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Director of the Special Protection Group

2026-05-07T18:44:54Z

MarianaCone66: new new info

{{Short description|Seniormost non-elected official of India's external intelligence agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Director of the Special Protection Group
| body = India
| flag = SPG Flag.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = Flag of SPG
| insignia = SPG LOGO.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Logo of SPG
| residence = Classified
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| succession = 25th {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]])}}
| member_of =
| image =
| incumbent = [[Alok Sharma (police officer)|Alok Sharma]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| incumbentsince = 17th November, 2023
| inaugural = [[S. Subramanian]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| formation = 1985
| website = {{URL|https://spg.nic.in/aboutus.htm}}
| reports_to =
*[[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Secretary (S)]]
| seat = 9, [[Lok Kalyan Marg]], [[New Delhi]]
| termlength = Typically 3-4 years, can be extended
| salary = {{INRConvert|225000}} monthly
| department = [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]] [[Special Protection Group]]
| status = Director of SPG
| native_name = ''विशेष सुरक्षा दल के निदेशक''
}}{{Improve categories|date=May 2026}}{{Politics of India}}

The '''Director of the Special Protection Group''' (''Vishesh Suraksha Dal ke Nirdeshak'') is the ''[[de facto]]'' head of India’s elite security force, the [[Special Protection Group]], which is responsible for providing close protection to the [[PM of India|Prime Minister]] and their immediate family. As the top authority, the Director oversees strategic planning, threat assessment, and coordination with other security and [[List of Indian intelligence agencies|intelligence agencies]]. The current director is [[Alok Sharma (police officer)|Alok Sharma]] since November 2023.<ref name="THE SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP ACT 1988 ,22">{{cite web|last=The Gazette of India|title=THE SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP ACT 1988 [AS AMENDED IN 1991, 1994 & 1999]|url=http://www.spg.nic.in/spgact.htm|work=No. 30|publisher=The Government of India|access-date=22 May 2014|location=New Delhi|date= 7 June 1988| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020174517/http://www.spg.nic.in/spgact.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Senior IPS officer Alok Sharma appointed new SPG director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-ips-officer-alok-sharma-appointed-new-spg-director-9031468/ |work=The Indian Express |date=18 November 2023 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

The Director of the Special Protection Group reports to the [[Secretary (Security)]], who serves as the ''[[de jure]]'' head of the SPG. The current Secretary (S) is [[Parag Jain]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=R&AW Chief Parag Jain given additional charge as Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/12/raw-chief-parag-jain-given-additional-charge-as-secretary-security-cabinet-secretariat |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
After the assassination of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in October 1984, a review by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] recommended an exclusive unit for the Prime Minister’s security. In February 1985, the ''Birbal Nath Committee'' proposed the creation of the Special Protection Unit (SPU), which was formally established as the ''Special Protection Group'' (SPG) on 30 March 1985 under the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]] with 819 posts. The SPG was headed by a Director, typically an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of Director General rank. [[S. Subramanian]], then Joint Director (VIP Security) of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], became its first Director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spg.nic.in/aboutus.html|title=About Us :: SPG, Govt. of India|website=www.spg.nic.in|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527162615/http://www.spg.nic.in/aboutus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Power and responsibilities==
The Director of the Special Protection Group is assisted by Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors, and Joint Assistant Directors and his/her role includes:<ref>{{cite news |title=SPG amendment bill passed in Lok Sabha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/spg-amendment-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/72261106.cms |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415131412/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/spg-amendment-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/72261106.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Operations''' – Responsible for close protection duties, including sub-units for Communications, Technical, and Transport.
* '''Training''' – Conducts continuous training in physical fitness, marksmanship, anti-sabotage measures, communications, and other close protection skills.
* '''Intelligence and Tours''' – Handles threat assessment, internal intelligence, and personnel verification.
* '''Administration''' – Manages human resources, finance, procurement, and related administrative matters.

== Emolument, accommodation and perquisites ==
The Director of SPG holds the rank of [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) to the Government of India. The post is accompanied by:

* Official residence.
* Security cover as per central government rules.
* Eligibility for a diplomatic or official passport for foreign travel.
* Salary as per Pay Level 17 of the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]].<ref name="Army Pay Rules">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf|title=Army Pay Rules, 2017|date=May 3, 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "
|-
|+'''Director of SPG monthly pay and allowances'''
|-
!Base Salary (Per month)
!Pay Matrix Level
|-
|{{INRConvert|225000}}<ref name="7th Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|Pay Level 17
|}

==List of Directors of SPG==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Prime Minister
|-
| 1
| [[S. Subramanian]]
| 1985
| 1986
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| 2
| Devendra Singh
| 1986
| 1990
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| 3
| Trinath Mishra
| 1990
| 1993
| [[V. P. Singh]] [[Chandra Shekhar]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| 4
| S. N. Tiwari
| 1993
| 1994
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| 5
| [[Shyamal Datta]]
| 1994
| 1997
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
| 6
| M. R. Reddy
| 1997
| 2000
| [[I. K. Gujral]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| 7
| T. K. Mitra
| 2000
| 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| 8
| R. K. Das
| 2002
| 2004
|-
| 9
| [[B. V. Wanchoo]]
| 2004
| 2011
| rowspan="2" | [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| 10
| K. Durga Prasad
| 2011
| 2014
|-
| 11
| Vivek Srivastava
| 2014
| 2016
| rowspan="3" | [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| 12
| [[Arun Kumar Sinha (police officer)|Arun Kumar Sinha]]
| 2016
| 2023
|-
| 13
| [[Alok Sharma (police officer)|Alok Sharma]]
| 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|}

==See also==
*[[Secretary of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
*[[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]]
*[[Director General of the National Investigation Agency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Politics of India]]

Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:47:44Z

MarianaCone66: created a data!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| name = Bardhaman Purba {{Small|WB-38}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Bardhaman Purba.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = SC
| assembly_cons = [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] [[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]] [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]] [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]] [[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]] [[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
| mp = [[Sharmila Sarkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 18,01,333 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency is based on [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 38 Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency are in Purba Bardhaman district. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, [[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist from 2009 and new constituencies came into being: Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency and [[Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. '''Bardhaman Purba''', 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency no. 38) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name =delimitation/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|261
|[[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] (SC)
|rowspan="7" |[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|Subhash Patra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 262
|[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] (SC)
|Arun Halder
|-
|264
|[[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]] (SC)
|Siddharth Majumdar
|-
|265
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|Manab Guha
|-
|268
|[[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|Prankrishna Tapadar
|-
|269
|[[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]]
|Gopal Chattopadhyay
|-
|270
|[[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|Krishna Ghosh
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||[[Anup Kumar Saha]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Result|work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 10 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>||2014-2019||rowspan=2|[[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-2024
|-
||[[18th Lok Sabha |Eighteenth]]
|2024-''Incumbent''
|[[Sharmila Sarkar]]
|}

For Members of Parliament from this area in previous years see [[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]]

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman|Bardhaman Purba]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bardhaman Purba">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bardhaman Purba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2538.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163218/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2538.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bardhaman Purba Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Bardhaman Purba Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bardhaman-purba |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bardhaman-purba |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sharmila Sarkar]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=720,302|percentage=48.11|change={{increase}}3.59}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 559,730 |percentage=37.38|change={{decrease}}0.94}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nirab Khan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=176,899|percentage=11.81|change={{decrease}}0.41}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,697|percentage=0.85|change={{increase}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority|votes=160,572|percentage=24.09|change={{increase}}15.43}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,97,310|percentage=83.12|change={{decrease}}1.66}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman|Bardhaman Purba]]<ref name=loksabha2019>{{cite web |url = http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2533.htm?ac=33 |title = General Elections 2019 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election commission of India |access-date = 24 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190622133802/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2533.htm?ac=33 |archive-date = 22 June 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sunil Kumar Mondal]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=6,40,834|percentage=44.52|change=+1.02}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Paresh Chandra Das|votes=551,523|percentage=38.32|change=+25.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ishwar Chandra Das|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=175,920|percentage=12.22|change=-22.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Siddharth Majumdar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,472|percentage=2.67|change=-3.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=10,747|percentage=0.75|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=89,311|percentage=8.66|change=+3.38}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,39,603|percentage=84.78|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman|Bardhaman Purba]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,74,660
|percentage = 43.50
|change = +1.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ishwar Chandra Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,60,181
|percentage = 34.83
|change = -12.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santosh Roy
|votes = 1,70,828
|percentage = 12.93
|change = +6.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandana Majhi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 68,884
|percentage = 5.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Swapan Malik
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 9,666
|percentage = 0.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kalicharan Sardar
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 7,981
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pejush Kumar Sahana
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = 5,919
|percentage = 0.44
|change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukul Biswas
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,442
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prosanta Bag
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|votes = 3,410
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,14,479
|percentage = 8.66
|change = +3.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,20,922
|percentage = 86.21
|change = -1.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -4.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman|Bardhaman Purba]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Anup Kumar Saha|Dr Anup Kumar Saha]]
|votes = 5,39,987
|percentage = 47.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ashoke Biswas
|votes = 4,72,568
|percentage = 42.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sankar Haldar
|votes = 71,632
|percentage = 6.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Rabindranath Bag
|votes = 17,716
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Raju Malik
|votes = 12,982
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukul Biswas
|votes = 9,069
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Pijush Kumar Sahana
|votes = 8,419
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 67,419
|percentage = 5.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,24,373
|percentage = 87.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{coord|23.2|87.9|display=title}}
{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]

INS Tarangini

2026-05-06T12:22:49Z

MarianaCone66:

{{Short description|Indian Navy sail training ship}}
{{italic title|string=Tarangini}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Tarangini (A75) en-route to Sri Lanka.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Tarangini'' (A75) en-route to [[Sri Lanka]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Tarangini''
| namesake = "Waves"
| ordered = 1
| builder = [[Goa Shipyard]]
| original_cost =
| laid_down = 20 June 1995
| launched = 1 December 1995
| acquired =
| commissioned = 11 November 1997
| decommissioned =
| in_service = 1
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| captured =
| identification = *{{IMO Number|1005253}}
*{{MMSI Number|419100094}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: VVXV
*[[Pennant number]]: A75<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy Surface Ships - Training vessels|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0,12|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref>
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes = War Cry "अदम्य साहस विशाल हंसिनी" Indomitable Courage of the Great Swan
| badge = [[File:INSV Tarangini emblem.jpg|150px]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = Three masted [[barque]]
| displacement = 513 tons
| length = {{convert|54|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|8.53|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|34.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} ([[mainmast]] above waterline)
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| power = {{convert|320|hp|abbr=on}} per engine
| propulsion = 2 Kirloskar Cummins diesels
| sail_plan = [[Barque#Barque rig|Barque rig]] (1035m² sail area)
| complement = 61<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_sail_training_ship.asp|title=Goa Shipyards Products - Sail Training Ship }}</ref>
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Tarangini''''' is a [[Full-rigged ship|three-masted]] [[barque]], commissioned in 1997 as a [[sail training]] ship for the [[Indian Navy]]. She is [[square rig]]ged on the fore and main masts and [[fore-and-aft rig]]ged on the mizzen mast. She was constructed in [[Goa]] to a design by the British [[Naval architecture|naval architect]] [[Colin Mudie]], and launched on 1 December 1995. In 2003–04, she became the first [[List of active Indian Navy ships|Indian naval ship]] to [[Circumnavigation|circumnavigate the globe]].

Apart from races, the ship sails extensively across the Indian Ocean region for the purpose of providing sail training experience to the [[Officer cadet|officer cadets]] of the Indian Navy. The Indian Navy believes that training on board these ships is the best method of instilling among the trainees the "indefinable 'sea-sense' and respect for elements of nature, which are inseparable from safe and successful seafaring". The Navy believes that sail training also serves to impart the values of courage, camaraderie, endurance and [[Morale|esprit-de-corps]] among budding [[Officer (armed forces)|naval officers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/sail-training-ship-tarangini-embarks-08-months-voyage-europe|title = Press Release | Indian Navy}}</ref>

==Service history==
''Tarangini'' started its first [[circumnavigation]] of the globe in 2003–04, with the theme of "building bridges of friendship across the oceans".<ref>[http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/tarangani_home.htm INS Tarangini Official website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110180426/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/tarangani_home.htm |date=10 January 2008 }}</ref> During the fifteen-month voyage, the ship covered {{convert|33000|nmi|km}} and visited 36 ports in 18 countries. The ship was received by the president, Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/04/26/stories/2004042601171300.htm INS Tarangini back after voyage around the world]</ref>

In 2003–04, she became the first Indian naval ship to circumnavigate the globe. Since then, ''Tarangini'' has sailed to the [[Great Lakes]] in Canada for races and has also participated in European tall ship races. Tarangini won the [[Royal Thames Yacht Club]] Challenge Trophy in 2005 at Europe and stood third in Youth Sailing Division in 2007 in the USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/sail-training-ship-tarangini-embarks-08-months-voyage-europe|title = Press Release | Indian Navy}}</ref>

The ship sailed to Europe in 2005 with the aim of ‘strengthening the bridges of friendship across the seas’. She called at 16 ports in 13 countries covering a distance of over 15,000 nautical miles. She participated in the International Fleet Review and International Festival of the Sea at Portsmouth, tall ship races organized by [[Sail Training International]], Sail Bremerhaven and the Sail Amsterdam Sea Festival before returning to India.

On 10 January 2007, ''Tarangini'' started another 10-month overseas voyage named "Lokayan 07", calling at 23 ports in 16 countries. The ship departed Kochi on 10 January 2007 and transited through the [[Suez Canal]] to reach the Atlantic Coast of North America. It participated in a series of tall ship events such as the World Peace Cup, Maritime Festival of Charleston, Sail Virginia, Sail Rhode Island and Sail Boston and returned to port in October 2007 after covering {{convert|22000|nmi|km}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071030153719/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103057282200.htm A ship sails tall and proud]</ref>

The ship also undertook the Chola Expedition organized by the Maritime History Society of India to retrace the path followed by the [[Chola Empire]] [[Sailor|seafarers]] from January to March 2008. The ship called at the ports of [[Jakarta]], [[Singapore]] and [[Phuket Province|Phuket]] during the expedition.

''Tarangini'' flew the Indian flag at the International Fleet Review during the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the [[Sri Lanka Navy]] in December 2010. She was the only tall ship to attend, and was the first ship to be reviewed by the [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan president]]. The ship stood out during the review with its yards manned by Indian naval cadets and midshipmen of the Sri Lanka Navy.

The value of sail training lies in its ability to foster the virtues of courage, camaraderie, ''esprit-de-corps'' and endurance—valued in the Indian Navy for character building. Sailing platforms are suitable for exposing young officers to the challenges at sea to imbibe "sea sense". Whilst under sail, cadets improve their appreciation of the elements to improve their practical experience.

During the last 15 years ''Tarangini'' has participated in 13 expeditions sailing over {{convert|188000|nmi}}, remaining at sea for over 2,100 days, visiting 74 ports in 39 countries and transforming young naval cadets into mariners.

In 2012, [[INS Sudarshini (A77)|INS ''Sudarshini'']], built to the same design, was commissioned by the Indian Navy.
[[File:Route map of INS Tarangini for Lokayan - 15.jpg|thumb|Route map of INS Tarangini for Lokayan - 15.]]
[[File:Lokayan 2018.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Lokayan 2018]]
In 2015, ''Tarangini'' began an eight-month voyage (4 May – 3 December 2015) to participate in the annual tall ship races and other events at Europe, organised under the aegis of Sail Training International. During these eight months, the ship traveled approximately 17,000 miles under sail through the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea. She visited 17 ports in 14 countries to showcase India to the world, and demonstrate the Indian Navy's global reach. The theme for the voyage, codenamed LOKAYAN-15, was chosen as "tacking for a broader reach". The tall ship races were conducted primarily off the coast of United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. ''Tarangini'' also participated in the tall ship race from Kristiansand, Norway to Aalborg, Denmark. She also participated in associated sail events such as Sail Rostock, Sail Bremerhaven in Germany and Sail Amsterdam in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/sail-training-ship-tarangini-embarks-08-months-voyage-europe|title = Press Release | Indian Navy}}</ref>

In 2018, ''Tarangini'' sailed for a seven months sailing expedition Lokayan 2018 from 10 April 18 to 30 October, wherein she participated in ‘Three Festival Tall Ships Regatta’ at Bordeaux (France) and thereafter participated in ‘Tall Ships Races Europe 2018’ from Sunderland (UK) to Esbjerg (Denmark) and Stavanger (Norway) to Harlingen (NL). The ship sailed with a theme ‘Sailing through Different Oceans…Uniting Nations’, covering a distance of about 22,000 Nm spanning over 15 ports across 13 Countries in 3 Continents showcased India to the World, demonstrating Indian Navy's global reach. The ship also sailed for ‘Tall Ships Sail Together’, a joint sailing expedition with her sister ship Sudarshini and Royal Omani Naval Sailing Ship ‘Zinat-al-Bihar’ from Kochi to Muscat as part of 10th anniversary of IONS in November 2018.

Since commissioning ''Tarangini'' has sailed extensively in the oceans of the world, undertaking 16 Sailing Expeditions and travelling over {{convert|2,25,000|nmi|km mi|abbr=off}} in the last 22 years. Over the years, the ship has undertaken major expeditions such as Circumnavigation Voyage (2003–04), four LOKAYAN voyages (2005, 2007, 2015 and 2018) and IONS Sailing Expedition 2018. The ship with this illustrious past, has led by example and still strives to imbibe the spirit of adventure and sailing amongst trainees.

On 22 November 2024, INS ''Tarangini'' conducted a joint sailing exercise with the [[Italian training ship Amerigo Vespucci|Italian training ship ''Amerigo Vespucci'']] off the coast of [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=INS Tarangini undertakes joint sailing with Italy’s Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ins-tarangini-undertakes-joint-sailing-with-italys-amerigo-vespucci/article68905872.ece#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17325963411912&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ins-tarangini-undertakes-joint-sailing-with-italys-amerigo-vespucci/article68905872.ece |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2026-02-17 |title=Visakhapatnam set for grand Presidential Fleet Review on February 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-set-for-grand-presidential-fleet-review-on-february-18/article70643607.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following her participation she was involved in [[search and rescue]] efforts for the crew of [[IRIS Dena]], an Iranian Frigate [[Sinking of IRIS Dena|sunk]] during the [[2026 Iran war]] off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Kaul |first=Aditya |date=5 March 2026 |title=India Sent Vessel to Help sinking Iranian Warship near Sri Lanka:Navy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iris-dena-sri-lanka-india-responded-to-distress-call-of-iran-ship-sent-vessel-to-help-navy-11173405 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>She concluded her SAR efforts on March 6th before joining with the Sri Lankan Navy for joint training.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2236440&reg=3&lang=2</ref>

== List of Commanding Officers - INS Tarangini ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!From
!To
|-
|Cdr HD Motivala, SC
|11 Nov 97
|07 Jul 99
|-
|Cdr SM Kulkarni
|10 Aug 99
|25 Apr 01
|-
|Cdr S Shaukat Ali
|26 Apr 01
|31 Aug 03
|-
|Cdr PK Garg
|01 Sep 03
|11 Feb 04
|-
|Cdr Mukul Asthana
|12 Feb 04
|17 Jul 06
|-
|Cdr Sunil Balakrishnan
|18 Jul 06
|05 Nov 07
|-
|Cdr Abhimanyu Patankar
|06 Nov 07
|31 Jan 10
|-
|Cdr Manish Sain
|01 Feb 10
|07 Dec 11
|-
|Cdr Ashwin Arvind
|08 Dec 11
|10 Aug 12
|-
|Cdr T Sugreev
|11 Aug 12
|29 Dec 13
|-
|Cdr Gaurav Gautam
|30 Dec 14
|17 Oct 15
|-
|Cdr Deepak K Subramanian
|18 Oct 15
|28 Dec 16
|-
|Cdr Vidur Chenji
|29 Dec 16
|28 Dec 17
|-
|Cdr Rahul Mehta
|29 Dec 17
|21 Jan 19
|-
|Cdr Dalpat Singh Bhati
|22 Jan 19
|21 Jan 20
|-
|Cdr Rajesh Nag
|22 Jan 20
|23 Feb 21
|-
|Cdr Yatish Badoutiya
|24 Feb 21
|31 Jan 22
|-
|Cdr Praveen Kumar
|01 Feb 22
|27 Dec 22
|-
|Cdr Govind Singh Rathore
|28 Dec 22
|26 Dec 23
|-
|Cdr Augustine Thomas
|27 Dec 23
|02 Jan 25
|-
|Cdr Harpreet Singh
|03 Jan 25
|23 Nov 25
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158507 - INS Tarangini Circumnavigation Voyage.jpeg|2004 stamp on Circumnavigation Voyage
File:TALLSHIPS2007 009 Tarangini.jpg|With the crew in the yardarms, ''Taragini'' slips along the [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] waterfront in 2007.
File:TaranginiCHS.JPG|''Tarangini'' in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], US on May 16–20, 2007 to celebrate the Maritime Festival.
File:Tarangini 3.JPG|''Tarangini'' on a voyage.
File:Tarangini.jpg|''Tarangini'' passing under the [[Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge]] - [[Narragansett Bay]], Rhode Island, US - followed by the ''[[PNS Rah Naward|Prince William]]'' and ''[[Picton Castle (ship)|Picton Castle]]''.
File:Tarangini 2.JPG|[[Cherbourg, France]] tall ship race, 2005
File:INS Tharangini India.JPG|At southern Naval Command Cochin
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships#Training vessels|Training ships of the Indian Navy]]
*[[INS Sudarshini (A77)|INS Sudarshini]]
*[[School ship]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://indiannavy.nic.in/ins_tarangini.htm Indian Navy – INS ''Tarangini'']
*[http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec1-03/html/ch3.htm ''Tarangini'': Waves Worldwide]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarangini}}
[[Category:Barques of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Tall ships of India]]
[[Category:Training ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Sail training ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Three-masted ships]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:1995 ships]]
[[Category:Expeditions from India]]

Sridevi Shoban Babu

2026-04-30T00:20:45Z

MarianaCone66: creating bio

{{short description|2023 film by Prasanth Kumar Dimmala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sridevi Shobhan Babu
| image = Sridevi Shoban Babu.jpg
| caption =
| director = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
| writer = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
| producer = Vishnu Prasad Sushmita Konidela
| starring = [[Santosh Sobhan]] [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
| cinematography = Siddarth Ramaswamy
| editing = Shashidhar Reddy
| music = Kamran
| studio = GoldBox Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|2|18}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Sridevi Shoban Babu''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Prasanth Kumar Dimmala and produced by GoldBox Entertainment. ''Sridevi Shoban Babu'' features [[Santosh Sobhan]] and [[Gouri G. Kishan]] in lead roles. It was released on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Release date set for 'Sridevi Sobhan Babu' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/release-date-set-for-sridevi-sobhan-babu |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Telugucinema.com|Telugu Cinema]] }}</ref> The film's title and it's lead characters are named after the late superstars, [[Sridevi]] and [[Sobhan Babu|Shoban Babu]].

== Plot ==
Sridevi works as a professional stylist in Hyderabad. One day, she learns that her paternal aunt Kamala has insulted her father. So she leaves for Araku to confront her aunt. Sridevi meets Shoban Babu, Kamala's son, and she falls in love with him. The story ends when her father finally learns the truth and Shoban Babu confesses his love for Sridevi.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==

* [[Santosh Sobhan]] as Shobhan Babu
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Sridevi
* [[Nagababu]] as Sekar, Sridevi's father and Kamala's brother
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Kamala, Shobhan Babu's mother and Sekhar's sister
* Mahaboob Basha
* Niveditha Dolly
* Samudram Venkatesh
* Srinivas
* Mrinalini Shastry

== Release ==
''Sridevi Shoban Babu'' was initially scheduled to release on 14 April 2022, but was released on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-02-06 |title=Sridevi Shoban Babu gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/06/sridevi-shoban-babu-gets-new-release-date-39687.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] }}</ref> The film's satellite and [[Streaming media|digital streaming]] rights were acquired by [[Star Maa]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]], respectively. It premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on 30 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=OTT release date locked for Sridevi Sobhan Babu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ott-release-date-locked-for-sridevi-sobhan-babu-787982 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[The Hans India]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Santosh Shobhan and Gouri G Kishan fare well in this romantic comedy. But archaic storytelling, trivial comic sequences and lack of engagement make it a drag".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-18 |title=Sridevi Shoban Babu Movie Review : Shobhan and Gouri impress; storytelling feels archaic |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sridevi-shoban-babu/movie-review/98039934.cms |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abhilasha Cherukuri of [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']], wrote, "The lack of cinema-appropriate depth-of-field in most frames, the barely functional editing, or the unfunny jokes gives the audience a feeling of watching an amateur short film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-02-18 |title=Sridevi Shoban Babu Movie Review: A prolonged, predictable drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/feb/18/sridevi-shoban-babu-movie-review-a-prolonged-predictable-drama-40127.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt26655145|title=Sridevi Shoban Babu}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{2020s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}
{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty

2026-04-27T13:15:59Z

MarianaCone66: added basic data more to come - done

{{short description|Early history of Indian dynasty}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
The '''Origin of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]''' has been a controversial topic and has been debated over the past decades by historians. The differing opinions mostly revolve around issues such as the home of the earliest ancestors of the medieval Rashtrakutas, a possible southern migration during the early part of the first millennium and the relationship between the several Rashtrakuta dynasties that ruled small kingdoms in northern and central India and the Deccan in the 6th century - 7th century. Further, the relationship of these medieval Rashtrakutas to the most important and famous dynasty, the Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] of the 8th century - 10th century time period has also been debated.

While the history of the early Rashtrakutas has caused much debate, the history of the Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] (in present-day [[Gulbarga]]) of the 8th–10th centuries can be accurately constructed because numerous contemporaneous inscriptions and texts refer to them. The crux of the Manyakheta empire extended from the [[Kaveri river]] in the south to the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] in the north. At their peak they were the only south Indian empire that conquered regions in far northern India ([[Kannauj]]) as well as the extreme south ([[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]]). The Lata branch of the empire (in present-day [[Gujarat]]) was an important dynasty belonging to the Manyakheta family line which later merged with the Manyakheta kingdom during the 9th century.

==Research==

===Sources===
The study of the history of the early Rashtrakutas and the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta has been made possible by the availability of numerous inscriptions spread all over the Deccan, ancient literature in [[Pali]],<ref name="pali">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] 1933 p1</ref> contemporaneous Kannada literature such as ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (850) and ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'' (941), Sanskrit writings by Somadeva, Rajashekara, Gunabhadra, Jinasena and others and the notes of Arab travellers of those times such as Suleiman, Ibn Haukal, Al Masudi, Al Istakhri and others.<ref name="improbable1">Kamath (2001), p72</ref> Scholars have left no topic unstudied in an effort to accurately propose the history of the Rashtrakutas. Theories about their lineage (''Surya Vamsa'' or ''Chandra Vamsa''), native region and ancestral home have been proposed using clues from inscriptions, royal emblems, ancient clan names such as "Rashtrika", epithets such as ''Ratta'', ''Rashtrakuta'', ''Lattalura Puravaradhiswara'', names of royalty, coins and contemporaneous literature.<ref name="study">Reu (1933) pp1-15</ref><ref name="study1">Kamath (2001), p72-74</ref>

===Epithets===

The appearance of the terms ''Rathika'', ''Ristika'' (''Rashtrika'') or ''Lathika'' in conjunction with the terms ''Kambhoja'' and ''Gandhara'' in some Ashokan inscriptions of the 2nd century BCE from Mansera and Shahbazgarhi in North Western Frontier Province (present day Pakistan), Girnar ([[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]) and Dhavali ([[Orissa, India|Kalinga]]) and the use of the epithet "Ratta" in many later inscriptions had prompted a claim by Reu that the earliest Rashtrakutas were descendants of the ''Arattas'', natives of the Punjab region mentioned in the text of [[Mahabharata]] who later migrated south and set up kingdoms there,<ref name="arattas">Hultzsch in Reu 1933, p2</ref> while another theory of J.H. Fleet points more generally to north western regions of India.<ref name="nw">J.H.Fleet in (Reu 1933, p6)</ref> Based on this theory, the Arattas may have become natives of the Deccan having arrived there during the early centuries of the first millennium.<ref name="natives">Reu (1933), p7</ref>

This is counter to the argument by other scholars that the term ''Rishtika'' used together with ''Petenika'' in the Ashokan inscriptions implied they were hereditary ruling clans from modern Maharashtra region<ref name="petenika">D.R.Bhandarkar in Reu 1933, p1, p7</ref> and the term "Ratta" implied ''Maharatta'' ruling families from modern Maharashtra region.<ref name="maharatta">C.V.Vaidya in Reu 1933, p1, p7</ref> But this has been rejected on the basis that from ancient books such as ''Dipavamsha'' and ''Mahavamsha'' in Pali language it is known the term ''Maharatta'' and not ''Rashtrika'' has been used to signify inhabitants from modern Maharashtra region and the terms ''Rashtrika'' and ''Petenika'' appear to be two different displaced ruling tribes.<ref name="pali1">B.N. Reu claims Dr C.V. Vaidya has made an assumption that the Rashtrakutas have lived in the Maharashtra region from the time of King Ashoka simply based on availability of Ashokan inscriptions from that region while inscriptions from other parts of the empire such as Saurashtra, Kalinga and North West also use such clan names. He has further argued that ''Rashtrika'' and ''Petenika'' are not one term but two separate terms in (Reu 1933, p1, p7)</ref> Some scholars argue that the attempt to link the Rashtakutas to [[Maratha clan system|Mahrattas]] or [[Marathi people|Marathis]] was driven by a need to project modern political identities onto a much more complex past as these groups wouldn't exist till many centuries later.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|date=30 January 2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas |isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut |page=193|quote=Some historians have attempted to prove, based on flimsy evidence, that they were Marathas or at least Marathis. Some even claim that they were Rajputs – though neither of these groups or categories would exist for centuries after. These anachronistic claims are driven by a need to project modern political identities onto a much more complex past.}}</ref>

It is noted by another scholar that ruling clans called ''Rathis'' and ''Maharathis'' were in power in parts of present-day Karnataka as well in the early centuries of the Christian era, which is known inscriptions from the region and further proven by the discovery of lead coins from the middle of 3rd century bearing ''Sadakana Kalalaya Maharathi'' in the heart of modern Karnataka region near [[Chitradurga]]. In the face of these facts it is claimed it can no longer be maintained that the ''Rathi'' and ''Maharathi'' families were confined only to present day Maharashtra.<ref name="rathi">Altekar (1934), pp20-21</ref> It is claimed there is sufficient inscriptional evidence that several ''Maharathi'' families were related to [[Kannadiga]] families by marriage and they were [[Snake|naga]] worshippers, a form of worship very popular in the [[Mysore]] region (modern Karnataka).<ref name="rathi"/> The terms ''Rathi'', ''Maharathi'', ''Rathika'', ''Rashtriya'', ''Rasthrapathi'' and ''Rasthtrakuta'' were of political and administrative significance and not used to denote any tribes or ethnicity.<ref>Altekar (1934), pp24-25</ref> Also, no evidence to confirm that these families were either Aryan or non-Aryan is available.<ref name="aryan">Altekar (1934), p25</ref> [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C. V. Vaidya]] claimed that Rashtrakutas were ancestors of modern Marathas. This was rejected by historian [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|A. S. Altekar]] who showed that they were of the 'Canarese' stock and that their mother tongue was [[Kannada]].<ref>Altekar (1934), p18</ref> According to E. P. Rice the northern limits of the Kannada spoken region was pushed back by Maratha raids and conquests in more modern times.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Edward Peter Rice|date=1921|title=A history of Kanarese literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhsiAAAAMAAJ&q=Northern+limits+|publisher=Calcutta, Association Press; London, New York Oxford University Press |page=12|oclc=586200332|quote=In the Kavirajamarga (A.D. 850) the Kanarese country is described as extending from the Kaveri to the Godavari; which shows that the linguistic area at that time extended further north than at present. Inscriptions, manuscripts, local names and other evidence prove that Kolhapur, where the chief language now is Marathi, was once in the Kanarese area. Also in Sholapur town and district there are many Kanarese inscriptions. The northern limits of Kanarese were probably pushed back by the Maratha raids and conquests.}}</ref>

The epithet ''Ratta'', it is also claimed is a Kannada word from which the word ''Rashtrakuta'' has been derived. The use of the word ''Rattagudlu'' (meaning an office) has been found in inscriptions from present day Andhra Pradesh dated prior to the 8th century indicating it was a South Indian word. From the Deoli plates and Karhad records it is argued there was a prince called Ratta and his son was called Rashtrakuta. Hence it has been argued the Rashtrakutas were of Kannada origin.<ref name="rattagudlu">A.S. Altekar in Kamath 2001, p73</ref> It is also said the term ''Rashtrakuta'' means "state headman" where ''Rashtra'' means province and ''Kuta'' means chieftain or ''Rashtra'' means "kingdom" and ''Kuta'' means "lofty".<ref name="kuta">Reu (1933), p4</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|date=30 January 2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas |isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut |page=193|quote=the Rashtrakutas (literally ‘state headman’)...}}</ref>

Another epithet used in inscriptions of [[Amoghavarsha I]] was ''Lattalura Puravaradhiswara''. It is proposed that it refers to their original home ''Lattalur'', modern day Latur in Maharashtra state, bordering Karnataka.<ref name="Fleet">J.H. Fleet in Kamath 2001, p72</ref> This area it is claimed was predominantly Kannada speaking based on surviving vestiges of place names, inscriptions and cultural relics. It is explained that ''Latta'' is a Prakrit variation of ''Ratta'' and hence Rattana-ur became Lattana-ur and finally Lattalur.<ref name="fleet2">Altekar (1934), p23-24</ref> An alternative theory is that Latalurapura is modern day Ratnapur in Bilaspur district of central India.<ref name="bilas">According to Rajvade in Reu 1933, p7</ref> However it is most likely that they were Kannada military aristocrats settled in Maharashtra by their overlords for administrative purpose.<ref name="Kanisetti">{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|date=2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas |url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut |page=193|isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|quote=It is most likely that they were Kannada-speaking military aristocrats settled at a strategic point in modern-day Maharasthra by the Chalukyas or some other powerful group, perhaps to keep an eye on trade routes and various tribal peoples.}}</ref>

===Royal names and signatures===
In linking possible connections between the medieval Rashtrakuta families to the imperial family of Manyakheta it has been pointed out that only the family members ruling from Elichpur ([[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] or modern [[Amravati district]], modern Maharashtra) had names that were very similar to the names of Kings of the Manyakheta dynasty. From the Tivarkhed and Multhai inscriptions it is clear that the kings of this family were Durgaraja, Govindaraja, Svamikaraja and Nannaraja. These names closely resemble the names of Manyakheta kings or their extended family, the name Govindaraja appearing multiple times among the Manyakheta line. These names also appear in the Gujarat line of Rashtrakutas whose family ties with the Manyakheta family is well known.<ref name="names">Altekar (1934), p8</ref>

It has been noted that princes and princesses of the Rashtrakuta family used pure Kannada names such as [[Kambarasa]], Asagavve, Revakka and Abbalabbe as their personal names indicating that they were native [[Kannadigas]]. It has been pointed out that princesses of family lineage belonging to Gujarat signed their royal edicts in Kannada even in their Sanskrit inscriptions. Some examples of this are the Navsari and Baroda plates of Karka I and the Baroda plates of his son Dhruva II. It has been attested by a scholar that the Gujarat Rashtrakuta princes signed their inscriptions in the language of their native home and the race they belonged to.<ref name="sign">D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p73</ref> It is well known that the Gujarat line of Rashtrakutas were from the same family as the Manyakheta line. It is argued that if the Rashtrakutas were originally a Marathi speaking family, then the Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language and that too in far away Gujarat.<ref name="guj">Altekar (1934), p21</ref> The theory that under the rule of the [[Badami]] [[Chalukyas]] of Kannada country, Kannada speaking dynasties were established in the far corners of the Chalukya empire (the vassal Chalukyas of Navasarika) in Gujarat, Andhra and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] (present day [[Vidharba]] region in modern Maharashtra) and hence the ancestors of King [[Dantidurga]], the founder of the Manyakheta empire were Kannadigas. It is further claimed there is proof that in the locality where Dantidurga lived Kannada was the spoken language.<ref name="home">Just as the later Maratha ruling families of Baroda, Indore, and Gwallior used their native language Marathi and script in their personal matters, so did the medieval Rashtrakutas preserve their native language Kannada when ruling from Berar- A.S. Altekar (1934), p22, p24</ref>

===Emblems===
Several Rashtrakuta families ruled India during the 6th century - 7th century period. Scholars have tried to understand their relationship with the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta by a comparative study of the emblems.

The only Rashtrakuta family whose royal emblem is similar to that of the rulers of Manyakheta, the golden eagle or [[Garuda]] ''lanchhana'' (emblem) is that of the family that ruled from Amravathi district of modern [[Maharashtra]].{{Cn|date=April 2026}} It has been theorised that this line may possibly have been ancestors of the Manyakheta kings. Their inscriptions (Tivarkhed and Multhai) were issued from Achalapura (modern Elichpur) which may have been their capital. Another Rashtrakuta family ruling from Manapura with its founder King Abhimanyu had the emblem of a lion. This makes it improbable that they were the ancestors of the Manyakheta family.<ref name="improbable1" /><ref name="improbable">Altekar (1934), p6</ref> The location of Manapura is uncertain. [[John Faithfull Fleet]] proposed its identification with [[Manpur, Indore|Manpur in Malwa]], and then with [[Manpur, Umaria|Manpur near Bandhavgarh]], but later rejected both these theories himself.<ref>Epigraphia Indica (Volume 37, Part 1 - Page 12)</ref> Bhagawanlal Indraji identified it with Manyakheta (Malkhed) itself. [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]] identified it with [[Maan, Maharashtra|Man, Satara]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&q=manapura&pg=PA32 |title=Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works |author1=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |author2=Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Popular |year=1969 |isbn=9788171544684 }}</ref>

===Vamsha (genealogy)===
With regards to their ''vamsha'' (whether they belonged to ''Surya Vamsha'' (solar lineage) or ''Chandra Vamsha'' (lunar lineage), Rashtrakuta inscriptions remained silent on the issue, until about 860. Scholars have traced the lineage claims of Rashtrakutas from [[Satyaki]] branch of Yadu Vamsa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjYaAAAAIAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=Social and economic conditions under the Imperial Rāshṛakūṭas, circa A.D. 750-973|last=Mishra|first=Jayashri|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=9788171691715|language=en}}</ref> Over 75 inscriptions have been found thereafter in the Deccan and Gujarat which speak about their ''vamsha''. Of these, 8 lay a direct claim that they belonged to the Yadava line descended from the Vrishni hero [[Satyaki]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki&pg=PA555|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXtDAAAAYAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985|date=1981|publisher=Orient Longmans|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwpuAAAAMAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=Nagas, the Ancient Rulers of India: Their Origin and History|last=Viyogi|first=Naval|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Originals|isbn=9788175362871|language=en}}</ref> Rashtrakutas claim Vrishni Yadava lineage throughout their records.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG1DAAAAYAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=Epigraphia Indica|date=1963|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGs8AAAAMAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=Ancient India|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya Dhar|date=1962|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0fAAAAIAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|date=1962|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlqDwAAQBAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki&pg=PA49|title=Native Officialdom in Western India: Understanding the role of Maratha Hereditary-Officers|last=Sirdesai|first=Abhijit|date=2018-01-01|publisher=Author|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTqAAAAMAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=A History of Indian Painting: The mural tradition|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173106|language=en}}</ref> One inscription of 860 clearly states that King [[Dantidurga]] was born to the ''Yadava Satyaki'', 1800 coins of King Krishna I (772). An inscription of King [[Govinda III]] (808) mentions "by the birth of this virtuous king, the Rashtrakuta dynasty became invincible just as the Yadava dynasty by the birth of Lord Krishna".<ref name="percent1">Houben(1996), p215</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki&pg=PA54|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|last=Barnett|first=Lionel D.|date=1999-04-30|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171564422|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SBBAAAAMAAJ&q=rashtrakuta+satyaki|title=Early History of the Dekkan: Down to the Mahomedan Conquest|last=Bhandarkar|first=Sir Ramkrishna Gopal|date=1928|publisher=Chuckervertty, Chatterjee & Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref>

===Language===
While the linguistic leanings of the early Rashtrakutas (pre-8th century) has caused considerable debate, the history and language of the imperial Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] has been free of such confusion. It is clear from inscriptions, coinage and prolific contemporaneous literature that the court of these Rashtrakutas was multi-lingual, and used [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]] as their administrative languages<ref name="percent">Pollock (2006), p332</ref><ref name="percent1" /> and encouraged literature in Sanskrit and Kannada.<ref name="dal1">Dalby (1998), p300</ref><ref name="Karnatabala">Kamath (2001), p73</ref> Rashtrakuta inscriptions outside Karnataka are mostly in Sanskrit<ref name="mas">Masica (1991), p45-46</ref><ref name="ravi">Rashtrakutas were Kannadigas from Lattaluru who encouraged Kannada language (Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian 2003, p87)</ref> However this period was the very end of the classical era of literary Sanskrit and Prakrit.<ref name="end">Kamath (2001), p89</ref> As such, from the Kavirajamarga of the 9th century, it is known that Kannada was popular from Kaveri river up to the Godavari river, an area covering large territory in modern Maharashtra.<ref name="kavi1">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref name="god1">Rice, E.P. (1921), p12</ref><ref name="god2">Rice, B.L. (1897), p497</ref>

The Rashtrakuta inscriptions call them the vanquishers of the ''Karnatabala'', a sobriquet used to refer to the near invincibility of the Chalukyas of Badami. This however it is claimed should not be construed to mean that the Rashtrakutas themselves were not Kannadigas. Their patronage and love of the Kannada language is apparent in that most of their inscriptions within modern Karnataka are in Kannada, while their inscriptions outside of modern Karnataka tended to be in Sanskrit.<ref name="Karnatabala">Kamath (2001), p73</ref> An inscription in classical Kannada of King [[Krishna III]] has also been found as far away as [[Jabalpur]] in modern [[Madhya Pradesh]] which further supports the view of their affinity to the language.<ref name="Karnatabala"/>

[[Adikavi Pampa]], [[Sri Ponna]], [[Shivakotiacharya]] and King [[Amoghavarsha I]] were among the noteworthy scholars in Kannada,<ref name="kan">Kamath (2001), p. 90</ref> the [[Apabhramsha]] poet [[Pushpadanta]] wrote several works and famous Sanskrit scholars such as [[Jinasena]] and [[Virasena]] (both of whom were theologians), mathematician [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]] and poets such as Trivikrama and Gunabhadra adorned their courts.<ref name="san">Kamath (2001), pp88-89</ref> The earliest [[Extant literature|extant]] Kannada literature belongs to this time.<ref name="kavi1" /><ref name="kavi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 2, 12, 18</ref> These Rashtrakuta kings married princess from Northern and Southern India and several Rashtrakuta branches emerged in Northern India during their imperialistic expansion in the 9th century.

The argument that the Rashtrakutas were either Marathi speaking Marathas or Telugu speaking Reddies in origin has been rejected. [[Reddy]]s in that time period had not come into martial prominence even in the Telugu speaking regions of Andhra, being largely an agrarian society of cultivators who only much later (in the 14th century - 15th century) came to control regions in the Krishna - Rajamundry districts. It is also not possible to change ‘Rashtra’ into ‘Ratta’ or ‘Reddy’ in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="rajmundry">Altekar (1943), p18</ref> The Rashtrakuta period did not produce any Marathi inscriptions or literature.<ref name="prak">Altekar (1934), p412</ref> In addition very few literary works in Prakrit language are available from this period. Hence Marathi as the language of the Rashtrakutas, it is claimed, is not an acceptable argument.<ref name="unsustain">Altekar (1934), p413</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{div col|colwidth=48em}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= Penguin History of Early India: From origins to AD 1300|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Penguin|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8147|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi |isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|title= Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-Vol 1|orig-year=1897|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Pollock|first= Sheldon |title= The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|orig-year=2006|year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-24500-8}}
* {{cite web |last=Sastri & Rao|first=Shama & Lakshminarayan|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/rashtrakutas.html|title=South Indian Inscriptions-Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada|accessdate=2007-02-03|work=Rashtrakutas}}
*{{cite book|last=Narasimhacharya|first=R|title=History of Kannada Literature|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-0303-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}
*{{cite web|author=Arthikaje|title=The Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka18.htm |publisher=OurKarnataka.Com|work=History of karnataka|accessdate=2006-12-31}}
*{{cite book |last= Vaidya|first= C.V.|title= History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.)|year=1924|publisher= Oriental Book Supply Agency|location= Poona|isbn= }}
*{{cite book |last=Dalby |first= Andrew |title= Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |orig-year=1998|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn = 0-231-11569-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Masica |first= Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |orig-year=1991|year=1991|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-29944-6 }}
*{{cite book |last= Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian |first= P.N., T.K., N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern)|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand publications |location= New Delhi|isbn = 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Houben|first= Jan E.M.|title= Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language |orig-year=1996|year= 1996|publisher= Brill|location= |isbn= 90-04-10613-8}}
*{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|year=2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas|isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut}}
{{div col end}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups|Rashtrakuta]]

Devesh Shakya

2026-04-27T08:06:58Z

MarianaCone66: new pg...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Devesh Shakya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Rajveer Singh]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| birth_date = {{bda|df=y|1981|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sapna Shakya|2005}}
| profession = Agriculturist
| alma_mater = [[Karm Kshetra Post Graduate College|K.K. P.G. College, Etawah]], [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5656?from=members
}}
'''Devesh Shakya''' ({{IPA|hi|d̪eːʋeːʃ ʃaːkjə}}; born 15 May 1981) is an Indian politician and a member of [[Parliament of India]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Shakya is a member of [[Samajwadi Party]]. He defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s two-term member of parliament from this constituency, [[Rajveer Singh]], son of former Uttar Pradesh [[Chief Minister]] and veteran BJP leader [[Kalyan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/sp-candidate-devesh-shakya-won-from-etah-kasganj-133124512.html|title=Devesh Shakya won from the Etah Lok Sabha|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref>

Devesh Shakya comes from a political family of Uttar Pradesh. He is the brother of former member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[Vinay Shakya]]. He started his political career in the year 2002 and in 2005 and 2010, he won the election of the member of Zila Panchayat (a local body election). However, he failed to win the election of Chairman of Zila Panchayat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etah-sp-contest-devesh-shakya-from-etah-lok-sabha-seat-23642210.html|title=Who is Devesh Shakya, Samajwadi Party candidate from Etah|accessdate=30 October 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Devesh Shakya was born in [[Etawah]] on 15 May 1981. His father's name is Babu Ram Shakya while his mother's name is Dropadi Devi. He has done B.A and LLB from [[Kanpur University]]. On 18 June 2005, he married Sapna Shakya.<ref name =Bio>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members|title=Members Bioprofile|website=Lok Sabha|accessdate=30 October 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 2024 Indian general elections to Lok Sabha, Samajwadi Party fielded Devesh Shakya from Etah Lok Sabha constituency against the sitting MP [[Rajveer Singh]].<ref name="Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses">{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}</ref> He defeated Singh by getting 4,75,808 votes and became the member of Indian Parliament for the first time.<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etah">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2422.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305134337/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2422.htm |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Etah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Etah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etah |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305134508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etah |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Shakya visited his constituency frequently to keep himself aware of the situation of his constituency after getting elected to Lok Sabha. In 2024, he, along with national spokesperson of [[Samajwadi Party]], Abdul Hafiz Gandhi visited [[Kasganj]] located in his constituency to examine the situation of people in the [[flood]] that occurred in the meantime. After examining the area, Shakya and Gandhi met [[District Magistrate]] of the Kasganj for deliberating on relief measures to be provided to the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/sp-mp-devesh-shakya-met-the-dm-133295068.html|title=Devesh Shakya meets Kasganj district magistrate|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=30 October 2024}}</ref>

In 18th Lok Sabha, he became a member of Committee on Information and Communication Technology.<ref name =Bio/>

==See also==
*[[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakya, Devesh}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Kasganj district]]

Eparchy of Bhadravathi

2026-04-20T23:24:45Z

MarianaCone66: new info...

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Eparchy
|name = Bhadravathi
|local = ಭದ್ರಾವತಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಡಯಾಸಿಸ್ನ
|image =Bhadravathi_diocese.png
|caption =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
|metropolitan =
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
|rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
|cathedral = Little Flower Cathedral in Narasimharajapura
|cocathedral =
|established = 29 August 2007
|patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
|parishes = 24
|area_km2 = 8,465
|population = 1,709,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 9,391
|catholics_percent= 0.5
|pope = {{incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = Mar [[Joseph Pamplany]]
|coadjutor =
|bishop = Mar Joseph Erumachadath
|major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
|auxiliary_bishops=
|vicar_general = Joseph Valiaparambil
|emeritus_bishops =
|website = [https://bhadravathidiocese.blogspot.com/ Website of the Diocese]
|headquarters =
|map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bhadravathi.png

}}
The '''Eparchy of Bhadravathi''' was created by [[Benedict XVI]]'s [[Papal bull]] "Cum Ampla" as a suffragan of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]].
The territory of the diocese of Bhadravathi thus includes two civil districts of Karnataka State - Shimoga and Chikmagalur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Bhadravathi |url=https://www.bhadravathidiocese.org/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.bhadravathidiocese.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro Malabar Bhadravathi Eparchy |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/diocese_details.php?id=5 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadravathi, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{Portal bar|Catholicism|Christianity|India}}

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Sivaangi Krishnakumar

2026-04-20T03:34:48Z

MarianaCone66:

{{Short description|Indian actress, playback singer, television personality (born 2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| image =
| caption = Sivaangi in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| playback singer|television personality}}
| education = [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women]]
| father = Dr. K. Krishnakumar
| mother = [[Binni Krishnakumar]]
| years_active = 2019{{endash}}present
}}

'''Sivaangi Krishnakumar''' (born 25 May 2000<ref name="DOB">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea0MVtlJRbw |title=Happy 22 to Me – Birthday Celebration '22 – Sivaangi Krishnakumar – Tamil Vlogs |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808094325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea0MVtlJRbw |url-status=live }}</ref>) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress, comedian [[playback singer]] and television personality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comalis-2-fame-sivaangi-krish-looks-cute-as-a-button-in-these-throwback-pictures-from-her-childhood-take-a-look/articleshow/81666641.cms |title=Cooku with Comalis 2 fame Sivaangi Krish looks cute as a button in these throwback pictures from her childhood; take a look |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809155912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comalis-2-fame-sivaangi-krish-looks-cute-as-a-button-in-these-throwback-pictures-from-her-childhood-take-a-look/articleshow/81666641.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, she participated in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] singing competition ''[[Super Singer 7]]'', which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. In 2020, she appeared in the comedy-cooking show, ''[[Cooku with Comali|Cooku With Comali]],'' which gained her popularity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-blessed-to-have-gotten-the-opportunity-to-work-during-lockdown/articleshow/90625694.cms |title=Sivaangi: Blessed to have gotten the opportunity to work during lockdown |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808092805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-blessed-to-have-gotten-the-opportunity-to-work-during-lockdown/articleshow/90625694.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the daughter of [[Kalaimamani]] award-winners Dr. K. Krishnakumar and Binni Krishnakumar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-65-kg-to-sivaangi-krishnakumar-shares-her-inspiring-weight-loss-journey-4828202.html |title='From 65 Kg to...': Sivaangi Krishnakumar Shares her Inspiring Weight Loss Journey |website=news18.com |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309074949/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-65-kg-to-sivaangi-krishnakumar-shares-her-inspiring-weight-loss-journey-4828202.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has acted in films such as ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' (2022), ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022) and ''[[Shot Boot Three]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sivaangi-teams-up-with-asuran-actor-teejay-arunasalam/articleshow/88022889.cms |title=Sivaangi teams up with Asuran actor Teejay Arunasalam |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407102120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sivaangi-teams-up-with-asuran-actor-teejay-arunasalam/articleshow/88022889.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her debut as a singer in the Malayalam film ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' (2005) with the song "Omane".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-sivaangi-and-vineeth-s-tamil-track-adipoli-recreates-onam-celebrations-154199 |title=Watch: Sivaangi and Vineeth's Tamil track 'Adipoli' recreates Onam celebrations |website=thenewsminute.com |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822065045/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-sivaangi-and-vineeth-s-tamil-track-adipoli-recreates-onam-celebrations-154199 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sivaangi-krishnakumar-to-take-part-in-concert-with-singer-shri-mano-details-inside-4952066.html |title=Sivaangi Krishnakumar to Take Part in Concert With Singer Shri. Mano. Details Inside |website=news18.com |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162149/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sivaangi-krishnakumar-to-take-part-in-concert-with-singer-shri-mano-details-inside-4952066.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/check-out-latest-malayalam-song-official-lyrical-video-saaya-sung-by-sivaangi-krishnakumar-and-mithun-eshwar/videoshow/90445601.cms |title=Check Out Latest Malayalam Song Official Lyrical Video – 'Saaya' Sung By Sivaangi Krishnakumar And Mithun Eshwar |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329063034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/check-out-latest-malayalam-song-official-lyrical-video-saaya-sung-by-sivaangi-krishnakumar-and-mithun-eshwar/videoshow/90445601.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sivaangi was born in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to [[Tamils|Tamil]] father Krishnakumar and [[Malayali]] mother [[Binni Krishnakumar]], both carnatic singers.

== Career ==
In 2019, Sivaangi made her appearance as a contestant in an Indian Tamil-language reality television singing competition, ''Super Singer 7'', which aired on Vijay TV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://behindtalkies.com/shivangi-super-singer/ |title=Shivangi – Super Singer |website=behindtalkies.com |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315090853/https://behindtalkies.com/shivangi-super-singer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

She later was a part of the comedy cooking show ''Cooku With Comali'' that aired on Star Vijay.<ref name="thehindu-20210211">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cooku-with-comalis-pugazh-and-sivaangi-on-the-shows-popularity-and-their-friendship/article33808541.ece |title=Cooku with Comali's Pugazh and Sivaangi: On the show's popularity and their friendship |first=Gautam |last=Sunder |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 February 2021 |language=en |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502062958/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cooku-with-comalis-pugazh-and-sivaangi-on-the-shows-popularity-and-their-friendship/article33808541.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sivaangi received a well reception across the audiences from becoming a lovable child to the homes of the viewers. She became a popular artist of the time the show released among Children and young audience.

In 2020, Sivaangi made her acting debut in the [[comedy]] web series ''Dear-u Brother-u'' which was widely viewed during the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID quarantines]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaimemes.in/sivaangi-lost-her-cool-after-being-called-as-cringe-by-a-netizen/ |title=Sivaangi Lost Her Cool After Being Called As "Cringe" By A Netizen!! |website=chennaimemes.in |date=11 June 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106060821/https://chennaimemes.in/sivaangi-lost-her-cool-after-being-called-as-cringe-by-a-netizen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/its-official-sivaangi-shares-exciting-news-her-fans-194415 |title="It's Official" – Sivaangi Shares An Exciting News With Her Fans! |website=astroulagam.com.my |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808160645/https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/its-official-sivaangi-shares-exciting-news-her-fans-194415 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Sivaangi sang "Asku Maaro" with [[Dharan Kumar]], and also made a cameo appearance. Later, in May of that year, she sang "Talku Lessu Worku Moreu" for the movie ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]'', alongside [[Sam Vishal]]. She later sang on the song "Adipoli", alongside [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], released as an [[Onam]] special.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=Adipoli Song: Ashwin Sivaangi's Adipoli Tamil Onam Song Hits The Trend |url=https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/ashwin-adipoli-tamil-onam-song/32533 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=newsbricks.com |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822060733/https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/ashwin-adipoli-tamil-onam-song/32533 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After her appearance in ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'', she was cast in the Tamil film ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]],'' which also marks her acting debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-don-team-celebrate-the-films-success/articleshow/91641084.cms |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Don' team celebrate the film's success |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809160000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-don-team-celebrate-the-films-success/articleshow/91641084.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-keeps-up-his-promise-by-roping-in-shivangi-for-don/articleshow/80834251.cms |title=Sivakarthikeyan keeps up his promise by roping in Shivangi for 'Don' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 February 2021 |language=en |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607094619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-keeps-up-his-promise-by-roping-in-shivangi-for-don/articleshow/80834251.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/feel-lucky-to-be-making-my-acting-debut-with-don-says-sivaangi/articleshow/90728711.cms |title=Feel lucky to be making my acting debut with Don, says Sivaangi |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808094057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/feel-lucky-to-be-making-my-acting-debut-with-don-says-sivaangi/articleshow/90728711.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/sivangi-speech-in-don-movie-trailer-release-event-watch-video-51329|script-title=ta:Sivangi Speech in Don : பாட சொன்ன எஸ்.ஜே சூர்யா..Bae பாடலை பாடிய சிவாங்கி|language=ta|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=7 May 2022|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808160644/https://tamil.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/sivangi-speech-in-don-movie-trailer-release-event-watch-video-51329|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also cast in the movie ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022), alongside actor [[Vadivelu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-on-three-years-of-being-in-the-industry/articleshow/91152346.cms |title=Sivaangi on three years of being in the industry |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514060559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-on-three-years-of-being-in-the-industry/articleshow/91152346.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-has-a-fan-moment-with-thalapathy-vijay/articleshow/91127438.cms |title=Sivaangi has a fan moment with Thalapathy Vijay |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514060600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivaangi-has-a-fan-moment-with-thalapathy-vijay/articleshow/91127438.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She appeared in a prominent role, alongside [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Priya Anand]], in the 2023 film ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]].''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kasethan-kadavulada-trailer-promises-a-complete-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/93093048.cms |title='Kasethan Kadavulada' trailer promises a complete comedy entertainer |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725043008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kasethan-kadavulada-trailer-promises-a-complete-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/93093048.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2026 She have Composed her 1st original ENNACHO song

== Show Host ==

Sivaangi made her debut as a show anchor in the digital space with the talk show ''Sing with Sivaangi'', which premiered on January 13, 2020, on the Media Masons YouTube channel. The show featured light-hearted conversations with celebrity guests.

She later made her television debut as a full-fledged anchor in the game show ''Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'', which aired on Sun TV in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Sivaangi Krishnakumar set to host new game show Naanum Rowdy Dhaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sivaangi-krishnakumar-set-to-host-new-game-show-naanum-rowdy-dhaan/articleshow/119206645.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Also she was the cohost of TopCookuDupeCooku Season 2 in suntv

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class=unsortable | Notes
! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022|| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]''|| Lilly || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sivakarthikeyan and Sivaangi watch 'Don' FDFS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-sivaangi-watch-don-fdfs/articleshow/91535464.cms |date=14 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514060735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-sivaangi-watch-don-fdfs/articleshow/91535464.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''|| Surangani Ambal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ta:வடிவேலுடன் இணைந்த சிவாங்கி |language=ta |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101484 |date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217120859/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101484 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaangi on board for Vadivelu's Naai Sekar Returns |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivaangi-on-board-for-vadivelus-naai-sekar-returns-news-tamil-vmoeV7efjaieb.html |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105164257/https://www.sify.com/movies/sivaangi-on-board-for-vadivelus-naai-sekar-returns-news-tamil-vmoeV7efjaieb.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''|| Sakthi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Priya Anand teams up with Mirchi Shiva in Kasethan Kadavulada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-anand-teams-up-with-mirchi-shiva-in-kasethan-kadavulada/articleshow/84470154.cms |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=17 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721202927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-anand-teams-up-with-mirchi-shiva-in-kasethan-kadavulada/articleshow/84470154.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shot Boot Three]]'' || "Pet" Revathi || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arunachalam-vaidyanathans-shot-boot-three-starring-venkat-prabhu-and-sneha-wins-top-award-in-seoul/articleshow/94074845.cms |title=Arunachalam Vaidyanathan's Shot Boot Three, starring Venkat Prabhu and Sneha, wins top award in Seoul |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804193951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arunachalam-vaidyanathans-shot-boot-three-starring-venkat-prabhu-and-sneha-wins-top-award-in-seoul/articleshow/94074845.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Voiceover===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | For
! scope="col" class=unsortable | Language
! scope="col" class=unsortable | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|rowspan="2"|''[[Lovely (2025 film)|Lovely]]''
|rowspan="2"|Lovely the Fly
|rowspan="2"|Animated Character (female protagonist)
|[[Malayalam]]
|rowspan="2"|Voiceover for animated fly character
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] (Dubbed Version)
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{refh}}
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Super Singer 7|Super Singer Senior Season 7]]''
|rowspan="2" | Contestant
| rowspan="10" |[[Vijay TV]]
|Rowspan=12|Tamil
|Top 6
|
|-
|2020
|''Super Singer Champion of Champions''
|
|
|-
|2019
|[[Cooku with Comali|Cooku With Comali]]
|Comali
|
|
|-
|2020-2021
|[[Cooku with Comali season 2|Cooku With Comali Season 2]]
|Comali
|
|
|-
|2022
|[[Cooku with Comali season 3|Cooku With Comali Season 3]]
|Comali
|
|
|-
| 2022
|''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''
| Host
| Mid Season
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 4|Cooku With Comali Season 4]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
| 3rd Runner-Up
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooku With Comali 4: Mime Gopi wins the show, takes home Rs 5 lakh cash prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/cooku-with-comali-4-mime-gopi-wins-the-show-takes-home-rs-5-lakh-cash-prize-2413988-2023-07-31 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212145311/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/cooku-with-comali-4-mime-gopi-wins-the-show-takes-home-rs-5-lakh-cash-prize-2413988-2023-07-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Super Singer Junior season 9]]''
|Guest
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 5|Cooku With Comali Season 5]]''
|Guest
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan (TV series)|Nanum Rowdy Dhan]]''
|Host
| rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2]]''
|Host
|
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 7)|Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7]]''
|Guest
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7 preview: Singer Shivangi enters the house for a magical musical night|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-preview-singer-shivangi-enters-the-house-for-a-magical-musical-night/articleshow/125165254.cms |access-date=8 November 2025|website=The Times of India|date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Musical Wife''
|Guest
|[[Flowers TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Note
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2020||''Dear-u Brother-u''|| Sister ||YouTube ||
|-
|2020||''When you have a younger sister''|| Sister ||YouTube ||
|}

== Discography ==

=== Film songs ===
*''All songs are in Tamil unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Songs that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes songs that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi's film song credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-artists
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes & {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2005
|"Omane"
|''[[Boyy Friennd]]''
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]], [[K. K. Nishad]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|Sung the child singing portions and the child laughing portions
|-
|2009
|"Anbaale"
|''[[Pasanga]]''
|[[James Vasanthan]]
|[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Credited as Baby Sivaangi
|-
| rowspan="7"|2021
|"Talku Lessu Worku Moreu"
|''[[Murungakkai Chips]]''
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|[[Sam Vishal]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Debut Film song
|-
|"Machi"
|''Mayan''
|M. S. Jones Rupert
|[[Silambarasan]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |Unreleased film
|-
|"Andhapura Annakili Da"
|''Chota''
|P.S Ashwin
|Solo
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|"Uruttu"
|''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''
|[[Vivek-Mervin]]
|Santesh, [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Nee En Usuru Pulla"
|''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''
|Siddhu Kumar
|[[G.V. Prakash]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Sathiyama Sollurandi"
|''[[Velan (film)|Velan]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|[[Mugen Rao]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Bomma Bomma"
|''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]''
|[[Ghibran]]
|Arivu
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arivu, Sivaangi lend voice for Bomma Bomma track from Koogle Kuttappa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2021/dec/25/arivu-sivaangi-lend-voice-for-bomma-bomma-track-from-koogle-kuttappa-28636.html |date=25 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=ta |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005022634/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2021/dec/25/arivu-sivaangi-lend-voice-for-bomma-bomma-track-from-koogle-kuttappa-28636.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8"|2022
|"Neethanada"
|''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''
|[[Vivek-Mervin]]
| Solo
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Rekkalu Thodigi"
| ''Allantha Doorana'' (Telugu)
| rowspan="2" |[[Radhan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Naresh Iyer]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telugu Debut Film song; Unreleased film
|-
|"Rekkaya Virichu"
|''Ennai Maatrum Kadhal'' (Dubbed)
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Unreleased film
|-
|"Nenjellam"
|''[[Sinam (2022 film)|Sinam]]''
|[[Shabir]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sivaangi sings a song for Arun Vijay's Sinam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sivaangi-sings-a-song-for-arun-vijays-sinam/articleshow/89200274.cms |date=29 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204041505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sivaangi-sings-a-song-for-arun-vijays-sinam/articleshow/89200274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Kanjaadai Kal Veesi"
|''[[Sanjeevan]]''
|Tanuj Menon
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Mallipoo"
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|[[A.R.Rahman]]
|[[Madhushree]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Backing Vocals (Intro portions)
|-
|"Kaar Irul"
|''[[Amigo Garage]]''
|[[Balamurali Balu]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|"MMBB Starwar"
|''Golmaal''
|[[Aruldev]]
|[[SPB Charan]], [[Ranjith]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Unreleased film
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
|"Nightingale"
|''[[Priyamudan Priya]]''
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Saranya]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Onnum Thonala"
|''[[Badava]]''
|John Peter
|Deepak Blue
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Chillanjirukkiye"
|''[[Lubber Pandhu]]''
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
|"My Dear Pondatti"
|''[[Dear (2024 film)|Dear]]''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Harsha Vardhan
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu"
|''[[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu]]''
|A.H.Kaashif
|[[Sam Vishal]], Ajay Krishna, [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Water Packet"
|''[[Raayan]]'' (Dubbed)
|[[A.R.Rahman]]
|Yadu Krishna
|[[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|"Bejaara Aanen"
|''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]''
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Solo
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Golugappa"
|''[[Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu]]''
|Renjith Unni
|[[Javed Ali]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2026
|"Orey Nila"
|'' [[Gandhi Talks]]''
|[[AR Rahman]]
|Yadu Krishna
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|}

=== Independent songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Songs that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes songs that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar independent song credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Co-artists
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2020
|''Solla Maatten Po''
|[[Lahari Music]]
|Amritesh Vijayan
|Tamil
|[[Sam Vishal]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Sam sivaangi solla matten po song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suuR-Y_MrR8 |access-date=2022-08-04 |via=[[YouTube]] |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106060819/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suuR-Y_MrR8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
| rowspan="2"|''Asku Maaro''
| rowspan="2"|[[Sony Music]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|Tamil
|rowspan="2"|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|Telugu (Dubbed)
|-
|''Adipoli''
|[[Think Music]]
|[[Siddhu Kumar]]
|Tamil
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|
|-
|''No No No No''
|MM Originals
|Karthick Devaraj
|Tamil
|KJ Iyenar, Hrithik, Ahana, Vidyarupini
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
| rowspan="2"|''Saaya ''
| rowspan="2"|[[Saregama]]
| rowspan="2"|Mithun Eshwar
|Tamil
| rowspan="2"| Mithun Eshwar
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=within 2 days of release;saaya gets 10 lakhs views and trending on YouTube |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/540414-music-saaya-tamil-music-video-by-mithun-eshwar.html |date=20 January 2022 |website=mangalam.com |language=ml |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111140433/https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/540414-music-saaya-tamil-music-video-by-mithun-eshwar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Malayalam
|-
|''Mounamaay''
|[[Muzik 247]]
|Sadar Nedumangad
|Malayalam
|[[Vineeth Srinivasan]]
|
|-
|''Muttu Mu2''
|[[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
|TeeJay Arunasalam
|Tamil
|[[Teejay Arunasalam]], [[Yogi B]]
|
|-
||''Deewana'' (1 Minute Music Video)
|[[Instagram]]
|AniVee
|Tamil
|Solo
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''Ticky Ticky Taa''
|[[Saregama]]
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|Tamil
|[[Darbuka Siva]], Asal Kolaar
|
|-
|''Mangal Din ''
|Sufiscore
|[[Abby V]] & [[Ricky Kej]]
|Hindi
|[[Abby V]]
|A song featured in the Aarambh album<ref>{{Citation |title=Mangal Din {{!}} Sivaangi Krishnakumar & Abby V {{!}} Ricky Kej {{!}} Classical {{!}} Aarambh Album {{!}} Sufiscore | date=24 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9BVMxAcpVY |access-date=2023-12-04 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9BVMxAcpVY |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Lala Heart-u Nikkala''
|MM Originals
|Harsha Vardhan
|Tamil
|Harsha Vardhan
|
|-
|2024
|''Ven Sango''
|VM Originals
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|Tamil
|[[Vivek–Mervin|Mervin Solomon]]
|
|-
|2025
|''Jamanthi''
|MC Audios And Videos Malayalam
|[[Ram Surendar]]
|Malayalam
|Solo
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2026
|''Ennacho''
|[[Sony Music India]]
|Sivaangi
|Tamil
|Mukesh Ravi
|Debut as composer
|
|-
|''Govindha Emmai Kaappai''
||[[Saregama South Devotional]]
|Karthik Raja
|Tamil
|Solo
|
|-
|''Oru Pakka kadhal''
||[[yoursmusicallyph]]
|Pavithra Hariharan
|Tamil
|Devzart
|
|-
|}

==Accolades==
=== Awards and nominations ===
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| wins = 6
| nominations = 6
| award1 =
| award1W =
| award1N = 0
| award2 = [[Behindwoods]]
| award2W = 1
| award2N = 1
| award3 = [[Blacksheep Awards]]
| award3W = 1
| award3N = 1
| award4 = [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Women awards
| award4W = 1
| award4N = 1
| award5 = Galatta Digital Awards
| award5W = 1
| award5N = 1
| award6 = [[Meta Awards|Meta]]
| award6W = 1
| award6N = 1
| award7 = Galatta Wonder Women Awards
| award7W = 1
| award7N = 1
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivaangi Krishnakumar awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Blacksheep Awards
|Best Entertainer of the Year - Female
|rowspan=3|''[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=sivaangi_k |number=1366734374675226625 |title=Entertaining star female}}</ref>
|-
|Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards
|Most Popular Person on Reality Television - Female
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=behindwoods |number=1369259632728809477 |title=Wow! @i_amak presents the "Most Popular Person on Reality Television – Female for Cooku with Comali" Award to Sivangi! Many congrats! @sivaangi_k}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Trending Pair of the Year (along with [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]])
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Television Awards 2021 Winners List: Complete List of Vijay Television Award Winners Revealed! |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/vijay-television-awards-2021-winners-list-complete-list-of-vijay-television-award-winners-revealed/34645/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=thenewscrunch.com |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108045125/https://thenewscrunch.com/vijay-television-awards-2021-winners-list-complete-list-of-vijay-television-award-winners-revealed/34645/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Women Entertainer Awards
|Women Entertainer
|''[[Cooku with Comali]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Singer Sivaangi – Winner In Television Category {{!}} Women Entertainer Award 2022 {{!}} RadioCity |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywvszOJaosw |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywvszOJaosw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivangi and bala comedy on Mirchi Music Awards 2021 Sivaangi Bala comedy performance #ashaangi|url=http://wp.metrolagu.ru/getmp3?v=oJl-WknhAp4|access-date=2021-04-03|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809160000/http://wp.metrolagu.ru/getmp3?v=oJl-WknhAp4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Aval Vikatan Awards
|Viral Star
|
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aval Viruthagal 2021 – A Gathering of Women of Achievement! |date=25 October 2022 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/women/aval-vikatan-awards-2021 |access-date=2022-11-16 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117031215/https://www.vikatan.com/news/women/aval-vikatan-awards-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Galatta Digital Awards
|Youth Icon of Digital Media
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2023
|Meta
|Best Storyteller
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2024
|Galatta Wonder Women Awards
|Rising Star of Tamil Cinema (Music)
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="5" |2025
|Galatta: Dream Lover Favourite Singer (Female)
|Favourite Singer (Female)
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|JFW Movie Awards
|Best Singer
|rowspan="3"|"Chillanjirukkiye" from ''[[Lubber Pandhu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Edison Awards
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Anandha Vikatan Cinema Vikatan Awards
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|JFW Awards
|Favorite Television Sensation Tamil Nadu
|
|{{Won}}
|
|}

===Other recognitions===

She was listed by the Indiaglitz website as the "[Most] Desirable Woman on Television [in] 2020".<ref name="IndiaGlitz Desirable">{{Cite web |title=Desirable women on TV 2020 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/desirable-women-on-tv-2020-tamil-story-1623418358564 |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=indiaglitz.com |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628003739/https://www.indiaglitz.com/desirable-women-on-tv-2020-tamil-story-1623418358564 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{IMDb name|12076093|Sivaangi Krishnakumar}}
*{{Instagram|id=sivaangi.krish|name=Sivaangi Krishnakumar}}
*{{Twitter|id=sivaangi_k|name=Sivaangi Krishnakumar}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|Shivangi|Sivaangi Krishnakumar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaangi}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali|+]]

Nirsa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:12Z

MarianaCone66: added initial details v1 - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Arup Chaterjee.jpg
| name = Nirsa
| map_image = Nirsa constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Arup Chatterjee]]
| party = [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:309439}}
| constituency_no = 39
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Nirsa Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Tundi cum Nirsa constituency''}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Lakshmi Narain Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Ram Narain Sharma
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Lakshmi Narain Manjhi
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Ram Narain Sharma
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Nirmalendu Bhattacharya || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=3|Kripa Shankar Chatterjee || {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan=3|[[Gurudas Chatterjee]] || {{Full party name with color|Marxist Co-ordination Committee|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Aparna Sengupta || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Arup Chatterjee]] || {{Full party name with color|Marxist Co-ordination Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || Aparna Sengupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]|| [[Arup Chatterjee]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arup Chatterjee]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,04,855 |percentage=43.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aparna Sengupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,03,047 |percentage=42.98% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Mondal |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=16,316 |percentage=6.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Bauri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,698 |percentage=1.54% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Kumar Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,178 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,734 |percentage=1.97% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,808 |percentage=0.75% |change= {{decrease}}11.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,39,735 |percentage=72.22% |change= {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,31,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aparna Sengupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=89,082 |percentage=42.21% |change={{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arup Chatterjee |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=63,624 |percentage=30.14% |change={{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Mandal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=47,168 |percentage=22.35% |change={{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bampy Chakrawarty |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,007 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awadhesh Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,603 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bamapada Bauri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,533 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwat Mahato |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,159 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}11.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,800 |percentage=1.80% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,458 |percentage=12.06% |change= {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,063 |percentage=68.21% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,09,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |swing= {{increase}}16.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arup Chatterjee |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=51,581 |percentage=25.65% |change={{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Mishra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,546 |percentage=25.14% |change={{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Mandal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=43,329 |percentage=21.55% |change={{increase}}14.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aparna Sengupta |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=23,633 |percentage=11.75% |change={{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Gorai |party=Independent politician |votes=11,123 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Bauri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,588 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,484 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,330 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,035 |percentage=0.51% |change= {{decrease}}22.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,077 |percentage=68.20% |change= {{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,94,847 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |loser=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |swing= {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arup Chatterjee |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=68,965 |percentage=43.79% |change={{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Mandal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,388 |percentage=21.20% |change={{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aparna Sengupta |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=17,597 |percentage=11.17% |change={{decrease}}20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodi Lal Marandi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=10,900 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uma Shankar Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,384 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chandra Jha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,793 |percentage=2.41% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=2,259 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,577 |percentage=22.59% |change= {{increase}}21.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,57,481 |percentage=57.61% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,73,338 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aparna Sengupta |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=50,533 |percentage=31.72% |change={{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arup Chatterjee |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=48,196 |percentage=30.25% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Mandal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,678 |percentage=19.25% |change={{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodi Lal Marandi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,600 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripa Shankar Chatterjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,238 |percentage=4.54% |change={{decrease}}12.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Narayan Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=5,057 |percentage=3.17% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Chandra Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,034 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,337 |percentage=1.47% |change= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,325 |percentage=59.84% |change= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,66,248 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |swing= {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirsa<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurudas Chaterjee |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=37,585 |percentage=30.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrat Sengupta |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=36,804 |percentage=29.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripa Shanker Chatterjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,163 |percentage=17.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyadeo Goshwami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,755 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Tudu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=6,619 |percentage=5.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Dhar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,753 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Mandal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,128 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=781 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,653 |percentage=58.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,283 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.787|86.704|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Ganesh Chand

2026-04-19T09:00:29Z

MarianaCone66: new stub...

{{Short description|Fijian academic and former politician of Indian descent}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Ganeshwar Chand
| image = Ganesh Chand 2014.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| title = Member of House of Representatives (Fiji) Lautoka City Indian Communal Constituency
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = None (new constitution)
| successor = Jai Gawander
| title2 = Minister for Local Government, State Planning, and Housing (Fiji)
| term_start2 = 1999
| term_end2 = 2000
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| title3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
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| title4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| party = Fiji Labour Party
| spouse =
| profession = Academic, former Vice Chancellor of three universities
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dr. Ganeshwar Chand''', better known as '''Ganesh Chand''', is a [[Fiji]]an academic and former politician of [[India]]n descent. He was Vice-Chancellor of Solomon Islands National University from 2019 to 2022. He was a founder of the [[University of Fiji]] and serves as a [[trustee]] of the [[Fiji Institute of Applied Studies]] and as [[Editing|editor]] of [[Fijian Studies: A Journal of Contemporary Fiji]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIAS – FIJI INSTITUTE OF APPLIED STUDIES|url=http://www.fias.org.fj/|access-date=2021-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref> and the Global Girmit Institute. He was Vice-Chancellor of the [[Fiji National University]] from February 2010 until he left his post after a disagreement with the University Council in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fijitimes.com/amicable-solution/|title = Amicable solution}}</ref>

==Background, and political involvement==

From 1999 to 2006, Chand represented the [[Lautoka City (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji)|Lautoka City]] [[Communal constituencies|Indian Communal Constituency]], one of 19 reserved for [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijians]], having won for the seat for the [[Fiji Labour Party]] (FLP) in the [[Elections in Fiji|parliamentary elections]] of [[1999 Fijian general election|1999]] and [[2001 Fijian general election|2001]]. He was [[Minister for Local Government (Fiji)|Minister for Local Government]], [[Minister for State Planning (Fiji)|National Planning]], [[Minister for Housing (Fiji)|Housing and Environment]] in the government of [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] [[Mahendra Chaudhry]], in 1999 and 2000.

On 19 May 2000, he was among the 43 members of the [[People's Coalition (Fiji)|People's Coalition Government]], led by Mahendra Chaudhry, taken hostage by [[George Speight]] and his band of rebel [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] (RFMF) soldiers from the [[Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit]]. He was released on 13 July 2000 after 56 days of captivity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fijihosting.com/pcgov/docs_c/activities_report_2000.htm |title=Fiji Labour Party - Activities Report: 1999-2000 |access-date=2007-05-31 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012705/http://www.fijihosting.com/pcgov/docs_c/activities_report_2000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chand was considered one of the more moderate members of the FLP, and spoke against the practice of using the "fear factor" to attract votes. He also made headlines on 21 November 2005, when he spoke of the positive aspects of the government's [[budget]], and praised the government for implementing some of the Opposition's recommendations. He added that the budget was the best of all the government's bad budgets.

Chand is considered an authority on Indian migration to Fiji, and has written and spoken extensively on the vast economic and cultural contribution of the Indian diaspora, including their critical role in the early development of jazz music in the Lautoka region.<ref>Interview with Ganesh Chand, on the history of Indian immigration to Fiji.</ref>

Chand announced his retirement from active politics in 2004. He spearheaded the establishment of the [[University of Fiji]]. He was publicly critical of FLP leader Mahendra Chaudhry's choices of [[Senate of Fiji|Senators]] for the 2006–2011 term, saying that the appointment of a close relative of Chaudhry's among the Senators could be interpreted by the public as [[nepotism]].

== GOPIO Award ==

The [[Fiji Live]] news service reported on 29 December 2005 that at a conference of the [[Global Organisation of People of Indian Origin]] (GOPIO) on 5–6 January 2006, Chand would be one of five people to receive the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Award]]. The others were [[Diljit Rana|Diljit S. Rana]] of Ireland, [[B.R. Shetty]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sudha Acharya]], executive director of the [[South Asian Council for Social Services]] (SACSS). There was also a special recognition award to [[Pavan Kumar Darisi]] of the [[World Arya Vysya Mahasabha]]. Chand, an accomplished jazz flautist, performed an abbreviated rendition of the Oscar Peterson standard 'I Love Paris' at the prizegiving reception. The awards, which are granted to persons of Indian ancestry for their contributions to the countries they are members of, were presented by [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]] [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

The conference was held as a prelude to the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]], which ran from 7–9 January. The theme of the conference is ''"Global Indian Diaspora: Today and Tomorrow".'' Chand was one of the speakers at the conference, one of many organized by GOPIO since its inception in 1989.

Chand was the second citizen of Fiji to receive this award, the first being Mahendra Chaudhry in 2004. The citation for the award praised him for his role in campaigning for the restoration of democracy in Fiji in the wake of the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|two coups]] which deposed the [[Timoci Bavadra|Bavadra]] government and severed Fiji's links to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarchy]] in 1987, and also noted his role in the establishment of the University of Fiji to cater for underprivileged students. He was also an accomplished author, the citation said.

== Lawsuit ==

It was announced on 5 September 2006 that Chand was suing the [[Fiji Times]] for what he claimed was a defamatory report on the front page of the newspaper, on 26 August 2000. The report claimed that police were investigating his alleged involvement in the theft of government property, including furniture, from his office. Chand told the [[High Court of Fiji|High Court]] in [[Suva]] that he knew nothing of any investigation until reading the allegations in the ''Times.'' Police had questioned him and searched his home, from which some items had also been stolen, he said, but he did not consider that to constitute a police investigation.

''Times'' counsel [[Ian Roche]] told the court on 21 September 2006 that the report had been "accurate" and in the public interest. Justice [[Gwen Philips]] adjourned the case to 3 November, the ''Times'' reported.

Chand claimed [[Fijian dollar|F$150,000]] in damages and a further F$75,000 in aggravated damages, and a court order to prevent further defamation. He also demanded a front-page apology in Fiji's three daily newspapers. Judgment was delivered in early 2007 in favour of the Fiji Times. Chand appealed the judgment to the Fiji Court of Appeal, which upheld the High Court's decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chand v Fiji Times Ltd [2009] FJCA 1; ABU0035.2007S (17 February 2009)|url=http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/fj/cases/FJCA/2009/1.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=ganesh%20and%20chand|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.paclii.org}}</ref>

== Director of FIT ==

On 25 September 2007, Dr Chand was appointed the Director of the [[Fiji Institute of Technology]] (FIT).<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Ganesh gets FIT top job |url= http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/09/25/fijinius1.html|publisher= [[Fijilive]]|date= 25 September 2007|access-date=2007-09-25 }}</ref>

== Vice-Chancellor of Fiji National University ==

In 2009, Chand was appointed the Chairperson of an Interim Council given the responsibility of establishing a national University for Fiji. Other members comprised the heads of government tertiary institutions. The university was established in 2010. On 2 November 2009, it was announced that Chand would be the first Vice-Chancellor of the new [[Fiji National University]], which was formed by the merger of six tertiary colleges in Fiji, including FIT. The university progressed to considerable acclaim by the Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fijian Government|url=https://fiji.gov.fj/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Fijian Government|archive-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215450/https://www.fiji.gov.fj/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Asian Productivity Organization|url=https://www.apo-tokyo.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/05/Fiji_FNUNewsletter_31Oct2013.pdf|access-date=|website=}}</ref> On 29 December 2014, Chand's contract was "brought to an amicable end"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amicable solution|url=https://www.fijitimes.com/amicable-solution/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=FijiTimes|language=en}}</ref> after he was paid the balance of his contract.

On 1 April 2015, Chand was accused of abuse of office by the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption, for allegedly using $213,000 of university funds to pay for the medical treatment of the Chairperson of the FNU Council in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Court discharges case against Chand|url=https://www.fijitimes.com/high-court-discharges-case-against-chand/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=FijiTimes|language=en}}</ref> Chand stated that the medical treatment of the chairperson was under the Health scheme which covered medical costs of all FNU Council members, including its chairperson. After a long investigation, the prosecution withdrew the case on 29 November 2018 because it claimed that it could not find the key prosecution witnesses, a claim which is incorrect as the witness has a public profile (Poasa Koroitamana, who operates a business in the US with his contact details readily available on social media), and was contacted many times by FICAC but he refused to provide false evidence as FICAC wanted him to. Chand maintained that the prosecution was politically motivated by some Government Ministers who felt threatened by his defense of academic freedom, and some senior staff who were threatened by internal audits implicating them in abuse of large sums of money.

== Vice-Chancellor of Solomon Islands National University ==

On 5 March 2019, Chand was appointed the new Vice-Chancellor of Solomon Islands National University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2019/03/06/ganesh-chand-is-vice-chancellor-of-solomon-islands-national-university/|title=Former VC of the Fiji National University Ganesh Chand is Vice Chancellor of Solomon Islands National University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/education/dr-ganesh-chand-new-vc-for-sinu/|title = Dr. Ganesh Chand new VC for SINU}}</ref> Allegations and counter-allegations of misdemeanors surfaced in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/index.php/news/national/item/23913-dr-chand-fires-back |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805085202/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/index.php/news/national/item/23913-dr-chand-fires-back |archive-date=2020-08-05 |title=Dr Chand fires back - Solomon Star News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solomontimes.com/news/impasse-between-sinu-staff-and-vice-chancellor-sent-to-trade-disputes-panel/10000|title = Impasse Between SINU Staff and Vice Chancellor Sent to Trade Disputes Panel - Solomon Times Online}}</ref> Chand was suspended by the Trades Disputes Panel and his work permit refused by Immigration, forcing him to leave the country in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sbm.sb/2020/08/19/tdp-orders-suspension-of-sinu-vc-rules-suspension-of-workers-by-vc-illegal/ |title=TDP orders suspension of SINU VC, rules suspension of workers by VC "illegal" |publisher=SBM Online |date=19 August 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228123336/https://sbm.sb/2020/08/19/tdp-orders-suspension-of-sinu-vc-rules-suspension-of-workers-by-vc-illegal/ |archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theislandsun.com.sb/vc-chand-heading-home-soon/|title = VC Chand heading home soon|date = 11 November 2020}}</ref> The university appealed against the TDP decision and took the matter to the High Court, which in a judgment delivered on 8 February 2021 (Case 415 of 2020), declared the bodies making the allegations "illegal", and vindicated the Vice Chancellor and the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theislandsun.com.sb/illegal-bodies/|title = Illegal bodies|date = 19 February 2021}}</ref> In July 2021, it was reported that the university had terminated the contracts of all academic staff on the orders on Chand, who remains in Fiji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/sinu-again/|title = Sinu Again|date = 3 July 2021}}</ref> On 19 August 2021, it was reported by the Solomon Star that the university was close to financial collapse, due to the decision to exclude students with fee arrears and the shortage of qualified teaching staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/cloud-of-uncertainty-hangs-over-sinu/|title=Cloud of Uncertainty Hangs over Sinu|date=19 August 2021}}</ref> On 12 September 2021, it was reported that the SINU Council had frozen Chand's pay because he was unable to return to the Solomon Islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/enough-is-enough/ |title = ENOUGH IS ENOUGH – Solomon Star News}}</ref> Three days later, it was reported that enrolments had collapsed from 8,000 at the start of the year to 2,000, with almost no academic staff employed to teach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/enough-is-enough/ |title = ENOUGH IS ENOUGH – Solomon Star News}}</ref> His position was terminated in 2022.

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017104732/http://www.fijigirmit.org/i_ganeshfijigirmit.htm Interview with Ganesh Chand]}}, on the history of Indian immigration to Fiji.

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Ganeshwar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fiji Labour Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)]]
[[Category:Fijian Hindus]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Fiji]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lautoka]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Fiji]]
[[Category:Housing ministers of Fiji]]
[[Category:Environment ministers of Fiji]]

Siswa Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:40Z

MarianaCone66: creating a pg

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Siswa
| map_image = 317-Siswa.svg
| mla = [[Prem Sagar Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,89,369
| constituency_no = 317
}}

'''Siswa''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Siswa in the [[Maharajganj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Siswa is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 317 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SiswaElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/siswa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Yadvendra Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sharda Prasad Jaiswal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Yadvendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shivendra Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Jagdish Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Shivendra Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Sharda Prasad Jaiswal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |Shivendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Avnindranath Dwivedi
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Shivendra Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prem Sagar Patel]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

Bharatiya Janta Party candidate [[Prem Sagar Patel]] won in last Assembly election of 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Samajwadi Party candidate Rakesh Tebriwal by a margin of 62731 votes.<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Siswa<ref name="results2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prem Sagar Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:127673}}
|percentage = 50.05
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Tibrewal
|votes = {{formatnum:64942}}
|percentage = 25.46
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhirendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:33498}}
|percentage = 13.13
|change = -6.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Srivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:10723}}
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:7521}}
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raju Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:4260}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1955}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:62731}}
|percentage = 24.59
|change = -3.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:255079}}
|percentage = 65.51
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Prem Sagar Patel]] won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Shivendra Singh by a margin of 68,186 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/siswa.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sisw<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Premsagar Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:122884}}
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shivendra Singh Alias Shivbabu
|votes = {{formatnum:54698}}
|percentage = 22.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghvendra Pratap Alias Ankit Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:46185}}
|percentage = 19.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Alias R. K. Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:4073}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Yash Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:2659}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manorama
|votes = {{formatnum:2301}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2501}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68186}}
|percentage = 28.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239366}}
|percentage = 65.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.15|83.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pizza (2012 film)

2026-04-14T12:09:55Z

MarianaCone66:

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pizza 2012 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| screenplay = Karthik Subbaraj
| story = {{ubl|Karthik Subbaraj|Prasath Ramar}}
| producer = [[C. V. Kumar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]|[[Remya Nambessan]]}}
| cinematography = [[Gopi Amarnath]]
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]
| distributor = Sangam Cinemas
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2012|10|19}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}1.5 crore<ref name="Direct hits">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2013 |title=Direct hits |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/Direct-hits/2013/05/12/article1582607.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185343/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/Direct-hits/2013/05/12/article1582607.ece |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="Direct hits" />
}}
'''''Pizza''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror thriller film]] directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]], based on a story he co-wrote with Prasath Kumar and produced by [[C. V. Kumar]] under [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Remya Nambessan]], with [[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]], Jayakumar, [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Bobby Simha|Simha]] and [[Pooja Ramachandran|Pooja]] in supporting roles. It is about a [[pizza delivery]] man who goes to a customer's house, but becomes trapped there and begins witnessing paranormal activity.

''Pizza'' is the feature directorial debut of Karthik, previously a short film director. The [[Pizza (soundtrack)|film's music]] is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], with cinematography by [[Gopi Amarnath]] and editing by [[Leo John Paul]]. It was the first Tamil film to feature [[7.1 surround sound]].

''Pizza'' was released on 19 October 2012. The film received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, grossing approximately {{INR|8}} crores against a budget of {{INR|1.5}} crores. It also established Sethupathi and Karthik as a leading actor and director, respectively, in [[Tamil cinema]]. The film is the first instalment in [[Pizza (film series)|a series]] and was followed by two [[spiritual successor]]s. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' (2013), in [[Hindi]] under [[Pizza (2014 film)|the same title]] (2014), and in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]'' (2014).

== Plot ==
Michael Karthikeyan is a [[pizza delivery]] man who lives with his girlfriend Anu, an aspiring novelist. Michael does not believe in the supernatural but is afraid of anything paranormal. Anu keeps telling him that he will soon realise the presence of supernatural beings. At first, Michael is confused and scared, and his fears are confirmed when he discovers that a spirit has possessed his boss Shanmugam's daughter.

Meanwhile, Anu becomes pregnant, and they get married. One day, Michael returns to the restaurant covered in blood; he keeps muttering Anu's name. When his boss questions him, Michael explains that he had been to deliver pizza to a customer named Smitha in a bungalow and recounts the events he encountered there.

Smitha requests that Michael wait downstairs while she goes upstairs to get money for the pizza. Almost immediately, the power goes out. While waiting downstairs, Michael hears a loud noise from upstairs. Going upstairs to investigate, he finds Smitha murdered and notices a slice of pizza that he had delivered is missing. Horrified, Michael dashes to the door, only to realise it is locked from the outside.

Smitha's husband Bobby arrives, and he believes that his wife is having an affair. Through his cell phone, Michael communicates with Bobby and explains his situation, instigating Bobby to aid him in getting out of the house. Bobby suddenly disappears from the front entrance and is found inside the house, murdered in the same room as his wife, with two slices of pizza now missing. Michael encounters the couple's child, "Nithya", identical to the spirit's name, allegedly possessing the boss's daughter.

Michael tries everything to get out of the house. He manages to contact Anu using the phone and gets her to contact the [[Tamil Nadu Police|local police]]. When two police officers arrive at the bungalow, they reveal that four people died here: Smitha, Bobby, their young daughter, and a girl named Anu. The police disclose that Michael is a suspect and attempt to arrest him. Confused, Michael does not believe them and attempts to escape.

Michael then sees the police officers getting dragged into the house and killed. Michael, in a horrified state, runs back to the restaurant. While Michael is unconvinced that Anu is dead, his friends at the restaurant start realising they have never seen Anu. They also notice that Michael's home does not have any evidence that he lived with Anu. Michael continues his search for Anu.

As Michael stops and calls Anu during a delivery, the true story of what happened is shown. The Income Tax Department had planned a raid on Shanmugam's house. Shanmugam, who has diamonds worth around 20 million hidden in his restaurant, hides them in a candy box and asks Michael to deliver them to his house. But Michael has an accident and sees the hidden diamonds. Michael and Anu decide to steal the diamonds. So, they concoct a story in which Michael convincingly "forgets" the pizza bag at the "haunted" bungalow. Meanwhile, Anu has left for [[Kochi]] via [[Bangalore]] with the diamonds, and they plan to settle abroad.

After the phone call, Michael goes to deliver pizza to a house and encounters a series of events similar to the story he had narrated. Inside, he meets a girl identical to the "Nithya" described in his tale. Michael is locked inside the home with "Nithya" curiously looking at him. The lights then go out.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Michael Karthikeyan
*[[Remya Nambessan]] as Anu
*[[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]] as Shanmugam
*Jayakumar as the chef
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Raghavan
*[[Bobby Simha|Simha]] as Bobby
*[[Pooja Ramachandran|Pooja]] as Smitha
*[[Veera Santhanam]] as an exorcist
*S. P. Gajaraj as a police officer
*Venkatesh as a police officer
*Rekha Suresh as Shanmugam's wife
*[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] as the ghost researcher
*[[Nalan Kumarasamy]] as Michael's friend (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===


The short film director [[Karthik Subbaraj]] had initially intended for ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' to be his feature debut;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=8 March 2014 |title=Gangs of Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911065951/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> he narrated the script to [[C. V. Kumar]] of [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]], and though Kumar liked it, he declined to finance it due to budget constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=2 September 2014 |title=Reluctant King Maker: The CV Kumar Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/reluctant-king-maker-cv-kumar-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203225551/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/reluctant-king-maker-cv-kumar-interview/ |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> Karthik then wrote a script for a low-budget film about a pizza delivery man stuck in a house, where the story could take place predominantly, and one of his friends agreed to finance it. While the film was originally intended to be within 90 minutes to qualify for international film festivals, Karthik later felt that it had commercial viability, and added more characters to the script. In all, it had taken him a week to finalise the story and 20 days to finish the script. Afterwards, he narrated the script to Kumar who liked it and immediately agreed to finance the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=22 January 2013 |title='I knew that my film Pizza would entertain people' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthik-subbaraj-on-pizza/20130122.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913122039/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthik-subbaraj-on-pizza/20130122.htm |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The story was co-written by Prasath Ramar, in his career debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=18 March 2024 |title=Relatable faces are non-existent in mainstream cinema: Director Prasath Ramar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/18/relatable-faces-are-non-existent-in-mainstream-cinema-director-prasath-ramar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410193708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/18/relatable-faces-are-non-existent-in-mainstream-cinema-director-prasath-ramar |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik chose the title ''Pizza'', feeling it was relevant as it reflected the lead character's profession.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=21 July 2012 |title=Etcetera: Many feathers in Mithran's cap |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-many-feathers-in-mithrans-cap/article3666070.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304172945/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-many-feathers-in-mithrans-cap/article3666070.ece |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===


The makers initially approached [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], and later [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], for the lead role; Vaibhav declined as he did not like the story.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Rajkumar |date=27 November 2021 |title=எனக்கு கத பிடிக்கலன்னு சொல்லிட்டாரு – பீசா படத்தை ரிஜெக்ட் செய்துள்ள மங்காத்தா பட நடிகர். வீடியோவ பாருங்க |trans-title=I don't like the story he said – the ''[[Mankatha]]'' actor who rejected ''Pizza''. Watch the video |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/these-two-famous-heroes-rejected-vijay-sethupathis-pizza-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810105243/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/these-two-famous-heroes-rejected-vijay-sethupathis-pizza-movie/ |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=ta}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]], who worked on several of Karthik's shorts, was eventually cast after Karthik approached him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2012 |title='I was rejected even for the role of a junior artist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-rejected-even-for-the-role-of-a-junior-artist/articleshow/17646577.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-rejected-even-for-the-role-of-a-junior-artist/articleshow/17646577.cms |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The name of Sethupathi's character, Michael, was derived from a turkey that Karthik once witnessed responding to that name during scripting.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ramprasad |first=Sinndhuja |date=31 July 2014 |title=Twist of Fate: The Karthik Subbaraj Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216224756/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/ |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> The makers considered [[Oviya]] for being the lead actress before [[Remya Nambessan]] was finalised.<ref name=":7" /> After playing a rural character in ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]'' (2011), she was excited to portray a modern and urban character who was vastly different.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuNcDCsRii4 |title=Ramya Nambeesan talks about Pizza — Exclusive |date=7 September 2012 |language=ta |publisher=NextGen Entertainments |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823204313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuNcDCsRii4 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], who Karthik had known since his stint on the reality series ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'', accepted the director's request to act in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |title="SHANKAR SIR CONGRATULATED AND SAID HE LIKED MY ACTING", ACTOR KARUNAKARAN |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/kkarunakaran/soodhu-kavvum-fame-karunakarans-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720152835/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/kkarunakaran/soodhu-kavvum-fame-karunakarans-interview.html |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Behindwoods |language=en}}</ref> This was the first collaboration between Karthik and [[Bobby Simha]], who became a staple of the director's later films,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=Sindhu |date=16 March 2021 |title=Five times Bobby Simha teamed up with Karthik Subbaraj to deliver stellar performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-times-bobby-simha-teamed-up-with-karthik-subbaraj-to-deliver-stellar-performances/photostory/81529559.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303155424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-times-bobby-simha-teamed-up-with-karthik-subbaraj-to-deliver-stellar-performances/photostory/81529559.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> while [[Nalan Kumarasamy]], early in his career and [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], in his career debut, made brief appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=Director Nalan Kumarasamy to play a cameo in Mani Seiyon's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/director-nalan-kumarasamy-turns-actor-for-mani-seiyons-film-323329-2016-05-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303154650/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/director-nalan-kumarasamy-turns-actor-for-mani-seiyons-film-323329-2016-05-13 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=10 October 2018 |title=Kavin, the accidental hero |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Oct/10/kavin-the-accidental-hero-8265.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130174056/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/oct/10/kavin-the-accidental-hero-8265.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Pizza'' was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|1.6|c|year=2012}} and was shot in a single schedule around [[Chennai]].<ref name=":2" /> Most of the horror sequences in the film take place in a dark bungalow. Karthik felt it would be "a little fake" to have furniture and actors visible to audiences in a dark place without electricity. Instead, he wanted the entire place to be dark with Sethupathi using a torchlight and instructed his team to refrain from having the entire lighting set up. The cinematographer [[Gopi Amarnath]] suggested to follow the light from the torchlight and ordered a high beam torch from the United States, which the makers proceeded with after a successful test shoot.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=People Asked Me To Change The Climax Of Pizza: Karthik Subbaraj |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/people-asked-me-to-change-the-climax-of-pizza-karthik-subbaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112205732/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/people-asked-me-to-change-the-climax-of-pizza-karthik-subbaraj |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

Because Sethupathi had to act alone for 40 minutes, he took a 10-day acting workshop with a [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]] artist, hoping to attain the right mood.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=19 September 2013 |title=Full of pizzazz! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5145857.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203141959/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5145857.ece |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> While filming in [[T. Nagar|Duraisamy Subway]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=13 December 2024 |title=Simbu was the first choice for my role in 'Soodhu Kavvum': Karunakaran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/13/simbu-was-the-first-choice-for-my-role-in-soodhu-kavvum-karunakaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117205938/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/13/simbu-was-the-first-choice-for-my-role-in-soodhu-kavvum-karunakaran |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Karunakaran injured his knee during the scene where Sethupathi's character pushes him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=12 September 2013 |title='Soodhu kavvum has changed my life' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Sep/12/soodhu-kavvum-has-changed-my-life-516007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123063639/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Sep/12/soodhu-kavvum-has-changed-my-life-516007.html |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming was completed within 33 days.<ref name=":6" /> ''Pizza'' is the first Tamil film to feature [[7.1 surround sound]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Tamil film 'Pizza' features 7.1 surround sound |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-pizza-features-7-1-surround-sound-516373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905052351/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-pizza-features-7-1-surround-sound-516373.html |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=12 October 2012 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was edited by [[Leo John Paul]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=L M |first=Kaushik |title="EVERY CUT INVOLVES A LOT OF DECISION MAKING" - EDITOR LEO JOHN PAUL |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-editor/leo-john-paul/an-interview-with-editor-leo-john-paul.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308143838/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-editor/leo-john-paul/an-interview-with-editor-leo-john-paul.html |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=Behindwoods |language=en}}</ref> Karthik has stated that some distributors wanted the climax changed as they were not impressed with the change in genre it depicted, but he refused as he considered it the film's high point.<ref name=":1" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Pizza (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack album and background score was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. The album was launched on 6 September 2012, at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2012 |title=Audio launch: 'Pizza' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/chennai/audio-launch-pizza/articleshow/16294134.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226033254/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/chennai/audio-launch-pizza/articleshow/16294134.cms |archive-date=26 February 2026 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The teaser trailer of ''Pizza'' released through YouTube in late-July 2012 and garnered 30,000 views within five days, which Karthik stated is "quite a feat for a small film starring lesser-known names". C. V. Kumar strategised on viral promotions through social media which included an advertisement where the crew asks audiences to take a pizza break for the recent films, garnering attention among film buffs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2012 |title=Teasing with promos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/teasing-with-promos/articleshow/15362795.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317020329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/teasing-with-promos/articleshow/15362795.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's distribution rights were acquired by Sangam Cinemas.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Kumar spent {{INRConvert|80|l|year=2012}} on print and advertising costs, while Sangam Cinemas also spent an equal amount.<ref name=":2" /> Due to its non-Tamil title and [[U/A certificate]], the film was ineligible for entertainment tax exemption as only [[U certificate (India)|U-certified]] Tamil-titled films were eligible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=7 October 2012 |title=Tamil films with English titles are back again! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Oct/07/tamil-films-with-english-titles-are-back-again-413091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925032900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Oct/07/tamil-films-with-english-titles-are-back-again-413091.html |archive-date=25 September 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Pizza'' was released on 19 October 2012 by Sangam Cinemas all over Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=Pizza to release soon! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pizza-to-release-soon/articleshow/16664889.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241129061101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pizza-to-release-soon/articleshow/16664889.cms |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released in 300 theatres initially and the number of theatres was increased to 600 after the film's positive response.<ref name=":5" /> It collected {{INRConvert|1.85|c|year=2012}} within two weeks of release,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=5 November 2012 |title='Pizza' wins Box Office race in October |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-05/news-interviews/34926290_1_tamil-films-pizza-delivery-boy-english-vinglish |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-05/news-interviews/34926290_1_tamil-films-pizza-delivery-boy-english-vinglish |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and its final worldwide earnings were roughly {{INRConvert|8|c|year=2012}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|1.5|c|year=2012}}.<ref name="Direct hits" />

=== Critical reception ===
''Pizza'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2012 |title=Critics' Choice of 10 best Tamil films of 2012 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/critics-choice-of-10-best-tamil-films-of-2012-news-tamil-mm0swHbcfeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228050749/http://www.sify.com/movies/critics-choice-of-10-best-tamil-films-of-2012-news-tamil-mm0swHbcfeb.html |archive-date=28 December 2012 |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that director Karthik Subburaj displayed a "strong control of the medium and gives abundant display of his narrative skills", going to add: "If he maintains the quality of his menu and future offerings, Karthik [...] is sure to become one of Kollywood's top directors".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=21 October 2012 |title=Pizza |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Pizza/movie-review/16901769.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024002504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Pizza/movie-review/16901769.cms |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=23 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' termed the film as "delicious" and described it as "entertaining and at the same time different in its approach".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pizza |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-review-tamil-15010682.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322042414/http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-review-tamil-15010682.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=27 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described ''Pizza'' as "offbeat, intriguing and gripping, and nothing like what you've seen on Tamil screen before".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini |first=Mannath |date=23 October 2012 |title='Pizza' (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1308545.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407222928/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1308545.ece |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=26 October 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[in.com]]'' rated it 3.5/5 and cited that ''Pizza'' was a "well made suspense thriller that keeps you guessing for most parts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=20 October 2012 |title=Tamil Review:Pizza tastes mostly good |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-review-pizza-tastes-mostly-good-50136547-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023005915/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-review-pizza-tastes-mostly-good-50136547-in-1.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=25 October 2012 |website=[[In.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' and Haricharan Pudipeddi from ''Nowrunning'' criticised the first half of the film. The former claimed that the second half of ''Pizza'' has a "reasonably enjoyable tanginess, but to get to that you have to sit through the protraction of the first" and that "the screenplay [...] doesn't render much help",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 October 2012 |title=Pizza: Freshly made |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/pizza-freshly-made/article4016292.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330161227/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/pizza-freshly-made/article4016292.ece |archive-date=30 March 2013 |access-date=20 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> while the latter concluded that the film displayed "signs of a craftily executed thriller, but falls short of satisfaction due to erratic narration", giving it 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |title=Pizza Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10382/tamil/pizza/3949/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010353/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10382/tamil/pizza/3949/review.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=21 October 2012 |website=Nowrunning |language=en}}</ref> J. Hurtado of ''[[ScreenAnarchy]]'' wrote, "Where ''Pizza'' succeeds is that it tells a story on its own terms. There are no unnecessary flourishes designed to sell soundtrack albums, there are remarkably few comedic tangents designed to lighten the mood, and the violence and gore are fairly realistic and don't defy the laws of physics in the search to address the metaphysical".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=21 February 2014 |title=Review: Tamil Terror PIZZA Deserves A Slice Of The Action |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2014/02/review-tamil-terror-pizza-deserves-a-slice-of-the-action.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129055516/https://screenanarchy.com/2014/02/review-tamil-terror-pizza-deserves-a-slice-of-the-action.html |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[ScreenAnarchy]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |16 January 2013
| Best Screenplay
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140123/https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List 2012 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053936/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Gopi Amarnath]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editing
|[[Leo John Paul]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[92.7 Big FM|Big FM Tamil Melody Awards]]
|19 August 2013
|Best Debut Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Attakathi]]''.}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Big Tamil Melody Awards launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Jul/22/big-tamil-melody-awards-launched-499075.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410210158/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Jul/22/big-tamil-melody-awards-launched-499075.html |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Melody awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822095635/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[The Times of India|Chennai Times Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |4 November 2013
|Best Film
| rowspan="2" |''Pizza''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108082946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=27 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to--/articleshow/25170374.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423223916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to--/articleshow/25170374.cms |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Youth Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|10 February 2013
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Gopi Amarnath]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2013 – Winners / Jury Award Announcement |url=http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217121352/http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th Edison Awards |series=Edison Awards |network=[[Astro (company)|Astro]] |date=10 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|20 July 2013]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093043/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|12–13 September 2013]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics) – Tamil]]
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601141149/http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List – 2013 |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Dhanush, Shruti Haasan win top laurels at SIIMA awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045604/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2013 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2013 |title=Stars in Sharjah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=15 September 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debutant Director – Tamil
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film – Tamil
|''Pizza''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Tamil
|[[Gopi Amarnath]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5eoO3MBxo |title=Vijay Awards 05/31/13 |date=1 June 2013 |language=en |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-31-05-13 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2013 |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/dhanush-samantha-win-top-honours-at-vijay-awards-476730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards-476730.html |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Crew|Best Crew]]
|''Pizza''
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Gopi Amarnath]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==


The success of ''Pizza'' turned Sethupathi into one of the most sought-after actors in Tamil cinema. Along with ''Pizza'', he scored back-to-back successes with ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (which featured him in a negative role) and ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' in the same year resulting in a rise in his popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2012 |title=Vijay Sethupathi signs up 'Rummy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-signs-up-Rummy/articleshow/17610001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/news-interviews/35819061_1_rummy-nkpk-vijay-sethupathy |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2012 |title=Vijay Sethupathy- Hat trick hero |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-hat-trick-hero-news-tamil-mmsllejhdaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220004616/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-hat-trick-hero-news-tamil-mmsllejhdaa.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=28 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2013 |title=The changing business of Tamil cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-changing-business-of-tamil-cinema/articleshow/18111496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723095220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-changing-business-of-tamil-cinema/articleshow/18111496.cms |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] stated that Sethupathi had become "sort of [an] indie-film star, the first ever in Tamil cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=14 December 2012 |title=Bergman, who? Hello new-age directors! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bergman-who-hello-newage-directors/article4199713.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412180454/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bergman-who-hello-newage-directors/article4199713.ece |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=28 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, along with ''[[Attakathi]]'', also established Kumar as a producer who went on to produce films with innovative themes throughout his career.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=27 June 2013 |title=A new angle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-new-angle/article4856538.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905132611/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-new-angle/article4856538.ece |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Pizza'' and ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' became trendsetters and sparked a short-lived boom of short film makers making their feature debut in Tamil cinema and revolutionising it.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Lata |last2=Naraynen |first2=Prema |last3=Sharma |first3=Isha |date=1 December 2012 |title=Things that made 2012 go Hmmm... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/things-that-made-2012-go-hmmm-/articleshow/17429348.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303162544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/things-that-made-2012-go-hmmm-/articleshow/17429348.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=6 May 2013 |title=Short route to success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-route-to-success/article4683679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905132715/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-route-to-success/article4683679.ece |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik also emerged a leading director in the Tamil film industry.<ref name=":1" />

== Other versions ==
''Pizza'' was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the same title and released on 15 February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Pizza film review – Telugu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/pizza.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212035522/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/pizza.html |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> It was later remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' later that same year,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=13 July 2013 |title='Whistle' (Kannada) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jul/13/whistle-kannada-496164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905145452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jul/13/Whistle-Kannada-496164.html |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> in [[Hindi]] under the [[Pizza (2014 film)|same title]] in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=18 July 2014 |title=Pizza Movie Review: Pizza Movie |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pizza/critic-review/pizza-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905145504/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pizza/critic-review/pizza-movie-review/ |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> and in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=11 April 2013 |title=Galpo Holeo Sotti is not plagiarized:Birsa Dasgupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Galpo-Holeo-Sotti-is-not-plagiarized-Birsa-Dasgupta/articleshow/19490831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625185715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38462460_1_pizza-shop-birsa-dasgupta-horror-film |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2012, it was reported that the film would be remade in English with a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] production house acquiring its rights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title='Pizza' goes to Hollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pizza-goes-to-hollywood/articleshow/17213473.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222080312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pizza-goes-to-hollywood/articleshow/17213473.cms |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
{{Main|Pizza (film series)}}

A sequel ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' was produced and released in 2013; it was produced by the same production house. The sequel did not carry on with the characters from ''Pizza'', and was a [[spiritual successor]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=15 November 2013 |title=Movie review – Pizza 2: Villa |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/pizza-2-villa-movie-film-review-tamil/articleshow/25837203.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045608/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/puneet-singh-ratn-anaika-soti-mahesh-thakur-aradhna-gupta/articleshowajax/25453366.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=25072832&photocount=6&photoexclude=3 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> A third film in the series, ''[[Pizza 3: The Mummy]]'', was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 July 2023 |title=Pizza 3 Movie Review: Even the cheap thrills can't salvage this letdown installment |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/29/pizza-3-movie-review-even-the-cheap-thrills-cant-salvage-this-letdown-installment-46081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730170327/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/29/pizza-3-movie-review-even-the-cheap-thrills-cant-salvage-this-letdown-installment-46081.html |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A fourth film in the series, ''Pizza 4: Home Alone'' was announced in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Makers launch Pizza 4: Home Alone, starring Abi Hassan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/makers-launch-pizza-4-home-alone-starring-abi-hassan-778640 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317025008/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/makers-launch-pizza-4-home-alone-starring-abi-hassan-778640 |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Karthik Subbaraj}}
{{Pizza (film series)}}

[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karthik Subbaraj]]
[[Category:Films produced by C. V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Pizza in film]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pookie (film)

2026-04-13T13:31:13Z

MarianaCone66: added some pg basic info - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Ganesh Chandra}}
{{No plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pookie (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ganesh Chandra
| writer = Puthiya Parithi
| producer = Fatima Vijay Antony
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Ajay Dhishan
*R. K. Dhanusha
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Lakshmi Manchu]]
}}
| cinematography = Ganesh Chandra
| editing = [[Vijay Antony]]
| music = Vijay Antony
| studio = Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|13}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pookie''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed and filmed by cinematographer-turned-director Ganesh Chandra in his directorial debut. The film stars Ajay Dhishan in the lead role alongside R. K. Dhanusha as the lead actress in her debut. The film is produced by Fatima Vijay Antony under Vijay Antony Film Corporation banner, while the film has music composed and editing handled by [[Vijay Antony]].

''Pookie'' released in theatres on 13 February 2026 and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Ajay Dhishan as Kailash
*R. K. Dhanusha as Aazhi
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Kailash's father
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Vikas Vibes swamiji
*[[Lakshmi Manchu]] as Dr. Chithra
*Indumathy Manikandan as Kailash's mother
*Aaditya Kathir as Kailash's friend
*[[Vivek Prasanna]] as Kailash's friend
*[[Black Pandi]] as Kailash's gym mate
* Sathya SK as Gym trainer
*[[M. J. Shriram]] as Aazhi's father
*Radha
*Ashwin Ram as Rahul
*Shiyara Sharmi as Kavya
*Priyanka
* Manda Fack as Ramu's friend
* A. Rajamani Paati as Aazhi's grandmother
* Varun
* Arun
* Mridhula
* Aishwarya Ragupathi as Keerthi
* Anjali
* Thanga Prakash as Kailash's friend
* Mridhula
* Sathya
* Shaju
* Ajith Koshy as Murugeshan, Kavya's father
*Saanvika Shree as Dr. Chithra's kid
* Dubbing Dappa as the voice of dogs and a cat
*[[Vijay Antony]] in a cameo appearance in 2 songs
*[[Silambarasan]] (archival footage, including from ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' audio launch)
}}

== Production ==
On 2 September 2025, Ajay Dhishan of ''[[Maargan]]'' (2025) fame was announced as the lead actor in [[Vijay Antony]]'s next production venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Maargan-fame Ajay Dhishan to headline Pookie produced by Vijay Antony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Sep/03/tamilnews2025sep02maargan-fame-ajay-dhishan-to-headline-pookie-produced-by-vijay-antony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005014451/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Sep/03/tamilnews2025sep02maargan-fame-ajay-dhishan-to-headline-pookie-produced-by-vijay-antony |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Marking his 18th film under his production house Vijay Antony Film Corporation headed by his wife Fatima Vijay Antony, the announcement for this film was made through a first-look poster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Niranjan |date=2025-09-02 |title=Maargan fame Ajay Dhishan’s next titled Pookie, a Vijay Antony musical |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/maargan-fame-ajay-dhishans-next-titled-pookie-a-vijay-antony-musical-845365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008102412/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/maargan-fame-ajay-dhishans-next-titled-pookie-a-vijay-antony-musical-845365 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> R. K. Dhanusha was cast in as the lead actress in her debut alongside [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] in an important role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Sunil joins the cast of Ajay Dhishan's Pookie, produced by Vijay Antony |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/04/sunil-joins-the-cast-of-ajay-dhishans-pookie-produced-by-vijay-antony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916205346/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/04/sunil-joins-the-cast-of-ajay-dhishans-pookie-produced-by-vijay-antony |archive-date=16 September 2025 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film is directed and filmed by cinematographer-turned-director Ganesh Chandra in his directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Exclusive{{!}}Pookie writer explains what convinced Vijay Antony about the title |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/05/exclusivepookie-writer-explains-what-convinced-vijay-antony-about-the-title |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> while its story, screenplay and dialogues are written by Puthiya Parithi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=Pookie first promo: Ajay Dhishan and Dhanusha show why breaking up is not easy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/19/pookie-first-promo-ajay-dhishan-and-dhanusha-show-why-breaking-up-is-not-easy |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has soundtrack and background scored by Vijay Antony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-04 |title=After a long gap, Vijay Antony will compose music for another actor! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-a-long-gap-vijay-antony-will-compose-music-for-another-actor/articleshow/123690333.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first single "Manasu Valikithu" was released on 26 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2025 |title=Vijay Antony and Ajay Dhishan dance in a 'break-up anthem' song 'Manasu Valikithu' from Pookie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/26/vijay-antony-and-ajay-dhishan-dance-in-a-break-up-anthem-song-manasu-valikithu-from-pookie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211220330/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/26/vijay-antony-and-ajay-dhishan-dance-in-a-break-up-anthem-song-manasu-valikithu-from-pookie |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Love Advice Song" was released on 20 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=Vijay Antony gives 'Love Advice' in new song from Ajay Dhishan's Pookie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/20/vijay-antony-gives-love-advice-in-new-song-from-ajay-dhishans-pookie |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Pudikaley Pudikaley" was released on 5 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=பூக்கி படத்திலிருந்து "புடிக்கலே புடிக்கலே" பாடல் வெளியாகி வைரல் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/news/cinema/the-song-pudikaleh-pudikale-from-the-movie-pookie-has-been-released-and-is-going-viral |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Thanthi TV]] |language=ta}}</ref> The fourth single "Jilley Juice" was released on 9 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=“பூக்கி” படத்தின் “ஜில்லே ஜூஸ்” வீடியோ பாடல் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pookie-movie-jilley-juice-video-song-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210222849/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pookie-movie-jilley-juice-video-song-out |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Vijay Antony]]
| title1 = Manasu Valikithu
| lyrics1 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| extra1 = Vijay Antony
| title2 = Love Advice Song
| lyrics2 = Vijay Antony
| extra2 = Vijay Antony
| title3 = Pudikaley Pudikaley
| lyrics3 = Lavarathan
| extra3 = Santosh Hariharan, Rukhsar Bandhukia
| title4 = Jilley Juice
| lyrics4 = Vijay Antony
| extra4 = Vijay Antony
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Pookie'' released in theatres on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=25 December 2025 |title=Pookie release date: Ajay Dhishan-starrer backed by Vijay Antony to release in February 2026 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pookie-release-date-ajay-dhishan-starrer-backed-by-vijay-antony-to-release-in-february-2026/d061c70a72150 |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-12-02 |title=Ajay Dhishan's Pookie gets a February 2026 release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/02/ajay-dhishans-pookie-gets-a-february-2026-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209222429/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/02/ajay-dhishans-pookie-gets-a-february-2026-release |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical satellite and digital rights have been acquired by [[Zee Tamil]] and [[ZEE5]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=8 February 2026 |title=Zee Network bags Pokies' satellite and digital rights |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/08/zee-network-bags-pookies-satellite-and-digital-rights |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Pookie'' received mixed reviews from critics.

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Pookie'' knows its audience and plays to them with a polished hand. It connects in pieces. Whether those pieces add up to a whole is another question."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pookie Movie Review: Relatable set pieces hold a thin thread together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pookie/movie-review/128292871.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Pookie'' mistakes cultural referencing for cultural understanding. By reducing [[Generation Z|Gen-Z]] love to buzzwords, the film not only misreads its subject but also robs its characters of interiority."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-02-13 |title=Pookie Movie Review: A Gen-Z checklist without a beating heart |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/13/pookie-movie-review-a-gen-z-checklist-without-a-beating-heart |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38109700}}

[[Category:2020s Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Krishna Nandan Yadav

2026-04-10T05:05:47Z

MarianaCone66: made first info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Nandan Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Social work]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| alma_mater = M.A. (1981) and Ph.D. (1995) From [[Magadh University]] Bodhgaya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=2160|title=KRISHNA NANDAN YADAV:Constituency- Atri(GAYA)|website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
| term_start = 2010
| term_end = 2015
| predecessor = [[Kunti Devi Yadav]]
| successor = Kunti Devi Yadav
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
}}
'''Krishna Nandan Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was an MLA from [[Atri Assembly constituency]] in [[Gaya district]] representing [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-2020-atri-assembly-seat-rjd-kunti-devi-yadav-jdu-nitish-kumar-1135562-2020-09-25|title=अतरी विधानसभा सीट: RJD का गढ़, जहां सेंधमारी की तैयारी में हैं नीतीश |website=www.aajtak.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/atri-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-bihar-election-rjd-jdu-1159391-2020-11-10|title=2010 के चुनाव में जेडीयू ने सेंधमारी की और उसके टिकट पर कृष्ण नंदन यादव चुनाव जीते |website=www.aajtak.in}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Javali Mahbaleshwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:21:31Z

MarianaCone66: made a bio more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Javali Mahbaleshwar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 34,405
| mla = Shinde Babasaheb Jagdeorao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Javali Mahbaleshwar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shinde Babasaheb Jagdeorao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Javali Mahbaleshwar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Babasaheb Jagdeorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,734 |percentage = 47.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tarade Krishnarao Haribhau |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,706 |percentage = 20.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Laxman Krishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,519 |percentage = 19.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Eknath Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,788 |percentage = 12.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,028 |percentage = 26.50% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,747 |percentage = 66.12% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,747}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,405 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Gurudas Chatterjee

2026-04-05T00:10:27Z

MarianaCone66: made a stub w/ refs

{{no footnotes|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (assassinated in 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Gurudas Chatterjee
| image = Gurudas Chatarjee.jpg
| caption = Gurudas Chatterjee, MLA from Nirsa, known for fighting corruption and illegal mining.
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|04|14|1944|01|01}} 
| death_place = Near Deoli village, Govindpur, Jharkhand, India
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nirsa Assembly constituency|Nirsa]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 2000
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Marxist Coordination Committee]]
| spouse =
| profession = Politician
| alt = Gurudas Chatterjee, Indian MLA and anti-corruption activist from Jharkhand.
}}

'''Gurudas Chatterjee''' was an Indian politician who served as a three-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Nirsa Assembly constituency]] in the eastern state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Representing the [[Marxist Coordination Committee]] (MCC), he focused on issues related to corruption and illegal mining in the coal belt region of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].

== Early life and education ==
Chatterjee began his political career with the [[Marxism|Marxist]] Coordination Committee, working on issues concerning communities in [[coal mining]] regions.

== Political career ==
Chatterjee was elected as the MLA for [[Nirsa]] in 1990, 1995, and 2000. His political platform included opposition to the exploitation of workers and illegal activities.

Chatterjee spoke out against illegal coal mining and criticized the alleged involvement of politicians, [[General contractor|contractors]], and technocrats in corrupt practices in the region.

== Assassination ==
On April 14, 2000, Chatterjee was assassinated near Deoli village in the [[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]] police station area by hired assailants Shiv Shankar Singh and Umesh Singh. His death led to protests. A lower court initially sentenced five accused to life imprisonment, but the high court later acquitted three due to lack of evidence and sentenced the two main assailants to death.

== Legacy ==
Chatterjee's political work included opposing corruption and advocating for underprivileged communities. His assassination drew attention to the risks faced by those who challenged corruption in the region.

== Chatterjee family ==
* Gurudas Chatterjee – Former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly.
* [[Arup Chatterjee]] – Current Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly (son of Gurudas Chatterjee).

== See also ==
* [[Marxist Coordination Committee]]
* [[Nirsa Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
<references />
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4409283 JSTOR Reference]
* [https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/death-for-killers-of-mass-hero-hc-blow-to-duo-named-in-gurudas-chatterjee-case/cid/878049 Telegraph India Reference]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gurudas-chatterjee-the-lone-voice-of-conscience-silenced/articleshow/199974496.cms Times of India Reference]
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ramgarh/story-bcku-celebrated-gurudas-chatterjee-39-s-martyrdom-day-in-sayal-9769672.html Live Hindustan Reference]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/news/celebrate-the-martyrdom-day-of-gurudas-chatterjee-in-your-homes-agam-072551-7024555.html Dainik Bhaskar Reference]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Gurudas}}
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Raksha Holla

2026-04-04T04:52:07Z

MarianaCone66: added initial data w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raksha Holla
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|01|26|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raksha-holla-writes-an-emotional-note-thanking-husband-raky-co-stars-madhan-asritha-sreedas-and-fans-for-making-her-birthday-special/articleshow/73695848.cms|title=Raksha Holla writes an emotional note thanking husband Raky, co-stars Madhan, Asritha Sreedas and fans for making her birthday special|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kundapur]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1998–present
}}
'''Raksha Holla''' (born 26 January 1991)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/tv-actress/raksha-holla/list-of-serial-and-shows|title=Raksha Holla |work=nettv4u.com|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> is an Indian television actress who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] television. She started her career as a [[child actor]]. She is best known for her role as Devi Mayan in the Tamil soap opera ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-raksha-holla-crosses-150k-followers-on-instagram-thanks-fans-for-the-support/articleshow/69356755.cms|title=TV actress Raksha Holla crosses 150K followers on Instagram; thanks fans for the support|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/reason-behind-raksha-holla-removed-from-anbe-sivam-serial/articleshow/89130952.cms|title=இது ஒரு குத்தமா? பிரபல சீரியலில் இருந்து முன்னணி நடிகை நீக்கப்பட்டதற்கான பரபரப்பு காரணம்! |work=tamil.samayam.com|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== Early life==
Holla was born on 26 January 1991 in [[Kundapur]], [[Karnataka]]. She did her Schooling in Nalanda International Public School, Hosur and completed her college Degree in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://behindtalkies.com/raksha-holla/|title=Raksha Holla – Behind Talkies biography|work=behindtalkies.com|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, she married her long time boyfriend Rakesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raksha-holla-celebrates-second-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-rakesh/articleshow/75626206.cms|title=Raksha Holla celebrates second wedding anniversary with hubby Rakesh|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-raksha-holla-pens-a-sweet-note-for-hubby-on-their-anniversary-see-pics/articleshow/69233565.cms|title=TV actress Raksha Holla pens a sweet note for hubby on their anniversary; see pics|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

She currently resides in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu with her spouse Rakesh who she married in 2018.

==Career==
Holla started as a child actor with the 1998 Kannada-language film, ''[[Hendithghelthini]]''. She was credited as Baby Raksha. By the age of nine, she had appeared in around 25 films. In [[Kavitha Lankesh]]'s ''[[Bimba (film)|Bimba]]'' (2002), she was cast as a child star who is pampered and exploited by the film industry. She had also appeared in television series namely ''Bhageerathi'', ''Ambika'' and ''Beladingalagi Baa''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Bundle of talent |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec08/ent7.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025090846/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec08/ent7.asp |archive-date=25 October 2003 |date=7 December 2002}}</ref>

Holla started her modelling career at the age of 22. She returned to television with ''Puttinti Pattu Cheera'', directed by Rasidh Pedha. She subsequently appeared in well known Kannada television series such as ''Pallavi Anupallavi'', ''Milana'', ''Kogile'', and ''Maya''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raksha-holla-urges-people-to-donate-blood-before-getting-vaccinated/articleshow/82339866.cms|title=Raksha Holla urges people to donate blood before getting vaccinated|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

She returned to films with ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]'' in 2016. She then appeared in ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' (2017) and ''Aa Eradu Varshagalu'' (2017).

She also made her Tamil television debut with the [[mythology]] show ''[[Tamil Kadavul Murugan]]'' in [[Star Vijay]]. She also was doing the leading role in ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' serial which also aired on [[Star Vijay]]. She late went on to act in the Kannada serial ''Bayasade Balli Bande'' which aired on [[Star Suvarna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raksha-holla-returns-to-small-screen-with-bayasade-balli-bande/articleshow/68655464.cms|title=Raksha Holla returns to small screen with Bayasade Balli Bande|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raksha-holla-to-play-a-lawyer-in-bayasade-bali-bande/articleshow/68270021.cms|title=Raksha Holla to play a lawyer in Bayasade Bali Bande|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable"|Role
! class="unsortable"|Channel
! class="unsortable"|Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2013–2017 ||''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]'' || Priya Kavitha || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||Tamil
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''Puttinti Pattu Cheera'' || Sumathi || [[Star Suvarna]]|| rowspan="5" |Kannada
|
|-
| 2016–2017 ||''Pallavi Anupallavi'' || Lakshmi || [[Star Suvarna]]
|
|-
| 2016–2017 ||''Milana'' || Anupama || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
| 2016–2017 ||''Kogile'' || Samyuktha || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
| 2016–2017 ||''Maya'' || Archana || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Tamil Kadavul Murugan]]'' || Ajamukhi || [[Star Vijay]]
|rowspan="6" | Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-kadavul-murugan-fame-raksha-holla-shares-a-glimpse-of-her-new-sweet-home-take-a-look/articleshow/76139250.cms|title=Tamil Kadavul Murugan fame Raksha Holla shares a glimpse of her new 'sweet home'; take a look|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-raksha-holla-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-a-picture-from-her-show-tamil-kadavul-murugan-says-i-didnt-know-tamil-when-i-started-shooting/articleshow/75690562.cms|title=Actress Raksha Holla gets nostalgic as she shares a picture from her show Tamil Kadavul Murugan; says, 'I didn't know Tamil when I started shooting'|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]'' || Devi Mayan|| [[Star Vijay]] ||Cameo appearance
|-
| 2018 ||''Sagala vs Ragala'' || Contestant|| [[Star Vijay]] ||Reality show<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actresses-chithra-raksha-holla-priyanka-deshpande-and-aranthangi-nisha-to-feature-in-sagala-vs-ragala/articleshow/67207526.cms|title=Actresses Chithra, Raksha Holla, Priyanka Deshpande and Aranthangi Nisha to feature in 'Sagala vs Ragala'|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2020 ||''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || Devi Mayan|| [[Star Vijay]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/naam-iruvar-namakku-iruvar-actors-dhipa-nethrun-raksha-holla-asritha-sreedas-and-parthiban-enjoy-a-mini-reunion-see-pics/articleshow/78149059.cms|title=Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar actors Dhipa Nethrun, Raksha Holla, Asritha Sreedas and Parthiban enjoy a mini reunion; see pics|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2022 ||''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' || Shankari|| [[Colors Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raksha-holla-joins-idhayathai-thirudathey-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-her-cameo-appearance/articleshow/79017382.cms|title=Raksha Holla joins 'Idhayathai Thirudathey'; here's all you need to know about her cameo appearance|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/naam-iruvar-namakku-iruvar-completes-one-year-raksha-holla-thanks-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/68583560.cms|title=Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar completes one year; Raksha Holla thanks fans for the love|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022 ||''[[Anbe Sivam (TV series)|Anbe Sivam]]'' || Anbu Selvi || Zee Tamil
|Replaced by [[Kavitha Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/not-suprised-raksha-holla-confirms-her-exit-from-anbe-sivam-4704893.html|title= 'Not {{as written|Supr|ised [sic]}} Raksha Holla Confirms Her Exit From Anbe Sivam|work=www.news18.com|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raksha-holla-to-make-her-comeback-with-the-upcoming-show-anbe-sivam/articleshow/86397596.cms|title=Raksha Holla to make her comeback with the upcoming show 'Anbe Sivam'|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2022 ||''Bayasade Balli Bande'' || Preethi || [[Star Suvarna]] ||Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vinay-gowda-raksha-holla-meet-fans-in-hubballi/articleshow/68849220.cms|title=Vinay Gowda, Raksha Holla meet fans in Hubballi|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023 ||''Chithi 2'' || Venba || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vinay-gowda-raksha-holla-meet-fans-in-hubballi/articleshow/68849220.cms|title=Vinay Gowda, Raksha Holla meet fans in Hubballi|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
* ''[[Hendithghelthini]]'' (1998)
* ''Amma Ninna Tholinalli'' (2001)
* ''Prema'' (2002)
* ''[[Bimba (film)|Bimba]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]'' as Kaavya (2016)
* ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' as Gauri (2017)
* ''Aa Eradu Varshagalu '' as Padmavathy (2017)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7878706}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holla, Raksha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Kannada cinema]]

Omkara (2006 film)

2026-03-29T08:27:51Z

MarianaCone66:

{{short description|2006 film by Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Omkara
| image = Omkarapromoposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = Kumar Mangat Pathak
| screenplay = Vishal Bhardwaj [[Robin Bhatt]] [[Abhishek Chaubey]]
{{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=Vishal Bhardwaj}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Othello]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Kareena Kapoor]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Konkona Sen Sharma]]|[[Vivek Oberoi]]|[[Bipasha Basu]]|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| cinematography = [[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti|Tassaduq Hussain]]
| editing = Meghna Manchanda Sen
| studio = [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo Films]] Big Screen Entertainments
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|07|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi{{efn|Spoken with/in a strong [[Gujari language|Gujari]] accent<ref name=TOI2006/>}}
| budget = {{INR}}26 crore
| gross = {{INR}}42 [[crore]]<ref name=boi>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=306 |title=Omkara |website=Box Office India |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820163824/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=306 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Omkara''''' is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language [[crime drama film]] adapted from [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'', co-written and directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDAlDwAAQBAJ&q=omkara+tragedy&pg=PA230 |title=The Shakespearean World |isbn=9781317696193 |last1=Levenson |first1=Jill L. |last2=Ormsby |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdNCBAAAQBAJ&q=omkara+tragedy&pg=PA100 |title=Bollywood Shakespeares |isbn=9781137375568 |last1=Dionne |first1=C. |last2=Kapadia |first2=P. |date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Springer |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829172943/https://books.google.com/books?id=JdNCBAAAQBAJ&q=omkara+tragedy&pg=PA100#v=snippet&q=omkara%20tragedy&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/29/books.filmnews |title=A matter of caste as Bollywood embraces the Bard |work=The Guardian |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=29 July 2006 |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830074102/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/29/books.filmnews |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] in lead roles. Bhardwaj also composed music for the film, including the [[film score|background score]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A matter of caste as Bollywood embraces the Bard: Big budget remake of Othello — with song and dance — starts new trend |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/29/books.filmnews |work=The Guardian |date=29 July 2006 |location=London |first=Randeep |last=Ramesh |access-date=20 May 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830074102/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/29/books.filmnews |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is set in [[Meerut]], a city in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Moor of Meerut |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?232205 |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212058/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?232205 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the second film in Bhardwaj's trilogy of Shakespeare adaptations, which began with ''[[Maqbool]]'' (2003) and completed with ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' (2014).

''Omkara'' was released on 28 July 2006, it received widespread critical acclaim, with praise for its direction, story, screenplay, dialogues, soundtrack and performances of the ensemble cast, with particular praise directed towards Devgn, Kapoor, Khan, Oberoi, and Sen Sharma's performances.

At the [[54th National Film Awards]], ''Omkara'' won 3 awards, including [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Sen Sharma). At the [[52nd Filmfare Awards]], the film received 19 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Bhardwaj) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kapoor), and won a leading 9 awards, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (Kapoor), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Sen Sharma) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Khan),

''Omkara'' was showcased in the [[Marché du Film]] section at the 2006 [[Cannes Film Festival]] along with a book on the making of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218777/A-book-on-the-making-of-Omkara-to-be-released-at-Cannes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722012338/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218777/A-book-on-the-making-of-Omkara-to-be-released-at-Cannes |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2015 |title=A book on the making of Omkara to be released at Cannes |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=17 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://test.santabanta.com/bollywood/10657/omkara-arrives-at-cannes-too/ |title=Omkara arrives at Cannes too|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018142842/http://test.santabanta.com/bollywood/10657/omkara-arrives-at-cannes-too/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was also selected to be screened at the [[Cairo International Film Festival]], where Bhardwaj was awarded Best Artistic Contribution in Cinema of a Director, in addition to winning 3 awards at the [[Kara Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20061226-0.html |work=Apun Ka Choice |title='Omkara' shines in Cairo and Karachi |access-date=26 December 2006 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829172945/https://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20061226-0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and an award at the [[Asian Festival of First Films]].

== Plot ==
Omkara "Omi" Shukla is an enforcer for a gang that commits political crimes for the local politician Tiwari Bhaisaab. Ishwar "Langda" Tyagi and Keshav "Kesu Firangi" Upadhyay are his closest lieutenants. Langda gatecrashes a ''[[baraat]]'' and challenges Rajju, the groom, to try and stop Omkara from abducting the bride, Dolly Mishra. Rajju fails and the wedding never takes place.

Dolly's father, advocate Raghunath Mishra, is enraged with Omkara and at one point threatens to kill him. To sort out the misunderstanding, Bhaisaab arranges for Dolly to appear before her father; she clarifies that she eloped with Omkara and was not abducted. Her father remains disgusted and scared that she is in love with a violent criminal and leaves the village in shame.

Omkara and his gang compromise with Indore Singh, an electoral rival of Bhaisaab, by exploiting an [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] sex scandal; they also kill several of Singh's enforcers, while allowing one of them, Kichlu, to live. Bhaisaab is elected for [[Lok Sabha|parliament]] and Omkara is promoted to a candidate for the upcoming [[Vidhan Sabha|state]] elections.

Omkara appoints Kesu over Langda as his successor once he enters politics himself, as he feels Kesu, who hails from the upper class and is college-educated, stands a better chance of winning over the younger, educated voting crowd than Langda, who is rustic and a school-dropout.

Langda, disappointed with Omkara's poor judgment and jealous of Kesu, his younger, less-experienced superior, decides to take revenge. He first causes a brawl between Kesu and Rajju by taking advantage of Kesu's low threshold for alcohol, which affects Omkara's faith in Kesu. Langda has Kesu convince Dolly to mollify Omkara, and uses Kesu's visits to Dolly as evidence to suggest to Omkara that the two are having an affair. Langda additionally has Indu, his wife and Omkara's sister, steal an expensive piece of jewellery that Omkara gifted to Dolly, and encourages Kesu to gift it to his girlfriend Billo.

Billo is later used to lure Kichlu out of hiding, so Omkara's gang can assassinate him. Omkara, Langda and their associates arrive at the hideout, where Billo is dancing. Omkara then chases down and murders Kichlu in a rage. Later, after they kill several people on a train, Omkara beats Langda and demands that he unambiguously tell him whether Kesu and Dolly are having an affair. Langda insists that they are.

On Omkara and Dolly's wedding day, a bird drops a snake into the paint being used by Dolly: a bad omen. Indu tells her brother not to marry Dolly if he has doubts. Omkara is still unsure, and demands proof from Langda. Langda tricks Omkara into believing that Kesu's explicit talk about Billo is referring to Dolly, and arranges for Omkara to watch Billo drop Omkara's heirloom jewellery at Kesu's door.

Convinced of the affair, Omkara smothers Dolly to death on their wedding night. Elsewhere, Langda shoots Kesu, who collapses but survives and Rajju shoots himself. Hearing gunfire, Indu rushes to Omkara, where she finds Dolly's corpse and the recovered jewellery. She confesses to having stolen the jewellery for Langda, making Omkara realise that Langda is responsible for his fatal misunderstanding. As Langda leaves, Indu slashes his throat in retribution. The wounded Kesu enters, asking Omkara "How did you ever think...?" Omkara shoots himself in the chest and dies next to his wife.

== Cast ==

* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Omkara "Omi" Shukla (character based on [[Othello]]) {{Dash}} a hardened [[wikt:goon|goon]], equivalent to a ''[[caporegime|capo]]'', a man with principles who sees life in extremes, either as good or evil. He is the illegitimate child of a higher caste [[Brahmin]] man and a lower caste woman.
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] as Dolly Mishra (character based on [[Desdemona]]) {{Dash}} a playful, naïve, young woman, smitten by Omi. She expresses her love for him and lays the basis of their relationship. Throughout the narrative, other characters are shown to doubt her [[character structure|character]], including her father. Omi finds her personality ambiguous, resulting in their tragic end.
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Ishwar "Langda" Tyagi (character based on [[Iago]]) {{Dash}} the catalyst in the story. He had been a loyal right-hand man to Omi for years and expected to be the next ''bahubali''. Kesu's promotion deals a crushing blow to his ambitions and brings out the evil in him. His jealousy and hatred towards his kin are further encouraged by chiding remarks from Rajju.
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Indu Tyagi (character based on [[Emilia (Othello)|Emilia]]) {{Dash}} Langda Tyagi's wife. She becomes an unwitting aid in her husband's plan.
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Keshav "Kesu" Firangi (character based on [[Michael Cassio|Cassio]]) {{Dash}} Omi's other deputy. His [[epithet]] comes from his knowledge of English. He is college-educated and [[urban culture|urban]], known to be somewhat of a [[casanova]]. He is important to Omi for his political contacts in the students. After admitting to having "known" a string of women, he falls in love with Billo and proposes marriage. He is shown to be impatient and easily frustrated, with a low threshold for alcohol.
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Billo Chamanbahar (character based on [[Bianca]]) {{Dash}} a singer and dancer who melts hearts with just her looks. She sees Kesu as a future companion, but keeps him hanging on. She becomes a pawn for Langda to manipulate.
* [[Naseeruddin Shah|Naseerudin Shah]] as Tiwari Bhaisaab (character based on the [[Duke of Venice]]) {{Dash}} an influential and powerful politician that many characters defer to. He is an outwardly sophisticated man, with a ruthless interior. He governs with an iron fist, picking up enemies as he progresses in his career. He is a father figure for Omkara as well as the political head honcho.
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Rajan "Rajju" Tiwari (character based on [[Roderigo]]) {{Dash}} the son of a respectable ''[[Thakur (Indian title)|thekedar]],'' he is head-over-heels in love with Dolly. He tries to win her affection throughout the film.
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Kichlu
* Kamal Tiwari as [[Advocate]] Raghunath Mishra (character based on [[Brabantio]])
* Manav Kaushik as Surendra Kaptaan
* Kuldeep Kumar as Golu, Langda's son

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Aamir Khan]] was considered for the role of Langda Tyagi, however, [[Saif Ali Khan]] was cast instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir wanted to play Langda Tyagi in Omkara: Vishal Bhardwaj |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-wanted-to-play-Langda-Tyagi-in-Omkara-Vishal-Bhardwaj/articleshow/17360222.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829172953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-wanted-to-play-Langda-Tyagi-in-Omkara-Vishal-Bhardwaj/articleshow/17360222.cms |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 October 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Why Vishal Bhardwaj chose Saif Ali Khan over Aamir Khan to play Langda Tyagi in Omkara: 'He asked too many questions, wanted to alter things' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/why-vishal-bhardwaj-chose-saif-ali-khan-over-aamir-khan-to-play-langda-tyagi-in-omkara-he-asked-too-many-questions-wanted-to-alter-things-9212148/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Irrfan Khan]] was offered the role of Kesu, but declined due to date issues. [[Om Puri]] and [[Anupam Kher]] were both considered for the role of Bhaisaab before [[Naseeruddin Shah]] was selected. [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Esha Deol]] were both offered the role of Dolly Mishra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-15 |title=Esha Deol reveals she REJECTED 'Golmaal' and 'Beedi Jalaile' because of "family values" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/esha-deol-reveals-she-rejected-golmaal-and-beedi-jalaile-because-of-family-values/articleshow/119044771.cms |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film received an [[Central Board of Film Certification#Rating System|A Certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board of India]].<ref name=TOI2006>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-01/news-interviews/27815905_1_film-box-office-language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016193024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-01/news-interviews/27815905_1_film-box-office-language |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2012 |title=Families stay away from Omkara |access-date=28 May 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2006}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film grossed $16,466,144 worldwide in its total run at the box office. Even though the film received rave reviews, its dark theme and strong language kept away family audiences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060827/asp/look/story_6661797.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526055705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060827/asp/look/story_6661797.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2011 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Look |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=27 August 2006 |access-date=6 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Derek Elley]] of [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] wrote, "Strongly cast, and with a powerhouse perf by Saif Ali Khan in the Iago role, pic puts Bhardwaj in the top ranks of serious Mumbai-based helmers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=1 August 2006 |title=Omkara (India) |url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117931211.html |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=3 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102756/https://variety.com/review/VE1117931211.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-date=5 December 2007}}</ref> [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film three out of five, calling it a "flawed but worthwhile attempt to transfer Othello to the modern setting of Uttar Pradesh in India."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=27 July 2006 |title=Omkara |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/jul/28/worldcinema.bollywood |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=25 September 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924232629/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/jul/28/worldcinema.bollywood |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a more mixed review, [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[IndiaFM]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5, praising the performances but criticising the "slow pacing" and "the lingo spoken by the characters."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=28 July 2006 |title=Omkara Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/omkara/critic-review/omkara-movie-review/ |website=[[IndiaFM]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Omkara
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover = Omkara soundtrack album art cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">{{Start date|df=y|2006|7|8}}</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:16
| label = [[Eros Music]]
| producer = Hitesh Sonik, [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| prev_title = [[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Nishabd]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The music is composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] with the lyrics written by [[Gulzar]]. The music was released on 8 July 2006. The official soundtrack contains 8 tracks. The track "Beedi" was used as the Baganiya Song called "Hariya" which was sung by [[Zubeen Garg]] and Anamika Tanti in the album ''Jhumka'' in 2007. In January 2009, it was also used as the theme tune to a Brazilian TV [[soap opera]] called ''[[Caminho das Índias]]'', produced by [[Rede Globo]]. On the back of this success, "Beedi" received considerable airplay on pop radio stations in Brazil becoming the first Hindi-only song to achieve this. The mini-series' soundtrack, which includes the track, went on to become one of the biggest selling albums of the year. Eventually, [[Bipasha Basu]] became the talking point of the film for giving 2 chartbuster songs, "Beedi" and "Namak", both of which became immensely popular. According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', with around {{formatnum:1150000}} units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eleventh highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! 'Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
![[Raga]]
|-
| 1 || "Omkara" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] || 5:22
|
|-
| 4 || "O Saathi Re" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] || 5:30
|Jogkauns
|-
| 3 || "Beedi" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] || 5:05
|
|-
| 2 || "Jaag Ja" ||[[Suresh Wadkar]] || 4:29
|
|-
| 5 || "Namak" || [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], Rakesh Pandit || 6:52
|
|-
| 6 || "Naina" || [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] || 6:49
|[[Ahir Bhairav]]
|-
| 7 || "Laakad" || [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] || 5:36
|
|-
| 8 || "The Tragedy of Omkara" || [[Instrumental]] || 1:35
|
|}

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Omkara (2006 film)}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* ''[[Kaliyattam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[India – A Love Story]]'' – A TV series from [[Brazil]] with the "Beedi" theme song taken from ''Omkara''.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|Omkara}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|omkara}}

{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{Othello}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mahabaleshwar]]
[[Category:Films based on Othello]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Unnale Unnale

2026-03-26T09:28:17Z

MarianaCone66: creating new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnale Unnale
| image = Unnale-unnale.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = Srinath Sahadevan (uncredited)
Jeeva
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
}}
| starring = [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] [[Sadha]] [[Tanishaa]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = Jeeva
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film]]<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Charmingly presented |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/04/20/stories/2007042001580300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107152146/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/04/20/stories/2007042001580300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2007 |access-date=2007-11-03}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|4|14}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Unnale Unnale''''' ({{translation|Because of You}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic comedy film]] written, cinematographed and directed by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] and produced by [[Oscar Ravichandran]]. It stars [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]], [[Sadha]] and [[Tanishaa]] in lead roles; [[Raju Sundaram]], [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] and [[Sathish Krishnan]] in supporting roles; and [[Lekha Washington]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Uma Padmanabhan]], and [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] in cameo roles. Sundaram also worked as a [[Choreography|choreographer]] in the film. This film marked Vinay's feature film debut and Tanishaa's only Tamil film that she ever acted. The soundtrack and film has received a [[cult status]] over the years.

The film revolves around the aftermath of a relationship between a careless man and a serious woman. Despite being in a relationship, the latter walks out on the former due to his antics with other women. However, the man changes his ways and on a business trip to [[Melbourne]], he encounters another woman. This other woman's boss turns out to be the man's former lover. The events that follow and who the man eventually gets together with form the crux of the story. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version was titled ''Neevalle Neevalle'' and released simultaneously with the Tamil version.

The film opened to Indian audiences after several delays, on 14 April 2007, coinciding with the [[Tamil New Year]]. The film received positive reviews and became a blockbuster hit at box office. It marked the last directorial venture of Jeeva before his death on 26 June 2007.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Business booms for Tamil cinema |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950500100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109113911/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950500100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 November 2007 |access-date=2007-11-03}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film opens with a man ([[Aravind Akash]]) and woman interviewing civilians on [[love]] and the opposite sex. After a mixture of answers, they cease their questions, and the credits roll. The credits end as a boy, after being rejected by his girlfriend, is accidentally hit by a passing car and dies. Karthik ([[Vinay Rai|Vinay]]) walks off, disturbed, to his girlfriend Jhansi's ([[Sadha]]) office. There, he is criticized by her for his antics with other women and his lack of passion for their love. She walks off, ending their relationship.

Karthik is then shown as a [[civil engineering|civil engineer]] in [[Chennai]], still playful and fun-loving. Accepting a request from his manager to go on a six-month business trip to [[Melbourne]], he bids farewell to his friends Raju ([[Raju Sundaram]]) and Sathish ([[Sathish Krishnan]]). On the plane, he encounters a playful, flirtatious girl named Deepika ([[Tanishaa]]), whom he sits next to during the flight. After spending hours together, they become friends and exchange contact details. However, by coincidence, Deepika is travelling to Melbourne to work in the same company as Jhansi, who is settled there. Together they seem to conveniently bump into Karthik at every corner, prompting an unwelcome reunion for Jhansi and Karthik.

While Deepika takes a liking to Karthik, Jhansi ignores him, even though he has hopes of getting back together. At a restaurant, Karthik bumps into a fellow [[Tamilian]] named Vaidyanathan ([[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]) and explains his love for Jhansi. The story then flashes back two years. Karthik had met Jhansi at a festival in a temple, where she played a prank on him and his friends. Taking a liking to Jhansi, Karthik begins to follow her intentionally, hoping for her to fall in love with him. Soon after, she becomes more and more suspicious of Karthik. This comes to a head when Karthik acts as the boyfriend of Raju's girlfriend Pooja ([[Paloma Rao]]), only for Jhansi to get confused and mistake him. His reputation as a trusting boyfriend takes another turn for the worse, when at a wedding, the bride ([[Lekha Washington]]) gives him a kiss after he improvises a song.

As the pair have a love-hate relationship, the breakup beckons when Jhansi sends her friend ([[Vasundhara Kashyap]]) undercover to flirt with Karthik. However, he lies by claiming that he was at home ill, prompting Jhansi to end their relationship. At the end of the flashback, Vaidyanathan suggests to Karthik that it is more important to move on than think regretfully, and Karthik gets over his relationship with Jhansi. However, finding out about Deepika's love towards Karthik, Jhansi becomes jealous and reinstates her love for Karthik. Soon, as she sees Deepika and Karthik's compatibility and understanding her fault, she finally understands what went wrong in their relationship. Then, Karthik tells her through a meaningful conversation that he still loves her, not Deepika. After this, Jhansi runs away to [[Sydney]] surreptitiously.

At the end of the film, the male interviewer who appeared at the start questions Jhansi on her decision to leave anonymously; however, she refuses to answer at first. Later, she replies that though she still loves Karthik, she was unable to understand him well. She knew that it would not work out and that she did not want to hurt Karthik further, thus becoming the sole reason for her departure. She then confirms that she met up with Deepika recently, and had found that she is married to Karthik and they have a child. She then walks away, claiming that her future lies in her own hands, and she is happy the way she is now.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] as Karthik
* [[Sadha]] as Jhansi
* [[Tanishaa]] as Deepika (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Raju Sundaram]] as Raju
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Vaidyanathan
* [[Sathish Krishnan|Sathish]] as Sathish
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Karthik's sister
* [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] as Jhansi's friend
* Siddharth Chandrasekhar as Karthik’s friend
* [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]] as Vaidyanathan's roommate
* [[Aravind Akash]] as a male interviewer
* [[Paloma Rao|Paloma]] as Priya
* Japan Kumar as Vaidyanathan's roommate
* [[Lekha Washington]] as a wedding bride (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
[[File:Birrarung Marr pedestrian bridge.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Birrarung Marr pedestrian bridge seen in the song "Mudhal Naal Indru".]]
''Unnale Unnale'' became [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]'s last finished film prior to his death on the sets of his next film, ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Tamil director Jeeva dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamil-director-jeeva-dead/articleshow/2149895.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327151420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tamil-director-Jeeva-dead/articleshow/2149895.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] made his debut into the film industry after modelling and featuring in a couple of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=26 June 2007 |title='I will miss Jeeva very badly' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/26vinay.htm |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Tanishaa]] made her first and only Tamil films appearance with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-04-09 |title=Tanishaa Mukerji: I identified with Deepika in Unnale Unnale |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Apr/09/tanishaa-mukerji-i-identified-with-deepika-in-unnale-unnale |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was mostly shot in [[Melbourne]], Australia overlooking the [[Melbourne Docklands]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The climax was shot in [[Sydney]] while the beginning and the flashback was picturized in various cities across [[South India]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] dubbed for Tanishaa.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Unnale Unnale
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| released = 15 December 2006
| recorded = 2006
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:01
| label = [[Saregama]]
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Neevalle Neevalle
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| released = 2007
| recorded = 2007
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 27:26
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
|language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}

The film has six songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] with the lyrics primarily penned by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[Pa. Vijay]]. The audio of the film released nationwide on 24 January 2007, three months prior to the movie release.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} ''[[Sify]]'' gave a positive rating stating "Full marks to Harris Jeyaraj for the songs especially the “Unnale Unnale...”, “June Pona...” and the background score which stays long after you leave the hall. They are picturised aesthetically in never-seen-before locations with utmost care going into details. "<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328225621/http://www.sify.com/movies/unnale-unnale-review-tamil-14428511.html Movie Review: Unnale Unnale]. ''[[Sify]]''</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "The usual again from HJ…likeable and repetitive!"<ref name="M">{{Cite web |author=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=17 December 2006 |title=Unnale Unnale (Tamil – Harris Jeyaraj) |url=https://milliblog.com/2006/12/17/unnale-unnale-tamil-harris-jeyaraj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807230535/https://milliblog.com/2006/12/17/unnale-unnale-tamil-harris-jeyaraj/ |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was highly acclaimed and won the "Youthful Album of the Year" award at "Tamil Music Awards". Harris Jayaraj was also nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] and the [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/if-you-instantly-recognise-a-harris-song-that-is-my-success-harris-jayaraj/article25849331.ece|title=If you instantly recognise a Harris song, that is my success: Harris Jayaraj|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=29 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819212252/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/if-you-instantly-recognise-a-harris-song-that-is-my-success-harris-jayaraj/article25849331.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The songs "June Ponal" is based on "[[All Rise (song)|All Rise]]" by [[Blue (English group)|Blue]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paneerselvam Umamaheswaran |last2=Shravan Ramachandran |last3=Shivadas D S |date=2020 |title=Retrospective Analysis of Plagiaristic Practices within a Cinematic Industry in India – a Tip in the Ocean of Icebergs |journal=Journal of Academic Ethics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1007/s10805-020-09360-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ending hook of "Ilamai Ulasam" is based on the beginning hook of "[[Here Comes the Hotstepper]]" by [[Ini Kamoze]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=28 November 2025 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref><ref name="M"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:01
| title1 = June Ponal
| extra1 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], Arun
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length1 = 6:01
| title2 = Hello Miss Imsaiyae
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length2 = 4:31
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title3 = Vaigasi Nilavae
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Madhushree]]
| length3 = 5:40
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| title4 = Mudhal Naal
| extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
| length4 = 4:27
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| title5 = Unnale Unnale
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Krish, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 4:43
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| title6 = Ilamai Ulasam
| extra6 = Krish, Pop Shalini
| length6 = 2:10
| lyrics6 = Pa. Vijay
| title7 = Siru Siru Uravugal
| extra7 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| length7 = 1:29
| lyrics7 = Krish
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/neevalle-neevalle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/927216075 | title=Neevalle Neevalle (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Harris Jayaraj | access-date=26 February 2023 | archive-date=27 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227011237/https://music.apple.com/us/album/neevalle-neevalle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/927216075 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| total_length = 27:26
| title1 = June Pothe
| extra1 = Krish, Arun
| length1 = 6:00
| title2 = Hello Miss
| extra2 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Vysakha Vennela
| extra3 = Haricharan, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 5:40
| title4 = Modhalennadu
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]], Pop Shalini, Mahalaxmi Iyer
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Neevalle Neevalle
| extra5 = Karthik, Krish, Harini
| length5 = 4:42
| title6 = Yavvana Ullasam
| extra6 = Krish, Pop Shalini
| length6 = 2:08
}}

== Release ==

=== Reception ===
The movie was released worldwide alongside ''[[Mayakannadi]]'', ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' and ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu|Arputha Theevu]]'' on [[Tamil New Year]]'s Day, 14 April 2007.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Owing to the success of the film, the number of reels grew to about hundred. The film completed 100 days of screening in the theaters in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The reception in [[Malaysia]] was equally successful and was released in six major [[metropolis]]es for up to 9 weeks, the film collected $114,883 (then approximately {{INR}}5 million) within its 50-day run.<ref>{{cite web |work=Boxofficemojo.com |title=Malaysia Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2007&wk=23&p=.htm |access-date=2007-11-03 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119173329/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2007&wk=23&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Rediff.com'' praised Sadha's, Tanishaa's, and Vinay's performances.<ref>{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Topsy turvy Unnale Unnale with mature ending |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16ssuu.htm |access-date=2007-11-03 |archive-date=16 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016173022/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16ssuu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of lead pair, humour, Jayaraj's music, Ramakrishnan's dialogues and added Jeeva scored both as cinematographer and director and praised him for narrating the plot like a Haiku and felt the screenplay was fast paced and concluded saying let's welcome this ''Unnale Unnale'' to come and sit in the row of films like 'Mozhi'.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=6 May 2007 |title=உன்னாலே உன்னாலே... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-05-06/page/12/mode/2up |access-date=1 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "A youthful colourful ambience, a handsome star cast, and some pleasant melodies, all packaged in attractive frames was the trademark of Jeeva's earlier films. ''Unnale Unnale'' the cinematographer-director's third venture, has all these elements. And when the narration tends to lag a little or the scenes turn repetitive, it's these factors that keep it going".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/04unnale-unnale.asp|title=Unnale Unnale|work=Chennai Online|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629102510/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/04unnale-unnale.asp|date=25 April 2007|archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Unnale Unnale is an urban romantic fun film that explores love from a slightly realistic and different point of view. The movie does not have clichéd characters nor the typical masalas associated with Tamil films and is packaged in Bollywood style. Though some of the scenes are straight lifts from various Hollywood and Bollywood films, director Jeeva has succeeded in bringing out brilliant performances from his lead actors and presenting the film in a chic and sophisticated manner".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14428511&ctid=5&cid=2429|title=Unnale Unnale|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516021244/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14428511&ctid=5&cid=2429|archive-date=16 May 2007}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The DVD version of the film was released on 8 August 2007 in the United Kingdom. This DVD release was distributed by [[Ayngaran International]] all around the world. It is available in [[Aspect ratio (image)#1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen|16:9]] [[Anamorphic widescreen]], [[Dolby Digital#Dolby Digital Surround EX|Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround]], [[Progressive scan|progressive]] 24 [[Frame rate|FPS]], [[widescreen]] and [[NTSC]] format.<ref>{{cite web |work=Ayngaran.com |title=Unnale Unnale |url=http://www.bollywood4uonline.co.uk/unnale-unnale---dvd-2374-p.asp |access-date=2007-11-03 |archive-date=27 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227032915/http://www.bollywood4uonline.co.uk/unnale-unnale---dvd-2374-p.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film made business for Vinay, who signed up many films after the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2013 |title=The smile's back |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-smiles-back/article5486887.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501181932/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-smiles-back/article5486887.ece |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The original title of this film, ''July Kaatril'', inspired a film [[July Kaatril|of the same name]], also based on a love triangle between the lead actors, just like in ''Unnale Unnale''.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title='Unnale Unnale was first titled July Kaatril' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/mar/17/unnale-unnale-was-first-titled-july-kaatril-10588.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526064313/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/mar/17/unnale-unnale-was-first-titled-july-kaatril-10588.html |archive-date=26 May 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0982944|Unnale Unnale}}

{{Jeeva (director)}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeeva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sydney]]
[[Category:Films shot in Melbourne]]
[[Category:2007 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian Partnership Act, 1932

2026-03-25T16:20:35Z

MarianaCone66: made new details added tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox legislation
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to define and amend the law relating to partnership.
| citation =[http://mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Partnership_Act_1932.pdf No. 9 of 1932]
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_assented = 8 April 1932
| date_commenced = 1 October 1932 except section 69 which came into force on the 1st day of October 1933.
| committee_report =
| keywords = extends to the whole of India
| status = in force
}}

The '''Indian Partnership Act, 1932''' was enacted in India in 1932. <ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19863/1/indian_partnership_act_1932.pdf</ref>

==Provisions==
Under section 44(d) of the act, a suit can be filed against the managing partner for dissolution of the [[partnership]] firm.<ref>{{citation |title=Justice K Chandru answers questions posed by readers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/23/justice-k-chandru-answers-questions-posed-by-readers-1562418.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=23 January 2017 }}</ref>

Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 defines Partnership in the following terms:<

{{boxquote|"Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all."}}

Section 464 of the [[Companies Act, 2013]] empowers the Central Government to prescribe maximum number of partners in a firm but the number of partners so prescribed cannot be more than 50. The Central Government has prescribed the maximum number of partners in a firm to be 50 by rule 10 of the Companies (Miscellaneous) Rules, 2014. Thus, in effect, a partnership firm cannot have more than 50 members.

== General duties of partners ==
The partners shall run the business of the firm to the highest level of common advantage by being true to each other. They have to be [[Accountability|accountable]] to one another and provide complete information of all the aspects of the firm, to any other partner or their legal representatives.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 And The Indian Partnership (Fees) Rules ... |date=15 July 2020 |publisher=Current Publications |at=Section 7; p. 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTaEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Indian+Partnership+Act&pg=PA1}}{{clarify|reason=google metadata does not match value in {{pipe}}title=; value assigned to {{pipe}}date= does not match {{pipe}}title=|date=May 2022}}</ref>

== Duty of indemnification ==
Each partner shall [[Indemnity|indemnify]] the firm for any loss that occurred due to fraud, in the conduct of the [[business]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partnership Act, 1932, The Indian}}
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Partnerships]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:1932 in Indian law]]

Salman Ali

2026-03-24T16:21:17Z

MarianaCone66: refine lead based on references and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Salman Ali
| image = Salman Ali.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Punhana]], [[Haryana Mewat]], India
| origin = [[Mewat]]
| death_place =
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|keyboard}}
| genre = {{Flatlist|
*[[Sufi music|Sufi]]
*rock
*pop
}}
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| label =
| website = 
}}
'''Salman Ali''' is an Indian singer who won the 10th season of [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']].<ref name="Idol10Win">{{cite web |title=Meet Salman Ali, The Winner Of Indian Idol 10; Ankush Bhardwaj And Neelanjana Ray Are Runners-Up |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/meet-salman-ali-the-winner-of-indian-idol-10-ankush-bhardwaj-and-neelanjana-ray-are-runners-up-1967324?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |website=NDTV.com |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref> He was the first runner-up in the 2011 ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salman Ali wins Indian Idol Season 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/salman-ali-wins-indian-idol-season-10-5506512/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |accessdate=24 December 2018 |language=en |date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Idol 10 winner: Haryana's Salman Ali bags the trophy – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-idol-10-haryanas-salman-ali-bags-the-trophy/articleshow/67224250.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Salman Ali, The Winner Of Indian Idol 10; Ankush Bhardwaj And Neelanjana Ray Are Runners-Up |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/meet-salman-ali-the-winner-of-indian-idol-10-ankush-bhardwaj-and-neelanjana-ray-are-runners-up-1967324?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |website=NDTV.com |accessdate=24 December 2018}}</ref> In 2019, he made his debut as a playback singer with the song Jai He from the film ''[[Satellite Shankar]]''. In 2019, he also sang the song Awara for the film ''[[Dabangg 3]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baddhan|first=Raj|title=Salman Ali makes Bollywood debut with 'Dabangg 3' song ''Awara''| url=https://www.bizasialive.com/salman-ali-makes-bollywood-debut-with-dabangg-3-song-awara/|publisher=BizAsia|date=12 November 2019|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> Salman sang the theme song for the Indian television series [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|''Chandragupta Maurya'']], which airs on Sony TV.

== Background ==
Salman Ali was born in [[Punahana|Punhana]], located in the [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]. Salman's family has made a living off of singing for the past four generations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Salman Ali? Here's everything you need to know about the Indian Idol 10 winner {{!}} Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/who-is-salman-ali-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-indian-idol-10-winner/335749 |website=www.timesnownews.com |accessdate=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Idol 10 winner Salman Ali says he will fix his house's broken roof with Rs 25 lakh prize money |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/indian-idol-10-winner-salman-ali-says-he-will-fix-his-house-s-broken-roof-with-rs-25-lakh-prize-money/story-IkO2t5lU3HmNVt0hMFjTaM_amp.html |website=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=5 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Idol 10 winner: Salman Ali family, unseen photos, shows before Indian Idol – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-idol-10-winner-salman-ali-family-unseen-photos-shows-before-indian-idol/articleshow/67226508.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 December 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style| Year
!style| Show
!style| Role
!style| Channel
!style| Note
|-
|2011||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011]]''||Contestant||[[Zee TV]]||Runner-up
|-
|2018||[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']] ''- Season 10''||Contestant||rowspan="2"|[[Sony TV]]||Winner
|-
|2019||[[Superstar Singer#Seasons overview|''Superstar Singer'']] ''- Season 1''||Captain||
|-
|2021||''[[Indian Pro Music League]]''||Team member (UP Dabbang||Zee TV||Eliminate
|-
|2022
|''[[Superstar Singer]]'' ''- Season 2''
| rowspan="2" |Captain
| rowspan="2" |Sony TV
|
|-
|2024
|''Superstar Singer'' ''- Season 3''
|
|}

== Discography ==
===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style| Year
!style| Film
!style| Song
!style| Composer(s)
!style| Lyricist
!style|Notes
|-
|2018||''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''||Sab Badhiya Hai||[[Anu Malik]]||[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], [[Piyush Mittal]]|| Background singer
|-
|rowspan=3 | 2019 ||''[[Satellite Shankar]]'' ||Jai He ||[[Sandeep Shirodkar]] ||[[Manoj Muntashir]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dabangg 3]]'' ||Awara || rowspan="2" |[[Sajid–Wajid]] ||Sajid, [[Sameer Anjaan]] ||
|-
|[[Habibi Ke Nain]]||[[Irfan Kamal]]||Background singer
|-
|rowspan=2|2020||''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]'' || [[Teri Meri Kahani (song)|Teri Meri Kahani]] remix ||[[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Akbar Sami|DJ Akbar Sami]] || [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] ||Alaaps
|-
|''Sayonee''||Naina Lahoo ||Joy-Anjan ||Yash Eshwari ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Middle Class Love]]'' || Manjha|| Himesh Reshammiya || [[Shakeel Azmi]]|| Alaaps
|-
|2024|| ''[[Luv Ki Arrange Marriage]]'' || Ishq Ka Chav || Prini Siddhant Madhav || Arafat Mehmood || [[Zee5]] film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025|| rowspan="2"|''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || Aafaton Ke Daur Mein || rowspan="2"|Himesh Reshammiya || Shabbir Ahmed ||
|-
|Medley ||rowspan="2"| Himesh Reshammiya, [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Sameer Anjaan]]
|-
|}

===Non-film songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style| Year
!style| Album
!style| Song
!style| Composer(s)
!style| Lyricist
!style|Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2021 || rowspan="2"| ''[[Moods with Melodies]]'' || Pyarr Tumse || rowspan=3| Himesh Reshammiya || rowspan="3" | Himesh Reshammiya ||
|-
| Jhoom Baraabar Jhoom
|-
| ''[[Himesh Ke Dil Se]]'' || Aashiquii Ka Gum ||
|-
| ''Singles''||Mohabbat Ke Kabil || Shiva Chopra || Ravi Chopra
|-
| 2022 || rowspan="6"| ''Himesh Ke Dil Se''|| Bas Tum Mere Paas Raho || rowspan="6"| Himesh Reshammiya || [[Sonia Kapoor]] ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2023 || Tera Aana || rowspan="5"| Himesh Reshammiya
|-
| Teraa Meraa Rishta ||
|-
| Saanson Meinn ||
|-
| Poocho Mere Dil Se ||
|-
| 2024 || Lamha Mera ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Idol}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Salman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian Idol winners]]
[[Category:People from Nuh district]]
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Baga, Goa

2026-03-22T15:30:22Z

MarianaCone66: reworked page additionally and added references for accuracy

{{Other uses|Baga (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Baga Beach|the 2013 film|Baga Beach (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Baga Beach, Calangute, Goa.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunset at Baga Beach
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Baga in Goa
| coordinates = {{coord|15|33|32|N|73|45|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-district
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bardez]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 403516
| area_code = 083227
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baga''' is a seaside town located in [[Bardez]], [[Goa]], India. It falls under the jurisdiction of [[Calangute]], which is 2 km south. Baga is known for its popular beach and [[Baga Creek]]. It is visited by thousands of tourists annually.

==Baga Beach==
Baga Beach is a popular beach and tourist destination in [[North Goa]].<ref name="nytimes2010">{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/travel/14hours.html | title= 36 Hours in Goa, India | author= Jeff Koyen | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date= 14 March 2010 | accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://www.beachatlas.com/baga Baga, India - Beach Guide, Info, Photos]</ref> Baga is located at the north end of the contiguous beach stretch that starts from [[Sinquerim]], [[Candolim]], leads to [[Calangute]], and then to Baga.

The beach contains rows of shacks and fishing boats, and at high tide, the beach is narrow.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=G2yWe6ulHkEC&pg=PA468 South India handbook: the travel guide], p. 468-69 (2001) ({{ISBN|978-1900949811}})</ref>

The beach is named after the [[Baga Creek]], which empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] at the north end of the beach.<ref name="fodorindia">[https://books.google.com/books?id=G2yWe6ulHkEC&dq=%22Baga+beach%22&pg=PA465 Fodor's India], p.454-55 (6th ed. 2008) ({{ISBN|978-1400019120}})</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:India - Goa - 010 - Touristy Baga Beach.jpg|Baga beach in 2006
File:Dolphins at baga.JPG|Dolphins can be located at around 1–2 km from the shoreline
File:Baga Beach 25012016.jpg|Parasailing in Baga Beach
File:BagaBeachPanorana.jpg|A panoramic view of Baga Beach in 2018
File:Baga Beach-India Goa-Andres Larin.jpg|Drone shot of a Baga Beach in 2023
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Baga, Goa}}
{{Wikivoyage|Baga}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]
[[Category:Beaches of North Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism

2026-03-18T11:08:25Z

MarianaCone66: enhanced content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Third-party|date=October 2021}}

{{Hinduism and other religions}}{{Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion}}
'''Hinduism''' is recognized in the '''Baháʼí Faith''' as one of nine known religions.<ref>Buck, Christopher (1986). ''[http://bahai-library.com/buck_eschatological_interface_messianism A Unique Eschatological Interface: Baha'u'llah and Cross-Cultural Messianism]'', published in: ''In Iran: Studies in Babi and Baha'i History vol. 3'', ed. [[Peter Smith (historian)|Peter Smith]], pp. 157-179. Kalimat Press, Los Angeles.</ref> [[Krishna]] is included in the succession of [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]].

==References in the Baháʼí writings==
[[Baháʼu'lláh]] was familiar with Hinduism, which is clear from a [[Tablet (religious)|tablet]] to [[Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl]], the English translation of which is included in the volume ''[[Tabernacle of Unity]]''. In this tablet Baháʼu'lláh answered questions about [[Hinduism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] by [[Maneckji Limji Hataria]]. The subjects include [[comparative religion]], and constitute, while much remains implicit, a dialogue of Baháʼu'lláh with Hinduism and the other religions discussed, giving an understanding of what Baha'u'llah meant with the [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|unity of the world religions]].<ref name="cole-hindu-zoro">[[Juan Cole|Cole, Juan R. I.]] ''[http://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_cole_questions_manakji Baha'u'llah on Hinduism and Zoroastrianism: The Tablet to Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl Concerning the Questions of Manakji Limji Hataria]''.</ref>

In another tablet (published in ''[[Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh|Gleanings]]'', section LXXXVII) Baháʼu'lláh discussed the absence of records about history before Adam. Here he refers to the ''Jug-Basisht'' which is the Persian translation of the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'', a [[syncretism|syncretic]] philosophic text.<ref name="cole-hindu-zoro" /> The translation was done during the [[Mughal Dynasty]] in the sixteenth century A.D. and became popular in Persia among intellectuals with [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian interests]] since then.<ref>[[Juan Cole|Cole, Juan R.I.]] "Iranian Culture and South Asia, 1500-1900". in: [[Nikki R. Keddie|Keddie, Nikki]] (ed.). (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CdzFJIE7f5oC Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics]''. pp. 22-23</ref> In the ''[[Contents and stories of the Yoga Vasistha#Section Six: On Liberation|Story of Bhusunda]]'', a chapter of the ''Yoga Vasistha'', an ancient sage, Bhusunda, recalls a succession of epochs in the earth's history, as described in [[Hindu cosmology]]. [[Juan Cole]] states that this means that in [[dating Creation]], Baháʼu'lláh promotes the theory of a long chronology over a short one.<ref name="cole-hindu-zoro" />

In a letter written on behalf of [[Shoghi Effendi]], published in the ''Dawn of a New Day'', p. 198, it is stated that:<ref>[https://bahai-library.com/writings/shoghieffendi/dnd/dndall.html#198 ''Dawn of a New Day'', p. 198]</ref>

{{Quote frame|"As regards your study of the Hindu religion. The origins of this and many other religions that abound in India are not quite known to us, and even the Orientalists and the students of religions are not in complete accord about the results of their investigations in that field. The Bahá'í writings also do not refer specifically to any of these forms of religion current in India. So, the Guardian feels it impossible to give you any definite and detailed information on that subject. He would urge you, however, to carry on your studies in that field, although its immensity is well-nigh bewildering, with the view of bringing the Message to the Hindus...."}}

==Teachings==

===God===
{{see also|God in the Baháʼí Faith|God in Hinduism}}
In Hinduism, [[Brahman]] is believed to be the Absolute Reality. Followers of [[Vedanta]] see Brahman as an impersonal reality, of which each soul ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]) is a part. The theistic traditions of Hinduism, which include [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]], consider Brahman as a [[personal God]], whom they call [[Bhagwan]] or [[Ishvara]] (Lord).<ref>{{Harvnb|Momen|1990|pp=ix}}</ref> According to the Baháʼí teachings, these differing views are all valid and represent different points of view looking at the Absolute Reality.<ref>{{Harvnb|Momen|1990|pp=1–5}}</ref>

===Avatars and Manifestations of God===
Both Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith teach that God manifests himself at different times and places. These messengers are termed [[Avatar]]s in Hinduism and [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]] in the Baháʼí teachings.<ref>{{Harvnb|Momen|1990|pp=5–9}}</ref> However the difference is that Hinduism teaches that Avatars are God himself in human form and are thus divine while Baháʼí teachings stress that the Manifestations of God are not God but his representatives.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Deities and images===
In Hinduism many [[Hindu deities|deities]], depicted in images and [[murti]] (statues), are worshipped. Many Hindus believe that all these deities represent different aspects of the one God, Brahman. The Baháʼí teachings state that in this day, when mankind is reaching the state of maturity, images are not needed anymore to form an idea of God.<ref>{{Harvnb|Momen|1990|pp=11–12}}</ref>

===Ethical and moral teachings===
There are many similarities in the ethical and moral teachings of Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith. These include subject as contemplation, detachment, faith, love, non-violence, purity, respect for parents, righteousness, self-control, right speech, not stealing, truth, virtue, work as worship.<ref>{{Harvnb|Momen|1990|pp=13–21}}</ref>

==Adaptation of Baháʼí teachings to Hindu context==
[[File:Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Lotus Temple|Baháʼí House of Worship]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]].]]
The speedy growth of the [[Baháʼí Faith in India|Indian Baháʼí community]] since the 1960s was influenced by adapting the [[Baháʼí teachings]] for presentation in a clearly [[Hindu]] context familiar to the people of the countryside - using principles and language familiar to them:<ref name="smith-indian-religions">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2000|title=Indian religions|encyclopedia=A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith|publisher=Oneworld Publications|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ|last=Smith|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Smith (historian)|pages=195|isbn=1-85168-184-1}}</ref><ref name="garlington-india">Garlington, William. ''[http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/india1.htm The Baha'i Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach]'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies, No. 2 (June, 1997).</ref>
:*emphasizing the figures of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and [[Krishna]] as past [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]] or [[Avatar]]s;
:*references to Hindu scriptures such as the [[Bhagavad Gita]];
:*the substitution of [[Sanskrit]]-based terminology for [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] where possible (i.e., Bhagavan Baha for Baháʼu'lláh), and the incorporation in both song (''[[bhajan]]'')<ref name="garlington-bhajans">Garlington, William. ''[http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol2/india2.htm The Baha'i Bhajans: An example of the Baha'i Use of Hindu Symbols]'', Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January, 1998).</ref> and literature of Hindu holy places, hero-figures and poetic images;
:*Hindi translations of Baha'i scriptures and prayers that appeared during this period which are so heavily Sanskritized as to make it difficult to recognize their non-Hindu antecedents.

==See also==
* [[Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith and Zoroastrianism]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith in Nepal]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion]]
* [[Hinduism and Islam]]
* [[Indo-Persian culture]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |year=1990 |title=Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-299-6 |url=http://bahai-library.com/momen_hinduism_bahai}}

==Further reading==
* Khursheed, Anjam (1997). [http://bahai-library.com/khursheed_hindu_concept_god The Hindu Concept of God: Unity in Diversity], in Singapore Baháʼí Studies Review, vol. 2, pp. 3–49.
* Merchant, A.K. (2005). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120202163233/http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/world-religions/bahai/bahaiconceptatam.asp The Concept of Atman (Human Soul) in Vedic & Baháʼí Scriptures]''.
* Buck, Christopher (1980). ''[http://bahai-library.com/buck_mystery_sworded_warrior The Mystery of the Sworded Warrior in Hindu Apocalypse: Was Kalki Visnuyas Baháʼu'lláh?]''.
*{{cite book |last=Gandhimohan |first=M.V. |year=2000 |title=Mahatma Gandhi and the Baháʼís |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-86953-82-5 |url=http://bahai-library.com/gandhimohan_gandhi_bahais_nonviolence}}
*{{cite book |last=Munje |first=Dr. H.M. |year=1997 |title=The Reincarnation Mystery Revealed |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-86953-02-7}}
* Sarwal, Anil (1996). ''[http://bahai-library.org/books/miracles/prophets.html Miracles in Religion]''. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India.
* Sarwal, Anil (2001). ''[http://bahai-library.com/sarwal_sri_aurobindo Sri Aurobindo Movement and the Baháʼí Faith]''.
* Sarwal, Anil (2025). ''Tagore and the Baha’i Faith: Towards Creative Unity.''
*{{Cite book |last=Sours |first=Michael |title=Without Syllable or Sound: The World's Sacred Scriptures in the Baháʼí Faith |chapter=Hindu and Buddhist Scripture in Baháʼí Scripture |publisher=Kalimat Press |location=Los Angeles, United States |isbn=1-890688-06-1 |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWcBYX64PowC}}
* Terry, Peter (1992, 2015) ''[https://bahai-library.com/terry_tagore_encounters_bahais Rabindranath Tagore: Some Encounters with Baháʼís]''.

==External links==
* [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] and [[Shoghi Effendi]]. ''[http://bahai-library.com/compilation_buddha_krishna_zoroaster Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster and Related Subjects]'', compiled by Research Department of the [[Universal House of Justice]].
* [http://bahai-library.com/?file=uhj_reincarnation_rebirth_progress Memorandum] and [http://sites.google.com/site/akbweb/lettersandmemorandums compilation] on reincarnation, rebirth and the progress of the soul (25 April 1995)
* [https://bahaiteachings.org/bahaullah-hindu-kalki-avatar Article series about Hindu prophecies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929013057/https://bahaiteachings.org/bahaullah-hindu-kalki-avatar/ |date=2021-09-29 }}, by Christopher Buck
* [http://prophecy-fulfilled.com/#hindu Prophecy Fulfilled: Hindu Prophecies]
* [https://bahaiprayers.net BahaiPrayers.net ] - Baháʼí prayers in several Indian languages
* [http://sites.google.com/site/akbweb/bah%C3%A1%C3%ADsongsinhindi Baháʼí Songs in Indian Languages]

{{Baháʼí-2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahai Faith And Hinduism}}
[[Category:Baháʼí Faith and other religions|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]

1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T10:48:26Z

MarianaCone66: created a info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1969
| election_date = 24 and 26 February 1974
| next_election = 1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1977
| seats_for_election = All 424 seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 213
| registered = {{formatnum:49743193}}
| turnout = 56.91%

| party1 = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna stamp (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=04|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bara Assembly constituency|Bara]]
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 =
| popular_vote1 = 32.29%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 4
| seats1 = 215
| swing1 =

| party2 = Bharatiya Kranti Dal
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prime minister Charan Singh_(cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Charan Singh]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 =
| popular_vote2 = 21.22%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 8
| seats2 = 106
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|Hemwati Bahuguna]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|Hemwati Bahuguna]]
}}

Elections to the '''Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly''' were held in February 1974 to elect members of the 424 constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]], won a majority of seats and [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]] was appointed the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.southasiamonitor.org/open-forum/h-n-bahuguna-man-who-could-be-prime-minister/ |title=H N Bahuguna: A man who could be prime minister |date=24 April 2021 |author=Anil K. Rajvanshi |access-date= 24 November 2023}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=8868229|seats1=215|sc1=+4
|party2=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes2=5826256|seats2=106|sc2=+8
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=4701972|seats3=61|sc3=+12
|party4=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes4=2296883|seats4=10|sc4=New
|party5=[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)]]|votes5=795770|seats5=5|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=672881|seats6=16|sc6=+12
|party7=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes7=378221|seats7=1|sc7=New
|party8=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes8=311669|seats8=1|sc8=–4
|party9=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes9=194257|seats9=2|sc9=+1
|party10=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes10=190259|seats10=1|sc10=New
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=81829|seats11=1|sc11=0
|party12=Others|votes12=327246|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=2815747|seats21=5|sc21=–13
|total_sc=–1
|invalid=849448
|electorate=49743193
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Uttar Kashi || SC || Baldev Singh Arya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tehri || None || Govind Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Deoprayag || None || Govind Prasad Gairola || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lansdowne || None || Bharat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pauri || None || Bhagwati Charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karanprayag || None || Shiva Nand Nautiyal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badri Kedar || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Didihat || None || [[Gopal Dutt Ojha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithoragarh || None || [[Dayakishan Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Almora || None || Rama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bageshwar || SC || Saraswati Tamta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet || None || Govind Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naini Tal || None || Bal Krishna Sanwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khatima || SC || Indra Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haldwani || None || Deo Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || Narayan Datt Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Seohara || None || [[Abdul Waheed (politician)|Abdul Waheed]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dhampur || None || Sattar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Afzalgarh || None || Kranti Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagina || SC || Ganga Dai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Najibabad || SC || Sukhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bijnor || None || Azizur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandpur || None || Dharama Vir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kanth || None || Chandra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Amroha || None || Mohd Hayat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanpur || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gangeshwari || SC || Maniram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sambhal || None || Shafiqur Rehman Barq || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bahjoi || None || Sultan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandausi || SC || Devi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kunderki || None || Indra Mohini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moradabad West || None || Khayali Ram Shashtri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moradabad || None || Dinesh Chander Rastogi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Moradabad Rural || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Thakurdwara || None || Rampal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Suar Tanda || None || Syed Murtaza Alli Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampur || None || Manzoor Ali Khan Alias Shanu Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilaspur || None || Sohan Lal R/o Milak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Shahabad || SC || Bansi Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bisauli || None || Krishan Vir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gunnaur || None || Jugal Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sahaswan || None || Shanti Devi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bilsi || SC || Sohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Budaun || None || Purshottam Lal Urf Raja Ji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Usehat || None || Brijpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Binawar || None || Mohd. Asrar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dataganj || None || Santosh Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aonla || None || Shyam Behari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sunha || None || Rameshwar Nath Chaubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Faridpur || SC || Hem Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bareilly Cantt || None || Badam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Barelly City || None || Satya Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Chetram Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhojipura || None || Harish Kumar Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kawar || None || Misar Yar Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Baheri || None || Ram Murti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Pilibhit || None || Dhirendra Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Barkhera || SC || Kishan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bisalpur || None || Tej Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Puranpur || None || Harish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Powayan || SC || Roop Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nigohi || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Tilhar || None || Satyapal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jalalabad || None || Dal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dadraul || None || Girja Kirhore Misra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Shahjahanpur || None || Mohammad Rafi Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Mohamdi || SC || Manna Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Haiderabad || None || Makhan Lal Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Paila || SC || Chheda Lal Chowdhery || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhimpur || None || Tej Narain Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Srinagar || None || Raj Brij Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Nighasan || None || Ramcharan Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dhaurehra || None || Saraswati Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Behta || None || Ganga Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biswan || None || Gaya Prasad Mehrotra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mahmudabad || None || Ammar Rizvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sidhauli || SC || Shyam Lal Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laharpur || None || Abid Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sitapur || None || Shyam Kishor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hargaon || SC || Ram Lal Rahi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Misrikh || None || Ram Ratan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhrehta || SC || Virendra Kumar Chaudhri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Benigang || ST || Ageny Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sandila || None || Kashi Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ahirori || SC || Manni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hardoi || None || Shrish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bawan || SC || Pooran Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Pihani || None || Mahesh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || None || Dadhich Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bilgram || None || Sharda Bhakt Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mallawan || None || Lalan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bangarmau || None || Raghvendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Safirpur || SC || Sunder Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Unnao || None || Sheo Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hadha || None || Sachhiada Nand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhagwantnagar || None || Bhagwati Singh Visharad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purwa || None || Gaya Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanganj || SC || Bhikha Lal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Malihabad || SC || Kallash Pati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahona || None || Rampal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow East || None || Saroop Kumari Bakshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow West || None || Mohd. Shakeel Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow Central || None || Ramesh Chandra Srivastva || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow Cantt || None || Charan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarojininagar || None || Vijai Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohanlalganj || SC || Narain Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bachhrawan || SC || Ram Dularey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tiloi || None || Mohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rae Bareli || None || Sunita Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sataon || None || Ram Deo Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sareni || None || Shiva Shankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dalmau || None || Mannu Lal Dwivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salon || SC || Dina Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kunda || None || Niyaz Husan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Bihar || SC || Ram Swaroop Bhartiya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Rampur Khas || None || Babu Prabhakar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gadwara || None || Vasudeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pratapgarh || None || Ajeet Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Birapur || None || Sheo Kumari Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patti || None || Prabhakar Nath Dwivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amethi || None || Raja Rananjai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gauriganj || None || Rajpati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || SC || Ram Sewak Dhobi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Issauli || None || Ambika Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanpur || None || Jitendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jaisinghpur || None || Sheo Kumar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chanda || None || Kunwar Shripal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kadipur || SC || Jairaj Gautam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ketehri || None || Bhagwati Prasad Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Akbarpur || None || Priya Darshi Jetiy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalpur || None || Bhagwati Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Jahagirganj || SC || Ram Rati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tanda || None || Nisar Ahmad Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ayodhya || None || Bed Prakash Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bikapur || None || Sita Ram Nishad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Milkipur || None || Dharam Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sohawal || SC || Hub Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudauli || None || Ram Sevak Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Daryabad || None || Beni Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sidhaur || SC || Sheokailash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Haidergarh || None || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Masauli || None || Mohsina Kidwai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Ram Chandra Bux Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || Nanhey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Bhagauti Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaisarganj || None || Babu Lal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Fakherpur || None || Ram Harsh Chaudhri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahsi || None || Sukhad Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Nanpara || None || Fajalu Rehman || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Charda || SC || Gajadhar Prasad Arya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhinga || None || Kamla Prasad Varma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bahraich || None || Kedar Nath Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ikauna || SC || Dulara Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gainsari || None || Vijai Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Tulsipur || None || Mangrey Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Balrampur || None || Man Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Utraula || None || Rajendra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sadulla Nagar || None || Dashrath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mankapur || SC || Ram Garib || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majehna || None || Deep Narain Mahanth || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gonda || None || Triveni Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Katra Bazar || None || Deep Narain Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Colonelganj || None || Ragharaj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dixit || SC || Ram Pati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Haraiya || None || Surendra Pratap Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Captainganj || None || Ram Lakhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagar East || SC || Sohan Lal Dhusia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basti || None || Shyama Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Ram Samujh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj || None || Jalil Abbasi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Itwa || None || Gopinath Kameshwar Puri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shohratgarh || None || Prabhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naugarh || None || Ram Rekha Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bansi || None || Madhava Prasad Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Khesraha || None || Raj Bahadur Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Menhdawal || None || Chandra Sekhar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Khalilabad || SC || Laloo Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hansarbazar || SC || Bhisham || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Banisgaon || SC || Mahabir Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhuriapar || None || Chandra Shakhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chillupar || None || Bhrigu Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kauri Ram || None || Dhruva Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mundera Bazar || SC || Phirangi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Pipraich || None || Madhukak Deghe || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gorakhpur || None || Awadhesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Maniram || None || Avaidya Nath || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Sahjanwan || None || Sharda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Paniara || None || Bir Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pharenda || None || Lakshmi Narain || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Lakshmipur || None || [[Abdul Rauf Lari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Siswa || None || Yadwendra Singh Alias Lallan Ji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maharajganj || SC || Duryodhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shyam Deurwa || None || Janardan Prasad Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Naurangia || SC || [[Bhulai Bhai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ramkola || None || Bankey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hata || SC || Gulab Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padrauna || None || Purushottam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Seorahi || None || Kripa Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Fazilnagar || None || Ramayan Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kasia || None || Raj Mangal Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gauri Bazar || None || Anirudh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudrapur || None || Rajendra Prasad Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoria || None || Krishna Rai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bhatpar Rani || None || Raghuraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salempur || None || [[Hari Kewal Prasad]]|| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Barhaj || None || Surendra Prasad Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || Zafar Azami || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sagri || None || Ram Sunder Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Ram Adhar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Azamgarh || None || Vishram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Nizamabad || None || M. Masud || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Atraulia || None || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phulpur || None || Ram Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Saraimir || SC || Daya Ram Bhasker || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mehnagar || SC || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Lalganj || None || Triveni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mubarakpur || None || Bhabhi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mohammadabad Gohna || SC || Sheo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mau || None || Abdul Baqi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Rasra || SC || Raghu Nath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Siar || None || Rafiullah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chilkahar || None || Jagannath Chaudhry || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikanderpur || None || Nirbhai Narain Singh Alias Lal Babu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansdih || None || Bacha Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Doaba || None || Banwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ballia || None || Kashi Nath Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kopachit || None || Kailash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Zahoorabad || None || Raghubir || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || Ram Janam Rai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Didarnagar || None || Ramji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Zamania || None || Dharam Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ghazipur || None || Shah Abdul Faiz || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jakhania || SC || Jhilmit || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sadat || None || Kalicharan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Saidpur || None || Prabhu Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhanapur || None || Baijnath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandauli || None || Ram Pyare || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chakia || SC || Bechan Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mogalsarai || None || Ganji Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Varanasi Cantt || None || Shatrudh Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Varanasi South || None || Charan Das Seth || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Varanasi North || None || Mohammad Safiur Raham Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chiralgaon || None || Udai Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kolasla || None || Udal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Gangapur || None || Baldeo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Aurai || None || Girija Shankar Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gyanpur || None || Ramarati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bhadohi || SC || Ram Nihor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Barsathi || None || Naju Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mariahu || None || Raj Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kerakat || SC || Ram Samjhawan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beyalsi || None || Uma Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jaunpur || None || Om Parkash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rari || None || Raj Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Shahganj || SC || Mata Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khutahan || None || Lakshmi Shanker Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garwara || None || Ram Shiromani Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhilishahr || None || Aga Zaidi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dudhi || SC || Shiv Sampat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Robertaganj || SC || Subedar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rajgarh || None || Lokapati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chunar || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Majhwa || None || Rudra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mirzapur || None || Asha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chhanvey || SC || Purushottam Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meja || SC || Ram Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karchana || None || Reoti Raman Singh Alias Mani Ji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[Bara Assembly constituency|Bara]] || None || [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhusi || None || Vidya Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Handia || None || Athai Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Pratappur || None || Har Patap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Soraon || None || Jang Bahadur Singh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Ram Puajn Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad North || None || Rajendra Kumari Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad South || None || Satya Prakash Malviya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Allahabad West || None || Tirath Ram Kohili || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chail || SC || Kanyaiya Lal Sonkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majhanpur || SC || Dharam Vir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirathu || None || [[Baij Nath Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khaga || None || Krishna Dutt Alias Balraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishunpur || SC || Jageshwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haswa || None || Jai Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur || None || Salahuddin Alias Nabban || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jahanabad || None || Prem Datta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindki || None || Rama Kant Dwivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aryanagar || None || Abdul Rehman Khan Nashtare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sisamau || SC || Sheo Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Generalganj || None || Jatadhar Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur Cantt || None || Shyam Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Govindnagar || None || Sant Singh Yusuf || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || Ram Narain Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsaul || None || Ram Autar Singh Bhadauria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghatampur || None || Kunwar Shiv Nath Singh Kushwaha || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Bhognipur || SC || Keshri Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Rajpur || None || Randhir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Shoshit Samaj Dal}}
|-
| Sarvankhera || None || Balwan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chaubepur || None || Jagdish Awasthi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilhaur || SC || Moti Lal Dehalvi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Derapur || None || Ram Pal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Auraiya || None || Bharat Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ajitmal || SC || Gauri Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhna || SC || Ram Lakhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Etawah || None || Sukhda Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaswantnagar || None || Mulayam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bharthana || None || [[Gore Lal Shakya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Bidhuna || None || Gajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kannauj || SC || Jham Lal Ahirwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Umardha || None || Dharampal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chhibramau || None || Ram Prakash Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kamalganj || None || Anwar Jamil Alias Jimmi Mia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Farrukhabad || None || Vimla Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaimganj || None || Anwar Mohammad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || Rajendra Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Manikpur || SC || Laxmi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Karwi || None || Ram Sajiwan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Baberu || None || Deo Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Tindwai || None || Jagannath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Banda || None || Jamuna Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Naraini || None || Chandrabhan Azad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Hamirpur || None || Pratap Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maudaha || None || Kunwar Bahadur Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rath || None || Swami Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charkhari || SC || Kashi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mahoba || None || Chandra Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehroni || None || Raghunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lalitpur || None || Chandan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Jhansi || None || Baboo Lal Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Babina || SC || Bhagwat Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mauranipur || SC || Beni Bai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garoutha || None || Ranjeet Singh Jasdev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Konch || SC || Malkhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Orai || None || Anandswaroop || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalpi || None || Birsingh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Madhogarh || None || Rajendra Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhongaon || None || Jagdish Narain Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kishni || SC || Munshi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karhal || None || Nathu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Shikohabad || None || Virendra Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jasrana || None || Balbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ghiror || None || Raghubir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mainpuri || None || Baba Ram Nath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Aliganj || None || Latoori Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patiali || None || Malik Mohammad Zamir Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sakit || None || Pyarey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Soron || None || Khuv Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kasganj || None || Man Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etah || None || Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Nidhauli Kalan || None || Ganga Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jalesar || SC || Nathu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Firozabad || None || Mohammad Ayub || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| Bah || None || Mahendra Ripujaman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Fatehbad || None || Rajendra Prasad Doneria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tundla || SC || Ramji Lal Kain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etmadpur || SC || Shiv Charan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dayal Bagh || None || Multan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Agra Cantt || None || Krishna Vir Singh Kaushal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra East || None || Prakash Narain Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra West || SC || Gulab Sehra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kheragarh || None || Shiv Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Champawati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Goverdhan || SC || Gynendra Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mathura || None || Ram Babu R/o Chuna Kanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhata || None || Radha Charan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mat || None || Chandan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gokul || None || Gayatri Devi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sadabad || None || Ram Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hathras || None || Narayan Hari Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasni || SC || Dharampal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandra Rao || None || Farzand Ali || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gangri || None || Babu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Atrauli || None || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Aligarh || None || Indra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Koil || SC || Puran Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Iglas || None || Rajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Barauli || None || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khair || None || Piarey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jewar || SC || Aidal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khurja || None || Ishwari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Debai || None || Himmat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Anupshahr || None || Khacheru Singh Mohrya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Siana || None || Mamtaz Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agota || None || Bikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Buladshahr || None || Satyabir || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Shikarpur || SC || Dharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandarabad || None || Virendra Sarup Bhatnagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dadri || None || Tej Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| Ghaziabad || None || Pyare Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muradnagar || None || Rajpal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Modinagar || None || Megh Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hapur || SC || Bhoop Singh Kain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garh Mukteshwar || None || Manzoor Ahmad S/o Bashir Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kithore || None || Ram Dayal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hastinapur || SC || Reoti Saran Maurya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirdhana || None || Nazir Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Meerut Cantt || None || Ajit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meerut || None || Mohan Lal Kapoor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kharkhauda || None || Prem Sunder Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siwal Khas || SC || Ramjilal Sahayak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khekra || None || Chhajju Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Baghpat || None || Satyapal Malik || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Barnawa || None || Dharam Vir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]] || None || [[Charan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kandhla || None || Mool Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khatauli || None || Laxman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jansath || SC || Qabool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Morna || None || Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Chitranjan Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charthawal || SC || Nandram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Baghra || None || Virendra Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kairana || None || Hukam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Thana Bhawan || None || Malkhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nakur || None || Yashpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsawa || None || Mohd. Mahmood Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagal || SC || Hari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoband || None || Mahabir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harora || SC || Shakuntala Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saharanpur || None || S . Kultar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarabad || None || Mohd Aslam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Roorkee || None || Rao Mushtaq || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Lhaksar || None || Q . Mohd. Mohiuddin || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hardwar || None || Rajendra Kumar Garg || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Mussoorie || None || Shanti Prapauna Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dehra Dun || None || Bhola Datt Saklani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chakrata || ST || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1974 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1974 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:February 1974 in Asia]]

1992 Indian stock market scam

2026-03-13T17:20:57Z

MarianaCone66: creating the info v1!

{{short description|Scam on the Bombay Stock Exchange}}
{{Financial risk types}}
The '''1992 Indian stock market scam''' was a [[market manipulation]] carried out by [[Harshad Mehta]] with other bankers and politicians on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. The scam caused significant disruption to the stock market of [[India]], defrauding investors of over $15 million.

The techniques used by Mehta involved having [[Corruption in India|corrupt]] officials [[Cheque forgery|sign fake cheques]], abusing market [[loopholes]], and using fabrication to drive stock prices up to 40 times their original value. Stock traders making good returns as a result of the scam were able to fraudulently obtain [[unsecured loan]]s from banks. When the scam was discovered in April 1992, India's [[Stock market crash|stock market crashed]], and the same banks suddenly found themselves holding millions of [[Indian rupee]]s (INR) in useless debt.

== 1992 Scandal ==
=== Overview ===
This was the biggest [[money market]] scam ever committed in India, amounting to approximately {{INR}} 5,000 [[crore]]s. The main perpetrator of the scam was a stock and money market broker, [[Harshad Mehta]]. It was a systematic stock scam using fake bank receipts and stamp paper that caused the [[Indian stock market (disambiguation)|Indian stock market]] to crash. The scam exposed the inherent loopholes in the Indian financial system and resulted in a completely reformed system of stock transactions, including the introduction of online security systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Jayanth R |date=2022-08-23 |title=Indian Financial Sector After a Decade of Reforms |url=https://ccs.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/viewpoint3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115191728/https://ccs.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/viewpoint3.pdf |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ccs.in}}</ref>

Security fraud refers to the diversion of funds from the banking system to various stockholders or brokers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Barua|first1=Samir K|last2=Varma|first2=Jayanth R|date=January 1993|title=Securities Scam: Genesis, Mechanics, and Impact|url=https://web.iima.ac.in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/1992-09-01jrvarma.pdf|journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=3–14|doi=10.1177/0256090919930101|s2cid=115119893|issn=0256-0909|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> The 1992 scam was a systematic fraud committed by Mehta in the Indian stock market, which led to the complete collapse of security systems. He siphoned off over ₹1000 crore from the banking system to buy stocks on the Bombay Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palande |first=Pravin |date=2014-08-20 |title=Economic Milestone: Stock Market Scam (1992) |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-stock-market-scam-(1992)/38457/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419022311/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-stock-market-scam-(1992)/38457/1 |archive-date=2025-04-19 |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> This impacted the entire exchange system as the security system collapsed and investors lost hundreds of thousands of rupees. The scope of the scam was so large that the net value of the stocks was higher than the combined health and education budget of India. The scam was orchestrated in such a way that Mehta secured securities from the [[State Bank of India]] against forged cheques signed by corrupt officials and failed to deliver the securities. Mehta inflated stock prices through fictitious practices and sold the stocks he owned in these companies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Debashis|title=The scam: who won, who lost, who got away: from Harshad Mehta to Ketan Parekh|date=2001|publisher=KenSource Information Services|isbn=8188154008|oclc=49618646}}</ref> The impact of the scam had many consequences, including losses incurred by lakhs of families and the immediate crash of the stock market. The index fell from 4500 to 2500, representing a loss of {{INR}} 1000 billion in market capitalization.<ref name=":0" /> The 1992 scam raised many questions about bank officials responsible for colluding with Mehta. An interview with [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] (Secretary, economic affairs at the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]) revealed that many top bank officials were involved.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 14, 2013|first1=Lekha|last1=Rattanani|first2=Daksesh|last2=Parikh|title=Securities scam: Harshad Mehta throws banking system, stock-markets into turmoil|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19920531-securities-scam-harshad-mehta-throws-banking-system-stock-markets-into-turmoil-766377-2013-06-14|access-date=2019-11-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Bank funds scam ===
In the early 60's and 70's, banks in India were not allowed to invest in the [[Stock market|equity markets]]. However, they were expected to post profits and to retain a certain ratio (threshold) of their assets in government fixed interest bonds. Mehta squeezed capital out of the banking system to address this requirement of banks and pumped this money into the share market. He promised the banks higher rates of interest, while asking them to transfer the money into his personal account, under the guise of buying securities for them from other banks. At that time, a bank had to go through a broker to buy securities and forward bonds from other banks. Mehta used this money temporarily in his account to buy shares, hike up demand of certain shares (such as that of [[Associated Cement Companies|ACC]], [[Sterlite Industries]], and [[Videocon]]) dramatically, sell them off, pass on a part of the proceeds to the bank and keep the rest for himself. This resulted in stocks like ACC, which was trading in 1991 for ₹200/share, catapult to nearly ₹9,000 in just 3 months.<ref name="dalal">{{cite book|last1=Dalal|first1=Sucheta|title=The Scam: from Harshad Mehta to Ketan Parekh Also includes JPC Fiasco & Global Trust Bank Scam|last2=Basu|first2=Debashis|date=29 July 2014|publisher=Kensource publications|edition=8th|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

=== Bank receipt scam ===
Another major instrument was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. The BR serves as a receipt from the selling bank, and also promises that the buyer will receive the securities they have paid for at the end of the term. Having figured this out, Mehta needed banks, which could issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed by any government securities.

Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, plainly assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalal|first1=Sucheta|title=Revisiting 1992: The chickens come home to roost|url=http://www.suchetadalal.com/?id=41c3cfbe-bba7-f153-492e829722c5&base=sub_sections_content&f|accessdate=22 May 2018|website=Official website of Sucheta Dalal|publisher=Sucheta Dalal}}</ref> He took the price of ACC from ₹200 to ₹9,000. That was an increase of 4,400%. Since he had to book profits in the end, the day he sold was the day when the markets crashed.<ref name="IT">{{cite news|last1=Pathak|first1=Rahul|date=2 January 2013|title=Securities scandal: Investigators haul in more people, discover ever-widening net|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19920715-securities-scandal-investigators-haul-in-more-people-discover-ever-widening-net-766548-2013-01-03|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scam 1992: Was Harshad Mehta the mastermind or fall guy of securities scam? A bit of both|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/scam-1992-was-harshad-mehta-the-mastermind-or-victim-of-securities-scam-a-bit-of-both-7296211.htm|access-date=2020-10-27|website=cnbctv18.com|date=25 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Ready forward deal scam===
The ready forward deal is a way where a single broker liaisons between two banks. When one bank wants to sell securities, it approaches the broker. This broker goes to another bank and tries to sell the securities and vice versa for buying. Since Mehta was a renowned broker, he issued cheques in his name instead of the bank. When the bank wanted money for the securities, he approached another bank and repeated the same process, and invested the bank money in the stock market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshad Mehta Scam|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/indian-scams/harshadmehta.html|access-date=2019-11-22|website=www.indianmirror.com}}</ref> Mehta used the ready forward deal and applied it to the Bank Receipts system of the Indian financial systems. This system was the most flawed system as the Janakiraman Committee restructured the entire Bank Receipts system after the 1992 scam.<ref name=":2" />

Mehta used forged BR's to gain unsecured loans, and used several small banks to issue BRs on demand. Since these banks were small, Mehta held on to the receipts as long as he wanted. The [[cheque]]s in favour of both the banks were credited into the brokers' accounts which was the account of Mehta. As a result, banks made heavy investments in BOK and MCB as they showed positive signs of growth.<ref name=":1" /> Using the BR scam, Mehta took the price of ACC from ₹200 to ₹9000 in a short span of time. This 4400% percent increase was seen in several other stocks and as he sold the stocks, the market crashed.<ref name="IT" />

This went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about Mehta's operations. Once the scam was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value – the banking system had been swindled of a whopping {{INRConvert|4,000|c|lk=on|year=1992}}. They knew that they would be accused if their involvement in issuing cheques to Mehta was discovered. Subsequently, it transpired that [[Citibank]] brokers like Pallav Sheth and Ajay Kayan, industrialists like [[Aditya Birla]], Hemendra Kothari, a number of politicians, and the RBI Governor [[S. Venkitaramanan|S.Venkitaramanan]] all had played a role in allowing or facilitating Mehta's rigging of the share market.<ref name="Indiatoday">{{cite news|last1=Chakravarti|first1=Sudeep|date=15 April 1993|title=Book review: Debashis Basu's 'The Scam: Who Won, Who Lost, Who Got Away'|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19930415-book-review-debashis-basu-the-scam-who-won-who-lost-who-got-away-810966-1993-04-15|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Realization of scam and market crash ===
The scam first became apparent in late April 1992, when it became clear that Mehta was a disproportionately large investor in government securities. At the time, Mehta was doing more than a third of the total securities business in India. When the public realized that Mehta's investments were illegitimate and that his stocks were likely worthless, it set off a selling frenzy of Mehta's stocks. The banks that had loaned money to Mehta were suddenly holding hundreds of millions in unsecured loans. The combination of the selling frenzy and the fact that numerous banks been defrauded crashed the Indian stock market, with prices dropping 40% immediately.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gargan|first=Edward A.|date=1992-06-09|title=Huge Financial Scandal Shakes Indian Politics (Published 1992)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/09/business/huge-financial-scandal-shakes-indian-politics.html|access-date=2020-11-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Stocks eventually dropped 72%, and a [[Bear Market|bear market]] lasted for about 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Milestone: Stock Market Scam (1992)|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-stock-market-scam-(1992)/38457/1|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref>

This table illustrates the extent of money certain banks lost.<ref name=":2">Narayanan, S. (2004). Financial Market Regulation-Security Scams in India with historical evidence and the role of corporate governance.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of Bank
! ₹ in crores
|-
|[[National Housing Bank]] (NHB)
|1,199.39
|-
|[[State Bank of Saurashtra|State Bank Of Saurashtra]]
|175.04
|-
|[[SBI Capital Markets|SBI Capital Markets Ltd]] (SBI Caps)
|121.23
|-
|[[Standard Chartered|Standard Chartered Bank]]
|300.00
|-
|'''Total'''
|1,795.66
|}

== Exposure, trial and conviction ==
Exploiting several loopholes in the banking system, Mehta and his associates siphoned off funds from inter-bank transactions and bought shares at a premium across many segments, triggering a rise in the [[BSE SENSEX]]. When the scheme was exposed, banks started demanding their money back, causing the collapse. He was later charged with 72 [[criminal offence]]s, and more than 600 civil action suits were filed against him.<ref name="Flame">{{cite news|title=Harshad Mehta's Scam|publisher=Flame.org|url=http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx|accessdate=20 April 2012|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926210529/http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was arrested and banished from the stock market with investors holding him responsible for causing losses to various entities. Mehta and his brothers were arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] on 9 November 1992 for allegedly misappropriating more than 2.8 million shares of about 90 companies through forged share transfer forms. The total value of the shares misappropriation was placed at {{INRConvert|250|c|lk=|year=1992}}.<ref name="obit">{{cite news|last1=Pandya|first1=Haresh|date=15 January 2002|title=Harshad Mehta|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jan/15/guardianobituaries1}}</ref> He was found not guilty for any of the cases.

Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as well as a weekly newspaper column. However, in September 1999, [[Bombay High Court]] convicted and sentenced him to five years [[rigorous imprisonment]] and a fine of {{INRConvert|25000}}.<ref name="Harshad Mehta sentenced to five years' RI">{{cite news|date=28 September 1999|title=Harshad Mehta sentenced to five years' RI|newspaper=Rediff.com|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/sep/28mehta.htm|accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> On 14 January 2003, The [[Supreme Court of India]] confirmed High Court's judgement in a 2–1 decision. While Justice [[B. N. Agrawal|B.N. Agrawal]] and Justice [[Arijit Pasayat]] upheld his conviction, Justice M.B. Shah voted to [[acquit]] him.<ref name="SC upholds Harshad Mehta's conviction">{{cite news|date=14 January 2003|title=SC upholds Harshad Mehta's conviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-upholds-Harshad-Mehtas-conviction/articleshow/34396288.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-14/india/27279459_1_securities-scam-conviction-mehta-and-two|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>

While serving his prison sentence in a [[Thane]] prison in December 2001, Mehta complained of chest pain late at night and was admitted to the Thane Civil Hospital. He died following a brief heart ailment, at the age of 47, on 31 December 2001, with several litigations pending against him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2001-12-31/news/27469847_1_harshad-mehta-madhuli-ashwin-and-sudhir |title=Harshad Mehta Cremated |work=Economic Times}}</ref>

==Impacts==
The immediate impact was a drastic fall in share prices and market index, causing a breakdown of the securities control system operation with the commercial banks and the RBI.<ref>Sharma, M. P. Impact of Securities and Financial Scams on Regulatory Framework.</ref> Around ₹35 billion from the ₹2,500 billion market was withdrawn, causing the share market collapse. The Bombay Stock shares resorted to records tampering in the trading system.<ref>Shah, A., & Thomas, S. (2001). The evolution of the securities markets in India in the 1990s. ''Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations, New Delhi''.</ref> It caused panic with the public and banks were severely impacted. Banks like Standard Chartered and ANZ Grindlays were implicated in the scam for bank receipt forgery and transfer of money into Mehta's personal account. The government realized that the fundamental problem with the financial structure of the stock markets was the lack of computerized systems which impacted the whole stock market.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Damachis|first=Bill|date=June 1994|title=The Bombay Securities Scam of 1992: The Systemic and Structural Origins|journal=Policy, Organisation and Society|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=40–45|doi=10.1080/10349952.1994.11876795|issn=1034-9952}}</ref>

Various bank officers were investigated and implicated in fraudulent charges. The five main accused officials were related to the Financial Fairgrowth Services Limited (FFSL) and Andhra Bank Financial Services Ltd (ABFSL).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/1992-securities-scam-senior-bank-officials-among-5-sentenced/articleshow/64894815.cms|title=1992 securities scam: Senior bank officials among 5 sentenced - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 July 2018 |access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> The chairman of [[Vijaya Bank]] committed suicide following the news about the bank receipt scam. The scam led to the resignation of [[P. Chidambaram]] who was accused of owning shell companies connected to Mehta. Mehta was convicted by the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India for his part in the financial scandal valued at ₹49.99 billion (US$740 million). Various bank officials were arrested, leading to a complete breakdown of banking systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tetofficial.com/the-story-of-a-scam-harshad-mehta-1992/|title=The Story of a Scam: Harshad Mehta, 1992|date=2017-02-07|website=The Economic Transcript|language=en|access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref>

===Subsequent reforms===
The first reform was the formation of the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE). It was followed by the development of the CII Code for Desirable Corporate Governance by [[Rahul Bajaj]]. The CII Code commanded the formation of two major committees headed by [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] and [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], and overseen by the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI). The objective was to monitor corporate governance and prevent future scams.<ref>Allen, F., Chakrabarti, R., & De, S. (2007). India's financial system. ''Available at SSRN 1261244''.</ref> The SEBI were to monitor the NSE and the National Securities Depository. For the equity market, the government introduced ten acts of parliament and one constitutional amendment based upon the principles of economic reform and legislative changes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Ila|title=Reforming India's financial system|oclc=913427732}}</ref> The introduction of online trading by NSE changed the dynamics of stock buying and selling. The financial market opened up nationally rather than being confined to Bombay (now, Mumbai).<ref name=":1" />

===Changes in the financial structure of India===
The 1992 scam collapsed the Indian stock market; around 40% of the market value or ₹1,000 billion was wiped out. It led the authorities to reconsider existing financial systems and restructure it. The first structural change was to record payments made for purchasing investments in reconciled bank receipts and subsidiary general ledgers to prevent fraudulent transactions. On the advice of the Janakiraman Committee, a committee was established to oversee the Securities and Exchange Board of India. The primary recommendation of the committee was to limit ready forward and double ready forward deals to government securities only. All banks were made custodians rather than principals in transactions. Banks were to have a separate audit system for portfolios, and it were to be monitored by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).<ref name=":2" />

==In popular culture==
{{See also|Harshad Mehta#In popular culture}}

''[[Gafla]]'' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 2006|2006]] Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language crime drama film directed by Sameer Hanchate inspired by this incident. The scam was dramatized in the 2020 web series ''[[Scam 1992]]'', created by [[Hansal Mehta]], with [[Pratik Gandhi]] and [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] playing the roles of [[Harshad Mehta]] and [[Sucheta Dalal]] respectively. The series was adapted from journalist Sucheta Dalal and Debashish Basu's 1992 book ''The Scam: Who Won, who Lost, who Got Away''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/scam-1992-trailer-out-pratik-gandhi-stars-as-harshad-mehta-in-the-f-1727301-2020-10-01|title=Scam 1992: Pratik Gandhi plays infamous stockbroker Harshad Mehta in trailer of Hansal Mehta's web series|last=Keshri|first=Shweta|work=India Today|date=1 October 2020|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref> The scam was portrayed in the 2020 Indian webseries, ''The Bull Of Dalal Street'' on [[Ullu]]. ''[[The Big Bull]]'' is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Kookie Gulati, starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Harshad Mehta loosely based on his life and the 1992 scam.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-replies-as-scam-1992-fan-asks-why-should-he-watch-the-big-bull-7259505/ |title=Abhishek Bachchan replies as Scam 1992 fan asks why he should watch The Big Bull, Saiyami Kher says 'very cool' |date=6 April 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
In movie ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'', a character named Harsha Mehra was based on [[Harshad Mehta]] and related to the securities scam, 1992.

==See also==

*[[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
*[[Ketan Parekh]]
*[[Abdul Karim Telgi]]
*[[Ramalinga Raju]]
*[[Hasan Ali Khan]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[National Stock Exchange of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Discourses on Corruption: Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Perspectives|last1=Kannabiran|first1= K.|last2= Hollstein|first2= B.|last3= Hoffmann|first3= F.F.|isbn=9789354790140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7spSEAAAQBAJ|year=2021| publisher=Sage}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}
{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:1992 scandals]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Stock market crashes]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]

Mej Didi (1950 film)

2026-03-07T06:46:56Z

MarianaCone66: small correct section to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Mej Didi
|image =
|caption =
|director = Sabyasachi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/mejdidi-1950-bengali-movie|title=Mejdidi (1950) Bengali movie|work=filmiclub.com|accessdate=2015-09-25}}</ref>
|starring = [[Jahar Ganguly]] [[Nripati Chattopadhyay]] [[Tulsi Chakraborty]] [[Kanan Devi]] [[Renuka Ray]] [[Shobha Sen]] Ashu Bose Kumar Mitra [[Asha Devi]] Sikharani Bag<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mejdidi-movie-cast-crew/13307|title=Cast & Crew of Mejdidi (1950)|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-09-25}}</ref>
|producer = [[Kanan Devi]]
|music = Kalipada Sen
|released = {{Film date|1950|||df=y}}
|studio = Sromati Pictures
|runtime =
|country = India
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Mej Didi''''' is a 1950<ref>{{cite web |title=bengali movies of 1950 |url=http://www.gomolo.com/1950-1959/bengali-movies-1950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181808/http://www.gomolo.com/1950-1959/bengali-movies-1950 |archive-date=2018-02-03 |accessdate=2015-09-25 |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> Bengali film directed by Sabyasachi and produced by [[Kanan Devi]]. The film's music was composed by Kalipada Sen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mejdidi |url=http://www.firstpost.com/topic/search/mejdidi-profile-323330.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182305/http://www.firstpost.com/topics.html |archive-date=2018-02-04 |accessdate=2015-09-25 |work=firstpost.com}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Majhli Didi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://noisebreak.com/10-old-gold-bengali-movies-inspired-bollywood-remake-part/|title=10 Old Gold Bengali Movies Inspired Bollywood Remake|website=Noisebreak.com|access-date=2019-01-09}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kanan Devi]] as Mejdidi
* [[Jahar Ganguly]]
* [[Nripati Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mejdidi (1950) |url=https://bengalimovies.in/movie/mejdidi-1950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926022724/https://bengalimovies.in/movie/mejdidi-1950 |archive-date=2015-09-26 |accessdate=2015-09-25 |work=bengalimovies.in}}</ref>
* [[Shobha Sen]]
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
* Ashu Bose
* Kumar Mitra
* Asha Devi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovguide.com/mejdidi-9202a8c04000641f800000001fda2eca|title=Watch Mejdidi (1950) Free Online|work=ovguide.com|accessdate=2015-09-25}}</ref>
* Sikharani Bag

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0232077}}
* [http://www.gomolo.com/mejdidi-movie/13307 Mej Didi (1950 film)] in Gomolo

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1950 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1950 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Vellore City Municipal Corporation

2026-03-05T03:02:24Z

MarianaCone66:

{{short description|Civic body that governs Vellore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Vellore City Municipal Corporation
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Vellore
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Sujatha Anandakumar
| party1 =[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election1 =4 March 2022
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =M. Sunil Kumar
| party2 =[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election2 =4 March 2022
| leader3_type = [[Commissioner]]
| leader3 = P. Rathinasamy, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[District Collector]]
| leader4 = Tmt.V.R.Subbulaxmi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| members = 60
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =File:Vellore Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups1 ='''[[Government]] (44)''' 
'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (44)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (44)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (8)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (7)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
'''Others (8)'''
:*[[Independent politician|Independent]] (8)
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 =
| last_election2 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/vellore/}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Vellore Corporation.jpg|thumb|Vellore Corporation]]

'''Vellore City Municipal Corporation''' is a civic body that governs the city of [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Vellore corporation consist of 60 wards and is headed by a [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 60 [[councillors]] who represent each wards in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title= Extended Vellore Corporation to have 60 divisions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/extended-vellore-corporation-to-have-60-divisions/article2428679.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The current mayor of Vellore is Sujatha Anandakumar of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], which also holds a majority in the corporation.

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 census results, Vellore UA has a population of above 8 lakhs. City Population grew from 423,425 in 2001 to 502,000 in 2011.
[[Vellore]] City consists of [[Sathuvachari]], Vallalar, [[Dharapadavedu]], [[Shenbakkam]], Allapuram, Fort, Kaspa, Vasanthapuram, Thiyagarajapuram, Thottapalayam, Saidapet, [[Thorapadi, Vellore|Thorapadi]], Hazrath makkan, Otteri, Velapadi, Salavanpet, Rangapuram, Bagayam, Kazhinjur, [[Gandhinagar, Tamil Nadu|Gandhi Nagar]], [[Katpadi]], Palavansaathu, Virupakshipuram, [[Konavattam]], [[Viruthampattu]], [[Kangeyanallur]], Idaynsaathu, [[Sripuram]], Alamelumangapuram(A.M.Puram) and Chitheri.

Total Metropolitan area spans across 200 km2 approximately. Total City limit area is 153.14 km2 according to the G.O.(Rt).No. 221 Dated 28.09.2010 issued by Tamil Nadu government. The population of Vellore Corporation based on that GO as of 2001 was 423,425.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_221_2010.pdf | title=Letter in Hindi | language=hi| date=2010-09-28}}</ref> Vellore City Municipal Corporation is divided into four zones namely [[Vellore Fort]], [[Sathuvachari]], [[Shenbakkam]] and [[Katpadi]].

According to 2011 census [[Vellore]] agglomeration population is 481,966. In 2011 Census Data they have missed out three places. The census bureau has listed the city population as UA population. Actual population of Vellore including the missed out places, will be 502,000 and the population of Vellore UA will be 1.5 million.

==History==
Vellore town was constituted as a third-grade municipality in 1866, promoted to first – grade during 1947, further moved to Selection – Grade from 1997. Due to the increasing population and income it was declared as Special Grade Municipality w.e.f. 01.01.1979 and became Municipal Corporation from 1 August 2008. Vellore City Municipal Corporation has 60 wards and there will be an elected councilor for each wards respectively

==Corporation Administratives==
[[Mayor]] - Mrs. Sujatha Anandhakumar [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]

[[Deputy mayor]] - Mr. Sunil [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]

[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]] - Mr. P.Rathinasamy [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]

==Members of council==

[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - 44 members

[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - 7 members

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] - 1 member

[[Independent politician]]s - 8 members<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellore Corporation Election Results 2022: Ward Wise Results, Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/vellore-corporation-elections-633/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420012207/http://vellorecorp.tn.gov.in/ official website]

{{Vellore district }}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Vellore]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Sri Krishnavataram

2026-03-03T20:39:43Z

MarianaCone66: refined lead as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishnavataram
| image = Sri Krishnavataram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| producer = A. Pundarikakshayya
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Devika]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
| music = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = Kanda Swamy
| studio = Taraka Rama Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1967|10|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 211 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹10 lakhs
}}

'''''Sri Krishnavataram''''' is a 1967 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Devika]] and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], with music composed by [[T. V. Raju]]. The film was produced by A. Pundarikakshayya under the Taraka Rama Pictures. The film is based on the Hindu epics [[Mahabharata]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]] covering major life events of Lord [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srikanth|date=15 October 1967|title=సినిమా: శ్రీ కృష్ణ అవతారం|trans-title=Cinema: Sri Krishnavataram|work=[[Visalaandhra]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650|access-date=17 September 2020|language=te|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130711/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=Radha|date=15 October 1967|title=రూపవాణి: శ్రీ కృష్ణ అవతారం|trans-title=Roopavani: Sri Krishnavataram|work=[[Andhra Prabha]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVL/0,1676,2550,3364|access-date=17 September 2020|language=te|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223739/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVL/0,1676,2550,3364|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cinegoer.com/srikrishnavataram.htm Nostalgia - Sri Krishnavataram at Cinegoer.com.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103023657/http://www.cinegoer.com/srikrishnavataram.htm |date=3 November 2010 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film covers all episodes of [[Krishna]]'s life. It begins with all the deities imploring before [[Vishnu]] for the revival of piety on Earth, which he bestows by taking incarnation as Krishna in [[Dvapara Yuga]]. Following, [[Kamsa]] knitting his sister [[Devaki]] to [[Vasudeva]]. He volunteered to escort the newlyweds when a celestial voice prophesied that her 8th progeny was his death. Hence, Kamsa imprisoned them and slaughtered her six boys. Anyhow, the Lord protects the 7th [[Balarama]] by [[subrogation]] into Vasudeva's first wife [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]]. On the eve of Bhadrapada Ashtami, Vishnu's avatar, Krishna, was born and mandates Vasudeva to swap with [[Yashoda]] 's baby at [[Gokul]]. Being conscious of it, Kamsa decrees to slay all the new-born. Krishna grows by showing several glories & butchering demons. Plus, he breaks Kamsa's pain and relieves his parents. At that time, he normalized his cousin [[Sishupala]], who was born with bizarre attributes. It fears his mother, Srutashrava, because Sisupala's destiny of death is Krishna. So, she bestows a boon from Krishna by giving him 100 chances.

Years pass, and Krishna contracts [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]] in mid of the sea to secure [[Yadava]] from frequent attacks of [[Jarasandha]]. So, he begrudges & ruses to fix Sisupala's alliance with [[Vidarbha]] king [[Bhishmaka]]'s daughter [[Rukmini]] by mingling her brother [[Rukmi]]. But she adores Krishna as a divine entity. After a brief courtship, Rukmini elopes with Krishna when Rukmi bars them, but he pardons him by half-shaving. Parallelly, [[Satrajit]] acquires a unique jewel [[Syamantaka]] as a boon from the Sun that bestows a vast amount of gold daily. Krishna requests him to hand it over to him, and he refuses—his daughter [[Satyabhama]] sweethearts for Krishna. Prasanna, Satrajit's sibling, moves to hunt wearing the jewel. A lion kills him and runs off with the gem, which has been picked up by [[Jambavan|Jambavanta]] and given to his daughter [[Jambavati]]. Satrajit denounces Krishna as a homicide, so he steps in when Jambavanta detects him as [[Rama]]. He endorses the jewel with Jambavati when Satrajit also repents and gifts Satyabhama. Consequently, Krishna makes eight marriages when green [[Narada]] itches for test and bows down before his lilas. Meanwhile, [[Sudama|Kuchela]], the childhood soulmate of Krishna, arrives impoverished, where the Lord provides great honor & hospitality. Kuchela hesitantly offers his favorite snack, "Atukulu," grains of parched rice, which he receives and grants endless opulence.

Today, [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raja]] conducts a "[[Rajasuya]]" where Sishupala starts mortifying Krishna. He patiently counts his 100 absurdities and decapitates him. At this, Sakuni lays out a stratagem by inviting Dharmaja for a dice game. He snatches their wealth with a subject to a massive scandal and expels them for 13 years. After its completion, Krishna acts as an emissary between Pandava & Kaurava to prevent the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He lands at [[Hastinapur]] and submits Pandava article before [[Duryodhana]] with the consequences & results of the battle, which he bluntly deaf ears. Moreover, he attempts to seize him when they all blackouts for his ''Viswaroopam,'' the entire universe in him. Excluding, [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Vidura]] and enables [[Dhritarashtra]] to see his form for a few seconds. Duryodhana & Arjuna move for Krishna to bid aid, which Krishna divides as two, himself & Yadava's army, and bestows the former to Arjuna. Arjuna assuredly chooses Krishna, which elates Duryodhana without fathoming the Lord. The war begins, and Arjuna is in a dilemma about the violence and deaths of their kin. During that plight, Krishna enlightens him with the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]].'' Pandava wipes out the Kaurava with the Lord's guidance and crowns Dharmaraja.

Afterward, they proceed with the blessing of Dhritarashtra, who wiles to kill [[Bhima]] and asks for a hug. Gazing at it, Krishna substitutes it with his iron statue, which he breaks into pieces. Here, the Lord states that until his presence, nobody can touch Pandava. Then furious [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] curses the destruction of his clan by internal conspiracy, which he takes for granted. Parallelly, as a correlation, Yadava is cursed by sages when Krishna's son Samba mocks them in disguise as pregnant women. According to their declaration, Samba delivers a pestle. Frightened [[Balarama]] edicts to powder and throw it into the sea, but Krishna announces it is unavoidable. The power grows into the seashore's sharpest bamboo, resulting in a total shatter. Spotting it, Balarama leaves his soul. The hunter, Jara, acquires one piece of bamboo in the sea. Unbeknownst, he shoots on sleeping Krishna's foot when he departs, glorifying that it's all his play. Finally, the movie ends happily with Krishnavatar merging into his original form of Vishnu.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Lord Vishnu]] / [[Lord Krishna]]
*[[Devika]] as [[Lakshmi]] / [[Rukmini]]
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as [[Satyabhama]]
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as [[Narada|Narada Maharshi]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[V. Nagayya]] as [[Dhritarashtra]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraju]]
*[[Dhulipala Seetharama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Satrajit]]
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Sishupala]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Kamsa]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Balarama]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as [[Shakuni]]
*Jr. A V Subbarao as [[Bhishma]]
*Maddali Krishnamurthy as [[Vidura]]
*Arja Janardhanarao as [[Bheema]]
*Kongara Jaggarao as [[Dushasana]]
*Balaram as [[Karna]]
*Nagaraju as [[Sahadeva]]
*Tyagaraju as [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]]
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as [[Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)|Lakshana]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Draupadi]]
*Chhayadevi as [[Shishupala|Srutashrava]]
*Sukanya as [[Jambavati]]
*[[Rushyendramani]] as [[Kunti|Kunti Devi]]
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari Devi]]
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as [[Kalindi]]
*[[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]] as [[Nagnajiti]]
*Sandhya Rani as [[Mitravinda]]
*[[S. V. Ramadas|Ramadas]] as [[Rukmi]]
*[[Nandamuri Harikrishna|''Master'' Harikrishna]] as [[Bala Krishna]]
* ''Master'' Babu as Young [[Balarama]]
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Krishnavataram
| type = film
| artist = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1967
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[T. V. Raju]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[T. V. Raju]]. Music released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jayahe Krishnavatara"
|[[Samudrala Sr.]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]], Swarnalata, Sarojini
|6:35
|-
|2
|"Vinara Vinara"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|P. Leela
|3:15
|-
|3
|"Chilakala Kolikini Choodu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[L.R.Eswari]]
|3:16
|-
|4
|"Nee Charana Kamalaana"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]], P. Leela
|5:16
|-
|5
|"Maghuvala Neele Gopaludu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|
|-
|6
|"Ememo Authondhi"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela
|3:20
|-
|7
|"Adigo Alladigo"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala
|
|-
|8
|"Geetopadesam"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala
|
|}

==Box office==
The movie was a huge hit. The film was also successful in Karnataka and celebrated a [[Silver Jubilee]]. Even in the second and third releases in 1982 and 1990, it ran for more than 100 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/srikrishnavataram.htm |title=CineGoer.com - Nostalgia - Sri Krishnavataram |website=www.cinegoer.net |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307194927/http://www.cinegoer.net/srikrishnavataram.htm |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0263997}}

{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. V. Raju]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]

Jai (2004 Telugu film)

2026-03-03T18:06:17Z

MarianaCone66: small edit

{{Copy edit|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai
| image = Jai (2004 Telugu film).jpg
| caption = Film poster in Tamil
| director = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| producer = Teja
| writer =Teja
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Navdeep]]|[[Santhoshi]]|[[Ayesha Jhulka]]|[[Salim Baig]]}}
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = Chitram Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|03|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Jai''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], starring [[Navdeep]] in his debut, and also has [[Santhoshi]] and [[Ayesha Jhulka]]. The film was successful. The story tries to marry romance and patriotism.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jai.html|title = Telugu cinema Review - Jai - Navadeep, Santoshi - Jai|date=25 March 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}</ref> The film was dubbed and partially reshot in Tamil as ''Jairam''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov341.asp |title=Jeyram |website=Chennai Online |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015005220/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov341.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jairam "Jai" is a son of a rich widow whose husband was killed by the [[Pakistan]]is in the war. As usual, she neglects her son and is busy earning money for him in the business. Jai is a brilliant student who possesses high moral values. He falls in love with Farah, whose father teaches him [[boxing]]. Jai's mother holds the Indo-Pak Boxing Match. India loses the match, and the Pakistan champion challenges the Indians saying that even after 56 years of independence, Indians cannot stop Pakistanis from butchering the Indian army members. Jai challenges that he will win a boxing match against them in 56 days. The twist in the tale is that the Pakistani boxer is none other than the ISI member sent by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] Chief [[Maulana Masood Azhar]]. When young Jai challenges them, he started his training and he gained punch weight up to 75 kgs, which was high compared to his opponent. Then Pakistanis started trouble with Jai. When he's training, they rushed into fight and threw a stone at Jai's [[chest]] and crushed his right hand with their knee. Afterwards, Jai was rescued and admitted to a hospital. The doctor reported that his [[ligament]] was torn and his ribs were fractured, causing [[pneumothorax]]. That postpones the boxing challenge, because it would put him in a hospital for 6 months. But Jai doesn't want to give up and started testing himself by punching a pillow, but that caused his hand to tear severely, and blood was dropping from his hand. After, a doctor warns him if he does like that again, he may lose his hand. So, he started his training by using only his left hand. But the Pakistanis also troubled his trainer. After 15 days, Jai attends the boxing match but got a hit to his chest, which leads to Pakistan getting points, but Jai never gives up. He started punching even by using his right hand which was injured. When it bleeds, he doesn't care about it and continued punching his opponent. After his opponent got knocked out, blood is shown dripping from the opponent's ear, showing that Jai defeated him with his broken fist. Jai began chanting 'Vande Mataram'. Afterwards, India won the boxing challenge and proved that they defeated Pakistan.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Navdeep]] as K. Jairam
*[[Santhoshi]] as Farah
*[[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Jai's mother
*[[Salim Baig]] as Shakib
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Sheikh
*[[Abhinayashree]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Sachin Undulkar, the school principal
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Auto driver
*[[Venu Yeldandi]] as Jai's friend
*[[Geetha Singh]] as Farah's friend
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as Sheikh's supporter
*[[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]]
*Junior Relangi as Professor
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Priest
; Tamil version
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Sachin Undulkar, the school principal
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Auto driver
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Chemistry professor
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was shot in Hyderabad, Pollachi, and Chalakudy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/04jeyram.asp|title=Jeyram|website=Chennai Online|access-date=7 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023224532/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/04jeyram.asp|archive-date=23 October 2004}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed By [[Anup Rubens]] and released by Sohan Audio. All lyrics were penned by [[Kulasekhar]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Jai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 36:37
| label = Sohan Audio
| producer = Anup Rubens
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:37
| title1 = Jai Jai
| extra1 = Master Manu, [[Anup Rubens]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Enni Ashalo
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = O Manasa O Manasa
| extra3 = Anup Rubens, [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = One Two Three
| extra4 = Tippu
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Vandemataram (Desam Manade)
| extra5 = [[Hemachandra]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length5 = 4:25
| title6 = Nee Kosame
| extra6 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 5:32
| title7 = Naa Chethilona
| extra7 = Sumangali
| length7 = 3:05
| title8 = Chuttammo
| extra8 = Lalitha
| length8 = 3:57
}}

;Tamil Track list
*"Dama Dama" - [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
*"Chinna Nenjile" - Sumangali
*"Oh Manase" - [[S. P. B. Charan]]
*"Vande Matharam" - Baby Vaishali, [[Harish Raghavendra]]
*"Un Kaiyil" - [[Sujatha Mohan]]
*"Kannin Maniye" - Malliga Arun, [[K. S. Chithra]]
*"Suruttamma" - [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
*"Music Bit" - [[Anup Rubens]]

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "Instead of concentrating more on what he is good at, director Teja has chosen to elaborate and exploit the patriotism aspect. He failed in getting emotions right through patriotic episodes".<ref name="I"/> Similarly, a critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "It is better for Teja to make good love stories than dabble in complicated storylines".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13440887&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Jai|last=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412130526/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13440887&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=12 April 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2358060}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Teja (film director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jai (Film)}}
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Teja (film director)]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Five by Four

2026-02-19T01:20:02Z

MarianaCone66: minor enhanced intro for consistency further and updated info for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Five by Four
| image =
| caption =
| director = Roopa Swaminathan
| producer = Sunit Tandon
| story = Roopa Swaminathan
| screenplay = Roopa Swaminathan
| starring = [[Divyadarshini]] Hardeep Minhas [[Preetha]] Eashwar Rao Cary Edwards Sapna Usha Seetharam
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = S. Satheesh J. N. Harsha
| studio = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003}}
| runtime = 86 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Five by Four''''' is a 2003 Indian English film written and directed by Roopa Swaninathan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-03.htm |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |publisher=Nfdcindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> It stars VJs Cary Edwards, Sapna and Usha Seetharam, Eashwar Rao, television artistes [[Raaghav|Venkat]], Preetha Raaghav and [[Divyadarshini]] and popular Kannada model Hardeep Minhas.<ref name="hindu2003">{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601510600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103151101/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601510600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-01-03 |title=NFDC produces English film |date=2003-09-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> The music was by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and cinematography by [[Ravi Varman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401770300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103425/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401770300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-25 |title=NFDC's English venture |date=2004-06-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> The film in [[English language|English]] was produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC).<ref name="hindu2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/02/23/stories/2004022308280200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824233340/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/02/23/stories/2004022308280200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-24 |title=A tale of two stories |date=2004-02-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> It did not get a theatrical release,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/10roopa.htm |title=I want to write Rajnikant's biography... |publisher=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> but was screened at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], the [[American Film Market|Writers market at Santa Monica]], and other venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://al.odu.edu/english/mfacw/pages/students.shtml |title=Department of English |publisher=Al.odu.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Cary Edwards as Nayan
* Eashwar Rao as Ajay
* [[Raaghav|Venkat]] as the stranger
* [[Divyadarshini]] as Namitha
* Hardeep Minhas as Aishwarya
* [[Preetha]] as Shruti
* Sapna as Shikha Iyer
* Usha Seetharam as Meera
* Sujata Panju as Meenakshi
* Biniu Jha as Renu
* Prabhu as Martin
* Amar as Abhijeet

==Production==
Roopa Swaminathan signed up with Penguin and was writing short stories for a book. She thought the stories could be made into a feature films and approached the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref name="hindu2004"/> The film consists of four stories about a gang of five girls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/21/stories/2005072104620200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022063811/http://hindu.com/2005/07/21/stories/2005072104620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-22 |title=Tamil Nadu News : She beat Adoor Gopalakrishnan for the prize for the best book |date=2005-07-21 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> She first named the film "Five String Quartet".<ref name="hindu2003"/> The film was shot entirely in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/05/26/stories/2004052609940200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901151655/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/05/26/stories/2004052609940200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-01 |title='Five by Four' for Shanghai fest |date=2004-05-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> The director planned to shoot the whole film in 25 days, but completed it in 18 days as she had rehearsed with the actors for nearly four months.<ref name="hindu2003"/> Swaminathan also wrote about her experience making the film in her book ''Stardust: Vignettes from the Fringes of Film Industry'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/five-by-four/p/itmdkpvme7bgqczt?pid=AVMDKPVFA8RQAQFY |title=Five By Four |publisher=Flipkart.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6543416}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913005847/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1800_Five-By-Four Five by Four at Cinemas of India]

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]

Ilaiyaraaja discography

2026-02-17T10:03:11Z

MarianaCone66: typo fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Ilaiyaraaja at Shamitabh Press Show.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] is a composer, conductor, singer, lyricist, and producer who has composed for more than 1000 films in Indian cinema. He is widely rated as one of the greatest composers Indian Film Music has ever seen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/NTR-is-the-greatest-Indian-actor/articleshow/18860418.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331080613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560912_1_vote-share-greatest-actor-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-03-31 |title=NTR is the greatest Indian actor |date=2013-03-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2015-09-10}}</ref>]]

[[File:Ilaiyaraaja Discopgraphy Over the Years.jpg|thumbnail|right|A graphical representation of Ilaiyaraaja's discography over the years with colours to represent languages]]

[[File:Decadal Graph.jpg|thumbnail|A graphical representation of the decadal split of a fairly accurate picture of the number of films Ilaiyaraaja has worked on vs the languages he has worked in]]

==Discography==

=== 1970s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1970s}}

=== 1980s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1980s}}

=== 1990s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1990s}}

=== 2000s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2000s}}

=== 2010s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2010s}}

=== 2020s ===
{{Main|List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 2020s}}

==Upcoming projects==
The below list gives the upcoming/announced films composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Cast
! Director
! Language
! Status
!Notes
|-
|2026
|''Pocket Novel''
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Malavika Mohanan]]
|[[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
|Tamil
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Cinema |date=2026-02-16 |title=Thiagarajan Kumararaja-Vijay Sethupathi film titled Pocket Novel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/16/thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-film-titled-pocket-novel |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''A Beautiful Breakup''
|Thaksh, Matylda
|Ajithvasan Uggina
|English
|Post-Production
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''Kaikuttai Rani''
| Niharika V.K, Naveen N
| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| Tamil
| Winning Awards
| Short film<ref>https://asianlite.com/2025/films/film-review/devayanis-directorial-debut-kaikuttai-rani-wins-best-short-film-award/</ref>
|-
|''Mylanji''
| Sriram Karthik, Grisha Kurup
| Ajayan Bala
| Tamil
| Post-Production <ref>https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-ajayan-balavin-mailanji-movie-update-685285</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Alphonse Puthren|Gift]]''
| [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]]
|[[Alphonse Puthren]]
|Tamil
Malayalam
|Delayed <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Alphonse Puthren's next film titled Gift; Ilaiyaraaja to compose music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/alphonse-puthrens-next-film-titled-gift-ilaiyaraaja-to-compose-music-8750817/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Arisi''
| Ra Mutharasan, [[Samuthirakani]]
| S A Vijaykumar
|Tamil
| Filming <ref>{{cite web |title=This Samuthirakani-starrer will revolve around agriculture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-samuthirakani-starrer-will-revolve-around-agriculture/articleshow/109490715.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |TBA
|-
|''[[Thupparivaalan 2]]''
|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
|Tamil
|Filming
|
|-
|''Mareechika''
| [[Anupama Parameswaran|Anupama]], [[Regina Cassandra|Regina]], [[Viraj Ashwin]]
| [[Satish Kasetty]]
| Telugu
| Filming<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2022 |title=Regina Cassandra and Anupama Parameswaran Starrer Mareechika Title Poster Revealed |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/regina-cassandra-and-anupama-parameswaran-starrer-mareechika-title-poster-revealed-5569747.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |publisher=[[News 18]]}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Kadhal Sei''
|
| [[K. Ganeshan|K Ganeshan]]
| Tamil
| Audio released
|
|-
|''Venjam Theerthaayadaa''
|
| [[Susi Ganesan]]
| Tamil
| Announced<ref>{{cite news |title=Ilaiyaraaja to work with #MeToo-accused Susi Ganeshan: Many, including Chinmayi, express disappointment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja-to-work-with-metoo-accused-susi-ganeshan-many-including-chinmayi-express-disappointment/articleshow/88773457.cms |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=The Times of India] |date=8 January 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Munpadhivu''
|
|GM Durai Pandian
|Tamil
|Filming<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakshmi |first1=V |title=Ilaiyaraaja composes an English song for a Tamil film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ilaiyaraaja-composes-an-english-song-for-a-tamil-film/articleshow/69942784.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''Chiranjeevi Ponniyin Selvan''
|
| Ajay Pratheeb
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Announced<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |title=A Ponniyin Selvan web series with Ilaiyaraaja's music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/jan/14/a-ponniyin-selvan-web-series-with-ilaiyaraajas-music-2249809.html |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
|Web Series
|-
|- style="background:#ffdacc"
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | '''Delayed projects'''
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Ammayi]]''
| [[Vinay Rai]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi]]
| [[G. Shankar|G.Shankar]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Delayed
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Rajathandhiram 2''
| [[Veera (actor)|Veera]]
| Senthil Veerasamy
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Delayed
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Porkalathil Oru Poo]]''
|
| [[K. Ganeshan]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Music released
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Raja Rajanin Porvaal''
| [[Snehan]]
| R.S. Amudeshver
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Delayed/Songs recorded
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Naadi Thudikkuthadi''
|
| Selva
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Music released
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Mayamohitha Chandran''
| [[Kunchacko Boban]]
|
| [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]]
| Delayed project
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Thaandavakone''
|
| Subbu Sujatha
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Music released
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Padithurai''
|
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Delayed project
|
|-
| 2009
| ''SRK''
| [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Vinay Pathak]]
| Ajoy Varma
| [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Hindi]]
| Unreleased<ref>{{cite news|title=SRK – Ajoy Varma – Ilaiyaraaja – Gulzar – movie Traile|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8GYsLLx0ps |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/K8GYsLLx0ps |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2017|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After 26 years, Gulzar-Ilayaraja combo returns|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2009/03/06/after-26-years-gulzar-ilayaraja-combo-returns/|access-date=5 October 2017|publisher=Musicaloud.com|date=6 March 2009}}</ref>
|Remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''
|-
|}

==Albums (instrumental, non-film)==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''Honnina Therinali''
| First devotional album of Ilaiyaraaja in Kannada
|-
| 1992
| ''Geetha Vazhipaadu''
| First devotional album of Ilaiyaraaja in Tamil, also written by him, with 9 songs on the major Hindu deities
|-
| 1981-82
|''Geethanjali''
| Devotional album on the major Hindu deities, written by Ilaiyaraaja and Vaali, with 9 songs
|-
| 1986
| ''[[How to Name It?]]''
| A crossover album fusing the sensibilities of [[Western classical music]]'s [[Baroque music]] style, mastered by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] and [[Carnatic classical music]]'s [[raga]] virtuosity, mastered by [[Tyagaraja]], into a collection of 10 mesmeric tracks
|-
| 1988
| ''Nothing but Wind''
| A crossover album featuring the famed Hindustani flautist [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] playing the flute to Ilaiyaraaja's compositions combining the finer sensibilities of the [[Classical period (music)|Classical period]] of Western classical music mastered by [[Mozart]] and Indian folk, Hindustani, Carnatic and light music for some meditative, playful, reflective tracks
|-
| 1992
| ''Vedic Chanting''
| Produced by Ilaiyaraaja with selected hymns from the [[Rig Veda]] and [[Purusha Sukta]]
|-
| 1992
| ''The Secret of Ramayana''
| Select verses from [[Valmiki]] and [[Kamban]]'s [[Ramayana]] tuned and produced by Ilaiyaraaja, in addition to verses from the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]]
|-
| 1993
| ''Symphonic Work in 5 movements with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], [[London]]''
| Conducted by John Scott. Recorded by Tony Faulkner at the Walthomstow Town Hall, London in June 1993. Produced by Mike Townend.
|-
|1994
| ''Ilaiyaraaja's Classicals on the Mandolin''
| Carnatic classical music album with four krithis and a varnam, all written and composed by Ilaiyaraaja, including one Sanskrit [[krithi]] in a raga discovered by Ilaiyaraaja himself, Raajalahiri, with a forward speech by the Carnatic music legend [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], played on the Mandolin by the late Mandolin legend, [[U. Srinivas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPC7f3D3pTc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wPC7f3D3pTc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Ilaiyaraaja's Classicals on the Mandolin|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| ''RAID-Music for dance production of Shobana Jeyasingh Dance Co.'', London
| Based on the Indian game of [[kabaddi]]
|-
| 1995
| ''India 24 Hours''
| Documentary on India, filmed by 18 famed photojournalists, who selected a spot each across the length and breadth of India, and filmed the passions and dreams of Indians across 100 hours. The two-hour documentary has a musical score by Ilaiyaraaja.
|-
| 2000
| ''Raajavin Ramanamalai''
| First devotional album on [[Ramana Maharishi]], also written by Ilaiyaraaja, with 10 songs
|-
| 2002
| ''Amma Paamaalai''
| Devotional album on the goddess [[Parvathi]]
|-
| 2005
| ''Thiruvasagam''
| Symphonic [[oratorio]] on [[Manickavasagar]]'s [[Thiruvasagam]], a crossover album that seeks to blend Thiruvasagam's [[bhakti]] with the finer elements of Western classical music's symphonic movements. Conducted by Laszlo Kovacs, performed by the [[Budapest Symphony Orchestra]] and recorded in [[Budapest]].
|-
| 2006
| ''Guru Ramana Geetam''
| Second devotional album on Ramana Maharishi, with two krithis, one in Sanskrit and dedicated to Ramanar's mother, also written by Ilaiyaraaja, among 10 songs
|-
| 2007
| ''The Music Messiah''
| Collection of background scores from his landmark score for the Malayalam film ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| 2007
| ''Sri Ramana Naadha Amudham''
| Third album on Ramana Maharishi, with 10 songs, with 6 songs written by [[Vaali (poet)]] and 4 songs written by Ilaiyaraaja, and composed by the veteran composer [[M.S. Viswanathan]].
|-
| 2008
| ''Manikantan Geet Mala''
| Devotional album on Swami [[Ayyappa]], in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam
|-
| 2009
| ''Annamalai Ramanaandi''
| Devotional album on Ramana Maharishi. Songs written by Muruganaar and Sadhu Om. Rendered by Ramananjali group led by Sulochana Natarajan and Ilaiyaraaja.
|-
| 2009
| ''Namratha Ke Sagar''
| Single song, composed by Ilaiyaraaja for a [[bhajan]] written by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], sung by [[Pandit Bhimsen Joshi]] and [[Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty]] and recited on screen by [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z86LscyJhNY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Z86LscyJhNY |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Namrata ke Saagar- Bhajan written by Mahatma Gandhi|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''Ramana Saranam''
| Fourth devotional album on Ramana Maharishi, with a [[krithi]] in Telugu among 10 songs, all written and composed by Ilaiyaraaja
|-
| 2010
| ''Baba Pugazh Maalai''
| Devotional album on [[Shirdi Sai Baba]]
|-
| 2011
| ''Akkah''
| Short film in Kannada on the Kannada poetess-saint [[Akka Mahadevi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movingpoems.com/tag/ilayaraja/|title=Ilayaraja – Moving Poems|date=2010-01-13}}</ref> with songs rendered by [[Bombay Jayashri]]
|-
| 2013
| ''Ramana Aaram''
| Fifth devotional album (Volume 1 & Volume 2) on Ramana Maharishi, also written by Ilaiyaraaja, with 16 songs
|-
| 2015
| ''Swappnam''
| Classical album composed for a dance drama on Lord Shiva choreographed by dancer Krithika Subramaniam, with 10 songs on the CD, collected from Thiruvasagam, [[Thevaram]], [[Nandanar Charitham]], [[Adi Sankara]]'s [[Ardhanarishwara]] Ashtakam among other devotional hymns dedicated to Shiva. [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]], [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]], [[Abhishek Raghuram]], Bharath Sundar, composer [[Sharreth]], [[A. K. Palanivel]], Palaghat Sreeram, [[Embar Kannan]] were among the musicians who were part of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLED5jPa_hewtVhMH33UI6EDSE4PE4iEkU|title=Swappnam|website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Thaarai Thappattai (Original Background Score)''
| Collection of background scores from his [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Award]]-winning score for his 1000th milestone film ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''. Contains 19 songs.
|-
|2017
| ''Raaja's Ramanamalai''
| Sixth devotional album (new 2017 album) on Ramana Maharishi, brought by Sri Thenandal Films, also written by Ilaiyaraaja, with 10 songs
|-
|2020
| ''Bharath Bhoomi''
| Tribute to COVID-19 warriors (Hindi & Tamil)<ref>{{cite news |title=A song of tribute: Ilayaraja's salute to COVID-19 warriors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310520/a-song-of-tribute-ilayarajas-salute-to-covid-19-warriors.html#:~:text=Rahman%2C%20who%20collaborated%20with%20many,has%20also%20penned%20the%20lyrics. |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Divya Pasurams
|Seventh devotional album, Eight pasurams have been chosen for the album from the 4,000 verses of the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabhandham]]'','' written by the 12 Alwars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-24 |title=Ilaiyaraaja's album Divya Pasurams released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/maestro-ilaiyaraajas-special-album-divya-pasurams-launched/article68329069.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
* 1991 ''[[Penn (1991 TV series)|Penn]]''
* 2008 ''Namma Kudumbam''
* 2008 ''[[Thekkathi Ponnu]]''

==Books==
*''Sangeethakkanavukal''
*''Gyanaganga''
*''Yaarukku Yaar Ezhudhuvadhu''
*''Paal Nilaa Paadhai''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Balasubramanian|first=V.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-books/Ilaiyaraja-the-poet/article15616426.ece|title=Ilaiyaraja the poet|date=2012-11-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*''Enaku Ethuvo Unakum Athuve''<ref name=":0" />

==Ad jingles==
Hindustan Coca-Cola collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja for its ad jingles. This is the first time Raja has done a commercial jingle.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Country Delight collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja for an ad.

* Idea Cellular (used "Naguva nayana" [[Kannada]] song from ''[[Pallavi Anupallavi]]'')<ref>[https://indianaddivas.com/2015/07/09/caralisa-monteiro/ "Indian Ad Divas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006205604/https://indianaddivas.com/2015/07/09/caralisa-monteiro/ |date=6 October 2016 }}. 2015-07-09</ref>
* [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds]]<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/malabar-gold-to-have-500-stores-by-2015-110101900018_1.html"Malabar Gold to have 500 stores by 2015"]. 2010-10-19</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/ilaiyaraja-ready-for-concert-in-madurai-if-he-gets-sponsors/article3880427.ece"Ilaiyaraja ready for concert in Madurai if he gets sponsors"]. 2012-09-10</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/malabar-gold-to-go-panindia-in-2-years/article4677094.ece"Malabar Gold to go pan-India in 2 years]. 2013-05-02</ref>

Many of Ilaiyaraaja's songs were used as jingles in advertisements. Filmmaker [[R Balki]] has used them in many of his ads either as a musical note or a jingle composed to the same tune.<ref>[http://orkut.google.com/c34613-tce0b5038ff8aae2d.html"{{sic|Adver|tisment|nolink=y}} jingles using Raja's tunes!"]. 2009-12-05</ref>

==Onscreen appearances==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie title !! Notes
|-
| 1980 ||''[[Nizhalgal]]''||Singer in the song "Madai Thiranthu"
|-
|1985 || ''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharmapathini]]'' ||Guest appearance in the song "Naan Thedum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtoCbEvGIME | title=Naan Thedum Sevvanthi Poovithu — Dharmapatini | via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1986 || ''[[Saadhanai]]'' ||Guest appearance in the song "O Vanambadi"<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/p17_wn-lHBo| archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p17_wn-lHBo| title = O vanambadi unnai nadi – Sathanai | via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|1989 ||''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''||Guest appearance in the song "Kalyanamaalai"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgZDUDaEHlk | title=Kalyanamaalai — Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal | publisher=Raj Video Vision | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1989 ||''[[Karagattakaran]]''||Guest appearance in the title song "Paattaalae Buddhi"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3r1X0sb2Uuw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3r1X0sb2Uuw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live| title=Paatale Budhi — Karagattakaran | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|1991 ||''[[Kumbakarai Thangaiah]]''||Guest appearance in the song "Ennai Oruvan Paada Chonnaan"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgMnytj2F0 | title=Ennai Oruvan — Kumbakarai Thangaiah | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1992 ||''[[Villu Pattukaran]]''||Guest appearance in the temple donation screen between 11:50 and 14:50<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OD_UQ8uXM4 | title=Villu Pattukaran — Villu Pattukaran | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1998 ||''[[Kannathal]]'' ||Guest appearance in the song "Amman Pugazhai"
|-
|2009 ||''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' ||Guest appearance in the song "Ulagam Ippo"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYUKppaYaGg | title=Ulagam Ippo — Azhagar Malai | publisher=Eros Tamil | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2013 ||''Naadi Thudikkudhadi'' ||Guest appearance in the song "Kadhale Illaadha Desam"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBw7xia0Oug |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lBw7xia0Oug |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live| title=Kadhale Illadha — Naadi Thudikkuthadi | publisher=Times music south | via=YouTube | access-date=20 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

==Reused tracks==
===Remake films===
Most are Telugu remakes of Tamil films.
*''Bhadrakali'' (1977) from ''[[Bhadrakali (film)|Bhadrakali]]'' (1976)
*''[[Vayasu Pilichindi]]'' (1978) from ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]'' (1978)
*''[[Kotha Jeevithalu]]'' (1981) from ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' (1979)
*''Pasidi Moggalu'' (1980) from ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979)
*''Veerabhadrudu'' (1984) from ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' (1982)
* ''Kala Rudrudu'' (1985) from ''[[Komberi Mookan]]'' (1984)
* ''Mangalya Bandham'' (1985) from ''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' (1984)
*''Manchi Manasulu '' (1986) from ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'' (1984)
*''[[Aradhana (1987 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1987) from ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986)
*''[[Asthulu Anthasthulu]]'' (1988) from ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'' (1986)
*''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' (1988; Tamil) from ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'' (1988; Telugu) (6 songs)
*''Menamama'' (1988) from ''[[Kanni Rasi]]'' (1985)
*''Mr. Bharath'' (1989) from ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986)
* ''Idem Pellam Baboi'' (1990) from ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]'' (1988)
*''[[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]'' (1990) from ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (1988) (4 songs reused)
* ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (1992) from ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Chinarayudu]]'' (1992) from ''[[Chinna Gounder]]'' (1992)
*''Moratodu Naa Mogudu'' (1992) from ''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]'' (1991)
*''Amma Koduku'' (1993) from ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' (1992)
*''[[Sathyavan]]'' (1994) from ''[[April 1 Vidudala]]'' (1991)
*''[[Namma Preethiya Ramu]]'' (2003; Kannada) from ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' (2001) (4 tunes reused)

===Other films===
Apart from remake films, Ilaiyaraaja has reused the following tracks:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="4"|Original version !! colspan = "4"|Remade version !! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Notes and {{refh}}
|-
! Year !! Film/Album !! Song !! Language !! Year !! Film/Album !! Song !! Language
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]'' || "Chithirai Sevvanam" || Tamil || 1991 || ''[[April 1 Vidudala]]'' || "Chukkalu Themanna" || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Maathu Tappada Maga]]'' || "Bhaanu Bhoomiya" || Kannada || 1979 || ''[[Agal Vilakku]]'' || "Edho Ninaivugal" || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1980 || rowspan="3" | ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' || "Kaatril Endhan Geetham" || rowspan="4" | Tamil || 1986 || ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || "Naina Bole" || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Aasaiya Kaathula" || 2013 || ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' || "Raathri" || Telugu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Shamitabh]]'' || "Stereophonic Sannata" || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' || "Dhoorathil Naan Kanda" || 1984 || ''[[Sitaara]]'' || "Vennello Godari" || Telugu || Only present in the film's soundtrack<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=பாடலுக்கு மொழி இருக்கிறதா..? |url=https://minnambalam.com/2020/08/01/10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101075518/https://minnambalam.com/2020/08/01/10 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Minnambalam |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1981 || rowspan="5" | ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' || "Keladi Nimageega" || rowspan="5" | Kannada || 1983 || ''[[Aayiram Nilave Vaa]]'' || "Devathai Ilam Devi" || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| "Nanna Jeeva" || rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' || "Devan Thandha" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Jotheyali" || ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' || "Vizhiyile Mani Vizhiyil" ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' || "Jaane Do Na" || Hindi ||
|-
| "Santhoshakke" || 1984 || ''[[Kairasikkaran]]'' || "Adichikko Site Adichikko" || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' || "Kaadhal Oviyam" || rowspan="7" | Tamil || 1986 || ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || "Meri Zindagi" || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
|| "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" || 2009 || ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' || "Halke Se Bole" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1982 || rowspan="4" | ''[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || rowspan="4" | "Sangathil Paadatha" || 1982 || ''[[Olangal]]'' || "Thumbi Vaa" || Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite web |title=சங்கத்தில் பாடாத கவிதை {{!}} Sangathil Padaatha Kavithai Song {{!}} Auto Raja Movie {{!}} Ilaiyaraja Songs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktP0xr3wQqs |website=Jaya TV |location=Event occurs at 0:40-0:52 |language=Tamil |date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Nireekshana]]'' || "Aakasam Eenatidho" || Telugu ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || "Monday Tho Utkar" || rowspan="3" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite news |title=#45YearsofIlaiyaraaja: Five popular songs of Ilaiyaraaja that were reused by the composer in Hindi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/45yearsofilaiyaraaja-five-popular-songs-of-ilaiyaraaja-that-were-reused-by-the-composer-in-hindi/photostory/82636786.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' || "Gumm Summ Gumm"
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1983 || ''[[Mann Vasanai (film)|Mann Vasanai]]'' || "Pothi Vacha Malliga" || 1986 || ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || "Hona Hai Tho" ||
|-
| ''[[Sadma]]'' || "Hey Zindagi" || Hindi || 1984 || ''[[Thambikku Endha Ooru]]'' || "En Vaazhvile" || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Nilave Vaa]]'' || "Andharangam Yaavume" || Tamil || 1988 || ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || "Manchu Kurise" || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1984 || ''[[Unaroo]]'' || "Theeram Thedi Olam Padi" || Malayalam || 1984 || ''[[Komberi Mookan]]'' || "Roja Ondru Mutham Ketkum" || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=2 June 2016 |title=The eclipsed gems from Raja and Ratnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-eclipsed-gems-from-Raja-and-Ratnam/article14380430.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020195624/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-eclipsed-gems-from-Raja-and-Ratnam/article14380430.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || "Ther Kondu Sendravan" || Tamil || 1984 || ''[[Onnanu Nammal]]'' || "Vaalittezhuthiya Neelakadakannil" || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]''
| rowspan="2" |"Naalum En Manam"
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|1988
|''[[Abhinandana]]''
|"Premaledani"
|Telugu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Vattara Vazhakku]]''
|"Premai Enathu Oor"
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1985 || rowspan="2" | ''Anbin Mugavari'' || rowspan="2" | "Uyire Urave Ondru Naan" || 1985 || ''[[Anveshana]]'' || "Ilalo" || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || "Eduta Neeve" ||
|-
| ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' || "Pudhiya Poovithu" || rowspan="11" | Tamil || 1991 || ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1 ]]'' || "Kotha Kothaga" ||
|-
| ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' || "Mayanginen Solla Thayanginen" || 2007 || ''[[Anumanaspadam]]'' || "Prathidhinam Nee Dharshanam" ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Mariyadhai]]'' || "Andha Nilava" || 1989 || ''[[Mahaadev]]'' || "Mujhe Baahon" || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Amudha Gaanam]]'' || "Ore Raagam" || rowspan="2" | 1988 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || "Ade Neevu" || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| "Velli Nila Padhumai" || "Rangulalo Kalavu" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' || "Mandram Vantha Thendralukku" || rowspan="2" | 2007 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' || "Cheeni Kum" || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' || "Kuzhaloodum Kannanukku" || "Baatein Hawa" ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987 || rowspan="4" | ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' || "Madurai Marikozhundhu" || 1990 || ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' || "Yamaho Nee Yama" || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Shenbagame" || 1993 || ''[[Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' || "Paavurama" ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Mahaadev'' || "Chand Hai Tu" || Hindi ||
|-
| "Jinjinakku Janakku" || rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Varasudochadu]]'' || "Jamchakku" || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' || "Maatarani Mounamidi" || Telugu || ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]'' || "Manja Podi" || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Adharvam]]'' || "Puzhoyarathil" || Malayalam || 1990 || ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]'' || "Sariyo Sariyo" ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2014/10/14/time-traveling-with-ilayaraja-across-his-telugu-kannada-and-malayalam-songs/|title=Time-traveling with Ilayaraja across his Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam songs!|work=milliblog|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''
|"Maasi Maasam"
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|1992
|''[[Dharma Kshetram]]''
|"Enno Ratrulosthayi Gani"
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=4 February 2023 |title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 209 – February 5, 2023 |url=https://milliblog.com/2023/02/04/milliblog-weeklies-week-209-february-5-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518044423/https://milliblog.com/2023/02/04/milliblog-weeklies-week-209-february-5-2023/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Avatharam (1995 film)|Avatharam]]'' || "Thendral Vanthu" || 2015 || ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || "Challa Galli" ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1997 || ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' || "Manikuttikkurumbulla" || Malayalam || 1998 || ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' || "Oru Nandavanam" || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' || "Ennai Thaalattu Varuvala" || rowspan="5" |Tamil || rowspan="5" | 1999 || rowspan="5" | ''Preminchedi Endukamma''|| "Chinni Paadala Chilukamma" || rowspan="7" | Telugu ||
|-
| "Aanantha Kuyilin Paattu" || "Manasu Koila Paata" ||
|-
| "Oru Pattampoochi" || "O Sita Koka Chiluka" ||
|-
| "Oh Baby" || "Oh Baby" ||
|-
| "Ayya Veedu Therandhuthan" || "Chinthalapudi Chilakara" ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' || "Kodamanjin Thaazhvarayil" || Malayalam || rowspan="2" | 2002 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu]]'' || "Kondapalli" ||rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |title=Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu Audio Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/ninuchoodakanenundalenu_audio.shtml |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030106060538/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/ninuchoodakanenundalenu_audio.shtml |archive-date=2003-01-06}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' || "Enna Solli" || rowspan="2" | Tamil || "Jaaji Malli Thottalona"
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]'' || "Kaattu Vazhi" || 2009 || ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' || "Mere Paa" || Hindi ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0006137}}
* [http://www.paadal.com/composer/ilayaraja Collection of Ilayaraja songs at Paadal.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150216002551/http://www.ilayarajahits.in/ Collection of Ilayaraja Songs, Videos, Images and BGM]

{{inc-musong|date=October 2021}}
{{Ilaiyaraaja}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilaiyaraaja Filmography}}
[[Category:Music of India|Discographies]]
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]
[[Category:Ilaiyaraaja|Discography]]

2012 elections in India

2026-02-15T14:32:29Z

MarianaCone66: refine page also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2011 elections in India
| previous_year = 2011
| election_date = 2012
| next_election = 2013 elections in India
| next_year = 2013
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''[[elections in India|elections]]''' in 2012 were scheduled for seven [[Vidhan Sabha]]s and several local elections were also conducted. The 14th presidential election to elect the 13th president of the [[India|republic]] was also held in 2012. The tenure of the legislative assemblies of [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] were to expire during the year. The [[Election Commission of India]] issued the dates for the elections in Manipur, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Goa to take place in the first quarter of the year. Whereas the elections were held in Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat in the last quarter of the year.

In the first rounds of elections, Manipur and Punjab resulted in an incumbent government victory; while in Uttar Pradesh and Goa there was a heavy [[anti-incumbency|anti-incumbent]] victory; and Uttarakhand resulted in a [[hung parliament|hung assembly]] with an anti-incumbent plurality and in the second round, in Himachal Pradesh, [[BJP]] led by incumbent Chief Minister Prem Kumar Dhumal lost due to a huge anti-incumbency wave arising mainly out of corruption and lack of good governance. Congress veteran leader Virbhadra Singh took oath for record sixth term as next Chief Minister. In the western state of [[Gujarat]] incumbent Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]], in power since 2002, was running for his fourth term. Elections, held in two phases, reverted [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), in power in Gujarat since 1995, with 119 seat out of 182.

==Presidential election==
{{main|2012 Indian presidential election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!President before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected President
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|18 July 2022
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
[[Image:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]]]
The 14th [[Indirect election|indirect presidential election]], in order to elect the 13th [[President of India|president]], was held in [[India]] on 19 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN1262012.pdf|title=Election to the office of President of India, 2012 (14th Presidential election)|date=12 June 2012|access-date=18 June 2012|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> On 22 July, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] was declared the winner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab Mukherjee voted India's 13th President|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pranab-Mukherjee-elected-Indias-13th-President/articleshow/15092749.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/india/32787938_1_vote-value-mukherjee-and-sangma-india-s-13th-president|url-status=live|archive-date=16 March 2013|access-date=22 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 July 2012}}</ref> Mukheree gained 373,116 MP votes and 340,647 MLA votes for a total of 713,763 votes to win the election. He defeated [[P. A. Sangma]], who got 145,848 MP votes and 170,139 MLA votes for a total of 315,987 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/pressrelease/English.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607174759/http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/pressrelease/English.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mukherjee's win was aided by cross-voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pranab-mukherjee-helped-by-cross-voting-in-karnataka-bjp-246245?pfrom=home-otherstories|title=Pranab Mukherjee helped by cross voting in Karnataka BJP|author=Maya Sharma|date=22 July 2012|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
==Vice Presidential Election==
{{main|2012 Indian vice presidential election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Vice-President before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected Vice-President
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|18 July 2022
|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="4" | 28 January 2012
| rowspan="4" | [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="5" | 30 January 2012
| rowspan="2" |[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="3" |[[B.C. Khanduri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| 8 February 2012 – 3 March 2012
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mayawati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 3 March 2012
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Digambar Kamat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| 4 November 2012
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
|[[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 13 and 17 December 2012
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narendra Modi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}

== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|15
|18 March 2012
|[[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Sadananda Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[K. Jayaprakash Hegde|Jayaprakash Hegde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|39
|9 June 2012
|[[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Dimple Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|39
|12 June 2012
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|1
|Rowspan=2|10 October 2012
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{{Main|2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!7
|10 March 2012
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!16
|rowspan=6 |18 March 2012
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|[[Gampa Govardhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Gampa Govardhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|N. Rajeshwar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|Yennam Srinivas Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
!85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]]
|[[T. Rajaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[T. Rajaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!235
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!104
|Rowspan=18|12 June 2012
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|[[Konda Surekha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|M. Bikshpathi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!127
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!152
|[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]]
|[[Golla Baburao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Golla Baburao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!161
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Thota Trimurthulu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!177
|[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|Mudnuri Prasad Raju
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!186
|[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]]
|[[Tellam Balaraju]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Tellam Balaraju]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!212
|[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]
|[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!220
|[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!227
|[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!242
|[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!244
|[[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|Akepati Amaranath Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Akepati Amaranath Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!246
|[[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]]
|[[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!247
|[[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
|[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!253
|[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|[[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Praja Rajyam Party}}" |
|[[Praja Rajyam Party]]
|[[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!263
|[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|[[K. Chennakesava Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Chennakesava Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!267
|[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
|[[Kapu Ramachandra Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kapu Ramachandra Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!272
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban ]]
|Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
!286
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Chiranjeevi|Konidela Chiranjeevi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Praja Rajyam Party}}" |
|[[Praja Rajyam Party]]
|[[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|}

=== [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!27
|21 May 2012
|[[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]
|[[José Matanhy de Saldanha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Alina Saldanha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!85
|18 March 2012
|[[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Mangalbhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Babusinhj Thakor
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!64
|12 June 2012
|[[Hatia Assembly constituency|Hatia]]
|[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Navin Jaiswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!85
|17 March 2012
|[[Piravom Assembly constituency|Piravom]]
|[[T. M. Jacob]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
|[[Anoop Jacob]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
|-
!140
|2 June 2012
|[[Neyyattinkara Assembly constituency|Neyyattinkara]]
|[[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!183
|12 June 2012
|[[Maheshwar Assembly constituency|Maheshwar]]
|[[Vijayalaxmi Sadho]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajkumar Mev
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!232
|12 June 2012
|[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]
|[[Vimal Mundada]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Prithviraj Sathe
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!89
|18 March 2012
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
|Ramesh Rout
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|Ranendra Pratap Swain
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!40
|11 July 2012
|[[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
|[[Amarjit Singh Sahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sukhjit Kaur Sahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!219
|18 March 2012
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil]]
|[[C. Karuppasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. M. Rajalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!180
|12 June 2012
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil]]
|[[S. P. Muthukumaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[V. R. Karthik Thondaiman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!20
|12 June 2012
|[[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]]
|[[Sukumar Barman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Tapan Chandra Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|}
=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!82
|12 June 2012
|[[Mant Assembly constituency|Mant]]
|[[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}
=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!68
|8 July 2012
|[[Sitarganj Assembly constituency|Sitarganj]]
|[[Kiran Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!230
|Rowspan=2|12 June 2012
|[[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|[[Ajit Bhunia]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mamata Bhunia]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Kashinath Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Minati Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Local elections==
{{main|2012 Maharashtra municipal elections}}
[[2012 Maharashtra municipal elections|Municipal elections]] were held in various cities across [[Maharashtra]] on 16 February. In different cities elections results were mixed by party. The capital, Mumbai, resulted in a plurality for the Shiv Sena and the second largest city of Pune resulted in a Nationalist Congress Party plurality.

==See also==

* [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]]
*[[V. S. Sampath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2012 elections in India]]
[[Category:2012 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2012 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Ashraf Ali Khan

2026-02-13T18:55:28Z

MarianaCone66: created bio

{{other people}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ashraf Ali Khan
| image = TombAshrafAliKhan.jpg
| caption = Tomb of Ashraf Ali Khan at [[Jafarganj Cemetery]].
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign = 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770
| coronation = 21 March 1770
| full name = Sayyid Ashraf 'Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1759
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| death_date = 24 March 1770
| death_place = [[Namak Haram Deorhi]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Jafarganj Cemetery]]
| predecessor = [[Najabat Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Mubarak Ali Khan (Nawab of Bengal)|Mubarak Ali Khan]]
| queen = Sakina Begum
| spouse =
| issue = Sharif ud-din 'Ali Khan (one son and three daughters)
| royal house =
| dynasty = Najafi
| father = [[Mir Jafar]]
| mother = Rahat un-Nisa Begum
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |orig-date=1948 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=224 |quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book |last=Rieck |first=Andreas |title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061320-4 |page=3 |quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, Bengal was ruled by [[Shia]] governors appointed by the Mughals but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|'azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like Murshidabad and Hoogly, which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia 'ulamâ']] from both India and Iran.}}</ref>
| signature =
}}

'''Sayyid Ashraf 'Ali Khan Bahadur''' ({{langx|bn|আশরাফ আলী খান}}; before 1759 – 24 March 1770), was [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]. He was the fourth son of [[Mir Jafar]].

==Life==
He was adopted by his aunt, Nafisat un-Nisa Begum Sahiba (Manjhli Begum). On 11 March 1770, he was proclaimed as Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar on the death of his elder brother [[Najabat Ali Khan]]. He was formally installed on the Khahar Balish, at Murshidabad Fort, 21 March 1770.

But shortly he died of [[smallpox]], at [[Murshidabad]] Fort, 24 March 1770.

==See also==
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
* [[Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||before 1759|March 24,| 1770}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Najabat Ali Khan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
| years = 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1777
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Mubarak Ali Khan (Nawab of Bengal)|Mubarak Ali Khan]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ashraf Ali}}
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Bison Kaalamaadan (soundtrack)

2026-02-13T07:20:35Z

MarianaCone66: new new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Bison Kaalamaadan
| type = soundtrack
| cover = Bison Kaalamaadan soundtrack cover.jpeg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| artist = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| released = 28 October 2025
| recorded = 2024{{Ndash}}2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:15
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| prev_title = [[Bun Butter Jam]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Kumki 2]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| misc = {{External media
|audio1={{YouTube|qw5TOHrTh3o|Bison Kaalamaadan — Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
|name = Bison
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Theekkoluthi
|single1date = 1 September 2025
|single2 = Rekka Rekka
|single2date = 16 September 2025
|single3 = Cheenikkallu
|single3date = 23 September 2025
|single4 = Thennaadu
|single4date = 2 October 2025
|single5 = Kaalamaadan Gaanam
|single5date = 9 October 2025
}}
}}
'''''Bison Kaalamaadan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] of the [[Bison Kaalamaadan|same name]] directed by [[Mari Selvaraj]] and produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] and [[Neelam Studios]], starring [[Dhruv Vikram]]. The album featured six songs with lyrics written by Mari himself and Arivu. The album was released through [[Think Music]] on 28 October 2025.

== Background and development ==
[[Nivas K. Prasanna]] composed the film score and soundtrack in his first collaboration with both Dhruv and Mari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title='Bison Kaalamaadan': Dhruv Vikram, director Mari Selvaraj film gets a title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bison-kaalamaadan-dhruv-vikram-director-mari-selvaraj-film-gets-a-title-2535722-2024-05-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506063110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bison-kaalamaadan-dhruv-vikram-director-mari-selvaraj-film-gets-a-title-2535722-2024-05-06 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan: First look poster of Mari Selvaraj's next with Dhruv Vikram unveiled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bison-kaalamaadan-first-look-poster-of-mari-selvarajs-next-with-dhruv-vikram-unveiled-9311195/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506111436/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bison-kaalamaadan-first-look-poster-of-mari-selvarajs-next-with-dhruv-vikram-unveiled-9311195/ |archive-date=6 May 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Nivas recalled that he got the offer after a telephonic conversation with Mari expressing his desire to work with him. Mari contacted Nivas after listening to some of his tunes for a recent project. Upon his involvement, he said that it was easy to understand the film's setting and world as he grew up in Tirunelveli, Mari's birthplace but the collaboration was not seamless, recalling that Mari was not satisfied with the music even after showing him several tunes. Mari told him that there was music running inside his mind and has to figure what it is, which led to approach the film in an empty mind. He recalled that the discussion with Mari helped on retaining the soul of the songs in ''Bison'', where he had to what the actors do, following the lead of the story and the director's vision.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-10-27 |title=Nivas K Prasanna Interview: I had sleepless nights before Bison |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Oct/27/tamilinterviews2025oct26nivas-k-prasanna-i-am-planning-to-take-up-acting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251031162534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Oct/27/tamilinterviews2025oct26nivas-k-prasanna-i-am-planning-to-take-up-acting |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU6f--XLiyQ |title=Bison Is A Comeback For Me — Nivas K Prasanna {{!}} Think Pod — Episode 6 |date=2025-10-14 |type=Podcast |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |access-date=2025-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014145407/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU6f--XLiyQ |archive-date=2025-10-14 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

"Theekoluthi" was sung by Prasanna, which ran for around six minutes.{{Efn|The actual song duration was around six minutes. Prasanna referred to the duration of the video which was around seven minutes long}} He composed the song in a deep emotional mind space at that time, which resulted in its extensive length. Considering the duration of recent songs tailored for short-form videos, Prasanna added that the duration of a track had nothing to do with the quality, adding the song held the audience's attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Bison composer explains why Theekkoluthi song is seven-minute long |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/15/bison-composer-explains-why-theekkoluthi-song-is-seven-minute-long |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251031162722/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/15/bison-composer-explains-why-theekkoluthi-song-is-seven-minute-long |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Cheenikkallu" was composed within 10 minutes. He noted that Selvaraj wanted to use "Malarndhum Malaradha" from ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961) for a particular scene that he edited during the re-recording and intended to acquire the rights for the song. However, Prasanna was vehemently against it, on using another composer's work and insisted him that he would compose a song that suited the scene. This led him to compose "Cheenikkallu" which Selvaraj liked it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Nivas K Prasanna reveals Mari Selvaraj wanted 'Malarndhum Malaradha' song in place of 'Cheenikkallu' in Bison |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/27/nivas-k-prasanna-reveals-mari-selvaraj-wanted-malarndhum-malaradha-song-in-place-of-cheenikkallu-in-bison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251031162853/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/27/nivas-k-prasanna-reveals-mari-selvaraj-wanted-malarndhum-malaradha-song-in-place-of-cheenikkallu-in-bison |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpCRb8eCs3Y |title=Music Director Nivas K. Prasanna, "Bison தான் என்னோட முதல் படம்!" {{!}} Mariselvaraj {{!}} Dhruv {{!}} Vikatan |date=2025-10-24 |last= |language=Tamil |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan|Cinema Vikatan]] |access-date=2025-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025080711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpCRb8eCs3Y |archive-date=2025-10-25 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

On using his vocals for "Theekkoluthi", Prasanna added that he did not like singing his songs, as directors listened to his version of the song and adamant about retaining it. However, the use of other singers in the album, were also complicated as according to him, only a handful of them sing soulfully, which led him anxious at certain instances as he wanted to bring the soul within their voices, even though they do it with perfection, that would lead the composers to sing themselves. He complemented [[Chinmayi Sripada]] and [[Vijay Yesudas]]' singing for "Cheenikkallu" owing to their incredible depth, while working with other songs would lead him with back-and-forth discussions to get into the mood of the song.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The album was preceded by the first single "Theekkoluthi" was released on 1 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2025 |title='Theekkoluthi' from Bison Kaalamaadan is a fiery ballad on love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/01/theekkoluthi-from-bison-kaalamaadan-is-a-fiery-ballad-on-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908130104/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/01/theekkoluthi-from-bison-kaalamaadan-is-a-fiery-ballad-on-love |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-02 |title='Bison Kaalamadan': Mari Selvaraj's 'Theekkoluthi' song strikes a chord, Dhruv Vikram shines in poetic visuals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-kaalamadan-mari-selvarajs-theekkoluthi-song-strikes-a-chord-dhruv-vikram-shines-in-poetic-visuals/articleshow/123650078.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904155416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-kaalamadan-mari-selvarajs-theekkoluthi-song-strikes-a-chord-dhruv-vikram-shines-in-poetic-visuals/articleshow/123650078.cms |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second single "Rekka Rekka" was released on 16 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=Arivu and Vedan join hands for 'Rekka Rekka' from Bison Kaalamaadan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/16/arivu-and-vedan-join-hands-for-rekka-rekka-from-bison-kaalamaadan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250917125535/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/16/arivu-and-vedan-join-hands-for-rekka-rekka-from-bison-kaalamaadan |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-17 |title=Rekka Rekka, an energetic track from Dhruv's Bison |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rekka-rekka-an-energetic-track-from-dhruvs-bison-846897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920044536/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rekka-rekka-an-energetic-track-from-dhruvs-bison-846897 |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Cheenikkallu" was released on 23 September.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-22 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan's third single titled 'Cheeni Kallu'; to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/22/bison-kaalamaadans-third-single-titled-cheeni-kallu-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923230034/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/22/bison-kaalamaadans-third-single-titled-cheeni-kallu-to-release-on-this-date |archive-date=2025-09-23 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title='Bison Kaalamaadan': Soothing lullaby 'Cheenikkallu' from Dhruv Vikram's gripping sports drama is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-kaalamaadan-soothing-lullaby-cheenikkallu-from-dhruv-vikrams-gripping-sports-drama-is-out/articleshow/124077707.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928085144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-kaalamaadan-soothing-lullaby-cheenikkallu-from-dhruv-vikrams-gripping-sports-drama-is-out/articleshow/124077707.cms |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2025 |title='Cheenikallu' from Mari Selvaraj-Dhruv Vikram's Bison Kaalamaadan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/cheenikallu-from-mari-selvaraj-dhruv-vikrams-bison-kaalamaadan-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923230008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/cheenikallu-from-mari-selvaraj-dhruv-vikrams-bison-kaalamaadan-out |archive-date=23 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The fourth single "Thennaadu" was released on 2 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan's fourth single 'Thennaadu' to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/01/bison-kaalamaadans-fourth-single-thennaadu-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251009235140/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/01/bison-kaalamaadans-fourth-single-thennaadu-to-release-on-this-date |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-03 |title='Bison' third single 'Thennadu': Viral singer Sathyan returns; the song promises a Diwali treat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-third-single-thennadu-viral-singer-sathyan-returns-the-song-promises-a-diwali-treat/articleshow/124285295.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010095458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bison-third-single-thennadu-viral-singer-sathyan-returns-the-song-promises-a-diwali-treat/articleshow/124285295.cms |archive-date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The fifth single "Kaalamaadan Gaanam" was released on 9 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title='Kaalamaadan Gaanam' from Bison Kaalamaadan is a high energetic number written by Mari Selvaraj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/09/kaalamaadan-gaanam-from-bison-kaalamaadan-is-a-high-energetic-number-written-by-mari-selvaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009230229/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/09/kaalamaadan-gaanam-from-bison-kaalamaadan-is-a-high-energetic-number-written-by-mari-selvaraj |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The album was released on 28 October, consisting of all five singles in addition to an unplugged version of "Cheenikkallu".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-28 |title=Mari Selvaraj-Dhruv's Bison Kaalamaadan jukebox out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/28/mari-selvaraj-dhruvs-bison-kaalamaadan-jukebox-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031173532/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/28/mari-selvaraj-dhruvs-bison-kaalamaadan-jukebox-out |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
All tracks are written by [[Mari Selvaraj]] except where noted.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:15
| title1 = Theekkoluthi
| length1 = 6:03
| extra1 = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| title2 = Rekka Rekka
| note2 = Additional lyrics by [[Arivu]]
| length2 = 5:03
| extra2 = Arivu, [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan]]
| title3 = Cheenikkallu
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title4 = Thennaadu
| length3 = 5:57
| length4 = 5:01
| extra4 = [[Sathyan Mahalingam]]
| title5 = Kaalamaadan Gaanam
| length5 = 4:57
| extra5 = V. M. Mahalingam
| title6 = Cheenikkallu
| note6 = Unplugged
| length6 = 3:13
| extra6 = Nivas K. Prasanna
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:02
| all_lyrics = Yanamandra Ramakrishna
| title1 = Theerena
| length1 = 6:03
| extra1 = Manuvardhan
| title2 = Haddhe Lena
| length2 = 5:03
| extra2 = A. Vallavan
| title3 = Manchi Manasu
| extra3 = Manuvardhan, Gayathri Suresh
| title4 = Andala Graamam
| length3 = 5:57
| length4 = 5:01
| extra4 = Manuvardhan
| title5 = Swami Seva
| length5 = 4:57
| extra5 = A. Vallavan
}}

== Reception ==
The album received critical acclaim from listeners who praised its composition and considered it a breakthrough for Nivas K Prasanna.

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote "What makes this entire canvas even more wholesome is Nivas K. Prasanna's score — mournful when it needs to be and rousing in moments of triumph."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2025-10-18 |title='Bison Kaalamaadan' review: Mari Selvaraj's strongest work since 'Pariyerum Perumaal' |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/10/17/bison-kaalamaadan-review-mari-selvaraj-s-strongest-work-since-pariyerum-perumaal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031175458/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/10/17/bison-kaalamaadan-review-mari-selvaraj-s-strongest-work-since-pariyerum-perumaal.html |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Nivas K. Prasanna's music is seamlessly woven into the narrative; even when used as inner monologues, the songs never feel misplaced."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2025-10-17 |title=Bison movie review: Dhruv Vikram is exceptional in Mari Selvaraj's most accessible film to date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bison-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-exceptional-in-mari-selvarajs-most-accessible-film-to-date-10312664/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031175243/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bison-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-exceptional-in-mari-selvarajs-most-accessible-film-to-date-10312664/ |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Nivas K Prasanna's score almost becomes a character that sustains the momentum of the film even when the storytelling repeats or reclaims points already made earlier on."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=2025-10-29 |title=Bison Review: Uncompromising Portrayal Of Brutal Reality |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bison-review/20251029.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101022753/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bison-review/20251029.htm |archive-date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "the musical score by Nivas K. Prasanna contributes handsomely to accentuating the tactility of the physical setting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=2025-10-17 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan Review: Mari Selvaraj Film Is Vibrant, Vivid, Uncluttered |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bison-kaalamaadan-review-mari-selvaraj-film-is-vibrant-vivid-uncluttered-9474027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101022533/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bison-kaalamaadan-review-mari-selvaraj-film-is-vibrant-vivid-uncluttered-9474027 |archive-date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Nivas K Prasanna's music doesn't try to stand out, instead it seamlessly blends into the film's world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=2025-10-17 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan Movie Review: Mari Selvaraj's film is imperfect but powerful |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bison-kaalamaadan/movie-review/124619067.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that Prasanna's music "transport us back to the Thoothukudi belt and make us feel the freshness of the village and the rage of the people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2025-10-17 |title=Bison Kaalamaadan review: Mari Selvaraj's rage finds new playground with Dhruv Vikram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bison-movie-review-caste-politics-kabaddi-dreams-mari-selvaraj-dhruv-vikram-2804361-2025-10-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101023602/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bison-movie-review-caste-politics-kabaddi-dreams-mari-selvaraj-dhruv-vikram-2804361-2025-10-17 |archive-date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In September 2025, after the release of the song "Rekka Rekka", Mari Selvaraj faced backlash for platforming [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan]], who raps in the song, because the rapper was earlier [[MeToo movement in India|accused by multiple women of sexual harassment]] and is under investigation for a rape case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Director Mari Selvaraj faces backlash for platforming sexual abuser Vedan in Bison |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mari-selvaraj-faces-backlash-sexual-abuser-vedan-bison-song-2788537-2025-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031174910/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mari-selvaraj-faces-backlash-sexual-abuser-vedan-bison-song-2788537-2025-09-17 |archive-date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=Mari Selvaraj Faces Backlash For Collaborating with #MeToo Accused Vedan |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mari-selvaraj-faces-backlash-for-collaborating-with-metoo-accused-vedan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001162531/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mari-selvaraj-faces-backlash-for-collaborating-with-metoo-accused-vedan |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Think Music]]:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw5TOHrTh3o |title=Bison Kaalamaadan — Jukebox {{!}} Dhruv Vikram, Anupama Parameswaran {{!}} Mari Selvaraj {{!}} Nivas K Prasanna |date=2025-10-21 |last= |type=Album |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |access-date=2025-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031013316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw5TOHrTh3o |archive-date=2025-10-31 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Music composer, producer, arranger and programmer: Nivas K. Prasanna
* Music supervisors: Hevin Booster, Alex Samuel Jenito, K. A. Surya Srihari
* Pre-mixing: Hevin Booster
* Additional programming: K. A. Surya Srihari, Sharan Kumar
* Recording studios: The Mystic's Room, Tara Studios, Reengara Studios, 2barQ Studios, 20db Sound Studios
* Engineers: K S Maniratnam, Manoj Kumar, Ashwin Krishna, Thanushree, Vishnu, Hariharan, Adarsh Narayanan
* Mixing and mastering: K S Maniratnam, Hevin Booster
* Studio manager: Nandha Gopal

; Vocals
* Additional vocals: Nivas K Prasanna, Meenakshi Elayaraja
* Male Chorus: Shenbagaraj, Aravind Srinivas, Narayanan Ravishankar, Shridhar Ramesh, Sudharshan Ram, Sugandh Sekar, Abhijith Rao, Prasanna Adisesha, Vikram Pitty, Sugandh Sekar, Vignesh Narayanan, Sudharshan Ram
* Female chorus: Padmaja Sreenivasan, Aparna Harikumar, V U M Ayshwarya, Sivaranjini Chandramouli, Sriradha Bharath
* Backing vocals: Reshma Shyam
* Vocal production: Alex Samuel Jenito

; Instruments
* Flute: Flute Navin
* Acoustic guitar, electric guitar and bass: Keba Jeremiah
* Cello: V. R. Sekar
* Violin: Akkarsh N Kashyap
* Whistle: Nikhil Mathew
* Trumpets and trombone: Rakesh M S
* Bass guitar: [[Aalap Raju]]
* Harmonies: Alex Samuel Jenito (arranger and conductor)
* Rhythm and percussions: Alex Samuel Jenito (conductor), Hevin Booster (additional programming), Shurthiraj, Kaviraj, Derick, David
* Nadaswaram: G. Padmanaban, N. Venkatesan, Mylai Karthikeyan
* Folk rhythms: Shruthiraj, Kiran, Kaviraj
* Taiko drums and tapes: Sruthiraj, Vikram, Derick
* Indian percussion: Sruthiraj
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sports film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]

Vaikom Saraswathi

2026-02-12T03:21:07Z

MarianaCone66: creating a entry

{{Short description|South-Indian Carnatic singer and Playback Singer}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Vaikom Saraswathi
|image = Vaikom Saraswathi.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for = Carnatic singer, Playback singer
|education =
| occupation = Carnatic vocalist
| spouse=
|children=
|parents=
|relatives= Rajan (Brother, Malayalam Playback singer)<ref name=yachakan>{{cite web | url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/ | title=Yachakan (1951) | accessdate=5 September 2019 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190905125552/http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/ | archivedate=5 September 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''Vaikom Saraswathi''' was a South-Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic singer]] and a [[Playback singer]]<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web | url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/48074 | title='Thiraiyisai Thilagam K. V. Mahadevan 1918–2018' – 9 | publisher=[[Dinamalar]] | date=29 April 2018 | accessdate=5 September 2019 | author=[[Vamanan]] | url-status=usurped | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190905130023/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/48074 | archivedate=5 September 2019}}</ref> Her Carnatic songs have been published in [[Phonograph|gramophone]] records.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== Radio concerts ==
Her Carnatic music concerts have been broadcast over [[All India Radio]] stations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-International/Indian-Listener-IDX/IDX/40s/The-Indian-Listener-1945-22-05-1945-OCR-Page-0048.pdf | title=The Indian Listener | accessdate=5 September 2019 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190905130451/https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-International/Indian-Listener-IDX/IDX/40s/The-Indian-Listener-1945-22-05-1945-OCR-Page-0048.pdf | archivedate=5 September 2019}}</ref>

== Playback singer==
Though playback singing was introduced to Tamil films in 1938 ([[Nandakumar (film)|Nandakumar]]), it became popular after [[Sri Valli (1945 film)|Sri Valli (1945)]].<ref name=yachakan /> [[K. V. Mahadevan]] introduced Vaikom Saraswathi as playback singer in the 1947 film [[Dhana Amaravathi]].<ref name="dinamalar"/> She sang 3 songs - ''Kandenadi'', ''Un Thiruvarul'' and ''Azhagai'' - for [[B. S. Saroja]].<ref name="PP">{{cite journal | title=Vaikom Saraswathi | journal=Pesum Padam | date=January 1949}}</ref> She also sang 2 songs - ''Vaarum Indha Verlai'' and ''Saedhi Enna'' - for the 1948 film [[Jambam]].<ref name="PP"/>

== Sibling ==
Vaikkom Saraswathi's brother, Rajan was also a playback singer. The song ''Swantham viyarpinaal..'' sung by Rajan for the 1951 film ''[[Yachakan]]'' became popular. Soon after the recording for this film, Rajan died due to illness.<ref name=yachakan />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|Q0do3Ao-sM4|Kuzhaloodhum Kannan Enge}} - A Classical song sung by Vaikom Saraswathi
*{{youTube|poPf-MOlO2U|Pahimaam}} - A song from the film Dhana Amaravathi

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswathi, Vaikom}}
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Tirath Das Dogra

2026-02-11T07:48:09Z

MarianaCone66: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian forensic pathologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tirath Das Dogra
| image = T D Dogra.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|7|18}} (age 77)
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Bari Brahmana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British India]]
| known_for = Medical jurisprudence, forensic pathology, forensic medicine, toxicology
| education = [[MBBS]] (1971), MD (Forensic Medicine 1976)
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]
| employer = SGT University, Budhera, Gurgaon
}}

'''Tirath Das Dogra''' ([[IAST]]: ''Tīrath Dās Ḍōgarā'', born 18 July 1947) is an Indian forensic pathologist. He was the pro-chancellor and vice-chancellor of [[Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University|SGT University, Budhera Gurgaon Haryana]] (2013–2017).

==Early life==
He was born to Prem Nath Dogra and Gayano Devi Dogra at Badi Brahmana, near [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[British India]], 20 kilometres from Jammu on the Basantar River (the present border with Pakistan). After the partition of India in 1947 his father moved to [[Bikaner]] in 1959; he settled there permanently in 1961. Dogra completed Badridas Vidavatji ka Middle School Sikar and Matric in 1963 and attended M M High School Bikaner from 1959 to 1963. After a year at [[Dungar College]] Bikaner, he received a degree in medicine from [[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tddogra.blogspot.in/2013/02/we-have-done-it.html|title=T D Dogra|date=12 September 2010|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/103506346440566200615/about|title=Google+ T D Dogra|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?hl=en&user=6bQGPv0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&is_public_preview=1|title=Google Scholar Citation T D Dogra|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Dogra received the first [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] degree in forensic medicine from AIIMS in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/forensic/forensic_alumini.htm|title=Forensic Medicine AIIMS, Alumni|publisher=AIIMS New Delhi|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> His areas of interest have been [[DNA profiling]], [[population genetics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/1ZgHfh7hmbckD/bibliography/public/?sortby=pubDate&sdirection=ascending|title=Article on DNA no. 11,12,16,52 to 56 on My NCBI|publisher=My NCBI- Pubmed|access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> residual, environmental and pesticide toxicity,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6bQGPv0AAAAJ&hl=en|title=Google Scholar citations|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> [[bioethics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.90.70.117/PDS_DOCS/B4637.pdf|title=Orientation of Master Trainers on Teaching of Medical Ethics|publisher=World Health Organisation, New Delhi|date=18 July 2010|accessdate=16 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.90.70.117/PDS_DOCS/B4477.pdf|publisher=World Health Organisation New Delhi|title=Facilitators' Guide for teaching medical ethics to undergraduate students in Medical colleges in South East Asia region|date=November 2009|accessdate=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602103033/http://203.90.70.117/PDS_DOCS/B4477.pdf|archivedate=2 June 2010}}</ref> [[pharmacovigilance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jipmer.edu/charu/npac.html|title=National Pharmacovigilence Advisory committee, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, India|accessdate=15 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316133359/http://www.jipmer.edu/charu/npac.html|archivedate=16 March 2013}}</ref> [[continuing medical education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncme.in/pdf/Proceedings%20NCME%202007.pdf|title=Co-Patron-NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL EDUCATION NCME 2007|date=2007-11-15|accessdate=23 February 2013|publisher=K L Wig centre for continue medical education AIIMS|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042246/http://www.ncme.in/pdf/Proceedings%20NCME%202007.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013}}</ref> [[suicide prevention]] and [[Suicide note|notes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6bQGPv0AAAAJ&hl=en|title=Google scholar my citations|publisher=Google Scholar|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> [[forensic psychiatry]] (psychological profiling)<ref>{{cite journal|title= Psychological profiling of a serial killer |pmid=23115894 | volume=65 |issue=4 |journal=Omega (Westport) |pages=299–316 | last1 = Dogra | first1 = TD | last2 = Leenaars | first2 = AA | last3 = Chadha | first3 = RK | last4 = Manju | first4 = M | last5 = Lalwani | first5 = S | last6 = Sood | first6 = M | last7 = Lester | first7 = D | last8 = Raina | first8 = A | last9 = Behera | first9 = C | doi=10.2190/om.65.4.d|year=2012 |s2cid=43598476 }}</ref> [[Crime reconstruction|crime-scene reconstruction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/topic/AIIMS-forensic-team.html|title=Latest news and stories about AIIMS Forensic team|date=16 June 2012|publisher=India.com|accessdate=23 February 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220853/http://www.india.com/topic/AIIMS-forensic-team.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Forensic animation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medind.nic.in/jal/t14/i1/jalt14i1p104.pdf|title=Reconstruction of Scene by Forensic Animation Two Case Reports|publisher= J Indian Acad Forensic Med., January–March 2014, Vol. 36, No. 1|date=2014-05-01|accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> He has been involved in medico-legal investigations of high-profile cases throughout India.<ref name="researchgate1"/>

Dogra has presented his medico-legal opinion in cases concerning to three prime ministers: [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Charan Singh]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sH5McemvMk|title=Dr Dalbir Singh at INPALM inauguration|via=YouTube|date=25 October 2010|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120123-dr-t-d-dogra-about-forensics-and-crime-756991-2012-01-13 |title=The dead don't speak but forensics tells us lots about crime: Dr T D Dogra : Cover Story |work=India Today |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> He deposed as a medical witness in the Mahesh Chandra Trial Court for Indira Gandhi's assassination for the prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iijfmt&volume=7&issue=4&article=004|title=Dr T D Dogra's expert evidence in trial of assassination of Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India, Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Year : 2009, Volume : 7, Issue : 4, First page : (134) Last page : (159), Print ISSN 0974-4487. Online ISSN 0973-1970.|date=Oct 2009|accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262451 |title='She Was Clinically Alive' | Anuradha Raman |magazine=Outlook|location=New Delhi |date=2 November 2009 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Although the defence ([[P. N. Lekhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lekhi--judge-s-best-critic--dies-at-85/586108/|title=Lekhi, 'judge's best critic', dies at 85|work=The Indian Express|date=2010-03-03|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> R S Sodhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.geekupd8.com/2013/08/Murder-of-Prime-Minister-of-India-Indira-Gandhi-Assassination-Case-Famous-Indian-Murder-Trials.html|title=Murder of Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi Assassination Case|date=1998-08-03|publisher=Geek Up8|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> and [[Ram Jethmalani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262636|date=2009-11-03
|work=Outlook|accessdate=27 April 2014|title=INTERVIEW'I Have Never Been Sorry That I Took Up That Case'}}</ref>) challenged Dogra's testimony, the evidence was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. In the [[Batla House encounter case]], he used animation to present his expert opinion.<ref name="Beyondheadlines.in">{{cite web|url=http://beyondheadlines.in/2011/09/questions-galore-on-the-death-of-mc-sharma-in-batla-house-encounter/ |title=Questions Galore on the Death of MC Sharma in Batla House Encounter | Beyond Headlines |publisher=Beyondheadlines.in |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Dogra went to [[Sri Lanka]] as part of a three-member [[Government of India]] team to assist the investigation of the assassination of [[Gamini Dissanayake]], a presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a2700b4b6ccdb52a206b5f20f517c66f|title=WIDOW WANTS INDIAN EXPERTS TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATION|date=31 October 1994  |publisher=AP News Archive BETA
|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations |title=Google Scholar Citations |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> He worked with [[Seyed E. Hasnain]], Sher Ali of NII and Anupum Raina on DNA profiling, with Sanjeev Lalwani and Chitranjan Behera assisting him with forensics. After his retirement from AIIMS, Dogra became [[director-general]] of the SGT Group of Institutions and vice-chancellor when it became a university on 15 March 2013.

Dogra is a former director of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) New Delhi and an authority on forensic medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Delhi/Top_forensic_doctor_to_be_acting_director_of_AIIMS_4860/|title=Top forensic doctor to be acting Director AIIMS.|date=27 June 2008|publisher=India edunews.in|accessdate=12 June 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211195718/http://www.indiaedunews.net/Delhi/Top_forensic_doctor_to_be_acting_director_of_AIIMS_4860/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalblog.in/2011/01/rajesh-talwar-prime-suspect-in-aarushi.html|title=Rajesh Talwar Prime Suspect in Aarushi Murder Case: CBI(12th para)|work=The Times of India|date=2 January 2011|accessdate=6 March 2013|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227150929/http://www.legalblog.in/2011/01/rajesh-talwar-prime-suspect-in-aarushi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/stories/The%20sheer%20power%20that%20a%20forensic%20science%20doctor%20at%20AIIMS%20holds|publisher=The News Minute|date=4 July 2014 |title=The sheer power that a forensic science doctor at AIIMS holds|accessdate=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115132/http://www.thenewsminute.com/stories/The%20sheer%20power%20that%20a%20forensic%20science%20doctor%20at%20AIIMS%20holds|archivedate=26 August 2014}}</ref> Dogra was a member of the [[Medical Council of India]] from December 2013 till its dissolution in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mciindia.org/AboutMCI/CouncilMembers.aspx|title=Medical Council of India-Member of Council|accessdate=15 January 2014|date=December 2013}}</ref> Dogra was President of National Medicos Organisation Delhi State from 2012 to 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/116735335061237/|via=Facebook|title=National Medicos Organisation|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2024}} He was a member of the TEQ-Equivalence committee and the Administration and Grievance committee of the Medical Council of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mciindia.org/AboutMCI/SubCommitteeMembers.aspx|title=Medical Council of India|accessdate=4 November 2014|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109173724/https://mciindia.org/AboutMCI/SubCommitteeMembers.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of the Advisory committee on MOOC's program of University Grants Commission of India New Delhi. Dogra was emeritus professor of forensic medicine and forensic sciences, professor of Andragogy and educational philosophy and advisor, Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) at SGT University Gurgaon till January 2022. Prof. T D Dogra is a member of the Rehabilitation Council of India.<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://rehabcouncil.nic.in/writereaddata/RCI-GC1141020.pdf|title= Rehablitation Council of India|date= 15 October 2020|accessdate=29 April 2021}}</ref>

[[Dogras|Dogra]] held a number of positions during his tenure at AIIMS, including dean (exam), deputy director (administration), chair of the management board of AIIMS Hospitals, hostel superintendent and professor. He joined AIIMS as a [[Residency (medicine)|resident]] in 1971, becoming a faculty member in 1977. Following the retirement of Jagdish Chandra on 30 June 1987, Dogra headed the department of forensic medicine and toxicology at AIIMS until his retirement on 31 July 2012.<ref name="researchgate1">{{cite web|url=http://tddogra.blogspot.in/ |title=T D Dogra |publisher=Tddogra.blogspot.in |date=12 September 2010 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tirath_Dogra/ |title=Tirath Das Dogra) |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Famous Cases}}Notable cases==
Dogra's forensic investigations include:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Case
!Location
!Year
|-
|Gitanjali death case<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Geetanjali-murder-case-Forensic-experts-meet-after-TOI-report/articleshow/21563374.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-03/gurgaon/41032633_1_forensic-experts-geetanjali-special-investigation-team|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-10-04|title=Geetanjali murder case: Forensic experts meet after TOI report|date=2013-08-03|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 2 September 2013}}</ref>
|Gurgaon, Haryana
|2013
|-
|[[Nithari killings]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Vishwa Mohan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-12/delhi/27874381_1_nithari-cbi-team-forensic |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126180404/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-12/delhi/27874381_1_nithari-cbi-team-forensic |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=CBI takes high-profile team to Nithari |date=12 January 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>
|Noida, Uttar Pradesh
|2007
|-
|[[Ishrat Jahan encounter case]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ishrat-jahan-encounter-board-of-experts-misinterpreted-parameters-says-sit/889643 |title=Ishrat Jahan encounter: Board of experts misinterpreted parameters, says SIT |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>
|Ahmedabad, Gujarat
|2004
|-
|[[Sohrabuddin Sheikh fake encounter]]<ref name="Zeenews.india.com">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/cbi-reconstructs-tulsi-prajapati-encounter_718501.html |title=CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati encounter |publisher=Zee News |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/chhapri-village|title=CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati encounter|publisher=NDTV|date= 9 July 2011|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref>
|Gujarat
|2005
|-
|Tulsi Prajapati encounter<ref name="Zeenews.india.com"/>
|Gujarat
|2005
|-
|[[Godhra Riots|Godhra Violence]], [[2002 Gujarat riots#Bilkis Bano case|Bilkis Bano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-chief-bano-s-courage-was-key/263240 |title=CBI chief: Bano's courage was key |work=The Indian Express |date=2008-01-19|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> case
|Godhra, Gujarat
|2002
|-
|[[Batla House encounter case]]<ref name="Beyondheadlines.in"/>
|Batla House, Delhi
|2008
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Lucknow/Sachan-Case-AIIMS-experts-report-contradicted-FSL-view/Article1-939712.aspx |title=Sachan Case: AIIMS experts' report contradicted FSL view |work=The Hindustan Times|date=4 October 2012 |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129103848/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Lucknow/Sachan-Case-AIIMS-experts-report-contradicted-FSL-view/Article1-939712.aspx |archivedate=29 November 2012 }}</ref> case
|Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
|2011
|-
|[[Nigamananda Saraswati]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://matrisadan.wordpress.com/2012/01/07/letter-to-director-cbi-regarding-prevalent-corruption-and-more-than-that-indifference-towards-the-murder-of-swami-nigmanand/|title=Letter to Director, CBI regarding prevalent corruption and more than that indifference towards the murder of Swami Nigmanand|publisher=matrisadan.worldpress.com|date=4 July 2012|accessdate= 28 December 2012}}</ref> of [[Rishikesh]]
|[[Rishikesh]], Uttrakhand
|2011
|-
|Ashutosh Asthana of Provident Fund Scam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/10/20/sc-orders-judicial-probe-into-asthana-death.html|title=SC orders judicial probe into Asthana case|work=Oneindia|date=22 October 2009|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>
|Ghaziabad, U.P.
|2009
|-
| Kavita Chaudhry case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/5-charged-with-murder-of-meerut-varsity-lecturer--------/26489/|title=5 charged with murder of Meerut varsity lecturer|date=23 March 2007|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref>
|[[Meerut]], U.P.
|2007
|-
|[[Kunal (actor)|Kunal (Tamil film actor) suicide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Court-orders-CBI-probe-into-actors-murder/articleshow/5349525.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811102405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-18/mumbai/28106055_1_court-orders-cbi-probe-kunal-singh-lavina-bhatia|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Court orders CBI probe into actor's murder|date=18 December 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|2008
|-
| Nirupama Pathak death<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/scribe-nirupama-committed-suicide-aiims_650602.html|title=Scribe Nirupama committed suicide: AIIMS|publisher=Zee News|date=26 August 2010|accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>
|Kodarma, Jharkhand
|2010
|-
|Ansal Plaza encounter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Autopsy-confirms-encounter-was-genuine/articleshow/27795177.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126054921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-11-09/delhi/27325686_1_autopsy-clean-chit-bullets|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Autopsy confirms encounter was genuine|date=9 November 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|2002
|-
|[[Shehla Masood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/masood-murder-forensic-experts-to-start-probe_752298.html |title=Masood murder: Forensic experts to start probe |publisher=Zee News |date=12 January 2012 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> case of Bhopal
|Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
|2012
|-
|2009 [[Shopian rape and murder case]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/shopian-case-cbi-exhumes-bodies-9212|date= 28 September 2009|publisher=NDTV|title=Shopian case: CBI exhumes bodies|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-shopian-bodies-dug-up-samples-collected/522701/|title=In Shopian, bodies dug up, samples collected|date=29 September 2009|accessdate=20 April 2014|publisher=Archives Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/shopian-case-cbi-exhumes-bodies/article25950.ece|title=Shopian case: CBI exhumes bodies|work=The Hindu|date= 29 September 2009 |accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref>
|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
|2009
|-
|[[Sadiq Batcha]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} case
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|2011
|-
|[[Bhanwari Devi (2011 case)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/jaipur/32368211_1_malkhan-singh-bishnoi-cbi-cases-cbi-officer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107070640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/jaipur/32368211_1_malkhan-singh-bishnoi-cbi-cases-cbi-officer|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2014|title=FBI report is first ever proof of Bhanwari's Death|date=22 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate= 28 December 2012}}</ref>
|Rajasthan
|2012
|-
|[[Bhanwari Devi]] case (1992)
|Jaipur, Rajasthan
|1992
|-
| Harsh Baljee murder<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Illegal-weapons-recovered-from-Sandeep-Dhillons-house/articleshow/486236.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-09/chandigarh/28323481_1_bathinda-police-murder-case-illegal-weapons|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Illegal weapons recovered from Sandeep Dhillon's house|date=9 February 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
|Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
|1999
|-
|[[Cherukuri Rajkumar]] (alias Azad)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamiagnivesh.com/POINTS%20IN%20CRITIQUE%20OF%20JUDGMENT%20IN%20AZAD%20ENCOUNTER.pdf|title=points in critique of judgment in azad – Swami Agnivesh|publisher=swamiagnivesh.com|date= 3 June 2012|accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref>
|Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh
|2010
|-
|Pipli gang-rape case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article2842037.ece|title=Police seek AIIMS Doctors opinion in Pipli gang rape case|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=28 December 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|Pipli, Odisha
|2012
|-
|Natasha Singh case reconstruction<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020401-socialite-photographer-natasha-singh-death-oscillate-between-suicide-and-murder-795396-2002-03-31|title=The life and death of Natasha Singh|work=India Today |date=1 April 2012|access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|2002
|-
|Dara Singh encounter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-13/jaipur/28685873_1_dara-singh-cbi-headqua|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-13/jaipur/28685873_1_dara-singh-cbi-headqua|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=CBI set to name 16 in Dara Singh case|date=13 March 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref>
|Jaipur, Rajasthan
|2002
|-
|[[Ishmeet Singh]] (''Voice of India'' winner) death in Maldives
|Maldives
|2008
|-
| [[Nitish Katara murder case]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/33215738/Judgement-Nitish-Katara|title=Judgement Nitish Katara murder case|publisher=Delhi Court|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|2002
|-
| R. K. Gupta murder<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Lover-kills-doctor-to-prove-fidelity/articleshow/351628.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-12-11/delhi/27197634_1_delhi-police-gurgaon-police-meenu-dewan|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Lover kills doctor to prove fidelity|date= 11 December 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>
|Delhi, Gurgaon
|2003
|-
| [[Prathyusha]] death case<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=OBhVU4GjCtCAuATf14CYCA|title=Pratyusha committed suicide, says CBI|date= 7 November 2002|work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref>
|Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
|2002
|-
|Consultation with [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] prosecutors in [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]] Delhi case
|Delhi
|1996
|-
| Consultation with CBI prosecutors in Ahmedabad [[Haren Pandya]] murder
| Ahmedabad, Gujrat
|2003
|-
|[[Aarushi Talwar|Aarushi Talwar murder]]<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-01/india/28365699_1_closure-report-rajesh-talwar-aarushi-murder-case|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529115424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-01/india/28365699_1_closure-report-rajesh-talwar-aarushi-murder-case|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2013|title=Rajesh Talwar prime suspect in Aarushi murder case: CBI
|date=1 January 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aarushi-murder-CBI-probe-begins/articleshow/3090488.cms?|title=Aarushi murder: CBI probe begins|date= 2 June 2008 |work=The Times of India|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.attachowk.com/aarushi.aspx|title=Noida twin murders – Aarushi and domestic help Hemraj|date=1 May 2008|publisher=ATTA CHOWK|accessdate=20 April 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064201/http://www.attachowk.com/aarushi.aspx|archivedate=21 April 2014}}</ref>
|Noida, Uttar Pradesh
|2008
|-
|Sidhartha Continental Hotel fire<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/24/world/38-killed-as-fire-races-through-hotel-in-india.html|title=38 killed as fire races through Hotel in India|date=24 January 1986|work=The New York Times|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|1986
|-
|Lajpat Nagar bombing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1996-lajpat-nagar-blast-chronology-of-events/306851-3-244.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130184057/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1996-lajpat-nagar-blast-chronology-of-events/306851-3-244.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2012|title=Lajpat Nagar blast:Chronology of events|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=22 November 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|1996
|-
|[[Uphar cinema fire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/9513811/|title=Sushil Ansal vs State Thr.Cbi on 5 March, 2014|publisher=India Kanoon, Supreme Court of India|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41301|title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.597 OF 2010|date=5 March 2014|publisher=Supreme court of India|accessdate=20 April 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213533/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41301|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|New Delhi
|1997
|-
| [[Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/6850/1/Alahdal_Alhosain_Thesis.pdf|title=(page=72-73) of PhD Thesis on Family Support Plan for Middle Eastern Countries Following Aircraft Accidents by Alhosain Abdullah Alahdal|date= 12 November 1996|accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref>

|Charkhi Dadri, Haryana
|1996
|-
|[[29 October 2005 Delhi bombings]]
|New Delhi
|2005
|-
|[[Jnaneswari Express train derailment]]
|West Bengal
|2012
|-
|Alleged Bhandara rape-murder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_cops-seek-aid-to-clear-cloud-over-rape_1807349|title=Cops seek aid to clear cloud over rape|work=Daily News and Analysis|date= 5 March 2013|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-rape-in-Bhandara-Govt-panel/articleshow/18885391.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-10/india/37597446_1_sexual-assault-deaths-regional-forensic-science-laboratory|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=No rape in Bhandara: Govt panel|date= 10 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/mar/120313-girls-autopsies-marred-by-forensic-flaws-experts.htm|title=Girls' autopsies marred by forensic flaws: Experts|publisher=Mid Day Mumbai|date=12 March 2013|accessdate= 13 March 2013}}</ref>
|Bhandara, Maharashtra
|2012
|-
|Shruti Bhagvat case<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Police-take-Delhi-experts-help-in-Bhagwat-murder-case/articleshow/19179905.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411041628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-25/aurangabad/38009691_1_murder-case-aarushi-expert-team|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Police take Delhi experts' help in Bhagwat murder case|date=25 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref>
|Auragabad, Maharashtra
|2013
|-
| M. G. Rusia death case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bhopal-development-body-ceo-found-dead/516254|title=Bhopal development body CEO found dead.|date=12 September 2009|accessdate=19 January 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|Agra, Uttar Pradesh
|2009
|}

His medico-legal cases include:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Case
!Location
!Year
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi|Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]
|New Delhi
|1984
|-
|Suicide of Kishan Chand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211513|title=Heat of the cruel son, Sunil Sethi|magazine=Outlook|location=New Delhi|accessdate=6 January 2013|date=7 June 2007}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|1977
|-
|Assassination of Jatherdar Stonkh Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm|title=Psalms of terror|publisher=The Knights of Falsehood|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> (confident of Indira Gandhi and Jarnail Singh Bhinderwale
|Delhi
|1981
|-
|[[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]] autopsy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/667073/?|title=Kehar Singh vs State|publisher=Delhi High Court|date=3 August 1988|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> the assassin of Indira Gandhi.
|New Delhi
|1984
|-
|Assassination of Mr. and Mrs. [[Lalit Maken]] (daughter and son-in-law of [[S. D. Sharma]])
|New Delhi
|1985
|-
|Jagdev Singh Khudian suicide<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/e046345bdd0487694ca93264d1df6bc5|title=Missing Sikh lawmakers body found in canal|work=Associated Press News|date=3 January 1990|accessdate= 16 January 2013}}</ref>
|Khudian, Punjab
|1990
|-
|Tandoor murder ([[Naina Sahni]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/504254/|title=State vs Sushil Sharma|publisher=Delhi High Court|date=19 February 2009|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|1995
|-
|Shilpi Jain and Gautam Singh death case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forensicindia.com/icfmt/web/vol2no1/cbi.htm|title=Analysis of the Medical expert opinion by CBI|publisher=IIJFMT 2(1) 2004|accessdate=28 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010539/http://www.forensicindia.com/icfmt/web/vol2no1/cbi.htm|archivedate=24 January 2013}}</ref>
|Patna, Bihar
|1999
|-
|[[Madhavrao Sindhia]] air crash
|Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh
|2001
|-
|Murder of [[Satyendra Dubey]] ([[National Highways Authority of India]])
|Gaya, Bihar
|2003
|-
|Death of Shri Shanmugam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/1330079101.htm|title=ESCAPE FROM THE CUSTODY AND SUBSEQUENT DEATH OF SHRI SHANMUGAM, AN ACCUSED IN THE RAJIV GANDHI ASSASSINATION CASE|publisher=Proceedings of Parliament of India, Discussion under rule-193|date=30 July 1991|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>
|Tamil Nadu
|1991
|-
|Assassination of Arjun Das<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-05-mn-24742-story.html|title=Gandhi Friend Slain; Sikhs Are Suspected : Victim a New Delhi Councilman; Three Gunmen Make Attack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 September 1985|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>
|New Delhi
|1985
|-
|Autopsy of [[1995 Kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir|Hans Christian Ostro]]
|Jammu Kashmir
|1995
|-
|[[Khairlanji massacre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-28/news/27464448_1_khairlanji-sudhir-and-roshan-chargesheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094611/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-28/news/27464448_1_khairlanji-sudhir-and-roshan-chargesheet|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|title=CBI files chargesheet in Khairlanji killings|date= 28 December 2006|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref>
|Bhandara, Maharashtra
|2006
|-
|Death of [[Bibek Maitra]]<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/trial-in-drugs-abuse-case-against-rahul-mahajan-to-restart/773633|title=Trial in drugs abuse case against Rahul Mahajan to restart|date=8 April 2011|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bibek Maitra died of drug overdose">[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bibek-maitra-died-of-drug-overdose/12236-3.html Bibek Maitra died of drug overdose] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710004809/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bibek-maitra-died-of-drug-overdose/12236-3.html |date=10 July 2012 }} IBN Live Sun, 4 June 2006 at 17:12, Updated on Mon, 5 June 2006 at 12:39 in India section</ref>
|New Delhi
|2006
|-
|[[Rahul Mahajan (TV personality)|Rahul Mahajan drug-overdose case]]<ref name="The Indian Express"/><ref name="Bibek Maitra died of drug overdose"/>
|New Delhi
|2006
|-
|[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]] murder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100801/punjab.htm#13|title=Harpreet Case, Kamaljit misleading court: CBI|date=1 August 2010|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref>
|Patiala, Punjab
|2006
|-
|Murder of Amir Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-29/india/27833195_1_om-prakash-chautala-meham-devi-lal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627211226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-29/india/27833195_1_om-prakash-chautala-meham-devi-lal|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2013|title=Meham has left past behind|date=29 January 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref>
|Meham, Haryana
|1990
|-
|[[Mahipal Maderna|Dalip Singh murder case]]
|Jaipur, Rajasthan
|1970
|-
|[[Kiliroor sex scandal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/04/stories/2006070411610500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705174904/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/04/stories/2006070411610500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2006|title=Kiliroor case: court seeks case diary|date= 8 June 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 May 2014}}</ref>
|Kochi, Kerala
|2006
|-
|Pratul Deb Murder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/26nri.htm|title=CBI chargesheets eight in NRI murder case|work=Rediff.com|date= 26 November 2005|accessdate=11 May 2014}}</ref>
|Gowhati Assam
|2005
|}

[[File:Professor T D Dogra, out side his camp,in rural area of Panchmahal, Gujrat, along with his team..png|thumb|alt=Two men seated outdoors, with other men standing|Dogra in rural Gujarat]]
[[File:Tirath Das Dogra, 2013.png|thumb|alt=Man holding a jar with gloved hands, standing next to a woman|Dogra with Anupuma Raina, senior scientist at FSL Madhuban, Karnal]]
[[File:Picture1AGRA.png|thumb|alt=Four people standing next to a railroad track|Dogra with team at accident scene near Agra: Rajinder Singh, Sanjeev and Anupum Raina]]

=={{anchor|Toxicology/Awards}}Awards==
The Society of Toxicology (India) gave Dogra a Distinguished Scientist Lifetime Achievement Award in Toxicology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoxindia.org/dwn/STOX_2010_awards.pdf|title=Professor T D Dogra|date=12 September 2010|accessdate=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306213123/http://www.stoxindia.org/dwn/stox_2010_awards.pdf|archivedate=6 March 2016}}</ref> and he received a Distinguished Service Award from the Geriatric Society of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geriatricindia.com/|title=Giriatric Society of India|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref> He delivered the Professor G. Mehdi Oration at the 27th annual national conference of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine at North Bengal Medical College in Siliguri, West Bengal on 17 February 2006. Dogra delivered the Professor Jagdish Chandra Oration Award at the
12th national conference of the Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine
and Toxicology on 27 September 2013 at the Government Medical College in Haldwani, Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forensicindia.com/conferences/icfmt/ICFMT-2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116202100/http://www.forensicindia.com/conferences/icfmt/ICFMT-2013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=16 January 2014|title=PDF] Final ICFMT-2013 Brochure.cdr – forensic medicine|date=27 September 2013|accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref> Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology gave "Life time achievement award" to Prof Dogra on 13 September 2014.

=={{anchor|Director AIIMS|Development of Forensic Medicine Department}}AIIMS==
During Dogra's tenure as director AIIMS acquired {{convert|330|acre|ha}} of land<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126064353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-11/delhi/28055022_1_2nd-aiims-campus-site-free-|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Haryana offers free land for 2nd AIIMS campus|date=11 February 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2012/11/25/AIIMS2_to_be_developed_with_international_level_master_plan/|title=Aiims-2 To Be Developed With International Level Master Plan|date= 25 November 2012|publisher=Wn.com|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> in the Jajhar District of Haryana, and the recommendations of the Moily Committee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/|title=Oversight committee|publisher=Government of India|year=2009|accessdate=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001073731/http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> were implemented. One hundred sixty faculty and 1200 other staff positions were created, a new academic building (came as Convergence Block) was planned<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/aiims-facing-staff-crunch-parliamentary-panel_16728.html|title=AIIMS facing staff crunch: Parliamentary panel|publisher=Z News|date=27 April 2012|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> and the CDER and JPNA Apex Trauma Center<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhilive.com/finally-aiims-gets-a-trauma-center |title=Finally AIIMS get a Trauma center |date=2 November 2006 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |publisher=Delhi Live |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029095414/http://www.delhilive.com/finally-aiims-gets-a-trauma-center |archivedate=29 October 2014 }}</ref> were made fully functional. An agreement with Metro was signed for a tunnel connecting AIIMS and the trauma centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/24/stories/2008092461870300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927171308/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/24/stories/2008092461870300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2008|title=Work on AIIMS tunnel initiated|date=24 September 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref> A surgical centre, maternity centre, dormitories, outpatient department and a urology centre were planned.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/new-surgical-tower-to-come-up-at-aiims/article1277494.ece|title=New surgical tower to come up at AIIMS|work=The Hindu|date=15 June 2008|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="IBN Alive">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramadoss-takes-aiims-headon-blocks-funds/62009-3.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140302053706/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramadoss-takes-aiims-headon-blocks-funds/62009-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-02|title=Ramadoss takes AIIMS head-on, blocks funds|publisher=IBN Alive|date=March 2008|accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> A new developmental plan integrated with the earlier prepared Master plan was prepared and architectural process was started for its implementation. The long pending clearance from Ministry of civil aviation and urban development for construction of multistory buildings was obtained to facilitate future development of AIIMS in regard to hospital, academics, research, residential and hostels.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name="IBN Alive"/> [[Manmohan Singh]] underwent coronary-bypass Surgery at AIIMS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newshopper.sulekha.com/t-d-dogra-ramakant-panda_photo_642943.htm|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh bypass surgery|newspaper=sulekha.com|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=9 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130216202215/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/t-d-dogra-ramakant-panda_photo_642943.htm|archivedate=16 February 2013}}</ref> and [[Pratibha Patil]] underwent [[cataract]] surgery on both eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Hard-cataract-removal-no-more-a-tough-task/articleshow/7130476.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-20/patna/28217363_1_lasik-surgery-phacoemulsification-cataract|url-status=live|archive-date=24 December 2013|title=Hard cataract removal no more a tough task|date=20 December 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Dogra managed AIIMS during the most troubled times in its history;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/dogra-to-be-next-aiims-director/328310/.|title=Dogra to be the next Director AIIMS|work=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2008|accessdate=9 January 2013|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530140057/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/dogra-to-be-next-aiims-director/328310/|url-status=dead}}</ref> he is active in organ donation, retrieval and tracking, framing and revising rules and implementing training programs at the AIIMS Organ Retrieval Banking Organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orbo.org.in/update.php|title=ORBO AIIMS|publisher=orbo.org.in|date=18 August 2012|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php/17?journalid=6&issueid=30&articleid=350&action=article.|title=Dogra T. D., Lalwani S., Vij Aarti, Vyas M., Venugopal P, Organ Retrieval in Medicolegal cases Journal of Academy of Hospital Administration 2004;16(2):7-12|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> After succeeding Jagdish Chandra, Dogra developed DNA-profiling and toxicology laboratories. He expanded the department to ten faculty members, two scientists, twelve junior and twelve senior residents.

==DNA laboratory==
Dogra started DNA facility at department of forensic medicine [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|AIIMS]], in February 1991 with recruiting of Anupuma Raina as PhD student and G. Bomjen as MD student both taking DNA profiling related thesis topics, Dogra as Chief Guide and [[Seyed E. Hasnain|Dr S Hasnain]] of [[National Institute of Immunology, India|NII New Delhi]] as co-guide. First criminal case solved by DNA from Delhi was in 1992. The integrity and hard work of its in-charge Dr Anupuma raina gave this laboratory reliability and popularity with investigating agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/forensic-alumini.html|title=AIIMS New Delhi|access-date=1 April 2016 |publisher=AIIMS New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anupuma_Raina|title=Researchgate-Anupuma Raina|access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Anupuma+Raina|access-date=1 April 2016|title=Pubmed|publisher=pubmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seyedehasnain.org/team/anupama-raina|title=Professor Seyed E. Hasnain|accessdate=1 April 2016|publisher=Syed Hasnain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yhrd.org/YC000191-Bhuvnesh%20Yadav,%20Anupuma%20Raina%20|title=YHRD-Anupuma Raina &Bhuvnesh Yadav|publisher=YHRD|access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080218-shape-shiftres-735375-2008-02-09|title=Shape shifters -Anupuma Raina|work=India Today|date=2 February 2008|access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Medical Toxicology Laboratory==
Dr Dogra developed Medical Toxicological laboratory in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology in 1987. It was the first laboratory in a medical college where it was aimed to carry out analysis of samples for clinical and forensic purposes. The analytical toxicologist late H C Srivastava worked hard to get a reputation that the honourable courts ordered the tests to be conducted in this laboratory. The laboratory was well equipped with TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GLC, Voltammetry, Atomic Absorption spectrometry etc. It worked in close collaboration with CFSL, CBI Delhi, FSL Rohini Delhi and JPN NICFS Rohini Delhi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/forensic/forensic_patientcare.htm|accessdate=13 April 2016|title= All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Department of forensic medicine|publisher=AIIMS, New Delhi 110029}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icfmt.net/web/conferences/6th_conf/|title=sixth annual conference of Indian academy of forensic medicine and toxicology|publisher=ICFMT|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>

==Crime scene reconstruction==
Dogra was engaged in crime scene reconstruction in a variety of cases throughout the length and breadth of the country. He reconstructed the cases pertaining to fall from a height, railway accident, traffic accidents, firearm injuries, bomb blast, asphyxial deaths etc. He examined about 2000 scene of crimes in different states of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medind.nic.in/jal/t14/i1/jalt14i1p104.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331001510/http://medind.nic.in/jal/t14/i1/jalt14i1p104.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2017|title=reconstruction of scene by forensic animation|publisher= J Indian academy of forensic medicine, vol-36, Number-1|date=1 January 2014|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120123-dr-t-d-dogra-about-forensics-and-crime-756991-2012-01-13|work=India Today|title= Body of evidence|date=13 January 2012|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

==Dogra's test==
He evolved a simple technique to identify old suspected bullet hit marks by lifting the impression using a moldable putty which neither damaged nor made it unfit for further examination of suspected firearm bullet hit marks. More than 2-year-old marks were detected by Professor Dogra at many scenes of occurrences; that is why people started calling it as a Dogra's test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tddogra.blogspot.in/2011/12/dogras-test.html|title=Dogrs test-T D Dogra blog|publisher=Google Blog|date=12 December 2011|accessdate= 14 April 2016}}</ref>

==Forensic animation==
During the last decade of his career, he started using animation to explain his finding or observations. He tried it in [[Batla House encounter case|Batla house encounter]], [[Haren Pandya|Heren Pandya case]], he also attempted in [[Ishrat Jahan encounter case|Ishrat Jehan case]] but he could not make it in 3D animation as desired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2011/11/14&ID=Ar02302|title=3d animation to help Ishrat Jahan case|work=The Times of India, E-paper|date=14 November 2011|accessdate=14 April 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Batla-House-encounter-chargesheet-uses-3D-technology-sets-an-example/articleshow/20055932.cms|title=Batla House encounter chargesheet uses 3D technology, sets an example|date=13 May 2013|work=The Times of India|accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref>

==Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology==
Dogra in 1990 while forensic investigations of the death of Jathedar Jagdev Singh Khudian MP of Akali Dal (Mann), first time in collaboration with Psychiatrist and Clinical Psychologist analysed the Psychological status of deceased by getting filled a proforma developed for this purpose from his friends and family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19900515-jagdev-singh-khudian-killed-proves-probe-812564-1990-05-14|title=  |work=India Today|date=15 May 1990|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, he applied it in many cases, including the psychological profiling of the accused persons of [[2006 Noida serial murders]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://msl.rsmjournals.com/content/50/4/220.abstract |title=Identity of victims from fragmented and decomposed remnants by DNA profiling in a case of serial killings |author1=Anupuma Raina |author2=T D Dogra |author3=Antoon A Leenaars |author4=Bhuvnesh Yadav |author5=C Bhera |author6=Sanjeev Lalwani |author7=Lindsey Leenaars |name-list-style=amp |journal=Med Sci Law |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=220–223 |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=2013-02-09 |doi=10.1258/msl.2010.010106 |pmid=21539291 |s2cid=42864047 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411181133/http://msl.rsmjournals.com/content/50/4/220.abstract |archivedate=11 April 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A psychological profile of a serial killer: a case report.|journal=Omega (Westport)|date=1 October 2012|pmid=23115894|volume=65|issue=4|pages=299–316 | last1 = Dogra | first1 = TD | last2 = Leenaars | first2 = AA | last3 = Chadha | first3 = RK | last4 = Manju | first4 = M | last5 = Lalwani | first5 = S | last6 = Sood | first6 = M | last7 = Lester | first7 = D | last8 = Raina | first8 = A | last9 = Behera | first9 = C | doi=10.2190/om.65.4.d|s2cid=43598476}}</ref>

==Mass grave exhumation and Forensic anthropometry and anatomy==
Dogra carried out numbers of exhumations in various states of India. He exhumed mass graves in Gujrat following 2002 communal riots and recovered large numbers of skeletal remains, the anthropometric & anatomical examination and DNA profiling established Identity of many of missing individuals. He always encouraged a collaborative approach in such situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/29/stories/2005122906891200.htm|title=Mass grave: NHRC seeks report from Gujarat, CBI|date=29 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=12 May 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Dogra used Anthropometric and anatomical examination in variety of cases from different part of country including [[Bhanwari Devi (2011 case)]] and [[2006 Noida serial murders]].

=={{anchor|Publications and Research}}Publications and research==
Dogra edited ''Lyon’s Medical Jurisprudence for India'', co-authored ''Practical Aspects of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology'' and has published more than 200 papers in national and international journals.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=Dogra+TD%5Bau% |title=Dogra TD[au% – PubMed – NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=19 October 2012 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> He has guided more than 50 MD and PhD thesis projects, and supervised or co-supervised research funded by [[BPR&D]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] and [[WHO]]. Dogra has been an editorial member or peer reviewer of a number of national and international journals, and has written for the popular press. He is the founder of the ''Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jfmtonline.org/current/editorial_team.php|title=Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology|accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref> and ''Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iijfmt&valume=11&issue=4&type=eboard|title=Indian Journals.com, Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology|publisher=DIVA ENTERPRISES PVT. LTD.|date= 30 May 2005|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref> Dogra founded the Indian Congress of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forensicindia.com/icfmt/web/index2.htm|title=Indian Congress of Forenscic Medicine and Toxicology|accessdate=24 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216043905/http://www.forensicindia.com/icfmt/web/index2.htm|archivedate=16 February 2013}}</ref> He organised numerous conferences, workshops and seminars, and has delivered guest lectures, inaugural and valedictory talks on a variety of topics.<ref name="researchgate1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPBJJMbGWaA |title=Dr. T.D. Dogra, at INPALMS 2010 |date=28 October 2010 |via=YouTube |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Committees, Consultations and Visiting Faculty}}Committees, consultation and visiting positions==
Dogra has been a member of a number of committees constituted by the Government of India, State Governments and AIIMS: the Advisory Committee on Prison Reform ([[Bureau of Police Research and Development|BPR&D]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bprd.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=449&subsublinkid=163&lang=1|title=Advisory committee on Prison reforms, India|publisher=Police Research and Development, India|accessdate=22 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101025847/http://bprd.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=449&subsublinkid=163&lang=1|archivedate=1 November 2012}}</ref> the member (Medical Toxicology)Central Insecticide Board (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare); the member (Medical Toxicology) Registration Committee for Insecticides (Ministry of Agriculture); RAP and SAC (Research Analysis Panel and Scientific Advisory Committee) of the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD) and the Subcommittee on Medicolegal Services in Delhi. He has consulted with the Central Bureau of Investigation, courts, state [[Criminal Investigation Department#India|Crime Branch CIDs]], the National Commission for Human Rights,<ref name="nhrc.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhrc.nic.in/display.asp?fno=943/1/5/08-09-AD|title=Case Details of File Number: 943/1/5/08-09-AD, Proceeding National Human Right Commission|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> the [[National Commission for Women]] and the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]].
Dogra has been a visiting faculty member at the LNJP National Institute of Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences, the Police Training School, the Judicial Academy (Delhi), the Karkardooma Court (Shahdara), the Judicial Academy (Nanital, Uttrakhand), the Sardar Patel Academy of Police, the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie, U.P., the Academy of Administration and Management (Nanital), CBI Academy (Ghaziabad), the [[National Academy of Customs Excise and Narcotics]] (NACEN), HIPA, Haryana Institute of Public Administration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hipaco.in/|accessdate=23 March 2016|title=HIPA Haryana Institute of Public Administration|publisher=HIPA}}</ref> and the Institute of Road Traffic Education (IRTE) in Faridabad.

Dogra established and developed the department of forensic medicine at [[B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences]] in [[Dharan, Nepal]], a joint venture of the governments of India and [[Nepal]]. He has interacted with internationally known forensics experts such as [[Keith Simpson (pathologist)|Keith Simpson]], [[Keith Mant]], T. K. Marshal, D. J. Ghee, [[Alec Jeffreys]], Michael S Pollanen,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forensics.utoronto.ca/people/advisory/pollanen.htm|title=MICHAEL S. POLLANEN|publisher=University of Toronto|year=2008|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> Stephen M. Cordner,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/department-of-forensic-medicine/|title=Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia|publisher=Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine|accessdate=14 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130416021044/http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/department-of-forensic-medicine/|archivedate=16 April 2013}}</ref> [[Henry Lee (forensic scientist)]] and Derrick J. Pounder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/forensicmedicine/|title=Welcome to the Department of Forensic Medicine Web Site|publisher= University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref>

==[[2008 Noida double murder case|Arushi, Hemraj murder in Noida]]==
Professor Dogra led the first forensic team along with Arun Kumar Joint director, than Supercop of CBI, team consisted of Rajender Singh director CFSL, other relevant experts from CFSL, CBI, Delhi and from AIIMS including 25 sleuths of CBI. Team started work on 1 June 2008 with examination of scene of crime. Team functioned till the Arun Kumar was called back to his cadre the UP Police from CBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aarushi-murder-CBI-probe-begins/articleshow/3090488.cms|title=Aarushi murder: CBI probe begins|date=2 June 2008|work=The Times of India|accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/08/29/aarushi-murder-exclusive-we-had-no-evidence-against-the-talwars|title=First on Record, CBI's Arun Kumar: We had no Proof Against Talwars|publisher=The quint|date=1 October 2015|accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref>

==[[Ishrat Jahan encounter case|Ishrat Jahan Encounter]]==
Amzad Ali Rana of Pakistan, Javed Gulam Sheikh born Pranesh Pillai, Zeeshan Johar and [[Ishrat Jahan encounter case|Ishrat Jahan Raza]] were killed in a [[police encounter]] on 15 June 2004. The Gujrat high court constituted SIT (special investigating team) to investigate the encounter. The chairman of SIT constituted a team of experts with Professor T D Dogra as its chairman, experts from CFSL (central forensic laboratory New Delhi) and AIIMS New Delhi were included. Two chairmen of the SIT were changed by the time board of experts submitted their report to R R Verma, then chairman of SIT. It was revealed in 2016 that the report submitted by the team of experts was not taken into considerations by the SIT while concluding their report. It attracted the attention of media and issue was politicised. Some of the files concerning to an affidavit by the then Government of India, in this case were found missing. An inquiry into this matter has been issued by Govt of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ishrat-jahan-case-forensic-report-was-authentic-sit-never-communicated-their-views-says-td-dogra-2185477|title=Ishrat Jahan case: Forensic report was authentic, SIT never communicated their views, says TD Dogra|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=23 March 2016|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-15/news/71543305_1_ishrat-jahan-up-probe-panel-missing-files\|title=Government sets up probe panel on Ishrat Jahan's missing files|work=The Economic Times |date= 15 March 2016|accessdate=23 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/t-d-dogra-puts-ball-in-sits-court-says-report-on-ishrat-jahan-case-was-authentic-1005403/|title=T.D. Dogra puts ball in SIT's court, says report on Ishrat Jahan case was 'authentic'|date=4 March 2016|accessdate=23 March 2016|publisher=INDIA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yirxtb7MU1M|title=Report in Ishrat Jahan case was 'authentic', says author of forensic report|date=4 March 2016|publisher=ANI|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>

==[[2002 Gujarat riots#Bilkis Bano case|Bilkis Bano case]]==

After police dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL) Delhi and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor T. D. Dogra of AIIMS to exhume the mass graves to established the identity and cause of death of victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-meticulous-seven-and-a-sevenday-hunt-for-proof/264049|title=The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha|location= New Delhi |date=21 January 2008 |work=The Indian Express|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and directing the central government to appoint the public prosecutor.<ref name="Deccan-Herald-Aug-9-04" >{{cite news | title = A hopeful Bilkis goes public |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=9 August 2004 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080323094551/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 March 2008 | accessdate=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-Aug-7-04">{{cite news | title = Second riot case shift | work = The Telegraph |date=7 August 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203130142/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 February 2013| accessdate=4 February 2011 }}</ref> Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.<ref name="Hindu-Jan-14-05">{{cite news | title = Charges framed in Bilkis case |date=14 January 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050130200053/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 January 2005 | location=Chennai, India| work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate=4 February 2011 }}</ref> In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life | author = Jeremy Page |work=The Times |location=London | date = 23 January 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3234530.ece | accessdate=4 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==[[Batla House encounter case]]==

The case was referred to [[T.D Dogra|T D Dogra]] of AIIMS New Delhi for expert opinion, subsequently he appeared in court of law as an expert witness, he had explained the event through animation.<ref name="Beyondheadlines.in"/> On 25 Jul 2013, the Saket sessions court in its judgement convicted one of the suspects, Shahzad Ahmad, for murder of police inspector [[Mohan Chand Sharma]] and attempted murder of Head Constables Balwant Singh and Rajbir Singh. The court also found Ahmad guilty of obstructing and assaulting public servants, and grievously injuring the police officers to deter them from performing their duty.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ali |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/batla-house-im-operative-convicted/article4952500.ece |title=Batla House: IM operative convicted |work=The Hindu |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2013-07-27}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/correction/article4968502.ece |title=Correction |work=The Hindu |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2013-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/batla-a-genuine-encounter-glad-police-could-prove-chidambaram/article4952731.ece|title=Batla a genuine encounter; glad police could prove: Chidambaram|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Accused-Shahzad-held-guilty-in-Batla-House-encounter-case-court-says-raid-genuine/Article1-1098112.aspx |title=Accused Shahzad held guilty in Batla House encounter case, court says raid genuine – Hindustan Times |accessdate=2013-07-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727081202/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Accused-Shahzad-held-guilty-in-Batla-House-encounter-case-court-says-raid-genuine/Article1-1098112.aspx |archivedate=27 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://judis.nic.in/judis_cat/detail_dc.aspx |title=State Vs. Shahzad Ahmad @ Pappu |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515080401/http://www.judis.nic.in/judis_cat/detail_dc.aspx |archive-date=15 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==[[Shopian rape and murder case|Shopian death case]]==
Near to Shopian a town about 40 km away from Srinagar, Kashmir two women were found dead on the banks of Rambiara Nala, the autopsies were conducted by a team of doctors of Kashmir including one lady doctor. The cause of death was given as head injury. The vaginal swabs were preserved which were positive for spermatozoa at FSL Srinagar. There was agitation led by Majlis Musharraf in Kashmir. The police officers were arrested. The matter was taken by Kashmir High court Suo moto. CBI was entrusted with investigations who engaged Professor T D Dogra as chairman of the team of experts, which included experts from CFSL(central forensic laboratory New Delhi) and AIIMS New Delhi. After exhumation and exhaustive examination, Board of experts concluded that cause of death was drowning and it was a case of deception because vaginal swabs did not belong to the deceased ladies, these were of the source other than the two deceased ladies, it was concluded by DNA Profiling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/tag/shopian/page/5/|title=CBI submits Shopian exhumation report to court|work=The Indian Express|date=13 October 2009|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shopian-case-cbi-exhumes-bodies-402272|publisher=NDTV|date=28 September 2009|title=Shopian case: CBI exhumes bodies|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>

==[[Indira Gandhi]]==
Indira Gandhi was brought at 9:30{{nbsp}}am to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], where doctors operated on her. She was declared dead at 2:20{{nbsp}}pm. The post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors headed by Dr. [[T.D. Dogra]]. Dr. Dogra stated that as many as 30 bullet wounds were sustained by Indira Gandhi, from two sources, a [[Sten|Sten gun]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071110185009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926929-2,00.html Indira Gandhi: Death in the Garden] – ''Time''</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8QufTc6fAocC&dq=Satwant+Singh+indira&pg=RA1-PA135 Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants] – Cynthia Keppley Mahmood – Google Books</ref> and a pistol. The assailants had fired 31 bullets at her, of which 30 had hit; 23 had passed through her body while 7 were trapped inside her. Dr. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the identity of the weapons and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. The bullets were matched with respective weapons at CFSL Delhi. Subsequently, Dr. Dogra appeared in the court of Shri Mahesh Chandra as an expert witness (PW-5), and his testimony lasted several sessions. The cross examination was conducted by Shri [[P. N. Lekhi]], the defence counsel.<ref>Dr. T D Dogra's Expert Evidence in trial of assassination of Late Mrs Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (Witness No. PW 5) Raina Anupuma, Lalwani Sanjeev, Dogra TD, Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS, N. Delhi. Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Year : 2009, Volume : 7, Issue : 4</ref> [[Salma Sultan]] gave the first news of assassination of Indira Gandhi on [[Doordarshan]]'s evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/ The riots that could not be televised]. Indian Express (3 November 2009). Retrieved 2014-05-21.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-we-the-eyeballs-734164-2007-09-23 We the eyeballs : Cover Story – India Today]. ''India Today''. Retrieved 2014-05-21.</ref> She died two weeks and five days before her 67th birthday.

==[[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Shanmugam's death during investigations of assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]==
Shanmugam, one of the prime suspects, allegedly committed suicide in custody of SIT. This drew the attention of media and public. On 30 July 1991, it was raised as a starred question number *t13 in Parliament, by Shri Ram Nayak MP, while replying then Home Minister Shri S B Chavan said in proceedings "..by Dr.T.D. Dogra, Additional Professor and Head of the Department of Forensic Medicines and Dr.D.N. Bhardwaj, Senior Resident Doctor in the Department of Forensic Medicines, All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. I will read the report for the information of the House so that if the Hon. Members have any doubts... (Interruptions)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/1330079101.htm|date=30 July 1991|accessdate=14 April 2016|title=Parliament of India Proceedings dated 30.07.1991|publisher=nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910815-key-suspect-sudden-death-under-suspicious-circumstances-casts-shadow-over-rajiv-assassination-probe-814658-1991-08-14|title=A Dubious twist in the investigation of Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|date=15 August 1991|access-date=14 April 2016|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_1zBQAAQBAJ&q=Shanmugam+suicide+1991&pg=PA132|title=Political mysteries-page 132|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan Author- K R Malkani|date=1 June 2009|accessdate=14 April 2016|isbn=9788184300208}}</ref>

==[[Tulsiram Prajapati Killing|CBI Reconstruct Tulsi Prajapati encounter case]]==
The CBI and a team of forensic science experts reconstructed the alleged [[fake encounter]] of Tulsi Prajapati by Gujarat police in 2006 at Chhapri village in the district on Friday. The team headed by Rajendra Singh of the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), and T D Dogra of Forensic Medicine Department at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), began the reconstruction early morning. The forensic experts and CBI were assisted by state CID officials. CID was investigating the case before Supreme Court transferred it to the central agency. The experts obtained crucial data such as the distance between the police vehicle and the car in which Prajapati was travelling, location of Prajapati's body after the encounter as per the CID's FIR, how police officers fired at Prajapati and the distance from which they fired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/cbi-reconstructs-tulsi-prajapati-fake-encounter/|title=CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati fake encounter|date=9 July 2011|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/cbi-reconstructs-tulsi-prajapati-encounter_718501.html|title=CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati encounter|publisher=Znews|date=9 July 2011|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dogra married Lalita Dogra (née-Sharma) (03-12-1950 – 24-January 2019) from [[Palampur]], Himachal Pradesh, in 1975. They have two children (Ankit and Aakanksha) and three grandchildren (Shaunak, Vanya and Arnayaa).

==See also==
* [[AIIMS, New Delhi|AIIMS New Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tirath_Dogra/publications/ Researchgate]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Dogra%20TD%5Bau%5D&dispmax=5 Pubmed]
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6bQGPv0AAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]
* [http://sgtuniversity.org/vicechancellor.html SGT University]
* [http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiims-dir-aiims.htm All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]
* [https://plus.google.com/+TDDogra/posts/AVbxtaSw2Y7 Publications on DNA Profiling]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/TDDogra] *[YouTube Channel on Personality Disorder and Forensic Psychology]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogra, Tirath Das}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Forensic pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Medical jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Indian forensic scientists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Directors of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Sardar Patel Medical College alumni]]

Talagunda

2026-02-08T10:55:03Z

MarianaCone66: enhance information further and added references

{{for|the account of the Kadamba Dynasty|Talagunda pillar inscription}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Talagunda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Praneshwara Temple Talagunda.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pranaveshwara Temple (4th century) at Talagunda
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.42|N|75.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimoga District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577 450
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08187
| registration_plate = KA-14
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Talagunda''' is a village in the [[Shikaripura]] [[taluk]] of [[Shivamogga district]] in the state of [[Karnataka, India]]. Many inscriptions found here have provided insights into the rise of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]].<ref name="kamat1">{{cite web|url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/kadamba.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|title=The Kadambas of Banavasi|date=2007-12-21|access-date=2008-05-01}}</ref>

==History==
Talagunda was earlier known as Sthanakunduru and it was an [[Agraharam|''agrahara'']] (a place of learning- ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಕೇಂದ್ರ).<ref name="rice">B. L. Rice, p482</ref> This is the earliest known ''agrahara'' found in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="kamat">{{cite web|url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/edu/agraharas.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|title=The History of Agraharas|date=2007-12-20|access-date=2008-05-01}}</ref> Built at the time of Gouthamiputa Shathakarni (ಗೌತಮಿಪುತ್ರ ಶಾತಕರ್ಣಿ). An inscription found at Talagunda indicates that Kanchi was a major centre (ghatika) for learning, especially of the vedas taught by learned brahmanas. It indicates that 32 [[Brahmins]] were relocated from a place called Ahi-kshetra to Sthanagundur by Mukanna (or Trinetra), thereby creating an ''agrahara''..<ref name="rice"/><ref name="kamat"/> Mukanna was an ancestor of [[Mayurasharma]], the founder of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]]. The word ''Ahi'' means ''snake'' or ''Naga'' in [[Sanskrit]]. [[Naga (clan)|Nagas]] were a group of ancient people who worshiped serpents. The word ''khsetra'' means ''region'' in Sanskrit. This implies that Ahi-kshetra was a region of [[Naga (clan)|Nagas]]. This could mean that the region was populated originally by Nagas,
[[Nairs]], [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]] of [[Kerala]] and [[Tulu Nadu]] who claim [[Kshatriya]] descent from the nagas trace their origins to this place.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0RHOwAACAAJ Maclean's Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency]</ref> and historically and traditionally, Balligavi and Talagunda are recorded as important [[Jainism|Jain]] centres and significant places of learning.<ref>Hampa Nagarajaiah (1999). ''History of the Early Ganga Monarchy and Jainism''. Bengaluru: Ankita Pustaka. ISBN 8187321164.</ref>

Education was imparted at Talagunda for eight centuries and the subjects that were taught included [[veda]]s, [[vedanta]], grammar and philosophy. The [[Kannada]] language was taught at primary level and clothing and food was provided to the students and teachers.<ref name="kamat"/>

==Inscriptions==
A temple dedicated to Pranaveshwara ([[Hindu]] God [[Shiva]]) is located in Talagunda. Next to it is located a stone slab containing inscriptions. In front of it is a pillar containing inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]]. The pillar inscriptions were written in the mid 5th century CE during the reign of [[Śāntivarman]] (a descendant of [[Mayurasharma]]).<ref name="poll">F. Kielhorn, ‘Talagunda Pillar Inscription of Kakusthavarman’, EI 8 (1905-06): 31-33 (inscr); Sheldon Pollock, [incomplete reference], p. 116.</ref> The author of this inscription was Kubja, the court-poet of Śāntivarman.<ref name="sirc">D. C. Sircar, p. 86</ref> He engraved the inscriptions himself to prevent any other engraver from committing mistakes. [[File:Talagunda Pillar inscription (455-460 AD) at Talagunda.JPG|200px|left|thumb|The famous Talagunda pillar inscription (450-460 A.D) that details the rise of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]].]]
Kubja, describes these inscriptions as a [[kavya]] thus:
{{Cquote|In deference to the command of King Santivarman, Kubja has written this, his own ''kavya'', upon the face of this rock<ref name="poll1">Sheldon Pollock, p135</ref>}}The inscriptions indicate that Mayurasharma, native of Talagunda,<ref name="native">Kamath (2001), pp. 30–31</ref> was accomplished in [[vaidika]] and went to the [[Pallava]] capital, [[Kanchipuram]] to study scriptures, accompanied by his [[guru]] and grandfather Veerasharama. There, having been humiliated by a Pallava guard (horseman), in a rage Mayurasharma gave up his Brahminic studies and took to the sword to avenge his insult.<ref name="avenge">Ramesh (1984), p6</ref> The inscription vividly describes the event thus:
{{Cquote|That the hand dextrous in grasping the ''kusha'' grass, fuel and stones, ladle, melted butter and the oblation vessel, unsheathed a flaming sword, eager to conquer the earth<ref name="sword">Kamath (2001), p31</ref><ref name="sword1">Moraes (1931), p15</ref>
}} The inscriptions thus describe Kadambas as Brahmins turned conquerors and praise Brahmins as ''"Gods on earth, and speakers of [[Sama Veda|Sama]], [[Rig Veda|Rig]] and [[Yajur Veda|Yajur]] [[Veda]]s"''.<ref name="fede">Federico Squarcini, p98</ref> The Kadamba lineage is described as descending from a three-sage line in the Hariti [[Pravaras|pravara]] and belonging to the Manavya [[gothra]].<ref name="fede"/>
[[File:Talagunda pillar.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A view of the Talagunda pillar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first=B. Lewis|title= Gazetteer of Mysore|url= https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0977-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Pollock|first=Sheldon I.|title= The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|year=2006|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=0-520-24500-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sircar|first=D. C.|title=Indian epigraphy|year=1996|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications|isbn=81-208-1166-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Moraes|first=George M.|title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|year=1996|orig-year=1931|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0595-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Ramesh|first=K.V.|title=Chalukyas of Vatapi|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|oclc=13869730}}
*{{cite book |last= Squarcini|first=Federico|title=Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia|year=2005|publisher= Firenze University Press|isbn=88-8453-262-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamat|first=Suryanath|title=A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present|year=2001|orig-year=1980|publisher=Jupiter|oclc=7796041}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Shimoga district]]

Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-02-05T04:52:58Z

MarianaCone66: creating bio

{{for|the Uttar Pradesh politician|Uma Shankar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''Uma Shankar Singh''' (17 January 1940 – 24 January 2013)<ref name=Jagaran>{{cite news|title=Veteran RJD MP Umashankar Singh passes away|url=http://post.jagran.com/rjd-mp-umashankar-singh-passes-away-1359100826|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618061623/http://post.jagran.com/rjd-mp-umashankar-singh-passes-away-1359100826|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2013|accessdate=25 January 2013|newspaper=Jagaran|date=25 January 2013}}</ref> was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] and represented [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. {{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
On 18 January 2013, he was admitted at the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences in [[New Delhi]] for treatment of cold, pneumonia and chest congestion. He never recovered and died from a lung infection on 24 January.<ref name=Jagaran/><ref>{{cite news |title=RJD MP Uma Shankar Singh dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RJD-MP-Uma-Shankar-Singh-dies/articleshow/18175412.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216082734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/patna/36547165_1_rjd-secretary-prabhunath-singh-rjd-state-president |url-status=live |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Uma Shanaker}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung disease]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians]]

{{bihar-politician-stub}}

B. V. Raju Institute of Technology

2026-01-22T23:42:00Z

MarianaCone66: created a pg!

{{Short description|Engineering college in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox university
| name = B.V. Raju Institute of Technology
| other_name = BVRIT
| logo =
| image_name = B V Raju Institute of Technology logo.svg
| motto = Sky is the Limit
| established = 1997
| founder = [[Padma Bhushan]] Dr. BV Raju
| type = [[Educational]] and [[Research]] [[Institution]]|
| chairman = Raju
| undergrad = 3300+
| postgrad = 300+
| location = Narsapur, Medak, [[Telangana]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.7252635|N|78.2549624|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Telangana #India
| campus = Rural, spread over 110 acres.
| website = [http://www.bvrit.ac.in/ Official website]
}}

'''B.V. Raju Institute of Technology (BVRIT)''' is an engineering college established in 1997 in [[Narsapur, Medak|Narsapur]], [[Medak]], [[Telangana State]], [[India]]. BVRIT is affiliated with [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jntuhaac.com/admntemplate.php?code=21 |title=JNTUH Academic Audit Cell (Affiliated Colleges Portal) |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105221338/http://jntuhaac.com/admntemplate.php?code=21 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (JNTUH), [[University Grants Commission (India)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018071151/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (UGC Autonomous), accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) and [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). It is one of the educational institutes of the ''Sri Vishnu Educational Society''. The founding chairman of the Sri Vishnu Educational Society is Padmabhushan Dr BV Raju and current chairman is Sri K V Vishnu Raju, CMD, Anjani Portland Cements.

==History==
[[Padmabhushan]] [[B. V. Raju|Dr. Bhupathiraju Vissam Raju]] ([[Padmabhushan]] Dr. [[B. V. Raju]]) is the founder and [[chairman]] of the Dr. B.V. Raju Foundation and the B.V. Raju Institute of Technology. Three campuses have been established: one at Narasapur in Medak (Dist) in 1997, where an engineering college has been set up called B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, the second one at Bhimavaram which includes a pharmacy school, a computer programming department, an engineering school for women and a dental college and the other one at Rajiv Gandhi Nagar Colony, near Bachupally in 2012, where an engineering college has been setup in the name BVRITH College of Engineering for Women.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2018-10-01|title=SVES shapes future of thousands of students|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2018-10-01/SVES-shapes-future-of-thousands-of-students/416816|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 27 November 2004, the government of Andhra Pradesh established its first District Knowledge Center (DKC), also called Jawahar Knowledge Center(JKC) under the campus placement mission. It is governed by the Institute of Electronic Governance at the college campus and was inaugurated by the then chief minister Dr. Y. S. Raja Sekhara Reddy. The college JKC has been awarded the Best JKC for the year 2007.

==Campus==
[[File:BVRIT College Entrance.jpg|thumb|BVRIT College Entrance Gate]]
The campus is located 3 km from Narsapur and 50 km from [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and covers {{convert|110|acre|km2}}. The campus has three blocks : Main (or APJ Abdul Kalam), Eastern (or Visvesvarayya) and Western (or Arya Bhatta).

===Academic programmes===
'''Undergraduate courses'''
* [[Biomedical engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/undergraduate-departments/biomedical-engineering |title=Biomedical Engineering ( BME ) |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221163016/http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/undergraduate-departments/biomedical-engineering |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Chemical engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Information Technology]]
* [[Electronics and Communications Engineering]]
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Pharmaceutical Engineering]]

'''Postgraduate courses'''
* [[Master of Business Administration]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/master-of-business-administration |title=Master of Business Administration (MBA) |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223073921/http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/master-of-business-administration |url-status=dead }}</ref> (MBA)
* [[Master of Computer Applications]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/master-of-computer-applications |title=Master of Computer Applications (MCA) |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822012339/http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/master-of-computer-applications |archive-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (MCA)
* [[VLSI System Design]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-vlsi-system-design |title=VLSI System Design |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204063826/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-vlsi-system-design |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Embedded systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-embedded-systems |title=Embedded systems |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127153657/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-embedded-systems |archive-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Computer Science & Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/computer-science- |title=Computer Science & Engineering |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223073915/http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/computer-science- |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Software Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/software-engineering |title=Software Engineering |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216031836/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/software-engineering |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Chemical Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-chemical-engineering |title=Chemical Engineering |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121102557/http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/post-graduate-departments/mtech-chemical-engineering |archive-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Electrical Power Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/65-electrical-power-systems |title=Electrical Power Systems |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120010331/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/65-electrical-power-systems |archive-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Power Engineering & Energy Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/79-power-engineering-a-energy-systems |title=Power Engineering & Energy Systems |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922202042/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/79-power-engineering-a-energy-systems |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Engineering Design]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/80-design-engineering |title=Engineering Design |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922202046/http://bvrit.ac.in/academics/viewgroup/80-design-engineering |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Pharmaceutical Engineering]]

===Library===
The central library covers 706 square metres and has a seating capacity of around 140. It has around 3,000 titles and 29,000 volumes. The college is a member of ''Sonnet'', an A.P. Government "Society for networking for excellence in Technical education", and receives 230 online journals from Sonnet. BVRIT has access to its subscribed 12 international journals and 89 Indian journals and an electronic library where students can access books and journals from e-publications.

In 2001 the college started a Book Bank Scheme offering a complete set of text books to each student for the entire semester or academic year at a nominal rent.

===Facilities===
[[File:Bvrit lake.JPG|thumb|lake]]
[[File:BVRIT Bus.jpg|thumb|left|One of the college buses belonging to Dr. BVR Institute of Technology]]
Students can stay in the campus, where girls and boys are accommodated separately. The hostels can accommodate about 500 girls and 1000 boys and further hostels are under construction. BVRIT provides quarters within the campus for its staff. The college has a health care facility which provides medical care for the staff and students. It has a qualified doctor who is available at all times on the campus and arranges regular medical checkups for the students and staff. BVRIT has dining hall and a cafeteria called 'Daffodils' as well as a Food Court (FC) with delicious food. The student committees decides the menus. There are fast food outlets in addition to the cafeteria.

The college has a 600-seat auditorium inaugurated by former president of India, Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. BVRIT has introduced a learning atmosphere through an e-classroom which is used to develop communication skills, in–team based projects and curriculum-prescribed course work.
[[File:Fggggf.jpg|thumb|Ganesh temple]]
The Ganesh Temple is located in the campus. An artificial lake and a boating club have been established where students and faculty members can take a boat ride.

BVRIT is located around 50 km from Hyderabad and runs about 50 buses from in and around the city. It can also be reached by buses from JBS and Balanagar.

==Kalam's visit==

Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] visited the college on 27 August 2007 and addressed the students. During his visit he inaugurated the 600-seat auditorium and the Sri Vishnu College of Pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Avadhani|first=R.|date=2015-07-29|title=Memories of Kalam to stay here forever|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/memories-of-kalam-to-stay-here-forever/article7476258.ece|access-date=2021-08-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Padmasri Dr. B.V Raju Institute of Technology}}
* [http://jntuhaac.com/achievement_description.php?id=459]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Portal bar|Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmasri Dr. B.V Raju Institute of Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]]

Umbadiyu

2026-01-09T05:30:03Z

MarianaCone66: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian seasonal dish}}
[[File:Umbadiyu at home.jpg|thumb|Umbadiyu being cooked in an upside down earthen pot]]

'''Umbadiyu''' or '''Ubadyu''' is local delicacy and seasonal dish from districts of South Gujarat [[Valsad district|Valsad]]. However mostly the dish is made in rural areas of Valsad or near [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] from [[Dungri]] City to [[Umargam]]. And also found in UT of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Umbadiyu: Try this delectable Gujarati dish for dinner tonight (recipe inside) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/umbadiyu-try-this-delectable-gujarati-dish-for-dinner-tonight-recipe-inside-7661119/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Umbadiyu - Gujarat's Original Winter Barbeque {{!}} How To Make Umbadiyu (Recipe Inside) |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/how-to-make-umbadiyu-step-by-step-recipe-of-umbadiyu-2357988 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>

The dish is mostly eaten in winter due to availability of ingredients.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Pai |first=Giridhar |title=On the trail of Umbadiyu - Valsad's winter delicacy |url=https://timesofurbania.substack.com/p/on-the-trail-of-umbadiyu-valsads |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=timesofurbania.substack.com |date=February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The common ingredients of the dish are, potatoes, green beans, purple yam and sweet potatoes. The dish unique for its fragrance and earthiness of kalar([[Acalypha indica|Indian nettle]]) and Kamboi([[Phyllanthus reticulatus|Black honey shrub]]). The dish made in [[Matki (earthen pot)|rounded earthen pot]] put upside down in fire.<ref name="auto"/>

The dish is called as 'Gujarati Barbeque' due to its smoky flavour.

The dish is often served with green chilly chutney and [[Chaas]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The dish was once mentioned in famous Hindi TV show ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''. An Umbadiyu brunch was organised by Jethalal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah, February 25, Preview: Jethalal wants to have a 'Umbadiyu' party |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/serials/article/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-february-25-preview-jethalal-wants-to-have-a-umbadiyu-party/557278 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |date=24 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* {{portal-inline|Food}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]

Vaikom Vijayalakshmi

2026-01-08T00:25:24Z

MarianaCone66: creating new article

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vijayalakshmi
| image = Vaikom Vijayalakshmi DSW.JPG
| birth_name = Vijayalakshmi Muraleedharan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|07}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/women/celebrity/439780 |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606030225/http://www.mangalam.com/women/celebrity/439780 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| instrument = Vocals, Gayatriveena
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]]
| years_active = 1995 – present
| spouse = {{Marriage|N. Anoop|2018|2021|end=divorced}}
}}

'''Vaikom Vijayalakshmi''' (born 7 October 1981) is an Indian playback singer from [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Celluloid dreams|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/celluloid-dreams/article4340915.ece|access-date=23 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 January 2013}}</ref> She is an expert in a rare musical instrument called Gayatriveena. She won special jury mention for her much appreciated work in the 2013 film ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaikomvijayalakshmi.com/ |title=vaikomvijayalekshmi.com |website=www.vaikomvijayalakshmi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201201839/http://vaikomvijayalakshmi.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-01}}</ref> She was born at [[Vaikom]] on 7 October 1981 and later on moved to [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=She sings to conquer|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/27/stories/2002052700250200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230084831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/27/stories/2002052700250200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2003|access-date=23 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 May 2002}}</ref> In 2022, she was honoured with [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Sree Award]], third highest civilian award given by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala declares 1st-ever Padma-inspired awards; MT gets highest honour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/nov/01/kerala-declares-1st-ever-padma-inspired-awards-mt-gets-highest-honour-2513604.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=November 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born on 7 October 1981, on [[Vijayadashami]]. She got engaged to Bahrain-based technician Santhosh in December 2016, but she suddenly called off her wedding, citing that her fiancé insulted her for her blindness and requested her to stop stage shows. She was praised for her decision on social media. Vaikom Vijayalakshmi married N. Anoop, a mimicry artist on 22 October 2018 at [[Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple]]. They got divorced in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chennaivision.com/vaikom-vijayalakshmi-calls-off-wedding/|title=Vaikom Vijayalakshmi calls off wedding – ChennaiVision|date=2017-02-27|work=ChennaiVision|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en-US|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515135253/https://chennaivision.com/vaikom-vijayalakshmi-calls-off-wedding/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=October 2024}}
* 2012: [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] for "Kaatte Kaatte" from ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Prithviraj, Rima steal the show at State Film Awards | publisher=Times Of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Prithviraj-Rima-steal-the-show-at-State-Film-Awards/articleshow/18628671.cms|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] for "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2013: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (Light Music)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]] for "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2014: Mirchi Music Awards (South) for Upcoming Female Vocalist of the year for "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/malayalam/winners.php |title=Winners {{!}} Mirchi Music Awards |website=www.mirchimusicawards.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824195556/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/malayalam/winners.php |archive-date=2014-08-24}}</ref>
* 2014: Nominated – [[Asianet Film Awards| Asianet Film Awards for Best Playback Singer(Female) ]] – "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2014: Jaycey Film Awards for Best Singer for "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mammootty-meena-win-awards/article6301997.ece|title = Mammootty, Meena win awards|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 11 August 2014}}</ref>
* 2014: Nominated – [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2014: Eenam Swaralaya Awards for song of the year – "Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2014: Nominated – [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Awards for Best Singer(Female)]]-"Ottakku Padunna" from ''[[Nadan]]''
* 2014: Nominated – [[Vijay Awards|Vijay Award for Best Singer(Female)]]-"Puthiya Uligai" from ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
* 2014: C.K.M.A Malayalam film Awards for Best female singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://keralatodaynews.blogspot.in/2014/10/ckma-malayalam-film-serial-awards-2014.html|title = C.K.M.A Malayalam film- serial awards 2014 announced}}</ref>
* 2015: Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]] for "Kaikkottum" from ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]''
* 2016: Won – [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award for Best Singer(Female)]]- "Kaikottum" from "[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]"
* 2017: Honorary doctorate ([[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt]]) from International Tamil University [[United States]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_p62qG0YL4 |title=Vaikom Vijayalakshmi honoured with D. Litt degree |last=News |first=Manorama |date=2017-07-05 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>
* 2022: [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Sree]] award instituted by Government of Kerala<ref>{{cite web |title=M T Vasudevan Nair chosen for Kerala's first highest state-level award |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/m-t-vasudevan-nair-chosen-for-keralas-first-highest-state-level-award/445006.html |website=Press Trust of India |publisher=PTI |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Vaikom Vijayalakshmi discography}}

==Filmography==
* 2022 – Swami Saranam
* 2014 – Ezhudesangalkkumakale

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Vaikom Vijayalakshmi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayalakshmi, Vaikom}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Vaikom]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian blind musicians]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sree Award Winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Matarvadi

2026-01-07T15:21:00Z

MarianaCone66: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Patan, Gujarat]]
{{R with history|Patan, Gujarat}}

Borivali

2026-01-04T13:29:47Z

MarianaCone66: enhance details per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Suburb of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{for|the village in Pune district|Borivali, Mawal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Borivali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Borivli
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Skyscrapers of Mumbai viewed from 'National Park, Borivili.jpg
| image_caption = Borivali skyline from [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra#India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Borivali in [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.23|N|72.86|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag | India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1 Million
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = Borivali (East) - 400066 Borivali (West) - 400091, 400092 Mandapeshwar (Borivali) - 400103
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = MH 47
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Borivali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borivali]]{{efn|Covers western part of the suburb}} [[Magathane (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Magathane]]{{efn|Covers eastern part of the suburb}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Borivali''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[boːɾiʋəliː]]]) is a suburb located in northwestern [[Mumbai]], India. Traditionally, tribals and East Indians lived in Borivali.

Attractions include the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], Fish Park, [[Kanheri Caves]], [[Mandapeshwar Caves]], Water Kingdom, the Rushivan and Hanuman Tekdi, with views of the suburbs.

[[Borivali railway station]] is an originating and terminating [[Rail transport|Railway]] Station for [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai local trains]] towards [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]] in the [[South]] & [[Virar railway station|Virar]] in the [[North]]. Also some express trains halt at this [[Rail transport|rail]] station which provides ease for people [[travel]]ling long distances.

==Demographics==
Borivali has a large population of Marathi people, followed by Gujarati people.<ref>{{cite news|title=BMC polls: How the BJP burrowed into Gujarati-dominated suburbs |last=Rishi |first=Shubir |date=February 24, 2017 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/bmc-polls-how-the-bjp-burrowed-into-gujarati-dominated-suburbs-2357493.html}}</ref>

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
[[File:KITLV 88162 - Unknown - Reliefs at Borivali in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|Reliefs at Borivali, 1897.]]
[[File:KITLV 88163 - Unknown - Reliefs at Borivali in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|Reliefs at Borivali, 1897.]]
The names Borivaḻī (बोरिवळी) and Boriyli-gram occur as the name of a place in the 15th-17th-century Marathi-language text ''[[Mahikavatichi Bakhar]]''; these names derive from the term for the [[Indian jujube]] tree (''bor'' in Marathi).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipesh Karmarkar |title=Understanding Place Names in 'Mahikavati's Bakhar': A Case of Mumbai-Thane Region |journal=Studies in Indian Place Names |issn=2394-3114 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |location=Mysore |volume=XXXI |year=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308925531_UNDERSTANDING_PLACE_NAMES_IN_'MAHIKAVATI'S_BAKHAR'_A_CASE_OF_MUMBAI-THANE_REGION |pages=123, 128 }}</ref>

The present-day Borivali has developed from what was once a conglomerate region of smaller settlements, namely Eksar, [[Poisar]], Vazira, [[Shimpoli]], Mandpeshwar, Dattapada, Kanheri, Tulsi, Magathane, and [[Gorai]], which were situated on and around [[Mount Poinsur]], between the [[Dahisar River]] and [[Poisar River]].

The pre-historic era's "Mandpeshwar" (“An 8th-century remain of a beautiful Edifice structure, the Mandapeshwar Caves is a rock cut architecture and a Hindu shrine of Lord Shiva located near Borivali IC Colony, at walking distance from Dahisar Railway Station”) and "[[Kanheri Caves|Kanheri caves]]" stand testament to the rich history of this place. Borivali was spelt "Berewlee" by the then ruled India under the [[British Raj]]. It is also spelt and pronounced as "Borivli".

Borivali is densely populated but continues to retain some green cover due to the presence of the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], previously known as the "Borivali National Park", in the east and the [[mangrove]]s in the western end of Borivali.

== Landmarks ==
One of the many gardens that Borivali boasts of is the Veer Savarkar Udyan on Lokmanya Tilak Road and Rivali Park. It has four entrances from T.P.S. Road, Factory Lane, and Babhai and has a jogging track, a boating area, a children's play garden, and skating. Gorai Udyan is at Gorai Sector-1. I.C.Colony is also home to the Tukaram Ombale Garden/Fish Park, which can be accessed from the Link Road and the I.C. Colony last bus stop.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 2009, Jhansi Ki Rani Laxmibai Joggers' Park was inaugurated on Link Road, adjacent to the Eskay Resort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Borivli-residents-get-a-joggers-park/articleshow/3932344.cms|title=Borivli residents get a joggers' park|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The plot measures around 4 acres, has a jogging track surrounding a body of water, where boating facilities have been started, and features slabs with information on various freedom fighters scripted on them, besides seating areas for senior citizens. This Jogger's Park has a small fee for entry. Another Joggers' Park is located in Chikuwadi.

Espee Square is an upcoming business center on Dattapada Road, connected to the Western Express Highway at Borivali East.

Oberoi Sky City is an upcoming township with [[Skyscraper]]s, a mall and a 5-star hotel.

The Orion is an upcoming Business Park on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Rd at Borivali West.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Attractions==
*[[Gorai]] Beach is on the western end of Borivali. One can reach here by crossing [[Gorai Creek]] by ferry. Rickshaw is available on the other side of the ferry. On holidays the beach is full of visitors and locals. Plenty of accommodation options are also available at [[Gorai]] beach.<ref name="MTDC">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Beaches/Beaches.aspx?strpage=MarveManoriGorai_beaches.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207090650/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Beaches/Beaches.aspx?strpage=MarveManoriGorai_beaches.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2007|title=Gorai Beach|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/mumbaikars-will-soon-be-able-to-visit-mangrove-park-in-gorai-1042723.html|title=Mumbaikars will soon be able to visit Mangrove Park in Gorai |date=21 October 2021 }}</ref>
*[[EsselWorld]]: One of Mumbai's largest amusement parks. Post COVID-19 pandemic, this facility stands closed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselworld.in/home.html|title=Esselworld|website=www.esselworld.in|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>
*Water Kingdom: Asia's largest water park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waterkingdom.in/home.html|title=Water Kingdom - Asia's Largest Theme Water Park|website=www.waterkingdom.in|access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>
*[[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] is one of the national parks within the metro limits of a major city, and one of the most visited national parks in the world.{{fact|date=September 2025}}
*[[Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Borivali|Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church]] – Mount Poinsur, Mandapeshwar, I. C. Colony. – Roman Catholic church
*[[Mandapeshwar Caves]]
*[[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]
*[[Mandapeshwar Caves]]
*[[Kanheri Caves]]
*Gorai Mangrove Park<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai’s Gorai Mangrove Park expected to open on May 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-gorai-mangrove-park-expected-open-may1-9864114/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
* [[Ryan International School]]
* [[VIBGYOR Group of Schools]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibgyorhigh.com/mumbai-borivali.php|title=ICSE {{!}} CBSE School in Borivali, Mumbai - VIBGYOR High|website=www.vibgyorhigh.com|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>
* [[Saint Francis D'Assisi High School]]
* [[Mary Immaculate Girls' High School]]
* [[JBCN International School]]
Don Bosco High School and Junior College
St. Anne's Girls High School

==Transportation==
Road Ways: Autorickshaws, taxis, BEST buses and trains are the public modes of transport available in and to Borivali. Borivali (east) is well connected with [[Western Express Highway]] while Borivali (west) is linked to the New Link Road. Connectivity has increased with two metro lines set to pass through Borivali: [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Mumbai Metro Line 2]] and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Mumbai Metro Line 7]].

===Railway station===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 87 Borivali station.jpg|thumb|Borivali railway station]]
{{Main|Borivali railway station}}
Borivali railway station is a railway station on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. It is one of the major platforms of the Mumbai metropolitan city and the biggest railway station in the [[Western Railway zone|Western railway]]. The platform has access to all stations from [[Churchgate]] to [[Virar]]. The platform has good connectivity for Express trains which goes to different states around the country. It has 10 platforms which were renumbered in 2019, this sudden change created much confusion for everyday travelers. With every platform being busy for almost 18–20 hours a day. It is believed to be one of the blind-friendly railway stations on the western railway. Information obtained under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information]] (RTI) Act reveals that it is the most crowded station in Mumbai with around 2.87 lakh passengers traveling from there daily.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Notable people==
* [[Asha Bhosle]], singer
* [[Rohit Sharma]], cricketer
* [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]], politician, National Leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Jaywant Dalvi]], Marathi author
* [[Drashti Dhami]], TV actress
* [[Bhavya Gandhi]], TV actor
* [[Avdhoot Gupte]], Marathi classical singer
* [[Bose Krishnamachari]], Malayali painter
* [[Dhondutai Kulkarni]], Hindustani classical singer
* [[Ram Naik]], UP Governor, former minister
* [[Ratnakar Pai]], Hindustani classical singer
* [[Rohan Shah]], actor
* [[Vinod Tawde]], Member of Legislative Assembly, Minister
* [[Disha Vakani]], TV actress

==See also==
*[[Dattapada]]
*[[Devipada]]
*[[Kandivali]]
*[[Dahisar]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Borivali| ]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Talukas in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban district]]

Parimelalhagar

2025-12-27T06:26:49Z

MarianaCone66: added the article first draft

{{Short description|Medieval Indian literary scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Parimelalhagar
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| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Vanduvarai Perumal
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym = Parimelalhagiyaar, Parimelalhagiyan, and Parimelalhagaraiyan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 13th century CE
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = Probably 13th century CE
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Scholar, poet and temple priest
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = 13th century CE
| genre = 
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| notableworks = Commentary to the [[Tirukkural]]
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'''Parimelalhagar''' ({{circa|13th century CE}}), sometimes spelled '''Parimelazhagar''', born '''Vanduvarai Perumal''', was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[poet]] and scholar known for his [[Literary criticism|commentary]] on the ''[[Thirukkural]]''.{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}} He was the last among the canon of [[Ten Medieval Commentators|ten medieval commentators]] of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars.{{sfn|Velusami and Faraday, 2017|p=54}}{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=1–6}} He was also among the five oldest commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the [[Modern era]], the others being [[Manakkudavar]], [[Pari Perumal]], [[Kaalingar]], and [[Paridhi]]. Of all the ancient commentaries available of the Kural literature, Parimelalhagar's commentary is considered by scholars as the best both in textual and literary aspects.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=126 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=14}} The codification of the writings of [[Valluvar]] is attributed to Parimelalhagar. Parimelalhagar also remains the most reviewed, in terms of both praise and criticism, of all the medieval Kural commentators. Praised for its literary richness and clarity, Parimelalhagar's commentary is considered highly complex and exquisite in its own right that it has several scholarly commentaries appearing over the centuries to elucidate it.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|pp=14–15}} Along with the Kural text, Parimelalhagar's commentary has been widely published that it is in itself regarded a Tamil classic.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=395}}

Although the chapter ordering, and the verse ordering within each chapter, of the Tirukkural as set by Parimelalhagar varies greatly from the original work of [[Valluvar]], the scholars and publishers of the modern era primarily follow Parimelalhagar's ordering. Thus, it is Parimelalhagar's ordering that is used to number the Kural chapters and couplets today.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}

==Early life==
[[File:Varadaraja Perumal Temple Kanchipuram (3).jpg|250px|right|thumb|Varadaraja Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram, where inscription mentioning Parimelalhagar is found.]]
Parimelalhagar was born Vanduvarai Perumal{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=167–168}} in [[Kancheepuram]] in the erstwhile [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai state]] in a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Brahmin]] family and is believed to have lived during the late 13th century CE.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=166}} He belonged to the lineage of priests of [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Sri Ulagalandha Perumal temple]] in his home town.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=166–167}} He is also known by various names as Vanduvarai Perumal, Parimelalhagiyaar, Parimelalhagiyan, and Parimelalhagaraiyan.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} [[Sivagyana Munivar]] mentions him as Parimelalhagiyaar in his work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}}

Parimel's time has been deduced by referring to various historical accounts.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}} In his [[venpa]] verse named "Valluvar seer", [[Umapathi Shivachariyar]], a poet from the late 13th century, lists Parimel's commentary as one of the six greatest works ever in the Tamil language.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=166}}{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}} In the introductory section of his commentary to [[Book of Inbam|Book III]] of the Kural, Parimel mentions [[Bhoja|King Bhoja]] (reigned c. 1010–1055 CE) from the [[Paramara dynasty]] and his work ''Shringara-Prakasha'', which has been dated to early 11th century.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=433}} Also scholars assert that Senavarayar precedes Parimel in time.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}} Thus, Parimel is believed to have been born in the early 13th century.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}}

There are accounts of Parimel's living in both the cities of Kancheepuram and [[Madurai]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} Verse 41 of the [[Thondaimandala Sadhagam]] says that "Parimelalhagar of Kancheepuram served as beacon to the Kural."{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} Additionally, an inscription on a plaque dating back to 1271 CE, which was erected in the 22nd year of the rule of the [[Telugu Cholas|Telugu Chola]] King Vijayakanda Gopalan, mentions a land transaction done by Parimelalhagiya Dhadhan.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} According to [[M. Raghava Iyengar]], this Parimelalhagiya Dhadhan was none other than Parimel.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} These serve as evidence to the claim that Parimel lived in Kancheepuram. According to another tradition, Parimel is said to be a native of Kadayam in [[Tirunelveli district]] and that his master was Jenana Vira Iyer, who made his pupil a guru to the Nadar sect and gave him the name Parimelalhagar.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=257}} Verses 1547 and 1548 of the Perunthirattu indicate that he was a political figure in the town of Okkur near Madurai in the [[Pandya Kingdom]],{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=432}} for which he was known as "Okkai Kavalan" (lit. "protector of Okkur").{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=257}} The word usage that he employed in his Kural commentary (as in couplet 650) appears to be the colloquial version of the language spoken in Tirunelveli district even today.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} Incidentally, there are also several tombs indicating the name "Parimelalhagar" found across the district.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}} These indicate that he must have lived in the Pandya Kingdom, chiefly Madurai.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}}

Right from his young age, Parimel was well versed in [[Sanskrit]] language's [[Tharka]], [[Vyākaraṇa|Vyakarna]], [[Samkhya|Sankya]], and [[Vedanta]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language's [[Tolkappiyam]] and other classic literary works.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} Despite being a Vaishnavite, Parimel had a great knowledge of the [[Shaivism|Saivite]] literature.{{sfn|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 2 October 2017}} He had a good understanding of [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]], [[Siddhanta]] and [[Vedanta]], which are considered vital to unravel the riches of the Tirukkural, which helped him do justice to his commentary.{{sfn|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 18 October 2015}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=316}} When Parimel chose to write a literary criticism, he analysed in depth the works of the previous nine commentators who lived before his time and eliminated the flaws found in those earlier commentaries.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} When he completed his writing and perfected the work, he decided to stage it in the court of the Pandya ruler.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} Legend has it that the King wanted Parimel to stage his work seated on a [[bronze]] horse mounted in his court.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} When Parimel did so, the bronze horse moved, serving as evidence to his scholarly stature.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} Thus he came to be known as Parimelalhagar (meaning "the handsome equestrian").{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} The name is sometimes indicated as "Parimelalhagiyar" and "Parimelalhagaraiyyan". His commentary on the Kural came to be called "Parimelalhagiyar Virutthi".{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} He is believed to have written the commentary around 1271–1272 CE as indicated in an inscription at the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] at [[Kanchipuram]].{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} This is indicated in the work ''Sasana Tamil Kavi Saritham'' by Raghava Iyengar.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} Parimel has also written a commentary on [[Paripaadal]], one of the work of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettuthogai'').{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}}

==Religion==
There are several pieces of evidence indicating that Parimelalhagar belonged to the Vaishnavite sect.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=432}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=167}} His explanations to Kural couplets 610 and 1103, his reference to the [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] in various instances, his employment of verses from the [[Tiruvaymoli]] in couplets 349 and 370, and his citing [[Nammalvar]]'s verses in chapter 39 in the [[Porul (Kural book)|second book]] of the Kural text all indicate that he was a Vaishnavite.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=379–423}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=432}} While a staunch devotee of [[Vishnu]], Parimel practiced religious tolerance and treated other religions of his time with equal respect.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=433}}

==Commentary to the Kural text==
Parimelalhagar's commentary is considered by scholars the best of all ancient commentaries on the Kural text and is esteemed on par with the Kural text itself for its literary quality.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=126 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} Scholars attribute the codification of the writings of Valluvar to Parimelalhagar.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=142}} Parimel was highly successful in reflecting all the poetic nuances found in Valluvar's thought in prosaic form in his commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=387}} No other commentator so far has matched his style, clarity and High Tamil writing in the history of Tamil literature.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=387}} The literary quality of Parimel's commentary is so rich that one has to depend on highly learned intellectuals to completely understand the commentary.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}} It is said that Parimel has commented on the grammatical construction for more than 500 couplets of the Kural text, without which it is believed that the import of these couplets could have been easily misconstrued.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} His command of the Tamil grammar can be observed from his commentary to kurals 127, 196, 272, 1029, 1030, 1115, and 1186, where he had given grammar notes explaining different parts of speech. Throughout Book III of the Kural literature, Parimel explains the grammar of the ''akam'' (inner feelings or subjective) genre of Tamil literature. In Chapters 77 (Army) and 78 (Valour) of Book II, Parimel explicates the ''puram'' (outer actions or objective) genre of Tamil literature, which can be observed especially from his elaborations to kurals 771, 773, and 774.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=390}} Parimel embellishes his commentary by employing similes (e.g., kurals 100, 144, 343, 360, 399, 404, 416, 422, 425, 448, 571, 693, 741, 797, 900){{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=434}} and adding literary accounts where necessary (e.g., kural 63).{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He quotes from earlier commentators (e.g., kurals 17, 18, 207, 210, 290, 305, 580, 593, 599, 612, 615, 910, 925, 1028),{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=435}} points out varied inferences, and debunks any incorrect inferences.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} He also provides Tamil translations of Sanskrit terms used by Valluvar.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} In several instances, he extols the best explanations for a particular couplet given by earlier commentators.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} He also includes in his commentaries literary accounts from both Tamil and Sanskrit literature.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} In several places, he points out the Tamil traditions that are in line with the moral of the couplets.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} He also includes several historical accounts across his commentary (e.g., couplets 100, 144, 514, 547, 771, 773, 785, 899, 900, 935).{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=435}} Parimelalhagar compulsively elucidates the ethical connections between seemingly contradictory thoughts laid out in couplets 380 and 620, 481 and 1028, 373 and 396, and 383 and 672.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=384–385}} All these made his commentary coming to be known as "Viruddhi Urai" (expandable commentary).{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}}

Parimel writes commentaries beginning with an introduction to each book and explains the introductory chapters in each of the Kural books.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He analyzes and segregates chapters as subdivisions known as ''iyal''s.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He summarizes the contents of each chapter with an abstract at the beginning of each chapter, and also connects the previous chapter with the current one in a logical manner, justifying his own way of chapter arrangement.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He also connects every couplet within a chapter by explaining the flow of thoughts between them.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=27}} He writes a verbatim explanation to each couplet and clarifies the meaning of difficult words.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He also indicates that every manuscript of the Kural by earlier commentators had only verbatim explanations and that detailed commentaries were made by those who published those manuscripts.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} Below his verbatim explanations, he provides lucid explanations in contemporary language, which contain several well-researched notes.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} He also provides ample examples wherever necessary, employing several literary phrases before his time in prose.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}} Being the last of the medieval commentators, Parimel verily had the opportunity to study the commentaries of all those who lived before his time. In most places he agrees with Manakkudavar and cites his work amply.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|pp=138–139}} In places where he is in disagreement with Manakkudavar and other early commentators, Parimel debunks their ideas sincerely with logical explanations.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|pp=138–139}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=27}} Although the original text of Parimel's commentary appears in a summary form (known as ''polhippurai'') describing the meaning and moral of a given couplet, later scholars split it in order to simplify it, providing word-by-word meaning.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=433}}

Parimel is known to be a [[polymath]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=392–394}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=169–171}} His expertise spanned across fields such as ethics, linguistics, philosophy, mathematics, poetry, logic, metaphysics, theology, politics, music, and medicine.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=392–394}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=169–171}} His knowledge of theology and religion surfaces across his commentary to [[Book of Aram|Book I]], examples being his elaboration to couplets 21, 62, 351, 355, 358, 338, and 360.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=392–394}} He discusses the [[Samkhya]] philosophy in couplet 27 and [[Arhat]] in couplet 286.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=394}} His political acumen can be seen in virtually every chapter of Book II, more so in his explanations to couplets 385, 442, 735, 756, and 767.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=393–394}} His musical knowledge is expressed in his commentary for kural 573.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=393}} His knowledge on medicine can be seen in his commentary for kurals 941, 944, 948, and 950.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=121}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=393}} Parimel is also known for prudently employing the prevailing culture and linguistic usage of his time.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=385–386}}

===Changes made by Parimelalhagar in his commentary===
====Variations in ordering of the Kural verses====
[[File:Tirukkural with Parimelalakar's commentary.png|200px|right|thumb|A page from the Parimelalhagar's commentary on the 39th chapter of the Tirukkural]]
The following table depicts the variations among the early commentators' ordering of, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimel, which had been followed unanimously by both scholars and critics for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard ordering of the Kural couplets.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:40%" rowspan="2"|Kural verse beginning
!colspan="5"|Couplet ordering
|-
![[Manakkudavar]]'s
![[Pari Perumal]]'s
![[Paridhi]]'s
![[Kaalingar]]'s
!Parimelalhagar's
|-
| Kural 1: அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம்
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Kural 2: கற்றதனால் ஆய பயன்
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-
| Kural 3: மலர்மிசை ஏகினான் மாணடி
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
|-
| Kural 4: வேண்டுதல் வேண்டாமை இலான்
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 7
| 4
|-
| Kural 5: இருள்சேர் இருவினையும் சேரா
| 7
| 7
| 6
| 6
| 5
|-
| Kural 6: பொறிவாயில் ஐந்தவித்தான்
| 8
| 8
| 7
| 7
| 6
|-
| Kural 7: தனக்கு உவமை இல்லாதான்
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 4
| 7
|-
| Kural 8: அற ஆழி அந்தணன்
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 9
| 8
|-
| Kural 9: கோளில் பொறியில் குணமிலவே
| 10
| 10
| 8
| 5
| 9
|-
| Kural 10: பிறவிப் பெருங்கடல் நீந்துவர்
| 9
| 9
| 9
| 10
| 10
|}

It is found that there are as many as 120 variations found in the ordering of the Kural couplets by Parimel with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar.

====Subdividing the books====
Like all other medieval commentators, Parimel divides the books of the Kural text in his own way. He divides Book I into three parts, namely, invocation or introduction, domestic virtues, and ascetic virtues, while other medieval commentators divided Book I into four portions, namely, introduction, domestic virtues, ascetic virtues, and fate.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=158}} While other medieval commentators divide Book II into five or even six parts, Parimel divides the book into three parts, namely, kingship (royalty), elements of sovereignty (''angas'' or limbs of the state) and common duties.{{sfn|Srinivasachari, 1988|p=15}} While Parimel's division of Book III consists of two parts, namely, ''Kalavu'' (secret love) and ''Karpu'' (wedded love), other medieval scholiasts have divided the Book of Inbam into three to five portions.{{sfn|Zvelebil, 1973|p=158}}

====Textual variations====
Spelling, [[Homophone|homophonic]], and other minor textual variations between Manakkudavar and Parimelalhagar commentaries are found in several verses such as couplets 139, 256, 317, and 445.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xi}}

Parimel's version of the Kural text varies from that of Manakkudavar in about 220 instances, including 84 in [[Aram (Kural book)|Book I]], 105 in [[Porul (Kural book)|Book II]], and 32 in [[Inbam (Kural book)|Book III]] of the Kural text. With regard to the commentary by Kaalingar, Parimelalhagar's version varies in about 215 places.{{sfn|Kumaravelan, 2008|pp=9–10}} He has cited other earlier commentators in as many as 133 places within his commentary. He has justified the changes that he has made to the Kural text in about 48 instances.{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=19}} In instances such as his explanations to kurals 41, 100, 114, 235, and 563, the meanings given by Parimel differ from that of other medieval commentators.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|pp=123–125}}

====Chapter order variations====
Like the other commentators before his time, Parimelalhagar has swapped as many as six chapters in Book I of the Kural text, changing the Kural's original chapter ordering found in Manakkudavar's commentary. The chapters "Shunning meat-eating," "Not stealing," "Not lying," "Refraining from anger," "Ahimsa," and "Non-killing", all of which originally appeared under subsection "Domestic virtues" in Manakkudavar's version, appear under "Ascetic virtues" in Parimel's version. Similarly, the chapters "Kindness of speech," "Self-control," "Not envying," "Not coveting another’s goods," "Not backbiting," and "Not uttering useless words", all of which appear under "Ascetic virtue" in Manakkudavar's version, appear under "Domestic virtue" in Parimel's version. Nevertheless, modern scholars have adopted Parimel's version for chapter ordering and couplet numbering.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=346–347}}

The following table lists the variations between ordering of chapters in Book I by Manakkudavar (the oldest of the Medieval commentators) and that by Parimelalhagar (the latest).{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=346–347}}{{sfn|Pillai, 1917|pp=iii–viii}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!colspan="2"| Manakkudavar's ordering
!colspan="2"| Parimelalhagar's ordering (followed today)
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''''Chapters under subdivision “Domestic virtue”''''' 5. Household life 6. The virtues of a wife 7. Offspring 8. Loving-kindness 9. Hospitality 10. Not lying 11. Gratitude 12. Impartiality 13. Patience 14. Right conduct 15. Not coveting another's wife 16. Refraining from anger 17. Ahimsa/not doing harm 18. Not killing 19. Shunning meat-eating 20. Not stealing 21. Dread of evil deeds 22. Social duty 23. Generosity 24. Glory
| '''''Chapters under subdivision “Ascetic virtue”''''' 25. Benevolence, mercy, and compassion 26. Kindness of speech 27. Self-control 28. Austerities 29. Hypocrisy 30. Not envying 31. Not coveting another's goods 32. Not backbiting 33. Not uttering useless words 34. Instability 35. Relinquishment 36. Realization of the truth 37. Rooting out desire
| '''''Chapters under subdivision “Domestic virtue”''''' 5. Household life 6. The virtues of a wife 7. Offspring 8. Loving-kindness 9. Hospitality 10. Kindness of speech 11. Gratitude 12. Impartiality 13. Self-control 14. Right conduct 15. Not coveting another's wife 16. Patience 17. Not envying 18. Not coveting another's goods 19. Not backbiting 20. Not uttering useless words 21. Dread of evil deeds 22. Social duty 23. Generosity 24. Glory
| '''''Chapters under subdivision “Ascetic virtue”''''' 25. Benevolence, mercy, and compassion 26. Shunning meat-eating 27. Austerities 28. Hypocrisy 29. Not stealing 30. Not lying 31. Refraining from anger 32. Ahimsa/not doing harm 33. Not killing 34. Instability 35. Relinquishment 36. Realization of the truth 37. Rooting out desire
|}

===Adoptions from previous commentators===
Being the last of the Ten medieval commentators, Parimel had the unique opportunity to study in depth all the previous commentaries and imbibe the ideas in them.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} This enabled him to come up with a better commentary than all the earlier commentaries.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=383–384}} In the process, he both adopted many of the thoughts and eliminated some of them which he felt did not make sense.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} He adopts Manakkudavar's style of reordering the couplets within the chapter in order to keep together the couplets that closely resembled in meaning, besides imparting new perspectives.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} While Kaalingar gives an abstract of the forthcoming chapter after the final verse in every chapter, Parimel adopts this method and writes the abstract of the respective chapter at the beginning of each chapter.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} While he appreciates other commentators' appropriateness in their commentaries, he does not hesitate to point out their shortcomings whenever they occur, with proper reasoning.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} Throughout his commentary, Parimel is also generous in acknowledging the other viewpoints that differ from his own.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} His explanations to couplets 223, 643, 817, 1069, and 1262 serve as evidence to his sincerity in appreciating others' commentaries.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=383–384}}

===Literature cited===
Parimelalhagar had an excellent command of both Tamil and Sanskrit. Verse 1543 of the [[Perunthogai]] extols Parimel's erudition in both languages.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=120}} His in-depth knowledge of Tamil can be seen in his usage of more than 230 linguistic and literary examples that he has employed in his commentary to the Kural.{{sfn|Navalar, 1991|p=x}} In as many as 286 instances, he even lucidly elaborates the meaning of highly literary Tamil words of his time.{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=19}} His grammar notes and linguistic explanations found in his commentary on couplets 2, 6, 11, 15, 16, 17, 22, 29, 36, 39, 41, 43, 48, 49, 66, 141, 147, 148, 167, 171, 177, 178, 180, 261, 378, and 381 are but examples of his extraordinary command of the Tamil language.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=433}} He has also cited various works of the [[Tamil literature]] in his commentary.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=435}} These include various [[Sangam literature|Sangam texts]] (including [[Purananuru]], [[Kaliththokai]], [[Agananuru]], [[Natrinai]], [[Kurunthogai]], [[Pattinappaalai]], [[Paripaadal]], [[Nedunalvaadai]], [[Pathitrupathu]], and [[Porunaraatruppadai]]), epics (including [[Jeevaka Chinthamani]], [[Silappadikaram]], [[Manimekalai]], [[Valayapathi]], the [[Mahabaratha]], and the [[Ramayana]]), moral works of the [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]] (including [[Naladiyar]], [[Nanmanikkatigai]], [[Palamoli Nanuru]], and [[Thirikatukam]]), religious scriptures (including [[Tiruvaymoli]] and [[Tirukkovaiyar]]), grammar texts (including [[Purapporul Venbamaalai]], [[Tolkappiyam]], and [[Iraiyanar Akapporul]]), [[Mutthollaayiram]], and the mathematical text of [[Yerambam]].{{sfn|Rajendiran, 2018|pp=18, 35}}{{sfn|Rajendiran, 2018|pp=(vol. 3) 218–219}} Parimel cites Agananuru in his commentary for kural 210; Pathitrupatthu for kural 432; Nattrinai for kural 401; Nanmanikkadigai for kurals 121 and 556; Patthupaattu for kurals 811, 1033, and 1144; Jivakachinthamani for kurals 384, 514, and 771; Periyapuranam for kural 442; the Ramayana for kural 773; Tiruvaymoli for kurals 349 and 570; Mutthollayiram for kurals 576; and Tirukkovaiyar for kural 277.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=389}} He also cites several Ancient Indian parables in places such as kurals 547, 899, 900, and 935.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=389}} He cites the rules of the Tolkappiam in couplets 3, 402, 899, 960, and 1043.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=120}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} He also applies the Tolkappiam rules in kurals 86, 183, and 457, while in kural 863 he applies the rules of the [[Nannool]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} While he extols Sanskrit literature in several places, there are also instances where he criticizes them (e.g., kural 961).{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|pp=120–121}} In many places, Parimel cites other couplets of the Kural literature itself to explain a given couplet; examples include his explanations for couplets 135, 161, 263, 305, 457, 720, 755, 955, 971, and 972.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=434}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=388}}

Parimel cites several works from the Sanskrit literature in his commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} Like Valluvar, Parimel displays a good comprehension of the pan-Indian philosophies and employs them well across his writings.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} His understanding of the linguistic, literary, philosophical and religious ideas of the extra-Tamil domains can be seen in his elaborations to kurals 141, 501, 693, 890, and 1318.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} The Sanskrit works that separately deal with the ''dharma'', ''artha'', and ''kama'' aspects of the ''[[Purushartha]]'' are appropriately mentioned across his commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} For example, the ''dharma''-based Sanskrit works are cited in his commentary to couplet 240;{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=391}} ''artha''-based works in couplets 550, 663, 687, and 920;{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=392}} and ''kama''-based works both at the beginning and conclusion of Book III.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=392}} There are also instances where the works that Parimel cites in his commentary could not be identified or presumed to be lost, such as his explanations to kurals 62, 392, 566, 732, 1058, and 1099.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=171}}

==Publication of the commentary==
Of all the commentaries available on the Kural text, the Parimelalhagar commentary was the first to be published by modern printing technology and remains the widely published commentary to date.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=313}}{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=88}} In his work ''Tamil Literature'', M. S. Purnalingam Pillai attests that copies of Parimel's original commentary were preserved by the 16th-century scholar [[Thirumeni Rathna Kavirayar]] and by [[Thevarpiran Kavirayar]] of Alwar Tirunagari.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=61}} The commentary was first analyzed, annotated and published by [[Ramanuja Kavirayar]] and came to print in 1840.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=313}} This was followed by another commentary by [[Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar]], which was based on Parimel's original commentary.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=313}}{{sfn|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 3 October 2019}} Murugesa Mudhaliyar published Parimel's commentary with explanations in 1885.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=122}} The annotated Parimel's commentary by [[Arumuka Navalar]], whose work came out in several editions, remains one of the best Parimel's commentary ever published.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=313}} As of 2013, Perimelalhagar's commentary appeared in more than 200 editions by as many as 30 publishers.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=469}}

==Views about Valluvar==
Parimelalhagar held Valluvar in high regard for upholding virtue incessantly throughout the work of the Kural. Parimel addresses Valluvar as ''Deiva Pulamai Thiruvalluvar'' (literally "divine philosopher Thiruvalluvar").{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=169}} In what is known in the scholarly circle as his most famous quote on Valluvar, Parimel praises Valluvar in his commentary to couplet 322 thus: "It is Valluvar’s innate nature to select the best virtues said in all the known works and present them in a manner that is common and acceptable to everyone."{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=119}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=169}}

According to Jagannathan, Parimelalhagar believed that Valluvar authored the Kural text with his vast knowledge obtained after extensively studying several works, including numerous Sanskrit works of ancient times.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=169}} This can be observed from Parimel's introduction to the main text of Kural's Book I, his commentary to couplets 662 and 1330, and his introduction to Book III of the Kural text.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=169}}

==Other works==
Apart from his work on the Kural, Parimelalhagar has also written commentary on the [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] works of the ''[[Paripaadal]]'' of the [[Eight Anthologies]] series{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=423–428}} and ''[[Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' of the [[Ten Idylls]] series.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=102}}{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=117}}{{sfn|Vadivelu Chettiar, 2015}} The old commentary on the Paripaadal is attributed to Parimel by [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], who published it.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=60}} Scholars consider his commentary on the ''Paripaadal'' to be older than his commentary on the Tirukkural.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|p=169}} Scholars such as Gopalakrishnamachariyar claim that the Parimelalhagar commentary on the ''Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai'' is written by a different poet of his namesake of a different period in time.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}} Parimel characterizes the poet Kanthiyar, who lived before his time, as ''Nanthidai Maduttha Kanthi'',{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=106}} as she had tampered with and interpolated verses in Paripaadal similar to the way she did in ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi|Jivaka Chinthamani]]'', which were later removed by Parimel when he annotated the poem.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|pp=60–61}}

==Reception==
{{Quote box
|quote =
<poem>Take any couplet from the Kural literature at random and,
after a month-long analysis, write a detailed commentary on it.
Now look at Parimelalhagar's exegesis on said couplet. You're
sure to find something in it that you've heretofore not imagined.</poem>
|source = —[[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]]{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=396}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
}}

Parimelalhagar is considered the greatest commentator in the history of Tamil literature and has been praised by scholars down the ages.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=383–384}} Medieval scholars praise him as the one who had expanded on Valluvar's original thoughts, as revealed from verse 1544 of the [[Perunthogai]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=385}} Several medieval verses, including verses 1543 and 1545–1548 of the Perunthogai, verse 41 of the Thondaimandala Sadhagam, a verse by [[Umapathi Shivachariyar]], Chapters 2–4 (verses 51, 52) of the Perunkathai, and the work of ''Abidhana Kosham'', praise Parimel and his work.{{sfn|Rajendiran, 2018|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=394–397}} Umapathi Shivachariyar holds Parimel's work on par with Valluvar's.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=25}}

Scholars consider Parimelalhagar's commentary to be highly exquisite that only learned intellectuals can completely grasp the subtleties found in his commentary.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar |2009|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=313–314}} This led to several scholars writing more simplified commentaries to Parimel's exegesis in order to bring the work to the general audience.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=313–314}} Some of these "commentaries to the Commentary"{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|pp=14–15}} include ''Nunporulmaalai'' by [[Thirumeni Rathna Kavirayar]];{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} the works of [[Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar|Saravanaperumal Iyer]],{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} Murugesa Mudaliyar,{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} and [[Ramanuja Kavirayar]];{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}} and the explanatory notes by [[K. Vadivelu Chettiar]] (1919),{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=123}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} Arasan Shanmuganar,{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} Krishnampettai K. Kuppusamy Mudaliar (1924),{{sfn|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 2 October 2017}} V. M. Gopala Krishnamacharya,{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=15}} and Chinnasamy Rajendiran (2018).{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} Parimel remains the most researched, most praised, and most criticized of all the medieval Kural commentators.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=124}}

Parimel is equally praised by modern scholars, including [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]], [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]], and [[K. Appadurai Pillai]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=394–397}} [[George L. Hart]] regards Parimel's treatise on [[yoga]] [[asanas]] as one of the purest literary works in Tamil.{{sfn|Hart, n.d.}} [[Simon Casie Chetty]], in his ''Tamil Plutarch'', mentions Parimel as a Tamil poet who is renowned mainly because of his commentary on the Tirukkural.{{sfn|Chetty, 1859|p=65}} He also states that although there are at least nine other known medieval commentaries, all of which are considered highly scholarly and of high literary value, Parimel's is regarded as the best of the ten.{{sfn|Chetty, 1859|p=65}} According to [[P. S. Sundaram]], Parimel's commentary on the Kural is praised for his in-depth knowledge of both Sanskrit and Tamil, his acumen in detecting the errors of earlier commentators, and the fullness and brevity of his own commentary.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} Sundaram also hints that Parimel begins each chapter of the Kural in his commentary by citing a reason for its placement in the sequence by him.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} Scholars such as M. P. Srinivasan interpret Parimel's commentary to some of the Kural couplets (e.g., kurals 752 and 1045) as being picturesque in nature.{{sfn|Srinivasan, ''Dinamani'', 9 June 2019}}

Parimel is criticised by some [[Dravidian nationalism|Dravidianists]] of the contemporary era for interpreting certain verses of the Kural text in a more [[Brahmanical]] way.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=116}} According to Norman Cutler, Parimel interpreted the text in [[Brahmanical]] premises and terms in accordance with the cultural values of the commentator.{{sfn|Cutler|1992|pp=549–554}} He further says that Parimel's elegantly written interpretations have made his commentary a Tamil classic in itself and reflects both the cultural values and textual values of the 13th-to-14th-century Tamil Nadu and that Valluvar's text can be interpreted and manoeuvred in other ways.{{sfn|Cutler|1992|pp=558–561, 563}} Critics consider Parimel's way of defining ''aram'' (virtue) in the earlier parts of his work as flawed{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|pp=124–125}} and denounce his explanations to couplets 37 and 501, accusing him of imbibing more ideas from the Sanskrit literature.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=124}} Parimel is also criticized by scholars for the patriarchal opinions found in his commentary.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=172–173}} Jagannathan, for instance, considers Parimel a product of his time, citing his male-centered explanations to kurals 61, 69, and 336.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=172–173}}

The 20th-century Kural commentaries of the Dravidian movement, which criticize Parimel's exegesis, are in turn criticized by scholars for being biased in their approach. For instance, Sami Thiagarajan, in his ''Thirukkural Urai Vipareetham'', points to these Dravidian commentaries as taking a distortive approach and seeking to stigmatise Parimel's commentary as espousing [[Varnashrama Dharma|varnashrama dharma]] and giving importance to Sanskrit works.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} He further states that in the process of injecting rationalistic egalitarianism into interpretations of the Kural thoughts, these Dravidian renditions "wrenched [the Kural text] out of its rich cultural, philosophical and spiritual underpinnings."{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} According to him, this trend began in as early as the 1920s, although [[Pulavar Kuzhanthai|Pulavar Kulandhai]]'s 1949 work is considered the first 'rationalist' Tirukkural commentary.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}

[[File:IlangaiJayarajKuralClass_SideView.jpg|250px|thumb|A Kural discourse in progress, with the Parimelalhagar commentary being recited.]]

All these criticisms notwithstanding, Parimel's work remains an esteemed one to this day. Scholars opine that the content and structural integrity of the Kural literature remained unsullied over the centuries chiefly because of Parimel's commentary to the text.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=116}} T. P. Meenakshisundaram stated that without the "boat" of Parimel's commentary, the import of the Kural text would not have made it to the modern era "past the dark seas of the intervening centuries".{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} According to M. V. Aravindan, the novel perspectives found in Parimel's work are praiseworthy.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=125}} In ''History of Tamil Literature'', C. Jesudasan says that Parimel's style is "in singularly clear and chaste Tamil" and adds that "Tiruvalluvar is fortunate in finding a commentator with such a keen perception".{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} According to Mohan and Sokkalingam, the subtlety of the Parimel commentary is such that not a single word can be added or removed from it without tampering with its literary richness and clarity.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=27}} M. Arunachalam considers the variations in Parimel's explanations as insignificant to the overall esteem of his commentary.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=125}} E. Sundaramoorthy, former vice chancellor of the [[Tamil University]], says that there is no avoiding Parimel because even those who disagree with Parimel require studying his commentary.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} According to K. Appadurai Pillai, no critiques of Parimel's work ever acted as a chisel that shaped the form of the rock (the "rock" here denoting Parimel's commentary for the Kural literature) but only remained as the waves that strike against the unshakeable bedrock.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=124}} In the words of Chinnasamy Rajendiran, author of one of the simplified commentaries on Parimel's exegesis, while the Tirukkural is an "awe-inspiring mountain", Parimelalhagar is "a kindly guide who offers his hand to seekers to help them scale its peaks".{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}

==In popular culture==
Parimelalhagar remains the most studied commentator in the history of Tamil literature, and his commentary remains widely read among the commentaries on the Kural text.{{sfn|Chellammal|2015|p=124}} The commentary also remains the primary topic of interest in the discourses held on the topic of the Tirukkural.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}} This also resulted in a resurgence in the publication of old commentaries written on Parimel's exegeses by various publishers.{{sfn|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Ten Medieval Commentators]]
* [[Bhashya]]
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]
{{Portal bar|Tamils|India|Literature}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | edition = 8th | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Aravindan, 2018}} }}
* {{cite book |author=R. Mohan and Nellai N. Sokkalingam |title= உரை மரபுகள் [Conventions of Commentaries] |year= 2011 |publisher= Meiyappan Padhippagam |location= Chidambaram|ref={{sfnRef|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011}} }}
* {{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Casie Chetty| first=Simon|author-link1=Simon Casie Chetty| year=1859| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref={{sfnRef|Chetty, 1859}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Chellammal |first= G. P. |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுக் கோவை [Tirukkural Research Compendium] |year= 2015 |edition= 1st |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |language=ta}}
* {{cite journal | last =Cutler | first =Norman | title =Interpreting Thirukkural: the role of commentary in the creation of a text | journal =The Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =112 | issue =4 | pages =549–566 | year =1992 | jstor= 604470 | doi =10.2307/604470 }}
* {{cite book | last = Gopalakrishnamachariyar | first = V. M. | title = திருக்குறள் (மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும்) [Tirukkural (Moolamum Perimelalhagar Uraiyum)] | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= 1st | date = 2009 | location = Chennai | language = ta}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/aryan/index.htm|title=Caste and the Tamil Nation|publisher=tamilnation.org|last = Hart | first = George L.|date=n.d.|ref={{sfnRef|Hart, n.d.}} }}
* {{cite book |author= Ki. Vaa. Jagannathan |title= திருக்குறள், ஆராய்ச்சிப் பதிப்பு [Tirukkural, Aaraicchi Pathippu] |year= 2014 |edition=3rd |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Vidhyalayam | location= Coimbatore |ref={{sfnRef|Jagannathan, 2014}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = From merchant to Tirukkural scholar | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 18 October 2015 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-merchant-to-tirukkural-scholar/article7775746.ece | access-date = 9 July 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 18 October 2015}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = A customs officer and the true import of Kural | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 2 October 2017 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-customs-officer-and-the-true-import-of-kural/article19783808.ece | access-date = 26 April 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 2 October 2017}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kovaimani |first1=M. G. |last2=Nagarajan |first2=P. V. |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1st |publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|isbn = 978-81-7090-435-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kumaravelan |editor-first= R. | title = திருக்குறள் வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் உரை [Tirukkural: V. O. Chidhambaram Commentary] | publisher = Pari Nilayam | edition = 1st| date = 2008 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Kumaravelan, 2008}} }}
* {{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1st|ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2009}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Meiyappan |editor-first= S. | title = திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural: Manakkudavar Commentary] | publisher = Manivasagar Padhippagam | edition = 1st| date = 2003 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Meiyappan, 2003}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Natarajan | first = P. R. | title = திருக்குறள்: அறத்துப்பால் [Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal] | publisher = Uma Padhippagam |edition =1st | date = December 2008 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Natarajan, 2008}} }}
*{{cite book | last = Navalar | first = R. Nedunchezhiyan | title = திருக்குறள் நாவலர் தெளிவுரை [Tirukkural Navalar Thelivurai] | publisher = Nedunchezhiyan Kalvi Arakkattalai | edition =1st | date = 1991 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Navalar, 1991}} }}
* {{cite book |author= Pavalareru Perunchithiranar |title= பெருஞ்சித்திரனார் திருக்குறள் மெய்ப்பொருளுரை: உரைச் சுருக்கம் [Perunchithiranar's Thirukkural A Philosophical Brief Commentary] (Volume 1) |year= 1933 |edition= 1st |publisher= Then Mozhi Padippagam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Perunchithiranar, 1933}} }}
* {{cite journal| last = Srinivasachari | first = C. S. | title = The Political Ideology of the Kural | journal = The Indian Journal of Political Science| volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 15–23| year =1949| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743392 | doi = | jstor = 42743392 | access-date =28 May 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Srinivasachari, 1988}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Pillai | first = V. O. C. | title = திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram] | publisher = V. O. Chidambaram Pillai | edition = 1st | date = 1917 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 1917}}}}
* {{cite book |author=C. Rajendiran |title=பாமரருக்கும் பரிமேலழகர் [Parimelalhagar for Laymen] (3 vols.)|year=2018 |publisher=Sandhya Publications|edition=1st|location=Chennai|isbn=978-93-87499-45-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Rajendiran, 2018}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = 1830 Tirukkural commentary to be relaunched | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 3 October 2019 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/1830-tirukkural-commentary-to-be-relaunched/article29578271.ece | access-date = 26 August 2024 |ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, ''The Hindu'', 3 October 2019}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Srinivasan | first = M. P. | title = பரிமேலழகரின் "ஓவிய" உரை! | newspaper = Dinamani | location = Chennai | language = ta | publisher = Express Publications | date = 9 June 2019| url = https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2019/jun/09/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-3167571.html | access-date = 9 June 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Srinivasan, ''Dinamani'', 9 June 2019}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Sundaram | first = P. S. | title = Tiruvalluvar: The Kural | publisher = Penguin Books | edition =1st | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | isbn = 978-01-44000-09-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Sundaram, 1990}} }}
* {{cite book |author= M. S. Purnalingam Pillai |title= Tamil Literature |year= 2015 |edition= |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies | location= Chennai |language= |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 2015}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Vedhanayagam | first = Rama | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | edition= 1st | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Vedhanayagam, 2017}} }}
* {{cite book | last = N. Velusami and Moses Michael Faraday | title = Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India? | publisher = Unique Media Integrators | edition= 1st | date = February 2017 | location = Chennai | language = ta, en | isbn = 978-93-85471-70-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Velusami and Faraday, 2017}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Vamanan | first = | title = Returning to the classic commentary of Thirukkural | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 1 November 2021 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/returning-to-the-classic-commentary-of-thirukkural/articleshow/87451992.cms | access-date = 1 November 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Vamanan, 1 November 2021}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Tamil Literature |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA124 |access-date=7 March 2018|year=1975 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-04190-7}}
* {{cite book |author= K. Vadivelu Chettiar |title= திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகருரையும் [Tirukkural source text and Parimelalhagar's Commentary] |year= 2015 |edition= |publisher=Sivalayam | location= Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Vadivelu Chettiar, 2015}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* M. Arunachalam (2005). ''Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru, Padhinaindhaam Nootraandu'' [History of Tamil Literature, 15th century].
* D. M. Vellaivaaranam (1983). ''Tirukkural Uraikotthu.'' Thiruppananthal Shri Kasimadam Publications.
* V. Ramalingam Pillai (2011). ''[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/thiruvalluvar-and-parimelazhagar-tamil-tzz935/?srsltid=AfmBOoprmPBx1aVl9KIOTfHfVnj3QrZT77eCtl1yzaUz2ntjKBgEZnpw Tiruvalluvarum Parimelalhagarum]'' [Thiruvalluvar And Parimelazhagar]. Chennai: Ram Publications.
* I. Sundaramoorthy. (1985). ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZpek0hy.TVA_BOK_0006714/page/15/mode/2up Parimelalhagar Tirukkural Urai Thiran]'' [Tirukkural Parimelalhagar Commentary: A Critical View]. Chennai: Ainthinai Patthippagam.

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Ten medieval commentators]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian scholars]]

Bárbara Mori

2025-12-22T03:33:14Z

MarianaCone66: small changes

{{Short description|Mexican actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{family name hatnote|Mori|Ochoa|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bárbara Mori Ochoa
| image = Bárbara Mori Premios Fénix 2018 (45736729002) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mori in 2018
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Bárbara Mori Ochoa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|2|2}}
| birth_place = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay
| other_names =
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Kenneth Ray Sigman|2016|2017|reason=divorce}}
| partner = [[Sergio Mayer]] (1996–1998)
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Kenya Mori]] (sister)
| years_active = 1997–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|producer|writer}}
| citizenship = {{hlist|Uruguay|Mexico}}
}}
'''Bárbara Mori Ochoa''' ({{IPA|es|ˈbaɾβaɾa ˈmoɾjoˈtʃoa}}) (born 2 February 1978) is a [[Uruguay]]an-born Mexican<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/espanol/entretenimiento/articulo/2020-11-01/barbara-mori-escribe-su-propia-historia-en-medio-de-la-pandemia|agency=Reforma|title=Bárbara Mori escribe su propia historia en medio de la pandemia|language=es|date=1 November 2020|access-date=16 January 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106185146/https://www.latimes.com/espanol/entretenimiento/articulo/2020-11-01/barbara-mori-escribe-su-propia-historia-en-medio-de-la-pandemia|url-status=live}}</ref> actress, model, producer, and writer. She is best known for playing the main character in the 2004 telenovela ''[[Rubí (2004 telenovela)|Rubí]]'', one of the most successful telenovelas of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latintimes.com/7-telenovelas-captured-worlds-heart-434102|title=7 Telenovelas that captured the world's heart|website=Latin Times|date=22 February 2019|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224145632/https://www.latintimes.com/7-telenovelas-captured-worlds-heart-434102|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2005, she has appeared as the lead in several Hollywood and Bollywood films, including ''[[La mujer de mi hermano|My Brother's Wife]]'' (2005), ''[[Violanchelo]]'' (2008), ''[[Insignificant Things]]'' (2008), produced by [[Guillermo del Toro]], ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'' (2010), ''[[Cantinflas (film)|Cantinflas]]'' (2014), and ''[[Treintona, soltera y fantástica]]'' (2016).

Mori started her career in 1992 as a fashion model at the age of 14. Later she became an actress when she co-starred in 1997 on the smash TV-hit ''[[Mirada de Mujer (telenovela)|Mirada de mujer]]'' with [[TV Azteca]]; then, she starred in the telenovela ''[[Azul Tequila]]'' (1998). She has also appeared in several lists as one of the most beautiful Mexican actresses of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.univision.com/programas/novelas/ellas-son-las-20-actrices-de-telenovelas-mas-bellas-de-todos-los-tiempos-fotos#afd9f5040001|title=Las 20 actrices de telenovelas mas bellas de todos los tiempos|website=Univision.com|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224140931/https://www.univision.com/programas/novelas/ellas-son-las-20-actrices-de-telenovelas-mas-bellas-de-todos-los-tiempos-fotos#afd9f5040001|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Mori was born in Uruguay. Her paternal grandfather was [[Japanese people|Japanese]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105174319/http://entretenimiento.aol.com/cine/canvas/_a/entrevista-barbara-mori-parte-ii/20060726105609990001 Entrevista Bárbara Mori (Parte II)]</ref> Her mother is of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2009/10/25/barbara-mori-la-uruguaya-que-conquisto-mexico|title=Bárbara Mori la uruguaya que conquistó México|website=Quien.com|date=26 October 2009|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224131334/https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2009/10/25/barbara-mori-la-uruguaya-que-conquisto-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref> She has two siblings, actress [[Kenya Mori]] and Kintaró Mori. Her parents divorced when she was three years of age. Mori spent her early childhood between [[Mexico]] and Uruguay and finally settled in [[Mexico City]] at the age of twelve.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060815054422/http://entretenimiento.aol.com/cine/canvas/_a/barbara-mori-en-la-cima-y-con-los-pies/20060726092609990002 Bárbara Mori en la cima y con los pies bien puestos en la tierra]</ref>

===Early work (1992–1997)===
One day, while working as a waitress at the age of fourteen, fashion designer Marcos Toledo invited her to work as a model. She became independent by the age of seventeen and went to live with her cousins.<ref name="cousins">{{cite web |url=http://barbaramori.iespana.es/interactivo.htm |title=Biography |access-date=9 February 2006 |publisher=iespana.es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125011222/http://barbaramori.iespana.es/interactivo.htm |archive-date=25 January 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref> At nineteen she met actor [[Sergio Mayer]], who would later become father to their son Sergio, born in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entretenimiento.aol.com/cine/canvas/_a/entrevista-barbara-mori-parte-iii/20060726112109990001 |title=Entrevista Bárbara Mori (Parte III) |access-date=10 January 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908075628/http://entretenimiento.aol.com/cine/canvas/_a/entrevista-barbara-mori-parte-iii/20060726112109990001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They never married.

She later studied acting in [[El Centro de Estudios de Formación Actoral]]. She made her acting debut in the Mexican [[telenovela]] ''Al norte del corazón''. She then participated in the comedy series ''Tric Tac'' and ''[[Mirada de mujer]]'' the following year. She obtained her first [[Premios TVyNovelas|TVyNovelas Award]] for her role in ''Mirada de mujer'' for ''Best New Actress''.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

===Commercial success (1998–2003)===
In 1998, Mori got her first leading role as "Azul" in the series ''[[Azul Tequila]]'', co-starring [[Mauricio Ochmann]]. A year later, she filmed the series ''Me muero por tí'' in [[Miami]], with [[Peru]]vian actor [[Christian Meier]]. Later, she acted in other telenovelas, including the Telemundo telenovela ''Amor descarado''.

In 2001, she got her first film role in the romantic comedy ''[[Inspiración]]'', the film was a box-office success in cinemas. In 2002, she played the villain as a seductive college student in the telenovela, ''Subete A Mi Moto''.

===Consolidation (2004–2008)===
[[File:Barbara Mori 2006.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Mori in 2006.]]
In 2004, she signed with [[Televisa]] and starred as Rubí, a smash TV-hit and highly–rated Mexican soap opera, of the ''[[Rubí (2004 telenovela)|same name]]'', which earned her another TVyNovelas Award.

In 2005, she obtained the starring role in the blockbuster film ''[[La mujer de mi hermano]]'' as Zoe, and her husband was portrayed by [[Christian Meier]], with whom she had previously co-starred in ''Me muero por tí''. In the same year, she lent her voice in the Spanish-language version for the movie ''[[Robots (2005 film)|Robots]]''.

She also had the leading role in "''Pretendiendo''", a [[Chile]]an/Mexican-backed movie which was critically panned.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ugly Me|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0460275/|access-date=2019-01-18|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713180154/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0460275/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bárbara Mori Ochoa.jpg|left|thumb|285x285px|Mori in 2014.]]

===International film success (2009–2011)===
In 2009, she starred in the psychological crime thriller ''[[Amor, Dolor y Viceversa]]'' alongside [[Leonardo Sbaraglia]]. The drama is about a female architect who is involved in the murder of the fiancée of a promising surgeon, who allegedly saw in her nightmares. The crime-drama was filmed in Mexico City and is produced by Mori. The film earned mixed reviews from critics and viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://detelenovelas.com/barbara-mori-en-la-presentacion-de-amor-dolor-y-viceversa/barbaramori-amordolor/|title=Bárbara Mori en Amor, Dolor y Viceversa|access-date=28 November 2013|publisher=detelenovelas.com|language=es|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090852/http://detelenovelas.com/barbara-mori-en-la-presentacion-de-amor-dolor-y-viceversa/barbaramori-amordolor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/flashnewsmexico/Noticias_Recientes/barabamoriapuestaporunamordoloryviceversa|title=Barbara Mori: "Apuesta por un amor, dolor y viceversa"|access-date=28 November 2013|language=es|archive-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102112/https://sites.google.com/site/flashnewsmexico/Noticias_Recientes/barabamoriapuestaporunamordoloryviceversa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, she got the main role in the action-drama "''[[Viento En Contra]]''", alongside actors [[Héctor Arredondo]] and [[Fernando Luján]], in which she played a successful and promising [[Chief information officer|CIO]], who is unjustly involved in a police chase due to a scandal of a financial fraud. The film was distributed by Warner Bros and received mixed reviews by critics. The drama was filmed on locations of Mexico City and [[Valle de Bravo]]. Mori was the producer of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entretenimiento.starmedia.com/cine/barbara-mori-habla-pelicula-viento-en-contra.html|title=Bárbara Mori habla de la película Viento en Contra|date=22 September 2011|access-date=28 November 2013|publisher=starmedia.com|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014633/http://entretenimiento.starmedia.com/cine/barbara-mori-habla-pelicula-viento-en-contra.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[India]]n film producer [[Rakesh Roshan]] signed her as the leading lady for his movie ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'' opposite his son, [[Bollywood]] star [[Hrithik Roshan]]. It was shot in New Mexico, [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] and [[Los Angeles]]. It went into production by the end of July 2008, and was released on 21 May 2010.

Mori was diagnosed with early stage cancer and is now a proud survivor. She talks about her journey in UniGlobe Entertainment's docu-drama titled ''[[1 a Minute]]'' made by actress [[Namrata Singh Gujral]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/indian-star-rallies-celebrity-support-for-cancer-movie_1118440 |title=Mcg | Indian Star Rallies Celebrity Support For Cancer Movie |publisher=Contactmusic |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-date=30 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030002804/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/indian-star-rallies-celebrity-support-for-cancer-movie_1118440 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==

In 1996, Mori began a relationship with actor [[Sergio Mayer]], with whom she has a son, Sergio Mayer Mori, born in 1998. The couple separated shortly after. In 2016 she wed baseball player Kenneth Ray Sigman, brother of actress [[Stephanie Sigman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleenespanol.com/article/se-casan-barbara-mori-y-kenneth-ray-sigman|title=Se casan Barbara Mori y Kenneth Ray Sigman|work=People en Español |date=February 27, 2016|access-date=February 27, 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140534/http://peopleenespanol.com/article/se-casan-barbara-mori-y-kenneth-ray-sigman/|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2017.<ref>[https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/espectaculos/barbara-mori-se-divorcia-despues-ano-matrimonio-n302968 Bárbara Mori se divorcia después de un año de matrimonio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231080716/https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/amp/espectaculos/barbara-mori-se-divorcia-despues-ano-matrimonio-n302968 |date=31 December 2019 }} Consultado el 8 de octubre de 2018</ref>

Mori was romantically linked with Indian actor Hrithik Roshan when they were filming the movie Kites.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Mori's son has a daughter born in November 2016, making her a grandmother at 38.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=Bárbara Mori, abuela a los 38 años |url=https://mag.elcomercio.pe/fama/rubi-barbara-mori-y-la-vez-que-se-convirtio-en-abuela-a-los-38-anos-celebs-nnda-nnlt-noticia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218173746/https://mag.elcomercio.pe/fama/rubi-barbara-mori-y-la-vez-que-se-convirtio-en-abuela-a-los-38-anos-celebs-nnda-nnlt-noticia/ |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=2021-02-10 |work=El Comercio |language=es}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Telenovelas, Series, Films, Theater
|- style="background:#b0c4de;"
! Year|| Title ||Role||Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997 ||''Tric Trac''|| ||Special Appearance
|-
|''Al norte del corazón''|| ||Special Appearance
|-
|1997–98 ||''[[Mirada de mujer]]''||Mónica San Millán||Supporting Role
|-
|1998–99 ||''[[Azul Tequila]]''|| Azul Vidal/Soledad||Protagonist
|-
|1999-00 ||''Me muero por ti''|| Santa||Protagonist
|-
| 2000||''[[Inspiración]]''||Alejandra ||Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001 ||''Amores, querer con alevosía''||Carolina Morales||Protagonist
|-
|'' Vaselina, el musical''|| ||Theatrical Performance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002||'' Vaselina, al revés''|| ||Theatrical Performance
|-
|''Celos dije''|| ||Theatrical Performance
|-
|2002–03 ||''[[Súbete A Mi Moto]]''||Nelly Noriega/Nelly Toledo||Main Antagonist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003–04||''[[Mirada de mujer: El regreso]]''||Mónica San Millán||Supporting Role
|-
|''[[Amor Descarado]]''|| Fernanda Lira||Protagonist
|-
|2004 ||''[[Rubí (2004 TV series)|Rubí]]''||Rubí Pérez Ochoa de Ferrer/Fernanda Martínez Pérez/Rivera Pérez||Protagonist/Antagonist
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005||''[[Pretendiendo]]''|| Helena/Amanda||Film
|-
|''[[La mujer de mi hermano]]''|| Zoe|| Film
|-
|''[[Robots (2005 film)|Robots]]''||Cappy (voice) ||Film-Mexican version
|-
|2007 ||''Por siempre''|| ||Film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 ||''Cosas insignificantes''|| Paola||Film
|-
|''[[Violanchelo]]''|| Consuelo||Film
|-
| 2009||''Amor, dolor y viceversa''||Consuelo ||Film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010||''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]''|| Natasha/Linda||Indian Film most dialogue in Spanish
|-
|''[[1 a Minute]]''||Star ||Film
|-
|''El coleccionista''||Miranda ||Theatrical Performance
|-
|2011 ||''[[Viento en Contra]]''|| Luisa Braniff||Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 ||''[[Cantinflas (film)|Cantinflas]]''||[[Elizabeth Taylor]]|| Film
|-
|''Dos Lunas''|| Soledad/Luna Garcia||TV series
|-
|2018
|''[[The Mongolian Conspiracy]]''
|Martita Fong
|Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 ||''[[All That Is Invisible]]''||Amanda/Morris||Film
|-
|''La negociadora''||Eugenia Velasco||TV series
|-
|2023|| ''[[Lost in the Night|Perdidos en la noche]]'' (''Lost in the Night'') || Carmen<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=23 May 2023|title='Lost in the Night' Review: Amat Escalante's Class-Inequality Mystery Has Potent Elements Without Much Genre Heat|first=David|last=Rooney|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/lost-in-the-night-review-amat-escalante-1235498737/|access-date=30 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928005822/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/lost-in-the-night-review-amat-escalante-1235498737/|url-status=live}}</ref> ||TV series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 ||''Las Azules/Women in Blue''||Maria <ref>{{Cite web|website=[[IMDb]]|date=4 August 2024|title='Women in Blue, Original title: Las Azules' |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt20516590/}}</ref> ||TV series
|-
|''[[Mistura]]''
|Norma Piet
|Film
|-
|2025 ||''[[Lucca's World]]''||[[Bárbara Anderson]] ||Netflix movie
|}

==Awards and nominations==
===Ariel Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;
! Year|| Category ||Film||Result
|-
|2020|| [[Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<ref name=Ariel-CinePremiere2020>{{cite news|title=Ariel 2020: Lista completa de nominados|url=https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/ariel-2020-nominados-ganadores-cine-mexicano.html|date=July 23, 2020|access-date=July 31, 2020|publisher=G21 Comunicación Entertainment|work=Cine Premiere|language=es|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929043251/https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/ariel-2020-nominados-ganadores-cine-mexicano.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ||''[[The Mongolian Conspiracy|El Complot Mongol]]''|| {{Nominated}}
|}

===Premios TVyNovelas===
[[File:Bárbara Mori.jpg|thumb|200x300 px|Bárbara Mori]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;
! Year|| Category ||Telenovela||Result
|-
|1998|| Best Female Revelation ||''[[Mirada de mujer]]''|| {{won}}
|-
|2005|| Best Lead Actress ||''[[Rubí (2004 telenovela)|Rubí]]''|| {{won}}
|}

===Premios Juventud===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;
! Year|| Category ||Nominee||Result
|-
| [[2005 Premios Juventud|2005]] || Girl of my Dreams||''[[Rubí (2004 telenovela)|Rubí]]''|| {{won}}
|-
| [[2006 Premios Juventud|2006]] || Girl of my Dreams||Bárbara Mori|| {{won}}
|-
| [[2007 Premios Juventud|2007]] || She Steals the Show|| ''[[La mujer de mi hermano]]''|| {{won}}
|}

===Premios People en Español===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;
! Year|| Category ||Film||Result
|-
| 2010 || Best Actress|| ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'' ||{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peopleenespanol.com/gallery/ganadores-cine#390271_376596 |title=Bárbara Mori fue considerada como mejor actriz por el filme ''Kites'' |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528010703/https://peopleenespanol.com/gallery/ganadores-cine/#390271_376596 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Premios Canacine===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;
! Year|| Category ||Film||Result
|-
| 2005 || Mexican Actress of the Year || ''[[La mujer de mi hermano]]''||{{won}}<ref>[http://canacine.org.mx/index.php/2006/premios-canacine.html Bárbara Mori gana premio Canacine 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104043533/http://canacine.org.mx/index.php/2006/premios-canacine.html |date=4 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || Mexican Actress of the Year || ''Cosas insignificantes''||{{nom}}<ref>[http://artes9.com/2010/06/02/prepara-canacine-premios-a-lo-mejor-del-cine-mexicano/ Nominados a los premios Canacine 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222072952/http://artes9.com/2010/06/02/prepara-canacine-premios-a-lo-mejor-del-cine-mexicano/ |date=22 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || Mexican Actress of the Year || ''Viento en contra''||{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/846470.html |title=Ana Serradilla y Bárbara Mori compartieron el premio Canacine 2012 como Mejor actriz |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618150123/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/846470.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bárbara Mori}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0605224|name=Bárbara Mori}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060209024054/http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/353097.html Biography in Spanish] at [[esmas.com]]

{{TVyNovelas Award for Best Lead Actress}}
{{Premios Juventud for Favorite Male Actress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mori, Barbara}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mexican telenovela actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican television actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican film actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican stage actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican voice actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican female models]]
[[Category:Mexican women television producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Mexican women writers]]
[[Category:Mexican screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Mexican actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Mexican actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mexico City]]
[[Category:Actresses from Montevideo]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Uruguayan descent]]
[[Category:Uruguayan people of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Lebanese descent]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Basque descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Centro de Estudios y Formación Actoral]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Mexico]]
[[Category:Uruguayan emigrants to Mexico]]
[[Category:Actresses of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Mexican women screenwriters]]

Sarhul

2025-12-04T12:31:58Z

MarianaCone66:

{{Short description|Spring Festival in India}}
'''Sarhul''' is a spring festival celebrated in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]], marking the commencement of the new year. The festival lasts for three days, from the third day of the Chaitra month in Shukla Paksha to Chaitra Purnima. During the festival, the village priest, known as the ''[[Pahan]]'' offers a sacrifice of flowers, fruits, vermilion, a rooster, and tapan (liquor) in the [[Sarna (place)|Sarna]] to the Sun, the village deity, and the ancestors for the prosperity of the village. After the rituals, locals dance while holding [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] flowers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/sarhul-2022-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-festival-celebrated-in-jharkhand-4935917.html|title=All You Need to Know About the Festival Celebrated in Jharkhand|website=news18|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/jharkhand-the-festival-of-nature-is-being-celebrated-in-jharkhand-concrete-arrangements-have-been-made/1142537|title=झारखंड में मनाया जा रहा है प्रकृति का पर्व सरहुल, झूम रहे हैं लोग|website=zeenews|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-unique-tradition-on-sarhul-in-jharkhand-festival-dishes-are-prepared-by-putting-hands-in-boiling-oil-jagran-special-22595616.html|title=सरहुल पर अनूठी परंपरा... झारखंड के इस गांव में खौलते तेल में हाथ डालकर बनाए जाते हैं पकवान|website=|date=3 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Holy Prayer.jpg|thumb|270x270px|People worshiping under the sacred Sarna tree on the occasion of Sarhul in the outskirts of Ranchi, Jharkhand.]]

According to tradition, Sarhul also symbolizes the marriage between the Earth and the Sun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/sarhul-festival-celebration-start-on-jharkhand-photos-and-video-viral/1142806|title='सरहुल' पर प्रकृति के रंग में रंग गया झारखंड, हर जगह निकल रही विशाल शोभा यात्राएं|website=zeenews|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref> It is an important festival observed by the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] and [[Sadan people|Sadan]] communities.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref> Among the Kurukh, it is known as '''Khaddi''' (meaning "flower" in the [[Kurukh language]]). The festival is called '''Hadi Bonga''' among the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=साल वृक्ष की पूजा कर मांगी सुख-समृद्धि |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-sarhul-puja-at-harina-organised-17699034.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> while among the [[Ho people|Ho]] and [[Munda people]], it is known as '''Baa Parab'''. The [[Santal people|Santals]] call it '''[[Baha parab|Baha Parab]]'''.<ref name="Prabhat khabar1"/> In December 2025, [[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]], Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (Upper House) advocated to nominate Sarhul to UNESCO's intangible cultural herigate list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-12-01 |title=Grant special status for 3 years to state after it faces cyclone, suggests BJD MP Sasmit Patra in RS |url=https://theprint.in/india/grant-special-status-for-3-years-to-state-after-it-faces-cyclone-suggests-bjd-mp-sasmit-patra-in-rs/2796035/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Different tribes have their own names for the festival. Sarhul is the [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] name for the festival. In Nagpuri, ''Sar'' or ''Sarai'' refers to the Sal tree (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') and ''hul'' means 'collectively' or 'grove'. It symbolizes the celebration of nature through the Sal tree.<ref name="issuu">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/anupam_purty/docs/sarhul_document|title=SARHUL- Festival of the Mundas'|page=20|website=issuu|author=Anupam Purty|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=4 April 2022|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224074028/https://issuu.com/anupam_purty/docs/sarhul_document|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Alternative interpretations include:
*''Hul'' may refer to 'revolution,' symbolizing a revolution through Sal flowers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ujjwalpradesh.com/sarhul-festival-2022-meaning-of-sarhul-when-celebrates-where-celebrated-importance-of-pooja/|title=सरहुल का अर्थ, सरहुल में केकड़ा का महत्व|website=ujjwalpradesh|date=30 March 2020|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref>
*''Sar'' means 'year,' and Hul means 'begin', representing the beginning of a new year.<ref name="festivalsofindia">{{cite news|url=https://www.festivalsofindia.in/Sarhul-Festival|title=Sarhul Festival 2022 - April 04 (Monday)|website=festivalsofindia|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Different names of this spring festival
|-
! Festival name
! Language
! Tribe/Community
! Location
!Source
|-
|Sarhul
|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
|Several tribes/communities
|Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Assam
|
|-
|[[Baha parab]], Baha Bonga
|[[Santali language|Santali]]
|[[Santal people|Santal]]
|Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam
|
|-
|Baa parab
|[[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Ho language|Ho]]
|[[Munda people|Munda]], [[Ho people|Ho]]
|Jharkhand, Odisha
|
|-
|Hadi Bonga
|[[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]
|[[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
|Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha
|
|-
|Khāddi, Khakhel-benja
|[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
|[[Oraon people|Oraon]]
|Jharkhand
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LssVAAAAMAAJ&q=khaddi+Oraon |title=Oraon Religion & Customs |date=1928 |publisher="Man in India" office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Sakir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv8OEAAAQBAJ&dq=khaddi+Oraon&pg=PA177 |title=Recent Developments in Historical and Archaeological Researches in Odisha |last2=Mendaly |first2=Subodha |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=Walnut Publication |isbn=978-93-90261-82-6 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Amnuakhia
|[[Kharia language|Kharia]]
|[[Kharia people|Kharia]]
|Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyarthi |first=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xZsvFPca2UC&dq=amnuakhia&pg=PA74 |title=The Kharia Then and Now |date=1980 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Celebration==
In this festival, people worship in ''[[Sarna (place)|Sarna]]''. Ploughing is forbidden on this day. People observe a fast one day before the festival. Young people collect Sal flowers from the nearby forest and catch crabs and fish. On the occasion of the festival, people go to Sarna to the beats of [[Dhol]], Nagara and [[Madal|Mandar]]. They worship the Sal tree, and Shalai, the flowers of the Sal tree, are offered to the deities.
[[File:Sarhul Festival Celebration In Central University Of Jharkhand ,Brambe Campus, Ranchi , sample 1.jpg|thumb|A group of womens, dressed in traditional red and white sarees and attire performing traditional sarhul festival folk dance]]
The village priest, [[Pahan]] (sometimes called Laya or Deuri) and Pujar, offers sacrifices to the village deity, including [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] flowers, fruits, vermilion, three roosters, and Tapan (liquor) for the prosperity of the village. The Pahan sacrifices three roosters of different colors — each dedicated to the Sun, the village deities, and the ancestors. The Pahan places a water pot in [[Sarna (place)|Sarna]] and, on the following day, predicts the weather for the coming year. He also distributes Sal flowers among the villagers. People worship the souls of their ancestors at home and offer different types of food to them. Only after making these offerings do they eat. Afterward, they sing and dance to the beats of the Dhol, Nagara, and Mandar, while also drinking rice beer, [[Handia (drink)|Handia]].<ref name="Prabhat khabar1">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/live/sarhul-2022-live-updates-date-importance-and-sigificance-of-tribal-festival-sarhul-parv-ki-shubhkaamnaein-sry-tvi|title=आज मनाया जा रहा है प्रकृति पर्व सरहुल, जानें पूजा विधि और इसका महत्व|website=Prabhat khabar|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/sarhul-2022-jharkhand-tribal-community-is-celebrating-marriage-of-sun-earth-there-is-a-custom-to-make-9-types-of-vegetables-srn|title=धरती के विवाह के रुप में आज आदिवासी समुदाय मना रहा है सरहुल, 9 प्रकार की सब्जियां बनाने का है रिवाज|website=Prabhat khabar|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="festivalsofindia"/>
[[File:SARHUL IN RANCHI.jpg|thumb|Sarhul dance procession in Ranchi]]

Since 1961, processions have been organized during the Sarhul festival in [[Ranchi]] and [[Gumla]]. Before that, there were no such processions; people only danced near [[Sarna sthal]].<ref name="Prabhat khabar1"/> In urban areas, middle-class tribal activists have reinvented the nature festival Sarhul to emphasize regional identity, while in rural areas, it remains primarily a thanksgiving ritual to the deities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe8uYsl_GD8C&pg=PT234|title=In the Shadows of the State: Indigenous Politics, Environmentalism, and Insurgency in Jharkhand, India|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Alpa Shah|year=2010|isbn=978-0822392934|page=220|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

==Similar festival==
* [[Baha parab]], a festival of Santhals.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Indian traditions]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Nagpuri culture]]
[[Category:Tribal festivals in India]]

Maragondahalli

2025-11-28T01:31:37Z

MarianaCone66: Starting first data w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maragondahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,824
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/613356-maragondahalli-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Maragondahalli town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Maragondahalli''' is a [[census town]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Anekal]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]].

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Maragondahalli had a population of 3014. Males constitute 1557 of the population and females 1457. [[Kannada]] is the official and most widely spoken language in Maragondahalli. Maragondahalli has an average literacy rate of 77 percent, higher than the national average of 59.5 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Bangalore/Bangalore_East/Maragondanahalli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107102306/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Bangalore/Bangalore_East/Maragondanahalli |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 January 2016 |title=Maragondanahalli Population 2023, Village in Bangalore East Taluka |website=www.indiagrowing.com |access-date=2023-06-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Arabia Kadali

2025-11-14T12:04:04Z

MarianaCone66: created new bio

{{Short description|Indian television series by Krish Jagarlamudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Arabia Kadali.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| showrunner = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Krish Jagarlamudi
* Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
}}
| story = Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| director = V. V. Surya Kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_episodes = 8
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Y. Rajeev Reddy
* J. Sai Babu
}}
| company = [[First Frame Entertainments]]
| executive_producer = Panguluri Suhasini
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| music = Nagavelli Vidyasagar
| editor = Chanakya Reddy Toorupu
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|08|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Arabia Kadali''''' ({{Translation|[[Arabian Sea]]}}) is an Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language [[Survival film|survival]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]], who co-wrote with Chintakindi Srinivas Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-28 |title=Satya Dev-Anandhi starrer Arabia Kadali gets streaming date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/28/satya-dev-anandhi-starrer-arabia-kadali-gets-streaming-date |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by [[First Frame Entertainments]] and stars [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia Kadali to Premiere on OTT on THIS DATE {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/arabia-kadali-to-premiere-on-ott-on-this-date-76101.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia Kadali Trailer: Satya Dev's Survival Drama Explores Grief, Brotherhood, And Hope {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/arabia-kadali-trailer-satya-devs-survival-drama-explores-grief-brotherhood-and-hope-watch-ws-kl-9478671.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The story is based on a real-life incident that occurred in 2018, depicting how Pakistani forces captured the fishermen from [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in international waters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=Arabia Kadali Review: Satyadev and Anandhi starrer series starts off well, but loses its path midway |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/arabia-kadali-review-satyadev-and-anandhi-starrer-series-starts-off-well-but-loses-its-path-midway-1395290 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Thandel]]'', a film released in February 2025, is also based on the same story.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-08-08 |title=Satyadev comments on overlapping plots of Thandel & Arabia Kadali |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/satyadev-comments-on-overlapping-plots-of-thandel-arabia-kadali-ott-prp.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as Nuragala Badiri
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Ganga
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Susheel Sivaraman
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Errababu
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Inayath Khan
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Dr. Fathima
* Harsh Roshan as Chinna
* Prabhavathi as Poleramma
* Prathyusha Sadhu as Netra Rao
* Kota Jayaram as Nanaji
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Sekhar
* Bharath Bhatia as Mukund Agarwal
* Chandra Pratap Thakur
* Danish Bhatt as Shabaz Alam
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Swaroop
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Saleem
* Nihar Pandya as Hanief
* Alok Jain as Umar Sharief
* Chintakindi Srinivas Rao as Mukhalingam
* Yogi Khatri as Dorababu
* Alapati Lakshmi as Sannamma
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=F4CA16 |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT=Episode |titleT=Title |directorT=Directed by |writerT=Written by |airdateT=Date of Broadcast |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Episode 1
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Episode 2
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Episode 3
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Episode 4
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Episode 5
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Episode 6
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Episode 7
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Episode 8
| DirectedBy = V. V. Surya Kumar
| WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] & Chintakindi Srinivas Rao
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = F4CA16
}}
}}

== Production ==
Post the release, in August 2025, [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] issued a clarification related to the similarity of story with ''[[Thandel]]''. The pre-production work of the series began in 2023 and it took time for the team to get approval from Amazon Prime Video and to design the screenplay in an episode-wise format.<ref name="auto"/>

== Release ==
''Arabia Kadali'' was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 August 2025 in Telugu along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Satya Dev, Anandhi-starrer 'Arabia Kadali' to premiere on Prime Video in August |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-anandhi-starrer-arabia-kadali-to-premiere-on-prime-video-in-august/article69869631.ece |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Rating it 3.5 out of 5, BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' praised the dialogues written by Chintakindi Srinivas Rao and cinematography work done by Sameer Reddy, while noting the inconsistent writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-08 |title=Arabia Kadali Series Review: An earnest, engaging survival drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Aug/08/arabia-kadali-series-review-an-earnest-engaging-survival-drama |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Comparing the narrative design with Krish Jagarlamudi's war film ''[[Kanche]]'' (2015), T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned that, "the execution doesn't fully match the writing's promise".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=T. Maruthi |date=2025-08-08 |title=Arabia Kadali review: Krish Jagarlamudi's sincere drama struggles to stay afloat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/arabia-kadali-review-krish-jagarlamudis-sincere-drama-struggles-to-stay-afloat-2768047-2025-08-08 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]] praised the cinematography and production design while mentioning that the themes are over-explained and stated, "...at times, ''Arabia Kadali'' veers into docudrama territory, offering too much fish-ology and exposition".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=2025-08-08 |title='Arabia Kadali' review: An emotion-heavy exploration of fishermen in troubled waters |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085331/arabia-kadali-review-an-emotion-heavy-exploration-of-fishermen-in-troubled-waters |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' has cited that, "Satyadev, Anandhi are the saving grace of this underwhelming drama".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-08-08 |title='Arabia Kadali' web series review: Satyadev, Anandhi are the saving grace of this underwhelming drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arabia-kadali-telugu-web-series-review-satyadev-anandhi-star-in-this-amazon-prime-video-series/article69906675.ece |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31925699}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020s drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Television series set in 2018]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]

Achhe Din Aane Waale Hain

2025-10-26T08:16:04Z

MarianaCone66: created details

{{short description|Indian political slogan used by the BJP}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:BJP Achhe din anne wale hain poster.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] with the slogan]]

In [[Indian politics]], '''{{Transliteration|hi|achhe din aane waale hain}}''' ({{lit|Good days are coming}}) was the Hindi [[slogan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for the [[2014 Indian general election]]. The slogan was coined by the BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]], with the intention of conveying that a prosperous future was in store for India if the BJP came into power.

== Slogan ==
The slogan "Good days are coming" was coined by Narendra Modi, BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate for the 2014 Indian general election.<ref name="htb">{{cite news|title=Will the budget really usher in 'acche din' for India?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/indiapoliticswatch/will-the-budget-really-usher-in-acche-din-for-india/article1-1240870.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716110656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/indiapoliticswatch/will-the-budget-really-usher-in-acche-din-for-india/article1-1240870.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|access-date=30 August 2014|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> According to Modi, he got the idea for the slogan from the leader of his main opposition party, [[Indian National Congress]], and then-[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="dna" /> On 8 January 2014, while addressing the audience during [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]], Singh said, "Yes, we are facing bad days now but the good days will be coming soon". During his speech at the same event the following day, Modi referred to Singh and repeated his statement in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], which stuck as the slogan, ''achhe din aane wale hain''.<ref name="dna">{{cite news|title=Manmohan Singh inspired BJP's campaign tagline 'Ache din aane waale hain', says Narendra Modi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-manmohan-singh-inspired-bjp-s-campaign-tagline-ache-din-aane-waale-hain-says-narendra-modi-1983560|access-date=29 August 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|date=30 April 2014}}</ref> The slogan was used by BJP for Modi's lead [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election, 2014|campaign]] for the 2014 Indian general election.<ref>{{cite news|title=The idea behind BJP's campaign song 'Ache Din Aane Wale Hain'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/videos/the-idea-behind-bjps-campaign-song-ache-din-aane-wale-hain_29901.html|access-date=30 August 2014|work=[[Zee News]]|publisher=[[Essel Group]]|date=July 2014}}</ref>

== Post-election ==
When it became clear that the BJP would win the election, Narendra Modi [[tweeted]] [that], "India has won! भारत की विजय। अच्छे दिन आने वाले हैं। ["Victory to India. Good days are coming."]"<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=narendramodi |number=467192528878329856 |title=India has won! भारत की विजय। अच्छे दिन आने वाले हैं।}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-has-won-good-days-ahead-modi/article6015902.ece |title=India has won! Good days ahead: Modi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> This tweet became India's most retweeted Twitter post.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chalmers |first=John |date=18 May 2014 |title=With a dubious legacy, India's 'accidental' premier bows out |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-singh-idUSBREA4H02Z20140518 |access-date=21 May 2014 |work=Reuters}}</ref> A victory song incorporating the slogan was also released by BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Election results: Modi shares self autographed picture with his mother|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Election-results-Modi-shares-self-autographed-picture-with-his-mother/articleshow/35206054.cms|access-date=31 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=16 May 2014}}</ref> The slogan was considered decisive for BJP's victory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Swapan|title=To realise goals, Modi must become leader above politics|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/analysis/to-realise-goals-modi-must-become-leader-above-politics/article1-1220915.aspx|access-date=31 August 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806211038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/analysis/to-realise-goals-modi-must-become-leader-above-politics/article1-1220915.aspx|archive-date=6 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BJP tells MPs to defend hard decisions of Modi govt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-tells-mps-to-defend-hard-decisions-of-modi-govt/article1-1235013.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629222632/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-tells-mps-to-defend-hard-decisions-of-modi-govt/article1-1235013.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|access-date=31 August 2014|date=29 June 2014}}</ref> But the slogan has also been criticized for inflating expectations that the new government can quickly turn around the economy and spur [[economic growth]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venu|first1=MK|title=PM's Burden Lies in Over-Selling "Acche Din"|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/opinion/pm-s-burden-lies-in-over-selling-acche-din-548898|access-date=30 August 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
Since the election, the slogan often has been referred to by various people while expressing their optimism about a better future under Modi's government. British politician [[George Osborne]] referred to the phrase when he came to India with a business delegation.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2014 |title=Top UK Ministers Arrive, Voice Optimism About 'Achche Din' |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Top-UK-Ministers-Arrive-Voice-Optimism-About-Achche-Din/848593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708031915/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Top-UK-Ministers-Arrive-Voice-Optimism-About-Achche-Din/848593 |archive-date=2014-07-08 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref>

The slogan was used and copied by [[British Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] while introducing Modi at an event in [[Wembley Stadium]], London on 13 November 2015. Cameron told the crowd, "They said a ''[[chaiwala|chai wala]]'' would never govern the [[democracy in India|largest democracy]], but he proved them wrong. He rightly said ''acche din aane wale hain''. But with his energy, with his vision, with his ambition. I will go on further and say ''acche din zaroor aayega''. ("Good days are definitely coming").<ref>{{cite web |last=Hebbar |first=Prajakta |date=14 November 2015 |title=Cameron's Message To Modi's India: Acche Din Zaroor Aayega |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/14/uk-pm-says-acche-din-aayega_n_8562120.html |work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{2014 Indian general election}}

[[Category:Indian political slogans]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]
[[Category:2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Slogans]]

MC Jithin

2025-10-17T10:10:02Z

MarianaCone66: Starting basic article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = MC Jithin
| image = File:MC2024.jpg
| image_caption = MC Jithin in 2024
| birth_name = MC Jithin
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Iritty]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|St. Joseph College of Communication, Changanassery|University of Madras}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter|Educator}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known for = ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'', ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''
| website =
}}

'''MC Jithin''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and educator from Kerala. His notable works include ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' (2018), a film that critiques the education system,<ref>{{cite web |title=MC Jithin: 'Nonsense' movie director interview |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2018/10/15/mc-jithin-nonsense-movie-director-interview.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> and ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' (2024), a psychological thriller that received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini: A tribute to Alfred Hitchcock |url=https://truecopythink.media/movies/how-mc-jithins-sookshmadarshini-movie-a-tribute-alfred-hitchcock-ajay-joy-mathew-review |website=TrueCopyThink |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jithin was born in [[Kannur|Iritty, Kannur, Kerala]], He pursued a Bachelor of Arts in multimedia at [[St. Thomas College of arts and science]], [[Changanassery]], and later obtained a master's degree in visual communication from the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MC Jithin talks about his filmmaking journey |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/weekend/1151034 |website=Deshabhimani |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
MC Jithin started his career directing short films. His 2012 short, ''Water'', a public service advertisement, won recognition at WATER COMMONS-FLICK FEST' 12.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Kerala Short Film Festival winners |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/weekend/1151034 |website=Deshabhimani |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

Jithin worked as assistant director under [[Abrid Shine]] for film [[1983 (film)|1983]] (2014).
He gained recognition for his debut feature film ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' (2018), a sports comedy, which tackled flaws in the education system.<ref>{{cite web |title='Nonsense' will address flaws in education system: MC Jithin |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Oct/07/nonsense-will-address-the-flaws-of-the-current-education-system-8212.html |website=Cinema Express |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The film was praised for its bold storytelling and social commentary.<ref>{{cite web |title='Nonsense' movie review: Highlights an interesting fresh first half |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nonsense-movie-review-highlights-an-interesting-fresh-first-half/articleshow/66175656.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The film starred Rinosh George, [[Vinay Forrt]] and [[Shruti Ramachandran|Shruthi Ramachandran]].

In 2024, Jithin directed ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'', a black comedy psychological thriller exploring themes of curiosity and human behavior. The film was praised for its emotional depth and layered storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini was first offered to a leading Bollywood actress |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sookshmadarshini-not-nazriya-nazim-but-a-leading-bollywood-actress-was-supposed-to-headline-mc-jithin-directorial-1367119 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>[[File:MC With Basil and Nazriya.jpg|thumb|MC with Basil and Nazriya]]The film starred [[Nazriya Nazim]] and [[Basil Joseph]].

=== Educator ===
Jithin serves as the head of the Film Studies Department at Don Bosco IMAGE in [[Vennala]]. He is also a guest lecturer and conducts workshops across various institutions in South India.<ref>{{cite web |title=MC Jithin on balancing teaching and filmmaking |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2018/10/15/mc-jithin-nonsense-movie-director-interview.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Type
|-
| 2011 || ''Mallus'' || Writer, Director || Short film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''Water'' || Director || Public Service Advertisement
|-
| ''Friday'' || rowspan="2" | Writer, Director || rowspan="3" | Short film
|-
| ''Loud Truth''
|-
| ''Chilappol Chilar'' || Writer
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' || rowspan="2" | Director, Screenwriter || rowspan="2" | Film
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''
|}

== Awards and recognitions ==
* **2012**: Public Service Advertisement ''Water'' received the 2nd runner-up award from Padmashri [[K. Balachander|K Balachander]], conducted by Centre of Excellence for Change, National Key Resource Centre, Govt. of India, at WATER COMMONS-FLICK FEST' 12.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9887147}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jithin, MC}}