjan Kumar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,621 |percentage = 43.62% |change = {{increase}}36.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkataramana Shetty |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,677 |percentage = 5.35% |change = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,284 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shivabasappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,156 |percentage = 2.89% |change = {{decrease}}42.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 1.53% |change = {{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,733 |percentage = 81.32% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,562}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,750 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,076 |percentage = 45.56% |change = {{increase}}32.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,057 |percentage = 36.45% |change = {{increase}}15.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Papanna Shetty |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,344 |percentage = 7.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vrushabendrappa. M. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,067 |percentage = 6.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmanashetty |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,336 |percentage = 3.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,019 |percentage = 9.12% |change = {{decrease}}15.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,910 |percentage = 77.61% |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,793 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 46,757 |percentage = 45.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,776 |percentage = 21.07% |change = {{decrease}}7.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Shivamallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,748 |percentage = 21.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniraju. B. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,049 |percentage = 12.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,981 |percentage = 24.18% |change = {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,975 |percentage = 76.36% |change = {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,330}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,645 |percentage = 6.89% |change = {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,329 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 53,724 |percentage = 50.83% |change = {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Shivamallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,668 |percentage = 28.07% |change = {{decrease}}28.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Puttaranga Naik |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 11,917 |percentage = 11.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Lokesh |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 4,798 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Girija Maheshan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,206 |percentage = 3.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Madaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 740 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,056 |percentage = 22.76% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,138 |percentage = 80.42% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,686}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,452 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,643 |percentage = 57.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,587 |percentage = 36.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Lingachar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,902 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarlingegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,247 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Lokesh |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 965 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 959 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,056 |percentage = 20.34% |change = {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,451 |percentage = 77.59% |change = {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,760}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,691 |percentage = 7.01% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,021 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,857 |percentage = 60.83% |change = {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,717 |percentage = 32.34% |change = {{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarlingegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,755 |percentage = 2.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,188 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Chikkanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 894 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,140 |percentage = 28.50% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,619 |percentage = 71.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,162}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 2.12% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,573 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,085 |percentage = 62.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Srikanta Shetty |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,427 |percentage = 36.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Guruswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,075 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,658 |percentage = 26.43% |change = {{increase}}26.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,344 |percentage = 78.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,587}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,757 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}22.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Shivarudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,141 |percentage = 39.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,870 |percentage = 39.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Srikanta Shetty |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 11,438 |percentage = 16.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Shankara |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Siddaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,366 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 271 |percentage = 0.39% |change = {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,648 |percentage = 83.02% |change = {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,630}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,018 |percentage = 2.86% |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,101 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,055 |percentage = 59.74% |change = {{decrease}}16.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 20,255 |percentage = 40.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,800 |percentage = 19.48% |change = {{decrease}}33.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,246 |percentage = 70.73% |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,310}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,868 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,778 |percentage = 76.69% |change = {{increase}}29.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Jayadevappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,355 |percentage = 23.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,423 |percentage = 53.38% |change = {{increase}}46.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,139 |percentage = 67.64% |change = {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,133}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,773 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,765 |percentage = 53.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Shivarudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,010 |percentage = 46.78% |change = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,755 |percentage = 6.44% |change = {{decrease}}24.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,239 |percentage = 76.49% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,775}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,147 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}12.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gundlupet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Nagarathnamma]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,955 |percentage = 65.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Shivarudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,053 |percentage = 34.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,902 |percentage = 31.31% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,008 |percentage = 72.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,008}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,255 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|11.81|76.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Malavalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:04Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding a article added tags

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Malavalli
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 186
| map_image = 186-Malavalli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|established = 1951
|electors = {{formatnum:248577}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = SC
|mla = P. M. Narendraswamy
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = K. Annadani
}}

'''Malavalli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

[[P. M. Narendraswamy]] is the current MLA from this constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. P. Nagaraja Murthy || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| M. Chikkalingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || H. V. Veeregowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| M. Malikarjnna Swamy
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[G. Made Gowda]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | M. Malikarjnna Swamy
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. L. Mariswami || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Somasekhar
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. Somashekar
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Mallajamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | B. Somashekar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Annadani. K || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Dr. K. Annadani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Malavalli">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Malavalli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10186.htm?ac=186 |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414170708/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10186.htm?ac=186 |archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 106,498 |percentage = 53.79% |change = {{increase}}14.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. Annadani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,652 |percentage = 30.13% |change = {{decrease}}22.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Muniraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,116 |percentage = 12.69% |change = {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnamurthy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,277 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,846 |percentage = 23.66% |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,122 |percentage = 79.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,983}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,577 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/karnataka/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2018-full-list-of-jds-winners-2108006.html|title=Winners of May-2018 Karnataka elections|website=Zee News}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. Annadani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 103,038 |percentage = 52.93% |change = {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,278 |percentage = 39.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,808 |percentage = 5.55% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,471 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,760 |percentage = 13.75% |change = {{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,773 |percentage = 81.57% |change = {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,777 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,869 |percentage = 39.59% |change = {{increase}}34.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. Annadani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 61,331 |percentage = 39.25% |change = {{increase}}16.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Muniraju |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 26,397 |percentage = 16.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Murthy. L |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 8,018 |percentage = 5.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 3,914 |percentage = 2.50% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnamurthy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,628 |percentage = 1.68% |change = {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,031 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Basavaraju |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,868 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. N. Kumara Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}19.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 538 |percentage = 0.34% |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 172,662 |percentage = 74.90% |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,272}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,524 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 45,288 |percentage = 31.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. Annadani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,369 |percentage = 23.14% |change = {{decrease}}15.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,158 |percentage = 20.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Prasanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,014 |percentage = 6.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 9,062 |percentage = 6.28% |change = {{decrease}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Siddaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,044 |percentage = 4.88% |change = {{decrease}}22.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Mahendrakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,833 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Somashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,616 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Nanjundaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,919 |percentage = 8.26% |change = {{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,261 |percentage = 68.83% |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,231}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,579 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annadani. K |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,860 |percentage = 38.68% |change = {{increase}}16.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. M. Narendraswamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,630 |percentage = 27.50% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 21,443 |percentage = 21.34% |change = {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Kumara |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,704 |percentage = 7.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjundaiah. H |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,885 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayaraju. K. J |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Shankar. K. N |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 664 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadavaiah. J |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 637 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,230 |percentage = 11.18% |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,487 |percentage = 65.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,468}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,200 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 27,335 |percentage = 29.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Narendra Swamy S/o. P. L. Mallanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,054 |percentage = 23.75% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Annadani S/o Kenchaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,826 |percentage = 22.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Mallajamma D/o Late Basavaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,604 |percentage = 17.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Puttaswamy S/o Sannaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,183 |percentage = 4.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Mariswamy S/o Veeraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Somashekar S/o. B. Kempaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 625 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,281 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{decrease}}30.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,661 |percentage = 72.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,870}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,709 |percentage = 7.66% |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,168 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}34.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 63,808 |percentage = 64.29% |change = {{increase}}43.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallajamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,435 |percentage = 27.64% |change = {{decrease}}13.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kemparaju |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,909 |percentage = 2.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaramu. M |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,396 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjundaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,067 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Lingarajamurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,013 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,373 |percentage = 36.65% |change = {{increase}}16.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,053 |percentage = 75.08% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,248}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,805 |percentage = 1.79% |change = {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,591 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallajamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,723 |percentage = 41.24% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Lingarajamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,936 |percentage = 20.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,768 |percentage = 20.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Shivalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,153 |percentage = 8.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddaiah |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 4,792 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mutharaju |party = Independent politician |votes = 970 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 646 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,787 |percentage = 20.53% |change = {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,965 |percentage = 74.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,630}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,335 |percentage = 5.80% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,766 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekar |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,497 |percentage = 58.28% |change = {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Amaranathan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,951 |percentage = 38.79% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Nanjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Krishnappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 489 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,546 |percentage = 19.49% |change = {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,695 |percentage = 75.58% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,635}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,060 |percentage = 1.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,154 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somasekhar |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,966 |percentage = 51.51% |change = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Madaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,345 |percentage = 40.84% |change = {{increase}}32.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guruvaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kemparaju |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 1,034 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Krishnappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 869 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 603 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Siddaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 459 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 391 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,621 |percentage = 10.67% |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,437 |percentage = 71.86% |change = {{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,059}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,378 |percentage = 2.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,284 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. L. Mariswami |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,774 |percentage = 45.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shivaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,712 |percentage = 45.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Malikarjnna Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,998 |percentage = 8.26% |change = {{decrease}}55.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 62 |percentage = 0.10% |change = {{decrease}}28.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,004 |percentage = 75.04% |change = {{increase}}14.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,484}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 2.45% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,624 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Malikarjnna Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,231 |percentage = 64.06% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Rudraiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,717 |percentage = 35.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,514 |percentage = 28.12% |change = {{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,973 |percentage = 60.19% |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,948}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Malikarjnna Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,077 |percentage = 65.62% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadevaswamy |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,316 |percentage = 22.78% |change = {{decrease}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Kempaiah |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Venkateshan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 3.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Dasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 910 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 443 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,761 |percentage = 42.84% |change = {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,419 |percentage = 57.51% |change = {{decrease}}15.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,122}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,167 |percentage = 64.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Doddaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,149 |percentage = 33.76% |change = {{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Kempaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 707 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,018 |percentage = 30.34% |change = {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,630 |percentage = 73.46% |change = {{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,023}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,502 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}41.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}29.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Veeregowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,454 |percentage = 34.40% |change = {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Malikarjnna Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,102 |percentage = 32.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Nagaraja Murthy |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,449 |percentage = 15.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chikkalingaiah |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 9,723 |percentage = 11.75% |change = {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Venkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,273 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Venkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,723 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,005 |percentage = 19.35% |change = {{increase}}19.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,724 |percentage = 49.52% |change = {{decrease}}45.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,528 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malavalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Nagaraja Murthy |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 18,314 |percentage = 25.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Veerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,144 |percentage = 24.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chikkalingaiah |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 13,339 |percentage = 18.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Ramaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,252 |percentage = 15.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Venkateshan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,787 |percentage = 10.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lakshminarayana Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,295 |percentage = 5.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 170 |percentage = 0.23% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,131 |percentage = 47.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,131}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,662 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mandya district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.38|77.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Jamunamukh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:44Z

MaricelaHamilton: New Some Article W/ Refs...

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jamunamukh
| mla = [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
| party = {{Color box|#0A8612}} [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Hojai District|Hojai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,21,862
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 90
| map_image = Jamunamukh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Jamunamukh Assembly Constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Jamunamukh was also part of [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency]].

A new constituency, Binnakandi, has been created in Jamunamukh with redrawn boundaries, now part of Kaziranga parliamentary constituency instead of Nagaon.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Bimala Kanta Bara
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!Maulavi Rahimuddin Ahmed
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
!Begum Afia Ahmed
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
!Lakshmi Prasad Goswami
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Debendra Nath Bora
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Mujamil Ali Choudhury
![[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Mohammad Farman Ali
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! rowspan="2" |Abdul Jalil Ragibi
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury (Indian politician)|Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
![[Badruddin Ajmal]]
! rowspan="6" |[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|2006^
! rowspan="2" |[[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|2014^
! rowspan="2" |[[Abdur Rahim Ajmal]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamunamukh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Abdur Rahim Ajmal]] |votes=65,599|percentage=42.57|change=-9.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rejaul Karim Chowdhury|votes=52,394|percentage=34.00|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bashiruddin Laskar|votes=23,849|percentage=15.47|change=-17.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=Ziauddin Ahmed|votes=4,732|percentage=3.07|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Badar Uddin|votes=1,956|percentage=1.26|change=-0.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Wahid|votes=904|percentage=0.58|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shamal Das|votes=756|percentage=0.49|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sumitra Borah|votes=653|percentage=0.42|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jugal Bodo (Dilu)|votes=611|percentage=0.39|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Nurul Hoque
|votes = 489
|percentage = 0.31
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JMBP
|candidate = Sumti Bora
|votes = 309
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Minaz Uddin|votes=266|percentage=0.17|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Basir Uddin|votes=233|percentage=0.15|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kamal Uddin|votes=208|percentage=0.13|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,129|percentage=0.73|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,205|percentage=8.57|change=-10.68}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,54,088|percentage=84.28|change=+10.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
title=2014 by-election: Jamunamukh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Ajmal
|votes = 62,153
|percentage = 52.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bashir Uddin Laskar
|votes = 39,194
|percentage = 32.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bilal Uddin
|votes = 13,868
|percentage = 11.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bodor Uddin
|votes = 2,184
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Debnath
|votes = 589
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sona Ram Bora
|votes = 559
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moulana Motahir Ali
|votes = 392
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prafulla Saikia
|votes = 341
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,959
|percentage = 19.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,280
|percentage = 74.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamunamukh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jamunamukh]]
* [[Hojai district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.11|92.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Hojai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Ersama Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:58Z

MaricelaHamilton: done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ersama
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Ersama''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Jagatsinghpur district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 2008 following Delimitation. It was subsumed into the [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency]].<ref name=dpaco2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1952 & 2008, 13 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laikera Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/laikera-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Ersama constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Gourishyam Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Lokanath Choudhary|Lokanath Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Ratnamali Jema
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Lokanath Choudhary|Lokanath Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Narayan Birabar Samanta
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Lokanath Choudhary|Lokanath Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Krushna Chandra Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Bijaya Kumar Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jagatsinghpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Jagatsinghpur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

National Institutes of Design

2026-04-08T11:26:04Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding some post with sources

{{short description|Group of public design schools in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = {{nowrap|National Institutes of Design}}
| caption = Seal of the National Institutes of Design
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = 1961
| location =
| language = English
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[World Design Organization|WDO]]}}
}}
{{Location map+|India3|float=right|width=260|caption=Location of the 5 functioning [[National Institutes of Design|NID]]s|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''Ahmedabad'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''Bhopal'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.25|long=77.42}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''Jorhat'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=26.75|long=94.22}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''Kurukshetra'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=29.96|long=76.83}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''Amravati'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=16.51|long=80.63}}}}

The '''National Institutes of Design''' ('''NID''') is a group of autonomous public design institutes in India, with the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|first institute]] established in 1961 in [[Ahmedabad]]. The other NIDs are located in the cities of [[Kurukshetra]], [[Amaravati]], [[Jorhat]] and [[Bhopal]]. The NIDs function autonomously under the [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]] (DPIIT), [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], [[Government of India]]. The NIDs are recognised by the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] of the government's [[Ministry of Science and Technology]] as a scientific and industrial research organisation. The institutes are accorded the status of [[Institutes of National Importance]] under the National Institute of Design Act, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nid.edu/Userfiles/The_National_Institute_of_Design_Bill.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506034347/https://www.nid.edu/Userfiles/The_National_Institute_of_Design_Bill.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=NID Coaching - In Ahmedabad {{!}} Pune {{!}} Delhi {{!}} Mumbai {{!}} Lucknow {{!}} Patna {{!}} Ranchi {{!}} Bhanwar Rathore Design Studio |url=https://rathoredesign.com/nid-entrance-exam-coaching/?nid |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Institutes ==
The primary institute is located in [[Ahmedabad]] with extension campuses in [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The creation of four additional NIDs was suggested as part of the central government's 2007 National Design Policy.<ref name="toi-1-apr-2012">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194407/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2012/04/01&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00604&ViewMode=HTML "PPP model for new NIDs Nixed". Times of India, Ahmedabad. Times City section, page 6. 1 April 2012.]</ref><ref name="hindu-19-feb-2011">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1471990.ece "Centre committed to development of Assam, northeast: Manmohan". The Hindu, 19 February 2011]</ref>

The [[Union budget of India|Union Budget]] 2026-27 prioritizes the burgeoning design sector, addressing the critical talent shortage through strategic expansion. [[Finance minister of india|Finance Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]’s proposal for a new '''National Institute of Design''' in [[Eastern India]] marks a pivotal shift in regional development. This initiative reinforces the national design vision, integrating the East into a high-caliber institutional framework dedicated to professional excellence and innovation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |date=1 Feb 2026 |title=Sitharaman proposes a new National Institute of Design in eastern India |url=https://theprint.in/economy/sitharaman-national-institute-of-design-eastern-india/2843128/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408111946/https://theprint.in/economy/sitharaman-national-institute-of-design-eastern-india/2843128/ |archive-date=8 Apr 2026 |access-date=1 Feb 2026 |work=[[ThePrint]] 01 February, 2026 10:27 pm IST |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 93%"
|+National Institutes of Design
!#
! scope="col" style="width:443px;" |Institute
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |City
! scope="col" style="width:105px;" |State
! scope="col" style="width:30px;" |Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]
|Ahmedabad
|[[Gujarat]]
|1961
|[https://www.nid.edu/ nid.edu]
|-

|2
|[[National Institute of Design, Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Amrawati|Amaravati]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2015
|[https://www.nid.ac.in/ nid.ac.in]
|-
|3
|[[National Institute of Design, Haryana]]
|[[Kurukshetra]]
|[[Haryana]]
|2016
|[https://www.nidh.ac.in/ nidh.ac.in]
|-
|4
|[[National Institute of Design, Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2019
|[http://www.nidmp.ac.in/ nidmp.ac.in]
|-
|5
|[[National Institute of Design, Assam]]
|[[Jorhat]]
|[[Assam]]
|2019
|[http://nidj.ac.in/ nidj.ac.in]
|-
|}

== Admissions ==
The NID Design Aptitude Test (NID-DAT) is a two-stage national-level entrance examination for the National Institutes of Design (NIDs), organized annually by the NID Admissions Cell for admissions to undergraduate and postgraduate courses at these institutes. The first stage of the examination is the NID-DAT Prelims, which consists of a pen-and-paper design and general aptitude test. The second stage is the NID-DAT Mains, which typically includes an in-studio design test and may also feature a personal interview. The tests aim to evaluate candidates' visualization skills, creativity, observational abilities, knowledge, comprehension, and analytical skills, among other competencies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NID Admission: 2019-20|url=http://admissions.nid.edu/NIDA2019/Default.aspx|access-date=2019-08-06|website=admissions.nid.edu}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The courses available at NID span a wide range of disciplines (like graphic design, product design, interior design, filmmaking, animation, etc.) and include Bachelor of Design (B.Des.), Graduate Diploma Program in Design (GDPD), Master of Design (M.Des.) and doctoral programs (PhD). Several international programs and foundation courses are also available.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[T-Works]]
* [[IDC School of Design|IIT Bombay IDC School of Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{National Institutes of Design}}
{{Film schools in India}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Institutes of Design| ]]

Mohammad Gulrez

2026-04-08T01:57:43Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding the page and citations

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1961)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2024}}
{{Promotional|date=May 2024}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=September 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| name = Mohammad Gulrez
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof Mohammad Gulrez.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Prof Gulrez is delivering a lecture at International Conference (14 March 2023) held at Aligarh Muslim University.
| order = Vice Chancellor (officiating), Aligarh Muslim University
| term_start1 = 2 April 2023
| term_end1 = 22 April 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Tariq Mansoor]]
| successor1 = [[Naima Khatoon]]
| office2 = Pro Vice Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University
| term_start2 = 22 June 2022
| term_end2 = 22 April 2024
| office3 = Dean, Faculty of International Studies, Aligarh Muslim University
| term_start3 = 7 July 2019
| term_end3 = 6 July 2021
| successor =
| office4 = Director, Centre for Continuing Adult Education and Extension, Aligarh Muslim University
| term_start4 = 22 January 2018
| term_end4 = 30 August 2023
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office5 = Visiting ICCR Professor, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| term_start5 = 15 July 2017
| term_end5 = 31 December 2017
| office6 = Director, Directorate of School Education, Aligarh Muslim University
| term_start6 = 20 June 2015
| office7 = Visiting Faculty, the National University of Rwanda, Rwanda, Africa
| term_start7 = January 1999
| term_end7 = January 2004
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|07|01}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = [[Naima Khatoon]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| profession = Professor (Teaching, Research and Administration)
| term_end6 = 5 May 2017
}}

'''Mohammad Gulrez''' (1 July 1961) is an International Relations & Global Governance expert. He has served as [[Pro Vice Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] from 22 June 2022 to 22 April 2024. Previously, on 2 April 2023, Prof Gulrez took over the charge as officiating [[Vice Chancellor]] of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and served there till 22 April 2024. He has also served as Dean, Faculty of International Studies, Director, Centre for South African & Brazilian Studies & Coordinator for Conflict Resolution & Peace Studies Programme at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].
Prof Gulrez was on a Deputation from [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], Govt of India for a period of 6 months to the India Chair at [[University of Colombo]], Sri Lanka from July 2017 to December 2017.
From January 1999 to January 2004, he worked as visiting Faculty, Department of Political and Administrative Sciences at the [[National University of Rwanda]], [[Central Africa]].
Prof Gulrez was the Consultant/Researcher, Good Governance (Component) for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Project, Govt. of [[Rwanda]] (2002).
Prof Gulrez is also on the International Advisory Board, Asian Review Institute of Asian Studies, [[Chulalongkorn University]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].
He is also the Member of Academic Forum, Asia Pacific Observatory, [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]].
He has also been associated with the Foreign Policy Analysis Program, Mershon Centre, [[Ohio State University]],
[[Columbus, Ohio]] and Muslim Politics Project, Council On Foreign Relations Programme, [[New York City|New York]], [[United States of America]].

Prof Gulrez is currently working on Confidence Building Measures focusing on both the bi-lateral and multi-lateral tracks of the peace process.
Prof Gulrez has participated in seminars and workshops in USA, Iran, Pakistan, Libya, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom, Ghana, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan and Kuwait.

==Specialization==

His area of specialization is Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Conflicts, Civil Society, and Poverty Alleviation.

==Published works==
Prof. Gulrez authored/edited seven books & monographs and published papers in the national and international referred journals. Prof. Gulrez also presented 100 (approx.) Research papers/projects National and International Seminars in India and abroad.

===Books===
* Conflict Transformation in West Asia - Oslo Process and Beyond: The Transcend Perspective (2004)
* Settlements and Resistance in the Occupied Territories (2005) (ed.)
* Constitutional Poll Battle : A Study of Iranian Presidential Election 2005 (2008)
* Area Studies in India : Challenges Ahead (2009) (ed.)
* Arab Spring & Prospects of Peace in West Asia (2015) (ed.)
* Rising India, China, Brazil & South Africa : Prospects and Challenges (2016) (ed.)
*Prospects of Cooperation in Higher Education & Capacity Building : A Case Study of India and Sri Lanka (2017)

==References==
* http://indiawires.com/19870/business/brics-nations-emerging-as-worlds-most-influential-economies/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923120439/http://indiawires.com/19870/business/brics-nations-emerging-as-worlds-most-influential-economies/ |date=23 September 2015 }}
* http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.PrintContent&fa=regcon&action=Print&contentid=20150325238119{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-holds-seminar-on-peacebuilding/articleshow/19334932.cms
* https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&dq=Professor+Mohammad+Gulrez+Department+of+West+Asian+Studies+Aligarh&pg=PA16
* http://www.muslimissues.com/amu-appoints-new-management-authorities-for-schools/
* http://academicfoundation.org/index.php?route=product/print_brocture&product_id=450
* http://svuniversity.ac.in/Dept/Journal/committee.html
* http://www.icwa.in/pdfs/icrfourthiaac.pdf
* http://www.slideshare.net/drhamidraihan/a-m-u-gazette-janfeb
* http://www.rina.in/national/a-two-day-interdisciplinary-national-seminar-on-%E2%80%9Cthe-arab-spring-and-peace-in-west-asia%E2%80%9D-at-amu/
* http://amuoldboys.blogspot.in/2013/10/prof-mohammad-gulrez-director-centre.html
* http://syedasadhusain.blogspot.in/2010/09/residential-coaching-academy-interviews.html
* http://shahernama.com/shiekh-rashid-al-ghannushi-visits-aligarh-muslim-university/{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093628/http://bhupr.nt-soft.com/admin/detailview.aspx?nt=2
* http://www.issaindia.in/oip/Complete%20Brochure.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095351/http://www.issaindia.in/oip/Complete%20Brochure.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}
* http://twocircles.net/2014feb01/national_seminar_strategic_options_amu.html#.VgIftZd3vK8
* http://www.amunetwork.com/2015/09/amu-faculty-members-publish-books-vc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912062048/http://www.amunetwork.com/2015/09/amu-faculty-members-publish-books-vc.html |date=12 September 2015 }}
* http://jmi.ac.in/upload/employeeresume/arahman.pdf
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140803061056/http://bhu.ac.in/RAR/Evaluative%20Reports%20of%20Departments%20%20(Faculty%20wise)/Faculty%20of%20Social%20Sciences/Malviya%20Centre%20for%20Peace%20Research.pdf]
* http://www.ourladyfatima.org/independence-day-celebrations-2015/
* http://www.vlmsjournals.in/uploads/3/1/7/9/31798897/uttar_pradesh_journal_of_social_science_research.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623112631/http://www.vlmsjournals.in/uploads/3/1/7/9/31798897/uttar_pradesh_journal_of_social_science_research.pdf |date=23 June 2017 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131010013021/http://mcpr-bhu.org/activities.html
* http://www.vlmsjournals.in/uploads/3/1/7/9/31798897/uttar_pradesh_journal_of_social_science_research.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623112631/http://www.vlmsjournals.in/uploads/3/1/7/9/31798897/uttar_pradesh_journal_of_social_science_research.pdf |date=23 June 2017 }}
* http://www.publishingindia.com/News/Editors-Interview.aspx
* http://www.academicfoundation.com/n_detail/westasia.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423184834/http://academicfoundation.com/n_detail/westasia.asp |date=23 April 2012 }}
* http://www.africanstudies.in/asa-page.php?pageid=209
* http://andlaaligarh.blogspot.in/2011/07/amu-residential-coaching-academy.html
* http://twocircles9.rssing.com/chan-7296818/all_p180.html
* http://www.brunchnews.com/northern-voices-online/general-news/directorate-of-school-education-gets-new-office-bearers-3082588{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* http://radianceweekly.in/portal/issue/moral-cowards-vs-moral-lepers/
* http://myamu.in/gallery/prof-mohammad-gulrez
* http://twocircles.net/2013dec17/homage_paid_mandela_amu.html#.VgIkSpd3vK8
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174700/http://www.bhu.ac.in/social_sciences/mcpr/activities.php]
* http://www.publishingindia.com/Research/ProductInfo/Editorial-Team.aspx?InfoID=5
* http://www.rina.in/national/rich-homage-paid-to-mandela/
* http://jamiajournal.com/2012/08/13/brazilian-ambassador-duarte-speaks-at-jamia/
* http://www.kkagencies.com/index.php?p=sr&Field=prefix,title,subtitle,annt,voldet,series&String=Norway,%20Oslo%20Process,%20Oslo%20Institute,%20Mission%20to%20Oslo,%20Trondheim,%20Stavanger,%20Drammen,%20Norwegian,%20Swedish,%20Danish,%20Scandinavian,%20Faroese,%20Icelandic&Exactly=no&Match=word&zS=title,subtitle,bookcode&arrStr=yes&delStr=,&Ds=Norway
* http://opac.lib.seu.ac.lk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=40870 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923063215/http://opac.lib.seu.ac.lk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=40870 |date=23 September 2015 }}
* http://dspace.africaportal.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/34175/1/RWANDA%20CHAPTER.pdf?1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031743/http://dspace.africaportal.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/34175/1/RWANDA%20CHAPTER.pdf?1 |date=23 September 2015 }}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulrez, Mohammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India

2026-03-28T16:23:09Z

MaricelaHamilton:

{{short description|None}}
{{For|sitting justices of the Supreme Court of India|List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
[[File:Supreme Court of India - 200705 (edited).jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|Supreme Court Building]]
The following is a list of former Judges of the [[Supreme Court of India]] since its inception on 26 January 1950. A total of 249 judges have served in the court (excluding sitting judges). The list has been arranged on the basis of date of retirement with [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justices]] mentioned first.

== Former chief justices ==
{| class="sortable wikitable "
|- style="background:#B5B5B5"
! Sr.No.
!Portrait
! class="sortable" |Name of the Chief Justice
!Date of appointment
! class="sortable" | Date of appointment as CJI
!Date of retirement
!Tenure Length
!Tenure Length as CJI
|- align="center"
! 1
|'''[[File:Justice_H._J._Kania.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[H. J. Kania]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1951|November|6}}
|{{age in years and days|1950|01|28|1951|11|6}}
|{{age in years and days|1950|01|28|1951|11|6}}
|- align="center"
! 2
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Patanjali_Sastri.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[M. Patanjali Sastri]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1951|November|7}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1954|January|3}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1954|1|3|duration=on}}
|{{age in years and days|1951|11|7|1954|1|3}}
|- align="center"
! 3
|[[File:Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1954|January|4}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1954|December|22}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1954|12|22|duration=on}}
|{{age in years and days|1954|1|4|1954|12|22}}
|- align="center"
! 4
|'''[[File:Bijan_Kumar_Mukherjea,_4th_Chief_Justice_of_India.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Bijan Kumar Mukherjea]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1954|December|23}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1956|January|31}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1956|1|31|duration=on}}
|{{age in years and days|1954|12|23|1956|1|31}}
|- align="center"
! 5
|'''[[File:Justice_Sudhi_Ranjan_Das.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1956|February|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1959|September|30}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1959|9|30|duration=on}}
|{{age in years and days|1956|02|1|1959|9|30}}
|- align="center"
! 6
|'''[[File:Justice_Bhuvneshwar_Prasad_Sinha.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1954|december|03}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1959|October|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1964|January|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1954|12|3|1964|1|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1959|10|1|1964|1|31}}
|- align="center"
! 7
|'''[[File:Justice_P.B._Gajendragadkar.jpg|100x100px|Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar]]'''
|[[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1957|January|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1964|February|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1966|March|15}}
|{{age in years and days|1957|1|17|1966|3|15}}
|{{age in years and days|1964|2|1|1966|3|15}}
|- align="center"
! 8
|'''[[File:Justice_A.K._Sarkar.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Amal Kumar Sarkar]]
|{{dts|1957|3|4|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1966|March|16}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1966|June|29}}
|{{age in years and days|1957|3|4|1966|6|29}}
|{{age in years and days|1966|3|16|1966|6|29}}
|- align="center"
! 9
|'''[[File:Justice_K._Subba_Rao.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Koka Subba Rao]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1958|January|31}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1966|June|30}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1967|April|11}}‡
|{{age in years and days|1958|1|31|1967|4|11}}
|{{age in years and days|1966|6|30|1967|4|11}}
|- align="center"
! 10
|'''[[File:Justice_K.N._Wanchoo.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]]
|{{dts|1958|8|11|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1967|April|12}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1968|February|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1958|8|11|1968|2|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1967|4|12|1968|2|24}}
|- align="center"
! 11
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Hidayatullah.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]<ref>Also served as [[Acting_President_of_India]] and [[Vice_President_of_India]].</ref>
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1958|December|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1968|February|25}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1970|December|16}}
|{{age in years and days|1958|12|1|1970|12|16}}
|{{age in years and days|1968|2|25|1970|12|16}}
|- align="center"
! 12
|'''[[File:Justice_J.C._Shah.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]]
|{{dts|1959|10|12|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1970|December|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1971|January|21}}
|{{age in years and days|1959|10|12|1971|1|21}}
|{{age in years and days|1970|12|17|1971|1|21}}
|- align="center"
! 13
|[[File:Justice S.M. Sikri.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|[[S.M. Sikri]]
|{{dts|1964|2|3|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1971|January|22}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1973|April|25}}
|{{age in years and days|1964|2|3|1973|4|25}}
|{{age in years and days|1971|1|22|1973|4|25}}
|- align="center"
! 14
|'''[[File:Justice_A.N._Ray.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[A. N. Ray]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1969|8|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1973|April|26}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1977|January|27}}
|{{age in years and days|1969|8|1|1977|1|27}}
|{{age in years and days|1973|4|26|1977|1|27}}
|- align="center"
! 15
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Hameedullah_Beg.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Mirza Hameedullah Beg]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1971|December|10}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1977|01|29}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1978|February|21}}
|{{age in years and days|1971|12|10|1978|2|21}}
|{{age in years and days|1977|1|29|1978|2|21}}
|- align="center"
! 16
|'''[[File:Justice_Y.V._Chandrachud.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1972|August|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1978|February|22}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1985|July|11}}
|{{age in years and days|1972|8|28|1985|7|11}}
|{{age in years and days|1978|2|22|1985|7|11}}
|- align="center"
! 17
|'''[[File:Justice_P.N._Bhagwati.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[P. N. Bhagwati]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1973|July|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1985|July|12}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1986|December|20}}
|{{age in years and days|1973|7|17|1986|12|20}}
|{{age in years and days|1985|7|12|1986|12|20}}
|- align="center"
! 18
|'''[[File:Justice_R.S._Pathak.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1978|February|20}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1986|December|21}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|June|18}}
|{{age in years and days|1978|2|20|1989|6|18}}
|{{age in years and days|1986|12|21|1989|6|18}}
|- align="center"
! 19
|'''[[File:Justice_E.S._Venkataramiah.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1979|March|8}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|June|19}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|December|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1979|3|8|1989|12|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1989|6|19|1989|12|17}}
|- align="center"
! 20
|'''[[File:Justice_Sabyasachi_Mukherjee.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Sabyasachi Mukharji|Sabyasachi Mukherjee]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1983|March|15}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|December|18}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1990|September|25}}
|{{age in years and days|1983|3|15|1990|9|25}}
|{{age in years and days|1989|12|18|1990|9|25}}
|- align="center"
! 21
|'''[[File:Ranganath_Mishra.png|100x100px]]'''
|[[Ranganath Misra]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1983|March|15}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1990|September|26}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|November|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1983|3|15|1991|11|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1990|9|26|1991|11|24}}
|- align="center"
! 22
|'''[[File:Justice_K.N._Singh.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Kamal Narain Singh]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1986|3|10}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|November|25}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|December|12}}
|{{age in years and days|1986|3|10|1991|12|12}}
|{{age in years and days|1991|11|25|1991|12|12}}
|- align="center"
! 23
|'''[[File:Justice_M.H._Kania.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Madhukar Hiralal Kania]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1987|5|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|December|13}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1992|November|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1987|5|1|1992|11|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1991|12|13|1992|11|17}}
|- align="center"
! 24
|'''[[File:Justice_L.M._Sharma.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Lalit Mohan Sharma]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1987|10|5}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1992|November|18}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1993|February|11}}
|{{age in years and days|1987|10|5|1993|2|11}}
|{{age in years and days|1992|11|18|1993|2|11}}
|- align="center"
! 25
|'''[[File:Justice_M.N._Venkatachaliah.jpg|100x100px]]'''
|[[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1987|10|5}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1993|February|12}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1994|October|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1987|10|5|1994|10|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1993|2|12|1994|10|24}}
|- align="center"
! 26
|'''[[File:Justice_A.M._Ahmadi.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1988|December|14}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1994|October|25}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1997|March|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1988|12|14|1997|3|24}}
|{{age in years and days|1994|10|25|1997|3|24}}
|- align="center"
! 27
|'''[[File:Justice_J.S._Verma.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[J. S. Verma]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|6|3}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1997|March|25}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|January|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1989|6|3|1998|1|17}}
|{{age in years and days|1997|3|25|1998|1|17}}
|- align="center"
! 28
|'''[[File:Justice_M.M._Punchhi.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Madan Mohan Punchhi]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1989|10|6}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|January|18}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|October|9}}
|{{age in years and days|1989|10|6|1998|10|9}}
|{{age in years and days|1998|1|18|1998|10|9}}
|- align="center"
! 29
|'''[[File:Justice_A.S._Anand.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|November|18}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|October|10}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2001|October|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1991|11|18|2001|10|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1998|10|10|2001|10|31}}
|- align="center"
! 30
|'''[[File:Justice_S.P._Bharucha.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Sam Piroj Bharucha]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1992|7|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2001|November|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|May|5}}
|{{age in years and days|1992|7|1|2002|5|5}}
|{{age in years and days|2001|11|1|2002|5|5}}
|- align="center"
! 31
|'''[[File:Justice_B.N._Kirpal.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1995|9|11}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|May|6}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|November|7}}
|{{age in years and days|1995|9|11|2002|11|7}}
|{{age in years and days|2002|5|6|2002|11|7}}
|- align="center"
! 32
|'''[[File:Justice_G.B._Pattanaik.jpg|100x100px|Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]'''
|[[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1995|9|11}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|November|8}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|December|18}}
|{{age in years and days|1995|9|11|2002|12|18}}
|{{age in years and days|2002|11|8|2002|12|18}}
|- align="center"
! 33
|'''[[File:Justice_V.N._Khare.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[V. N. Khare|Vishweshwar Nath Khare]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1997|March|21}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|December|19}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2004|May|1}}
|{{age in years and days|1997|3|21|2004|5|1}}
|{{age in years and days|2002|12|19|2004|5|1}}
|- align="center"
! 34
|'''[[File:Justice_S._Rajendra_Babu.jpg|100x100px]]'''
|[[S. Rajendra Babu]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1997|September|25}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2004|May|2}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2004|May|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1997|9|25|2004|5|31}}
|{{age in years and days|2004|5|2|2004|5|31}}
|- align="center"
! 35
|'''[[File:Justice_R.C._Lahoti.jpg|100x100px]]'''
|[[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|12|9}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2004|June|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2005|October|31}}
|{{age in years and days|1998|12|9|2005|10|31}}
|{{age in years and days|2004|6|1|2005|10|31}}
|- align="center"
! 36
|[[File:Justice_Y.K._Sabharwal.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|[[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2000|January|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2005|November|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2007|January|13}}
|{{age in years and days|2000|1|28|2007|1|13}}
|{{age in years and days|2005|11|1|2007|1|13}}
|- align="center"
! 37
|'''[[File:Justice_K.G._Balakrishnan.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2000|6|8}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2007|January|14}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2010|May|12}}
|{{age in years and days|2000|6|8|2010|5|12}}
|{{age in years and days|2007|1|14|2010|5|12}}
|- align="center"
! 38
|'''[[File:Justice_S.H._Kapadia.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2003|December|18}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2010|May|12}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2012|September|28}}
|{{age in years and days|2003|12|18|2012|9|28}}
|{{age in years and days|2010|5|12|2012|9|28}}
|- align="center"
! 39
|'''[[File:Justice_Altamas_Kabir.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Altamas Kabir]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2005|September|9}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2012|September|29}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2013|July|18}}
|{{age in years and days|2005|9|9|2013|7|18}}
|{{age in years and days|2012|9|29|2013|7|18}}
|- align="center"
! 40
|[[File:Justice Palanisamy Sathasivam.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|[[P. Sathasivam]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2007|August|21}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2013|July|19}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2014|April|26}}
|{{age in years and days|2007|8|21|2014|4|26}}
|{{age in years and days|2013|7|19|2014|4|26}}
|- align="center"
! 41
|'''[[File:Justice_R._M._Lodha.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2008|December|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2014|April|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2014|September|27}}
|{{age in years and days|2008|12|17|2014|9|27}}
|{{age in years and days|2014|4|27|2014|9|27}}
|- align="center"
! 42
|'''[[File:Justice_H.L._Dattu.jpg|100x100px|Ranjan Gogoi]]'''
|[[H. L. Dattu]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2008|December|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2014|September|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2015|December|2}}
|{{age in years and days|2008|12|17|2015|12|2}}
|{{age in years and days|2014|9|28|2015|12|2}}
|- align="center"
! 43
|'''[[File:Justice_T.S._Thakur.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[T. S. Thakur]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2009|November|17}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2015|December|3}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2017|January|3}}
|{{age in years and days|2009|11|17|2017|1|3}}
|{{age in years and days|2015|12|3|2017|1|3}}
|- align="center"
! 44
|[[File:Justice_Jagdish_Singh_Khehar.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2011|September|13}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2017|January|4}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2017|August|27}}
|{{age in years and days|2011|9|13|2017|8|27}}
|{{age in years and days|2017|1|4|2017|8|27}}
|- align="center"
! 45
|[[File:Justice_Dipak_Misra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Dipak Misra]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2011|October|10}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2017|August|28}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2018|October|2}}
|{{age in years and days|2011|10|10|2018|10|2}}
|{{age in years and days|2017|8|28|2018|10|2}}
|-align="center"
! 46
|'''[[File:CJI_Ranjan_gogoi.jpg|100x100px|Ranjan Gogoi]]'''
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]]
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2012|April|23}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2018|October|3}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2019|November|17}}
|{{age in years and days|2012|4|23|2019|11|17}}
|{{age in years and days|2018|10|3|2019|11|17}}
|- align="center"
! 47
|[[File:Justice_Sharad_Arvind_Bobde.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|April|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|November|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|April|23}}
|{{age in years and days|2013|4|12|2021|4|23}}
|{{age in years and days|2019|11|18|2021|4|23}}
|- align="center"
! 48
|[[File:Justice_N.V._Ramana.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[N. V. Ramana]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|2 |17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|8|26}}
|{{age in years and days|2014|2|17|2022|8|26}}
|{{age in years and days|2021|4|24|2022|8|26}}
|-align="center"
!49
|[[File:Justice_Uday_Umesh_Lalit.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Uday Umesh Lalit]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|8|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|8|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|11|8}}
|{{age in years and days|2014|8|13|2022|11|8}}
|{{age in years and days|2022|8|27|2022|11|8}}
|-align="center"
!50
|[[File:Justice_D.Y._Chandrachud.jpg|alt=|100x100px]]
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|11|9}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|10}}
|{{age in years and days|2016|5|13|2024|11|10}}
|{{age in years and days|2022|11|9|2024|11|10}}
|-align="center"
!51
|'''[[File:Chief_Justice_Sanjiv_Khanna.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[Sanjiv Khanna]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|5|13}}
|{{age in years and days|2019|1|18|2025|5|13}}
|{{age in years and days|2024|11|11|2025|5|13}}
|- align="center"
!52
|'''[[File:B_R_Gavai.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|[[B. R. Gavai|Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]]
|{{dts|2019|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|5|14}}
|{{dts|2025|11|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|5|24|2025|11|23|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2025|5|14|2025|11|23|duration=on}}
|}

== Former judges including CJIs ==
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
;Key
* {{Note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{Note label|†|†|†}}Died in office{{Col-end}}
{{Static row numbers}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter static-row-numbers static-row-header" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Arranged according to seniority
|-
! scope="col" | Name
!Image
! scope="col" | Date of appointment
! scope="col" | Date of retirement
!Tenure length
!Date of initial appointment as HC Judge
!Tenure as HC Judge (Including as CJ)
!Parent High Court
!Remarks
|-
|[[H. J. Kania|Harilal Jekisundas Kania]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_H._J._Kania.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="6" |{{dts|format=dmy|1950|1|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1951|11|6}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1951|11|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1933|6||format=dmy}}
|
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[Fazl Ali|Saiyid Fazl Ali]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Sir Syed Fazl Ali |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=https://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/1_ssfali.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508152532/https://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/1_ssfali.htm|archivedate=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Saiyid_Fazl_Ali.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1951|9|18}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1951|9|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1928|4|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1928|4|11|1946|10|14|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|5th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[M. Patanjali Sastri|Mandakolathur Patanjali Sastri]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Patanjali_Sastri.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1954|1|3}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1954|1|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1939|3|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1939|3|15|1947|12|5|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] '''(CJI)'''
|[[File:Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1954|12|22}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1954|12|22|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1943|9|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1943|9|27|1948|10|1|duration=on}}
|[[Lahore High Court|Lahore]]
|
|-
|[[Bijan Kumar Mukherjea]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Bijan_Kumar_Mukherjea,_4th_Chief_Justice_of_India.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1956|1|31}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1956|1|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1936|7|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1936|7|8|1948|10|13|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Sudhi_Ranjan_Das.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1959|9|30}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|28|1959|9|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1942|12|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1942|12|1|1950|1|19|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
| Nagapudi Chandrasekhara Aiyar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble N. Chandrasekhara Aiyar |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=https://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/2_ncaiyar.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508105824/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/2_ncaiyar.htm|archivedate=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|9|23}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1953|1|24}}
|{{ayd|1950|9|23|1953|1|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1941|7|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1941|7|16|1948|1|25|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Vivian Bose]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Vivian Bose |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=https://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/3_vbose.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322170251/https://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/3_vbose.htm|archivedate=22 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{dts|format=dmy|1951|3|5}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1956|6|8}}
|{{ayd|1951|3|5|1956|6|8|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1936|1|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1936|1|9|1951|3|4|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Nagpur]]
|CJ of erstwhile Nagpur HC
|-
|[[Ghulam Hasan]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1952|9|8}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1954|11|5}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1952|9|8|1954|11|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|7|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1948|7|25|1951|7|3|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|[[Natwarlal H. Bhagwati|Natwarlal Harilal Bhagwati]]
|[[File:N.H._BHagwati_VC-BHU.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1959|6|6}}
|{{ayd|1952|9|8|1959|6|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1944|8||format=dmy}}
|
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[B. Jagannadha Das|Bachu Jagannadha Das]]
|[[File:Justice_B_Jagannadha_Das.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1953|3|9}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|7|26}}
|{{ayd|1953|3|9|1958|7|26|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|7|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1948|7|26|1953|3|8|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[T. L. Venkatarama Iyer|Tirunelveli Lakshmanasuri Venkatarama Iyer]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1954|1|4}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|11|24}}
|{{ayd|1954|1|4|1958|11|24|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1951|1|7}}
|{{ayd|1951|1|7|1953|11|24|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Bhuvneshwar_Prasad_Sinha.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1954|12|3}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|1|31}}
|{{ayd|1954|12|3|1964|1|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1943|1|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1943|1|19|1954|12|2|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|CJ of erstwhile Nagpur HC
|-
|Syed Jaffer Imam
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1955|1|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|1|31}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1955|1|10|1964|1|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1943|10|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1943|10|25|1955|1|9|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|10th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Sudhansu Kumar Das]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1956|4|30}}
|{{dts|1963|9|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1956|4|30|1963|9|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1944|11|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1944|11|4|1956|4|29|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|11th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|Parakulangara Govinda Menon
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1956|9|1}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1957|10|16}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1956|9|1|1957|10|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1947|7|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1947|7|28|1956|8|31|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|Jeevan Lal Kapur
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1957|1|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1962|12|12}}
|{{ayd|1957|1|14|1962|12|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1949|6|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1949|6|6|1957|1|13|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|
|-
|[[P. B. Gajendragadkar|Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_P.B._Gajendragadkar.jpg|90x90px|Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1957|1|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|3|15}}
|{{ayd|1957|1|17|1966|3|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1945|3|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1945|3|6|1957|1|16|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[Amal Kumar Sarkar]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_A.K._Sarkar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1957|3|4}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|6|29}}
|{{ayd|1957|3|4|1966|6|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1949|1|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1949|1|25|1957|3|3|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Koka Subba Rao]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_K._Subba_Rao.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|1|31}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|4|11}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1958|1|31|1967|4|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|3|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1948|3|22|1958|1|30|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|[[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_K.N._Wanchoo.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|8|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|2|24}}
|{{ayd|1958|8|11|1968|2|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1947|2|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1947|2|17|1958|8|10|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Hidayatullah.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|12|1}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1970|12|16}}
|{{ayd|1958|12|1|1970|12|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1946|6|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1946|6|27|1958|11|30|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Nagpur]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|1st CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Kulada Charan Das Gupta]]
|[[File:Kulada_Charan_Das_Gupta.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1959|8|29}}
|{{dts|1965|1|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1959|8|24|1965|1|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|6||format=dmy}}
|
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|12th CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_J.C._Shah.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1959|10|12}}
|{{dts|1971|1|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1959|10|12|1971|1|21|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1949|3|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1949|3|1|1959|10|11|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|Raghubar Dayal
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1960|7|27}}
|{{dts|1965|10|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1960|7|27|1965|10|25|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1946|7|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1946|7|22|1960|7|26|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|Narsimha Rajagopala Ayyangar
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|12|14}}
|{{ayd|1960|7|27|1964|12|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1953|11|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1953|11|16|1959|12|14|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Janardan Raghunath Mudholkar]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1960|10|3}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|7|3}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1960|10|3|1966|7|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|11|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1948|11|11|1960|10|2|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Nagpur]]
|
|-
|[[S. M. Sikri|Sarv Mittra Sikri]] '''(CJI)'''
|[[File:Justice S.M. Sikri.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|2|3}}
|{{dts|1973|4|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1964|2|3|1973|4|25|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|Ranadhir Singh Bachawat
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|9|7}}
|{{dts|1969|7|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1964|9|7|1969|7|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1950|1|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1950|1|23|1964|9|6|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|Vaidyanathier Ramaswami
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1965|1|4}}
|{{dts|1969|10|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1965|1|4|1969|10|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1948|10|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1948|10|28|1965|1|3|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|12th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Penmetsa Satyanarayana Raju]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1965|10|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|4|20}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1965|10|20|1966|4|20|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1954|1|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1954|1|1|1965|10|19|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|[[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|2|24}}
|{{dts|1973|4|30|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1966|2|24|1973|4|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1957|1|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|1|6|1966|2|23|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Vashishtha Bhargava]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|8|8}}
|{{dts|1971|2|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1966|8|8|1971|2|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1949|8|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1949|8|1|1966|8|7|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|Gopendra Krishna Mitter
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|8|29}}
|{{dts|1971|9|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1966|8|29|1971|9|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1952|11|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1952|11|24|1966|8|28|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|Chittur Anantakrishna Iyer Vaidyialingam
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1966|10|10}}
|{{dts|1972|6|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1966|10|10|1972|6|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1957|3|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|3|27|1966|10|9|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[K. S. Hegde|Kowdoor Sadananda Hegde]]
|[[File:K._S._Hegde.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|7|17}}
|{{dts|1973|4|30|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1967|7|17|1973|4|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1957|8|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|8|26|1967|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|1st CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|Amar Nath Grover
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|2|11}}
|{{dts|1973|5|31|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1968|2|11|1973|5|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1957|10|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|10|10|1968|2|10|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|
|-
|[[A. N. Ray|Ajit Nath Ray]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_A.N._Ray.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1969|8|1}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|1|27}}
|{{ayd|1969|8|1|1977|1|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1957|12|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|12|23|1969|7|31|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Pingle Jaganmohan Reddy]]
|
|{{dts|1975|1|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|8|1|1975|1|22|duration=on}}
|{{dts|1952|2|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1952|2|16|1969|7|31|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|Inder Dev Dua
|
|{{dts|1972|10|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|8|1|1972|10|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1958|8|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1958|8|11|1969|7|31|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Subimal Chandra Roy]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1971|7|19}}
|{{dts|1971|11|12|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1971|7|19|1971|11|12|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|Devidas Ganpat Palekar
|
|{{dts|1974|9|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1971|7|19|1974|9|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1961|10|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1961|10|14|1971|7|18|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[Hans Raj Khanna]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1971|9|22}}
|{{dts|1977|3|11|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1971|9|22|1977|3|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1962|5|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1962|5|7|1971|9|21|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[K. K. Mathew|Kuttyil Kurien Mathew]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1971|10|4}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1976|1|2}}
|{{ayd|1971|10|4|1976|1|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1962|6|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1962|6|5|1971|10|3|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[Mirza Hameedullah Beg]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M._Hameedullah_Beg.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|1971|12|10|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|2|21}}
|{{ayd|1971|12|10|1978|2|21|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1963|6|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1963|6|11|1971|12|9|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|1st CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Dwivedi Surendra Narayan|Surendra Narayan Dwivedi]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1972|8|14}}
|{{dts|1974|12|8|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1972|8|14|1974|12|8|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1959|5|12}}
|{{ayd|1959|5|12|1972|8|13|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|Arun Kumar Mukherjea
|
|{{dts|1973|10|23|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1972|8|14|1973|10|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1962|2|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1962|2|27|1972|8|13|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Y. V. Chandrachud|Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Y.V._Chandrachud.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1972|8|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1985|7|11}}
|{{ayd|1972|8|28|1985|7|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1961|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1961|3|19|1972|8|27|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|A. Alagiriswami
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1972|10|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1975|10|16}}
|{{ayd|1972|10|17|1975|10|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1966|8|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1966|8|11|1972|10|16|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[P. N. Bhagwati|Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_P.N._Bhagwati.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1973|7|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1986|12|20}}
|{{ayd|1973|7|17|1986|12|20|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1960|7|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1960|7|21|1973|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|5th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[V. R. Krishna Iyer|Vaidyanathapuram Rama Krishna Iyer]]
|[[File:V.R.Krishna_Iyer.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|11|14}}
|{{ayd|1973|7|17|1980|11|14|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|7|12}}
|{{ayd|1968|7|12|1973|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[Parbati Kumar Goswami]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1973|9|10}}
|{{dts|1977|12|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|9|10|1977|12|31|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|5|12}}
|{{ayd|1967|5|12|1973|9|9|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[Ranjit Singh Sarkaria]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1973|9|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1981|1|15}}
|{{ayd|1973|9|17|1981|1|15|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|6|12}}
|{{ayd|1967|6|12|1973|9|16|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|
|-
|[[Alak Chandra Gupta]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1974|9|2}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1981|12|31}}
|{{ayd|1974|9|2|1981|12|31|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1964|2|24}}
|{{ayd|1964|2|24|1974|9|1|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|Nand Lall Untwalia
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1974|10|3}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|7|31}}
|{{ayd|1974|10|3|1980|7|31|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|1|2}}
|{{ayd|1958|1|2|1974|10|2|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|16th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. Murtaza Fazal Ali|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055322/http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm|archivedate=8 March 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
|
| {{dts|format=dmy|1975|4|2}}
| {{dts|1985|8|20|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1975|4|2|1985|8|20|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1958|4|9}}
|{{ayd|1958|4|9|1975|4|1|duration=on}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|8th CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|Prakash Narayan Shinghal
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1975|11|6}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|10|14}}
|{{ayd|1975|11|6|1980|10|14|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1961|6|21}}
|{{ayd|1961|6|21|1975|11|5|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|Jaswant Singh
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1976|1|23}}
|{{dts|1979|1|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1976|1|23|1979|1|24|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|12|3}}
|{{ayd|1967|12|3|1976|1|22|duration=on}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|[[Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|1|3}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|9|11}}
|{{ayd|1977|1|3|1980|9|11|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1960|10|20}}
|{{ayd|1960|10|20|1977|1|2|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|Vidyaranya Dattatreya Tulzapurkar
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|30}}
|{{dts|1986|3|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|9|30|1986|3|9|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1963|12|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1963|12|21|1977|9|29|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|Dhirajlal Ambelal Desai
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1985|5|8}}
|{{ayd|1977|9|30|1985|5|8|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|2|19}}
|{{ayd|1968|2|19|1977|9|29|duration=on}}
|[[List of chief justices of the Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|
|-
|[[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_R.S._Pathak.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|2|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1989|6|18}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1978|2|20|1989|6|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1962|10|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1962|10|1|1978|2|19|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|Anand Dev Koshal
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1978|7|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1982|3|6}}
|{{ayd|1978|7|17|1982|3|6|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1968|5|28}}
|{{ayd|1968|5|28|1978|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|11th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[O. Chinnappa Reddy|Ontethupalli Chinnappa Reddy]]
|
|{{dts|1987|9|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|7|17|1987|9|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1967|8|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1967|8|21|1978|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[Ananda Prakash Sen]]
|
|{{dts|1988|9|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|7|17|1988|9|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1967|11|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1967|11|7|1978|7|16|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|7th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_E.S._Venkataramiah.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1979|3|8}}
|{{Dts|1989|12|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|3|8|1989|12|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1970|6|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1970|6|25|1979|3|7|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|
|-
|[[Baharul Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Baharul Islam|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017050944/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|archivedate=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|[[File:Photograph_of_Justice_Baharul_Islam.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1980|12|4}}
| {{dts|1983|1|12|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|1980|12|4|1983|1|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1972|1|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1972|1|20|1980|2|29|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|Appajee Varadarajan
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|12|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1985|8|16}}
|{{ayd|1980|12|10|1985|8|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1973|2|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|2|15|1980|12|9|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Amarendra Nath Sen]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1981|1|28}}
|{{dts|1985|9|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1981|1|28|1985|9|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1965|11|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1965|11|15|1981|1|27|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[Justice V. Balakrishna Eradi|Vettath Balakrishna Eradi]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1981|1|30}}
|{{dts|1987|6|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1981|1|30|1987|6|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1967|4|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1967|4|5|1981|1|29|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|Ram Briksha Misra
|
|{{dts|1986|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1981|1|30|1986|6|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1968|1|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1968|1|3|1981|1|29|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|[[Dinshah Pirosha Madon]]
|
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|1983|3|15}}
|{{dts|1986|4|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|3|15|1986|4|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1967|9|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1967|9|25|1983|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Sabyasachi Mukharji|Sabyasachi Mukherjee]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Sabyasachi_Mukherjee.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|1990|9|25}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1983|3|15|1990|9|25|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1968|7|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1968|7|31|1983|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Manharlal Pranlal Thakkar]]
|
|{{dts|1988|11|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|3|15|1988|11|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1969|7|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|7|2|1983|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Gujarat High Court|8th CJ of Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Ranganath Misra]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Ranganath_Mishra.png|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|11|24}}
|{{ayd|1983|3|15|1991|11|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1969|7|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|7|4|1983|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|10th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Vazhakkulangarayil Khalid]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1984|6|25}}
|{{dts|1987|6|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1984|6|25|1987|6|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1974|3|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|3|7|1984|6|24|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|[[Goverdhan Lal Oza]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1985|10|29}}
|{{Dts|1989|12|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1985|10|29|1989|12|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1968|7|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1968|7|29|1985|10|28|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|Bankim Chandra Ray
|
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|10|31}}
|{{ayd|1985|10|29|1991|10|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1974|6|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|6|10|1985|10|28|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
| Murari Mohan Dutt<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.M. Dutt |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/58_mmdutt.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914011555/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/58_mmdutt.htm|archivedate=14 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="3" | {{dts|format=dmy|1986|3|10}}
| {{Dts|1989|10|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|3|10|1989|10|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1969|9|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|9|18|1986|3|9|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Kamal Narain Singh]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_K.N._Singh.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|12|12}}
|{{ayd|1986|3|10|1991|12|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1970|8|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1970|8|25|1986|3|9|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|Sivasankar Natarajan
|
|{{Dts|1989|10|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|3|10|1989|10|28|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1973|2|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|2|15|1986|3|9|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[Madhukar Hiralal Kania]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M.H._Kania.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1987|5|1}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1992|11|17}}
|{{ayd|1987|5|1|1992|11|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1969|11|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|11|4|1987|4|30|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty]]
|
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|12|14}}
|{{ayd|1987|5|1|1991|12|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1970|6|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1970|6|25|1987|4|30|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|27th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Lalit Mohan Sharma]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_L.M._Sharma.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1987|10|5}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1993|February|11}}
|{{ayd|1987|10|5|1993|2|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1973|4|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|4|12|1987|10|4|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|
|-
|[[M. N. Venkatachaliah|Manepalli Narayanarao Venkatachaliah]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M.N._Venkatachaliah.jpg|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1994|10|24}}
|{{ayd|1987|10|5|1994|10|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1975|11|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1975|11|6|1987|10|4|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|
|-
|Srinivasachar Ranganathan
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1992|10|30}}
|{{ayd|1987|10|5|1992|10|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1977|11|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|14|1987|10|4|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|
|-
|[[Narayan Dutta Ojha]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1988|1|18}}
|{{Dts|1991|1|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|1|18|1991|1|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1971|9|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1971|9|3|1988|1|19|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|11th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Ratnavel Pandian|S. Ratnavel Pandian]]
|
| rowspan="5" |{{dts|format=dmy|1988|12|14}}
|{{Dts|1994|3|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|12|14|1994|3|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1974|2|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|2|27|1988|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|Thamarappallil Kochu Thommen
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1993|9|25}}
|{{ayd|1988|12|14|1993|9|25|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1975|5|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1975|5|9|1988|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_A.M._Ahmadi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|1997|3|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|12|14|1997|3|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1976|9|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1976|9|2|1988|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|
|-
|Khagendra Nath Saika
|
|{{Dts|1991|2|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|12|14|1991|2|28|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1979|2|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|2|12|1988|2|29|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[Kuldip Singh (judge)|Kuldip Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Kuldip Singh|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/66_ksingh.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414235106/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/66_ksingh.htm|archivedate=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{Dts|1996|12|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|12|14|1996|12|21|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[J. S. Verma|Jagdish Sharan Verma]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_J.S._Verma.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|1989|6|3|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1998|1|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|6|3|1998|1|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1972|9|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1972|9|12|1989|6|2|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|16th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[V. Ramaswami|Veeraswami Ramaswami]]
|
| rowspan="6" |{{dts|format=dmy|1989|10|6}}
|{{Dts|1994|2|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1994|2|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1971|1|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1971|1|31|1989|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|16th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[P. B. Sawant|Parshuram Babaram Sawant]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice P.B. Sawant |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/68_pbsawant.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913153439/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/68_pbsawant.htm |archivedate=13 September 2011 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|
|{{Dts|1995|6|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1995|6|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1973|3|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|3|29|1989|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
| [[Narendra Mohan Kasliwal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Narendra Monhan Kasliwal |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/69_nmkasliwal.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913153439/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/69_nmkasliwal.htm|archivedate=13 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{Dts|1993|4|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1993|4|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|6|15|1989|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|16th CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Madan Mohan Punchhi]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_M.M._Punchhi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|10|9}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1998|10|9|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1979|10|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|10|24|1989|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|
|-
|[[Katikithala Ramaswamy]]
|
|{{Dts|1997|7|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1997|7|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1982|9|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1982|9|29|1989|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[Fathima Beevi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Ms. Justice M. Fathima Beevi |publisher=Supreme Court of India |url=http://www.sci.nic.in/judges/bio/71_mfbeevi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307004235/http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/71_mfbeevi.htm|archivedate=7 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Fathima_Beevi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1992|4|29}}
|{{ayd|1989|10|6|1992|4|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|8|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|8|4|1989|4|24|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[K. Jayachandra Reddy]]
|[[File:0010-35-Justice.K.J.Reddy.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1990|1|11}}
|{{Dts|1994|7|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|1|11|1994|7|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1975|3|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1975|3|7|1990|1|10|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|-
|Suresh Chandra Agrawal
|
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1998|9|4}}
|{{ayd|1990|1|11|1998|9|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|6|15|1990|1|10|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|
|-
|Ram Manohar Sahai
|
|{{Dts|1995|6|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|1|11|1995|6|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1976|1|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1976|1|27|1990|1|10|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|[[Yogeshwar Dayal]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1991|3|22}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1994|8|2}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|22|1994|8|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1974|2|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|2|28|1991|3|21|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Shanmughasundaram Mohan]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|7}}
|{{Dts|1995|2|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|10|7|1995|2|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1974|2|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|2|27|1991|10|6|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|12th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[B.P. Jeevan Reddy|Benjaram Pranaya Jeevan Reddy]]
|
| {{Dts|1997|3|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|10|7|1997|3|13|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1975|7|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1975|7|17|1991|10|6|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Ganendra Narayan Ray]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice G.N. Ray |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/78_gnray.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913074623/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/78_gnray.htm |archivedate=13 September 2011 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|
|{{Dts|1998|4|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|10|7|1998|4|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1976|12|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1976|12|23|1991|10|6|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Gujarat High Court|11th CJ of Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Adarsh Sein Anand]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_A.S._Anand.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1991|11|18}}
|{{Dts|2001|10|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|11|18|2001|10|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1975|5|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1975|5|26|1991|11|17|duration=on}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|Radha Charan Patnaik
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1991|12|3}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1992|5|30}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1991|12|3|1992|5|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1981|9|18}}
|{{ayd|1981|9|18|1991|12|2|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|
|-
|Nagendra Prasad Singh
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1992|6|15}}
|{{Dts|1996|12|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1992|6|15|1996|12|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1973|4|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1973|4|12|1992|6|15|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[Sam Piroj Bharucha]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_S.P._Bharucha.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1992|7|1}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2002|May|5}}
|{{ayd|1992|7|1|2002|5|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1977|9|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|9|19|1992|6|30|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[N. Venkatachala|Nanje Gowda Venkatachala]]
|
|{{Dts|1995|7|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1992|7|1|1995|7|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1977|11|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|28|1992|6|30|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|
|-
|[[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1993|12|14}}
|{{Dts|1998|11|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1993|12|14|1998|11|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1977|6|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|6|17|1993|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|27th CJ of Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Faizanuddin]]
|
|{{Dts|1997|2|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1993|12|14|1997|2|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|11|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|11|27|1993|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[Banwari Lal Hansaria]]
|[[File:Justice_BL_Hansaria.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|1996|12|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1993|12|14|1996|12|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1979|2|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|2|12|1993|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|Suhas C. Sen
|
| rowspan="2" |{{Dts|1994|6|11|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1997|12|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|6|11|1997|12|20|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1981|11|23}}
|{{ayd|1981|11|23|1994|6|10|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[K. S. Paripoornan|Krishnaswami Sundara Paripoornan]]
|
|{{Dts|1997|6|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|6|11|1997|6|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1982|12|23}}
|{{ayd|1982|12|23|1994|6|10|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|25th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|Shailesh Bhadrayulal Majumdar
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1994|9|19}}
|{{Dts|2000|08|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|9|19|2000|8|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|10|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|10|3|1994|9|18|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|14th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Sujata Manohar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mrs. Justice Sujata V. Manohar |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/88_svmanohar.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728172725/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/88_svmanohar.htm |archivedate=28 July 2013 |access-date=22 September 2015 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|[[File:Sujata_V_Manohar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1994|11|8}}
|{{dts|1999|8|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|8|1999|8|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|1|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|1|23|1994|11|7|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|14th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[G. T. Nanavati|Girish Thakorlal Nanavati]]
|[[File:Justice_GT_Nanavati.jpg|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|1995|3|6}}
|{{Dts|2000|2|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|3|6|2000|2|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1979|7|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|7|19|1995|3|5|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|15th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Saiyed Saghir Ahmad]]
|
|{{Dts|2000|6|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|3|6|2000|6|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1981|11|2}}
|{{ayd|1981|11|2|1995|3|5|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|Konduswami Venkataswamy
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|1999|9|18}}
|{{ayd|1995|3|6|1999|9|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|7|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|7|24|1995|3|5|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_B.N._Kirpal.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1995|9|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|11|7}}
|{{ayd|1995|9|11|2002|11|7|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1979|11|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1979|11|20|1995|9|10|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_G.B._Pattanaik.jpg|90x90px]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2002|12|18}}
|{{ayd|1995|9|11|2002|12|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|6|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|6|1|1995|9|10|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|27th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Sudhakar Panditrao Kurdukar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.P. Kurdukar|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/92_spkurdukar.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512061840/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/92_spkurdukar.htm|archivedate=12 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=dmy|1996|3|29}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2000|1|15}}
|{{ayd|1996|3|29|2000|1|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1978|4|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1978|4|25|1996|3|28|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|22nd CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|Thomas Kallupurackal Thomas
|[[File:K._T._Thomas2.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2002|1|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|3|29|2002|1|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1985|8|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1985|8|12|1996|3|28|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[M. Jagannadha Rao|Mamidanna Jagannadha Rao]]
|
| rowspan="3" | {{dts|format=dmy|1997|3|21}}
| {{Dts|2000|12|01|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|3|21|2000|12|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|1982|11|29}}
|{{ayd|1982|11|29|1997|3|20|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[V. N. Khare|Vishweshwar Nath Khare]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_V.N._Khare.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|2004|5|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|3|21|2004|5|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|6|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|6|25|1997|3|20|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|Devinder Pratap Wadhwa
|
|{{Dts|2000|5|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|3|21|2000|5|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|8|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|8|12|1997|3|20|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Patna High Court|28th CJ of Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Madhavachari Srinivasan]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1997|9|25}}
|{{Dts|2000|2|25|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1997|9|25|2000|2|25|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|6|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|6|2|1997|3|20|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[S. Rajendra Babu|Sanjeevalu Rajendra Babu]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_S._Rajendra_Babu.jpg|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|2004|5|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|9|25|2004|5|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1988|2|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|2|19|1997|9|24|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|
|-
|Ajay Prakash Misra
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|4}}
|{{Dts|2001|8|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|12|4|2001|8|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1984|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1984|5|24|1997|12|3|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Syed Shah Mohammed Quadri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.S.M. Quadri |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/98_ssmquadri.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512062035/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/98_ssmquadri.htm |archivedate=12 May 2011 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|
|{{Dts|2003|4|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|12|4|2003|4|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|7|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|7|11|1997|12|3|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah]]
|
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|1998|12|9}}
|{{Dts|2003|9|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1998|12|9|2003|9|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|1|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|1|28|1998|12|8|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|30th CJ of Bombay HC]]
|-
|Deba Priya Mohapatra
|
|{{Dts|2002|08|02|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1998|12|9|2002|8|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1983|11|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|11|18|1998|12|8|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|35th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble U.C. Banerjee |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/101_ucbanerjee.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214162705/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/101_ucbanerjee.htm |archivedate=14 February 2011 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|[[File:Umesh_Chandra_Banerjee,_2006_(cropped).jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|11|17}}
|{{ayd|1998|12|9|2002|11|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1984|1|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1984|1|9|1998|12|8|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|[[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_R.C._Lahoti.jpg|90x90px]]'''
|{{Dts|2005|10|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1998|12|9|2005|10|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1988|5|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1988|5|3|1998|12|8|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[N. Santosh Hegde]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble N. Santosh Hegde |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/102_nshegde.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214162709/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/102_nshegde.htm |archivedate=14 February 2011 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|1999|1|8}}
|{{Dts|2005|6|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|1|8|2005|6|16|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[Ram Prakash Sethi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble R.P. Sethi |publisher=Supreme Court of India |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/103_rpsethi.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214162715/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/103_rpsethi.htm |archivedate=14 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{Dts|2002|7|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|1|8|2002|7|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|5|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|5|30|1999|1|7|duration=on}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Sailendu Nath Phukan]]
|[[File:Justice_SN_Phukan.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|1999|1|28}}
|{{Dts|2002|3|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|1|28|2002|3|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1985|10|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1985|10|11|2000|1|27|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|16th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]] '''(CJI)'''
|[[File:Justice_Y.K._Sabharwal.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2000|1|28}}
|{{Dts|2007|1|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|1|28|2007|1|13|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|11|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|11|17|2000|1|27|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Doraiswamy Raju]]
|
|{{Dts|2004|7|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|1|28|2004|7|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|1|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|1|14|2000|1|27|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|15th CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Ruma Pal]]
|[[File:Ruma_Pal.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{Dts|2006|6|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|1|28|2006|6|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|8|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|8|6|2000|1|27|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|[[Sam Nariman Variava]]
|
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=dmy|2000|3|15}}
| {{Dts|2005|11|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|15|2005|11|7|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|11|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|11|21|2000|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|19th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Shivaraj Patil|Shivaraj Virupanna Patil]]
|
|{{Dts|2005|1|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|15|2005|1|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|3|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|3|29|2000|3|14|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[K. G. Balakrishnan|Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_K.G._Balakrishnan.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2000|6|8}}
|{{Dts|2010|5|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|6|8|2010|5|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1985|9|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1985|9|26|2000|6|7|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|Brijesh Kumar
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2000|10|19}}
|{{Dts|2004|6|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|10|19|2004|6|9|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1984|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1984|5|24|2000|10|18|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|25th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[Biswanath Agrawal]]
|[[File:Justice_Biswanath_Agrawal.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2009|10|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|10|19|2009|10|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1986|11|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1986|11|17|2000|10|18|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|P. Venkatarama Reddi
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2001|8|17}}
|{{Dts|2005|8|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|8|17|2005|8|9|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|3|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|3|16|2001|8|16|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|20th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Ashok Bhan (judge)|Ashok Bhan]]
|
|{{Dts|2008|10|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|6|17|2008|10|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|6|15|2001|8|16|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|
|-
|[[Arijit Pasayat]]
|
| {{dts|format=dmy|2001|10|19}}
| {{Dts|2009|5|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|10|19|2009|5|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1989|3|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|3|20|2001|10|18|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|20th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[B. P. Singh (judge)|Bisheshwar Prasad Singh]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2001|12|14}}
|{{Dts|2007|7|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|12|14|2007|7|8|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1987|3|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1987|3|9|2001|12|13|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|32nd CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[D. M. Dharmadhikari|Devdatta Madhav Dharmadhikari]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|3|5}}
|{{Dts|2005|8|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|3|5|2005|8|13|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1989|3|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|3|24|2002|3|4|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|17th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[H. K. Sema]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2002|4|9}}
|{{Dts|2008|06|01|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|4|9|2008|6|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1989|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1989|5|24|2002|4|8|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|[[S.B. Sinha|Satyabrata Sinha]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2002|10|3}}
|{{Dts|2009|8|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|10|3|2009|9|8|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1987|3|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1987|3|9|2002|10|2|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|Arun Kumar
|
|{{Dts|2006|4|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|10|3|2006|4|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|7|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|13|2002|10|2|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|23rd CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[B. N. Srikrishna|Bellur Narayanswamy Srikrishna]]
|
|{{Dts|2006|5|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|10|3|2006|5|20|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|7|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|30|2002|10|2|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[A. R. Lakshmanan|Arunachalam R. Lakshmanan]]
|[[File:Justice_Lakshmanan.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2002|12|20}}
|{{Dts|2007|3|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|12|20|2007|3|21|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|6|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|6|14|2002|12|19|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|22nd CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|Govind Prasad Mathur
|
|{{Dts|2008|1|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|12|20|2008|1|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|7|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|6|2002|12|19|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|
|-
|[[S. H. Kapadia|Sarosh Homi Kapadia]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_S.H._Kapadia.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2012|9|28}}
|{{ayd|2003|12|18|2012|9|28|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|10|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|10|8|2003|12|17|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Uttarakhand High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand HC]]
|-
|[[Ashok Kumar Mathur]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|7}}
|{{Dts|2008|08|07|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|6|7|2008|8|7|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1985|7|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1985|7|13|2004|6|6|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[C. K. Thakker|Chunilal Karsandas Thakker]]
|
|{{Dts|2008|11|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|6|7|2008|11|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|6|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|6|21|2004|6|6|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|33rd CJ of Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Tarun Chatterjee]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2004|8|27}}
|{{Dts|2010|1|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|8|27|2010|1|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|8|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|8|6|2004|8|26|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|38th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[P. K. Balasubramanyan|Perubhemba Krishna Ayer Balasubramanyan]]
|[[File:Justice_PK_Balasubramanyan.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2007|8|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|8|27|2007|8|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1992|6|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1992|6|4|2004|8|26|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand HC]]
|-
|[[P. P. Naolekar|Prakash Prabhakar Naolekar]]
|
|{{Dts|2008|06|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|8|27|2008|6|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1992|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1992|6|15|2004|8|26|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|28th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[Altamas Kabir]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Altamas_Kabir.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2005|9|9}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|7|18}}
|{{ayd|2005|9|9|2013|7|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|8|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|8|6|2005|9|8|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand HC]]
|-
|[[R. V. Raveendran|Raju Varadarajulu Raveendran]]
|
|{{Dts|2011|10|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2005|9|9|2011|10|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1993|2|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1993|2|22|2005|9|8|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Dalveer Bhandari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Justices |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/former-justices |access-date=2018-05-10 |website=www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in |publisher=Supreme Court of India |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:The_Judge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India,_Justice_Dalveer_Bhandari_delivering_the_inaugural_address_at_the_All_India_Conference_of_the_Central_Administrative_Tribunal,_in_New_Delhi_on_November_06,_2011_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|28}}
|{{Dts|2012|4|27|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{ayd|2005|10|28|2012|4|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2005|10|27|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|34th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Lokeshwar Singh Panta]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|2|3}}
|{{Dts|2009|9|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|2|3|2009|4|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|8|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|8|20|2006|2|2|duration=on}}
|[[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]]
|
|-
|[[D. K. Jain|Devinder Kumar Jain]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2006|4|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|24}}
|{{ayd|2006|4|10|2013|1|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2006|4|9|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[Markandey Katju]]
|
|{{Dts|2011|09|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|4|10|2011|9|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|11|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|11|30|2006|4|9|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|23rd CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Harjit Singh Bedi]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2007|1|12}}
|{{Dts|2011|09|04|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2007|1|12|2011|9|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1991|3|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|15|2007|1|11|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|36th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[V. S. Sirpurkar|Vikas Sridhar Sirpurkar]]
|
|{{Dts|2011|08|21|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2007|1|12|2011|8|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1992|11|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1992|11|9|2007|1|11|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|32nd CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[B. Sudershan Reddy|Buchireddy Sudershan Reddy]]
|[[File:B._Sudarshan_Reddy,_former_Judge_of_Supreme_Court_of_India.png|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2011|07|07|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2007|1|12|2011|7|7|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1995|5|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|5|2|2007|1|11|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|30th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[P. Sathasivam|Palanisamy Sathasivam]] '''(CJI)'''
|[[File:Justice Palanisamy Sathasivam.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|8|21}}
|{{Dts|2014|4|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2007|8|21|2014|4|26|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1996|8|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|8|8|2007|8|20|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|
|-
|[[G. S. Singhvi|Ganpat Singh Singhvi]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|12|12}}
|{{ayd|2007|11|12|2013|12|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|7|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|20|2007|11|11|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|[[Aftab Alam (judge)|Aftab Alam]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|18}}
|{{ayd|2007|11|12|2013|4|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|7|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|27|2007|11|11|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|
|-
|Jagdish Madhurlal Panchal
|
|{{Dts|2011|10|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2007|11|12|2011|10|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1990|11|22
|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|11|22|2007|11|11|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[Mukundakam Sharma]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|4|9}}
|{{Dts|2011|09|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|4|9|2011|9|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|1|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|1|10|2008|4|8|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Cyriac Joseph]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Cyriac Joseph |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/135_cjoseph.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215200436/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/135_cjoseph.htm |archivedate=15 February 2012 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|7|7}}
|{{Dts|2012|1|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|7|7|2012|1|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|7|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|7|6|2008|7|6|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|23rd CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Asok Kumar Ganguly]]
|[[File:Asok_Kumar_Ganguly_-_Kolkata_2015-03-21_6970.JPG|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2008|12|17}}
|{{Dts|2012|2|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|12|17|2012|2|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|1|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|1|10|2008|12|16|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|34th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Mal Lodha]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_R._M._Lodha.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| {{Dts|2014|9|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|12|17|2014|9|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|1|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|1|31|2008|12|16|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|33rd CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|-
|[[H. L. Dattu|Handyala Lakshminarayanaswamy Dattu]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_H.L._Dattu.jpg|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|12|2}}
|{{ayd|2008|12|17|2015|12|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1995|12|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|12|18|2008|12|16|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|27th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[Deepak Verma (judge)|Deepak Verma]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|11}}
|{{Dts|2012|8|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|5|11|2012|8|28|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|12|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|12|15|2009|5|10|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|28th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[Balbir Singh Chauhan]]
|[[File:Justice_BS_Chauhan.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2014|7|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|5|11|2014|7|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1995|4|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|4|5|2009|5|10|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|22nd CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]
|
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2009|11|17}}
|{{Dts|2014|06|02|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|11|17|2014|6|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|1|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|1|13|2009|11|16|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|19th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[T. S. Thakur|Tirath Singh Thakur]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_T.S._Thakur.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|3}}
|{{ayd|2009|11|17|2017|1|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|2|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|2|16|2009|11|16|duration=on}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|28th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan|Kalavamkodath Sivasankara Panicker Radhakrishnan]]
|[[File:K._S._Panicker_Radhakrishnan.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2014|05|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|11|17|2014|5|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1995|5|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|5|17|2009|11|16|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Surinder Singh Nijjar]]
|[[File:Nijjar's_Portrait.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2014|06|06|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|11|17|2014|6|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1996|4|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|4|8|2009|11|16|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|33rd CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[Swatanter Kumar]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|18}}
|{{Dts|2012|12|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|12|18|2012|12|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|11|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|10|2009|12|17|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|37th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[Chandramauli Kumar Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Chandramauli Kumar Prasad |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/149_ckprasad.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807155705/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/149_ckprasad.htm |archivedate=7 August 2014 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|[[File:Justice_Mr._C.K_Prasad_taking_charge_as_the_Chairman_for_Press_Council_of_India,_in_New_Delhi_on_November_27,_2014.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|2|8}}
|{{dts|2014|7|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2010|2|8|2014|7|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|11|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|8|2010|2|7|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|41st CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Hemant Gokhale|Hemant Laxman Gokhale]]
|
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2010|4|30}}
|{{Dts|2014|03|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2010|4|30|2014|3|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|1|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|1|20|2010|4|29|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|35th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[Gyan Sudha Misra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mrs. Justice Gyan Sudha Misra |publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://www.sci.nic.in/judges/bio/144_gyansudhamisra.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722193520/http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/144_gyansudhamisra.htm|archivedate=22 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:Gyan_Sudha_Misra.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{Dts|2014|4|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2010|4|30|2014|4|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|3|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|3|16|2010|4|29|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|6th CJ]] of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand HC]]
|-
|[[Anil R. Dave|Anil Ramesh Dave]]
|
|{{Dts|2016|11|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2010|4|30|2016|11|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1995|9|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1995|9|18|2010|4|29|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|38th CJ of Bombay HC]]
|-
|[[S. J. Mukhopadhaya|Sudhanshu Joshi Mukhopadhaya]]
|[[File:Sudhansu_Jyoti_Mukhopadhaya.jpg|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2011|9|13}}
|{{dts|2015|3|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2011|9|13|2015|3|14|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1994|11|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|8|2011|9|12|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Gujarat High Court|22nd CJ of Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Ranjana Desai|Ranjana Prakash Desai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mrs. Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai |url=http://www.sci.nic.in/judges/bio/150_rpdesai.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326155127/http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/150_rpdesai.htm |archivedate=26 March 2015 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
|[[File:Ranjana_Prakash_Desai.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2014|10|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2011|9|13|2014|10|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1996|4|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|4|15|2011|9|12|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[Jagdish Singh Khehar]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Jagdish_Singh_Khehar_(cropped).jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|27}}
|{{ayd|2011|9|13|2017|8|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|2|8|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|2|8|2011|9|12|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|25th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Dipak Misra]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Dipak_Misra.jpg|90x90px|Dipak Misra]]'''
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=dmy|2011|10|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|2}}
|{{ayd|2011|10|10|2018|10|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1996|1|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|1|17|2011|10|9|duration=on}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Jasti Chelameswar]]
|[[File:Jasti_Chelameswar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{Dts|2018|06|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2011|10|10|2018|6|22|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1997|6|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|6|23|2011|10|9|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla]]
|
|{{dts|format=dmy|2012|4|2}}
|{{Dts|2016|7|22|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2012|4|2|2016|7|22|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2000|3|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|2|2012|4|1|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court|Jammu & Kashmir HC]]
|-
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:CJI_Ranjan_gogoi.jpg|90x90px|Ranjan Gogoi]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|4|23}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|17}}
|{{ayd|2012|4|23|2019|11|17|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2001|2|28|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|2|28|2012|4|22|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|30th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[Madan Lokur]]
|[[File:The_Judge,_Supreme_Court_of_India,_Justice_Madan_B._Lokur_delivering_the_valedictory_address,_at_the_35th_National_Symposium_of_Heads_of_Police_Training_Institutions,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_24,_2017_(cropped).jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|6|4}}
| {{Dts|2018|12|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2012|6|4|2018|12|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|2|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|2|19|2012|6|3|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|33rd CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[M. Y. Eqbal|Mokhtarajama Yusuf Eqbal]]
|[[File:Justice_M.Y._Eqbal.jpg|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2012|12|24}}
|{{Dts|2016|2|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2012|12|24|2016|2|12|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1996|5|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1996|5|9|2012|12|23|duration=on}}
|[[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|36th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[Venkate Gopala Gowda]]
|[[File:Justice_VG_Gopala_Gowda.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2016|10|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2012|12|24|2016|10|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1997|6|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|6|11|2012|12|23|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Vikramajit Sen]]
|
|{{Dts|2015|12|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2012|12|24|2015|12|30|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2012|12|23|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]]
|[[File:Pinaki_Chandra_Ghosh.png|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|3|8}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|5|27}}
|{{ayd|2013|3|8|2017|5|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1997|7|17
|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|7|17|2013|3|7|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|CJ of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh HC
|-
|[[Kurian Joseph]]<ref>{{Cite news |title="Life Is Worthwhile With A Smile": Justice Kurian Joseph Signs Off |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-kurian-joseph-retires-advises-colleagues-life-is-worthwhile-with-a-smile-1955276 |access-date=2018-11-29 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|[[File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_at_the_inauguration_of_the_National_Conference,_organised_by_the_Supreme_Court_Advocates-on-record_Association_(SCAORA),_in_New_Delhi_(Kurian_Joseph)_(cropped).JPG|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2018|11|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2013|3|8|2018|11|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2000|7|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|7|12|2013|3|7|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|20th CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Arjan Kumar Sikri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice AK Sikri Breaks Down as Lawyers Bid Emotional Farewell to SC Judge |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/justice-ak-sikri-breaks-down-as-lawyers-bid-emotional-farewell-to-sc-judge-2057595.html |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=News18}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|12}}
|{{Dts|2019|3|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2013|4|12|2019|3|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2013|4|11|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[Sharad Arvind Bobde]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_Sharad_Arvind_Bobde.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|2021|4|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2013|4|12|2021|4|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2000|3|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|29|2013|4|11|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Shiva Kirti Singh]]
|[[File:Shiva_Kirti_Singh.jpg|90x90px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|9|19}}
|{{Dts|2016|11|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2013|9|19|2016|11|11|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1998|12|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1998|12|29|2013|9|18|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|44th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Chokkalingam Nagappan]]
|[[File:Justice_C_Nagappan.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2016|10|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2013|9|19|2016|10|3|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2000|9|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|9|27|2013|9|18|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|25th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal]]
|
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2014|2|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|5|4}}
|{{ayd|2014|2|17|2018|5|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|2|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|2|5|2014|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|37th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Justice_N.V._Ramana.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|2022|8|26|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|2|17|2022|8|26|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2000|6|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|6|27|2014|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|28th CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|-
|[[Arun Kumar Mishra]]
|[[File:Justice_Arun_Mishra.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2014|7|7}}
|{{dts|2020|9|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|7|7|2020|9|2|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|10|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|10|25|2014|7|6|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|36th CJ]] of [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta HC]]
|-
|[[Adarsh Kumar Goel]]
|[[File:Hon'ble_Mr._Justice_Adarsh_Kumar_Goel.png|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2018|7|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|7|7|2018|7|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2001|7|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|7|2|2014|7|6|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[Rohinton Fali Nariman]]
|[[File:Justice R.F. Nariman.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2021|8|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|7|7|2021|8|12|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[Abhay Manohar Sapre]]
|[[File:Justice_Abhay_Manohar_Sapre.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2014|8|13}}
|{{Dts|2019|8|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|8|13|2019|8|27|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|1999|10|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|10|25|2014|8|12|duration=on}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|33rd CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[R. Banumathi]]
|[[File:Justice_R._Banumathi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2020|7|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2014|8|13|2020|7|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2003|4|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|4|3|2014|8|12|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand HC]]
|-
|[[Prafulla Chandra Pant]]
|[[File:PC_Pant.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|29}}
|{{ayd|2014|8|13|2017|8|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|6|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|6|29|2014|8|12|duration=on}}
|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|2nd CJ]] of [[Meghalaya High Court|Meghalaya HC]]
|-
|[[Uday Umesh Lalit]] '''(CJI)'''
|[[File:Justice_Uday_Umesh_Lalit.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|11|8}}
|{{ayd|2014|8|13|2022|11|8|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[Amitava Roy]]
|[[File:Justice_Amitava_Roy.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|3|1}}
|{{ayd|2015|2|27|2018|3|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2002|2|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|2|4|2015|2|26|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|27tht CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[A.M. Khanwilkar|Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar]]
|[[File:Ajay_Manikrao_Khanwilkar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|13}}
|{{dts|2022|7|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2016|5|13|2022|7|29|duration=on}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Dts|2000|3|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|29|2016|5|12|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|22nd CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:D._Y._Chandrachud_with_the_President_of_India,_Droupadi_Murmu_(cropped).jpg|alt=|90x90px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|10}}
|{{ayd|2016|5|13|2024|11|10|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|29|2016|5|12|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|45th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|-
|[[Ashok Bhushan]]
|[[File:Justice_Ashok_Bhushan-2.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2021|7|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2016|5|13|2021|7|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2001|4|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|4|24|2016|5|12|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[L. Nageswara Rao|Lavu Nageswara Rao]]
|[[File:Justice L. Nageswara Rao.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|6|7}}
|{{ayd|2016|5|13|2022|6|7|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]]
|[[File:Justice_Sanjay_Kishan_Kaul.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="5" |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|2|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|12|25}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2023|12|25|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2001|5|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|5|3|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|38th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[Mohan Shantanagoudar]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Krishnadas Rajagopal |date=2021-04-25 |title=Supreme Court judge Justice Mohan M. Shantanagoudar passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-judge-justice-mohan-m-shantanagoudar-dies-at-gurgaon-hospital/article34404708.ece |access-date=2021-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[File:Justice_Mohan_M._Shantanagoudar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2021|4|24|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2021|4|24|duration=on}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Dts|2003|5|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|32nd CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
|[[File:Justice_S._Abdul_Nazeer.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|1|4}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2023|1|4|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|
|-
|[[Navin Sinha]]
|[[File:Justice_Navin_Sinha.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2021|8|18|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2021|8|18|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|2|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|2|11|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|34th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Deepak Gupta]]
|[[File:Justice_Deepak_Gupta.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{Dts|2020|5|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2020|5|6|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|10|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|10|4|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|[[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Chhattisgarh High Court|10th CJ]] of [[Chhattisgarh High Court|Chhattisgarh HC]]
|-
|[[Indu Malhotra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |date=March 13, 2021 |title=Choking with emotion, Justice Malhotra bids adieu to Supreme Court with tears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/choked-with-emotion-justice-indu-malhotra-retires-from-sc/articleshow/81463483.cms |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Justice Indu Malhotra.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|27}}
|{{dts|2021|3|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|4|27|2021|3|13|duration=on}}
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Bar Council of India|Bar Council]]
|
|-
|[[Indira Banerjee]]
|[[File:Justice_Indira_Banerjee.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|8|7}}
|{{dts|2022|9|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|8|7|2022|9|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2002|2|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|2|5|2018|8|6|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|39th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|-
|[[Vineet Saran]]
|[[File:Justice_Vineet_Saran.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|10}}
|{{ayd|2018|8|7|2022|5|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2002|2|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|2|14|2018|8|6|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|-
|[[K. M. Joseph|Kuttiyil Mathew Joseph]]
|[[File:Justice_K.M._Joseph-2.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2023|6|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|8|7|2023|6|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|10|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|10|14|2018|8|6|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Uttarakhand High Court|9th CJ]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand HC]]
|-
|[[Hemant Gupta]]
|[[File:Justice_Hemant_Gupta.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|2}}
|{{dts|2022|10|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|11|2|2022|10|16|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2002|7|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|7|2|2018|11|1|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|23rd CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Ramayyagari Subhash Reddy]]
|[[File:Justice_R.Subhash_Reddy.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2022|1|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|11|2|2022|1|4|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2002|12|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2002|12|2|2018|11|1|duration=on}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|-
|[[Mukesh Shah|Mukesh Rasikbhai Shah]]
|[[File:Justice_Mukeshkumar_Rasikbhai_Shah.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|15}}
|{{ayd|2018|11|2|2023|5|15|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|3|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|3|7|2018|11|1|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|[[List of chief justices of the Patna High Court|41st CJ of Patna HC]]
|-
|[[Ajay Rastogi]]
|[[File:Justice_Ajay_Rastogi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2023|6|17|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2018|11|2|2023|6|17|duration=on}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Dts|2004|9|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|9|2|2018|11|1|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Tripura High Court|Tripura HC]]
|-
|[[Dinesh Maheshwari]]
|[[File:Justice_Dinesh_Maheshwari.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|14}}
|{{ayd|2019|1|18|2023|5|14|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2004|9|2|2019|1|17|duration=on}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|29th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Sanjiv Khanna]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:Chief_Justice_Sanjiv_Khanna.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
|{{dts|2025|5|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|1|18|2025|5|13|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2005|6|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2005|6|24|2019|1|17|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|
|-
|[[B. R. Gavai|Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]] '''(CJI)'''
|'''[[File:B_R_Gavai.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]'''
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|5|24}}
|{{dts|2025|11|23|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|5|24|2025|11|23|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2003|11|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|11|14|2019|5|23|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|
|-
|[[Aniruddha Bose]]
|[[File:Justice_Aniruddha_Bose.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2024|4|10|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|5|24|2024|4|10|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|1|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|1|19|2019|5|23|duration=on}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|12th CJ]] of [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand HC]]
|-
|[[A. S. Bopanna|Ajjikuttira Somaiah Bopanna]]
|[[File:Justice_A_S_Bopanna.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2024|5|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|5|24|2024|5|19|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2006|1|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|1|6|2019|5|23|duration=on}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|37th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|-
|[[Krishna Murari]]
|[[File:Justice_Krishna_Murari.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|9|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|8}}
|{{ayd|2019|9|23|2023|7|8|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|1|7|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|1|7|2019|9|22|duration=on}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|34th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|-
|[[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat]]
|[[File:Justice_S_R_Bhat.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|20}}
|{{ayd|2019|9|23|2023|10|20|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2004|7|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|7|16|2019|9|22|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|36th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|-
|[[V. Ramasubramanian]]
|[[File:V_Ramasubramanian.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2023|6|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|9|23|2023|6|29|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2006|7|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|7|31|2019|9|22|duration=on}}
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh HC]]
|-
|[[Hrishikesh Roy]]
|[[File:Hrishikesh_Roy.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2025|1|31|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2019|9|23|2025|5|31|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2006|10|12|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|10|12|2019|9|22|duration=on}}
|[[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|35th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|-
|[[Abhay Shreeniwas Oka]]
|[[File:Justice_AS_Oka.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|8|31}}
|{{dts|2025|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2025|5|24|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2003|8|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|8|29|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|30th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|-
|[[Hima Kohli]]
|[[File:Justice_Hima_Kohli.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|9|1}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2024|9|1|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2006|5|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|5|29|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Telangana High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Telangana High Court|Telangana HC]]
|-
|[[C. T. Ravikumar|Chudalayil Thevan Ravikumar]]
|[[File:Justice_CT_Ravikumar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2025|1|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2025|1|5|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2009|1|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|1|5|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|
|-
|[[Bela Trivedi]]
|[[File:Justice_BM_Trivedi.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|6|9}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2025|6|9|duration=on}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|17}}
|{{ayd|2011|2|17|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|[[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]]
|
|-
|[[Sudhanshu Dhulia]]
|[[File:Justice_Sudhanshu_Dhulia.jpg|90x90px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|9}}
|{{dts|2025|8|9|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2022|5|9|2025|8|9|duration=on}}
|{{Dts|2008|11|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|11|1|2022|5|8|duration=on}}
|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|39th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of chief justices of India]]
* [[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of female judges of the Supreme Court of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.sci.gov.in}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025230422/https://sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges Chief justice & Judges]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181117021545/https://www.sci.gov.in/former-justices Former Justices]

{{Judiciary of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Supreme Court of India, Judges, Former}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India|Judges, Former]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian judges|Supreme Court of India, Judges, Former]]
[[Category:Lists of supreme court justices|India, Former]]

Felubakshi

2026-03-28T12:58:17Z

MaricelaHamilton: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025#January–March]]

==Plot==
Animesh Mukherjee contacts private investigator Felu Bakshi to unravel his son's unnatural death mystery. Felu Bakshi and his assistant Debjani start their investigation. After three murders occur they realised that there is a dark past of Mukherjee family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ফেলুবক্সী: আপাত সহজ রহস্যে ভরপুর, কিন্তু শেষরক্ষা হল কি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-felubakshi-starring-soham-chakraborty-porimini-and-others-dgtl/cid/1576073 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Felu Bakshi
* [[Madhumita Sarcar]] as Debjani
* [[Shataf Figar]]
* [[Pori Moni|Porimoni]] as Labanya
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Animesh Mukherjee
* Debnath Chatterjee
* Anindita Sarkar
* Raunak Bhattacharya
* Srijit Ayushman Sarkar

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31722467}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Md. Ghulam Rabbani

2026-03-22T16:49:24Z

MaricelaHamilton: update page additionally

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{similar names|Ghulam Rabbani (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Md. Ghulam Rabbani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1970}}
| birth_place = [[Goalpokhar]], [[Uttar Dinajpur]]
| residence = [[Goalpokhar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office2 = [[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Minister of State for Department of Labour]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| constituency =
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2021
| successor2 =
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ali Imran Ramz]]
| constituency1 = [[Goalpokhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goalpokhar]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| party = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|25px]] [[Trinamool Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2009-2016)}}
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A]])
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| website =
| office = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)'' [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *Non Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| termstart = 10 May 2021
| termend =
| governor2 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
}}

'''Md. Ghulam Rabbani''' is an Indian politician and cabinet [[Third Banerjee ministry|minister of environment]] and Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources in the West Bengal government. He served as [[Cabinet Minister|Cabinet Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education (West Bengal)|Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education]] in [[Government of West Bengal]] from 2021 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata Banerjees SIGNIFICANT Move, Takes Charge Of Minority Department Replacing Md. Ghulam Rabbani |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/mamata-banerjees-significant-move-takes-charge-of-minority-department-replacing-md-ghulam-rabbani-2588586.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=In further reshuffle of TMC's Muslim outreach, Mamata Banerjee takes charge of Minority Affairs Dept |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ghulam-rabbani-removed-west-bengal-minority-affairs-minister-mamata-portfolio-8521960/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Rabbani belongs to [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/zila/2016-west-bengal-assembly-election-full-candidate-list_138681.html|title=২০১৬-র বিধানসভা নির্বাচনে বিস্তারিত প্রার্থী তালিকা|date=17 May 2016|accessdate=22 August 2019|website=Zee 24 Ghanta}}</ref> He was elected as [[Goalpokhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Goalpokhar Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]].<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 1 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web| url =http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109| title =General Elections, India, 2016, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| accessdate =14 June 2016| archive-date =12 June 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160612134740/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109| url-status =dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabbani, Ghulam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Photographer (film)

2026-03-21T08:31:09Z

MaricelaHamilton: small fix references as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Photographer
| image = Photographer (Malayalam film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ranjan Pramod]]
| producer = Houli Pottoor
| writer = Ranjan Pramod
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Neethu]] Master Mani [[Biju Menon]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N.]]
| editing = Jyothy
| studio = Dream Team Productions
| distributor = Dream Team Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|10|21}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Photographer''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Ranjan Pramod]]. Starring [[Mohanlal]], [[Neethu]], Master Mani and [[Biju Menon]] in lead roles. The film is loosely based on the [[Muthanga incident]] of 2003, in which a policeman and a [[adivasi|tribal]] were killed. Mohanlal plays dual roles as a [[wildlife photographer]] and a farmer. The soundtrack was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref name="preview">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/8821.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020173937/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/8821.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2006|title=Photographer - Photographer into realities|work=Indiaglitz|date=23 September 2006|access-date=2011-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3330/malayalam/photographer/preview.htm|title=Photographer Synopisis|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=2011-01-31|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203639/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3330/malayalam/photographer/preview.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film marks the directorial debut of screenwriter Pramod and the debut of [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actress [[Neethu]] in [[Malayalam cinema]], as well as the comeback of composer Johnson after a sabbatical. ''Photographer'' was released on 21 October 2006 on the occasion of [[Diwali]]. Mani, who played the role of a tribal boy won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]. Johnson won the Mathrubhumi Film Award for Best Music Director for the soundtrack and Mullasserry Raju Music Award for the song "Enthe Kannanu".

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] in a dual role as:
** Dijo John (Photographer)
** Joy John (Planter)
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] as Dijo's and Joy's mother
* [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]] as Sathyavathi, Dijo's wife
* Master Mani as Thammi, a tribal child
* [[Biju Menon]] as Forest Minister Hariharan
* Master Sougandh as Sharan
* [[Saranya Bhagyaraj]] as Asha
* [[Venu Nagavalli]] as Chief Minister
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Circle Inspector Hareesh Chandran Nair
* Ramachandran as Jose John (Dijo's and Joy's Elder Brother)
* [[Mammukoya]] as Teastall owner Hassanikka
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Ananthan
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as [[Revolution|Viplavam]] Balan
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Balan's wife
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as S.I.T officer
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as John's sister-in-law
}}

==Production==
The film is loosely based on the [[Muthanga incident]] of 2003, in which a policeman and a [[adivasi|tribal]] were killed. The film marks the directorial debut of screenwriter [[Ranjan Pramod]]. Filming began in July 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701230300.htm|title=Images of a scenarist|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 July 2006|access-date=31 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812082447/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701230300.htm|archive-date=12 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="release">{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102001180100.htm|title=Clash of the Titans|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 October 2006|access-date=31 January 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313222522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102001180100.htm|archive-date=13 March 2008}}</ref> The film was also the debut of [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actress [[Neethu]] in [[Malayalam cinema]], as well as the comeback of composer [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] after a sabbatical. Mani, a real tribal boy played, a tribal character in the film.

==Soundtrack==
The original songs featured in the film was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], with lyrics by [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]. Soundtrack album was released by the label [[Satyam Audios]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Photographer - Johnson |date=20 July 2007 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/photographer/teLEaeaeWVQ_ |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Photographer
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =

| title1 = Enthe Kannanu
| note1 = Version 1
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:45

| title2 = Pulchadi
| extra2 = Vaisali
| length2 = 3:44

| title3 = Chandrika Raavil
| extra3 = Vijeesh Goplal, [[Gayatri Asokan]]
| length3 = 4:47

| title4 = Vasantharaavil
| extra4 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length4 = 4:55

| title5 = Poopuzhayil
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length5 = 4:30

| title6 = Kadlolam
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 4:56

| title7 = Enthe Kannanu
| note7 = Version 2
| extra7 = [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| length7 = 4:45
}}

==Release==
''Photographer'' was released in theatres on 24 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/26285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022185628/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/26285.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Photographer hits tomorrow|work=Indiaglitz|date=23 October 2006|access-date=2011-01-31}}</ref><ref name="release"/>

==Awards==
Master Mani won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>[http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa06.htm "Kerala State Film Awards 2006"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144257/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa06.htm |date=13 July 2011 }}. [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref> Johnson won the Mathrubhumi Film Award for Best Music Director for the soundtrack<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33604.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015145930/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33604.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Mammootty, Padmapriya bags Mathrubhumi awards |work=Indiaglitz|date=15 September 2007|access-date=2011-01-31}}</ref> and the Mullasserry Raju Music Award for the song "Enthe Kannanu".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajithkumar|first=P. K.|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092151300200.htm&date=2007/09/21/&prd=th&|title=A treat for music lovers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 September 2007|access-date=31 January 2011|archive-date=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125202329/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092151300200.htm&date=2007/09/21/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0867401|Photographer}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Mahesh Bhupathi

2026-03-20T15:18:57Z

MaricelaHamilton:

{{short description|Indian tennis player (born 1974)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Mahesh Bhupathi
|image = Mahesh Bhupathi US Open 2009-2010-01-02.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Bhupathi at the US Open
|fullname = Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi
|country_represented = {{flagu|India}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|06|07|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|college = [[Ole Miss Rebels tennis|Ole Miss]]
|turnedpro = 1995
|retired = 2016
|plays =
|careerprizemoney = US$6,665,907<ref name=atp-mahesh-bhupathi>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Mahesh-Bhupathi.aspx|title=Mahesh Bhupathi|publisher=ATP World Tour|access-date=2012-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116074225/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Mahesh-Bhupathi.aspx|archive-date=16 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|tennishofyear = 
|tennishofid = 
|website = 
|singlesrecord = 10–28
|singlestitles = 0
|highestsinglesranking = No. 217 (2 February 1998)
|currentsinglesranking =
|AustralianOpenresult = Q2 ([[1998 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|1998]])
|FrenchOpenresult = Q3 ([[1996 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|1996]], [[1999 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|1999]])
|Wimbledonresult = 1R ([[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1997]], [[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1998]], [[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2000]])
|USOpenresult = 1R ([[1995 US Open – Men's singles|1995]])
|Othertournaments = 
|MastersCupresult =
|WTAChampionshipsresult =
|Olympicsresult =
|doublesrecord = 687–364
|doublestitles = 52
|highestdoublesranking = [[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (26 April 1999)
|currentdoublesranking =
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = F ([[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2009]], [[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2011]])
|AustralianOpenDoublesjuniorresult =
|AustralianOpenDoublesseniorresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesjuniorresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesseniorresult =
|WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]])
|WimbledonDoublesjuniorresult =
|WimbledonDoublesseniorresult =
|USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|2002]])
|USOpenDoublesjuniorresult =
|USOpenDoublesseniorresult =

|OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
|MastersCupDoublesresult = F ([[1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1997]], [[1999 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1999]], [[2000 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|2000]], [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|2010]], [[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|2012]])
|WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult =
|OlympicsDoublesresult = SF – 4th ([[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]])

|Mixed = yes
|mixedrecord = 115–53
|mixedtitles = 8
|AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2006]], [[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2009]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1997 French Open – Mixed doubles|1997]], [[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|2012]])
|WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2002]], [[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2005]])
|USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1999 US Open – Mixed doubles|1999]], [[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|2005]])
|OthertournamentsMixedDoubles =
|OlympicMixedDoublesresult =
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = QF ([[1996 Davis Cup|1996]])
|updated = 14 November 2016
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's tennis}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Tennis at the 1998 Asian Games|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Tennis at the 1998 Asian Games|Team Event]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Tennis at the 1998 Asian Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Afro-Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
}}

'''Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi''' (born 7 June 1974) is an Indian former [[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|doubles world No. 1]] [[tennis]] player. In 1997, he became the first Indian to win a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|major]] tournament (with [[Rika Hiraki]]).{{#tag:ref|Hiraki was the first Japanese woman to win a Grand Slam tournament, while Bhupathi was the first Indian to win a Grand Slam in mixed doubles.|group=lower-alpha}} With his win at the [[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2006 Australian Open mixed doubles]], he joined the elite group of eight tennis players who have achieved a [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|career Grand Slam]] in mixed doubles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis |first=I. T. A. |date=2025-01-10 |title=Making History at the Australian Open |url=https://wearecollegetennis.com/2025/01/10/making-history-at-the-australian-open/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=ITA #WeAreCollegeTennis |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the founder of [[International Premier Tennis League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |date=2015-02-18 |title=International Premier Tennis League is out in the market to raise Rs 35-40 crore for a 10% stake |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/international-premier-tennis-league-is-out-in-the-market-to-raise-rs-35-40-crore-for-a-10-stake/articleshow/46283392.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In December 2016, Bhupathi was appointed as India's next non-playing [[Davis Cup]] captain and took over the reins from [[Anand Amritraj]] in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Indian Express|title=Mahesh Bhupathi named India's non-playing Davis Cup captain|date=22 December 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/mahesh-bhupathi-india-davis-cup-captain-anand-amritraj-440013/|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172305/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/mahesh-bhupathi-india-davis-cup-captain-anand-amritraj-440013/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
===1995–2006===
Mahesh Bhupathi is considered one of the top doubles players of the 1990s and 2000s. In 1999, Bhupathi won three doubles titles with [[Leander Paes]], including the [[French Open]] and [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]. He and Paes became the first doubles team to reach the finals of all four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]]s, the first time such a feat has been achieved in the open era and the first time since 1952. On 26 April of that year, they became the world no. 1 doubles team.{{cn|date=January 2026}} Bhupathi also won the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] [[Mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] with [[Ai Sugiyama]] of [[Japan]].

In 2006, Bhupathi teamed with [[Martina Hingis]] in the [[Australian Open]] mixed doubles competition. Entering the tournament unseeded and as wildcards,<ref>[http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?file=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/Pdfs/events/2006/melbourne_draws.pdf Source] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001073233/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?file=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyericssonwtatour.com%2F3%2Fglobal%2FPdfs%2Fevents%2F2006%2Fmelbourne_draws.pdf |date=1 October 2007 }}</ref> the first-time pair defeated four seeded opponents along the way, while only dropping a single set throughout. Bhupathi and Hingis defeated the sixth-seeded team of [[Daniel Nestor]] and [[Elena Likhovtseva]] in straight sets, 6–3, 6–3, to capture the championship. It was the sixth mixed doubles Grand Slam for Bhupathi, and the first one for Hingis. By winning the Australian Open, Bhupathi completed a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles.

===2007–2008===
In 2007, Bhupathi and [[Radek Štěpánek]] reached the [[2007 Australian Open]] [[2007 Australian Open – Men's doubles|men's doubles event]]'s quarterfinals. Bhupathi teamed with Štěpánek at the [[2007 French Open]] to make the [[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|doubles]] semifinals, defeating two-year defending champions [[Jonas Björkman]] and [[Max Mirnyi]] in the quarterfinals. The team lost to the eventual champions [[Mark Knowles]] and [[Daniel Nestor]]. After [[2007 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], Bhupathi teamed with [[Pavel Vízner]] to win the [[2007 Canada Masters]], defeating the top-ranked doubles team [[Bob Bryan|Bob]] and [[Mike Bryan]] en route. After this victory, he won a tournament in [[2007 Pilot Pen Tennis|New Haven]] with [[Nenad Zimonjić]]. At the [[2007 US Open (tennis)|2007 US Open]], he and Zimonjić paired in [[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|doubles]]. After the US Open, the team that beat Bhupathi and Štěpánek in the French Open semifinals, Knowles and Nestor, split up. Bhupathi became Knowles' partner,<ref>[http://www.atptennis.com/3/en/players/doubles/profiles/bhupathiknowles.asp Team profile]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> while Zimonjić became Nestor's, but back surgery meant he was out until the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/oct/02bhup.htm|title=Bhupathi to undergo back surgery|website=rediff.com|access-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018063330/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/oct/02bhup.htm|archive-date=18 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2009–2012===
In 2009, Bhupathi and compatriot [[Sania Mirza]] won the mixed doubles title at the Australian Open, beating [[Nathalie Dechy]] and [[Andy Ram]], 6–3, 6–1, in the final. The Indian pair thus made up for the disappointment of the previous year's final when they were beaten by [[Sun Tiantian]] and [[Nenad Zimonjić]]. With this win, Bhupathi's count in mixed doubles Grand Slam titles increased to seven.

Bhupathi broke up his partnership with Knowles and began playing once again with [[Max Mirnyi]], with whom he played to win the [[2002 US Open (tennis)|2002 US Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/sep/07bhup.htm|title=Bhupathi-Mirnyi win US Open doubles|access-date=7 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217151541/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/sep/07bhup.htm|archive-date=17 December 2002|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Bhupathi reunited with former playing partner [[Leander Paes]] for the [[2011 Australian Open]]. The team reached the final, but lost 3–6, 4–6 to the Bryan brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/tennis/sports-leander-paes-bhupathi-lose-australian-open-aid0033-024808.html|title= Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupathi lose Australian Open|date= 29 January 2011|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 June 2012, Bhupathi and [[Sania Mirza]] won the French Open mixed doubles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/indian-challenge/Mahesh-Bhupathi-and-Sania-Mirza-win-French-Open-mixed-doubles-crown/articleshow/13909650.cms|title=Mahesh Bhupathi and Sania Mirza win French Open mixed doubles crown|date=8 June 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608111125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/indian-challenge/Mahesh-Bhupathi-and-Sania-Mirza-win-French-Open-mixed-doubles-crown/articleshow/13909650.cms|archive-date=8 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 November 2012, Bhupathi and partner [[Rohan Bopanna]] won the Paris Masters cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-04/top-stories/34907719_1_bhupathi-and-bopanna-indian-pair-paris-masters|title=Mahesh Bhupathi-Rohan Bopanna win Paris Masters|access-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710004109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-04/top-stories/34907719_1_bhupathi-and-bopanna-indian-pair-paris-masters|archive-date=10 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> In spite of suffering a setback with their loss against [[Jonathan Marray]] and [[Frederik Nielsen]] in the ATP Tour Finals opener,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Bhupathi-Bopanna-beaten-in-Tour-finals-opener/articleshow/17117489.cms|title=Bhupathi-Bopanna beaten in Tour Finals opener|access-date=6 November 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> the Indian duo reached the final round of the ATP Tour Finals, but suffered a defeat at the hands of [[Marcel Granollers]] and [[Marc López]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Bhupathi-Bopanna-defeated-in-final-of-ATP-Tour-finals/articleshow/17199682.cms|title=Bhupathi-Bopanna defeated in final of ATP Tour Finals|access-date=13 November 2012|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113122021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Bhupathi-Bopanna-defeated-in-final-of-ATP-Tour-finals/articleshow/17199682.cms|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles-2010-01-02.jpg|thumb|300px|Bhupathi serves in his third-round match partnering [[Mark Knowles]] during the [[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|2008 US Open]].]]

===2013===
Bhupathi and Bopanna played with different partners for the first three months of 2013, Bhupathi winning the tournament in Dubai in March with [[Michaël Llodra]], but rejoined starting with the Monte-Carlo Masters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/205686-mahesh-bhupathi-rohan-bopanna-back-together|title=Mahesh Bhupathi-Rohan Bopanna back together – NDTV Sports|last=NDTVSports.com|access-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404001105/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/205686-mahesh-bhupathi-rohan-bopanna-back-together|archive-date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Playing style==
Mahesh Bhupathi is known for his strong [[serve (tennis)|serve]]. According to [[Rafael Nadal]], his strong [[backhand]] makes him the best for an Ad Court player. [[Roger Federer]] acclaims him as one of the best doubles players of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imdi0_BLz40|title=TWTP – DOUBLES SPECIALIST (Roger Federer talks about Mahesh Bhupathi)|last=twtpofficial|date=29 June 2012|via=YouTube|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610143117/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imdi0_BLz40|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He often discusses strategies between the serves with his partner during the match and also communicates using finger-at-the-back signals.

==Year-end finals==
Bhupathi appeared with Paes in six season finales. In 2011, they appeared, for the first time since 2002, after securing qualification in mid-October. Bhupathi played at the year-end championships with Paes from 1997 to 2000 and in 2002, reaching three finals. In 1997, they lost the final to [[Rick Leach]] and [[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]. They lost the 1999 final to [[Sébastien Lareau]] and [[Alex O’Brien]]. In 2000, they lost the final to [[Donald Johnson]] and [[Pieter Norval]]. Bhupathi also qualified with [[Max Mirnyi]] in 2003, 2004, and 2010, when they finished runners-up to [[Daniel Nestor]] and [[Nenad Zimonjić]]. He appeared at the finals with [[Mark Knowles]] in 2008 and 2009. In 2012, he and [[Rohan Bopanna]] made it to the final, where they lost to [[Marcel Granollers]] and [[Marc López]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Mahesh-Bhupathi.aspx|title=Mahesh Bhupathi – Overview – ATP World Tour – Tennis|access-date=23 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116074225/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Mahesh-Bhupathi.aspx|archive-date=16 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Significant finals==
=== Doubles: 10 (4 titles, 6 runner-ups) ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:150px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:145px"|Partner
!style="width:145px"|Opponents
!style="width:190px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1999]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|[[Australian Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Pat Rafter]]
|3–6, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(12–10), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]]
|style="background:#ebc2af;"|[[French Open]]
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]
|6–2, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|Grass
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Palmer]]
|6–7(10–12), 6–3, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|1999]]
|style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|6–7(7–9), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]]
|style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (2)
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|2002]]
|style="background:#ccf;"|US Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Novák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|6–3, 3–6, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2003]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|6–3, 3–6, 6–7(4–7), 3–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2009]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|6–2, 5–7, 0–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2009]]
|style="background:#ccf;"|US Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|6–3, 3–6, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2011]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
|3–6, 4–6
|}

=== Mixed doubles: 12 (8 titles, 4 runner-ups) ===
By winning the 2006 Australian Open title, Bhupathi completed the mixed doubles Career Grand Slam. He became the eighth male player in history to achieve this.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:150px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:145px"|Partner
!style="width:145px"|Opponents
!style="width:100px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[1997 French Open – Mixed doubles|1997]]
|style="background:#ebc2af;"|[[French Open]]
|Clay
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rika Hiraki]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lisa Raymond]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Patrick Galbraith]]
|6–4, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1998]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|Grass
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mirjana Lučić-Baroni|Mirjana Lučić]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] {{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[1999 US Open – Mixed doubles|1999]]
|style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ai Sugiyama]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kimberly Po]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Johnson]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2002]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Likhovtseva]]
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Daniela Hantuchová]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|6–2, 1–6, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2003 French Open – Mixed doubles|2003]]
|style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open
|Clay
|{{flagicon|RUS}} Elena Likhovtseva
|{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2005]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (2)
|Grass
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mary Pierce]]
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Tatiana Perebiynis]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|2005]]
|style="background:#ccf;"|US Open (2)
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SVK}} Daniela Hantuchová
|{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Katarina Srebotnik]] {{flagicon|SCG}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2006]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|[[Australian Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} Elena Likhovtseva {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2008]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]] {{flagicon|SRB|2004}} Nenad Zimonjić
|6–7(4–7), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2009]]
|style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (2)
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sania Mirza
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nathalie Dechy]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]
|6–3, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2011]]
|style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Iveta Benešová]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jürgen Melzer]]
|3–6, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|2012]]
|style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (2)
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sania Mirza
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Klaudia Jans-Ignacik]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]]
|7–6(7–3), 6–1
|}

===Olympic medal matches===

====Doubles: 1 (1 fourth place)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
!style="width:145px"|Partner
!style="width:145px"|Opponents
! class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=yellow|4th place|| [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]]
|style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[2004 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]], Athens
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Ljubičić]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–4, 14–16
|}

==ATP career finals==
===Doubles: 96 (52–44)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam (4–6)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–5)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (16–14)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series (8–7)
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (24–12)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Titles by surface
|-
|Hard (32–26)
|-
|Clay (13–4)
|-
|Grass (2–6)
|-
|Carpet (5–7)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Partnering
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|1–0
|[[1997 Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 1997}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Oleg Ogorodov]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eyal Ran]]
|7–6, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|2–0
|[[1997 Paegas Czech Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 1997}}]]
|[[Prague Open (1987–1999)|Prague]], Czech Republic
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Luxa]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[David Škoch]]
|6–1, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|2–1
|[[1997 Infiniti Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 1997}}]]
|[[Los Angeles Open (tennis)|Los Angeles]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|6–7, 4–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|3–1
|[[1997 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 1997}}]]
|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Montréal]], Canada
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|7–6, 6–3
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|4–1
|[[1997 Pilot Pen International – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 1997}}]]
|[[Volvo International|New Haven]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|6–4, 6–7, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|5–1
|[[1997 Nokia Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 1997}}]]
|[[China Open (tennis)|Beijing]], China
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Courier]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|7–5, 7–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|6–1
|{{dts|Oct 1997}}
|[[ATP Singapore Open|Singapore]], Singapore
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} Rick Leach {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]
|6–4, 6–4
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|6–2
|[[1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 1997}}]]
|[[ATP Finals|Hartford]], United States
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} Rick Leach {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]
|3–6, 4–6, 6–7
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|7–2
|[[1998 Qatar Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 1998}}]]
|[[ATP Qatar Open|Doha]], Qatar
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olivier Delaître]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|6–4, 3–6, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|8–2
|[[1998 Dubai Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 1998}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Johnson]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Francisco Montana]]
|6–2, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|9–2
|[[1998 Gold Flake Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 1998}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olivier Delaître]] {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|6–7, 6–3, 6–2
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|10–2
|[[1998 Italian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 1998}}]]
|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]], Italy
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Ellis Ferreira]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|6–4, 4–6, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|11–2
|[[1998 Shanghai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 1998}}]]
|[[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|Shanghai]], China
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Woodforde]]
|6–4, 6–7, 7–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|11–3
|{{dts|Oct 1998}}
|[[ATP Singapore Open|Singapore]], Singapore
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Woodforde]]
|2–6, 3–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|11–4
|[[1998 Eurocard Open – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 1998}}]]
|[[Eurocard Open|Stuttgart]], Germany
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|3–6, 6–3, 5–7
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|12–4
|[[1998 Paris Open – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 1998}}]]
|[[Paris Masters|Paris]], France
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jacco Eltingh]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]]
|6–4, 6–2
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|12–5
|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Feb 1999}}]]
|[[Australian Open|Melbourne]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]]
|3–6, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|13–5
|[[1999 Gold Flake Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 1999}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Neville Godwin]]
|4–6, 7–5, 6–4
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|14–5
|[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 1999}}]]
|[[French Open|Paris]], France
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]
|6–2, 7–5
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|15–5
|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jul 1999}}]]
|[[Wimbledon Championships|London]], United Kingdom
|Grass
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Palmer]]
|6–7, 6–3, 6–4, 7–6
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|15–6
|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 1999}}]]
|[[US Open (tennis)|New York]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|6–7, 4–6
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|15–7
|[[1999 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 1999}}]]
|[[ATP Finals|Hartford]], United States
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]
|3–6, 2–6, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|16–7
|{{dts|May 2000}}
|[[Hypo Group Tennis International|St. Pölten]], Austria
|Clay
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Kratzmann]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Gaudenzi]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Diego Nargiso]]
|7–6, 6–7, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|16–8
|[[2000 Gerry Weber Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2000}}]]
|[[Halle Open|Halle]], Germany
|Grass
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[David Prinosil]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Nicklas Kulti]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Mikael Tillström]]
|6–7, 6–7
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|17–8
|{{dts|Oct 2000}}
|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Tokyo]], Japan
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Hill (tennis)|Michael Hill]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]
|6–4, 6–7, 6–3
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|17–9
|[[2000 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Dec 2000}}]]
|[[ATP Finals|Bangalore]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Johnson]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Piet Norval]]
|6–7, 3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|18–9
|[[2001 Verizon Tennis Challenge – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2001}}]]
|[[Verizon Tennis Challenge|Atlanta]], United States
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Macpherson (tennis)|David Macpherson]]
|6–3, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|19–9
|[[2001 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles|{{dts|May 2001}}]]
|[[U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships|Houston]], United States
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin Kim]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Thomas (tennis)|Jim Thomas]]
|7–6, 6–2
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|20–9
|[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2001}}]]
|[[French Open|Paris]], France
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|7–6, 6–3
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|21–9
|[[2001 Cincinnati Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2001}}]]
|[[Cincinnati Open|Cincinnati]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[David Prinosil]]
|7–6, 6–3
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|21–10
|[[2001 RCA Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2001}}]]
|[[Indianapolis Tennis Championships|Indianapolis]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian MacPhie]]
|6–7, 7–5, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|21–11
|[[2001 Kremlin Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2001}}]]
|[[Kremlin Cup|Moscow]], Russia
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sandon Stolle]]
|3–6, 0–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|21–12
|[[2001 Davidoff Swiss Indoors – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2001}}]]
|[[Swiss Indoors|Basel]], Switzerland
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Ellis Ferreira]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|6–7, 4–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|21–13
|[[2001 Paris Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2001}}]]
|[[Paris Masters|Paris]], France
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Ellis Ferreira]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|6–3, 4–6, 3–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|22–13
|[[2002 Tata Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2002}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Cibulec]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Ota Fukárek]]
|5–7, 6–2, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|23–13
|[[2002 Majorca Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 2002}}]]
|[[Valencia Open|Majorca]], Spain
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Julian Knowle]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Kohlmann]]
|6–2, 6–4
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|24–13
|[[2002 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|{{dts|May 2002}}]]
|[[Hamburg European Open|Hamburg]], Germany
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jan-Michael Gambill]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|24–14
|[[2002 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2002}}]]
|[[Queen's Club Championships|London]], United Kingdom
|Grass
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|5–7, 3–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|24–15
|[[2002 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2002}}]]
|[[Cincinnati Open|Cincinnati]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Todd Martin]]
|5–7, 3–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|24–16
|[[2002 RCA Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2002}}]]
|[[Indianapolis Tennis Championships|Indianapolis]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|6–7, 7–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|25–16
|[[2002 TD Waterhouse Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2002}}]]
|[[Connecticut Open (tennis)|Long Island]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|6–3, 6–4
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|26–16
|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2002}}]]
|[[US Open (tennis)|New York]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Novák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|6–3, 3–6, 6–4
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|26–17
|[[2002 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2002}}]]
|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid]], Spain
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|3–6, 5–7, 0–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|26–18
|[[2003 Adidas International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2003}}]]
|[[Sydney International|Sydney]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joshua Eagle]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Healey]]
|6–7, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|27–18
|[[2003 Estoril Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Apr 2003}}]]
|[[Portugal Open|Estoril]], Portugal
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lucas Arnold Ker]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Mariano Hood]]
|6–1, 6–2
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|28–18
|[[2003 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2003}}]]
|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]], Monaco
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|6–4, 3–6, 7–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|28–19
|[[2003 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|{{dts|May 2003}}]]
|[[Hamburg European Open|Hamburg]], Germany
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|4–6, 6–7
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|28–20
|[[2003 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2003}}]]
|[[Queen's Club Championships|London]], United Kingdom
|Grass
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|7–5, 4–6, 6–7
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|28–21
|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jul 2003}}]]
|[[Wimbledon Championships|London]], United Kingdom
|Grass
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|6–3, 3–6, 6–7, 3–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|29–21
|[[2003 Canada Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2003}}]]
|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Montréal]], Canada
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|6–3, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|30–21
|[[2003 Kremlin Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2003}}]]
|[[Kremlin Cup|Moscow]], Russia
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|6–3, 7–5
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|30–22
|[[2003 CA-TennisTrophy – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2003}}]]
|[[Vienna Open|Vienna]], Austria
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Yves Allegro]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]
|6–7, 5–7
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|31–22
|[[2003 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2003}}]]
|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid]], Spain
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|6–2, 2–6, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|32–22
|[[2004 Heineken Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2004}}]]
|[[ATP Auckland Open|Auckland]], New Zealand
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|4–6, 7–5, 6–3
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|33–22
|[[2004 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2004}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|6–2, 4–6, 6–4
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|34–22
|[[2004 Italian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2004}}]]
|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]], Italy
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Wayne Arthurs (tennis)|Wayne Arthurs]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]
|2–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|35–22
|[[2004 Swedish Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2004}}]]
|[[Swedish Open|Båstad]], Sweden
|Clay
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Simon Aspelin]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Perry (tennis)|Todd Perry]]
|4–6, 7–6, 7–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|36–22
|[[2004 Canada Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2004}}]]
|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Toronto]], Canada
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|36–23
|[[2004 Kremlin Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2004}}]]
|[[Kremlin Cup|Moscow]], Russia
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Igor Andreev]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikolay Davydenko]]
|6–3, 3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|36–24
|[[2005 Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2005}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yen-Hsun Lu]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Rainer Schüttler]]
|5–7, 6–4, 6–7
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|37–24
|[[2005 Medibank International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2005}}]]
|[[Sydney International|Sydney]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Clément]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]]
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|38–24
|[[2006 China Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2006}}]]
|[[China Open (tennis)|Beijing]], China
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Berrer]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kenneth Carlsen]]
|6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|39–24
|[[2006 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2006}}]]
|[[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|Mumbai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]]
|6–4, 6–7, [10–8]
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|39–25
|[[2007 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2007}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|5–7, 7–6, [7–10]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|40–25
|[[2007 Rogers Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2007}}]]
|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Montréal]], Canada
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|41–25
|[[2007 Pilot Pen Tennis – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2007}}]]
|[[Connecticut Open (tennis)|New Haven]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|6–3, 6–3
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|42–25
|[[2008 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2008}}]]
|[[U.S. National Indoor Championships|Memphis]], United States
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]]
|7–6, 6–2
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|43–25
|[[2008 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2008}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|7–5, 7–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|43–26
|[[2008 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2008}}]]
|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|2–6, 2–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|43–27
|[[2008 Masters Series Monte-Carlo – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2008}}]]
|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]], Monaco
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tommy Robredo]]
|3–6, 3–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|43–28
|[[2008 Ordina Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2008}}]]
|[[Rosmalen Grass Court Championships|s'Hertogenbosch]], Netherlands
|Grass
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jürgen Melzer]]
|6–7, 3–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|43–29
|[[2008 Pilot Pen Tennis – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2008}}]]
|[[Connecticut Open (tennis)|New Haven]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Sá]]
|5–7, 2–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|43–30
|[[2008 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2008}}]]
|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid]], Spain
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|4–6, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|44–30
|[[2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2008}}]]
|[[Swiss Indoors|Basel]], Switzerland
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Kas]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]]
|6–3, 6–3
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|44–31
|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2009}}]]
|[[Australian Open|Melbourne]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|6–2, 5–7, 0–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|44–32
|[[2009 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2009}}]]
|[[Barcelona Open (tennis)|Barcelona]], Spain
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|3–6, 6–7
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|45–32
|[[2009 Rogers Masters – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2009}}]]
|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Montréal]], Canada
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]
|6–4, 6–3
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|45–33
|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2009}}]]
|[[US Open (tennis)|New York]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|6–3, 3–6, 2–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|45–34
|[[2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Apr 2010}}]]
|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|2–6, 5–7
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|45–35
|[[2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2010}}]]
|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]], Monaco
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|3–6, 0–2, RET.
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|45–36
|[[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2010}}]]
|[[Cincinnati Open|Cincinnati]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|3–6, 4–6
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|45–37
|[[2010 Valencia Open 500 – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2010}}]]
|[[Valencia Open|Valencia]], Spain
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]]
|6–7(8–10), 7–5, [7–10]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|46–37
|[[2010 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2010}}]]
|[[Paris Masters|Paris]], France
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]
|7–5, 7–5
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|46–38
|[[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2010}}]]
|[[ATP Finals|London]], United Kingdom
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|6–7(6–8), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|47–38
|[[2011 Aircel Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2011}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai]], India
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Haase]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[David Martin (tennis)|David Martin]]
|6–2, 6–7(3–7), [10–7]
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|47–39
|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2011}}]]
|[[Australian Open|Melbourne]], Australia
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|3–6, 4–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|48–39
|[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Apr 2011}}]]
|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–2, [10–5]
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|48–40
|[[2011 Aegon Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2011}}]]
|[[Queen's Club Championships|London]], United Kingdom
|Grass
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|7–6(7–2), 6–7(4–7), [6–10]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|49–40
|[[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2011}}]]
|[[Cincinnati Open|Cincinnati]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–2)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|50–40
|[[2012 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2012}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|6–4, 3–6, [10–5]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|50–41
|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2012}}]]
|[[Cincinnati Open|Cincinnati]], United States
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|4–6, 4–6
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|50–42
|[[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2012}}]]
|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai]], China
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|7–6(9–7), 3–6, [5–10]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|51–42
|[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2012}}]]
|[[Paris Masters|Paris]], France
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]] {{Flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]]
|7–6(8–6), 6–3
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|51–43
|[[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2012}}]]
|[[ATP Finals|London]], United Kingdom
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]
|5–7, 6–3, [3–10]
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|52–43
|[[2013 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2013}}]]
|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|7–6(8–6), 7–6(8–6)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|52–44
|[[2013 Italian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2013}}]]
|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]], Italy
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|2–6, 3–6
|}

==Performance timelines==
{{Performance key|short=yes|active=no}}
===Doubles===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:95%
|-
!Tournament!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]
![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!!W–L
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="24" |'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|41–19
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2002 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2003 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2006 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|40–16
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|[[1995 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|29–16
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1995 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|[[1996 US Open – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1997 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2003 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|38–17
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!1–1
!0–0
!5–4
!13–4
!22–2
!3–3
!6–3
!14–3
!10–4
!10–4
!6–4
!5–4
!8–3
!6–4
!15–4
!4–4
!10–4
!3–4
!5–4
!1–1
!0–3
!1–1
!148–68
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="24" |'''Year-end championship'''
|-
|align=left|[[ATP Finals|Masters Cup]]
|colspan=2 |DNQ
| style="background:thistle;"|[[1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|RR]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[1999 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|F]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2000 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|F]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Touchtel ATP World Doubles Challenge Cup – Doubles|RR]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles|RR]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles|RR]]
|colspan=3 |Did not qualify
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles|RR]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|F]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|F]]
|colspan=4 |Did not qualify
!24–23
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="24" |'''Olympic Games'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
| style="background:yellow;"|[[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|4th]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|QF]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
!8–6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="24" |'''ATP Masters Series'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1999 Newsweek Champions Cup – Doubles|SF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Indian Wells Masters – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2008 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|11–14
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami]]
|A
|[[1996 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2002 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|23–14
|-
|align=left|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]]
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 Monte Carlo Open – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Monte Carlo Open – Doubles|2R]]
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2001 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2003 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Monte Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Masters Series Monte-Carlo – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|F]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|22–13
|-
|align=left|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid]]
|colspan=7 style=color:#767676|Not Held
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2002 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2003 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|1R]]
|A
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|16–10
|-
|align=left|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[1998 Italian Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2002 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2003 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2004 Italian Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2013 Italian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|A
|A
|A
|21–14
|-
|align=left|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canada]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[1997 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2000 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Canada Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 Canada Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2003 Canada Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2004 Canada Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Rogers Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2007 Rogers Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2008 Rogers Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2009 Rogers Masters – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2010 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|28–9
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1997 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Cincinnati Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2001 Cincinnati Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2002 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|F]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2003 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|SF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|27–14
|-
|align=left|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai]]
|colspan=14 style=color:#767676|Not Held
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000 – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|F]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|8–4
|-
|align=left|[[Paris Masters|Paris]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Paris Open – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[1998 Paris Open – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Paris Open – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Paris Masters – Doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2001 Paris Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2010 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|A
|A
|A
|A
|16–9
|-
|align=left|[[German Open Tennis Championships|Hamburg]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1998 ATP German Open – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 ATP German Open – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2002 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2003 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Hamburg Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Masters Series Hamburg – Doubles|2R]]
|colspan=8 style=color:#767676|Not Masters Series
|12–9
|-
|align=left|[[Eurocard Open|Stuttgart]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1997 Eurocard Open – Doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[1998 Eurocard Open – Doubles|F]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Stuttgart Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2001 Stuttgart Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|colspan=15 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|6–4
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!9–4
!17–6
!2–6
!4–6
!12–7
!18–8
!19–5
!17–7
!9–8
!4–6
!7–6
!12–9
!12–8
!16–7
!11–5
!16–8
!5–5
!0–1
!0–1
!1–1
!190–114
|-
|colspan=24 align=left|'''Career statistics'''
|-
! !![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]
![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!!colspan=2|Career
|-
!style=text-align:left|Titles / Finals
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!6 / 8
!6 / 8
!3 / 6
!2 / 4
!4 / 8
!5 / 9
!5 / 10
!5 / 6
!1 / 2
!2 / 2
!2 / 3
!3 / 8
!1 / 4
!1 / 6
!3 / 5
!2 / 5
!1 / 2
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!colspan=2|52 / 96
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|Year-end ranking
|162
|106
|11
|bgcolor=eee8aa|3
| style="background:thistle;"|2
|39
|bgcolor=eee8aa|6
|bgcolor=eee8aa|4
|bgcolor=eee8aa|4
|bgcolor=eee8aa|7
|19
|30
|21
|bgcolor=eee8aa|6
|bgcolor=eee8aa|7
|bgcolor=eee8aa|6
|bgcolor=eee8aa|7
|11
|35
|344
|699
|186
|
|}

===Mixed doubles===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:95%
|-
!Tournament!!1997!!1998!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014
!2015!! width="45" |SR
|-
| colspan="22" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2002 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2003 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=lime|[[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
!2 / 15
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1997 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1999 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2001 French Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2002 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2003 French Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2008 French Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
!2 / 16
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
!2 / 18
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1998 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
!2 / 16
|-
!style=text-align:left|SR
!1 / 3
!0 / 4
!1 / 4
!0 / 2
!0 / 4
!1 / 4
!0 / 4
!0 / 4
!2 / 3
!1 / 3
!0 / 4
!0 / 4
!1 / 4
!0 / 3
!0 / 4
!1 / 4
!0 / 4
!0 / 1
!0 / 2
!8 / 65
|}

==Grand Slam seedings==
The tournaments won by Bhupathi are in boldface, and advanced into finals by Bhupathi are in italics.

===Men's doubles===
{{legend2|#white|Not seeded at all, or not seeded inside the top 10|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#EEE8AA|Seeded 10–4|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#99ccff|Seeded no. 3|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#D8BFD8|Seeded no. 2|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00FF00|Seeded no. 1|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Legend
|-bgcolor=lime
|seeded No. 1 ('''2''' / 6)
|-bgcolor=thistle
|seeded No. 2 (0 / 3)
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|seeded No. 3 ('''1''' / 14)
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|seeded No. 4–10 (0 / 29)
|-bgcolor=afeeee
|seeded No. 11–16 (0 / 2)
|-
|unseeded ('''1''' / 16)
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Longest streak
|-bgcolor=lime
|4
|-bgcolor=thistle
|1
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|4
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|8
|-bgcolor=#afeeee
|1
|-
|3
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:100%;text-align:center
!width=50|Year
!width=200|[[Australian Open]]
!width=200|[[French Open]]
!width=200|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
!width=200|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|-
|1995||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||did not qualify||unseeded
|-
|1996||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||did not qualify||did not qualify
|-
|1997||unseeded||unseeded||unseeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th
|-
|1998||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th
|-
|1999||bgcolor=#00FF00|''1st (1)''||bgcolor=#00FF00|'''1st (1)'''||bgcolor=#00FF00|'''1st (2)'''||bgcolor=#00FF00|''1st (2)''
|-
|2000||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|9th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||unseeded
|-
|2001||unseeded||'''unseeded (3)'''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th
|-
|2002||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|'''3rd (4)'''
|-
|2003||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#00FF00|''1st (3)''||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st
|-
|2004||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th
|-
|2005||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th
|-
|2006||bgcolor=#afeeee|11th||unseeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th||unseeded
|-
|2007||unseeded||unseeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2008||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th
|-
|2009||bgcolor=#99ccff|''3rd (4)''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#99ccff|''3rd (5)''
|-
|2010||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th
|-
|2011||bgcolor=#99ccff|''3rd (6)''||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th
|-
|2012||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th
|-
|2013||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th||unseeded
|-
|2014||unseeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2015||protected ranking||protected ranking||protected ranking||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2016||protected ranking||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|}

===Mixed doubles===
{{legend2|#white|Not seeded at all, or not seeded inside the top 10|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#EEE8AA|Seeded 10–4|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#99ccff|Seeded no. 3|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#D8BFD8|Seeded no. 2|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00FF00|Seeded no. 1|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Legend
|-bgcolor=lime
|seeded No. 1 (0 / 6)
|-bgcolor=thistle
|seeded No. 2 ('''1''' / 3)
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|seeded No. 3 ('''1''' / 8)
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|seeded No. 4–10 ('''1''' / 20)
|-
|seeded No. 11–16 ('''1''' / 5)
|-
|unseeded ('''4''' / 23)
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Longest streak
|-bgcolor=lime
|2
|-bgcolor=thistle
|1
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|3
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|9
|-
|2
|-
|6
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
!width=50|Year
!width=200|[[Australian Open]]
!width=200|[[French Open]]
!width=200|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
!width=200|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|-
|1997||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||'''16th (1)'''||15th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th
|-
|1998||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|''5th (1)''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th
|-
|1999||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||unseeded||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|'''2nd (2)'''
|-
|2000||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||Wild card||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th
|-
|2001||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||unseeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2002||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||bgcolor=#99ccff|'''3rd (3)'''||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd
|-
|2003||unseeded||bgcolor=#99ccff|''3rd (2)''||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st
|-
|2004||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd
|-
|2005||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||'''unseeded (4)'''||'''unseeded (5)'''
|-
|2006||'''Wild card (6)'''||unseeded||11th||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2007||unseeded||unseeded||unseeded||unseeded
|-
|2008||''unseeded (3)''||unseeded||11th||unseeded
|-
|2009||'''Wild card (7)'''||unseeded||13th||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st
|-
|2010||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#00FF00|1st||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||unseeded
|-
|2011||unseeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|''4th (4)''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2012||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|'''7th (8)'''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2013||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||unseeded||Wild card
|-
|2014||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2015||Wild card||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||unseeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|}

==Davis Cup and Asian Games==
Bhupathi has donned Indian colours numerous times for the [[Davis Cup]] as well as other international tournaments, including the [[Asian Games]].

Bhupathi has played 55 matches for India in the Davis Cup (from 1995 to 2011), winning 35 and losing 20. Out of the 35 matches that he won, 27 of his victories came in doubles matches.

In 2006, Bhupathi won the doubles championship with [[Leander Paes]] at the Asian Games in Doha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/13dohalead02.htm|title=Paes-Bhupathi win men's doubles|access-date=13 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104151206/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/13dohalead02.htm|archive-date=4 January 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2001, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], one of India's highest civilian awards. Bhupathi is an alumnus of the [[University of Mississippi]] in the United States. He is the founder of Globosport India private Limited which he started in 2002 as a sports and entertainment agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=44300383|title=Globosport India Private Limited: Private Company Information|website=bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164221/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=44300383|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

He married model [[Shvetha Jaishankar]] in 2002 but the couple got divorced in 2010 after eight years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinhl|first1=Gauri|title=Shvetha & Mahesh? Why knot!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Shvetha-Mahesh-Why-knot/articleshow/20992167.cms|access-date=21 August 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212043706/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Shvetha-Mahesh-Why-knot/articleshow/20992167.cms|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deshpande|first1=Swati|title=Court grants divorce to Bhupathi, wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/court-grants-divorce-to-bhupathi-wife/articleshow/6173784.cms |access-date=15 July 2010|work=The Times of India|date= 15 July 2010}}</ref>

Bhupathi started dating [[Miss Universe 2000]] [[Lara Dutta]] in 2009, while still being married to Shvetha.<ref>{{cite news|title= Bhupathi's wife breaks her silence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhupathi-s-wife-breaks-her-silence/story-QReC9ZfsIRFqxGwVvRxA3I.html |access-date=15 June 2010|work=Hindustan Times |date=15 June 2010}}</ref> They got engaged in September 2010. He married her in a civil ceremony on 16 February 2011 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676482721/lara-dutta-mahesh-bhupathi-church-wedding-on-saturday.html|title=Mahesh Bhupathi-Lara Dutta exchange wedding vows|publisher=English.samaylive.com|date=19 February 2011|access-date=24 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234626/http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676482721/lara-dutta-mahesh-bhupathi-church-wedding-on-saturday.html|archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> It was followed by a Christian ceremony on 20 February 2011 at Sunset Point in Goa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/Mahesh-Bhupathi-and-Lara-Dutta-exchange-wedding-vows/articleshow/7530614.cms|title=Mahesh Bhupathi and Lara Dutta exchange wedding vows|date=20 February 2011|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105131059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-20/off-the-field/28625396_1|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 August 2011, Dutta confirmed that she was pregnant with their first child. Their daughter Saira was born on 20 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lara Dutta is pregnant!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Lara-Dutta-is-pregnant/articleshow/9443021.cms|access-date=2011-08-01|date=1 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105094741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-01/news-interviews/29838384_1_lara-dutta-marriage-front-miss-universe|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, the couple started a film production company, Big Daddy Productions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Prithwish|title=Lara, Mahesh start working together|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-21/news-interviews/28261659_1_lara-dutta-mahesh-and-lara-film|access-date=15 March 2012|date=21 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823144855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-21/news-interviews/28261659_1_lara-dutta-mahesh-and-lara-film|archive-date=23 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, Mahesh Bhupathi launched an authentic Indian sports brand, ZEVEN. The company currently endorses [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Rohan Bopanna]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]] and [[Mary Kom]], amongst others.

==Partnerships==
===Partners in doubles===
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:95%
|-
!No.!!Partner!!Year
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
|1994–2006 2008–2011
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Dick Norman]]
|1994
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Sulistyo Wibowo]]
|1995
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Belloli]]
|1995
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter Tramacchi]]
|1995–1996, 1998–1999
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Chris Haggard]]
|1995–1996, 2006
|-
|7
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ross Matheson (tennis)|Ross Matheson]]
|1995
|-
|8
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Devens]]
|1995
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Ali Hamadeh]]
|1995–1996
|-
|10
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[João Cunha-Silva]]
|1995
|-
|11
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Tomas Nydahl]]
|1996
|-
|12
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jamie Holmes (tennis)|Jamie Holmes]]
|1996
|-
|13
|{{flagicon|SCG}} [[Nebojsa Djordjevic]]
|1996
|-
|14
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]]
|1996–1997
|-
|15
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kent Kinnear]]
|1996
|-
|16
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Philippe Fleurian]]
|1997
|-
|17
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tommy Ho]]
|1997
|-
|18
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|1997
|-
|19
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Kirtane]]
|1997
|-
|20
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Fazaluddin Syed]]
|1998, 2000–2001
|-
|21
|{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]]
|1998, 2000, 2008–2009, 2011
|-
|22
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]]
|1998
|-
|23
|{{flagicon|TUR}} Baris Ergun
|1998
|-
|24
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]]
|1998
|-
|25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinath Prahlad]]
|1998
|-
|26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Natekar]]
|1998
|-
|27
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mosé Navarra]]
|1999, 2001
|-
|28
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Tim Henman]]
|1999, 2003, 2007
|-
|29
|{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Andrei Pavel]]
|1999
|-
|30
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wayne Ferreira]]
|1999
|-
|31
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Florent]]
|1999
|-
|32
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Wayne Arthurs (tennis)|Wayne Arthurs]]
|2000
|-
|33
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Kratzmann]]
|2000
|-
|34
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[David Prinosil]]
|2000
|-
|35
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|2000
|-
|36
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|2000, 2002, 2007, 2012
|-
|37
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|2000
|-
|38
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Byron Black]]
|2000
|-
|39
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Dominik Hrbatý]]
|2001
|-
|40
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|2001
|-
|41
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]
|2001–2002
|-
|42
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Vittaya Samrej]]
|2001
|-
|43
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jan-Michael Gambill]]
|2002, 2004
|-
|44
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian MacPhie]]
|2002
|-
|45
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|2002–2004, 2010
|-
|46
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]
|2002–2003, 2005
|-
|47
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
|2002
|-
|48
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]
|2002, 2004–2005
|-
|49
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joshua Eagle]]
|2003
|-
|50
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|2003, 2007–2013
|-
|51
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]]
|2004
|-
|52
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]
|2004, 2006–2007
|-
|53
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]
|2004, 2007
|-
|54
|{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Fernando González]]
|2005
|-
|55
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]]
|2005
|-
|56
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Justin Gimelstob]]
|2005–2007
|-
|57
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]
|2006
|-
|58
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|2006–2007
|-
|59
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Leoš Friedl]]
|2006
|-
|60
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Robby Ginepri]]
|2006
|-
|61
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Julian Knowle]]
|2006, 2013
|-
|62
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Xavier Malisse]]
|2006
|-
|63
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alexander Waske]]
|2006
|-
|64
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]]
|2006
|-
|65
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]]
|2006
|-
|66
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]
|2007
|-
|67
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]]
|2007
|-
|68
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]]
|2011
|-
|69
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Michal Mertiňák]]
|2011
|-
|70
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
|2013
|-
|71
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]]
|2013
|-
|72
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Petzschner]]
|2013
|-
|73
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]]
|2013
|-
|74
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
|2014
|-
|75
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Denis Istomin]]
|2014
|-
|75
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]]
|2014
|-
|76
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
|2015
|-
|77
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jürgen Melzer]]
|2015
|-
|78
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Youzhny]]
|2015
|-
|79
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nick Kyrgios]]
|2015
|-
|80
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]]
|2015
|-
|81
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Janko Tipsarević]]
|2015
|-
|82.
|{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Gilles Müller]]
|2016
|-
|83.
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]]
|2016
|-
|84.
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Jonathan Marray]]
|2016
|-
|85.
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]]
|2016
|}

===Partners in mixed doubles===

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!No.!!Partner!!Year!!Australian Open!!French Open!!Wimbledon!!US Open
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|JPN}}[[Rika Hiraki]]
|1997
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|NED}}[[Caroline Vis]]
|1998
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Rennae Stubbs]]
|1998
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|CRO}}[[Mirjana Lučić]]
|1998 1999
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|JPN}}[[Ai Sugiyama]]
|1999 2000 2001
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Annabel Ellwood]]
|1999
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|-
|7
|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Martina Navratilova]]
|2000|
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|-
|8
|{{flagicon|RUS}}[[Elena Likhovtseva]]
|2001 2002 2003 2004
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|YUG}}[[Jelena Dokić]]
|2001
|
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|10
|{{flagicon|UZB}}[[Iroda Tulyaganova]]
|2003
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|
|-
|11
|{{flagicon|ARG}}[[Paola Suárez]]
|2003, 2007
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|12
|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Lisa Raymond]]
|2004 2005
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|13
|{{flagicon|FRA}}[[Mary Pierce]]
|2005
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|-
|14
|{{flagicon|SVK}}[[Daniela Hantuchová]]
|2005 2007 2010 2013
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|15
|{{flagicon|SUI}}[[Martina Hingis]]
|2006 2013
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|-
|16
|{{flagicon|CHN}}[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Yan Zi]]
|2006
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|-
|17
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Sania Mirza]]
|2007 2008 2009 2011 2012
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|18
|{{flagicon|CHN}}[[Zheng Jie]]
|2008 2011
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|-
|19
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Samantha Stosur]]
|2008
|
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|20
|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Liezel Huber]]
|2009 2010
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|21
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Anastasia Rodionova]]
|2011
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|
|-
|22
|{{flagicon|RUS}}[[Elena Vesnina]]
|2011 2014
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|-
|23
|{{flagicon|CZE}}[[Andrea Hlaváčková]]
|2012
|
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|-
|24
|{{flagicon|RUS}}[[Nadia Petrova]]
|2013
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|
|-
|25
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Casey Dellacqua]]
|2013
|
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|-
|26
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Jarmila Gajdošová]]
|2015
|{{Check mark|15|color=black}}
|
|
|
|-
|27.
|{{flagicon|RUS}}[[Alla Kudryavtseva]]
|2015
|
|
|{{Check mark|15|color = black}}
|
|}
*These lists only consists of players who played with Mahesh Bhupathi in ATP(& ITF)-recognized tournaments which include the [[Olympics]], [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slams]], [[ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]], [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|World Tour Masters]], [[ATP World Tour|World Tour Series]], [[Davis Cup|Davis Cup Ties]], and [[ATP Challenger]]s. The lists might be incomplete when all the other tournaments are considered. The order of the players in the list is based on their first partnering with Mahesh Bhupathi.

===Other partners===

====India – Asian Games/Commonwealth Games/Other Events====
{{Div col}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
{{div col end}}

==Partnership with Leander Paes==
[[File:LeeAndHesh1.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Bhupathi (right) and Leander Paes]]
Bhupathi and Leander Paes partnered in the men's doubles event at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing, but lost the quarterfinals,<ref>[http://www.atptennis.com/en/common/TrackIt.asp?file=http://www.atptennis.com/1/posting/2008/440/mdd.pdf 2008 Ordina Open Men's Doubles Draw]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to [[Roger Federer]] and [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] of Switzerland, who went on to win the gold medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|title=Federer leads Swiss to doubles gold|access-date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819002855/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|archive-date=19 August 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

Paes and Bhupathi decided to team up again at the Australian Open 2011, ending a nine-year separation on the ATP circuit. They reached the finals of the event,<ref>{{cite web|title = Doubles pair Paes, Bhupathi to reunite|publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/21/3072309.htm|access-date = 29 October 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126015156/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/21/3072309.htm|archive-date = 26 November 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bhupathi-Paes To Reunite in 2011 in Bid To Complete Career Grand Slam|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/46/Finals-Paes-Bhupathi-To-Reunite-In–2011.aspx|date=20 November 2010|access-date=9 December 2010|first=James|last=Buddell|publisher=ATPWorldTour.com}}</ref> but lost to American twins [[Bob and Mike Bryan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/sports/tennis/30doubles.html|title= Bryans Win Doubles Again|access-date=29 January 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Paes stated at the time that the best thing has been to have their friendship back.<ref>ATP World Tour Finals interview</ref>

The Indian duo has a 303–103 career record together. They have a Davis Cup record of longest winning streak in doubles, with 23 straight wins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/records.aspx|title=Records |website=daviscup.com|access-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208132452/http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/records.aspx|archive-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Leander Paes wanted to play with Mahesh Bhupathi in the men's doubles event of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]], to be held July–August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Mahesh-Bhupathi-declines-to-play-with-Leander-Paes/articleshow/14235780.cms|title= Mahesh Bhupathi declines to play with Leander Paes|date= 18 June 2012|work= The Times of India|access-date= 18 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120618101854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Mahesh-Bhupathi-declines-to-play-with-Leander-Paes/articleshow/14235780.cms|archive-date= 18 June 2012|url-status= live}}</ref>
On 19 June 2012, the All India Tennis association relented to the demands of Bhupathi and Bopanna of not playing along Paes. Two teams were sent for the London Olympics- 2012, with Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna as one team and the other team consisting of Leander Paes and Vishnu Vardhan.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|title= AITA may send two teams to London Olympics|date= 19 June 2012|work= The Times of India|access-date= 19 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120619100354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|archive-date= 19 June 2012|url-status= live}}</ref> Bhupathi also accused AITA of using Sania Mirza as bait for Leander's participation in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-27/news/32440491_1_mahesh-bhupathi-doubles-sania-mirza | title=Sania Mirza was used without even being consulted: Bhupathi | access-date=3 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105052558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-27/news/32440491_1_mahesh-bhupathi-doubles-sania-mirza | archive-date=5 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> When AITA relented to the wishes of Bhupathi and Bopanna and permitted them to play together, they lost in the second round to the unseeded French pairing of [[Richard Gasquet]] and [[Julien Benneteau]].

===Davis Cup record===

The duo of Bhupathi and Paes has the longest doubles streak in Davis Cup history.

{|class=wikitable
|-
!SL
!Year
! style="width:270px;"| Opponent
! Result
|-
|1||[[1995 Davis Cup|1995]]|| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Saša Hiršzon]] / [[Goran Ivanišević]]|| W
|-
|2||[[1996 Davis Cup|1996]]|| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jacco Eltingh]] / [[Paul Haarhuis]]|| L
|-
|3||[[1996 Davis Cup|1996]]|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] / [[Nicklas Kulti]]|| L
|-
|4||[[1997 Davis Cup|1997]]|| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]] / [[Petr Korda]]|| W
|-
|5||[[1997 Davis Cup|1997]]|| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Nicolás Massú]] / [[Marcelo Ríos]]|| W
|-
|6||[[1998 Davis Cup|1998]]|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neil Broad]] / [[Tim Henman]]|| W
|-
|7||[[1999 Davis Cup|1999]]|| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-hyun (tennis)|Kim Dong-hyun]] / [[Hyung-Taik Lee]]|| W
|-
|8||[[1999 Davis Cup|1999]]|| {{flagicon|CHN}} Shan Jiang / [[Zhu Benqiang]]|| W
|-
|9||[[2001 Davis Cup|2001]]|| {{flagicon|CHN}} Ran Xu / Jing-Zhu Yang|| W
|-
|10||[[2001 Davis Cup|2001]]|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Thomas Shimada]] / [[Takao Suzuki]]|| W
|-
|11||[[2001 Davis Cup|2001]]|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Johnson]] / [[Jared Palmer]]|| W
|-
|12||[[2002 Davis Cup|2002]]|| {{flagicon|LIB}} [[Patrick Chucri]] / [[Ali Hamadeh]]|| W
|-
|13||[[2002 Davis Cup|2002]]|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[James Shortall]] / [[Daniel Willman]]|| W
|-
|14||[[2003 Davis Cup|2003]]|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Jun Kato]] / [[Thomas Shimada]]|| W
|-
|15||[[2003 Davis Cup|2003]]|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Alistair Hunt]] / [[Mark Nielsen (tennis)|Mark Nielsen]]|| W
|-
|16||[[2004 Davis Cup|2004]]|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Mark Nielsen (tennis)|Mark Nielsen]] / [[Matt Prentice]]|| W
|-
|17||[[2004 Davis Cup|2004]]|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Thomas Shimada]] / [[Takahiro Terachi]]|| W
|-
|18||[[2005 Davis Cup|2005]]|| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yu (tennis)|Wang Yu]] / [[Zhu Benqiang]]|| W
|-
|19||[[2005 Davis Cup|2005]]|| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Murad Inoyatov]] / [[Denis Istomin]]|| W
|-
|20||[[2005 Davis Cup|2005]]|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Simon Aspelin]] / [[Jonas Björkman]]|| W
|-
|21||[[2006 Davis Cup|2006]]|| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Woong-Sun Jun]] / Oh-Hee Kwon|| W
|-
|22||[[2006 Davis Cup|2006]]|| {{flagicon|PAK}} Jalil Khan / Asim Shafik|| W
|-
|23||[[2008 Davis Cup|2008]]|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Satoshi Iwabuchi]] / [[Takao Suzuki]]|| W
|-
|24||[[2008 Davis Cup|2008]]|| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Adrian Cruciat]] / [[Horia Tecău]]|| W
|-
|25||[[2009 Davis Cup|2009]]|| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tsung-Hua Yang]] / Chu-Huan Yi|| W
|-
|26||[[2010 Davis Cup|2010]]|| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Teymuraz Gabashvili]] / [[Igor Kunitsyn]]|| W
|-
|27||[[2010 Davis Cup|2010]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]] / [[Bruno Soares]]|| W
|}

==Sports management and e-commerce==
Bhupathi has also been involved in developing tennis facilities in India and, along with his company Globosport, has played a key role in developing and managing the careers of many Indian athletes, including [[Sania Mirza]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46367823.cms|title= Sania Mirza signs up with Globosport|work= [[The Times of India]]|date= 14 May 2003|access-date= 9 September 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46367823.cms|archive-date= 21 October 2012|url-status= live}}</ref>

==International Premier Tennis League==
Mahesh Bhupathi announced the founding of the International Premier Tennis League on 25 May 2013, in [[Paris]]. The initial plan was to start the [[sports league|league]] with six charter franchises in Asia with the inaugural [[season (sports)|season]] commencing in November 2014. Bhupathi said the league would be modeled after the [[Indian Premier League]], a [[cricket]] league in India. [[Justin Gimelstob]] said that the league would be star-driven as [[World Team Tennis]] was in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahesh Bhupathi Unveils Plan for IPL-Style Tennis League|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/french-open-2013/news/208302-mahesh-bhupathi-unveils-plan-for-international-premier-tennis-league|date=25 May 2013|website=NDTV Sports|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102338/http://sports.ndtv.com/french-open-2013/news/208302-mahesh-bhupathi-unveils-plan-for-international-premier-tennis-league|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Break Point (2021)|Break Point]] – A documentary series on [[ZEE5]], released in 2021 unfolding the ups and downs in the relationship between Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html|title=Break Point: Mahesh Bhupathi offers his glasses to Ashwiny Iyer as she picks DiCaprio to play Leander Paes in biopic|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=October 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]], 2001<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* Sports people for Change Karmaveer Puraskaar, 2007, iCONGO-Confederation of NGOs
* [[Davis Cup]] Commitment Award
* Kempegowda Award by Govt of Karnataka - 2025

==See also==
[[Forca Kochi FC]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{ATP World No.1 doubles players}}
{{navboxes|title=Mahesh Bhupathi in the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]
|list1=
{{French Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon men's doubles champions}}
{{US Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{French Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon mixed doubles champions}}
{{US Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}}
}}
{{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}}
{{NCAA Division I tennis men's doubles champions}}
{{Captains of Indian national sports teams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhupathi, Mahesh}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:French Open champions]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Ole Miss Rebels men's tennis players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate tennis players in the United States]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:Wimbledon champions]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in tennis]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]]
[[Category:ITF World Champions]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]

Centre for Chronic Disease Control

2026-03-19T10:00:05Z

MaricelaHamilton: done

{{Short description|Research Institute}}{{Infobox company
| name = Centre for Chronic Disease Control
| logo = Centre for chronic Disease Control (CCDC) logo.jpg
| founded = {{start date and age| 2000}}
| founder =
| key_people = Prof. D. Prabhakaran (Executive Director)<ref name="TG">{{cite news |last1=Yadavar |first1=Swagata |title=Air pollution raises risk of type 2 diabetes, says landmark Indian study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/nov/01/air-pollution-raises-risk-of-type-2-diabetes-says-landmark-indian-study-acc |work=The Guardian |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
| website = https://ccdcindia.org/
}}

'''Centre for Chronic Disease Control''' '''(CCDC)''' is a non-profit organization recognized by the Government of India, established in 2000, working to reduce the burden of [[Chronic condition|chronic diseases]] in India and [[Developing country|low- and middle-income countries]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of chronic diseases are plentiful in India: Prof. (Dr) D. Prabhakaran, Executive Director, CCDC |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/healthcare/news-healthcare/challenges-in-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-of-chronic-diseases-are-plentiful-in-india-prof-dr-d-prabhakaran-executive-director-ccdc/3390490/ |work=Financialexpress |date=16 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[World Health Organization]] Collaborating Centre for surveillance, capacity building, and [[Translational medicine|translational]] research<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Chronic Disease Control {{!}} Knowledge Action Portal on NCDs |url=https://knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/centre-chronic-disease-control-1 |website=knowledge-action-portal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="who"/> in cardio-metabolic diseases and an [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] collaborating centre for excellence in recognition of commendable achievements in biomedical research.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=More than half of 20-year-olds in India's metros likely to develop diabetes in lifetime: Study |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/more-than-half-of-20-year-olds-in-indias-metros-likely-to-develop-diabetes-in-lifetime-study-7063490/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiru |first1=Gaia |last2=Roy |first2=Ambuj |last3=Kondal |first3=Dimple |last4=Chandrasekaran |first4=Ambalam M. |last5=Mukherjee |first5=Somnath |last6=Mohan |first6=Bishav |last7=Singh |first7=Kavita |last8=Salwa |first8=Hyndavi |last9=Christa |first9=Edmin |last10=Lobo |first10=Ameeka Shereen |last11=Prabhakaran |first11=Dorairaj |title=Treatment optimisation for blood pressure with single-pill combinations in India (TOPSPIN) – Protocol design and baseline characteristics |journal=International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention |article-number=200346 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200346 |date=1 December 2024 |volume=23 |pmid=39554875 |pmc=11565424 }}</ref>

==Collaborations==
CCDC has collaborated with many national and international organizations, some of them are as follows:

* [[World Health Organization]]<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - WHO Collaborating Centres |url=https://apps.who.int/whocc/Detail.aspx?HBmw+EZQRICWO6ASEeKfFg== |website=apps.who.int}}</ref>
* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NHA {{!}} Official website Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission |url=https://abdm.gov.in/aiims-cdss/about/teams |website=abdm.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Indian Council for Medical Research]]<ref name="bt">{{cite news |title=ICMR provides grant to establish Centre for Advanced Research for rural healthcare transformation |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/98/24071/icmr-provides-grant-to-establish-centre-for-advanced-research-for-rural-healthcare-transformation.html#:~:text=The%20Centre%20for%20Chronic%20Disease,rural%20healthcare%20transformation%20(RAHAT). |work=www.biospectrumindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]
* [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]]
* [[Imperial College London|Imperial College, London]]
* [[Emory University]]
* India Health Fund
* [[Ashoka University]]

==Work and Impact==
CCDC has conducted over 100 research projects, 15 [[clinical trial]]s, published more than 1000 works, and impacted over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jose |first1=Arun Pulikkottil |last2=Prabhakaran |first2=Dorairaj |title=Redesigning telemedicine: preliminary findings from an innovative assisted telemedicine healthcare model |journal=BMC Primary Care |article-number=380 |language=en |doi=10.1186/s12875-024-02631-x |date=23 October 2024 |volume=25 |pmid=39443848 |doi-access=free |pmc=11515714 }}</ref> It has trained a vast range of specialists over the years. CCDC has been actively identifying and developing innovative solutions to ensure equity in digital healthcare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two-drug combination therapies more effective than single drug in controlling hypertension, study finds |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/two-drug-combination-therapies-more-effective-than-single-drug-in-controlling-hypertension-study-finds-3669407/ |work=The Financial Express |date=19 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions. It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions.<ref name="ie"/>

==Awards and Achievements==
* Awarded Grant from Indian Council for Medical Research to establish Centre For Advanced Research.<ref name="bt"/>
* Commendable Faculty Award to Prof. D. Prabhakaran (Executive Director CCDC) by Career 360.
* Claude Lenfant Excellence Award to Prof. D. Prabhakaran (Executive Director CCDC) by the World Hypertension League.
* Recognised as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
* Recognised as a Centre of Excellence in Clinical Research by the Clinical Development Service Agency, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India

== Notable people ==


* [[Dorairaj Prabhakaran]], scientist, cardiologist, author, researcher and Executive Director of CCDC <ref>{{cite web |last1=Tripura |first1=Government |title=Government of Tripura Directorate of Information & Cultural Affairs |url=https://ica.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/1217-24%20Eng%20PR%20%23%20STAR%20NCD%20launched%20in%20Gomati%20district%20for%20capacity%20building%20of%20health%20workers.pdf |website=ica.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes]]
[[Category:Research councils]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in the 2000s]]

Paleolithic

2026-03-17T10:16:54Z

MaricelaHamilton: improve section and fixed typos

{{short description|Prehistoric period, first part of the Stone Age}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Glyptodon old drawing.jpg|thumb|Hunting a ''[[Glyptodon]]''. Painting by [[Heinrich Harder]] {{Circa|1920}}.]]
[[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] cave in [[Indonesia]]. It was painted 40,000–52,000 years ago or earlier.]]
{{Paleolithic}}
The '''Paleolithic''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|eɪ|l|i|oʊ|ˈ|l|ɪ|θ|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|p|æ|l|i|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Paleolithic.wav}} {{respell|PAY|lee|oh|LITH|ik |,_|PAL|ee|-}}) or '''Old [[Stone Age]]''' is a period in human [[prehistory]] distinguished by the original development of [[stone tool]]s. It represents almost the entire period of human [[prehistoric technology]], extending from the earliest known use of stone tools by [[Hominini|hominins]], {{circa}} 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the [[Pleistocene]], {{circa}} 11,650 [[Before Present#Radiocarbon calibration|cal]] [[Before Present|BP]].<ref name="Thoth&Schick">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 |title= Handbook of Paleoanthropology |pages=1943–1963 |year=2007 |last1=Toth |first1=Nicholas |last2=Schick |first2=Kathy |chapter=21 Overview of Paleolithic Archeology |isbn=978-3-540-32474-4 |editor1-last=Henke |editor1-first=H. C. Winfried |editor2-last=Hardt |editor2-first=Thorolf |editor3-last=Tatersall |editor3-first=Ian |volume=3 |location=Berlin; Heidelberg; New York |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref>

The Paleolithic Age in Europe preceded the [[Mesolithic Age]], although the date of the transition varies geographically by several thousand years. During the Paleolithic Age, hominins grouped together in small societies such as [[band society|bands]] and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, and hunting or scavenging wild animals.<ref name="McClellan">{{cite book|author=McClellan |title=Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction |location=Baltimore |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8360-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJgp94zNwNQC |pages=6–12}}</ref> The Paleolithic Age is characterized by the use of [[Knapping|knapped]] stone tools,{{Not verified in body|date=November 2024}} although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including [[leather]] and vegetable [[fiber]]s; however, due to rapid decomposition, these have not survived to any great degree.

About 50,000 years ago, a marked increase in the diversity of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] occurred. In Africa, bone artifacts and the first [[art]] appear in the archaeological record. The first evidence of human [[fishing]] is also noted, from artifacts in places such as [[Blombos Cave]] in [[South Africa]]. Archaeologists classify artifacts of the last 50,000 years into many different categories, such as [[projectile point]]s, engraving tools, sharp knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools.

Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus ''[[Homo]]''—such as ''[[Homo habilis]]'', who used simple stone tools—into [[anatomically modern humans]] as well as [[behaviourally modern humans]] by the [[Upper Paleolithic]].<ref name="encarta.msn.com">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394/Human_Evolution.html |title=Human Evolution |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028041106/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394/Human_Evolution.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |author=Richard B. Potts |access-date=12 March 2008 }}</ref> During the end of the Paleolithic Age, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic Age, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and to engage in [[religious]] or [[spiritual practice|spiritual]] behavior such as [[burial]] and [[ritual]].<ref name=Lieberman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&q=Uniquely+Human+cognitive-linguistic+base&pg=PA162 |title=Uniquely Human |first=Philip |last=Lieberman |isbn=978-0-674-92183-2 |year=1991 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |author-link=Philip Lieberman}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2020}}<ref name="Kusimba 2003 285">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCa5zfefWVUC&q=Middle+Paleolithic |title=African Foragers: Environment, Technology, Interactions |last=Kusimba |first=Sibel |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0154-8 |page=285}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=January 2020}} Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and [[interglacial period]]s in which the [[climate]] periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

By {{c.|50,000|40,000|lk=on}} BP, the first humans set foot in [[Australia]]. By {{c.|45,000}} BP, humans lived at 61°N latitude in [[Europe]].<ref name="Sami">{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/SamiPrehistRevisitNew.htm |title=Sami Prehistory Revisited: transactions, admixture and assimilation in the phylogeographic picture of Scandinavia |first=John |last=Weinstock |publisher=[[University of Texas]]}}</ref> By {{c.|30,000|lk= no}} BP, [[Japan]] was reached, and by {{c.|27,000|lk= no}} BP humans were present in [[Siberia]], above the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref name="Sami" /> By the end of the Upper Paleolithic Age humans had crossed [[Beringia]] and expanded throughout the [[Americas]] continents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goebel |first1=Ted |last2=Waters |first2=Michael R. |last3=O'Rourke |first3=Dennis H. |date=14 March 2008 |title=The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=319 |issue=5869 |pages=1497–502 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=18339930 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1497G |s2cid=36149744 |url=http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/GoebelsHumansinAmericas2008.pdf |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922212528/http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/GoebelsHumansinAmericas2008.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bennett |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Bustos |first2=David |last3=Pigati |first3=Jeffrey S. |last4=Springer |first4=Kathleen B. |last5=Urban |first5=Thomas M. |last6=Holliday |first6=Vance T. |last7=Reynolds |first7=Sally C. |last8=Budka |first8=Marcin |last9=Honke |first9=Jeffrey S. |last10=Hudson |first10=Adam M. |last11=Fenerty |first11=Brendan |last12=Connelly |first12=Clare |last13=Martinez |first13=Patrick J. |last14=Santucci |first14=Vincent L. |last15=Odess |first15=Daniel |date=23 September 2021|title=Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=373 |issue=6562 |pages=1528–1531 |doi=10.1126/science.abg7586 |pmid=34554787 |bibcode=2021Sci...373.1528B |s2cid=237616125 |issn=0036-8075 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg7586|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term "[[wikt:Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]]" was coined by archaeologist [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lubbock |first=John |author-link=John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury |orig-date=1872 |year=2005 |title=Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages |publisher=Williams and Norgate |page=75 |via=Elibron Classics |chapter=4 |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t7vm4dg4c;view=1up;seq=87 |isbn=978-1-4212-7039-5}}</ref> It derives from Greek: [[wikt:παλαιός|παλαιός]], ''palaios'', "old"; and [[wikt:λίθος|λίθος]], ''lithos'', "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old [[Stone Age]]".

== Paleogeography and climate ==
{{Main|Pleistocene#Paleogeography and climate|Pliocene climate|Pliocene#Paleogeography}}
{{Human timeline}}
[[File:Homo heidelbergensis. Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|A skull of early ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'', [[Miguelón]] from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] dated to 430,000 BP.]]
[[File:20191021 Temperature from 20,000 to 10,000 years ago - recovery from ice age.png|thumb|290px |right |Temperature rise in Antarctica marking the end of the Paleolithic, as derived from ice core data.]]

The Paleolithic overlaps with the [[Pleistocene]] epoch of geologic time. Both ended 12,000 years ago although the Pleistocene started 2.6 million years ago, 700,000 years after the Paleolithic's start.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php |title=The Pleistocene Epoch |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824111711/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

During the preceding [[Pliocene]], continents had continued to [[plate tectonics|drift]] from possibly as far as {{cvt|250|km|lk=on|abbr=off}} from their present locations to positions only {{cvt|70|km}} from their current location. South America became linked to North America through the [[Isthmus of Panama]], bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive [[marsupial]] fauna. The formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, because warm [[equator]]ial ocean currents were cut off, and the cold Arctic and Antarctic waters lowered temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean.

Most of [[Central America]] formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America, allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas.<ref name=UCMPPliocene>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/pli.html |title=University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pliocene epoch |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> Africa's collision with Asia created the Mediterranean, cutting off the remnants of the [[Tethys Ocean]]. During the [[Pleistocene]], the [[continent]]s were essentially at their modern positions; the [[tectonic plate]]s on which they sit have probably moved at most {{cvt|100|km}} from each other since the beginning of the period.<ref name=Scotese>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotese.com/lastice.htm |first=Christopher |last=Scotese |title=Paleomap project |access-date=23 March 2008 |work=The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years |author-link=Christopher Scotese}}</ref>

Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates. [[Ice sheet]]s grew on [[Antarctica]]. The formation of an Arctic ice cap around 3 million years ago is signaled by an abrupt shift in [[oxygen]] [[isotope]] ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic and North [[Pacific Ocean]] beds.<ref name="Andel">{{cite book|last=Van Andel |first=Tjeerd H. |title=New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/newviewsonoldpla00vana/page/454 454] |isbn=978-0-521-44243-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newviewsonoldpla00vana/page/454}}</ref> Mid-latitude [[glacier|glaciation]] probably began before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of [[grassland]]s and [[savanna]]s.<ref name=UCMPPliocene/>

The [[Pleistocene]] climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles during which [[continental glacier]]s pushed to the 40th [[parallel (latitude)|parallel]] in some places. Four major glacial events have been identified, as well as many minor intervening events. A major event is a general glacial excursion, termed a "glacial". Glacials are separated by "interglacials". During a glacial, the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats. The minor excursion is a "stadial"; times between stadials are "interstadials". Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets {{cvt|1500–3000|m|ft|lk=on|abbr=off}} deep, resulting in temporary sea level drops of {{cvt|100|m}} or more over the entire surface of the Earth. During interglacial times, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions.
[[File:Ice age fauna of northern Spain - Mauricio Antón.jpg|thumb|left|Many giant mammals such as [[woolly mammoth]]s, [[woolly rhinoceros]]es, and [[Panthera leo fossilis|cave lions]] inhabited the [[mammoth steppe]] during the Pleistocene.|253x253px]]
The effects of glaciation were global. [[Antarctica]] was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene. The [[Andes]] were covered in the south by the [[Patagonia]]n ice cap. There were glaciers in New Zealand and [[Tasmania]]. The decaying glaciers of [[Mount Kenya]], [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], and the [[Ruwenzori Range]] in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the mountains of [[Ethiopia]] and to the west in the [[Atlas Mountains]]. In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]] covered the North American northwest; the [[Laurentide]] covered the east. The Fenno-Scandian ice sheet covered northern Europe, including Great Britain; the Alpine ice sheet covered the Alps. Scattered domes stretched across [[Siberia]] and the Arctic shelf. The northern seas were frozen. During the late Upper Paleolithic (Latest Pleistocene) {{c.|18,000}} BP, the [[Beringia]] land bridge between Asia and North America was blocked by ice,<ref name=Scotese/> which [[Clovis culture#Evidence of human habitation before Clovis|may have prevented]] early [[Paleo-Indian]]s such as the [[Clovis culture]] from directly crossing [[Beringia]] to reach the Americas.

According to [[Mark Lynas]] (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous [[El Niño]] with [[trade winds]] in the south [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] weakening or heading east, warm air rising near [[Peru]], warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the [[Indian Ocean]] to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers.<ref>{{cite AV media|publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |title=Six Degrees Could Change The World Mark Lynas interview}} </ref>

The Paleolithic is often held to finish at the end of the ice age (the end of the Pleistocene epoch), and Earth's climate became warmer. This may have caused or contributed to the extinction of the [[Pleistocene megafauna]], although it is also possible that the late [[Quaternary extinction event|Pleistocene extinctions]] were (at least in part) caused by other factors such as disease and overhunting by humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/ple.html |title=University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pleistocene epoch(accessed March 25) |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207061412/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/ple.html |archive-date=7 February 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080401-mammoth-extinction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405041532/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080401-mammoth-extinction.html |archive-date=5 April 2008 |first=Kimberly |last=Johnson |work=[[National Geographic]] news |access-date=4 April 2008 |title=Climate Change, Then Humans, Drove Mammoths Extinct from National Geographic}}</ref> New research suggests that the extinction of the [[woolly mammoth]] may have been caused by the combined effect of climatic change and human hunting.<ref name=Johnson/> Scientists suggest that climate change during the end of the Pleistocene caused the mammoths' habitat to shrink, resulting in a drop in population. The small populations were then hunted out by Paleolithic humans.<ref name=Johnson/> The global warming that occurred during the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the [[Holocene]] may have made it easier for humans to reach mammoth habitats that were previously frozen and inaccessible.<ref name=Johnson/> Small populations of woolly mammoths survived on isolated Arctic islands, [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island]] and [[Wrangel Island]], until {{c.|3700}} BP and {{c.|1700|lk=no}} BP respectively. The Wrangel Island population became extinct around the same time the island was settled by prehistoric humans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |url-access=registration |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |year=1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8}}</ref> There is no evidence of prehistoric human presence on Saint Paul island (though early human settlements dating as far back as 6500 BP were found on the nearby [[Aleutian Islands]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wsoon/HoloceneClimate+Optimum10-d/Enketal09-midHoloceneMammothStPaulIslandAlaska.pdf |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnax Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center;"
|+ Classifications of Paleolithic geoclimatic episodes<ref>{{cite book|last=Gamble |first=Clive |date=1990 |title=El poblamiento Paleolítico de Europa |language=es |trans-title=The Paleolithic settlement of Europe |location=Barcelona |publisher=Editorial Crítica|isbn=84-7423-445-X}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!Age (before)!![[North America|America]]!![[Atlantic Europe]]!![[Maghreb]]!![[Mediterranean Europe]]!![[Central Europe]]
|-
|| 10,000 years ||Flandrian interglacial ||Flandriense ||''Mellahiense'' ||''Versiliense'' ||[[Flandrian interglacial]]
|-
| 80,000 years ||'''Wisconsin''' || '''Devensiense'''||Regresión || Regresión||'''[[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin Stage]]'''
|-
|| 140,000 years ||Sangamoniense ||Ipswichiense ||''Ouljiense'' ||''Tirreniense II y III'' ||[[Eemian Stage]]
|-
|| 200,000 years ||'''Illinois''' ||'''Wolstoniense''' ||Regresión ||Regresión ||'''[[Wolstonian Stage]]'''
|-
|| 450,000 years ||Yarmouthiense ||Hoxniense ||''Anfatiense'' ||''Tirreniense I'' ||[[Hoxnian Stage]]
|-
| 580,000 years ||'''Kansas''' ||'''Angliense''' ||Regresión ||Regresión ||'''[[Kansan glaciation|Kansan Stage]]'''
|-
|| 750,000 years ||Aftoniense ||Cromeriense ||''Maarifiense'' ||''Siciliense'' ||[[Cromer Forest Bed|Cromerian Complex]]
|-
|| 1,100,000 years ||'''Nebraska''' ||'''Beestoniense''' ||Regresión ||Regresión ||'''[[Beestonian stage]]'''
|-
|| 1,400,000 years ||interglacial ||Ludhamiense ||''Messaudiense'' ||''Calabriense'' ||Donau-Günz
|}

== Paleolithic people ==
[[File:Terra-Amata-Hut.gif|thumb|right|An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]] (in [[Nice, France]]) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic ({{c.|400,000}} BP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musee-terra-amata.org/musee/le-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata/ |title=Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata |language=fr |trans-title=The Acheulean site of Terra Amata |author=Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata |website=Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>]]

Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic people and way of life comes from [[archaeology]] and [[ethnography|ethnographic]] comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures such as the [[!Kung people|!Kung San]] who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors.<ref name="Leften Stavrianos"/> The economy of a typical Paleolithic society was a [[hunter-gatherer]] economy.<ref name="Stavrianos">{{cite book |first=Leften Stavros |last=Stavrianos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society |title=A Global History from Prehistory to the Present |location=New Jersey |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-13-357005-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society 9–13]}}</ref> Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food, firewood, and materials for their tools, clothes, or shelters.<ref name="Stavrianos"/>

The population density was very low, around only {{convert|1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|order=flip|1}}.<ref name="McClellan"/> This was most likely due to low body fat, [[infanticide]], high levels of physical activity among women,<ref name="Schultz">{{cite web |title=The Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism by Emily Schultz, et al |url=http://www.primitivism.com/sedentism.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715184334/http://www.primitivism.com/sedentism.htm |archive-date=15 July 2009 |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=Primitivism.com}}</ref> late weaning of infants, and a [[nomad]]ic lifestyle.<ref name="McClellan"/> In addition, even a large area of land could not support many people without being actively farmed – food was difficult to come by and so groups were prevented from growing too large by the amount of food they could gather. Like contemporary hunter-gatherers, Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time unparalleled in both [[Neolithic]] farming societies and modern industrial societies.<ref name="Stavrianos"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Felipe Fernandez |last=Armesto |title=Ideas that changed the world |publisher=Dorling Kindersley limited |location=New York |year=2003 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tFIAAAAACAAJ&q=Ideas+that+changed+the+world+by+Felipe+Fernandez+Armesto 10], [https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400 400] |isbn=978-0-7566-3298-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400}}</ref> At the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic, people began to produce works of art such as [[cave painting]]s, [[rock art]] and [[jewellery]] and began to engage in religious behavior such as burials and rituals.<ref name="Hillary Mayell">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0220_030220_humanorigins2_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050813013143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0220_030220_humanorigins2_2.html |archive-date=13 August 2005 |title=When Did "Modern" Behavior Emerge in Humans? |work=[[National Geographic]] News |author= Hillary Mayell |access-date=5 February 2008}}</ref>

=== Homo erectus ===
At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominins were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the [[Great Rift Valley]]. Most known hominin fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Ethiopia]].

By {{c.|2,000,000|1,500,000}} BP, groups of hominins began leaving Africa, settling southern Europe and Asia. The [[South Caucasus]] was occupied by {{c.|1,700,000|lk=no}} BP, and northern China was reached by {{c.|1,660,000|lk=no}} BP. By the end of the Lower Paleolithic, members of the hominin family were living in what is now China, western Indonesia, and, in Europe, around the Mediterranean and as far north as England, France, southern Germany, and Bulgaria. Their further northward expansion may have been limited by the lack of control of fire: studies of cave settlements in Europe indicate no regular use of fire prior to {{c.|400,000|300,000|lk=no}} BP.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe |first1=Wil |last1=Roebroeks |first2=Paola |last2=Villa |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=14 March 2011 |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5209–5214
|doi=10.1073/pnas.1018116108|pmid=21402905 |pmc=3069174 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5209R |doi-access=free }}</ref>

East Asian fossils from this period are typically placed in the genus ''[[Homo erectus]]''. Very little fossil evidence is available at known Lower Paleolithic sites in Europe, but it is believed that hominins who inhabited these sites were likewise ''Homo erectus''. There is no evidence of hominins in America, Australia, or almost anywhere in Oceania during this time period.

Fates of these early colonists, and their relationships to modern humans, are still subject to debate. According to current archaeological and genetic models, there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling of Eurasia {{c.|2,000,000|1,500,000}} BP. Around 500,000 BP a group of early humans, frequently called ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', came to Europe from Africa and eventually evolved into ''Homo neanderthalensis'' ([[Neanderthal]]s). In the Middle Paleolithic, Neanderthals were present in the region now occupied by Poland.

Both ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo neanderthalensis'' became extinct by the start of the Upper Paleolithic. Descended from ''Homo sapiens'', the anatomically modern ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'' emerged in eastern Africa {{c.|300,000}} BP, left Africa around 50,000 BP, and expanded throughout the planet. Multiple hominid groups coexisted for some time in certain locations. ''Homo neanderthalensis'' were still found in parts of Eurasia {{c.|40,000}} BP years, and engaged in an unknown degree of interbreeding with ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. DNA studies also suggest an unknown degree of interbreeding between ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' and ''[[Denisovan|Homo sapiens denisova]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Callaway |last=Ewen |date=22 September 2011 |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |journal=[[Nature News]] |doi=10.1038/news.2011.551}}</ref>

Hominin fossils not belonging either to ''Homo neanderthalensis'' or to ''Homo sapiens'' species, found in the [[Altai Mountains]] and Indonesia, were radiocarbon dated to {{c.|30,000|40,000}} BP and {{c.|17,000|lk=no}} BP respectively.

For the duration of the Paleolithic, human populations remained low, especially outside the equatorial region. The entire population of Europe between 16,000 and 11,000 BP likely averaged some 30,000 individuals, and between 40,000 and 16,000 BP, it was even lower at 4,000–6,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.evolhum.cnrs.fr/bocquet/jas2005.pdf |title=Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Bocquet-Appel |year=2005 |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006 |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1668 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1656B |display-authors=etal |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020081349/http://www.evolhum.cnrs.fr/bocquet/jas2005.pdf }}</ref> However, remains of thousands of butchered animals and tools made by Palaeolithic humans were found in [[Lapa do Picareiro]], a cave in [[Portugal]], dating back between 41,000 and 38,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/history/archaeology/more-surprises-about-palaeolithic-humans/ |title=More surprises about Palaeolithic humans |website=[[Cosmos Magazine]] |date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

== Technology and crafts ==
[[File:Bifaz de Atapuerca (TG10).jpg|thumb|left|[[Lower Paleolithic]] [[biface]] viewed from both its superior and inferior surface|alt=photograph]]

Some researchers have noted that science, limited in that age to some early ideas about [[astronomy]] (or [[cosmology]]),{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} had limited impact on Paleolithic technology. Making fire was widespread knowledge, and it was possible without an understanding of chemical processes. These types of practical skills are sometimes called crafts. Religion, superstitution or appeals to the supernatural may have played a part in the cultural explanations of phenomena like [[combustion]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McClellan|first1=James E.|last2=Dorn |first2=Harold |title=Science and Technology in World History|date=2006|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=United States |page=13}}</ref>

=== Tools ===
Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone (primarily of deer), and wood.<ref name="Stavrianos"/> The early Paleolithic hominins, ''[[Australopithecus]]'', were the first users of stone tools. Excavations in [[Gona, Ethiopia]], have produced thousands of artifacts, and through radioisotopic dating and [[magnetostratigraphy]] the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago. Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw stone with good flaking qualities and chose appropriately sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Semaw |first1=Sileshi |title=The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2.6–1.5 Million Years Ago |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |date=2000 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=1197–214 |doi=10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27.1197S |s2cid=1490212 }}</ref>

The earliest Paleolithic stone tool industry, the [[Oldowan]], began around 2.6 million years ago.<ref name=Klein>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=R. |year=1999 |title=The Human Career |url=https://archive.org/details/humancareerhuman00klei_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-43963-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oldowan Stone Tools |url=https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/oldowan_stone_tools.php}}</ref> It produced tools such as [[Chopper (archaeology)|chopper]]s, [[Burin (lithic flake)|burins]], and [[stitching awl]]s. It was completely replaced around 250,000 years ago by the more complex [[Acheulean]] industry, which was first conceived by ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' around 1.8–1.65 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Hélène |last1=Roche |first2=Jean-Philip |last2=Brugal |first3=Anne |last3=Delagnes |first4=Craig |last4=Feibel |first5=Sonia |last5=Harmand |first6=Mzalendo |last6=Kibunjia |first7=Sandrine |last7=Prat |first8=Pierre-Jean |last8=Texier |title=Les sites archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya: bilan synthétique 1997-2001 |language=fr |trans-title=The Plio-Pleistocene archaeological sites of the Nachukui formation, West-Turkana, Kenya: summary report 1997-2001 |pages=663–673 |journal=Palevol Reports |volume=2 |issue=8 |date=2003|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.001 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2..663R |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00134898/file/Rocheetal2003.pdf }}</ref> The Acheulean implements completely vanish from the archaeological record around 100,000 years ago and were replaced by more complex Middle Paleolithic tool kits such as the [[Mousterian]] and the [[Aterian]] industries.<ref>[[John Desmond Clark|Clark, JD]], ''Variability in primary and secondary technologies of the Later Acheulian in Africa'' in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001</ref>

Lower Paleolithic humans used a variety of stone tools, including [[hand axe]]s and choppers. Although they appear to have used hand axes often, there is disagreement about their use. Interpretations range from cutting and chopping tools, to digging implements, to flaking cores, to the use in traps, and as a purely ritual significance, perhaps in [[Courtship display|courting behavior]]. [[William H. Calvin]] has suggested that some hand axes could have served as "killer [[frisbees]]" meant to be thrown at a herd of animals at a waterhole so as to stun one of them. There are no indications of [[hafting]], and some artifacts are far too large for that. Thus, a thrown hand axe would not usually have penetrated deeply enough to cause very serious injuries. Nevertheless, it could have been an effective weapon for defense against predators. Choppers and [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]] were likely used for skinning and butchering scavenged animals and sharp-ended sticks were often obtained for digging up edible roots. Presumably, early humans used wooden spears as early as 5 million years ago to hunt small animals, much as their relatives, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], have been observed to do in [[Senegal]], Africa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rick |last=Weiss |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/22/AR2007022201007.html |title=Chimps Observed Making Their Own Weapons |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=22 February 2007}}</ref> Lower Paleolithic humans constructed shelters, such as the possible wood hut at [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]].

{{Further|List of earliest tools}}

=== Fire use ===
[[File:Font-de-Gaume.jpg|thumb|[[Charles R. Knight]]'s 1920 reconstruction of Magdalenian painters at [[Font-de-Gaume]], France]]
Fire was used by the Lower Paleolithic hominins ''[[Homo erectus]]'' and ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' as early as 300,000 to 1.5 million years ago and possibly even earlier by the early Lower Paleolithic (Oldowan) hominin ''[[Homo habilis]]'' or by robust ''[[Australopithecine]]s'' such as ''[[Paranthropus]]''.<ref name="McClellan"/> However, the use of fire only became common in the societies of the following [[Middle Stone Age]] and [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="Thoth&Schick"/> Use of fire reduced mortality rates and provided protection against predators.<ref name=MarloweFW22>{{cite journal |last=Marlowe |first=F.W. |title=Hunter-gatherers and human evolution |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=15294 |year=2005 |url=http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/marlowe_pubs/hunter-gatherers%20and%20human%20evolution.pdf |doi=10.1002/evan.20046 |s2cid=53489209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527230019/http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/marlowe_pubs/hunter-gatherers%20and%20human%20evolution.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008 |access-date=11 April 2008 }}</ref> Early hominins may have begun to cook their food as early as the Lower Paleolithic ({{c.|1.9}} million years ago) or at the latest in the early Middle Paleolithic ({{c.|250,000}} years ago).<ref name=Wrangham>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N |title=Cooking as a biological trait |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |date=September 2003 |pmid=14527628 |doi=10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5 |url=http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/alvard/anth630/reading/Week%208%20Diet%20tubers/Wrangham%20and%20Conklin-Brittain%202003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519215539/http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/alvard/anth630/reading/Week%208%20Diet%20tubers/Wrangham%20and%20Conklin-Brittain%202003.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2005}}</ref> Some scientists have hypothesized that hominins began cooking food to defrost frozen meat, which would help ensure their survival in cold regions.<ref name=Wrangham/>
Archaeologists cite morphological shifts in cranial anatomy as evidence for emergence of cooking and [[food processing]] technologies. These morphological changes include decreases in [[molar (tooth)|molar]] and jaw size, thinner tooth [[Tooth enamel|enamel]], and decrease in gut volume.<ref>Wrangham, R.W. 2009. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books, New York.</ref>
During much of the [[Pleistocene]] epoch, our ancestors relied on simple [[food processing]] techniques such as [[roasting]].<ref>Johns, T.A., Kubo, I. 1988. A survey of traditional methods employed for the detoxification of plant foods. Journal of Ethnobiology 8, 81–129.</ref>
The [[Upper Palaeolithic]] saw the emergence of boiling, an advance in [[food processing]] technology which rendered plant foods more digestible, decreased their toxicity, and maximised their nutritional value.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Speth | first=J.D. | year=2015 | title=When did humans learn to boil | journal=PaleoAnthropology | pages=54–67}}</ref> Thermally altered rock (heated stones) are easily identifiable in the archaeological record. Stone-boiling and pit-baking were common techniques which involved heating large pebbles then transferring the hot stones into a perishable container to heat the water.<ref>Mousterian Brace 1997: 545</ref> This technology is typified in the [[Middle Palaeolithic]] example of the [[Abri Pataud]] hearths.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Movius Jr | first=H.L. | year=1966 | title=The hearths of the Upper Perigordian and Aurignacian horizons at the Abri Pataud, Les Eyzies (Dordogne), and their possible significance | journal=American Anthropologist | pages=296–325}}</ref>

=== Rafts ===
The Lower Paleolithic ''Homo erectus'' possibly invented [[raft]]s ({{c.|840,000|800,000}} BP) to travel over large bodies of water, which may have allowed a group of ''Homo erectus'' to reach the island of [[Flores]] and evolve into the small hominin ''[[Homo floresiensis]]''. However, this hypothesis is disputed within the anthropological community.<ref name="vicnet1">{{cite web |url=http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/mariner1.html |title=First Mariners Project Photo Gallery 1 |publisher=Mc2.vicnet.net.au |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025085331/http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/mariner1.html |archive-date=25 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/ng2004.html |title=First Mariners – National Geographic project 2004 |publisher=Mc2.vicnet.net.au |date=2 October 2004 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043820/http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/mariners/web/ng2004.html |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> The possible use of rafts during the Lower Paleolithic may indicate that Lower Paleolithic hominins such as ''Homo erectus'' were more advanced than previously believed, and may have even spoken an early form of modern language.<ref name="vicnet1"/> Supplementary evidence from Neanderthal and modern human sites located around the Mediterranean Sea, such as Coa de sa Multa ({{c.|300,000|lk=no}} BP), has also indicated that both Middle and Upper Paleolithic humans used rafts to travel over large bodies of water (i.e. the Mediterranean Sea) for the purpose of colonizing other bodies of land.<ref name="vicnet1"/><ref name="Miller2006">{{cite book |title=Anthropology |last1=Miller |first1=Barbra |first2=Bernard |last2=Wood |first3=Andrew |last3=Balansky |first4=Julio |last4=Mercader |first5=Melissa |last5=Panger |year=2006 |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-205-32024-0 |page=768}}</ref>

=== Advanced tools ===
By around 200,000 BP, Middle Paleolithic [[stone tool]] manufacturing spawned a tool-making technique known as the [[prepared-core technique]], which was more elaborate than previous [[Acheulean]] techniques.<ref name="encarta.msn.com"/> This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent [[Lithic flake|flakes]].<ref name="encarta.msn.com"/> It allowed [[Middle Paleolithic]] humans to create stone-tipped [[spear]]s, which were the earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. In addition to improving tool-making methods, the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources. For example, [[microlith]]s or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000–65,000 BP and were essential to the invention of bows and [[Spear-thrower|atlatls]] (spear throwers) in the following Upper Paleolithic.<ref name=MarloweFW22/>

[[Harpoon]]s were invented and used for the first time during the late Middle Paleolithic ({{c.|90,000}} BP); the invention of these devices brought fish into the human diets, which provided a hedge against starvation and a more abundant food supply.<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name="ReferenceA-1">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_12/human_evolution.html "Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408032236/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_12/human_evolution.html |date=8 April 2008 }} Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D.</ref> Thanks to their technology and their advanced social structures, Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals—who had a Middle Paleolithic level of technology—appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans,<ref name=Parson2006>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/0125_060125_neanderthal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217152429/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/0125_060125_neanderthal.html |archive-date=17 February 2006 |title=Neanderthals Hunted as Well as Humans, Study Says |work=National Geographic News |author=Ann Parson |access-date=1 February 2008}}</ref> and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boëda |first1=E. |last2=Geneste |first2=J.M. |last3=Griggo |first3=C. |last4=Mercier |first4=N. |last5=Muhesen |first5=S. |last6=Reyss |first6=J.L. |last7=Taha |first7=A. |last8=Valladas |first8=H. |year=1999 |title=A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=73 |issue=280 |pages=394–402 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00088335 |s2cid=163560577}}</ref> Nonetheless, Neanderthal use of projectile weapons in hunting occurred very rarely (or perhaps never) and the Neanderthals hunted large game animals mostly by [[ambush]]ing them and attacking them with handheld weapons such as thrusting spears rather than attacking them from a distance with projectiles.<ref name="Hillary Mayell"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4251299.stm |title= The icy truth behind Neanderthals |work=[[BBC News]] |first=Cameron |last=Balbirnie |access-date=1 April 2008 |date=10 May 2005}}</ref>

=== Other inventions ===
During the [[Upper Paleolithic]], further inventions were made, such as the [[net (device)|net]] ({{c.|22,000}} or {{c.|29,000|lk=no}} BP)<ref name=MarloweFW22/> [[bolas]],<ref>J. Chavaillon, D. Lavallée, « Bola », in ''Dictionnaire de la Préhistoire'', PUF, 1988.</ref> the [[spear thrower]] ({{c.|30,000|lk=no}} BP), the bow and arrow ({{c.|25,000|lk=no}} or {{c.|30,000|lk=no}} BP)<ref name="McClellan"/> and the oldest example of ceramic art, the [[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]] ({{c.|29,000|25,000|lk=no}} BP).<ref name="McClellan"/> [[Kilu Cave]] at [[Buka Island|Buku island]], [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]], demonstrates navigation of some 60 km of open ocean at 30,000 BCcal.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wickler |first=Stephen |title=Prehistoric Melanesian Exchange and Interaction: Recent Evidence from the Northern Solomon Islands. |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16987/AP-v29n2-135-154.pdf |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=135–154}}</ref>

Early dogs were domesticated sometime between 30,000 and 14,000 BP, presumably to aid in hunting.<ref name="TheBookofGeneralIgnorance">[[John Lloyd (producer)|Lloyd, J]] & [[John Mitchinson (researcher)|Mitchinson, J]]: "[[The Book of General Ignorance]]". Faber & Faber, 2006.</ref> However, the earliest instances of successful domestication of dogs may be much more ancient than this. Evidence from [[canidae|canine]] [[DNA]] collected by Robert K. Wayne suggests that dogs may have been first domesticated in the late Middle Paleolithic around 100,000 BP or perhaps even earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1997/151-26/15126-11.pdf |title=Stalking the ancient dog |work=Science news |first=Christine |last=Mellot |access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080409011944/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1997/151-26/15126-11.pdf|archive-date=2008-04-09}}</ref>

Archaeological evidence from the [[Dordogne]] region of France demonstrates that members of the European early [[Upper Paleolithic]] culture known as the [[Aurignacian]] used calendars ({{c.|30,000}} BP). This was a lunar calendar that was used to document the phases of the moon. Genuine solar calendars did not appear until the Neolithic.<ref name="Felipe Fernandez Armesto 2003 400"/> Upper Paleolithic cultures were probably able to time the migration of game animals such as wild horses and deer.<ref name="ReferenceA-2">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555928_4/Stone_Age.html "Stone Age," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101033259/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555928_4/Stone_Age.html |date=1 November 2009 }} Contributed by Kathy Schick, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. and Nicholas Toth, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.</ref> This ability allowed humans to become efficient hunters and to exploit a wide variety of game animals.<ref name="ReferenceA-2"/> Recent research indicates that the Neanderthals timed their hunts and the migrations of game animals long before the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.<ref name=Parson2006/>

== Diet and nutrition ==
{{See also|Pleistocene human diet}}
[[File:Wine grapes03.jpg|upright|thumb|People may have first fermented grapes in animal skin pouches to create [[wine]] during the Paleolithic age.<ref name="William Cocke">{{cite web |author=William Cocke |title=First Wine? Archaeologist Traces Drink to Stone Age |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_ancientwine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724052540/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_ancientwine.html |archive-date=24 July 2004 |access-date=3 February 2008 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref>]]

Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables (including tubers and roots), fruit, seeds (including nuts and wild grass seeds) and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gowlett JAJ |year=2003 |title=What actually was the Stone Age Diet? |url=https://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~gowlett/GowlettCJNE_13_03_02.pdf |journal=J Nutr Environ Med |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=143–47 |doi=10.1080/13590840310001619338}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss E, Wetterstrom W, Nadel D, Bar-Yosef O |date=29 June 2004 |title=The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=26 |pages=9551–55 |bibcode=2004PNAS..101.9551W |doi=10.1073/pnas.0402362101 |pmc=470712 |pmid=15210984 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, there is little direct evidence of the relative proportions of plant and animal foods.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richards, MP |date=December 2002 |title=A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1270–78 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646 |pmid=12494313 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the term "[[paleolithic diet]]", without references to a specific timeframe or locale, is sometimes used with an implication that most humans shared a certain diet during the entire era, that is not entirely accurate. The Paleolithic was an extended period of time, during which multiple technological advances were made, many of which had impact on human dietary structure. For example, humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johanson |first1=Donald |url=https://archive.org/details/fromlucytolangua2006joha |title=From Lucy to Language: Revised, Updated, and Expanded |last2=Blake |first2=Edgar |date=2006 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-7432-8064-8 |location=Berlin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromlucytolangua2006joha/page/96 96–97] |url-access=registration}}</ref> or tools necessary to engage in extensive [[fishing]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} On the other hand, both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic (consequently, allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting). In addition, the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations. During the Lower Paleolithic, ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]]. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, humans greatly expanded their area of settlement, reaching ecosystems as diverse as [[New Guinea]] and [[Alaska]], and adapting their diets to whatever local resources were available.

Another view is that until the Upper Paleolithic, humans were [[frugivore]]s (fruit eaters) who supplemented their meals with carrion, eggs, and small prey such as baby birds and [[mussel]]s, and only on rare occasions managed to kill and consume big game such as [[antelope]]s.<ref name="HartSussman">{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Donna |url=https://archive.org/details/manhuntedprimate00hart |title=Man the Hunted |last2=Sussman |first2=Robert W. |publisher=Basic Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8133-3936-8}}</ref> This view is supported by studies of higher apes, particularly [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]]. Chimpanzees are the closest to humans genetically, sharing more than 96% of their DNA code with humans, and their digestive tract is functionally very similar to that of humans.<ref name="nationalgeographic_com">{{cite news |last=Lovgren |first=Stefan |date=31 August 2005 |title=Chimps, Humans 96 Percent the Same, Gene Study Finds |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0831_050831_chimp_genes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010617/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0831_050831_chimp_genes.html |archive-date=5 September 2005 |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> Chimpanzees are primarily [[frugivore]]s, but they could and would consume and digest animal flesh, given the opportunity. In general, their actual diet in the wild is about 95% [[Plant-based diet|plant-based]], with the remaining 5% filled with insects, eggs, and baby animals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimp hunting and flesh-eating |url=https://www.ecologos.org/chimphunt.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2007 |title=Chimpanzees 'hunt using spears' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6387611.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In some ecosystems, however, chimpanzees are predatory, forming parties to hunt monkeys.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Predatory Behavior and Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees |url=http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~stanford/chimphunt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606110247/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/%7Estanford/chimphunt.html |archive-date=6 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref> Some comparative studies of human and higher primate digestive tracts do suggest that humans have evolved to obtain greater amounts of calories from sources such as animal foods, allowing them to shrink the size of the gastrointestinal tract relative to body mass and to increase the brain mass instead.<ref name="meateating">{{cite journal |last=Milton |first=Katharine |year=1999 |title=A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution |url=http://nature.berkeley.edu/miltonlab/pdfs/meateating.pdf |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<11::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-M |s2cid=86221120|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090304205836/http://nature.berkeley.edu/miltonlab/pdfs/meateating.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aiello |first1=Leslie C. |last2=Wheeler |first2=Peter |year=1995 |title=The expensive-tissue hypothesis |url=http://references.260mb.com/Paleontologia/Aiello1995.pdf |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=199–221 |doi=10.1086/204350 |s2cid=144317407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517135907/http://references.260mb.com/Paleontologia/Aiello1995.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref>

Anthropologists have diverse opinions about the proportions of plant and animal foods consumed. Just as with still existing hunters and gatherers, there were many varied "diets" in different groups, and also varying through this vast amount of time. Some paleolithic hunter-gatherers consumed a significant amount of meat and possibly obtained most of their food from hunting,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cordain |first=L. |title=Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |editor-last=Ungar |editor-first=P. |location=Oxford |pages=363–383 |chapter=Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans |chapter-url=http://www.thepaleodiet.com/articles/2006_Oxford.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227122833/http://www.thepaleodiet.com/articles/2006_Oxford.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008}}</ref> while others were believed to have a primarily plant-based diet.<ref name="Dahlberg" /> Most, if not all, are believed to have been opportunistic omnivores.<ref>Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind By [[Peter Corning]]</ref> One hypothesis is that carbohydrate [[tuber]]s (plant underground [[storage organ]]s) may have been eaten in high amounts by pre-agricultural humans.<ref name="pmid16085279">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laden G, Wrangham R |date=October 2005 |title=The rise of the hominids as an adaptive shift in fallback foods: plant underground storage organs (USOs) and australopith origins |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~laden002/Laden_Wrangham_Roots.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=482–98 |bibcode=2005JHumE..49..482L |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.05.007 |pmid=16085279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911010449/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~laden002/Laden_Wrangham_Roots.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="pmid10539941">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wrangham RW, Jones JH, Laden G, Pilbeam D, Conklin-Brittain N |date=December 1999 |title=The Raw and the Stolen. Cooking and the Ecology of Human Origins |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/255939/The-raw-and-the-stolen-Cooking-and-the-ecology-of-human-origins |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=567–94 |doi=10.1086/300083 |pmid=10539941 |s2cid=82271116|url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="pmid17472915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeakel JD, Bennett NC, Koch PL, Dominy NJ |date=July 2007 |title=The isotopic ecology of African mole rats informs hypotheses on the evolution of human diet |url=http://people.ucsc.edu/~njdominy/publications/pdf/Proc_R_Soc_B.pdf |journal=Proc Biol Sci |volume=274 |issue=1619 |pages=1723–1730 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0330 |pmc=2493578 |pmid=17472915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911010452/http://people.ucsc.edu/~njdominy/publications/pdf/Proc_R_Soc_B.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |access-date=10 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="pmid18032604">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Moore J, Pickering TR |date=December 2007 |title=Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=104 |issue=49 |pages=19210–19213 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707929104 |pmc=2148269 |pmid=18032604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is thought that the Paleolithic diet included as much as {{cvt|1.65–1.9|kg|lk=on|abbr=off}} per day of fruit and vegetables.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Eaton |first1=S. Boyd |url=http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/EvolutionPaleolithic/Long%20chain%20fatty%20acids.pdf |title=Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic |last2=Eaton III |first2=Stanley B. |last3=Sinclair |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Cordain |first4=Loren |last5=Mann |first5=Neil J. |year=1998 |isbn=978-3-8055-6694-0 |book-title=The Return of ω3 Fatty Acids Into the Food Supply: Land-Based Animal Food Products and Their Health Effects |pages=12–23 |citeseerx=10.1.1.691.6953 |doi=10.1159/000059672 |pmid=9648501 |access-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509034221/http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/EvolutionPaleolithic/Long%20chain%20fatty%20acids.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> The relative proportions of plant and animal foods in the diets of Paleolithic people often varied between regions, with more meat being necessary in colder regions (which were not populated by anatomically modern humans until {{c.|30,000|50,000}} BP).<ref name="Gowlet">{{cite journal |last=Gowlet |first=J. A. J. |date=September 2003 |title=What actually was the stone age diet? |url=https://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~gowlett/GowlettCJNE_13_03_02.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Environmental Medicine]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=143–147 |doi=10.1080/13590840310001619338 |access-date=4 May 2008}})</ref> It is generally agreed that many modern hunting and fishing tools, such as fish hooks, nets, bows, and poisons, were not introduced until the Upper Paleolithic and possibly even Neolithic.<ref name="MarloweFW22" /> The only hunting tools widely available to humans during any significant part of the Paleolithic were hand-held spears and harpoons. There is evidence of Paleolithic people killing and eating [[Pinniped|seals]] and [[Taurotragus|elands]] as far as {{c.|100,000|lk=no}} BP. On the other hand, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]] bones found in African caves from the same period are typically of very young or very old individuals, and there is no evidence that pigs, elephants, or rhinos were hunted by humans at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdchimpanzee00jare_0 |title=The third chimpanzee: the evolution and future of the human animal |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-06-098403-8 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Paleolithic peoples suffered less [[famine]] and [[malnutrition]] than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them.<ref name="Leften Stavrianos" /><ref name="Russel">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Sharman Apt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CjOdT4LqYC&q=paleolithic+history+malnutrition&pg=PA2 |title=Hunger an unnatural history |publisher=[[Basic books]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-465-07165-4}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=8C-jOdT4LqYC p. 2]</ref> This was partly because Paleolithic hunter-gatherers accessed a wider variety of natural foods, which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine.<ref name="Leften Stavrianos" /><ref name="Schultz" /><ref name="jareddiamond" /> Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic (and some modern) farmers were caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops.<ref name="Leften Stavrianos" /><ref name="Schultz" /><ref name="jareddiamond" /> It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods.<ref name="isbn0-89789-736-6">{{cite book |last=Milton |first=Katharine |title=Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution |publisher=[[Bergin and Garvey]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-89789-736-5 |editor-last1=Ungar |editor-first1=Peter S. |location=Westport, CN |pages=111–22 |chapter=Hunter-gatherer diets: wild foods signal relief from diseases of affluence (PDF) |editor-last2=Teaford |editor-first2=Mark F. |chapter-url=http://nature.berkeley.edu/miltonlab/pdfs/humandiet.pdf|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110124145329/http://nature.berkeley.edu/miltonlab/pdfs/humandiet.pdf|archive-date=2011-01-24}}</ref> The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists.<ref name="Russel" /> It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods, with meat likely taking a back seat to plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Clark Spencer |date=1 November 2003 |title=Animal source foods and human health during evolution |journal=[[Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=133 |issue=11, Suppl 2 |pages=3893S–97S |doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.3893S |pmid=14672287 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were affected by modern [[diseases of affluence]] such as [[type 2 diabetes]], [[coronary heart disease]], and [[cerebrovascular disease]], because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity,<ref name="pmid15699220">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O'Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J |year=2005 |title=Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century |journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=341–354 |doi=10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 |pmid=15699220 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid3541565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorburn AW, Brand JC, Truswell AS |date=1 January 1987 |title=Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes? |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/1/98 |journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/45.1.98 |pmid=3541565|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common onset of these conditions.<ref name="kaplanetal2000">{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Hillard |last2=Hill |first2=Kim |last3=Lancaster |first3=Jane |last4=Hurtado |first4=A. Magdalena |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence and Longevity |url=https://www.unm.edu/~hkaplan/KaplanHillLancasterHurtado_2000_LHEvolution.pdf |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=156–85 |doi=10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7 |s2cid=2363289 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Casparie&Lee2004">{{cite journal |last1=Caspari |first1=Rachel |last2=Lee |first2=Sang-Hee |name-list-style=amp |date=27 July 2004 |title=Older age becomes common late in human evolution |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=101 |issue=20 |pages=10895–900 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0402857101 |pmc=503716 |pmid=15252198 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Large-seeded [[legume]]s were part of the human diet long before the [[Neolithic Revolution]], as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the [[Mousterian]] layers of [[Kebara Cave]], in Israel.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006">{{cite journal |last1=Lev |first1=Efraim |author-link1=Efraim Lev |last2=Kislev |first2=Mordechai E. |last3=Bar-Yosef |first3=Ofer |date=March 2005 |title=Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=475–84 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32..475L |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006}}</ref> There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago.<ref name="oldflour">{{cite journal |last1=Revedin |first1=Anna |last2=Aranguren |first2=B. |last3=Becattini |first3=R. |last4=Longo |first4=L. |last5=Marconi |first5=E. |last6=Lippi |first6=M.M. |last7=Skakun |first7=N. |last8=Sinitsyn |first8=A. |last9=Spiridonova |first9=E. |last10=Svoboda |first10=J. |display-authors=8 |year=2010 |title=Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]] |volume=107 |issue=44 |pages=18815–19 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10718815R |doi=10.1073/pnas.1006993107 |pmc=2973873 |pmid=20956317 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, seeds—such as grains and beans—were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis.<ref name="doi:10.1080/11026480510032043">{{cite journal |last=Lindeberg |first=Staffan |date=June 2005 |title=Palaeolithic diet ("stone age" diet) |url=https://journals.sfu.ca/coaction/index.php/fnr/article/viewFile/1526/1394 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=75–77 |doi=10.1080/11026480510032043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that [[winemaking]] may have originated in the Paleolithic, when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal-skin pouches.<ref name="William Cocke" /> Paleolithic humans consumed animal [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] meats, including the [[liver]]s, [[kidney]]s, and [[brain]]s. Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have sometimes practiced rudimentary forms of [[horticulture]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated |title=Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated |publisher=Grolier Academic Reference |year=1994 |location=[[University of Michigan]]}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=7eKy64bqc2AC&q=paleolithic+horticulture p 61]</ref> In particular, [[banana]]s and [[tuber]]s may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in [[southeast Asia]].<ref name="Kiefer" /> In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of [[emmer wheat|emmer]], [[barley]], and [[oats]] has been observed near the [[Sea of Galilee]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Snir |first1=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |article-number=e0131422 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref>

Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced [[pastoralism]] and [[animal husbandry]], presumably for dietary reasons. For instance, some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised [[reindeer]], presumably for their meat or milk, as early as 14,000 BP.<ref name="TheBookofGeneralIgnorance" /> Humans also probably consumed [[hallucinogenic]] plants during the Paleolithic.<ref name="McClellan" /> The [[Aboriginal Australians]] have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods, called [[bushfood]], for an estimated 60,000 years, since the [[Middle Paleolithic]].

In February 2019, scientists reported evidence, based on [[isotope]] studies, that at least some Neanderthals may have eaten meat.<ref name="PNAS-20190210">{{cite journal |last=Jaouen |first=Klervia |display-authors=etal |date=19 February 2019 |title=Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=4928–4933 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.4928J |doi=10.1073/pnas.1814087116 |pmc=6421459 |pmid=30782806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="PHY-20190219">{{cite news |last=Yika |first=Bob |date=19 February 2019 |title=Isotopes found in bones suggest Neanderthals were fresh meat eaters |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-isotopes-bones-neanderthals-fresh-meat.html |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=Phys.org}}</ref><ref name="SD-20190219">{{cite news |author=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |date=19 February 2019 |title=Neanderthals' main food source was definitely meat – Isotope analyses performed on single amino acids in Neanderthals' collagen samples shed new light on their debated diet |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190219111704.htm |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=[[Science Daily]]}}</ref> People during the Middle Paleolithic, such as the Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa, began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and in Middle Paleolithic ''Homo sapiens'' sites at [[Pinnacle Point]], South Africa around 164,000 BP.<ref name="Miller2006" /><ref name="NYTIMES/10/08/07">{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |date=18 October 2007 |title=Key Human Traits Tied to Shellfish Remains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/science/18beach.html?_r=1&ref=science&oref=slogin |access-date=11 March 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Although fishing only became common during the [[Upper Paleolithic]],<ref name="Miller2006" /><ref>{{cite news |title=African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117013632/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html |archive-date=17 January 2006 |work=[[National Geographic]] News}}</ref> [[fish]] have been part of human diets long before the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic and have certainly been consumed by humans since at least the Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="ReferenceA-2" /> For example, the Middle Paleolithic ''Homo sapiens'' in the region now occupied by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] hunted large {{cvt|6|ft|m|adj=on}}-long [[catfish]] with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago.<ref name="Miller2006" /><ref name="ReferenceA-2" /> The invention of fishing allowed some Upper Paleolithic and later hunter-gatherer societies to become sedentary or semi-nomadic, which altered their social structures.<ref name="Bahn, Paul 1996" /> Example societies are the [[Lepenski Vir]] as well as some contemporary hunter-gatherers, such as the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]]. In some instances (at least the Tlingit), they developed [[social stratification]], [[slavery]], and complex social structures such as [[chiefdom]]s.<ref name="MarloweFW22" />

Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tim D. White |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TVHr_XtDJcC&q=paleolithic+cannibalism&pg=PA338 |chapter=Once were Cannibals |title=Evolution: A Scientific American Reader |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-226-74269-4 |access-date=14 February 2008}}</ref> Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages.<ref>{{cite web |last=Owen |first=James |title=Neandertals Turned to Cannibalism, Bone Cave Suggests |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061205-cannibals.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208001007/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061205-cannibals.html |archive-date=8 December 2006 |access-date=3 February 2008 |work=[[National Geographic]] News}}</ref> However, it may have been for religious reasons, and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic.<ref name="Narr" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pathou-Mathis |first=M. |year=2000 |title=Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=379–395 |doi=10.1002/1099-1212(200009/10)10:5<379::AID-OA558>3.0.CO;2-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nonetheless, it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism, and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of [[excarnation]] or [[predation]] by carnivores such as [[saber-toothed cat]]s, [[lion]]s, and [[hyena]]s.<ref name="Narr" />

A modern-day diet known as the [[Paleolithic diet]] exists, based on restricting consumption only to those foods presumed to be available to anatomically modern humans prior to the advent of settled [[agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Prehistoric Dining: The Real Paleo Diet |url=http://theplate.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/22/prehistoric-dining-the-real-paleo-diet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014549/http://theplate.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/22/prehistoric-dining-the-real-paleo-diet/ |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>

== Social organization ==
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2010}}

[[File:Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|Humans may have taken part in long-distance trade between [[band society|bands]] for rare commodities and raw materials (such as stone needed for making tools) as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.]]
The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic ([[Lower Paleolithic]]) societies remains largely unknown to scientists, though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as ''Homo habilis'' and ''Homo erectus'' are likely to have had more complex social structures than chimpanzee societies.<ref name=White>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/ia/ia03_mod_10.html |title=Intro to archeology The First People and Culture |access-date=20 March 2008 |author=Nancy White |work=Introduction to archeology |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009153844/http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/ia/ia03_mod_10.html }}</ref> Late Oldowan/Early Acheulean humans such as ''Homo ergaster''/''Homo erectus'' may have been the first people to invent central campsites or home bases and incorporate them into their foraging and hunting strategies like contemporary hunter-gatherers, possibly as early as 1.7 million years ago;<ref name="encarta.msn.com"/> however, the earliest solid evidence for the existence of home bases or central campsites (hearths and shelters) among humans only dates back to 500,000 years ago.<ref name="encarta.msn.com"/>

Similarly, scientists disagree whether Lower Paleolithic humans were largely [[monogamous]] or [[polygynous]].<ref name=White/> In particular, the Provisional model suggests that [[bipedalism]] arose in pre-Paleolithic [[australopithecine]] societies as an adaptation to monogamous lifestyles; however, other researchers note that [[sexual dimorphism]] is more pronounced in Lower Paleolithic humans such as ''Homo erectus'' than in modern humans, who are less polygynous than other primates, which suggests that Lower Paleolithic humans had a largely polygynous lifestyle, because species that have the most pronounced sexual dimorphism tend more likely to be polygynous.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6937476.stm |title=Finds test human origins theory |work=[[BBC News]] |first=James |last=Urquhart |access-date=20 March 2008 |date=8 August 2007}}</ref>

Human societies from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic farming tribes lived without states and organized governments. For most of the Lower Paleolithic, human societies were possibly more hierarchical than their Middle and Upper Paleolithic descendants, and probably were not grouped into [[band society|bands]],<ref name=Bohem198-208>Christopher Boehm (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197 "Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" pp. 198–208] Harvard University Press</ref> though during the end of the Lower Paleolithic, the latest populations of the hominin ''Homo erectus'' may have begun living in small-scale (possibly egalitarian) bands similar to both Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies and modern hunter-gatherers.<ref name=Bohem198-208/>

Middle Paleolithic societies, unlike Lower Paleolithic and early Neolithic ones, consisted of bands that ranged from 20 to 30 or 25–100 members and were usually nomadic.<ref name="McClellan"/><ref name=Bohem198-208/> These bands were formed by several families. Bands sometimes joined into larger "macrobands" for activities such as acquiring mates and celebrations or where resources were abundant.<ref name="McClellan"/> By the end of the Paleolithic era ({{c.|10,000}} BP), people began to settle down into permanent locations, and began to rely on agriculture for sustenance in many locations. Much evidence exists that humans took part in long-distance trade between bands for rare commodities (such as [[ochre]], which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual<ref name=Henahan>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SU/caveart.html |title=Blombos Cave art |access-date=12 March 2008 |first=Sean |last=Henahan |work=Science News}}</ref><ref name="Felipe Fernandez Armesto 2003 400">{{cite book |last=Armesto |first=Felipe Fernandez |url=https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400 |title=Ideas that changed the world |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] limited |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7566-3298-4 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400 400]}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=tFIAAAAACAAJ&q=Ideas+that+changed+the+world+by+Felipe+Fernandez+Armesto]{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>) and raw materials, as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hillary Mayell" /> Inter-band trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity (i.e. famine, drought).<ref name="Hillary Mayell"/> Like in modern hunter-gatherer societies, individuals in Paleolithic societies may have been subordinate to the band as a whole.<ref name="Leften Stavrianos">{{cite book |first=Leften Stavros |last=Stavrianos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eamHPkIkE1UC&q=paleolithic+society&pg=PA23 |title=Lifelines from Our Past: A New World History |location=New Jersey |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-13-357005-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=eamHPkIkE1UC&dq=paleolithic+society&pg=PA23 pp. 9–13] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9H6oqN3Q-GoC&dq=Paleolithic+egalitarianism&pg=PA55 p. 70]</ref><ref name="Stavrianos"/> Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.<ref name="Hillary Mayell"/>

Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]]<ref name="McClellan"/><ref name="Stavrianos"/><ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name=Bohem198>Christopher Boehm (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197 "Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 198] Harvard University Press</ref> and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name="Gutrie">{{cite book |first=R. Dale |last=Gutrie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&q=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA428 |title=The Nature of Paleolithic art |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-226-31126-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&dq=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA428 pp. 420–422]</ref><ref name="Barbara Ehrenreich">{{cite book |first=Barbara |last=Ehrenreich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC |title=Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8050-5787-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC p. 123]</ref><ref name="Kelly">{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Raymond |title=The evolution of lethal intergroup violence |doi=10.1073/pnas.0505955102 |journal=[[PNAS]]
|volume=102 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16129826 |issue=43 |pmc=1266108 |pages=15294–98 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10215294K |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some Upper Paleolithic societies in resource-rich environments (such as societies in [[Sungir]], in what is now Russia) may have had more complex and hierarchical organization (such as [[tribe]]s with a pronounced hierarchy and a somewhat formal [[division of labor]]) and may have engaged in [[endemic warfare]].<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref>Kelly, Raymond C. Warless societies and the origin of war. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> Some argue that there was no formal leadership during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Like contemporary egalitarian hunter-gatherers such as the [[Mbuti#Political structure|Mbuti]] pygmies, societies may have made decisions by communal [[consensus decision making]] rather than by appointing permanent rulers such as chiefs and [[monarch]]s.<ref name="Kusimba 2003 285"/> Nor was there a formal [[division of labor]] during the Paleolithic. Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival, regardless of individual abilities. Theories to explain the apparent egalitarianism have arisen, notably the [[Marxism|Marxist]] concept of [[primitive communism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Communist Manifesto |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author-link1=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |orig-date=1848 |date=2005 |publisher=Filiquarian Publishing |pages=71, 87 |isbn=978-1-59986-995-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rigby |first=Stephen Henry |date=1999 |title=Marxism and History: A Critical Introduction |pages=111, 314 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=0-7190-5612-8}}</ref> Christopher Boehm (1999) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have evolved in Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply.<ref name=Bohem192>Christopher Boehm (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197 "Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 192] Harvard university press</ref> Raymond C. Kelly speculates that the relative peacefulness of Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies resulted from a low population density, cooperative relationships between groups such as reciprocal exchange of commodities and collaboration on hunting expeditions, and because the invention of projectile weapons such as throwing spears provided less incentive for war, because they increased the damage done to the attacker and decreased the relative amount of territory attackers could gain.<ref name="Kelly"/> However, other sources claim that most Paleolithic groups may have been larger, more complex, sedentary and warlike than most contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, due to occupying more resource-abundant areas than most modern hunter-gatherers who have been pushed into more marginal habitats by agricultural societies.<ref name=Kiefer>{{cite web |url=http://www.suluarchipelago.com/E20Website2002/default.htm |title=Anthropology E-20 |access-date=11 March 2008 |first=Thomas M. |last=Kiefer |date=Spring 2002 |work=Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410021259/http://www.suluarchipelago.com/E20Website2002/default.htm |archive-date=10 April 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Anthropologists have typically assumed that in Paleolithic societies, women were responsible for gathering wild plants and firewood, and men were responsible for hunting and scavenging dead animals.<ref name="McClellan"/><ref name="Miller2006"/> However, analogies to existent hunter-gatherer societies such as the [[Hadza people]] and the [[Aboriginal Australians]] suggest that the sexual division of labor in the Paleolithic was relatively flexible. Men may have participated in gathering plants, firewood and insects, and women may have procured small game animals for consumption and assisted men in driving herds of large game animals (such as woolly mammoths and deer) off cliffs.<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name="Barbara Ehrenreich"/> Additionally, recent research by anthropologist and archaeologist Steven Kuhn from the University of Arizona is argued to support that this division of labor did not exist prior to the [[Upper Paleolithic]] and was invented relatively recently in human pre-history.<ref name="Dahlberg">{{cite book |author=Dahlberg, Frances |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTPULzP1MZAC&q=Gathering+and+Hominid+Adaptation&pg=PA120 |title=Woman the Gatherer |location=London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-300-02989-5}}</ref><ref name="NG2006/12/061207">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061207-sex-humans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210022722/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061207-sex-humans.html |archive-date=10 December 2006 |title=Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says |work=National Geographic News |author=Stefan Lovgren |access-date=3 February 2008}}</ref> Sexual division of labor may have been developed to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently.<ref name="NG2006/12/061207"/> Possibly there was approximate parity between men and women during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, and that period may have been the most [[gender equality|gender-equal]] time in human history.<ref name="Gutrie"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Leften Stavros |last=Stavrianos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society |title=A Global History from Prehistory to the Present |location=New Jersey |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-13-357005-2 |quote=the sexes were more equal during Paleolithic millennia than at any time since.}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society p. 9]</ref><ref name=MuseumofAntiquites>[http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/miscon.html Museum of Antiquites web site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121095952/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/miscon.html |date=21 November 2007 }} . Retrieved 13 February 2008.</ref> Archaeological evidence from art and funerary rituals indicates that a number of individual women enjoyed seemingly high status in their communities, and it is likely that both sexes participated in decision making.<ref name="MuseumofAntiquites"/> The earliest known Paleolithic [[shaman]] ({{c.|30,000}} BP) was female.<ref name=Tedlock>Tedlock, Barbara. 2005. The Woman in the Shaman's Body: Reclaiming the Feminine in Religion and Medicine. New York: Bantam.</ref> [[Jared Diamond]] suggests that the status of women declined with the adoption of agriculture because women in farming societies typically have more pregnancies and are expected to do more demanding work than women in hunter-gatherer societies.<ref name="jareddiamond">{{cite web |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race |title=The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race |work=Discover |author=Jared Diamond |access-date=14 January 2008|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20111006044914/http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race|archive-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> Like most modern hunter-gatherer societies, Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups probably followed a largely ambilineal approach. At the same time, depending on the society, the residence could be virilocal, uxorilocal, and sometimes the spouses could live with neither the husband's relatives nor the wife's relatives at all. Taken together, most likely, the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers can be characterized as multilocal.<ref name=MarloweFW22/>

== Sculpture and painting ==
[[File:Wien NHM Venus von Willendorf.jpg|thumb|The [[Venus of Willendorf]] is one of the most famous Venus figurines.]]

Early examples of artistic expression, such as the [[Venus of Tan-Tan]] and the patterns found on [[elephant]] bones from [[Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)|Bilzingsleben]] in [[Thuringia]], may have been produced by Acheulean tool users such as ''[[Homo erectus]]'' prior to the start of the [[Middle Paleolithic]] period. However, the earliest undisputed evidence of art during the Paleolithic comes from [[Middle Paleolithic]]/[[Middle Stone Age]] sites such as [[Blombos Cave]]–South Africa–in the form of [[bracelet]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3629559.stm |title=Cave yields 'earliest jewellery'|work=BBC News |author=Jonathan Amos|access-date=12 March 2008 | date=15 April 2004}}</ref> [[bead]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0415_040415_oldestjewelry.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040416062817/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0415_040415_oldestjewelry.html |archive-date=16 April 2004 |title=Oldest Jewelry? "Beads" Discovered in African Cave |work=National Geographic News |author=Hillary Mayell |access-date=3 March 2008}}</ref> [[rock art]],<ref name=Henahan/> and [[ochre]] used as body paint and perhaps in ritual.<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name=Henahan/> Undisputed evidence of art only becomes common in the Upper Paleolithic.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_13/Human_Evolution.html "Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031235302/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_13/Human_Evolution.html |date=31 October 2009 }} Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D.</ref>

Lower Paleolithic [[Acheulean]] tool users, according to Robert G. Bednarik, began to engage in symbolic behavior such as art around 850,000 BP. They decorated themselves with beads and collected exotic stones for aesthetic, rather than utilitarian qualities.<ref name=Bednarik>{{cite web |url=http://www.semioticon.com/frontline/bednarik.htm |title=Beads and the origins of symbolism |author=Robert G. Bednarik |access-date=5 April 2008 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143154/https://semioticon.com/frontline/bednarik.htm }}</ref> According to him, traces of the pigment ochre from late Lower Paleolithic Acheulean archaeological sites suggests that Acheulean societies, like later Upper Paleolithic societies, collected and used ochre to create rock art.<ref name=Bednarik/> Nevertheless, it is also possible that the ochre traces found at Lower Paleolithic sites is naturally occurring.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard G. |last=Klein |title=The Dawn of Human Culture |date=22 March 2002 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-25252-2}}</ref>

[[Upper Paleolithic]] humans produced works of art such as cave paintings, Venus figurines, animal carvings, and rock paintings.<ref name="ReferenceA-3">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578676/Paleolithic_Art.html |title=Paleolithic Art |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |date=2007 |access-date=20 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202447/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578676/paleolithic_art.html |archive-date=14 March 2008 }}</ref> Upper Paleolithic art can be divided into two broad categories: figurative art such as cave paintings that clearly depicts animals (or more rarely humans); and nonfigurative, which consists of shapes and symbols.<ref name="ReferenceA-3"/> Cave paintings have been interpreted in a number of ways by modern archaeologists. The earliest explanation, by the prehistorian [[Abbe Breuil]], interpreted the paintings as a form of magic designed to ensure a successful hunt.<ref name=Clottes>{{cite web |url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/page7.php |title=Shamanism in Prehistory |first=Jean |last=Clottes |access-date=11 March 2008 |work=Bradshaw foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430093540/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/page7.php |archive-date=30 April 2008 }}</ref> However, this hypothesis fails to explain the existence of animals such as [[saber-toothed cat]]s and [[lion]]s, which were not hunted for food, and the existence of half-human, half-animal beings in cave paintings. The anthropologist [[David Lewis-Williams]] has suggested that Paleolithic cave paintings were indications of [[shaman]]istic practices, because the paintings of half-human, half-animal figures and the remoteness of the caves are reminiscent of modern hunter-gatherer shamanistic practices.<ref name=Clottes/> Symbol-like images are more common in Paleolithic cave paintings than are depictions of animals or humans, and unique symbolic patterns might have been trademarks that represent different [[Upper Paleolithic]] ethnic groups.<ref name="ReferenceA-3" /> [[Venus figurines]] have evoked similar controversy. Archaeologists and anthropologists have described the figurines as representations of [[goddess]]es, [[pornography|pornographic]] imagery, apotropaic amulets used for sympathetic magic, and even as self-portraits of women themselves.<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name=McDeroy>{{cite journal |last1=McDermott |first1=LeRoy |year=1996 |title=Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=227–275 |jstor=2744349 |doi=10.1086/204491 |s2cid=144914396}}</ref>

R. Dale Guthrie<ref name="Guthrie">R. Dale Guthrie, ''The Nature of Paleolithic Art''. University of Chicago Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-226-31126-5}}. [https://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/311260.html Preface].</ref> has studied not only the most artistic and publicized paintings, but also a variety of lower-quality art and figurines, and he identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists. He also points out that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts (powerful beasts, risky hunting scenes and the over-sexual representation of women) are to be expected in the fantasies of adolescent males during the Upper Paleolithic.
[[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]] found in the north-west [[Kimberley region of Western Australia]].]]
The "Venus" figurines have been theorized, not universally, as representing a [[mother goddess]]; the abundance of such female imagery has inspired the theory that religion and society in Paleolithic (and later Neolithic) cultures were primarily interested in, and may have been directed by, women. Adherents of the theory include archaeologist [[Marija Gimbutas]] and [[feminist]] scholar [[Merlin Stone]], the author of the 1976 book ''[[When God Was a Woman]]''.<ref name=Merlinstone>{{cite book |title=When God Was a Woman |first=Merlin |last=Stone |year=1978 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-696158-5 |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l44AAAAACAAJ&q=When+God+Was+a+Woman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Marija |last=Gimbutas |date=1991 |title=The Civilization of the Goddess |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |isbn=978-0-06-250804-1}}</ref> Other explanations for the purpose of the figurines have been proposed, such as Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott's hypothesis that they were self-portraits of woman artists<ref name="McDeroy"/> and R.Dale Gutrie's hypothesis that served as "Stone Age [[pornography]]".

== Music ==
The origins of music during the Paleolithic are unknown. The earliest forms of music probably did not use musical instruments other than the human voice or natural objects such as rocks. This early music would not have left an archaeological footprint. Music may have developed from rhythmic sounds produced by daily chores, for example, cracking open nuts with stones. Maintaining a rhythm while working may have helped people to become more efficient at daily activities.<ref>{{cite book|first=Karl |last=Bücher |author-link=Karl Bücher |title=Trabajo y ritmo |language=es |trans-title=Work and rhythm |publisher=Biblioteca Científico-Filosófica |location=Madrid}}</ref> An alternative theory originally proposed by [[Charles Darwin]] explains that music may have begun as a hominin mating strategy. Bird and other animal species produce music such as calls to attract mates.<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Darwin |author-link=Charles Darwin |title=[[The origin of man]] |date=May 1998 |publisher=Edimat books, S.A. |isbn=84-8403-034-2}}</ref> This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous hypothesis, but nonetheless provides a possible alternative.

[[Upper Paleolithic]] (and possibly [[Middle Paleolithic]])<ref name="BoneAge">Nelson, D.E., ''Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave'', cited by Morley, p. 47</ref> humans used [[flute]]-like bone pipes as musical instruments,<ref name="Miller2006"/><ref name="Bahn, Paul 1996">Bahn, Paul (1996) "The atlas of world archeology" Copyright 2000 The Brown Reference Group PLC</ref> and music may have played a large role in the religious lives of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. As with modern hunter-gatherer societies, music may have been used in ritual or to help induce [[trance]]s. In particular, it appears that animal skin [[drum]]s may have been used in religious events by Upper Paleolithic shamans, as shown by the remains of drum-like instruments from some Upper Paleolithic graves of shamans and the [[ethnography|ethnographic]] record of contemporary hunter-gatherer shamanic and ritual practices.<ref name=Tedlock/><ref name="ReferenceA-3"/>

== Religion and beliefs ==
{{Main|Paleolithic religion}}
[[File:Gabillou Sorcier.png|thumb|Picture of a half-human, half-animal being in a Paleolithic [[cave painting]] in [[Dordogne]]. France. Some archaeologists believe that cave paintings of half-human, half-animal beings may be evidence for early shamanic practices during the Paleolithic.]]

According to James B. Harrod humankind first developed [[religion|religious]] and [[spirituality|spiritual]] beliefs during the [[Middle Paleolithic]] or [[Upper Paleolithic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.originsnet.org/aboutornet1.html |title=About OriginsNet by James Harrod |publisher=Originsnet.org |access-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> Controversial scholars of prehistoric religion and anthropology, James Harrod and Vincent W. Fallio, have recently proposed that religion and spirituality (and art) may have first arisen in Pre-Paleolithic chimpanzees<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf |title=Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality by James Harrod |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527230019/http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> or Early [[Lower Paleolithic]] ([[Oldowan]]) societies.<ref name="V.Fallio">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kJHI9MdxNwC&q=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA108 |title=New Developments in Consciousness Research |first=Vincent W. |last=Fallio |publisher=[[Nova Publishers]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-60021-247-5 |location=New York |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-kJHI9MdxNwC&dq=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA108 98–109]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.originsnet.org/mindold.html |title=Oldowan Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind by James Harrod |publisher=Originsnet.org |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310011922/http://www.originsnet.org/mindold.html |archive-date=10 March 2010 }}</ref> According to Fallio, the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans experienced altered states of consciousness and partook in ritual, and ritual was used in their societies to strengthen social bonding and group cohesion.<ref name="V.Fallio"/>

Middle Paleolithic humans' use of burials at sites such as [[Krapina]], Croatia ({{c.|130,000}} BP) and [[Qafzeh]], Israel ({{c.|100,000|lk=no}} BP) have led some anthropologists and archaeologists, such as [[Philip Lieberman]], to believe that Middle Paleolithic humans may have possessed a belief in an [[afterlife]] and a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life".<ref name=Lieberman/> Cut marks on Neanderthal bones from various sites, such as Combe-Grenal and Abri Moula in France, suggest that the [[Neanderthal#Cannibalism|Neanderthals]]—like some contemporary human cultures—may have practiced [[excarnation|ritual defleshing]] for (presumably) religious reasons. According to recent archaeological findings from ''Homo heidelbergensis'' sites in [[Archaeological Site of Atapuerca|Atapuerca]], humans may have begun burying their dead much earlier, during the late [[Lower Paleolithic]]; but this theory is widely questioned in the scientific community.

Likewise, some scientists have proposed that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of [[totemism]] or [[animal worship]], in addition to their (presumably religious) burial of the dead. In particular, Emil Bächler suggested (based on archaeological evidence from Middle Paleolithic caves) that a [[Bear worship|bear cult]] was widespread among Middle Paleolithic [[Neanderthal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wunn |first=Ina |date=2000 |title=Beginning of Religion |journal=Numen |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=434–435|doi=10.1163/156852700511612 }}</ref> A claim that evidence was found for [[Middle Paleolithic]] animal worship {{c.|70,000}} BCE originates from the [[Tsodilo Hills]] in the African Kalahari desert has been denied by the original investigators of the site.<ref name="Robbins et al">{{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |first2=Alec C. |last2=Campbell |first3=George A. |last3=Brook |first4=Michael L. |last4=Murphy |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The "Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |journal=NYAME AKUMA, the Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists |date=June 2007 |issue=67 |url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf |access-date=1 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023109/http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> Animal cults in the Upper Paleolithic, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults.<ref name=Narr>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://concise.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=109434&fullArticle=true&tocId=52333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409074119/http://concise.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=109434&fullArticle=true&tocId=52333 |archive-date=9 April 2008 |first=Karl J. |last=Narr |title=Prehistoric religion |access-date=28 March 2008 |encyclopedia=Britannica online encyclopedia 2008}}</ref> Animal worship during the Upper Paleolithic was intertwined with hunting rites.<ref name="Narr"/> For instance, archaeological evidence from art and bear remains reveals that the bear cult apparently involved a type of sacrificial bear ceremonialism, in which a bear was shot with [[arrow]]s, finished off by a shot or thrust in the [[lung]]s, and ritually worshipped near a clay bear statue covered by a bear fur with the skull and the body of the bear buried separately.<ref name="Narr"/> Barbara Ehrenreich controversially theorizes that the sacrificial hunting rites of the Upper Paleolithic (and by extension Paleolithic cooperative big-game hunting) gave rise to war or warlike raiding during the following [[Epipaleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] or late Upper Paleolithic.<ref name="Barbara Ehrenreich"/>

The existence of anthropomorphic images and half-human, half-animal images in the Upper Paleolithic may further indicate that [[Upper Paleolithic]] humans were the first people to believe in a [[Polytheism|pantheon of gods or supernatural beings]],<ref name="mithen">{{cite book| author-link=Steve Mithen| isbn=978-0-500-05081-1| title=The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science| year=1996| publisher=Thames & Hudson| author=Steven Mithen| url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofmind00mith}}</ref> though such images may instead indicate shamanistic practices similar to those of contemporary tribal societies.<ref name="Clottes"/> The earliest known undisputed burial of a shaman (and by extension the earliest undisputed evidence of shamans and shamanic practices) dates back to the early [[Upper Paleolithic]] era ({{c.|30,000}} BP) in what is now the [[Czech Republic]].<ref name=Tedlock/> However, during the early Upper Paleolithic it was probably more common for all members of the band to participate equally and fully in religious ceremonies, in contrast to the religious traditions of later periods when religious authorities and part-time ritual specialists such as shamans, priests and medicine men were relatively common and integral to religious life.<ref name="Stavrianos"/>

Religion was possibly [[Apotropaic magic|apotropaic]]; specifically, it may have involved [[sympathetic magic]].<ref name="Miller2006"/> The [[Venus figurines]], which are abundant in the Upper Paleolithic archaeological record, provide an example of possible Paleolithic sympathetic magic, as they may have been used for ensuring success in hunting and to bring about fertility of the land and women.<ref name="McClellan"/> The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have sometimes been explained as depictions of an [[earth goddess]] similar to [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], or as representations of a goddess who is the ruler or mother of the animals.<ref name=Narr/><ref>Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwomen.html Women in the Stone Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801065954/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwomen.html |date=2010-08-01 }}", in the essay "The Venus of Willendorf" . Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> James Harrod has described them as representative of female (and male) shamanistic spiritual transformation processes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.originsnet.org/mindup.html |title=Upper Paleolithic Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind By James Harrod |publisher=Originsnet.org |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308130503/http://www.originsnet.org/mindup.html |archive-date=8 March 2010 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Abbassia Pluvial]]
* [[Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site]]
* [[Caveman]]
* [[Japanese Paleolithic]]
* [[Lascaux]]
* [[Last Glacial Maximum]]
* [[Luzia Woman]]
* [[Mousterian Pluvial]]
* [[Origins of society]]
* [[Palaeoarchaeology]]
* [[Peopling of the Americas]]
* [[Turkana Boy]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Britain/Pre-Roman}}
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).
* [https://donsmaps.com/ Donsmaps: a vast repository of Paleolithic resources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052918/http://www.miotas.org/timemap/paleolithic.cfm Interactive Timeline Simile/Timemap index of Eurasian sites]

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to the Paleolithic
|list =
{{Three-age system of Archaeology}}
{{Prehistoric technology|culture|state=expanded}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Paleolithic| ]]
[[Category:Pleistocene]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]

Kanchana (actress)

2026-03-12T15:56:01Z

MaricelaHamilton: edit

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanchana
| image = Kanchana Actress (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kanchana at an event
| birthname = Vasundhara Devi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|08|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1957–1988; 2017
}}

'''Vasundhara Devi''' (born 16 August 1939), known by her [[stage name]] '''Kanchana''', is an Indian actress who primarily worked in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada]] films, in addition to [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girija Pandey, Kanchana donate crores to TTD |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article849193.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021011917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article849193.ece |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=26 October 2010 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kanchana was born as Vasundhara Devi on 16 August 1939 in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name="dob">{{cite magazine |last=Ramachandban |first=T. M. |date=9 May 1964 |title=Sridhars's New Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98085/page/n108/mode/1up |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]]}}</ref> His father, Sathyanarayana Sasthri, was a civil engineer and his mother, Vidhyulatha, was a housewife. From a young age, Kanchana exhibited a strong artistic inclination, which was nurtured alongside her academic pursuits. She learned [[Bharatanatyam]] at an early age and performed her [[Arangetram (dance)|Arangetram]] at the Museum Theatre when she was just nine years old.<ref name="dob" />

Kanchana pursued her education at [[Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai|Good Shepherd Convent]], where she excelled in her studies. She later attended [[Ethiraj College for Women]], where she continued to distinguish herself as a talented student. During her college years, she began participating in stage plays, notably portraying [[Celia (As You Like It)|Celia]] in ''[[As You Like It]]'' and Sita in Manohar’s popular play ''Lankeswaran''.<ref name="dob" />

== Career ==
Initially interested in a career as an air hostess, Kanchana left college during her Intermediate studies to join [[Indian Airlines]]. However, her artistic aspirations soon led her to the film industry. While on a trip to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], director [[Mahesh Kaul]] noticed her and offered her a screen test. Around the same time, producer Chezhian introduced her to director [[C. V. Sridhar]] at the Madras airport. Sridhar recognized her potential and offered her a role, which she accepted, preferring to start her film career in her hometown.<ref name="dob" />

=== Film career ===
Kanchana had acted in minor roles in [[Suvarna Sundari|Suvarna sundari]] / [[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]] (1957) film and [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seeta]] (1960) film but in January 1963, Kanchana joined Chithralaya as a permanent artist, marking the beginning of her acting career. Sridhar gave her the lead role in his film ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1963) and changed her name to Kanchana, since there was already another actress named [[Vasundhara Devi]], mother of actress [[Vyjayanthimala]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=18 August 2012 |title='Nothing is permanent' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/nothing-is-permanent/article3790964.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Her performance in the film received critical acclaim, setting the stage for her future success in the film industry.<ref name="dob" />

Kanchana acted in over 150 films – Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi, with a successful acting career. She had a successful career in Tamil films, especially between 1964 and 1977 as a lead heroine. Her critically acclaimed films include ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'', ''Thedi Vantha Thirumagal'', ''[[Parakkum Paavai]]'', ''[[Kodimalar]]'', ''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]'', ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'', ''Naalum Therindavan'', ''[[Thangai]]'', ''Thulabaram'', ''Ponnu Mappilai'', ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'', ''Chella Penn'', ''Uthiravindri Ulle Vaa'', ''Vilaiyaattu Pillai'', ''Sivanda Mann'', ''Nyayam Ketkirom'', ''Avalukendru Or Manam'', and ''Engalakkum Kaadhal Varum''. She retired from films in the mid-80s itself.<ref>{{cite news |title= Star then, a stoic now |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031002950300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625131437/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031002950300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 March 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2005, she was presented with the [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] award and in 2007 the [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] Swarna Kankanam award.<ref name="hindu2007">{{cite news |title=Yesteryear diva looks back |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/27/stories/2007092761160600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084040/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/27/stories/2007092761160600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2007 |access-date=13 March 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |title= Yesteryear heroine wins property, donates to TTD|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article294827.ece?service=print |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141222182536/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article294827.ece?service=print |url-status= dead |archive-date= 22 December 2014 |work= The New Indian Express |date=10 October 2010 |access-date=23 November 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In Tamil, her pairing with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] was the most famous with all their films - Adhey Kangal, Kadhalikka Neram Illai, Utharavindri Ullevaa, Kadhal Jyoti, Thedivandha Thirumagal and Naalum Therindavan being hits. She acted in some films with [[R. Muthuraman]] including ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'', ''[[Kodimalar]]'', ''[[Thulabharam]]'' (Tamil version), ''[[Thangai]]'', ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' and ''[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]''. She also acted with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Sivandha Mann]]'', which was a blockbuster hit along with ''[[Vilayattu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]''.

She did two films with [[MGR]] - ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]'' and ''[[Parakkum Paavai]]'' as the second lead heroine of the film. Apart from that, she was paired with many Tamil heroes like [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[Sivakumar]] in Tamil. Her last film as lead heroine in Tamil was [[Avan Oru Sarithiram]] in Tamil and Babruvahana in Kannada, both in 1977. Her performances in the movies ''Pavitra Bandham'' & ''Manchivaadu'' were well appreciated and recognized.<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/research/untold/untold_kanchana.html Idle Brain]. Idle Brain. Retrieved on 9 June 2012.</ref> She played [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] in the film ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]''. The following year she acted in the Annapurna Pictures' film ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]'' with veteran director [[K. Viswanath]]. She acted with [[Krishnam Raju]] in some glamorous roles in ''Neeti Nijayitee'' (1972), ''[[Parivartana (1975 film)|Parivartana]] (1975)'', ''Nenante Nene'' and ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' in addition to ''[[Shri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967).

After her retirement as a heroine, she acted in supporting roles in films such as ''[[Ananda Bhairavi]]'', [[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra|''Srimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra'']], ''[[Jhonny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' and ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''. Kanchana appeared in an OLX commercial (Telugu/Tamil) in 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Old Treasure Found : Starring the Legend Kanchana - Tamil | date=26 July 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EI66OedC2vw |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en}}</ref> She made her comeback to films with [[Arjun Reddy]] in 2017 as the titular character's grandmother.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Personal life==
The actress later won back her properties in T. Nagar, Chennai around 6 grounds, with the Court ruling against her parents. It was learned that one day her father took the signature of Kanchana on a white paper and without her knowledge converted total assets on his name. After a long legal battle, she won and regained her wealth. {{citation needed|date=February 2021}}. Kanchana along with her sister, Girija, donated their property in Chennai, then worth around Rs. 100 crores, to [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD) on 25 October 2010.<ref name="Zee News">{{cite news |title=TTD not to sell land donated by yesteryear actress |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ttd-not-to-sell-land-donated-by-yesteryear-actress_666270.html|work= Zee News |date=6 November 2010 |access-date=23 November 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="IBN Live">{{cite news |title= Yesteryears dream girl has a dream today - IBNLive|url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yesteryears-dream-girl-has-a-dream-today/233460-60-120.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20141123152540/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yesteryears-dream-girl-has-a-dream-today/233460-60-120.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 November 2014|work= IBN Live |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=23 November 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She is currently residing in [[Bangalore]].

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1965 || ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]'' || Savitri/Sarala
|
|-
| ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' ||Kanchanamala
|
|-
| ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]'' || [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1966 || ''[[Navarathri (1966 film)|Navarathri]]'' ||Patient
|Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Dr. Anand]]'' ||Vijaya
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1967 || ''[[Ave Kallu]]'' || Susheela
|
|-
| ''[[Prana Mithrulu]]'' ||Padmavathi
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchu Kota]]'' ||Dancer
|Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Private Master]]'' ||Sundari
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]''||Sathyabhama
|
|-
| ''[[Marapurani Katha]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1968 || ''[[Manchi Kutumbam]]'' ||Sharadha
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhipotu Dongalu]]'' || Malli
|
|-
| ''[[Nenante Nene]]'' ||Geetha
|
|-
| ''Deva Kanya'' || Kinnera/Lalasa
|
|-
| ''[[Veeranjaneya]]'' ||[[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thalli Prema]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalisochina Adrushtam]]'' ||Sobha
|
|-
| ''Vintha Kapuram''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview}}</ref>||Vijaya
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Kodallu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1969 || ''[[Bhale Mastaru]]'' || Vijaya
|
|-
| ''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Saptaswaralu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Natakala Rayudu]]'' || Geetha Devi
|
|-
| ''Jarigina Katha'' ||
|
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' || Padma
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1971 || ''[[Kalyana Mandapam]]'' ||Devadasi
|
|-
| ''Pavitra Bandham'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Amaayakuraalu]]'' || Shobha
|
|-
| ''[[Rangeli Raja]]'' || Vijaya
|
|-
| ''Andam Kosam Pandem'' || Malathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1972 || ''[[Raitu Kutumbam]]'' || Radha
|
|-
| ''Manchi Rojulu Vachchaayi'' ||Geetha
|
|-
| ''Vamsodharakudu'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1973 || ''Pedda Koduku'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]'' ||Bahina Bai
|
|-
| ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' ||Geetha
|
|-
| ''[[Manchivadu]]'' || Lalitha
|
|-
| ''Talli Kodukulu'' ||
|
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Tatamma Kala]]'' || Seetha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Maya Maschindra (1975 film)|Maya Maschindra]]'' || Mohini
|
|-
| ''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]'' || Geetha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 || ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]'' ||Rekha Rani
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1977 || ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' ||[[Subhadra]]
|
|-
| ''Indradhanusu'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Ramesh]]'' ||Padmaja
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|''Kalanthakulu''
|Kamala
|
|-
|''Dongala Dopidi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongala Dopidi (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SYN |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Gowri
|
|-
|''Indradhanussu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Saraswathi
|
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' || Kalavathi
|
|-
| 1981 || ''Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadasari Atha Sogasari Kodalu (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VPR/info |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>|| Kamala
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Naa Desam]]''
| Saraswati Devi
|
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Anandha Bhairavi]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]''||Govindamma
|
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Sri Datta Darsanam]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1986
|''Kirayi Mogudu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirayi Mogudu Cast Info |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/8064 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|Janaki
|
|-
|''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]''
|Savithri
|
|-
|''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''Premayanam''
|
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Arjun Reddy ]]'' ||Arjun's grandmother
|
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Spirit}}|| {{TBA}}
|
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movies !! Role !! Note
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || Kanchana || Debut film
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Veera Abhimanyu (1965 film)|Veera Abhimanyu]]'' || [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1966 || ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| ''Thedi Vantha Thirumagal'' || Susheela ||
|-
| ''[[Parakkum Paavai]]'' || Shantha ||
|-
| ''[[Kodimalar]]'' || Parvathi ||
|-
| ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1967 || ''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]'' ||Susheela ||
|-
| ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''[[Thangai]]'' || Lalitha ||
|-
| 1968|| ''Naalum Therindhvan'' || Mala ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1969 || ''Chella Penn''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnu Mappillai]]''|| Bhuvana ||
|-
| ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]''|| Malathi ||
|-
| ''[[Thulabaram]]'' || Vatsala ||
|-
| ''[[Sivandha Mann]]'' || Chitralekha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1970 || ''Noorandu Kaalam Vazgha'' || Leela ||
|-
| ''[[Vilaiyaattu Pillai]]''|| Indu ||
|-
| ''Kadhal Jothi'' || Dr. Suguna ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971 || ''[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Nyayam Ketkirom]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Engalakkum Kaadhal Varum'' || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]'' || Kalpana ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979 || ''Ninaivil Oru Malar'' || ||
|-
| ''Neethiyaa Nyayamaa''|| ||
|-
| ''Jaya Nee Jayichutte''|| ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Jhonny (1980 film)|Johnny]]''|| Johnny's mother ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Lorry Driver Rajakannu]]'' || Ramu's wife ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Pagadai Panirendu]]'' || Anand's mother ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Kattukkulle Thiruvizha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Mouna Ragam|Mouna Raagam]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]'' || Maheswari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''Naanum Neeyum'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]'' || Kumudha ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]'' || Uloochi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' || Savitri
|
|-
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || Sumati
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Biligiriya Banadalli]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aarada Gaaya]]'' || Mangala
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Jeevakke Jeeva]]'' || Seetha
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 || ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]'' || Durga
|
|-
| ''[[Pedda Gedda]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Prachanda Kulla]]'' || Rama's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983|| ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Anandha Bhairavi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || Diti
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''Maryade Mahalu'' ||
|
|-
| ''Raktha Thilaka'' || Durga
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhana]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pralayanthaka]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' || Kamakshi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1985 || ''[[Veeradhi Veera]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nanna Prathigne]]''|| Mangala
|
|-
| ''Chaduranga'' || Dr. Maheshwari
|
|-
| ''[[Bidugadeya Bedi]]'' || Ratna
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''[[Ratha Sapthami]]'' || Sharada
|
|-
| ''Beegara Pandya'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''Vijayothsava'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 || ''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakar]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Dharma Pathni'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' ||
|
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role
|-
| 1964 ||''[[Atom Bomb (film)|Atom Bomb]]'' ||
|-
| 1973 ||''[[Azhakulla Saleena]]'' || Lucyamma
|-
| 1974 ||''[[Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthree]]'' ||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Ammaayi Amma]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979 ||''Nithya Vasantham'' ||
|-
|''[[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]]''||
|-
| 1982 ||''[[Ina (film)|Ina]]'' || Aunty
|-
| 1984 ||''[[Sreekrishna Parunthu]]''|| Kumaran's mother
|-
| 1985 ||''[[Njaan Piranna Naattil]]'' |||Nandini
|}

===Hindi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Note
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]'' || Seeta ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'' || Vimla ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' || Dancer ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2023}}
* She was presented with the [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] award in 2005.
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] Swarna Kankanam award in 2007.<ref name="hindu2007"/>
*[[Kalaimamani]] award for her distinguished services for Tamil Cinema by the Government of Tamil Nadu, 2013
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] by [[Government of Karnataka|State Government Of Karnataka]] in 2017

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0437147}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanchana}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]

Udayanraje Bhosale

2026-03-03T11:20:20Z

MaricelaHamilton:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Udayanraje Bhosale
| image = Udayraje Bhosale.jpg
| caption = Chhatrapati Udayanraje Bhosale
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| residence = Jalmandir Palace, [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]

| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara, Maharashtra]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shriniwas Patil]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara, Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = May 2009
| term_end1 = September 2019 (Resigned)
| predecessor1 = [[Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil]]
| successor1 = [[Shriniwas Patil]]
| office4 = Minister of State for Revenue, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| constituency4 =
| term_start4 = 1998
| term_end4 = 1999
| predecessor4 =
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 3 April 2020
| term_end3 = 4 June 2024
| constituency3 = [[Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| predecessor3 = [[Amar Shankar Sable]]
| successor3 = [[Dhairyashil Patil]]
| office5 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = [[Satara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| term_start5 = 05 June 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/S13/MT-264-LA.HTML |title=Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra Code - S13 Assembly Constituency - 264-Satara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108184731/http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/S13/MT-264-LA.HTML|access-date=14 January 2021|archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref>
| term_end5 = 07 October 1999
| preceded5 = Abhaysinh Raje Bhosle
| successor5 = Abhaysinh Raje Bhosle
| otherparty = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (1999-2019)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2019)
| spouse = Damayanti Raje Bhosale
| parents =
| relatives = [[Bhonsle dynasty]]
| children = 2
| education = Production Engineering (DIBM)<ref name="Profile"/>
| father = Pratapsinh Raje Bhosale
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
Udayanraje Bhosale (born 24 February 1966) is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[Loksabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], from [[Maharashtra]] since 2024 from [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="RajyaSabha">{{cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-pawar-ramdas-athawale-udayanraje-bhosale-among-seven-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74695518.cms |title=Sharad Pawar, Ramdas Athawale, Udayanraje Bhosale among seven elected to Rajya Sabha |work=Pune Mirror |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009222944/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-pawar-ramdas-athawale-udayanraje-bhosale-among-seven-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/74695518.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bhosale is the 13th holder of the titulary title of [[Chhatrapati#Chhatrapatis of Satara|Chhatrapati]] which was adopted by the [[Maratha king]] [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosale]] upon his coronation in 1674.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?208106| title=Chhatrapati's children|last=Anandan|first=Sujata|date=20 September 2009|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref>

He is addressed as Chhatrapati by some in the media, however the title is entirely ceremonial and in the role of a [[pretender]].

==Personal life==
Bhosale was born in [[Nashik]] to Pratapsingh and Kalpanaraje. He studied Production Engineering. He married Damayantiraje on 20 November 2003. They have a son and a daughter.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Udayanraje Pratapsingh Bhosale|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4389|work=Loksabha|publisher=Government of India|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201204941/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4389|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:The Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha), Satara, Maharashtra, Shri Chatrapati Udayanraje Bhosale calling on the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, in New Delhi on March 15, 2016.jpg|left|thumb| Udayanraje Bhosale with Suresh Prabhu, then Union Minister for Railways]]
Bhosale was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (1998-1999) and the Minister for Revenue of Maharashtra in the Sena-BJP Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981128/33350414.html|title=350 years on, Afzal Khan is back in the news|last= Datta |first=Saikat |date=28 November 2008|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990917/ipo17029.html|title=Verdict in high-profile murder trial on Friday|date=28 June 2001|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> In [[2009 Indian general election|2009]], [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] parliamentary elections he was elected to the Lok Sabha as a [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate from [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ncp-s-problem-how-to-discipline-maverick-udayan_1267166|title=NCP's problem; How to discipline maverick Udayan|last=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|date=21 June 2009|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> In September 2019, he resigned from NCP and announced his return from NCP to the BJP ahead of the Maharashtra legislative assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=In setback for Sharad Pawar's NCP, Satara MP Udayanraje Bhosale joins BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-setback-for-sharad-pawars-ncp-satara-mp-udayanraje-bhosale-joins-bjp-5994481/ |access-date=14 September 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 September 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He lost the Lok Sabha by-poll in October 2019. In 2020 he was elected to Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra.<ref name="RajyaSabha"/> He won from Satara Lok Sabha in 2024 election as a BJP candidate by a margin of 32,771 votes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4389 Fifteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Bhosale, Shri Udayanraje Pratapsingh]

{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Udyanraje}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam

2026-03-03T09:47:22Z

MaricelaHamilton: added basic post basic info - done

{{short description|Indian thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam
| image = Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[M. A. Nishad]]
| writer = M. A. Nishad
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = K V Abdul Nazar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]]
*[[Sshivada]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vivekh Menon
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| music = '''Songs''' [[M. Jayachandran]] '''Score:''' Manoj Sharrma
| studio = Benzy Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam ''''' ({{Translation|The beginning of an investigation}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language investigating [[crime]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[M. A. Nishad]] starring [[Shine Tom Chacko]] and [[Vani Viswanath]], and also featuring [[Sshivada]], [[Swasika]], [[Durga Krishna]], [[Anumol]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and Nishad.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Journalist Jeeven Thomas
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Sivamalli, Tenkasi Bhagavathipuram Village Don
*[[Sshivada]] as Ruby, Jeevan's Love Interest
*[[Swasika]] as Kottayam Crime Branch ACP Sreya Menon [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Durga Krishna]] as Kottayam Crime Branch [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Soumya
*[[Anumol]] as Aani Alex, Stephen ex-lover and main antagonist
*[[Samuthirakani]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] S.Vetrivel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Tamil Nadu Police]], Tenkasi SP
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Kottayam [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Premkumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[M. A. Nishad]] as Kottayam Crime Branch [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Issac Maman
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Thommi Thekkumkala
*[[Baiju Santhosh]] as Sunil Mani, A Journalist
*[[Johny Antony]] as Kuriakose, Issac's Friend
*[[Alexander Prasanth]] as Kottayam Crime Branch [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Prathapan
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Seban/Thankachan
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Idukki MP Stephen, The Main Antagonist and Annie's Ex-lover
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Thomas Koshi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Sudheesh]] as Ubaid
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Adv. Vinayachandran, Jeevan's Advocate
*[[Sminu Sijo]] as [[Judge]]
*[[Manju Pillai]] as Mollykutty, Issac's Wife
*[[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Dr. Babu Joseph
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Avarachan
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Rajesh Jeevan's friend
*[[Shaheen Siddique]] as Kottayam Crime Branch [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Habeeb Mohammad
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Coach Suresh Babu
*[[Biju Sopanam]] as Kottayam Crime Branch [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Achuthan
*[[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Bishop Mar Chrystostom
*[[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Rajeev Jeevan's friend
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as Joseph, Volga Bar MD and Annie's Father
*[[Jayakrishnan]] as Alex, Annie's Husband
*[[Abhija Sivakala]] as Kaari Shantha
*[[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] as Liji
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Mariamma, Annie's Mother
*[[Uma Nair]] as Asha Madam
*[[Aneesh Gopal]]
*[[Chembil Ashokan]]
*[[Sandhya Manoj]] as Tara, A Journalist
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Dubai; Kochi, Kottayam, Kuttalam and Kuttikkanam in Kerala; Punjab; and Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Z">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ച അന്വേഷണം, മികവ് പുലർത്തി അഭിനേതാക്കളും; ഗംഭീര പ്രതികരണം നേടി 'ഒരു അന്വേഷണത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കം' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-getting-good-response-running-successfully-in-theatres-212421 |website=Zee News Malayalam |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127064518/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-getting-good-response-running-successfully-in-theatres-212421 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[M. Jayachandran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2024 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |website=Cinema Express |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127042013/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Aale Patha" - Akila Ravindran (lyrics by [[Palani Bharathi]] [Tamil])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Watch: First Single Aale Paatha From Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam Released! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-first-single-aale-paatha-from-oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-released-article-114887564 |website=Times Now |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127042013/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-first-single-aale-paatha-from-oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-released-article-114887564 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Kaalam Thelinju" - [[Kapil Kapilan]], Nikhil Raj, and Jaswinder Singh Sangha (lyrics by Prabha Varma, Kunwar Juneja [Punjabi])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=Watch: New Single Kaalam Thelinju From Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam Released! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-new-single-kaalam-thelinju-from-oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-released-article-115028266 |website=Times Now |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127042013/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-new-single-kaalam-thelinju-from-oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-released-article-115028266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Writer-director MA Nishad's Oru Anveishinathinte Thudakam starts strong, but gets a bit problematic with overwriting and over direction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=9 Nov 2024 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam Movie Review : An investigative thriller that meanders too much |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam/movie-review/115088262.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "If ''Anweshipin Kandethum'' and ''Thalavan'' topped the list of best investigation thrillers this year, Nishad's ''Oru Anveshanathinte Thudakkam'' is also equally good".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Oru Anveshanathinte Thudakkam': An impressive Kannur Squad equivalent, but with more women power |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/11/08/oru-anveshanathinte-thudakkam-shine-tom-chacko-mukesh-ma-nishad-movie-review.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=2025-01-27 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209205303/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/11/08/oru-anveshanathinte-thudakkam-shine-tom-chacko-mukesh-ma-nishad-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "''Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam'' is a satisfactory watch despite its tendency to wear out the audience's patience through its long runtime".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: A Satisfactory Watch Despite Its Long-Wound Story-telling |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-a-satisfactory-watch-despite-its-longwound-storytelling-review-115092770 |website=Times Now |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127043126/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-a-satisfactory-watch-despite-its-longwound-storytelling-review-115092770 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|33509307}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

2019–20 TRAU FC season

2026-03-01T22:22:30Z

MaricelaHamilton: Added New Details.

{{Short description|2019–20 season of TRAU FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
| season = 2019–20
| manager = [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]
| mgrtitle = Head Coach
| chairman =
| chrtitle =
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| league = [[2019–20 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = [[2019–20 I-League|''11th'']]
| cup1 = [[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
| cup1 result = Group Stage
| cup2 =
| cup2 result =
| league topscorer =
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| largest win =
| largest loss =
| prevseason = 2019–20
| nextseason = [[2020–21 TRAU FC season|2020–21]]
}}

The 2019–20 season is [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]'s first season in the [[I-League]] after winning the [[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-promotion-second-division-league-indian-football-trau-fc/article27178971.ece|title=TRAU FC wins Second Division League, qualifies for I-League|first=Team|last=Sportstar|website=Sportstar|date=19 May 2019 }}</ref> This season they are participating in the [[I-League]], [[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]].

== Senior team squad ==
{{updated|5 September 2019}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=GK|name=Shayan Roy}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=GK|name=Gurpreet Singh Chabhal}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=GK|name= Bishorjit Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=Rahul Das}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=NGA| pos=DF|name=[[Oguchi Uche]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=UGA| pos=DF|name=[[Isaac Isinde]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=[[Denechandra Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=[[Deepak Devrani]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=Tanmoy Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=Jimmi maibam Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=[[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=DF|name=[[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|Ramandeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=MF|name=Biaklian Paite}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=MF|name=Robinson Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=MF|name=[[Loken Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=IND| pos=MF|name=[[Abhinas Ruidas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=KNA| pos=MF|name=[[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=BRA| pos=FW|name=[[Julio Cesar Moreira Ribeiro|Julio Cesar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=NGA| pos=FW|name=Princewell Emeka}}
{{Fs player|no=–|nat=BRA| pos=FW|name=[[Marcel Sacramento]]}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Pritam Singh (footballer)|Pritam Singh]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=-|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bedashwor Singh]]|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

== Transfers ==
=== Transfers in ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| From
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.
|-
| 1 July 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Bishorjit Singh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| none
|
|-
| 1 July 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bedashwor Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]]
| none
|
|-
| 8 July 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Gurpreet Singh Chabhal
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| none
|
|-
| 13 July 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Biaklian Paite
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| none
|
|-
| 31 July 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Jimmy Maibam Singh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Chhinga Veng]]
| none
|
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Robinson Singh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC 'B']]
| none
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-indian-super-league-2019-20-season-team-preview-bengaluru-fc/340199%22 | title=Indian Super League 2019-20 Season: Team Preview – Bengaluru FC | website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abhinas Ruidas]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| none
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mullick |first1=Sounak |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/indian-football-transfers-abhinas-ruidas-signs-for-i-league-debutants-trau-fc|title=Indian football transfers: Abhinas Ruidas signs for I-League debutants TRAU FC}}</ref>
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Denechandra Meitei]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| none
|
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Deepak Devrani]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| none
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-i-league-debutants-trau-fc-sign-eight-footballers-including-four-foreigners|title=Indian football transfers: I-League debutants TRAU FC sign eight footballers including four foreigners |date=4 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| none
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/indian-football-transfer-news-trau-fc-sign-brazilian-striker-marcel-sacramento-along-with-three-indian-players|title=Indian football transfer news: TRAU FC sign Brazilian striker Marcel Sacramento along with three Indian players}}</ref>
|-
| 6 August 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|KNA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|TRI}} [[W Connection]]
| none
|<ref>[https://www.google.com/url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-i-league-debutants-trau-fc-sign-eight-footballers-including-four-foreigners ]{{dead link|date=October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Loken Meitei]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves]]
| none
|
|-
| 3 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Tanmoy Ghosh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[South United]]
| none
|
|-
| 3 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abednego Tetteh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
| none
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 3 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|UGA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Isaac Isinde]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Kirinya–Jinja Senior Secondary School FC|Kirinya–Jinja]]
| none
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 3 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| none
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 4 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Oguchi Uche]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Heartland F.C.|Heartland]]
| none
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 5 September 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Marcel Sacramento]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Erbil SC]]
| none
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| 14 December 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Julio Cesar Moreira Ribeiro|Julio Cesar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|THA}} [[North Bangkok University F.C.|North Bangkok University FC]]
| none
|-
| 2 January 2020
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|SCO}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[David Goodwillie]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Clyde F.C.|Clyde]]
| £50,000
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| To
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.
|-
| 1 January 2020
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abednego Tetteh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NEROCA FC]]
| Released
|-
|}

== Current technical staff ==
:''As of 11 January 2019.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head Coach
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]
|-
| Technical Director
| {{flagicon|IND}} L Nandakumar Singh <ref>{{cite web|title=Will aim for next season's I League: TRAU's secretary|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport5.241218.dec18|work=e-pao.net|accessdate=9 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| Assistant Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} KH Surmani
|-
| Goalkeeping Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Joykumar
|}

== Competitions ==
{{Fb overview2
|c=2
{{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#A9A9A9|Cancelled|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|c1=[[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] |fm1=8 August 2019 |lm1=18 August 2019 |sr1=[[2019 Durand Cup|Group Stage]] |fp1=[[2019 Durand Cup|Group Stage]] |w1=0 |l1=2 |d1=1 |f1=1 |a1=5
|c2=[[2019–20 I-League|I League]] |fm2=30 November 2019 |lm2=TBD |sr2=— |fp2= —|w2=4 |l2=3 |d2=2 |f2=7 |a2=10
|c3=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]|fm3=TBD|lm3=TBD |sr3=|fp3= —|w3=0|l3=0|d3=0|f3=0|a3=0
|u={{Start date|2019|12|15|df=y}}.
}}

==I-league==
{{Main|2019–20 I-League}}

=== league Table ===
=== Result summary ===
{{Fb_rs |hw=1 |hd=2 |hl= |hgf=4 |hga=3 |aw=1 |ad=0 |al=3 |agf=3 |aga=7}}

=== Results by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header = Round
|label1 = Ground
| res1 = A /A /A /H /H /H /A /A /H /H /H /A /A /H /A /A /H /H /H /A
|label2 = Result
| res2 = L /L /L/D/D/W/W/W
|label3 = Position
| res3 = 11 /11 /11/10/11/9/9/3/

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=
|updated=10 December 2019
}}

=== Matches ===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixtures|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=1
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=1 December 2019
|team1=[[Chennai City FC]]
|team2= TRAU
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=8,882
|location=[[Coimbatore]]
|score=1–0
|report=
|goals1=|goals2=
|referee=O. Thakur
|result=L
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=2
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=11 December 2019
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|score=4–0
|report=|goals1=*[[Francisco Javier González Muñoz|González]] {{goal|5||46}}
*[[Suhair VP|Suhair]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Nongdamba Naorem|Naorem]] {{yel|57}}
*Gurjinder {{yel|74}}
*Subha {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=*[[Abednego Tetteh]] {{yel|32}}
*Meitei {{yel|70}}
|referee=
|result=L
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=3
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=14 December 2019
|team1=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=9,882
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|score=2-1
|report=
|goals1=*[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|17}} [[Marti Crespi Pascual]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2=*[[Deepak Devrani|Deepak]] {{goal|45}}
|referee=Raktim Saha
|result=L
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=4
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=22 December 2019
|team1=TRAU
|team2=[[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=11,232
|location=[[Imphal]]|score=2-2
|report=
|goals1={{goal|78||82}}Princewell Emeka
|goals2={{goal|27||84}}[[Mason Robertson]]
|referee=
|result=D
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=5
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=4 January 2020
|team1=TRAU
|team2=[[Punjab F.C.|Punjab]]
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=10,564
|location=[[Imphal]]|score=0-0
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=Dipu roy
|result=D
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=6
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=8 January 2020
|team1=TRAU
|team2=[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=23,682
|location=[[Imphal]]|score=2-1
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=W
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=7
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=12 January 2020
|team1=[[Indian Arrows]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|attendance=
|location=[[Goa]]
|score=0-2
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=W
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=8
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=19 January 2020
|team1=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance=1260
|location=[[Goa]]
|score=1-2
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=W
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=9
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=25 January 2020
|team1=TRAU
|team2=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=
|location=[[Imphal]]
|score=2-1
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=W
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=10
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=2 February 2020
|team1=[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=
|location=[[Calicut]]|score=
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=
|motm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round=11
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date=8 February 2020
|team1=[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|team2=TRAU
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=
|location=[[Imphal]]|score=
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|referee=
|result=
|motm=
}}

=== [[2019 Durand Cup]] ===
=== Group D ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D

|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_TRAU=[[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]


|update=18 August 2019
|win_IAF=1 |draw_IAF=1 |loss_IAF=1 |gf_IAF=1 |ga_IAF=3 |status_IAF=
|win_CFC=0 |draw_CFC=2 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=0 |ga_CFC=4 |status_CFC=
|win_GKFC=3 |draw_GKFC=0 |loss_GKFC=0 |gf_GKFC=11 |ga_GKFC=1 |status_GKFC=
|win_TRAU=0 |draw_TRAU=1 |loss_TRAU=2 |gf_TRAU=1 |ga_TRAU=5 |status_TRAU=


|team1=GKFC |team2=IAF |team3=TRAU |team4=CFC
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>
{{football box collapsible
|date= 9 August 2019
|time= 15:00
|team1= [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|score=0–1
|report=https://durandcup.in/matches/trau-fc-vs-air-force/
|team2= [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|goals1=
|goals2=Mohammed Aqib {{goal|65}}
|stadium= [[Sailen Manna Stadium|Howrah Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 17 August 2019
|time=15:00
|team1= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score= abandoned
|report=https://durandcup.in/matches/chennaiyin-fc-vs-trau-f-c/
|team2= [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Sailen Manna Stadium|Howrah Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 18 August 2019
|time=15:00
|team1= [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|score= 1-4
|report=
|team2= [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1=
*[[Rger]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2=
* [[Marcus Joseph|Joseph]] {{goal|57||64||79}}
*[[Andre Etianne]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium= [[Sailen Manna Stadium|Howrah Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result = L
}}

== Goalscorers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:95%;"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| Rank
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| {{tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; "| Player
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| I League
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| Durand Cup
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| Super Cup
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:10%;"| Total
|-
|1
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nganbam Naocha Singh]]
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|1
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|1
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meitalkeishangbam Roger]]
|
|1
|
|1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019-20 TRAU F.C. season}}
[[Category:TRAU FC seasons]]
[[Category:2019–20 I-League by team|TRAU]]

Shri K. Singh

2026-02-13T10:06:39Z

MaricelaHamilton: Refined content and updated sections

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2010}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''S. K. Singh''' was a professor of mathematics from [[University of Missouri]] - [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]. He received his Ph.D. on the Entire and [[Meromorphic function]]s from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1953. His advisor was [[S. M. Shah]]. Singh was one of the founder fathers and Head of the Department of Mathematics, [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwar]].<ref>[http://www.kud.ernet.in/PG_Deparments/Science_Departments/Mathamatics/maths.htm Karnataka University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613160628/http://www.kud.ernet.in/PG_Deparments/Science_Departments/Mathamatics/maths.htm |date=2008-06-13 }}</ref>

==Notes==
* [http://www.amu.ac.in/ Aligarh Muslim University]
* {{MathGenealogy|id=43817}}
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shri K.}}
[[Category:University of Missouri–Kansas City faculty]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{US-mathematician-stub}}

Sushama Shiromanee

2026-02-12T03:06:27Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sushama Shiromanee
| image = [[File:Sushama Shiromanee 2019.jpg|frameless]]
| alt =
| caption = Shiromanee With Lifetime Achievement Award By Maharashtra State Film Awards 2019
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| alma mater =
| known_for = [[Pyar Ka Karz]], Bhannat Bhanu, Gulchhadi,
| occupation = [[Film Producer]]
| years_active = 1958–present
| awards = Chitrapati V.Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award.Gov.of Maharashtra 2019/20<ref>{{cite web |title=राज्य शासनाचे चित्रपती व्ही. शांताराम आणि राज कपूर पुरस्कार घोषित |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/v-shantaram-and-raj-kapoor-awards-and-special-contribution-award-declared/articleshow/69498240.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='व्ही. शांताराम पुरस्कार ऑस्करपेक्षाही मोठा' |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/v-shantaram-award-bigger-than-oscar/articleshow/69509156.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Sushama Shiromanee''' is an actress, producer and a director who has worked across several regional film industries, including: Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati. She served as the president of the Indian Motion Pictures Producers Association (IMPPA) from 2004 to 2005 and has held the position of senior vice-president since 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPPA represents Indian Film Industry at Cannes |url=https://bollyy.com/entertainment/imppa-represents-indian-film-industry-at-cannes-4579823 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Strike ends, favourite soaps to be back {{!}} Kya Dill Mein Hai |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/forum/kya-dill-mein-hai/1078874/strike-ends-favourite-soaps-to-be-back |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

She is known for directing films such as: [[Pyar Ka Karz]]''(1990),''[[Kanoon (1994 film)]]'' and ''Bijli'' and Marathi films like ''Bhingari'', ''Fatakadi''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marathi Actress & IMPPA Vice-President Sushma Shiromani |url=http://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/once-again-sushma-shiromani-get-active-21391/ |publisher=Loksatta Marathi News Paper |accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMPPA Vice-President Sushma Shiromani |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/IMPPA-vice-president-gets-second-death-threat/articleshow/16045214.cms |publisher=Mumbai Mirror News Paper |accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMPPA Vice-President Sushma Shiromani-1 |url=http://afternoondc.in/city-news/imppas-sushma-shiromani-gets-death-threat/article_7393 |publisher=Afternoon News Paper |accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>''

== Career ==
She started her career in 1958 as an actress.

== Awards ==
Chitrapati [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award]].Gov.of Maharashtra 2019/20 and jeevangaurav Award<ref>{{cite web |title=स्मृती विश्वास यांना जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार निफ महोत्सव : सुषमा शिरोमणी, वर्षा उसगावकर, गजेंद्र अहिरे पुरस्काराने सन्मानित |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/memorial-award-smriti-biswas-nif-festival-sushma-shiromani-varsha-usgaonkar-gajendra-ahire-award/ |website=Lokmat |language=mr |date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Marathi films as a producer ===
* Bijli (1986)
* Gulchhadi (1984)
* Bhannat Bhanu (1982)<ref>{{cite web |title='भन्नाट भानू' चित्रपटातील भानू आठवतेय ना, आता ओळखणंही झालंय कठीण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/do-you-remember-bhanu-movie-bhannat-bhanu-now-it-difficult-recognize-him-a603/ |website=Lokmat |language=mr |date=27 September 2021}}</ref>
* Mosambi Narangi (1981)
* Fatakadi(1980)
* Bhingari(1976)
* Tevdha Shodhun Bola (1974)

===Hindi films as a producer===
*''[[Prem Geet 3]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=First Indo-Nepali film Prem Geet 3 all set to greet the audience with its teaser and trailer |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/first-indo-nepali-film-prem-geet-3-all-set-to-greet-the-audience-with-its-teaser-and-trailer20220813164538/ |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Kanoon (1994 film)|Kanoon]]''(1994)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sushma Shiromani Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Sushma Shiromani{{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sushma-Shiromani/movies |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]'' (1990)

===Hindi and Marathi films as a director===
* [[Kanoon (1994 film)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=KanoonA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kanoon/movieshow/61260627.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Sonal Sundari (1985) Guajrati
* Gulchhadi (1984)
* Bhannat Bhanu (1982)

===Hindi and Marathi films as an actress===
* Chitamani Surdas (1988)
* Bijli (1986)
* Inteqam Ki Aag (1986)
* Sonal Sundari (1985)
* Gulchhadi(1984)
* Bhannat Bhanu (1982)
* Mosambi Narangi (1981)
* Fatakadi (1980)<ref>{{cite web |title='फटाकडी' चित्रपटातील ही अभिनेत्री आठवतेय ना?, आता तिला ओळखणं झालंय कठीण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-cinema/do-you-remember-this-actress-from-the-movie-fatakadi-now-it-is-difficult-to-recognize-her-a603/?utm_source=Lokmat.com&utm_medium=infiniteGallery-Desktop |website=Lokmat |language=mr |date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Maan Apmaan]] (1979)
* Kanchan ane Ganga (1978)
* Jai Ambe Maa (1977)
* Jai Randal Maa (1977)
* Bhingari (1977)
* Badla (1977)
* [[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]] ( 1977)
* [[Bajrangbali (film)]] (1976)
* Daku Aur Bhagwan (1975)
* [[Chowkidar]] (1974)
* Tevdha Shodun Bola (1974)
* Haath Lavin Tithe Sona (1973)
* Kaadu Makrani (1973) Gujarati
* Mahashivratri (1972)
* Paathrakhin (1972)
* Narad Leela (1972)
* Mai Mauli (1971)
* Daam Kari Kaam (1971)
* Mai Mauli (197)
* Purani Pehchan (1971)
* Sampoorna Devi Drashan (1971)
* [[Maa Ka Aanchal]] (1970)
* [[Sampoorna Teerth Yatra]] (1970)
* Begunah (1970)
*''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970)

=== As Child Artist ===
* Jyoti (1968)
* Satiche Van (1968)
* Sati Sulochana (1968)
* [[Talash (1969 film)]]
* Balram Shri Krishna(1968)
* Fareb (1968)
* Sati Arudhanti (1968)
* Yethe Shahane Rahtat (1968)
* Jung Aur Aman (1968)
* Chimukala Pahuna (1967)
* Kaka Mala Vachwa (1967)
* Thaamb Lakshmi Kanku Lavatey (1967)
* Gurukilli (1966)
* Kunwari (1966)
* Patlachi Soon (1966)
* Sheras Savva Sher (1966)
* Pavanakathcha Dhondi (1966)
* [[Nai Umar Ki Nai Fasal]] (1965)
* Sudharlelya Biaka (1965)
* [[Teen Devian]] (1965)
* [[Bheegi Raat]] (1965)
* [[Sehra (film)]] (1963)
* Talaaq (1958)
* Sone ki Chidiya (1958)
* [[Lajwanti]] (1958)

=== Hindi film as a distributor ===
* [[Khote Sikkay|Khotey Sikkay]]
* Naag Panchami

==See also==
*[[Marathi cinema]]
*[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
*[[List of Marathi film actresses]]
*[[Indian Motion Picture Producers Association]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPPA Annual General Meeting of EC Member |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/imppa-annual-general-meeting-of-ec-member/81878675.html |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
*[[List of people from Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1421793|Sushama Shiromanee}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|celebrity/sushma_shiromani}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiromanee, Sushama}}
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}
{{India-film-producer-stub}}

Sarath Babu

2026-02-11T18:29:57Z

MaricelaHamilton: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian actor (1951–2023)}}
{{For|disambiguation|Sarath (disambiguation){{!}}Sarath}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarath Babu
| image = Sarath Babu IFFI 2009.jpg
| caption = Babu in 2009
| birth_name = Sathyam Babu Dixithulu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|07|31}}
| birth_place = [[Amadalavalasa]], [[Srikakulam district]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|05|22|1951|07|31}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Rama Prabha]]|1974|1988|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Sneha Nambiar |1990|2016|reason=divorced}}
}}
| years_active = 1973–2023
| othername = sharat
}}

'''Sathyam Babu Dixithulu''' (31 July 1951 – 22 May 2023), known by his stage name '''Sarath Babu''', was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. He appeared in more than 300 films, including in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and a few [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] films. He has received eight state [[Nandi Awards]].

Babu was noted for his height, handsome looks, and charming smile throughout his acting career, which spanned for around five decades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=Sarath Babu no more {{!}} An actor with a compelling screen presence and sartorial elegance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sarath-babu-no-more-an-actor-with-a-compelling-screen-presence-and-sartorial-elegance/article66880329.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523065733/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sarath-babu-no-more-an-actor-with-a-compelling-screen-presence-and-sartorial-elegance/article66880329.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite his transition over years, his smile was always constant: KS Ravikumar on Sarath Babu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/22/despite-his-transition-over-years-his-smile-was-always-constant-ks-ravikumar-onsarath-babu-43726.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=CinemaExpress |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224503/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/22/despite-his-transition-over-years-his-smile-was-always-constant-ks-ravikumar-onsarath-babu-43726.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was known for his compelling screen presence, especially known for his camaraderie with [[Rajinikanth]] in the films where the duo acted together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Rajinikanth mourns demise of Sarath Babu: 'I have lost my dear friend…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-mourns-demise-of-sarath-babu-i-have-lost-my-dear-friend-8623452/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523161022/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-mourns-demise-of-sarath-babu-i-have-lost-my-dear-friend-8623452/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He had also shared screen space with [[Kamal Haasan]] in many films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=Actor Sarath Babu dies after a prolonged illness |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sarath-babu-dies-after-a-prolonged-illness/article66880288.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523072853/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sarath-babu-dies-after-a-prolonged-illness/article66880288.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sarath Babu was born as Sathyam Babu Dixithulu on 31 July 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2015|title=నేడు నటుడు శరత్ బాబు పుట్టినరోజు|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-135369|url-status=live|website=[[Andhra Jyothi]]|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512173225/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-135369}} (in [[Telegu language|Telegu]])</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2019|title=Yesteryear actress Rama Prabha claims her ex Sarath Babu cheated her|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yesteryear-actress-rama-prabha-claims-her-ex-sarath-babu-cheated-her-1445880-2019-02-03|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-01|website=India Today|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192904/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yesteryear-actress-rama-prabha-claims-her-ex-sarath-babu-cheated-her-1445880-2019-02-03}}</ref> He was in a live-in relationship with Telugu actress [[Rama Prabha]] during the 1980s. The duo separated themselves from the living together lifestyle in 1988, and Rama blamed Babu by making allegations that he had cheated her and snatched all of her properties in [[Chennai]]. Babu denied the allegations but admitted to being in a relationship with Rama. However, he asserted that he had no intention of unlawfully claiming others' properties. Babu himself confirmed that he was much younger than Rama when he entered into a relationship with her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarath Babu blasts Rama Prabha for cheating accusation: I was born with a silver spoon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarath-babu-blasts-rama-prabha-for-cheating-accusation-i-was-born-with-a-silver-spoon-1449652-2019-02-06 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224502/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarath-babu-blasts-rama-prabha-for-cheating-accusation-i-was-born-with-a-silver-spoon-1449652-2019-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was later married to Sneha Nambiar, daughter of [[M. N. Nambiar|M.N. Nambiar]].

== Career ==
Although Babu's father, a hotelier, wanted him to manage the family business, Babu aspired to become a police officer. However, he developed shortsightedness during his college years, which prevented him from joining the police force. Many people close to Babu felt he could enter the film industry as an actor, and though his father objected, his mother was supportive.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-26 |title=My First Break – Sarath Babu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-sarath-babu/article2662682.ece |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130154404/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-sarath-babu/article2662682.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Babu entered the film industry in 1973 through the Telugu film ''Rama Rajyam.'' He made his Tamil film debut with ''[[Pattina Pravesam]]'' (1977), directed by [[K. Balachander]]''.'' He later became popular through the Tamil film ''[[Nizhal Nijamagiradhu]]'' (1978), which was also directed by Balachander. Balachander would eventually become Babu's guru in film career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affable, big bro, iconic actor Sarath Babu passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/may/23/affable-big-bro-iconic-actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-2577728.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529000751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/may/23/affable-big-bro-iconic-actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-2577728.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Babu's maiden collaboration with Rajinikanth, ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978), which was the directorial debut for [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]], became an evergreen cult classic hit in Tamil cinema, and the film also marked an important milestone in Tamil cinema. His supporting role alongside Rajinikanth received critical acclaim, and his performance in the film's song ''Senthazham Poovil'' became the talk of the town across Tamil Nadu. He later developed a deep rooted friendship with Rajinikanth following the success of ''Mullum Malarum''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Sarath Babu passes away: 5 memorable roles of the veteran actor in Tamil films |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarath-babu-passes-away-5-memorable-roles-of-the-veteran-actor-in-tamil-films/photostory/100422641.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523135306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarath-babu-passes-away-5-memorable-roles-of-the-veteran-actor-in-tamil-films/photostory/100422641.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Babu's other collaborations with Rajinikanth, such as ''[[Annaamalai|Annamalai]]'' (1992) and ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), also stamped his authority as a go-to supporting actor and was also praised for his onscreen chemistry with Rajinikanth, which was fueled by his characterization in those films. Babu played the role of a friend for Rajinikanth before becoming his foe in ''Annamalai'' and for Babu's performance in ''Annamalai'' as a villain, it stirred memes in social media even several years after the release of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarath Babu became my Ashok in real life: Suresh Krissna |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/22/sarath-babu-became-my-ashok-in-real-life-suresh-krissna-43730.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151436/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/22/sarath-babu-became-my-ashok-in-real-life-suresh-krissna-43730.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Sarath Babu: The only actor who could slap Rajinikanth on screen without enraging fans |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarath-babu-the-only-actor-who-can-slap-rajinikanth-on-screen-without-enraging-fans-8623118/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523100949/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarath-babu-the-only-actor-who-can-slap-rajinikanth-on-screen-without-enraging-fans-8623118/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also tasted success in Kannada cinema with ''[[Amruthavarshini (film)|Amruthavarshini]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/the-top-5-films-of-sarath-babu/|title=The top 5 films of Sarath Babu — across South film industries|first1=Y. Krishna|last1=Jyothi|first2=Shashiprasad|last2=SM|work=South First|date=23 May 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205080739/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/the-top-5-films-of-sarath-babu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Babu's last film acting role came in ''[[Vasantha Mullai]]'', which released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarath Babu Dies: 5 Points On South Actor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/sarath-babu-dies-5-points-on-south-actor-4056900 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523065844/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/sarath-babu-dies-5-points-on-south-actor-4056900 |url-status=live }}</ref> Films such as ''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]'' and ''[[Por Thozhil]]'' were posthumous releases of him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarath Babu: Everybody's best friend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/sarath-babu-everybodys-best-friend-2577560.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
In April 2023, it was reported that Babu was suffering from [[sepsis]]. He died from multiple organ failure on 22 May 2023, after being admitted in a ventilator at a private hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarath Babu Passes Away: టాలీవుడ్‌లో వరుస విషాదాలు.. సీనియర్ నటుడు శరత్ బాబు మృతి |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-senior-actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-in-hyderabad-121684747314532.html |access-date=22 May 2023 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]] |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708171851/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-senior-actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-in-hyderabad-121684747314532.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was 71. Sarath Babu's final rites were performed in [[Chennai]].<ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Sarath Babu Death News: Actor Sarath Babu passes away at 71 in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-at-71-in-hyderabad/articleshow/100417354.cms |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522094721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-sarath-babu-passes-away-at-71-in-hyderabad/articleshow/100417354.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Sarath Babu in critical condition with multiple organ failure, on ventilator support |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/veteran-actor-sarath-babu-in-critical-condition-with-multi-organ-failure-on-ventilator-support-report-101682335870113.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/veteran-actor-sarath-babu-in-critical-condition-with-multi-organ-failure-on-ventilator-support-report-101682335870113.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sarath Babu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| rowspan="2" |1973 || ''Stree'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''Rama Rajyam'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Raaja'' || Advocate Ramu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Pattina Pravesam]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Panthulamma]]'' || || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1978 || ''[[Nizhal Nijamagiradhu]]'' || Venkatachalam|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Indradhanussu 1978 film|Indradhanussu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111085721/https://indiancine.ma/SGU |url-status=live }}</ref> || Nagesh || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Vattathukkul Chaduram]]'' || || Tamil
|-
|''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Gopi || rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mullum Malarum]]''|| Kumaran
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|-
| ''[[Mudi Sooda Mannan]]'' || Bhairavan
|-
| ''Ithu Eppadi Irukku'' ||
|-
| ''Nenjil Aadum Poo Ondru'' ||
|-
| rowspan="18" | 1979 || ''[[Guppedu Manasu]]'' || Buchi Babu|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Agal Vilakku]]'' || Doctor|| rowspan="4" | Tamil
|-
| ''Mambazhathu Vandu'' ||
|-
| ''Nadagame Ullagam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nool Veli]]'' ||Buchi Babu
|-
| ''[[Srungara Ramudu]]'' || Jaipal || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Idi Katha Kaadu]]'' || Bharani
|-
| ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' || Guest appearance || Tamil
|-
| ''Andamaina Anubhavam'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]'' || Gopala Krishna
|-
| ''[[Urvasi Neeve Naa Preyasi]]'' || Venu
|-
| ''Padhai Marinaal'' || || rowspan="5" | Tamil
|-
| ''Suprabatham'' ||
|-
| ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' || Prakash
|-
|''[[Chakkalathi]]'' ||Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Thisai Maariya Paravaigal]]'' || Rangamani
|-
| ''[[Sarapancharam]]'' || Swami || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Pancha Bhoothalu]]'' || || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1980 || ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' || || rowspan="4" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kannil Theriyum Kathaikal]]'' ||
|-
| ''Megathukkum Dhagam Undu'' ||
|-
| ''Manmatha Ragangal'' ||
|-
| ''[[Moodu Mulla Bandham]]'' || || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]'' || Chandrasekhar|| rowspan="8" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ponnagaram]]'' ||Raja
|-
| ''Oru Iravu Oru Paravai'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mangala Nayagi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]'' ||
|-
| ''Andharangam Oomaiyanathu'' ||
|-
| ''Pudhiya Thoranangal'' ||
|-
| ''[[Uchakattam]]'' || Dr. Kiran
|-
| rowspan="17" | 1981 || ''[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]'' || Venkata Swamy || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Enga Ooru Kannagi]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Dhanya (film)|Dhanya]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[47 Natkal]]'' || rowspan="2" |Dr Shankar|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[47 Rojulu]]'' || rowspan="4" | Telugu
|-
| ''Agni Poolu'' ||
|-
| ''Ammayi Manasu'' ||
|-
| ''Jeevitha Ratham'' || Mohan
|-
| ''[[Netrikkann]]'' || Yuvaraj|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''Arumbugal'' ||
|-
| ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' || Dr Anand || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
|''[[Prema Natakam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Natakam Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/prema-natakam-1981}}</ref>''
|Rajasekharam
|-
| ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]'' || Srivathsan || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' ||Vijayavarma
|-
| ''[[Dhanya (film)|Dhanya]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seetakoka Chiluka]]'' || David ||Telugu
|-
| ''[[Devi Dharisanam]]'' || || rowspan="4" | Tamil
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1982 || ''Aval Etriya Deepam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kanavugal Karpanaigal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Theerpu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]'' || Chalapati || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Yamakinkarudu]]'' || Kishore
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Kanne]]'' || Prasanna || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Eera Vizhi Kaaviyangal]]'' ||Gopal
|-
| ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' || Vijayavarma || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Metti (film)|Metti]]'' || Pattabhi || Tamil
|-
| ''Mettela Savvadi'' || || Telugu
|-
| ''Pannai Purathu Pandavargal'' || || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1983 || ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' || Raghu|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Imaigal]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Amarajeevi (1983 film)|Amarajeevi]]'' || Madhu || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1983 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiancine.ma/XUX | title=Muddula Mogudu (1983) | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=4 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604102712/https://indiancine.ma/XUX | url-status=live }}</ref> || Madhu ||Telugu
|-
| ''[[Sattam]]'' || Ravi || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Villiyanur Matha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sitaara]]'' || Zamindar || rowspan="4" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Puli Debba]]'' || Manohar
|-
| ''Kaliyuga Daivam'' ||
|-
| ''Gaaju Bommalu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhippu]]'' || Vasanth || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu]]'' || Kavitha's boss || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]]
|-
| ''Makkale Devaru'' || Ramu
|-
| rowspan="13" |1984 || ''[[Vellai Pura Ondru]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' || Jayasimha || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Nagulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YSS |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Deputy superintendent of police|D.S.P.]] Narayana Rao
|-
| ''[[Anbulla Malare]]'' || || rowspan="8" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Chiranjeevi (1984 film)|Chiranjeevi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' ||Captain Jagdeesh
|-
| ''[[Azhagu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaivugal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' || Barath
|-
| ''[[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]]'' || Dr. Basheer
|-
| ''[[Mudivalla Arambam]]'' || Dr. Ram
|-
| ''[[Swati (1984 film)|Swati]]'' || Satyam || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Agni Gundam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1985 || ''[[Anveshana]]'' || James
|-
| ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' || J. Peter Manohar || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]'' || George Prasad || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
|''[[Musugu Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musugu Donga Cast and Crew |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/musugu-donga-1985}}</ref> || Kiran
|-
| ''Anuraga Bandham'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vishakanya (1985 film)|Vishakanya]]'' || Vijayasimha
|-
| ''Visha Kanni'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''Thulasidala'' || Ravi|| Kannada
|-
| ''Ooriki Soggadu'' || Ravi || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1986 || ''Usha'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Poratam]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Swati Mutyam]]'' || Chalapati
|-
| ''Muddula Manavaraalu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Manakanakku]]'' || Lakshmi's husband || rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Dharma Devathai]]'' || Chandrasekhar
|-
| ''[[Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Khaidi Rani'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Ukku Manishi]]'' || Salim
|-
| ''[[Kashmora (1986 film)|Kashmora]]'' || Sridhar
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1987 || ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]'' || Rajkumar|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || rowspan="2"|Devi's father
|-
| ''Chinnari Devatha'' || Telugu
|-
| ''Chellakutti'' || || Tamil
|-
|''Ida Prapancham'' || || rowspan="8" |Telugu
|-
| ''Gautami'' ||
|-
|''[[Chaitanya Ratham]]'' || Vijay
|-
| ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' || Thimmappa
|-
| ''[[Sankeertana]]'' || Sravan Babu
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]'' || Ravi
|-
| ''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]'' || Govardhanam
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]''|| Prakash
|-
| ''[[Michael Raj]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="18" |1988 || ''Shakthi'' || [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Bharath Kumar || rowspan="2" | Kannada
|-
| ''Kampana'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' || Sridhar|| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| ''Aatma Katha'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dorakani Donga]]'' || Tiger Raja
|-
| ''[[Adhu Antha Kaalam]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''Aanimuthyam''|| Ravi Chandra|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || Kamala's husband
|-
| ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''Chattamtho Chadarangam'' || Suryam and Nagabhushanam|| rowspan="5" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Neerajanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prana Snehitulu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Kanchana Seeta'' ||
|-
| ''[[August 15 Raatri]]'' || Ravindra
|-
| ''Rendum Rendum Anju'' || Balu|| Tamil
|-
| ''Anna Chellelu'' || Dr. Rajasekhar|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]'' || Dr. Raja|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[O Bharya Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/o-bharya-katha-1988 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>|| Subhash|| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1989 || ''[[Chettu Kinda Pleader]]''||Gopala Krishna
|-
| ''Raktha Kanneeru'' || Rajasekharam
|-
| ''[[Swathi Chinukulu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Yamapasam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thendral Sudum]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''Thendral Puyalanadhu'' ||
|-
|''[[Paape Maa Pranam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pape Maa Pranam (1989) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AEBU |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Richards || rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' || Giridhar
|-
| ''[[Andru Peytha Mazhaiyil]]'' || Rajesh|| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990 || ''[[Kokila (1990 film)|Kokila]]'' || Police Officer|| rowspan="5" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]'' || David
|-
| ''[[Aggiramudu]]'' || Ram Mohan
|-
| ''Raktha Jwala'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mrugathrushna]]'' ||
|-
| ''Four First Nights'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Sandhana Kaatru]]'' || Dr Sarath|| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991 || ''[[Manjeera Nadam]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''Keechu Raallu'' ||
|-
|''Malaichaaral'' || || Tamil
|-
| ''Palleturi Pellam'' || || Telugu
|-
| ''Ranachandi'' || || Kannada
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[Naangal]]'' || Rajasekhar|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || Ashok
|-
| ''Soori'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Aapad Bandhavudu]]'' || Sripathi|| Telugu
|-
| ''Sabarimalayil Thanka Sooryodayam'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' || Priya's brother|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993 || ''[[Vedan]]'' || Ganesh
|-
| ''[[Manikantana Mahime]]'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''Puthiya Thendral'' || || Tamil
|-
|''Nakshatra Poratam'' || ||Telugu
|-
| ''[[Rojavai Killathe]]'' || Sathasivam|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''Sivarathiri'' ||
|-
| ''Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha'' || || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1994 || ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]'' || Ramasamy|| Tamil / Telugu
|-
| ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || Anakkal Raj|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' || Chakravarthy|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' || Paramaguru|| Tamil
|-
| ''Makkala Sakshi'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]'' || Dr Pratap|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''Teerpu'' || ACP Madhu
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1995 || ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Prince|| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' || Vivekanandan
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Shankar
|-
|''Desa Drohulu'' || || rowspan="3" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Pokiri Raja]]''|| CM & Brahmam (Dual role)
|-
| ''[[Muddayi Muddugumma]]'' || Raja
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Shankar|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sisindri]]'' || Sarah Kumar|| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1996 || ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' || Eswari Pandian|| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| ''Vasantham'' ||
|-
| ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' || Prakash
|-
| ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]'' || Hemanth|| rowspan="2" | Kannada
|-
| ''Gaaya'' ||
|-
| ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' || Vishnu Murthy || rowspan="3" | Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' || ASP Vikram
|-
|''[[Thodu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Poonilamazha]]'' || Chandran|| Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998 || ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]'' || Chandrasekhar|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' ||Nilani's father
|-
| ''[[Gamyam (1998 Telugu Film)|Gamyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gamyam 1998 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Gamyam Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/gamyam-3099/cast-crew |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>|| Sriram || rowspan="2" | Telugu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Nov/20-Nov-1998.pdf|title=అయోమయం "గమ్యం" చిత్రం|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|first=Griddaluru |last=Gopalrao|page=9,11}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pelli Pandiri]]'' || Inspector Rama Rao
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Janumadatha]]'' || Shri Chandra Vidyasagar || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' || Police officer|| Tamil
|-
|''[[Hrudaya Hrudaya]]'' || || Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' || Rangarao|| Telugu
|-
|''Bharatha Naari'' || ||Kannada
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || Sarath|| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001 || ''Majnu'' || || rowspan="2" | Kannada
|-
| ''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]'' || Palegar Jagadevaraya
|-
| ''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]'' || Doctor|| Telugu
|-
|''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || Tejaswini's father|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' || Chakravarthy || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''Law and Order'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' || Panduranga Rao || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || The father of the girl saved by Baba || rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || District Collector
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003 || ''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]'' || Adithya's father
|-
| ''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]'' || Sanjana's father || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Neeke Manasichaanu]]'' || Vivek's father
|-
| ''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || Geetha's father || rowspan="7" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Geethai]]'' || Annamalai
|-
| ''[[Ottran]]'' || Manikkavel IPS, IG, Prisons
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004 || ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Doctor
|-
| ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]'' || Dr. Rajan
|-
| ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' || Azhagarsamy
|-
| ''[[Kavithai]]'' || Subbulakshmi's father
|-
| ''[[Pedababu]]'' || Pedababu's step-father|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Rendella Tharuvatha]]'' || Gandham
|-
| ''[[Kannadi Pookal]]'' || Child psychiatrist || Tamil
|-
| ''O Priyathama'' || Nagaraj || Kannada
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2006 || ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' || Sathya's boss|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' || Sage Bhadra|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]'' || Chandrasekhar
|-
| ''[[Miss California (film)|Miss California]]'' || Prasad || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Sumathi/Subhathra father|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || Chakkaravarthi Pandiyan
|-
| ''[[Rocky (2006 Indian film)|Rocky The Rebel]]'' || Ajay Sinha: Rocky's father || Hindi
|-
| ''Student'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' || Police Commissioner || rowspan="4" | Telugu
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || Srikrishna's father
|-
| ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' || Suresh's father
|-
| ''[[Chandrahas (film)|Chandrahas]]'' || Chatrapati
|-
| ''Waking Dreams'' || Dr Kumar|| English
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Balaji|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Uliyin Osai]]'' || Raja Raja Cholan
|-
| ''[[Souryam]]'' || Police Commissioner|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]'' || Kaveri's father || rowspan="4" | Kannada
|-
| ''[[Neenyare]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Haage Summane]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2009|| ''[[Namyajamanru]]''|| Dr. Patil
|-
| ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]'' || Lawyer || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Magadheera]]'' || Maharaj Vikram Singh
|-
| ''[[Kannukulle]]'' || Joseph Aruldoss || rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Vaikam
|-
| ''[[Malayan (film)|Malayn]]'' || Meiyappan aka Annachi
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || Shankar Rao|| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' || Deivanayagam|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[It's My Love Story]]'' || Vandana's father|| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[AK 56]]'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || Chief Minister|| Tamil / Telugu
|-
| ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' || Mahalsapati|| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || Diwan Bahadur [[R. Ramachandra Rao|R Ramachandra Rao]] ICS|| English / Tamil
|-
| ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Village head|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Brindavana]]'' || || Kannada
|-
| ''[[Backbench Student]]'' || Karthik's Father|| Telugu
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aryan (2014 film)|Aryan]]'' || || Kannada
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''|| K. C. D. P. Sathyanarayana Reddygaru|| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Nela Ticket]]''|| Ananda Bhupathi|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Next Enti?]]'' || Prakash
|-
| ''Prashna Parihaara Shaala'' || || Malayalam
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || Siva Prasad || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' || Discipline Committee Chairman
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Vasantha Mullai]]'' || Doctor|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]'' || Narendra's stepfather || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Por Thozhil]]'' || Kennedy Sebastian || Tamil
|}

=== Dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Sarath Babu dubbing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1981||''[[Nandu (film)|Nandu]]''||Suresh||{{citation needed |date=May 2023}}
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sarath Babu television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 1987 || ''Silandhi vallai '' || || rowspan="3" | [[DD Chennai|Doordarshan]] || rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1988 || ''Narendhiranin vinodha vazhakku'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Penn (1991 TV series)|Penn]]'' ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Ivala En Manaivi'' || || [[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]]
|-
| 1997–2001 || ''Antharangalu'' || || [[ETV (India)|ETV]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 1997 || ''Ethanai Manidhargal'' || || [[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| 2000–2002 || ''Gopuram'' || Vasanthan / Jayanthan || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2000–2001 || ''Janani''|| || rowspan="2" | ETV || Telugu
|-
| 2001–2002 || ''Preetigagi''|| || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2003–2004 || ''Rekkai Kattiya Manasu''|| || [[Raj TV]] || Tamil
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''Agnigundalu''|| || ETV || Telugu
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Rajakumari (TV series)|Rajakumari]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]'' || || [[Jaya TV]]
|}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]'' (1981)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – ''O Bharya Katha'' (1988)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Neerajanam]]'' (1989)

;Other Awards
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]] for the film ''[[Malayan (film)|Malayan]]'' (2009).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0764871}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Sarath}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]

Sanjay Puri

2026-02-11T07:07:28Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding a info

{{Short description|Indian statistical physicist (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sanjay Puri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Statistical physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] | [[Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz]] | [[University of Manchester]] | [[Cambridge University]] | [[Kyoto University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Delhi]] | [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | K. P.Jain | Yoshitsugu Oono }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[statistical dynamics]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1993 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 1994 IPA N. S. Satya Murthy Memorial Award | 1999 B. M. Birla Science Prize | 2006 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize| 2012 J. C. Bose National Fellow }}
}}
'''Sanjay Puri''' (born 23 November 1961) is an Indian statistical physicist and a senior professor at the School of Physical Sciences of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. Known for his research on non-linear dynamics, Puri is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the [[Government of India]] for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 2006.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:JNU Admin.JPG|thumb|left|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
Born on 23 November 1961 at [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Sanjay Puri earned a research-based master's degree (MS), guided by K. P. Jain, for his thesis, ''Theoretical Investigations of Soliton Dynamics'' in 1982 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref name="Biographical Information - Sanjay Puri">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/spuri/CV.pdf |title=Biographical Information - Sanjay Puri |date=2017-10-23 |website=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> Moving to the US, he secured another master's degree in physics from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] in 1983 and continued there for his doctoral studies under guidance of Yoshitsugu Oono to secure a PhD in 1987, his thesis being ''Some Problems in the Dynamics of Spatially Extended Systems.''.<ref name="Biography on PB Works">{{Cite web |url=http://mohitpuri.pbworks.com/w/page/61211655/Dr%20Sanjay%20Puri%20Eminent%20Professor%20in%20Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20University%20%20New%20Delhi |title=Biography on PB Works |date=2017-10-23 |website=PB Works |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> Returning to India, Puri joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] the same year as an assistant professor at the School of Physical Sciences, became an associate professor in 1993 and has been working there as a professor since 2001. During this period, he also had several stints abroad as a visiting professor at institutions such as [[Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz]], [[University of Manchester]], [[Cambridge University]] and [[Kyoto University]].<ref name="Profile on IIT Indore">{{Cite web |url=http://iiti.ac.in/Seminars/Abstract/Dr_Puri.pdf |title=Profile on IIT Indore |date=2017-10-23 |website=IIT Indore |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Collision de solitons hydrodynamiques.png|thumb|150px|Collision of two [[solitons]].]]
The core areas of Puri's work are in [[statistical physics]] and [[nonlinear dynamics]]<ref name="Author profile">{{cite book|author1=Sanjay Puri|author2=Vinod Wadhawan|title=Kinetics of Phase Transitions - Author profile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX05bt7kI_IC&pg=PR9|date=24 March 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0836-4|pages=9–}}</ref> with special focus on [[pattern formation]] in [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|nonequilibrium systems]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1584 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> His research is reported to have studied the effects of confined geometries and the role of defects in phase separation dynamics<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=244 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> and the work is known to have assisted in a wider understanding of kinetics of phase ordering.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> Study of [[granular material]]s, especially freely-evolving [[Granular material#Granular gases|granular gases]], was another focal point of his work. Puri's studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/9065530_Sanjay_Puri |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-10-17 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mkcPLrEAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 134 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Puri=3ASanjay=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> Besides, he has published three books,<ref name="Distinguished Alumni Award Citation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitd.ac.in/convocation/2013/DAA_SanjayPuri.pdf |title=Distinguished Alumni Award Citation |date=2017-10-23 |website=IIT Delhi |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> including ''Dissipative Phenomena in Condensed Matter: Some Applications'', co-authored with [[Sushanta Kumar Dattagupta]]<ref name="DattaguptaPuri2013">{{cite book|author1=Sushanta Dattagupta|author2=Sanjay Puri|title=Dissipative Phenomena in Condensed Matter: Some Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPrCAAAQBAJ|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-06758-1}}</ref> and ''Kinetics of Phase Transitions'', an edited work.<ref name="PuriWadhawan2009">{{cite book|author1=Sanjay Puri|author2=Vinod Wadhawan|title=Kinetics of Phase Transitions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX05bt7kI_IC|date=24 March 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0836-4}}</ref> Puri has also guided several students in their studies<ref name="Awadesh Kumar Dubey">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cuh.ac.in/pdf/BTECH/awadesh.pdf |title=Awadesh Kumar Dubey |date=2017-10-23 |website=Central University of Haryana |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><ref name="Prasenjit Das">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/prasenjithomepage/home |title=Prasenjit Das |date=2019-09-25 |website=Google Sites |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> and serves as the associate editor of ''Phase Transitions'' journal of [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis]].<ref name="Editorial board">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=gpht20 |title=Editorial board |date=2017-10-23 |website=Taylor and Francis |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Puri, who topped the IIT Delhi examinations in 1982, was a recipient of the Silver Medal of Excellence of the institute.<ref name="Biographical Information - Sanjay Puri" /> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] awarded him the Young Scientist Medal in 1993<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php }}</ref> and the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] selected him as an associate member in 1994.<ref name="Biography on PB Works" /> Puri received the N. S. Satya Murthy Memorial Award of the Indian Physics Association in 1994<ref name="Distinguished Alumni Award Citation" /> followed by B. M. Birla Science Prize in 1999.<ref name="B. M. Birla Science Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |title=B. M. Birla Science Prize |date=2017-10-23 |website=B. M. Birla Science Centre |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> He was chosen for the Homi Bhabha Fellowship in 2003<ref name="Homi Bhabha Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://homibhabhafellowships.com/HomiBhabhaFellow.aspx?id=69 |title=Homi Bhabha Fellowship |date=2017-10-23 |website=Homi Bhabha Council |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> and for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2012.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> In between, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> Puri is also an elected fellow of two of the three major Indian science academies, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] electing him in 2006<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Puri,_Prof._Sanjay |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> and the Indian National Science Academy fellowship reaching him in 2012.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Sanjay Puri|author2=Vinod Wadhawan (Editors) |title=Kinetics of Phase Transitions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX05bt7kI_IC|date=24 March 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0836-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sushanta Dattagupta|author2=Sanjay Puri|title=Dissipative Phenomena in Condensed Matter: Some Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPrCAAAQBAJ|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-06758-1}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Prasenjit Das, Sanjay Puri, Moshe Schwartz |title=Clustering and velocity distributions in granular gases cooling by solid friction |journal=Physical Review E |date=2016 |volume=94 |issue=3 |article-number=032907 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.94.032907|pmid=27739850 |arxiv=1609.01114 |bibcode=2016PhRvE..94c2907D |s2cid=43652778 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Prabhat K. Jaiswal, Sanjay Puri, Subir K. Das |title=Kinetics of surface enrichment: a molecular dynamics study |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |date=2010 |volume=133 |issue=15 |page=154901 |doi=10.1063/1.3491833|pmid=20969420 |arxiv=1011.6290 |bibcode=2010JChPh.133o4901J |s2cid=13973501 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Awaneesh Singh, Sanjay Puri, Hiranmaya Mishra |title=Domain growth in chiral phase transitions |journal=Nuclear Physics A |date=2011 |volume=864 |issue=1 |pages=176–202 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2011.06.023|arxiv=1101.0500 |bibcode=2011NuPhA.864..176S |s2cid=67763594 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Awaneesh Singh, Sanjay Puri, Chandan Dasgupta |title=Growth kinetics of nanoclusters in solution |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B |date=2012 |volume=116 |issue=15 |pages=4519–4523 |doi=10.1021/jp211380j|pmid=22424100 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Awadhesh Kumar Dubey, Anna Bodrova, Sanjay Puri, Nikolai Brilliantov |title=Velocity distribution function and effective restitution coefficient for a granular gas of viscoelastic particles |journal=Physical Review E |date=2013 |volume=87 |issue=6 |article-number=062202 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.87.062202|pmid=23848666 |arxiv=1209.5326 |bibcode=2013PhRvE..87f2202D |s2cid=44474830 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kinetics of Phase Separation]]
* [[Kinetic theory of gases|Kinetic theory]]
* [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXQavislUVg |title=Kinetics of Phase Ordering, Domain Growth and Coarsening I |last=Sanjay Puri |date=18 November 2016 |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-10-23}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Grainger College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

Didi No. 1

2026-02-05T18:08:38Z

MaricelaHamilton: cleanup information based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Didi No. 1 logo.jpg
| alt = Didi No. 1 logo
| caption = Poster showing the host, [[Rachna Banerjee]]
| alt_name =
| genre = Game Show
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Avijit Sen]]
| creative_director =
| presenter = Pushpita Mukherjee [[Rachana Banerjee]] [[June Malia]] [[Debashree Roy]]
| starring = Females from every sphere
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 9
| num_episodes = 3679
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Zee Bangla]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 45 minutes (original length) 60 minutes (including commercials)
| company = Zee Bangla Productions
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010}}
| last_aired = present
| related = *[[Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto]]
*[[Rojgere Ginni]]
}}

'''''Didi No. 1''''' ({{Translation|Sister No. 1}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television game show for women launched in 2010. The show airs on [[Zee Bangla]] from Monday to Saturday at 4:30 pm and airs a special sunday dhamaka episode on sundays at 8:30 pm. The episodes also available on [[ZEE5]] digitally.
It is the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|second longest-running Bengali television series]] by episode count.

On 3 March 2024, chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] was invited in the program which eventually made it more popular.

==Background of the program==
There are total four rounds in Didi No. 1. Participants can get many gifts answering the questions asked by the anchor. At the end of each episode, the anchor gives crests and free gifts to the participants for their participation. The winner gets a different type of crest than the other participants. She also gets a badge tied upon her saree by the anchor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Didi No. 1 Season 8 completes 500 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/didi-no-1-season-8-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/77649477.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
Season 9 was launched in a completely new avatar. First round contestants will play against each other in two pairs where host will ask questions and who will be able to answer that will collect all necessary grocery items within 10 seconds. In 2nd round the name change to ''Gaane Gaane Lokkhi Labh'' where contestant if answers right then will get the chance to collect a pouch which contains money.

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Season
!Anchor
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|
|1
|Pushpita Mukherjee
|
|<ref name="a">{{cite news |title=Actress Rachana Banerjee flaunts her cool shades; See the pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-rachana-banerjee-flaunts-her-cool-shades-see-pic/articleshow/64793527.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|2
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|
|-
|
|3
|[[June Malia]]
|
|<ref name="a"/>
|-
|
|4
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|
|-
|
|5
|[[Debashree Roy]]
|
|<ref name="a"/>
|-
|
|6
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=সেই রচনা ‘দিদি’ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rachana-banerjee-is-back-as-didi-no-1-host-1.54228 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=28 July 2014|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|
|7
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=দিদির শো-এ হাজির বাংলার জামাই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/irrfan-khan-visits-didi-number-1-set-dgtl-1.697110 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=27 October 2017|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|
|8
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|Sudipa Chatterjee and [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] hosted the show for a week
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Didi No. 1' to welcome 'Rani Rashmoni' actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/didi-no-1-to-welcome-rani-rashmoni-actors/articleshow/79678564.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-22|title=রচনাকে সরিয়ে দিদি নম্বর ১-র সঞ্চালনা করবেন সুদীপা-সৌরভ! হঠাৎ কেন এই রদবদল|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sudipa-chatterjee-and-sourav-das-will-host-didi-no-1-at-zee-bangla-instead-of-rachna-banerjee-in-coming-weeks-31637582941209.html|url-status=dead|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122170936/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sudipa-chatterjee-and-sourav-das-will-host-didi-no-1-at-zee-bangla-instead-of-rachna-banerjee-in-coming-weeks-31637582941209.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|
|9
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=শেষ হয়ে যাচ্ছে ‘দিদি নম্বর ১’ সিজন ৮, জি বাংলায় তার জায়গায় দেখা যাবে কোন শো? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/didi-no-1-season-8-will-stop-very-soon-season-9-will-be-telecast-from-14th-february-31643616505371.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131091324/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/didi-no-1-season-8-will-stop-very-soon-season-9-will-be-telecast-from-14th-february-31643616505371.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=31 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|
|10
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Television}}
* ''[[Rojgere Ginni]]'', Bengali television show

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/didi-no-1-season-8/0-6-1230 Didi No. 1]'' at [[ZEE5]]
*{{IMDb title|id=tt12532460}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

V. Balachandran (Indian politician)

2026-01-31T22:13:00Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Sri Lankan politician|V. Balachandran (Sri Lankan politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''V. Balachandran''' ({{Langx|ta|வி. பாலசந்திரன்}}) was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Hindu Munnani]] supported independent candidate <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423134024/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/23/stories/2006042307800400.htm Kanyakumari will witness multi-cornered contests ]</ref> from [[Padmanabhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Padmanabhapuram constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balachandran, V.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Goa Lok Adalat

2026-01-25T13:13:45Z

MaricelaHamilton: post

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Goa Legal Services Authority
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 1987
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters =Goa Legal Services Authority, High Court Building, Penha de Franca, Porvorim, Goa, INDIA.
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = THE Hon'ble Chief Justice SHRI. DIPANKAR DATTA.<ref name="Goa Adal Ref1">{{cite web |title=Goa State Legal Services Authority |url=http://slsagoa.nic.in/ |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151059/http://slsagoa.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| chief1position = Chief Justice, HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY, BOMBAY.
| parentagency =
| website = http://slsagoa.nic.in/

| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

'''Goa Lok Adalat''' or Goa State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]]<ref name="goa lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats gaining popularity in Goa |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/02/15/goanews/lok-adalats-gaining-popularity-in-goa/ |access-date=5 November 2021 |publisher=nav hind times |date=15 November 2016}}</ref> mechanism used in the state of [[Goa]].The Goa Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[Constitution|constitutional]] protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat|Lok Adalats]] award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Goa Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<ref name="aru lokad ref1">{{cite news |title=Arunachal:First E Lok Adalat held in various districts of Arunachal Pradesh in various |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-first-e-lok-adalat-held-in-various-districts-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=26 September 2020}}</ref> and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Goa Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.

*High Court.

*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.

*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.

* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.

* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.

* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="aru lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=APSLSA introduced mobile Legal Services cum Lok Adalat Van |url=https://arunachal24.in/apslsa-introduced-mobile-legal-services-cum-lok-adalat-van/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

SHRI. DIPANKAR DATTA, Chief Justice, HIGH COURT OF Judicature At Bombay, Bombay, is current patron in Chief of Goa Lok Adalat.<ref name="Goa Adal Ref1" />

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]]<ref name="aru lokad ref1" /> and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />

* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.

* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.

* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.

* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.

* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Issues relating to recovery of money.

* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Cases relating to recovery of money.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* General Maintenance related disputes.

* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Goa Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. Goa Lok Adalat organised National Lok Adalat in July,2017 as part of National Lok Adalat campaign.<ref name="goa lokad ref2">{{cite news |title=National lok adalat to be held on July 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/national-lok-adalat-to-be-held-on-july-8/articleshow/59393332.cms |access-date=5 November 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=1 July 2017}}</ref>

2. Goa Lok Adalat is gaining popularity in state as inexpensive tool for resolving cases.<ref name="goa lokad ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://slsagoa.nic.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151059/http://slsagoa.nic.in/ |date=2021-11-01 }}

{{Lok Adalat}}



[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Shriya Jha

2026-01-24T19:32:15Z

MaricelaHamilton: added info

{{Short description|Indian Odia actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shriya Jha
| image =
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Model (person)|model]], [[actress]], [[television presenter]]
| years_active = 2008–present
|parents = [[Amardeep Jha]]<ref name="Exclusive - Shriya Jha on her mother Amardeep Jha: It's always a plus to have someone so seasoned around you to teach you the basics">{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Shriya Jha on her mother Amardeep Jha: It's always a plus to have someone so seasoned around you to teach you the basics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shriya-jha-on-her-mother-amardeep-jha-its-always-a-plus-to-have-someone-so-seasoned-around-you-to-teach-you-the-basics/articleshow/108021474.cms |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shriya-jha-on-her-mother-amardeep-jha-its-always-a-plus-to-have-someone-so-seasoned-around-you-to-teach-you-the-basics/articleshow/108021474.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Shriya Jha''' (10 June, 1992) is an Indian film and television actress who has acted in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films. She is the daughter of actress [[Amardeep Jha]]. She has played the lead character in [[Rajshri Productions]]' Hindi serial ''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Angan Hoga]]'' on [[Sahara One]]. She completed her schooling from GNFC School, [[Mussoorie]].<ref name="orissa">{{cite web |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/shriya-jha-actress-biography-movies-hot-photos-videos-serial-film/ |title=Shriya Jha biography |date=23 March 2012 |publisher=incredibleorissa.com}}</ref> She was lately seen as Sweety in [[Nimki Mukhiya]] on [[Star Bharat]] and in [[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]] on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. She was last seen as Barkha Shergill in [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]] on [[Sony Sab]].

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
* ''Gita (2008 film)''<ref name="Shreya Jha in a crime thriller!">{{cite news |title=Shreya Jha in a crime thriller! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shreya-jha-in-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/2792688.cms |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shreya-jha-in-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/2792688.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

===Bengali films===
* ''[[Tomar Jonyo]]'' (2008)
* ''Olot Palot'' (2009 film)

===Odia films===
* ''[[Luchakali]]''(2012)
* ''Ama Bhitare Kichi Achi''
* ''[[Shatru Sanghar]]''(2009)<ref name="orissa" />

==TV shows==
*''[[Adrishyam – The Invisible Heroes|Adrishyam - The Invisible Heroes]] as Ravi Verma's wife (2024)''
*''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]] as Angana Raichand (Lead role)''<ref name="Aleeza Khan to replace Shriya Jha in Jhilmil Sitaaron">{{cite news |title=Aleeza Khan to replace Shriya Jha in Jhilmil Sitaaron |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aleeza-khan-to-replace-shriya-jha-in-jhilmil-sitaaron/articleshow/18987213.cms |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aleeza-khan-to-replace-shriya-jha-in-jhilmil-sitaaron/articleshow/18987213.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Shriya Jha bags lead role in Rahshri Productions serial">{{cite news |title=Shriya Jha bags lead role in Rahshri Productions serial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shriya-jha-bags-lead-role-in-rahshri-productions-serial/articleshow/12704326.cms |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shriya-jha-bags-lead-role-in-rahshri-productions-serial/articleshow/12704326.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]] as Madhavi (Antagonist)''
* ''[[Uttaran]] as Chameli (Antagonist)''
*''[[Nimki Mukhiya]] as Sweety, Nimki's sister-in-law and Rituraj's wife (Protagonist)'' 2018-2019
* ''[[Nimki Vidhayak]]'' as Sweety Abhimanyu Rai (2019-2020)
* ''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]'' as Mohana Banerjee (2020)
* ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]'' as Barkha Shergill (2021-2022)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm3424864}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Shriya}}
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Karthikeya Murthy

2026-01-18T17:19:03Z

MaricelaHamilton: New The Stub First Draft...

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Karthikeya Murthy
| image = Karthikeyamurthy6.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias = Karthik Iyer, KM
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|05|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| origin =
| instrument = [[Piano]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]
| genre = [[Film score]], [[world music]]
| occupation = Music composer, singer, songwriter, arranger
| years_active = 2014–present
| label = [[Warner Music]], [[Saregama]], [[Think Music]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [https://karthikeyamurthy.com/ karthikeyamurthy.com]
}}

'''Karthikeya Murthy''' is an Indian composer, singer-songwriter and music producer. A [[BAFTA]] Breakthrough India Talent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/bafta-breakthrough-india-1234993313/|title='BAFTA Reveals Breakthrough India Talent, Applications For Next Round Delayed Due to COVID-19'|date=10 June 2021|via=www.variety.com}}</ref> He made his debut in Tamil/Telugu bilingual movie [[Moone Moonu Varthai]]/[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]] (2015).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/you-shouldnt-delay-an-idea/article6805208.ece|title='You shouldn't delay an idea'|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 January 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He is known for his score in the movie KD (a) Karuppudurai.

==Personal life==
Karthikeya was trained in Carnatic Classical Music by Chengalpet Ranganathan, DKJ.Sukanya, Premalatha and in Western Classical music by Abdul Sattar. Karthikeya is the grandson of ace [[mridangam]] player [[T.K.Murthy]]. His father T.K.Jayaraman was a music composer at [[All India Radio]], [[Chennai]].
He is the 7th generation musician in his family with his musical roots tracing to Bowdeeshwara Bagavathar (Carnatic Singer), Thanu Bhagavathar (Carnatic Singer), Subramaniya Bhagavathar (Carnatic Singer), Thanu Subramaniya Bhagavathar (Violinist), [[T.K.Murthy|Dr.T.K.Murthy]] ([[mridangam]]) and T.K.Jayaraman (Music Composer). His early ancestors were court musicians.
<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tunes-from-the-third-generation/article6818545.ece|title=Tunes from the third generation|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 January 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sparrows-monstrous-talent/article6834536.ece|title=Sparrow's monstrous talent|first=Deepa|last=Ganesh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 January 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Career==
He began his career in music by forming a band in school known as Pro-teens which was later renamed to Madras Tunes for a band hunt competition in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. He then ventured into short films, ad films, documentaries as an independent composer before getting into films. As a part of Madras Tunes he won the band hunt show "Oh La La La" conducted by renowned music director [[A. R. Rahman]] and music label [[Saregama]]. Post winning and recording an album in Rahman's studio, he went on to write music for ace director [[K.Balachander]]'s last stage show "Oru Koodai Paasam" under the stage name "Karthik Iyer". The music of the show was well appreciated with Hindu reviewing the music as "lilting and one of the good production values". He further did more theater works including the one for Dancer [[Dhananjayans]] and Olliyum Oliyum production's INSTINCT. Also he worked on several short films including the critically acclaimed Thuvandha Yuddham, Jagathinai Azhithidivom to name a few.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/high-school-musical/article3352547.ece|title=High school musical|first=G.|last=Seshasayee|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/More-is-expected-from-the-veteran/article16889353.ece|title=More is expected from the veteran|first=Kausalya|last=Santhanam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 October 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=- YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMsBbkUU2pQ> | access-date=2025-07-18 | website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/visitors-2/short-film/apr-12-03/thuvandha-yuddham-18-04-12.html|title=Thuvandha Yuddham - Short Films - Thuvandha Yuddham Short Films - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Acclaimed producer/singer/actor [[S. P. B. Charan|S.P.Charan]] met Karthikeya while recording a song for a college project that led him to rope Karthikeya as a composer in his production [[Moone Moonu Varthai]] directed by [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumita]] - a bilingual (in Telugu [[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]). At the single launch show of the Moone Moonu Varthai, veteran singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for the very first time performed a song from the movie with Karthikeya on Piano during which he compared his music-composing prowess to that of Oscar-winning music director [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=SPB compares rookie musician’s talents to that of A.R. Rahman - KOLLY TALK | url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/spb-compares-rookie-musicians-talents-r-rahman-207659.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113031948/http://www.kollytalk.com:80/cinenews/spb-compares-rookie-musicians-talents-r-rahman-207659.html | access-date=2025-07-18 | archive-date=2015-01-13}}</ref>

Karthikeya has composed title track & theme music for Vijay Television Tamil mythological serial [[Tamil Kadavul Murugan]] being aired from 2 October 2017 and actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] starrer [[Namma Ooru Hero]] in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].

== Discography ==

'''MOVIES'''

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2023 || ''Gowri Shankara'' || Kannada|| Produced by [[N._S._Rajkumar|N S Rajkumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/17/actorapoorva-to-reunite-with-ravichandran-for-gowri-shankara-2538437.html|title=Actor Apoorva to reunite with Ravichandran for 'Gowri Shankara'|website=newindianexpress.com |date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2023 || ''Untitled'' || Hindi|| Remake of a Malayalam Feature film <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karthikeyamurthy.com/discography/|title=Karthikeya Murthy Discography|website=karthikeyamurthy.com|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418065643/https://karthikeyamurthy.com/discography/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2023 || ''La Mirada Oculata'' || Spanish|| In collaboration with Ms. Victoria De La Vega<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hollywood-news/article/from-meeting-phoebe-waller-bridge-to-colin-trevorrow-bafta-breakthrough-india-alumni-share-their-experience-with-the-program-23295367|title=From meeting Phoebe Waller-Bridge to Colin Trevorrow, BAFTA Breakthrough India alumni share their experience with the program|website=mid-day.com|date=July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2023 || ''Amma's Pride'' || Tamil|| Based on first legal transgender marriage in TN<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jun/30/composer-karthikeya-murthy-to-bankroll-docu-on-cis-trans-couple-25233.html|title=Composer Karthikeya Murthy to bankroll docu on cis-trans couple - Indian Express|website=Cinema Express |date=30 June 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]'' || Tamil||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Madhumitha-to-debut-with-Moodu-Mukkallo-Cheppalante/articleshow/44992858.cms|title=Madhumitha to debut with Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2015 || ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-

|}

'''TV SERIES'''

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2022 || ''Putham Puthu Kaalai - Vidiyaadhaa - Mouname Paarvaiyaai'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ''[[Amazon Prime]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2021 || ''LOL Enga Siri Paapom'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ''[[Amazon Prime]]'' || ''starring [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Namma Ooru Hero]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || ''starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]]''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Tamil Kadavul Murugan]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Star Vijay]] ||
|-

|}

'''THEATRE WORKS'''

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2011 || ''The Instinct''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|2010 || ''Oru Koodai Paasam''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Directed by K.Balachander
|-
|rowspan="1"|2009 || ''Folk Dance of India'' || Multi || Directed by Dhananjayans
|-

|}

'''NOTABLE SINGLES'''

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Title
!Publisher
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| ||''Yaar Veetilo'' || ''Doopaadoo''|| Feat. Karky (lyrics) and Andrea Jermiah
|-
|rowspan="1"| ||''Jigulu Jigulu'' || ''Star Vijay''
|-
|rowspan="1"| || ''Country Side'' || ''Put Chutney Music'' || Feat. Madras Tunes
|-
|rowspan="1"| || ''Neeye Neeye'' || ''Trend Music'' ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| || ''A capella'' || ''Put Chutney Music'' || Feat. Santhosh Narayanan Songs
|-
|rowspan="1"| || ''Roots of Jazz'' || ''Put Chutney Music'' || Feat. Madras Tunes
|-
|rowspan="1"| || ''Naatai'' || ''Put Chutney Music'' || Feat. Madras Tunes
|-
|}

== Awards & Recognitions ==

* 2021 - BAFTA Breakthrough (India) Honoree - [[BAFTA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/supporting-talent/breakthrough/breakthrough-india-2020#karthikeya-murthy--composer|title=Breakthrough India 2020/21 - BAFTA|website=BAFTA|date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
* 2021 - Special Mention Original Score (Sweetness) - FICOCC <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ficocc.com/ficocc-44|title=Ficocc #44}}</ref>
* 2021 - Honorable Mention Original Score (Sweetness) - SFAAF <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scafafest.wixsite.com/sfaaf/winners-37|title=Winners #37}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7046175}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Karthikeya}}
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Khambhat

2026-01-15T16:07:16Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding the page and citations

{{Short description|Archaeological exploration along Western Indian coast}}
[[File:Global sea levels during the last Ice Age (South Asia).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Global sea levels during the [[Last Glacial Period|Last Ice Age]] (South Asia)]]
'''Marine Archeology in the Gulf of Khambhat''' - earlier known as [[Gulf of Cambay]] - centers around controversial findings made in December 2000 by the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT) under the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], a bay on the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west coast of [[India]]. The structures and artifacts discovered by NIOT are the subject of contention. The major disputes surrounding the Gulf of Khambhat Cultural Complex (GKCC) are claims about the existence of submerged ''city-like structures'', the difficulty associating dated artifacts with the site itself, and disputes about whether stone artifacts recovered at the site are actually [[geofacts]] or [[artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]]. One major complaint is that artifacts at the site were recovered by dredging, instead of being recovered during a controlled archeological excavation. This leads archeologists to claim that these artifacts cannot be definitively tied to the site. Because of this problem, prominent archeologists reject a piece of wood that was recovered by [[dredging]] and dated to 7500 BC as having any significance in dating the site.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a">Bavadam, Lyla. "Questionable claims: Archaeologists debunk the claim that underwater structures in the Gulf of Khambat point to the existence of a pre-Harappan civilisation." ''Frontline'' 2–15 March 2002. [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1905/19050670.htm].</ref> The surveys were followed up in the following years and two palaeo channels of old rivers were discovered in the middle of the Khambhat area under {{convert|20|-|40|m|abbr=on}} water depths, at a distance of about {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from the present day coast.

==Initial discovery==
[[Image:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|Gulf of Khambhat on the right. Image [[NASA Earth Observatory]]]]
On 19 May 2001, India's Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Science and Technology division, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], announced that the ruins of an ancient civilization had been discovered off the coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Khambhat. The site was discovered by NIOT while they performed routine pollution studies using sonar, and was described as an area of regularly spaced geometric structures. It is located {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from the Gujarat coast, spans {{convert|94|km|abbr=on}}, and can be found at a depth of {{convert|30|–|40|m|sp=us}}. In his announcement, Joshi represented the site as an urban settlement that pre-dates the [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/> Further descriptions of the site by Joshi describe it as containing regularly spaced dwellings, a granary, a bath, a citadel, and a drainage system.<ref>[http://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/1095963-ancient-lost-metropolis-on-seabed/#comment-5309732 Mudur, G.S. "Forgotten Metropolis on Seabed."] ''The Telegraph'' [Calcutta, India] 19 May 2001. [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1010520/#head3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025184046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1010520/|date=2012-10-25}}.</ref> However it was later on 22 May, reported that the discovery has not been dated and the discovery (for example, great baths) resembles the Harappan civilization dating 4,000 years ago. Furthermore, the Indus civilization port [[Lothal]] is located at the head, Gulf of Khambhat.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1345150.stm Rao, R. "Indian seabed hides ancient remains."] ''BBC News'' [Delhi, India] 22 May 2001. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1345150.stm].</ref>

==Follow-up excavations==
A follow-up investigation was conducted by NIOT in November 2001, which included dredging to recover artifacts and sonar scans to detect structures. Among the artifacts recovered were a piece of wood, pottery shards, weathered stones initially described as hand tools, fossilized bones, and a tooth. Artifacts were sent to the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] (NGRI) in Hyderabad, India, the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany (BSIP) in Lucknow, India, and the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, India.<ref name="Kathiroli2004a">Kathiroli, S. "Recent Marine Archaeological Finds in Khambhat, Gujarat." ''Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology'' 2004: 141-149. Online.</ref> The piece of wood was [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dated]] to an age of 9,500 years old.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/>

NIOT returned for further investigation in the Gulf from October 2002 to January 2003. During these excavations, NIOT reported finding two [[paleochannel]]s flanked by rectangular and square basement-like features. Artifacts were recovered by means of dredging, including pottery sherds, [[microlith]]s, [[wattle and daub]] remains, and [[hearth]] materials. These artifacts were sent for dating at the laboratories of Manipur University and Oxford University. The wattle and daub remains are composed of locally available clay, reed, husk, pottery pieces, and pieces of fresh water shell. The wattle and daub also shows evidence of partial burning.<ref name=" Kathiroli2004a"/>

The most recent work in the Gulf of Khambhat took place from October 2003 to January 2004 and was primarily a geologic study. Techniques used during this investigation include [[bathymetry|bathymetry survey]], sub-bottom survey, [[side-scan sonar|side-scan survey]], and [[magnetic survey (archaeology)|magnetic survey]]. One of the major findings from this investigation concerns the orientation of sand ripples at the site. NIOT researchers claim that there are two sets of ripples visible at the site; one set is a natural feature formed by tidal currents, whilst they say the other set has formed in relation to underlying structural features.<ref name=" Kathiroli2004a"/>

===Carbon dates===
One of the main controversies surrounding the GKCC is the dated piece of wood. [[D. P. Agrawal]], chairman of the Paleoclimate Group and founder of Carbon-14 testing facilities in India stated in an article in Frontline Magazine that the piece was dated twice, at separate laboratories.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/> The NGRI in Hyderabad returned a date of 7190 BC and the BSIP in Hannover returned a date of 7545-7490 BC.<ref name=" Kathiroli2004a"/> Some archeologists, Agrawal in particular, contest that the discovery of an ancient piece of wood does not imply the discovery of an ancient civilization. Agrawal argues that the wood piece is a common find, given that 20,000 years ago the Arabian Sea was {{convert|100|m|sp=us}} lower than its current level, and that the gradual sea level rise submerged entire forests.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/><ref name="Witzel2006a">Witzel, Michael, 2006, Rama’s realm: Indocentric rewritings of early South Asian archaeology and history in Fagan, G. G., ed., Archaeological Fantasies. Routledge Taylor, and Francis Group, New York {{ISBN|0-415-30593-4}}</ref>

=== Artifacts ===
Another controversial issue are the artifacts retrieved from the site during the various excavations. It is disputed that many of the items that have been identified as artifacts by the NIOT investigators are actually man-made. Instead their artificial nature is contested and they are argued to be stones of natural origin.<ref name="Witzel2006a"/>

Researchers report finding shards of pottery as indicative of hand-made and wheel-turned pottery traditions. The reported shards have simple rims with small incised lines. All of the pottery fragments found so far are small or miniature shards.<ref name=" Kathiroli2004a"/> Part of the controversy is that some of the "shards" are natural geofacts and others lack any proof of any connections, as with the dated pieces of wood, with the purported "ruins" found by NIOT researchers. In addition, their small size also raises the possibility that the real shards have been transported from elsewhere by local, strong tidal currents. But if the pottery is genuine, researchers say it should show some similarities to Harappan pottery, which is typically red and black and stamped with seals. Based on the current pottery collection, a stylistic continuity of Harappan civilization isn't evident. The small size of the artifact collection makes it difficult to analyse the pottery conclusively.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/><ref name="Witzel2006a"/>

===Geography===
The Gulf of Khambhat was formed by a major rift that resulted in a down sliding of the Khambhat region. The area is very tectonically active today, and several [[Fault (geology)|faults]] can be found in the gulf. Periodic earthquakes also occur here.<ref name="Kathiroli2004a"/> This knowledge has led several archeologists to state that the site is not in a secure enough context to be reliably dated. Because of the tectonic activity and strong currents, these archeologists claim that there is not sufficient [[stratification (archeology)|stratification]] to be sure the recovered artifacts can be associated with the site.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/><ref name="Witzel2006a"/>

===Collection methods===
Complaints have arisen because NIOT recovered artefacts by dredging the sea floor of the site. This method might allow errant artefacts to be collected along with those that actually correlate with the site. Analysing stratification is virtually impossible with this method as well.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a"/><ref name="Witzel2006a"/>

==See also==
*[[Dvārakā|Dwaraka Kingdom]]
*[[Adam's Bridge]]
*[[Archaeological Survey of India]]
*[[Mahabharata]]
*[[Indology]]
*[[Yonaguni Monument]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.niot.res.in/ National Institute of Ocean Technology] (India)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040912233457/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora.jsp National Institute of Oceanography] (India)
* Heinrich, P. V. (2002) [http://www.hallofmaat.com/wsog/artifacts-or-geofacts-alternative-interpretations-of-items-from-the-gulf-of-cambay-2/ ''Artifacts or Geofacts? Alternative Interpretations of Items from the Gulf of Cambay.''], [http://www.hallofmaat.com/ Hall of Ma'at] (May 2002)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marine Archaeology In The Gulf Of Cambay}}
[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Maritime archaeology]]
[[Category:Fringe theories]]

Swathi Somnath

2026-01-12T13:56:03Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding info

{{Short description|Indian Kuchipudi exponent}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swathi Somnath
| image = Swathi Somnath in October 2020 2.png
| caption = Swathi in October 2020
| birth_name = Doosi Swathi
| birth_place = [[Chakradharpur]], [[Bihar]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]), India
| education = {{ubl
| [[Master's degree]] ([[Central University of Hyderabad]])
| [[Master of Philosophy]]
}}
| occupation = Kuchipudi dancer
| known_for = Ballet based on [[Kama Sutra]]
| awards = [[Kala Ratna]]
}}

'''Swathi Somnath''' (born '''Doosi Swathi''')<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAUGtBC0Hl0 |title=శ్రీకాకుళంలో ఆ 12 ఎకరాలు ఎలా వచ్చాయి?-Classical Dancer Swathi Somanath {{!}}{{!}} A Candid Conversation |date=25 September 2022 |last=Swapna |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies |trans-title=How did those 12 acres come in Srikakulam?-Classical Dancer Swathi Somanath {{!}}{{!}} A Candid Conversation |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> is an Indian [[Kuchipudi]] exponent and dance teacher from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She performed a dance ballet based on [[Kama Sutra]], Hindu literature on erotic love, through which she gained recognition. She received [[Kala Ratna]] award in 2006. She established Nritya Bharathi in [[Hyderabad]] and Sampradayam Dance and Music Centre in [[Srikakulam district]].

== Personal life ==
Swathi was born to Somnath, an [[Indian Railways]] employee, and Lakshmi in [[Chakradharpur]], Bihar (now in [[Jharkhand]]) in a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0705iSe9vo&t=153 |title=Kuchipudi Dancer Swathi Somnath {{!}}{{!}} Open Heart With RK {{!}}{{!}} Season:1-Episode:17 {{!}}{{!}} 07.02.2010 {{!}}{{!}} #OHRK |date=5 April 2021 |last=Vemuri |first=Radhakrishna |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]] |author-link=Vemuri Radhakrishna}}</ref> family.{{Efn|''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that Swathi was born and brought up at Doosi Agraharam, [[Srikakulam district]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> However, Bnim stated she was born in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":1" />}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bnim |author-link=Bnim |date=23 October 2014 |title="స్వాతి సోమనాథ్" – శింజారవం |trans-title=Swathi Somnath |url=https://www.acchamgatelugu.com/2014/10/swathi-somanath-shinjaravam.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=acchamgatelugu.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crGfdeuCxac |title=Vijetha {{!}}{{!}} Swathi Somanath |date=28 October 2020 |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=[[DD Yadagiri]] |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Her family hails from Doosi Agraharam, [[Srikakulam district]].<ref name=":1" /> She has one brother who also works in Indian Railways. She grew up in [[West Bengal]] before moving to Hyderabad.<ref name=":7" /> She completed her education with a [[Master's degree]] in Kuchipudi from [[Central University of Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Narayana |date=11 January 2014 |title=Representing The Art of Perfection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/jan/11/Representing-The-Art-of-Perfection-563032.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210153401/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/jan/11/Representing-The-Art-of-Perfection-563032.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and [[Master of Philosophy]] in English Literature.<ref name=":1" /> {{As of|2020|10}}, she is pursuing [[Ph.D]] in English Literature from [[Osmania University]].<ref name=":3" /> She married Chevella Ravi Kumar, a film director in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":7" />

== Kuchipudi dance ==
Swathi performed [[Banjara|Lambadi dance]] during her school days.<ref name=":3" /> She started learning dance when she was 11 year old<ref name=":4" /> and later learned Kuchipudi and [[Bharatanatyam]] at {{Interlanguage link|Sumathi Kaushal|te|సుమతీ కౌశల్}} for four years at a young age. After completing [[Secondary School Certificate|secondary school]], she debuted in August 1980 on stage in [[Ravindra Bharathi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Following her father's death in 1981,<ref name=":3" /> she continued her performances to run her house financially, given her family was in [[lower middle class]],<ref name=":3" /> and continued her further education simultaneously.<ref name=":1" /> Shortly thereafter, she said, she formed her own [[orchestra]] at the age of 16 and started performance on her own. In the memory of her father, she changed her last name to his name, Somnath.<ref name=":7" />

Her ballet ''Vatsayani Kamasutra'', based on [[Vātsyāyana]]'s erotic love Hindu literature, [[Kama Sutra]], garnered her recognition. It was well received among [[rasika]]s (audience of [[Indian classical music]]) and was criticized by conservative dancers citing the depiction of [[sringara]] (erotic love) on the stage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Narayana |date=25 November 2013 |title=Saving the sanctity of Kuchipudi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/nov/25/saving-the-sanctity-of-kuchipudi-541190.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[Bnim]] penned the script.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishna |first=Lakshmi |date=22 March 2019 |title=Artist- writer Bnim: Canvas that's vast and wide |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-tirupati-visakhapatnam-vijayawada-ongole/article26607292.ece |access-date=13 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She established a dance academy Nritya Bharathi in Hyderabad in 1990s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2015, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] allocated {{Convert|12-16|acre|m2}}{{Efn|''The Hindu'' reported the allotment as {{convert|16|acre|m2}},<ref name=":6" /> ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' reported {{convert|13|acre|m2}}.<ref name=":5" /> In an interview, Swathi said it was {{convert|12|acre|m2}}.<ref name=":4" />}} in Kallepalli village near [[Srikakulam]] supporting her to set up a cultural centre to teach classical music and dance. Andhra Pradesh Praja Natyamandali among others protested the government's move stating that she was not brought up in Srikakulam district and suggested alternate native dancers be considered for the land allotment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 January 2016 |title=Cultural centre to come up at Kallepalli |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Cultural-centre-to-come-up-at-Kallepalli/article14028240.ece |access-date=12 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2015 |title=ఎందుకంత ప్రేమ |trans-title=Why so much love |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/swati-somnath-great-international-ballerina-279445 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=4 July 2015 |title=Allocation of land to Kuchipudi dancer opposed |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/allocation-of-land-to-kuchipudi-dancer-opposed/article7387730.ece |access-date=13 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She eventually established her [[gurukula]] academy, Sampradayam Dance and Music Centre and is serving as its director in addition to teaching Kuchipudi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2022 |title=దృశ్య కావ్యం.. నృత్య రూపకం |trans-title=Visual poetry.. Dance metaphor |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Srikakulam/10/122005412 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> According to her, the construction cost of the academy was {{INRConvert|5|c|lk=on}}. The foundation stone was laid on 15 August 2015, on [[Indian Independence Day]]. The institution is affiliated to [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]] and offers certificate courses to students who completed their secondary schooling.<ref name=:4 />

She performed in over 100 ballets, some of which include ''Draupadi'' based on [[Draupadi]], ''Kama To Moksha'' based on ''[[Kama Sutra]]'', ''Hindutva'', ''Sahrnam Govindam'', ''Soundarya Darshana'' based on the life of [[Ramanuja]], ''Sarvagnya Shankara'' based on the life of [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

In an interview with [[DD Yadagiri]], she said she also learned [[Odissi]] classical dance although limited to basics.<ref name=":3" />

== Other work ==
She has worked as a member of [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and Central Audition Board for Kuchipudi, dance, New Delhi. In addition, she also serves as the principal of College of Music and Dance, Hyderabad.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards ==
Swathi was conferred with [[Kala Ratna]] award in 2006 by the government of [[united Andhra Pradesh]] for her contributions to Kuchipudi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2006 |title=Hamsa awards are now Kalaratna |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh//article58041585.ece |access-date=12 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]

Kewal Singh Choudhary

2026-01-03T00:13:52Z

MaricelaHamilton: New First Biography Basic Info...

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (1915–1991)}}
{{ Infobox officeholder| name = Kewal Singh
| office = [[Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term = 4 December 1972 - 31 March 1976
| predecessor = [[Triloki Nath Kaul]]
| successor = [[Jagat Singh Mehta]] }}
'''Kewal Singh Choudhary''' (1915–1991) was an Indian [[diplomat]], [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] and India's [[List of Ambassadors of India to Russia|ambassador to the USSR]], [[Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan]] and [[Indian Ambassador to the United States|USA]]. He was a 1955 recipient of the Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |accessdate=November 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kewal Singh was born into a Sikh family in the [[Lyallpur District]] of [[West Punjab]] on June 1, 1915.<ref name="whoswho1960">{{cite book|title=Asia Who's Who|year=1960|publisher=Pan-Asia Newspapers Alliance|location=Hong Kong|pages=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJpAAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]], the Law College, Lahore and at the [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] of [[Oxford University]]. He joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1939 and served in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in administrative positions until [[Independence of India|Independence]] after which he opted for the [[Indian Foreign Service]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Kewal|title=Partition and Aftermath : Memoirs of an Ambassador|year=1991|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|location=New Delhi|pages=6 |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/partition-aftermath/book.php?fldr=book}}</ref> Between 1944 and 1946 he served as Colonization Officer, [[Neeli Bar|Nilibar]]. Then he served as [[district magistrate]] at [[Shahpur District|Shahpur]] and [[Shimla district|Simla]] for the years 1946-47 and 1947-48 respectively.<ref name="whoswho1960"/>

== Diplomatic career ==
Kewal Singh served as First secretary of Indian Embassy in Turkey between 1948 and 1949. Then served in Indian military mission, Berlin during 1949–51.<ref name="whoswho1960"/> Later, he was appointed Indian Consul-General to [[French India|French Indian enclaves]]{{refn|group=note|In French India, the Indian consulate was located in the 7 rue de Capucins (now renamed as Rue Romain Rolland), Pondicherry.}} in October 1953 succeeding R. K. Tandon<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjea|first=D|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Pondicherry|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers, National University of Juridical Sciences|pages=21|isbn=9788177648713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Axfuc5A8mxMC}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|R.K. Tandon himself succeeded S. K. Banerjee as the Consul General of India in French India on June 10, 1950.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajit K Neogy|title=Decolonization of French India: Liberation movement and Indo-French relations 1947-1954|year=2021|publisher=Institut français de Pondichéry|location=Pondicherry|pages=163 |isbn=9791036566608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UndJEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> The inaugural Consul-General for India in the French Establishments in India at Pondicherry was Mirza Rashid Ali Baig who held the post between 1947 and 1949.}} and stayed in that position until the French ceded them to India in 1954. He also played prominent role in their integration into the Indian union. In the same year he became the Chief Commissioner of the State of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and served until November 1956.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|page=977|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref> He later served at [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian missions]] in [[Stockholm]], [[High Commission of India, London|London]] and in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Iqbal|title=Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's Foreign Policy|year=1998|publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi|pages=272|isbn=9788125015857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HICit08CEkC&dq=ambassador+kewal+singh&pg=PA272}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=B S|title=Memoirs of an Indian Diplomat|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|pages=45|isbn=9780070680883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzXnhkpxgOsC}}</ref>

Kewal Singh was India's Ambassador to [[Portugal]] in 1962 when India's annexation of [[Goa]] led to diplomatic relations between [[Lisbon]] and [[New Delhi]] being severed, while as [[High Commissioner]] to [[Pakistan]] in 1965, he similarly had to leave that country after the breaking off of diplomatic relations following the [[India-Pakistan Wars|Indo-Pak War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Budhwar|first=P K|title=A Diplomat Reveals|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=New Delhi|pages=71 |isbn=9788177588880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfCXlBaCWawC}}</ref>

He served as India's ambassador to the [[USSR]] from 1966 to 1968, and as Ambassador to the United States from 1976 to 1977. He succeeded T. N. Kaul as foreign secretary, serving from November 1972 to October 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME E–8, DOCUMENTS ON SOUTH ASIA, 1973–1976|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve08/persons#p_SK2|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kux|first=Dennis|title=India & the U. S.: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991|year=1992|publisher=NDU Press|location=Washington DC|pages=471|isbn=9780788102790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&dq=kewal+singh+foreign+secretary&pg=PA343}}</ref> India took over [[Sikkim]], its [[protectorate]], following prolonged internal disturbances there while Singh was foreign secretary.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Sankar Sen (police officer)|last=Sen|first=Sankar|title=Reflections And Reminiscences Of Police Officers|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishers|location=New Delhi|pages=94|isbn=9788180692369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwZs02kZSxAC&dq=kewal+singh+foreign+secretary+sikkim&pg=PA94}}</ref> During his tenure, India signed an [[India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements|agreement for demarcating the maritime boundary with Sri Lanka]] and led a series of talks with the then [[Pakistani Foreign Secretary]] [[Agha Shahi]] on normalising communications and travel between the two countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia|year=2008|location=Santa Barbara|pages=195|isbn=9781576077122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&dq=kewal+singh+foreign+secretary&pg=PA195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhasin|first=A S|title=India-Sri Lanka Relations and Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict Documents 1947 - 2000 Volume 1|year=2001|publisher=India Research Press|location=New Delhi|pages=190|isbn=9788187943105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0hF_7N96V8C&dq=kewal+singh+foreign+secretary&pg=PA190}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==

Following his retirement as the ambassador to USA, Kewal Singh taught at the [[UCLA]] and at [[Kentucky University|Kentucky University's]] [[Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce]] where he was distinguished world statesman in residence until his death in 1991.He is survived by two children Mohinder and Gita.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kewal Singh Memorial Fellowship |url=http://www.uky.edu/PattersonSchool/finaid.htm|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> He authored a book, ''Partition and Aftermath: Memoirs of an Ambassador''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Partition and Aftermath : Memoirs of an Ambassador|year=1991 |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |isbn=9780706958119 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002710239|accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref>

==Offices held==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before= R.K. Tandon | title=Consul-General of [[India]] to the [[French Establishments in India]] | after=''Consulate Abolished'' {{small|([[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Chief commissioner of French Establishments in India]])}}|years=October 1953 – 31 October 1954}}
{{Succession box | before= Georges Escargueil {{small|([[Gouverneur Général de l'Inde française]])}} | title=''[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Chief commissioner]]'' of [[French Establishments in India]]{{refn|group=note|In January 1955, The Indian union government by an order renamed the four French settlements in India as '''State of Pondicherry'''.<ref name="IAR1955">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Affairs Record (Vol. I and II)|publisher=Diwan Chand Indian Information Center|year=1955}}</ref>{{rp|20}}}} | after=[[Moti Kripalani]]|years=1 November 1954{{refn|group=note|Appointed immediately by the Government of India after the Kizhoor referendum that was held on 21 October.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009 }}</ref>{{rp|964}}}} – 16 November 1956}}
{{Succession box | before= N.A.| title=Ambassador of India to the Denmark{{refn|group=note|Resident in Stockholm}}| after=N.A.|years=c.1959 – 1962}}
{{Succession box | before= N.A.| title=Ambassador of India to the Finland{{refn|group=note|Resident in Stockholm}}| after=N.A.|years=c.1959 – 1962}}
{{Succession box | before= N.A.| title=Ambassador of India to the Sweden| after=N.A.|years=c.1959 – 1962}}
{{Succession box | before= [[T. N. Kaul]] | title=Deputy High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom | after=P. N. Haksar|years=1962 – 1965}}
{{Succession box | before= [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|G. Parthasarathi]] | title=[[List of High Commissioners of India to Pakistan|High Commissioner of India to the Pakistan]] | after=[[Samar Sen (diplomat)|S. Sen]]|years=1965 – 1966}}
{{Succession box | before= [[T. N. Kaul]]| title=[[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to the Russia]] | after=[[Durga Prasad Dhar]]|years=1966 – 1968}}
{{Succession box | before= N.A.| title=Ambassador of India to the Mongolia | after=N.A.|years=1968 – 1969}}
{{Succession box | before= Khub Chand| title=[[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to the Germany]] | after=Y. K. Puri|years=1970 – 1972}}
{{Succession box | before= [[T. N. Kaul]] | title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]] | after=[[J. S. Mehta]]|years=4 December 1972 – 31 March 1976}}
{{Succession box | before= [[T. N. Kaul]] | title=[[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador of India to the United States]] | after=[[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]]|years=1976 – 1977}}
{{S-end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
* [[List of consuls general of India in the French India]]
* [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia]]
* [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–1959)]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Triloki Nath Kaul]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=1972 - 1976}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jagat Singh Mehta]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Choudhary, Kewal}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Mongolia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Sweden]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Denmark]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Xenophrys megacephala

2025-12-18T04:15:20Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding new stub

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| taxon = Xenophrys megacephala
| authority = (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011)
| synonyms = ''Megophrys megacephala'' Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011
}}

'''''Xenophrys megacephala''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Megophryidae]] from [[East Khasi Hills District]], [[Meghalaya]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Megophrys/Megophrys-megacephala|title=Megophrys megacephala Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|website=research.amnh.org|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208204415/http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Megophrys/Megophrys-megacephala|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3304431}}

[[Category:Xenophrys|megacephala]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2011]]

{{Megophryidae-stub}}

Pusauli railway station

2025-11-04T08:45:36Z

MaricelaHamilton: added basic page w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pusauli
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Pusauli, [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.0972|N|83.7215|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|84|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–63
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PSE
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Pusauli railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kudra|right=Muthani|type=Mughalsarai–Dhanbad section}}
}}
'''Pusauli railway station''' is a railway station situated on the [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] under [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is located at Pusauli in [[Kaimur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pusauli Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/pusauli-pse/4379 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] started connecting Delhi and Howrah from the mid nineteenth century. In 1862, the railway tracks crossed Mughalsarai and reached the western bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The through link to Delhi was established in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - Early Days |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mughalsarai–Howrah sector was electrified in 1961–63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]

List of Odia films of 1978

2025-09-15T05:47:08Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding the stub with sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1978:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1978 in film|1978]]'''
|-
|''[[Balidan (1978 film)|Balidan]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Balidan|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246449/|access-date=2019-02-05}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]] [[Mohammad Mohsin]] [[Sujata Anand(actress)|Sujata]] [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Gauri (1978 film)|Gauri]]''||[[Dhir Biswal]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Janmadata (1978 film)|Janmadata]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Janmadata|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407226/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[K.H.D. Rao]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]],Chakrapani || ||
|-
|''[[Jhilmil]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jhilmil|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399031/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[K.H.D. Rao]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]],Luna mohapatra || ||
|-
|''[[Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja (film)|Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407231/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[R.G.Gop]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]],Chakrapani,Roja Ramani || ||
|-
|''[[Kula Chandrama]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kula Chandrama|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407237/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[K.H.D. Rao]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Anita Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Parivar (1978 film)|Parivar]]''||[[K.H.D. Rao]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Niharika (actress)|Niharika]] || ||
|-
|''[[Pati Patni]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Pati Patni|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407271/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[M.S.K. Reddy]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Roja Ramani]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Pipasha]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Pipasha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407274/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Devi Das]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Saakhi Gopinath]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Saakhi Gopinath|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1423986/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Ganesh Mahapatra]] ||[[Pradeep (Odia actor)|Pradeep]], [[Mala Bose]], [[Padma Khanna]] || ||
|-
|''[[Samarpana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Samarpana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407290/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Prafulla Rath]]/[[N. Gopal]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sankha Mahuri]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sankha Mahuri|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399086/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Akshya Mohanty]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sati Anusaya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sati Ansuya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311753/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[A. Sanjeevi]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Narendra Mishra]], [[Mahasweta Roy]],Roja Ramani|| ||
|-
|''[[Topoi (film)|Topoi]]''||[[Sarat Pujari]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Krushna Prava]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1978 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1978]]
[[Category:Lists of 1978 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1978 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Thanikachalam Sadagopan

2025-09-11T18:27:22Z

MaricelaHamilton: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thanikachalam Sadagopan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|12|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Cardiologist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Preventive cardiology
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{Url||www.urheartourdr.org}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
}}
'''Thanikachalam Sadagopan''' is an Indian cardiologist, medical academic,<ref name="Dr. S.Thanikachalam on IITM">{{cite web | url=https://apm.iitm.ac.in/biomedical/st/index.html | title=Dr. S.Thanikachalam on IITM | publisher=IIT Madras | date=2016 | access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> and former Vice-Chancellor at the [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Sri Ramachandra University]].<ref name="Speakers">{{cite web | url=http://sites.tufts.edu/whd2015/speakers/ | title=Speakers | publisher=Tufts University School of Medicine | date=2016 | access-date=25 February 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304150746/http://sites.tufts.edu/whd2015/speakers/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the chairman and director of the Cardiac Care Centre at Sri Ramachandra University and an adjunct professor at the Biomedical Engineering Group of the Department of Applied Mechanics at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai]]. He is known for research on preventive cardiology and has published several articles on the subject.<ref name="Sadagopan Thanikachalam on Sciencescape">{{cite web | url=https://sciencescape.org/author/75220053 | title=Sadagopan Thanikachalam on Sciencescape | publisher=Sciencescape | date=2016 | access-date=25 February 2016 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031022/https://sciencescape.org/author/75220053 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Epidemiology and Prevention of CV Disease: Physiology, Pharmacology and Lifestyle">{{cite journal | url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/Suppl_2/A15897.abstract | title=Epidemiology and Prevention of CV Disease: Physiology, Pharmacology and Lifestyle |author1=Mohan Thanikachalam |author2=Abirami Swaminathan |author3=Jahnavi Sunderarajan |author4=Vijaykumar Harivanzan |author5=Sadagopan Thanikachalam | journal=American Heart Association | year=2014| volume=130 | issue=suppl_2 | pages=A15897 }}</ref> He has been involved in several multinational multicentric drug trials including the ''PURSE-HIS Epidemiological Study'' of the [[Tufts University School of Medicine]] and the study on ''Nuna Kadugu'', a [[Siddha medicine]] used to treat various skin diseases.<ref name="Acute toxicity and the 28-day repeated dose study of a Siddha medicine Nuna Kadugu in rats">{{cite journal | title=Acute toxicity and the 28-day repeated dose study of a Siddha medicine Nuna Kadugu in rats | author=Ramaswamy Selvaratnam | author2=Nettam Prathyusha | author3=Ruthiramoorthi Saranya | author4=Haridass Sumathy | author5=Kutuva Tulasi Mohanavalli | author6=Raju Jyothi Priya | author7=Jayakothanda Ramaswamy Venkhatesh | author8=Chidambaram Saravana Babu | author9=Kumarasamy Manickavasakam | author10=Sadagopan Thanikachalam | name-list-style=amp | journal=BMC Complement Altern Med | year=2012 | volume=12 | pages=190 | doi=10.1186/1472-6882-12-190 | pmc=3488310 | pmid=23088610 | doi-access=free }}</ref> He is a recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] of the [[Medical Council of India]], the highest Indian award in the medical category.<ref name="Speakers" /> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]]
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6X_JLjFVuTw | title=Healthy lifestyle prevent 'Heart disease' 1/2 | publisher=News7 Tamil | work=Interview with Dr S Thanikachalam - [[YouTube]] video | date=1 January 2015 | access-date=25 February 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txwcYzcsGJc | title=Healthy lifestyle prevent 'Heart disease' 2/2 | publisher=News7 Tamil | work=Interview with Dr S Thanikachalam - [[YouTube]] video | date=1 January 2015 | access-date=25 February 2016}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadagopan, Thanikachalam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Rajasthan Perfect FC

2025-08-27T09:51:48Z

MaricelaHamilton:

{{short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Rajasthan Perfect
| image = Rajasthan Perfect FC.svg
| image_size = 190px
| fullname = Rajasthan Perfect Football Club
| nickname = RPFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}} (as ''AU Rajasthan FC'')
| ground = [[Maharaja Umaid Singh Stadium]]
| capacity = 20,000
| owner = [[AU Small Finance Bank|Spordy Ventures Private Limited]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Mangesh Desai
| league = [[R-League A Division]]
| season =
| position =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _yellowstripes
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 007AD0
| body1 = 007AD0
| rightarm1 = 007AD0
| shorts1 = 007AD0
| socks1 = 007AD0
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 = FFFF00
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = FFFF00
| socks2 = FFFF00
| website =
}}

'''Rajasthan Perfect Football Club''' (formerly as ''AU Rajasthan Football Club''), is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], that competes in the [[R-League A Division]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=R-League A Division 2021|url=https://twitter.com/iminnows/status/1415906157516914690|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805143216/https://twitter.com/iminnows/status/1415906157516914690|url-status=live}}</ref> and previously participated in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]. Founded in 2018, the club first competed professionally when they were part of the [[2019–20 2nd Division League|2019–20 season]] of I-League 2nd Division, the second tier of [[Indian football league system]].

==History==
[[AU Rajasthan FC]] is the first premier professional football club and academy based out of Jaipur. The club was founded in the year of 2018 and comes under the banner of ''Spordy Ventures Private Limited''. In its first year of inception, the club has managed to qualify for the Hero Youth leagues and also win the first-ever Rajasthan Women's League.
The club aims to provide a pathway of progressive growth from the grassroots level to competing at the highest professional level.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The club is in collaboration with [[Palamós CF]], one of the oldest clubs in [[Spain]], founded in 1898, and its academy Perfect Football is the technical partner of AU Rajasthan FC. The club plans to train players with use of global training methodology in partnership with Perfect Football.
AU Rajasthan is the first club from Rajasthan to play in [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/eighteen-teams-to-compete-in-hero-second-division-league-2019-20# | title=Eighteen teams to compete in Hero Second Division League 2019–20 | access-date=20 January 2020 | archive-date=8 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808202337/http://www.the-aiff.com/article/eighteen-teams-to-compete-in-hero-second-division-league-2019-20 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Rajasthan FC organised ''Christmas Cup 2020'' in [[Purnima University]] and ''Heritage Cup'' in February 2021, which was won by [[ARA FC]].

AU Rajasthan participated in the inaugural [[Rajasthan State Men's League]] 2019 and finished as runners-up with 15 points from 7 matches, behind champion [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First Ever Rajasthan State Men's League 2019 Started|url=https://udaipurkiran.com/first-ever-rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019-started/amp/|work=udaipurkiran|date=21 September 2019|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001014743/https://udaipurkiran.com/first-ever-rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019-started/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

AU Rajasthan FC has launched a premier football residential academy in Jaipur, in collaboration with Poornima University. The club handpicked players from all the major cities of India through trials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/rajasthan-united-fc-launched-their-residential-academy-in-rajasthan/|title=Rajasthan United FC launched their residential academy in Rajasthan|website=Football Express|date=3 June 2021 |access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605180832/https://footballexpress.in/rajasthan-united-fc-launched-their-residential-academy-in-rajasthan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajasthan FC rebranded themselves as Rajasthan Perfect FC ahead of [[R-League A Division 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Perfect Football Club|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12370|access-date=2021-07-26|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726152453/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12370|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Stadiums==

AU Rajasthan used the [[Maharaja Umaid Singh Stadium]] in [[Jodhpur]] as their home stadium for [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] of 2019–20 season matches. They played at the University Sports Complex during the inaugural season of [[R-League A Division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan State Men's League|url=https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/|date=21 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430040819/https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2019—2020
| rowspan="2" |AIO Sports
|[[AU Small Finance Bank]]
|-
|2021—present
|Perfect Football
|-
|}

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Current technical staff ({{As of|2020|01|20|lc=y}})
|-
!Position!!Name
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mangesh Shreekant Desai
|-
|Technical director
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gurpratap Singh
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon | IND}} Praveen Kumar
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nitish Dimri
|-
|Physio
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Shahid
|}

==Players==
===2022 squad===
{{updated|5 April 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Squad|url=http://i-league.org/second-division-league/results-fixtures-2nd-division/|work=I-league.org|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318210756/http://i-league.org/second-division-league/results-fixtures-2nd-division/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Nitin Meel}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF
|name=Abhyuday Motwani}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tushar Negi}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aravind Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Spandan Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Pranendra Singh Thakur}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Kamran Panwar}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shiv Pratap Singh Ranawat}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ishaan Sahi}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Bhupendru Singh Meena}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Utkrsh Koushik}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shorayav Bhardwaj}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prashant Narayan Choudhary}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Robot Atkan}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ashen Henna Metel}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Martand Raina}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=DM Rakeveiche}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prateek Choudhary}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mumtaz Akhtar}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Deepak Sai Thukral}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=Eliel da Cruz Guardiano}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prithu Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rudra Pratap Singh Bist}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Rahul Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=46|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=Pedro Augusto Araujo Pinheiro}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Maninder Singh}}
{{fs end}}

== Team record==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Season
! Div.
! Tms.
! Pos.
!Attendance/G
! [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]'''/'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]

!colspan=1|[[AFC Champions League]]
!colspan=1|[[AFC Cup]]
|-
|align=center| [[2019–20 I-League 2nd Division|2019–20]]
|align=center |IL2
|align=center|18
|align=center|''' Group stage'''
|align=center| –
|align=center| DNP
|align=center| DNP
|align=center| DNP
|}
;Key
*Tms. = Number of teams
*Pos. = Position in league
*Attendance/G = Average league attendance

===Head coaching record===
updated on 20 July 2020 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left" |Mangesh Shreekant Desai
|rowspan="1" align="left" | {{IND}}
|align=left| 2020
|align=left|
{{WDL|6|1|2|3|for=4|against=7}}
|-
|}

==Affiliated clubs==
The following clubs are currently affiliated with AU Rajasthan FC:
*{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Palamós CF]] (2018–present)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|rajasthanperfectfc/}}
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12370?type=academy Rajasthan Perfect FC] at [[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]]

{{I-League 2nd Division}}

[[Category:AU Rajasthan FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Mannanur, Nagarkurnool

2025-08-17T01:31:33Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding initial article needs work

{{short description|Village in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mannanur మన్ననూర్
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]<ref name=":1" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 509201<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MANNANUR PIN CODE|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/telangana/mahabub-nagar/mannanur-pincode-509201.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=abplive.com|language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mannanur''' (మన్ననూర్) is a village in [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" />

==History==
On 23 July 2023, archaeologist E Sivanagireddy and other historians found quarries from the 12th century. Sivanagireddy urged residents of the village to preserve the quarries and turn them into a tourist attraction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=800-year-old quarries found in Nagarkurnool|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/800-year-old-quarries-found-in-nagarkurnool/articleshow/102066059.cms |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Twelfth century quarries unearthed at Mannanur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/twelfth-century-quarries-unearthed-at-mannanur/article67112768.ece |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Archaeologists find 12th Century stone quarries in Nagarkurnool|url=https://telanganatoday.com/archaeologists-find-12th-century-stone-quarries-in-nagarkurnool |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[Telangana Today]]|date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
The village is served by the [[National Highway 765 (India)|National Highway 765]] that passes the village to [[Hyderabad]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nagarkurnool district]]

Yellanur mandal

2025-07-20T03:13:37Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding info

{{Short description|Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6997|78.0713}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Yellanur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=468}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 296.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 35,732
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Yellanur mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Yellanur]] village.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Yellanur mandal comprises 9,162 households. The total population is 35,732, with 18,203 males and 17,529 females. The child population is 3,789. Scheduled Castes constitute 5,954 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 114 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 19,019. The workforce in Yellanur mandal includes 19,815 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Yellanur Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Yellanur mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=468}}</ref>

#Aravedu
#Boppepalle
#Bukkapuram
#Chilamakuru
#Goddumarri
#Kacharlakunta
#Kalluru
#Kodumurthy
#Mallagundla
#Medukurthy
#Nitturu
#Pathapalle
#Peddamallepalle
#Singavaram
#Thirumalapuram
#Vemulapalle
#Vennapurapalle
#Y.Chintakayamanda
#[[Yellanur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

Shambhu Niwas

2025-07-11T22:01:23Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding a article

{{short description|Palace in Udaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Shambhu Niwas
| image = Udaipur_ni20-41.jpg
| caption = Shambhu Niwas, Udaipur
| location_town = [[Udaipur]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| client =
| engineer =
}}
'''Shambhu Niwas''' is part of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]], [[Udaipur]], and serves as the private residence of the erstwhile [[royal family]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].
==Description==
It was built in the 1870s during the reign of [[Shambhu Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khera |first=Dipti |url=https://archive.org/details/jagmandironlakep0000kher/ |title=Jagmandir on Lake Pichola |date=2002 |publisher=New Delhi : Penguin Enterprise |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-670-04923-3 |pages=155,172–173,175,177}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Fateh Lal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Meywar_and_Guide_to_Its_Prin/Y9IQAQAAIAAJ |title=Handbook of Meywar and Guide to Its Principal Objects of Interest |date=1888 |publisher=Times of India Steam Press |pages=18–19,21 |language=en}}</ref> It was designed as a modern European-style villa by an English architect.<ref name=":0" /> It covers an area of 5,000 sq. m. and is part of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] complex in [[Udaipur]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Shambhu Singh|Shambu Singh]] entrusted [[Rai Pannalal Mehta|Pannalal Mehta]] with the responsibility of overseeing and expediting its construction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guns_and_Glories/IVs1DwAAQBAJ |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |date=2017-09-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-601-8 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref> When it was completed, he gifted [[Rai Pannalal Mehta|Pannalal]] a golden langar ({{Translation|an [[Jewellery|ornament]] worn around the [[Anklet|anklet]]}}).<ref name=":2" />

Furniture made from Belgian crystal was originally purchased for it by [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]] but was later moved to [[Shiv Niwas Palace]] on the orders of [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]].<ref name=":3" /> It contains numerous paintings, crystal [[Chandelier|chandeliers]], [[Objet d'art|objets d'art]], and furniture from around the world.<ref name=":1" />

[[Pierre Loti]] described it as "... modern, with European drawing-rooms, looking-glasses, sideboards laden with silver, and billiard-rooms, appointments which we had been far from expecting to see in so indigenous a town."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sugich |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/palacesofindiatr0000sugi/ |title=Palaces of India : a traveller's companion featuring the palace hotels |date=1992 |publisher=London : Pavilion |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85145-520-1 |pages=17–18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Loti |first=Pierre |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India/pZKBAAAAIAAJ |title=India |date=1913 |publisher=T.W. Laurie |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref>

==Usage==
It now serves as the private residence of the erstwhile [[royal family]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Heritage_Holidays_North_Central_India/3nxuAAAAMAAJ? |title=Heritage Holidays, North & Central India |date=2004 |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) |isbn=978-81-901724-5-5 |pages=339 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McCulloch |first=Victoria |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_Delhi_Agra/bkH-AgAAQBAJ |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra |date=2014-01-14 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-909268-39-5 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Palaces in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]

Subhas Sumbhu Chakraborty

2025-06-23T08:07:22Z

MaricelaHamilton: adding new post

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Subhas Chakraborty
| image =
| fullname = Subhas Sumbhu Chakraborty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| currentclub = [[Mumbai F.C.]]
| clubnumber = 11
| height = {{height|m=1.71}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2000–2002
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
| years1 = 2002–2005
| years2 = 2005–2006
| years3 = 2006–2008
| years4 = 2008–2010
| years5 = 2010–2012
| years6 = 2012–2014
| clubs1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| clubs2 = [[Mahindra United]]
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| clubs4 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| clubs5 = [[United S.C.|Prayag United]]
| clubs6 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| caps2 = 13
| caps6 = 20
| goals2 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2014–2015
| clubs7 = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8 = 2015–2018
| clubs8 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| nationalyears1 = 2006
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2003–2005
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 6
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 21 January 2014
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Subhas Sumbhu Chakraborty''' (born 23 October 1985) is retired Indian [[soccer|football]] player who last played for [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] in the [[I-League]] as a [[midfielder]].

==External links==
* {{NFT player|pid=3116}}
* [http://goal.com/en-india/people/india/25043/subhash-chakrobarty Profile] at Goal.com
* {{soccerway|subash-chakraborty/72659}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrobarty, Subhas Sumbhu}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Mahindra United FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Brahmaputra floods

2025-06-05T01:14:57Z

MaricelaHamilton: correct lead also and corrected details

{{Short description|Flood events along the Brahmaputra river}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''Brahmaputra floods''' refers to a catastrophic flood event that occurred in 2012 along the [[Brahmaputra River]] and its tributaries, as well as in subsequent years.

==2012==

The 2012 Brahmaputra floods were an unprecedented flood event along the Brahmaputra
River and its tributaries due to significant [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon rains]] in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. 124 people were killed by the flooding and landslides, and about six million people were displaced. The worst hit area was the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. Flooding significantly affected [[Kaziranga National Park]], where 540 animals died including 16 rhinos.

In September 2011, the Brahmaputra River flowed through braided channels, but a year later, the channels could not be detected in the swollen river. During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a common occurrence in [[India]]. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life and property. [[Deforestation]] in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased [[siltation]] levels, [[flash flood]]s, and [[soil erosion]] in critical downstream habitat, such as the Kaziranga National Park in middle Assam.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. ''Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970-71 and 1994-95)''. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. ''Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District''. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Shrivastava, R.J. and Heinen, J.T. 2005. "Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India". ''Journal of Ecological Anthropology'' 9: 20-34.</ref>

Helicopters were deployed to drop food supplies to nearly 10,000 people in six villages where highway access was cut off by the flooding, about 550 km west of [Guwahati]

==2013==
In 2013, the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries flooded, triggered by heavy rainfall at the end of June in the neighboring state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state through Brahmaputra river and its tributaries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23237130 |title=BBC News — India floods: Thousands flee homes in Assam |publisher=Bbc |accessdate=11 July 2013|work=BBC News |date=2013-07-09 }}</ref> This series of floods submerged 12 districts out of 27 in the state of [[Assam]], where more than 1,00,000 people were affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Assam-flood-situation-worsens-PM-speaks-to-Gogoi/articleshow/20976886.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/india/40442707_1_flood-situation-jia-bharali-asdma |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Assam flood situation worsens, PM speaks to Gogoi|date=8 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/assam-floods-affect-1-1-lakh-people-in-11-district_861340.html |title=Assam floods affect 1.1 lakh people in 11 district |publisher=Zee News |accessdate=11 July 2013|date=2013-07-10 }}</ref> The flood also affected Kaziranga National Park and the [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]] where many animals moved to higher ground in order to save themselves from the flood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Floodwaters-enter-Kaziranga-as-Brahmaputra-rises/articleshow/20996399.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016201220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/india/40490740_1_kaziranga-national-park-poachers-knp |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Floodwaters enter Kaziranga as Brahmaputra rises|date=10 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The floods also affected some of the northern districts of Bangladesh, where 100,000 people suffered from a scarcity of food and pure drinking water.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/jul/11/flood-situation-worsens-northern-district | title=Flood situation worsens in northern district | publisher=Dhaka Tribune | date=11 July 2013 | accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>

===Flood report===
According to Assam State Disaster Management Authority's flood report as of 13 July 2013 totally 12 districts out of the 27 districts in the state were affected, the districts are [[Bongaigaon]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Dhemaji]], [[Golaghat]], [[Jorhat]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Karimganj]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Morigaon]], [[Nagaon]], [[Sivasagar]] and [[Tinsukia]].

In which 396 villages affected and around 7000 hectares of agricultural land were destroyed. Many roads and bridges were washed away cutting all road links to rest of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sdmassam.nic.in/download/Assam_Flood_Report_12.07.2013.pdf |title=Flood report|date=12 July 2013 |website= sdmassam.nic.in|publisher=Government of Assam}}</ref> Eight relief camps have been set up in [[Dhemaji]] and [[Chirang district|Chirang]] districts where about 3,000 people have been given shelter. The flood victims claimed there were no river embankments at various places or those breached by earlier floods were not repaired.<ref name="Assam Floods">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Floodwaters-enter-Kaziranga-as-Brahmaputra-rises/articleshow/20996399.cms?referral=PM | title=Assam Floods}}</ref>

==2015==

[[File:Assam flood in 2015.jpg|thumb|Assam flood in 2015]]

'''2015 Assam floods''' were floods in the Indian state of [[Assam]] which were triggered by heavy rainfall at the end of August in neighbouring [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state through [[Brahmaputra]] river and its tributaries. The floods are reported to have caused the deaths of 42 people and numerous landslides, road blockages and affected 16.5 [[lakh]] people in 21 districts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Assam Floods Update: 42 lives claimed so far|url = http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/flood-situation-in-assam-worsens-rivers-rising-way-above-the-danger-mark/|accessdate = 2015-09-24|work= [[Skymet Weather Services]] | date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>

Flooding affected 2,100 villages and destroyed standing crops across an area of 4,40,000 [[acre]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="U1">{{Cite web|url= http://in.reuters.com/article/india-floods-assam-idINKCN0R71NE20150907|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151210174447/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-floods-assam-idINKCN0R71NE20150907|url-status= dead|archive-date= 10 December 2015|title= Over 1.5 million people hit by floods in Assam|accessdate=September 27, 2015 |work= [[Reuters]] | date=September 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="e1">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/number-of-affected-climbs-to-9-lakh-85000-in-relief-camps/|title= Assam floods: Four more dead, toll rises to 24|accessdate=September 27, 2015 |work= [[The Indian Express]] | date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ge">{{Cite web|url= http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-000-villages-submerged-in-assam-floods-16-lakh-affected-1214640?site=full|title= Assam Flood Kill 4, Over 2,000 Villages Still Under Water|accessdate=September 27, 2015 |work= [[NDTV]] | date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> In the [[Dhubri]] district alone, more than 400 villages are now almost impossible to reach making it difficult to send aid to the suffering civilians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/days-without-food-no-relief-say-locals-in-villages-ravaged-by-assam-floods-1215215|title=Days Without Food, No Relief, Say Locals in Villages Ravaged by Assam Floods|last=Pandey|first=Alok|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
However, this is not the first time the [[Assam]] state has experienced destructive flooding; the region is possibly [[India|India's]] most flood-prone state and has experienced at least 12 major floods since 1950.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34242066|title=Forgotten floods: Why India can't afford to ignore Assam|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|work=BBC}}</ref> Although always prone to floods, the frequency of disastrous floods was increased in the area after the [[1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake]], also referred to as the "1950 Great Earthquake".<ref name=":1" />

==2016==
[[File:India Assam locator map.svg|thumb|The state of [[Assam]] within India]]
The '''2016 Assam floods''' were caused by large rains over the [[Northeastern India]]n state of [[Assam]] in July 2016. The flooding had affected 18 [[lakh]] people, and flooded the [[Kaziranga National Park]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/27/flooding-in-india-affects-16m-people-and-submerges-national-park | title=Flooding in India affects 1.6m people and submerges national park | work=The Guardian | date=27 July 2016 | accessdate=2 August 2016 | author=Doshi, Vidhi}}</ref> {{As of|2016|8|1}}, 28 people had been killed as a result of the flooding starting 17 July, according to a report by the State Disaster Management Authority.<ref name="Hindu1Aug16">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/28-dead-in-assam-floods-in-two-weeks/article8929260.ece | title=28 dead in Assam floods in two weeks no problems in guwahati| work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 August 2016 | accessdate=2 August 2016 | author=Debasree Purkayastha}}</ref>

The [[Northeast India|north-eastern states of India]] saw heavy rainfalls in July 2016. The state of [[Assam]] faced around 60% more rains than it received in July 2015.<ref name="Tea">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/bad-weather-makes-assam-tea-output-to-nosedive-in-july-industry-worried-116080200496_1.html | title=Bad weather makes Assam tea output to nosedive in July, industry worried | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=2 August 2016 | accessdate=3 August 2016 | author=Supratim Dey}}</ref> The rainfall resulted in flooding of various rivers and on 5 July the [[Brahmaputra River]] had crossed its danger mark level in the seven districts of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji]], [[Nagaon]], [[Jorhat]], [[Golaghat]], [[Morigaon]] and [[Biswanath Chariali|Biswanath]].<ref name="Brahma">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/assam-floods-90000-affected-brahmaputra-above-danger-mark-2895709/ |title=Assam floods: 90,000 affected, Brahmaputra above danger mark |work=Indian Express |date=5 July 2016 |accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

The floods have affected more than 16 [[lakh]] human lives, and people choose to abandon their households and livestock, and escape with help of homemade rafts. Mobile phone networks, along with power transmission, have been hampered in many regions of the state.<ref name="Guardian" /> Around 4,90,000 [[acre]]s of farming land was affected by the floods.<ref name="Hindu1Aug16"/> The Assam Branch Indian Tea Association (ABITA) has estimated a 21-30% crop loss of [[Assam tea]]. The state of [[Assam]] had produced 63.1 [[crore]] kg of tea in a year

===Wild life===
[[File:Kaziranga-National-Park-map-en-mod.svg|thumb|The [[Kaziranga National Park]] in proximity with the [[Brahmaputra River]].]]
The floods have affected the [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]]<ref name="Brahma"/> and the [[Kaziranga National Park]], a [[World Heritage Site]]. {{As of|2016|8|2}}, around 300 wild animals have been reported to have drowned, while around 81 percent of the Kaziranga National Park was under water. This includes 21 [[Indian rhinoceros|great one-horned rhinoceroses]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and about 219 [[Indian hog deer]] (''Hyelaphus porcinus'').<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Over-300-animals-killed-in-Assam-floods-in-Kaziranga/articleshow/53509005.cms | title=Over 300 animals killed in Assam floods in Kaziranga | work=The Times of India | date=2 August 2016 | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="IE2Aug16">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/assam-floods-kaziranga-national-park-animals-trapped-lost-rhinos-hog-deer-2948256/ | title=Assam floods: 218 animals including 17 rhinos, 166 hog deer dead in Kaziranga | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=2 August 2016 | accessdate=2 August 2016 | author=Samudra Gupta Kashyap}}</ref> The park officially reported deaths of "11 [[wild boar]], nine [[swamp deer]], six [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], three [[Water buffalo|buffalo]], two [[hog badger]], one [[porcupine]] and one [[pythonidae|python]]" in the time span of 25 July to 31 July.<ref name="IE2Aug16"/>

Officers and local people rescued 100 wild animals, including 9 rhinoceroses.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/01/animals-drown-kaziranga-national-park/ | title=Assam Flood: 200 Animals Drown To Death In Kaziranga National Park | work=[[The Huffington Post]] |place=Assam |date=1 August 2016 | accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> These were taken for treatment at the Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Conservation located within [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]].<ref name="IE2Aug16"/>

===Rescue work===
About 300 makeshift camps were erected to rehabilitate people displaced by the flooding.<ref name="Guardian" /> Various schools were used as relief camps. [[National Disaster Response Force]] took up the relief works.<ref name="Hindu1Aug16"/> An [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] named "Save the Children" worked for the rehabilitation of children and their families in the three districts of [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Majuli district|Majuli]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/save-the-children-ngo-to-help-children-in-flood-hit-assam-2949709/ | title='Save the children' NGO to help children in flood-hit Assam | work=Indian Express | date=2 August 2016 | accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref>

Seven public-sector oil companies [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Oil India Limited]], [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]], [[Gas Authority of India Limited]], and [[Numaligarh Refinery Limited]] donated a total of {{INRConvert|15|c}} towards Chief Minister's Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/oil-firms-donate-rs-15-crore/article8934903.ece | title=Oil firms donate Rs 15 crore | work=The Hindu | date=3 August 2016 |place=Guwahati | accessdate=3 August 2016 }}</ref>

==2017==
[[File:India Assam locator map.svg|thumb|170px|The state of [[Assam]] within India]]

The '''2017 Northeast India floods''' were caused by overflowing of [[Brahmaputra river]] in the state of [[Assam]] in July 2017 affecting four Indian states: [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Choudhury|first1=Ratandip|title=13 Killed, 850 Villages Under Water As Assam Floods Worsen|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/13-killed-850-villages-under-water-as-assam-floods-worsen-1721578|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=July 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assam flood situation worsens, over 4 lakh people affected|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/flood-situation-worsens-in-guwahati-affects-over-4-lakh-people/article19214400.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=July 5, 2017}}</ref> As of 14 July 2017, at least 85 people were dead<ref>{{cite web|title=85 dead, 58 districts affected: Centre says damage due to floods in northeast 'unprecedented'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/80-dead-58-districts-affected-centre-says-damage-due-to-floods-in-northeast-unprecedented/articleshow/59580413.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref> as a result of the flooding and 4 [[lakh]] people have been affected and 5,00,000 have been homeless.<ref>{{cite web|title=Extreme floods in India kill 28 people and leave 500,000 homeless|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/07/10/extreme-floods-in-india-kill-28-people-and-leave-500000-homeless-6769200/|publisher=The Metro UK|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref> Nearly 60 animals, mostly deer and wild boars, perished in the floods.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scores killed in India floods and landslides|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/scores-killed-india-floods-landslides-170714154807696.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref>

The flood-affected 15 districts of Assam state that includes [[Lakhimpur, Assam|Lakhimpur]], [[Jorhat]], [[Golaghat]], [[Sivasagar]], [[Cachar]], [[Dhemaji]], [[Karimganj]], [[Sonitpur]], [[Hojai]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Majuli]], [[Barpeta]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Nagaon]] and [[Nalbari]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Floods in Assam worsen Assam: Floods leave over 39 thousand people homeless|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-over-39-thousand-people-homeless-as-assam-floods-worsen-2494606|publisher=[[DNA India]]|date=July 7, 2017}}</ref> It has also inundated large tracts of [[Kaziranga National Park]], [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Nameri National Park]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kalita|first1=Prabin|title=Assam floods: 4 lakh people affected, over 41,000 in relief camps|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-floods-4-lakh-people-affected-over-41000-in-relief-camps/articleshow/59460957.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=Jul 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Rescue work ===
The state government of Assam set up 128 relief camps under the surveillance of [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Assam Chief Minister]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] for people displaced, and has made arrangements for drinking water, food and medical teams and rescue goods. 154 people died due to drowning, electrocution and diseases caused due to water contamination.

Government has provided health and medical facilities in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Assam Floods Continue To Leave People Homeless, 39,000 Have Lost Their Homes So Far|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-floods-continue-to-leave-people-homeless-39-000-have-lost-their-homes-so-far-325376.html|publisher=[[Indiatimes.com]]|date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>

== 2018 ==
'''The 2018 Floods''' in the Tributaries of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] affected 4.5 [[lakh]] people across the districts of [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Majuli district|Majuli]] and [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] in the state of [[Assam]]. According to the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), total 12 persons lost their lives in the first wave of flood in the year. The floods inundated 11,243 hectares of agricultural lands with standing crops in four districts.<ref name="Guwahati">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/23-dead-as-floods-ravage-northeast-situation-grim-in-assam-1262872-2018-06-18|title=23 dead as floods ravage Northeast, situation grim in Assam|date=June 18, 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-16}}</ref>

== 2019 ==
The 2019 Brahmaputra Floods, till 16 July, affected a total of 52,59,142 people, 1,63,962.02 hectares of crop area, in 30 districts in the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asdma.gov.in/pdf/flood_report/2019/Daily_Flood_Report_16.07.2019.pdf|title=Flood Report – Flood Situation as on today, i.e., 16 July 2019 at 6 PM|publisher=Assam State Disaster Management Authority|date=July 16, 2019|website=asdma.gov.in|access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> In the State, death toll rose to 59 on 20 July. At least 3,024 villages in the affected districts continued to be underwater and 44,08,142 people are hit in [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Sonitpur district]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Nalbari]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[South Salmara district|South Salmara]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]] and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/flood-waters-show-receding-trend-in-assam-as-death-toll-mounts-to-595839570/|title=Assam flood waters show receding trend, but death toll rises to 59|date=2019-07-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>

Notably, in this wave of floods, 2400 an endangered species of [[Indian rhinoceros]] in [[Kaziranga National Park]] were badly affected by the Flood.<ref name="Sharma">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-floods-how-2400-rhinos-in-kaziranga-are-fleeing-for-their-lives/articleshow/70309515.cms|title=Assam Floods: How 2,400 rhinos in Kaziranga are fleeing for their lives|last=Sharma|first=Shantanu Nandan|date=2019-07-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Animals killed and rescued in [[Kaziranga National Park]]<ref name="Sharma"/>
!Animal
!Dead
!Rescued
|-
| [[Indian rhinoceros|Rhino]]
|12
|2
|-
|Elephant
|1
|1
|-
|Hog Deer
|101
|49
|-
|Swamp Deer
|6
|2
|-
|Wild Bear
|9
|nil
|-
|Sambar
|9
|1
|-
|Others
|3
|5
|-
|Total
|141
|60
|}

== 2020 ==
{{Main|2020 Assam floods}}
In 2020, floods were caused due to heavy rain in Assam and rising level of water in Brahmaputra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam: Water level of Brahmaputra river continues to swell, 5 districts affected by floods|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/assam-water-level-of-brahmaputra-river-continues-to-swell-5-districts-affected-by-floods/597072|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> More than 30,000 were affected across 5 districts and crops were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam flood situation worsens, over 30,000 in 5 districts affected|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-flood-situation-worsens-over-30-000-in-5-districts-affected/story-b44R19xqhsgMJY1JRMVvtM.html|date=2020-05-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The floods also coincided with the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] in Assam.

Till July, the floods along with landslides affected 1.6 million people in 22 districts of Assam and casualties rising to 33.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-03|title=Over 16 lakh affected, one more dead in Assam floods|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/over-16-lakh-affected-one-more-dead-in-assam-floods/article31975174.ece|access-date=2020-07-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Assam floods: Seven more casualties, toll rises to 33; nearly 15 lakh affected|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-floods-death-toll-6485609/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> 2 people died in Arunachal Pradesh due to landslide.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-25|title=Arunachal landslip, flood kill 2; Assam floods death toll up to 36|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arunachal-landslip-flood-kill-2-assam-death-toll-up-to-36/article31918961.ece|access-date=2020-07-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Around 2,200 villages were under water and 87,000 hectares of crop area was damaged, The water level was above danger mark in several cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Dead, 15 Lakh People Affected By Floods In Assam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-floods-7-dead-15-lakh-people-affected-by-floods-in-state-2255533|access-date=2020-07-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> More than 50 percent of the area of Kaziranga National Park and Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary are affected by floods forcing animals to move to other places.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2020|first=Hemanta|last=Kumar Nath|title=Assam floods: Over 16 lakh people affected in 22 districts, death toll climbs to 34|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-floods-second-wave-over-16-lakh-people-affected-22-districts-1696533-2020-07-03|access-date=2020-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== 2022 ==
{{Main|2022 Assam floods}}
The floods in May, 2022 were caused due to above normal rainfall across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |title=Assam gets 62% above normal pre-monsoon rain. Floods made worse by dams, say locals |url=https://scroll.in/article/1024610/in-assam-unusual-pre-monsoon-rains-and-human-activity-make-a-deadly-combination |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 25th May, more than 6 lakh people were affected and 25 have lost their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Weather Highlights: 6.5 lakh people affected in Assam floods, death toll rises to 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/live-news/weather-news-live-delhi-kerala-assam-mumbai-india-weather-rain-flood-7932833/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weakened Rain Activity to Continue over Northeast India This Week; Assam Flood Situation Improves, Death Toll Up to 25 |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2022-05-24-assam-floods-improve-but-rains-prevail-over-northeast-india |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref> According to Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), thousands of villages and more than {{Convert|60000|ha|km2}} of crop area have been affected across the state. Authorities are running several relief camps and distribution centres across the state sheltering thousands of people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Assam: Assam floods: 26 killed, 5.8 lakh affected across 17 districts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-floods-26-killed-5-8-lakh-affected-across-17-districts/articleshow/91773287.cms |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Railway lines were also affected due to flooding and landslides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Shiva |date=2022-05-24 |title=Assam Floods: In Big Relief, Centre Sanctions Rs 180 Cr For Restoration Of Railway Network In Dima Hasao |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/assam-floods-restoration-of-railway-network-35705 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Natural disasters}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Floods in Assam]]

Koshy

2025-04-15T06:35:37Z

MaricelaHamilton: New Initial Details Needs Work

'''Koshy''' is an Indian [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] name, and is [[Suriyani Malayalam|Syriac Malayalam]] for the biblical name [[Joshua]]. Notable people with the name include:

*[[Elizabeth Koshy]], Indian sport shooter
*[[J B Koshy]] (born 1947), Indian judge
*[[Arch Deacon Koshy|Koshy Koshy]] (1825–1899), Indian Anglican priest and Malayalam novelist
*[[Liza Koshy]] (born 1996), American actress and YouTube personality
*[[Mridula Koshy]] (born 1969), Indian writer
*[[Ninan Koshy]] (1934–2015), Indian political thinker
*[[Vinitha Koshy]], Malayalam film actress
*[[Hannah Reji Koshy]], Malayalam film actress and model

{{surname}}

==References==
* https://babynameseasy.com/malayali-boy-name/koshy
* https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=koshy
* https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/name-meaning/koshy