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Made in Korea (film)

2026-05-08T09:21:35Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Ra. Karthik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Made in Korea (film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ra. Karthik
| writer = Ra. Karthik
| producer = Sreenidhi Sagar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Priyanka Mohan]]|Rishikanth|Park Hye-Jin|Si-hun Baek}}
| cinematography = [[Prasanna Kumar]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] [[Simon K. King]] [[Dharan Kumar]]
 '''Score:''' Dharan Kumar
| studio = Rise East Entertainment
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|3|12}}
| runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2026 |title=Made in Korea |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/made-korea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260325000359/https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/made-korea |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2026 |title=Made in Korea |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/made-in-korea-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmtezmzk3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260325000349/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/made-in-korea-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmtezmzk3 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil Korean English
| budget = 
}}
'''''Made in Korea''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Ra. Karthik. Produced by Sreenidhi Sagar under the banner of Rise East Entertainment, it stars [[Priyanka Mohan]], Rishikanth, Park Hye-jin, and Si-hun Baek. The film, primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], contains significant dialogue in [[Korean language|Korean]] due to its setting in South Korea.

The film was officially announced in October 2025. It has music and background score composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[Dharan Kumar]] and [[Simon K. King]], cinematography handled by [[Prasanna Kumar]], and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. ''Made in Korea'' was released directly on [[Netflix]] on 12 March 2026.

== Plot ==
Shenbagam "Shenba" is a young woman from Kollapalur, [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ever since she dressed up as [[Heo Hwang-ok|Shenbavalam]], a Korean queen believed to have originated from India, she has been dreaming to go to South Korea. She is dating Mani, her longtime boyfriend, who is hesitant to speak to her parents about their marriage because of his family debt and his occupation as a bartender. Shenba's parents run a small restaurant, and she has studied hotel management, as her father wants her to take over the business once he retires. Mani and Shenba's father have a verbal altercation about his occupation and Shenba takes Mani's side. Mani asks if she can join him without questioning where they are headed to. Shenba agrees and they move to [[Chennai]].

Sometime later, Mani tells Shenba they will be moving to South Korea as she had dreamed. She is given an [[Offer and acceptance|offer letter]] to work in a hotel, and Mani would look for a job once he is there. Shenba is elated, though hesitant to leave the country without her parents knowing. On the day of the trip, she travels alone to the airport, with Mani assuring over phone he is on the way. In the flight, she calls her mother to say goodbye. Her mother reprimands her for mistreating her father, which she does not understand. Shenba deduces what had happened: her father had visited them to give them money, claiming it to be her loan disbursed by the bank, but it was actually his savings. Mani received it and told him Shenba did not want to talk to him. Behind her back, he planned a trip to [[Mumbai]] to start a business with a friend while stealing the money to also settle his debt.

Shenba reaches Seoul, South Korea. She tries to help a woman being mistreated by her boyfriend and ends up in jail for slapping him. Heo Jun-jae, a [[Vlog|vlogger]] bails her out because he had captured the video of her attempting to save the woman. He reveals the offer letter is a scam, helps her find lodging and a job as a caretaker for a wealthy man's bedridden mother Yeon-ok. She diligently takes care of Yeon-ok but is astonished to find she is not paralyzed. Yeon-ok tells her that she ran a restaurant with her husband, and after her husband died, their son just wanted to take care of the children. She faked illness to get away with it. Shenba proposes to run a restaurant called "Granny's Kitchen" with her and they are successful. She also helps her friends to form a band, even giving them her savings to film a music video.

Shenba eventually gets caught by her employer who assumes she is embezzling money. Yeon-ok explains it is her earnings and confronts her son but collapses. While Yeon-ok is hospitalised, Shenba bids her a tearful farewell through a voicemail and abruptly returns to Kolappalur after hearing news of a [[landslide]] there. She reunites with her family after finding them safe; Mani had helped them reach a relief camp during the landslide. Mani apologizes to Shenba and says he tried to contact her several times to return the money, and she thanks him. Shenba is surprised by her friends from Seoul. Her father also gives her his blessings and is happy at the fact that all her friends travelled so far to meet her.

Shenba returns to Seoul and finds that Yeon-ok's house has been vacated. Jun-jae reveals that Yeon-ok had died but left Shenba a voicemail that she was happy in her last moments, thanks to her. Initially saddened, Shenba is uplifted by the voicemail and reopens Granny's Kitchen in Yeon-ok's memory.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Priyanka Mohan]]{{Efn|[[Kim Min-ha]] voices for Shenbagam in the Korean dub.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2026 |title=Kim Min Ha Voices Shenba in Korean Dub for Tamil Film Made In Korea |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/korean/kim-min-ha-voices-shenba-in-korean-dub-for-tamil-film-made-in-korea-82351.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313102135/https://www.filmfare.com/news/korean/kim-min-ha-voices-shenba-in-korean-dub-for-tamil-film-made-in-korea-82351.amp |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>}} as Shenbagam "Shenba"
** Riya Manoj as young Shenbagam
* Rishikanth as Mani
** Videsh Anand as young Mani
* Park Hye-jin as Yeon-ok
* Si-hun Baek as Heo Jun-jae<ref>{{Cite news |last=So-young |first=Yang |date=20 March 2026 |title="Made in Korea" Star Baek Si-hoon Takes Lead Role in Indian Film |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/en/hot-issues/11993524 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326160710/https://www.mk.co.kr/en/hot-issues/11993524 |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Jae-hyeon Jang as the drummer
* Sori Kim as the woman whose boyfriend is slapped by Shenba for mistreating her
* Ha-Ram Jo as a guitarist
* Rok Kim as a guitarist
* Min-Seok Jung as Hong Soo-hwan
* Thirunavukkarasu as Shenbagam's father
* Jenson Dhivakar as Saamy
* Jaya as Shenbagam's mother
* Sabharish Ramachandran as Shenbagam's prospective groom
* Sebastin
}}

== Production ==
The film was officially commissioned by [[Netflix]] in October 2025, with Ra. Karthik serving as writer and director, while Rise East Entertainment managed the [[Filmmaking#Production|production]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2025 |title=Netflix Tamil originals: Priyanka Mohan and Ra Karthik come together for Made In Korea |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/netflix-tamil-originals-priyanka-mohan-and-ra-karthik-come-together-for-made-in-korea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212015443/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/netflix-tamil-originals-priyanka-mohan-and-ra-karthik-come-together-for-made-in-korea |archive-date=12 February 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik said he was inspired to make the film because of his fascination with "the deep cultural connections and historical similarities between Korean and Tamil heritage".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2026 |title=South Korean and Tamil cultures unite in new Netflix film starring Priyanka Mohan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/south-korean-and-tamil-cultures-unite-in-new-netflix-film-starring-priyanka-mohan/cid/2148715 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325004239/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/south-korean-and-tamil-cultures-unite-in-new-netflix-film-starring-priyanka-mohan/cid/2148715 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in South Korea for one-and-a-half months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2026 |title=Priyanka Mohan on how filming 'Made In Korea' was an experience to cherish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/priyanka-mohan-on-how-filming-made-in-korea-was-an-experience-to-cherish/article70726397.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325004432/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/priyanka-mohan-on-how-filming-made-in-korea-was-an-experience-to-cherish/article70726397.ece |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2026 |title='Made in Korea': Priyanka Mohan Discusses Food Challenges and Weather Struggles During 40-Day 'Made in Korea' Shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/made-in-korea-priyanka-mohan-recalls-challenges-during-40-day-korea-shoot-says-food-was-a-big-problem/articleshow/129495677.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260314020343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/made-in-korea-priyanka-mohan-recalls-challenges-during-40-day-korea-shoot-says-food-was-a-big-problem/articleshow/129495677.cms |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for ''Made in Korea'' was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[Dharan Kumar]] and [[Simon K. King]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Netflix Music]]. The soundtrack album was released on 5 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Made in Korea (Soundtrack from the Netflix Film) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/made-in-korea-soundtrack-from-the-netflix-film/1879636459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260325000339/https://music.apple.com/us/album/made-in-korea-soundtrack-from-the-netflix-film/1879636459 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:15
| title1 = Sodhappuna Singari
| lyrics1 = Ramya RamC, Vishnu Edavan
| music1 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| extra1 = Ramya RamC
| length1 = 3:09
| title2 = Gwenchana
| lyrics2 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| music2 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| extra2 = Sheezy, Alexandra Joy
| length2 = 1:46
| title3 = Aaralya
| lyrics3 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| music3 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| extra3 = Hesham Abdul Wahab, Sanjana Kalmanje
| length3 = 3:25
| title4 = We Keep Rockin'
| lyrics4 = FRIDAYYY
| music4 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| extra4 = Lipsika Bhashyam, [[Aoora]], mimidolly
| length4 = 3:28
| title5 = Aagasame
| lyrics5 = Vishnu Edavan
| music5 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| extra5 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| length5 = 3:30
| title6 = Saalaiyodu
| lyrics6 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| music6 = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| extra6 = Aishwarya Kumar
| length6 = 2:18
| title7 = Everything Gonna Be Alright
| lyrics7 = Mani Romeo
| music7 = [[Simon K. King]]
| extra7 = Shilvi Sharon
| length7 = 4:39
}}

== Release ==
The film was released directly on Netflix on 12 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=13 March 2026 |title=Couple Friendly, Aspirants On OTT |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/couple-friendly-aspirants-on-ott/20260313.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314175229/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/couple-friendly-aspirants-on-ott/20260313.htm |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=31|count=13|average=4.9|ref=yes}}

Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Overall, ''Made in Korea'' is a warm, well-intentioned film with a premise that genuinely deserved to be explored. But it keeps its emotional ambitions at a safe distance from anything that might truly challenge its characters or its audience. You leave it feeling pleasant rather than moved, entertained rather than affected. For a film that begins with the image of a girl climbing an elephant for a signal, that is a little disappointing. The dream was bigger than this".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |first=Yashaswini |date=12 March 2026 |title=Made in Korea movie review: A film with genuine heart that cannot quite find its footing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/made-in-korea-movie-review-a-film-with-genuine-heart-that-cannot-quite-find-its-footing-10578519/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313105158/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/made-in-korea-movie-review-a-film-with-genuine-heart-that-cannot-quite-find-its-footing-10578519/ |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Chandu Shanigarapu of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars, praising the cast performances and production values, but felt the screenplay in the latter half was slow paced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanigarapu |first=Chandu |date=13 March 2026 |title=Made In Korea OTT Review:కొరియాలో తీసిన ఫస్ట్ ఇండియన్ మూవీ-ఓజీ హీరోయిన్ ఎమోషనల్ డ్రామా-డైరెక్ట్‌గా ఓటీటీలో-ఎలా ఉందంటే |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/made-in-korea-movie-review-released-direct-on-ott-streaming-in-netflix-og-heroine-priyanka-mohan-261773383013709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321113859/https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/made-in-korea-movie-review-released-direct-on-ott-streaming-in-netflix-og-heroine-priyanka-mohan-261773383013709.html |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}</ref>

S. Poorvaja of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Made In Korea'' has its heart in the right place and the premise feels fitting; it is the execution that falters".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=12 March 2026 |title='Made In Korea' movie review: An earnest Priyanka Mohan shoulders a cursory Hallyu excursion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/made-in-korea-movie-review-priyanka-mohan-k-drama-tamil-movie-k-pop/article70734760.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321114231/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/made-in-korea-movie-review-priyanka-mohan-k-drama-tamil-movie-k-pop/article70734760.ece |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "the usually charming Priyanka Mohan struggles to make us feel anything more than indifference and we sit through the film with the distant coldness of getting lost in a foreign country. [[Cultural appropriation]] seldom feels as inappropriate as it does in ''Made In Korea''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=20 March 2026 |title='Made In Korea' Movie Review: A Seoul-Less Drama Made For Algorithms |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/made-in-korea-movie-review-a-seoul-less-drama-made-for-algorithms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331033857/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/made-in-korea-movie-review-a-seoul-less-drama-made-for-algorithms |archive-date=31 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Sreeju Sudhakaran of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "''Made in Korea'' had the potential to be a culturally rich coming-of-age story but settles for a generic template with an underdeveloped location setting".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhakaran |first=Sreeju |date=21 March 2026 |title=Made In Korea Review: Generic Coming-of-Age Drama |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/made-in-korea-review/20260321.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322014556/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/made-in-korea-review/20260321.htm |archive-date=22 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India|South Korea}}

[[Category:2020s coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Korean-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
[[Category:Films set in Seoul]]
[[Category:Films set in South Korea]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Seoul]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Korean-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Abhiyum Naanum (film)

2026-05-05T09:06:33Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made first info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|2008 film by Radha Mohan}}
{{About||the 2013 Malayalam film|Abhiyum Njanum}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Abhiyum Naanum film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Radha Mohan]]
| writer = Radha Mohan '''Dialogue:''' C. P. Narayanan R. Subramanian
| producer = [[Prakash Raj]]
| starring = Prakash Raj [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
| cinematography = [[Preetha Jayaraman]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan|Mu. Kasi Viswanathan]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = [[Duet Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|12|19}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}

'''''Abhiyum Naanum''''' ({{translation|Abhi and I}}){{efn|Spelt as ''Abiyum Naanum'' on the CBFC certificate.}} is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film produced by [[Prakash Raj]] and directed by [[Radha Mohan]]. The film features Raj and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as the central characters of a father and daughter, respectively. [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] play supporting roles. It is based on the American film ''[[Father of the Bride (1950 film)|Father of the Bride]]''.<ref name="IS">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2008 |title=Inspired sensitivity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/26/inspired-sensitivity-13466.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202042451/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/dec/26/inspired-sensitivity-13466.amp |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] scored the music. The film was launched in October 2007 and released on 19 December 2008. The film won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

The film was mostly dubbed and partially reshot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '''''Akashamantha''''' ({{translation|Sky-high}}) with [[Jagapathi Babu]] replacing Prithviraj, which released on 27 May 2009. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' (2010) with Raj reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2014 |title=Is Trisha Prakash Raj's favourite? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Is-Trisha-Prakash-Rajs-favourite/articleshow/44931317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Is-Trisha-Prakash-Rajs-favourite/articleshow/44931317.cms |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=29 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raghuram alias Raghu is a simple man who manages estates and doing his own business in [[Ooty]]. He meets Sudhakar, a newcomer at [[Coonoor]], who has a young daughter. Raghu sees the father and daughter duo, and smiles thinking of his own daughter. He engages in a conversation with Sudhakar. Raghu married his cousin Anu without their parents' consent. They have a daughter Abhi, whom Raghu loves so much. Abhi is the world to him. Raghu narrates his story to Sudhakar. Raghu does anything for Abhi and usually gets into quarrels with his wife, who has a different way of raising the child.

As years go by, Abhi grows up and her parents are happy with whatever she does. She even adopts a beggar, later named "Ravi Shastri", and he lives with them, considering Abhi as his mother. Raghu's close friend, Dhamu, has no children and considers Abhi as his own daughter as well. When Abhi tells her parents that she wants to study in Delhi, Raghu throws a tantrum. Eventually, Abhi is able to convince Raghu. Even though he is sad thinking about spending two years without Abhi, he moves on. Raghu is elated when she comes back but gets a shock. Abhi tells her parents that she fell in love with a man. Anu is totally fine with it, but Raghu is not. He gets angry and scared and does not talk to Abhi and Anu properly. When Anu tells him that the man is coming from [[Delhi]], Raghu tries to be fine. Once again, he gets shocked when he realises that the man is actually a [[Sikhs|Sikh]], named Joginder Singh. He thereafter maintains distance from Jogi and is cautious not to hurt Abhi's feelings.

Raghu gets amazed when he sees Jogi on TV with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and gets slightly impressed. However, his relationship with Jogi remains the same. One day when a large group of people, whom Raghu assumes to be Jogi's relatives, turn up at his house, he gets frustrated. He vents his anger to Anu, which Abhi hears and gets hurt. Raghu surprisingly does not console Abhi as he is upset with her as well. But soon, they both reconcile when Raghu realises that Abhi would be happy with the man she loves. Raghu learns from Abhi that the people are not relatives of Jogi but just a group of broken people whom Jogi is taking care of. She tells the story of some people, and Raghu feels proud of Jogi. He gets happy and without knowing how to show his happiness, he shouts and screams, causing people to think he has gone mad. Raghu happily tells Anu that he is perfectly fine with the wedding. Meanwhile, Ravi and one of the orphans, Jasbeer Kaur, fall in love. Abhi and Jogi get married with Raghu and Anu's blessing. During their reception, Ravi pours his heart out about his 'mother' Abhi. Dhamu and his wife declare that they are going to adopt a child and thank Jogi for that. Raghu surprises Anu by inviting her parents for the reception and everyone is happy.

The next day at the airport, Abhi and her parents bid an emotional goodbye to each other. Abhi cries on her father's shoulder but Raghu does not shed a single tear. He happily sends Abhi with Jogi and walks out of the airport. He suddenly laughs hysterically, much to Ravi and Anu's shock. In the present, where Raghu brings Sudhakar to his home. Ravi had married Jasbeer Kaur. Raghu tells Sudhakar that daughters are the sweetest blessings from God and they should be proud parents. He also warns him that time flies by real quickly and that he has to enjoy the maximum with his daughter. When they get a call from Abhi from Delhi, everyone leaves Sudhakar alone in the room with his daughter. Sudhakar turns to his daughter and smiles happily at her, which she returns.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Raghuram
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Abhi
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Anu
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman|Ganesh Venkatram]] as Joginder Singh
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Dhamu<ref name="openingcredits">{{Cite AV media |title=Abhiyum Naanum |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Duet Movies]] |year=2008 |time=1:28 to 4:03 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Dhamu's wife
* [[Manobala]] as Varatharajan<ref name="openingcredits" />
* [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]] as Ravi Shastri<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=15 May 2020 |title='Abhiyum Naanum': Revisiting Trisha-Prakash Raj's rare film on dad-daughter dynamic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithTNM-124629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171157/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithTNM-124629 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* Manmeet Singh as Veerji<ref name="Sardar">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2009 |title=A real Sardar in Kollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/apr/13/a-real-sardar-in-kollywood-40542.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220004331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/apr/13/a-real-sardar-in-kollywood-40542.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Jayashree as Jasbeer Kaur<ref name="thehindu" />
* Geetha Ravishankar as the school principal<ref name="openingcredits" />
* [[Java Sundaresan|Chaams]] as a man at the school admissions interview<ref name="openingcredits" />

* Master Madhu and Master Sawan Lotha as Chotu and Motu<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Abhiyum Naanum |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Duet Movies]] |year=2008 |time=2:19:05 to 2:21:14 |time-caption=Closing credits, from}}</ref>
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] as Sudhakar (special appearance)
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Sudhakar (in Telugu; special appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2009 |title=Akasamantha |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akasamantha-review-telugu-pclxaucdbjgjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128183356/https://www.sify.com/movies/akasamantha-review-telugu-pclxaucdbjgjb.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007), Moser Baer, who released the DVD of ''Mozhi'' under their company, collaborated with [[Duet Movies]] and launched three projects on 2007 with ''Abhiyum Naanum'' being one of them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=8 September 2007 |title=Duet Movies, Moser Baer launch 3 Tamil films |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/News/sept2007/09article02.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171159/http://chennaionline.com/film/News/sept2007/09article02.asp |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] was the director's first and only choice for playing the title character Abhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=16 December 2008 |title=Meet the creator of ''Abhiyum Naanum'' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/16the-creator-of-abhiyum-naanum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216003612/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/16the-creator-of-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] declined to play Trisha's mother,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2007 |title=Lakshmi says 'No' to be Trisha's mom! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14558929 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113154018/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14558929 |archive-date=2007-11-13 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] took the role after being requested to do so by her grandmother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2008 |title=''Aishwryavum paatiyum!'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aishwaryavum-paatiyum/articleshow/3550029.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215232557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aishwaryavum-paatiyum/articleshow/3550029.cms |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] made his Tamil debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=21 November 2008 |title=The surprise package in ''Abhiyum Naanum'' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/21sl1-the-surprise-package-in-abhiyum-naanum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625074914/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/21sl1-the-surprise-package-in-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> For the role of his character's [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] uncle, over sixty [[Sikhs|sardars]] from Mumbai auditioned before Manmeet Singh, known for his advertisements, was chosen, marking his Tamil debut.<ref name="Sardar" /> [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], despite already being committed to ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' (2007), agreed to appear in ''Abhiyum Naanum'' and reworked his schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2007 |title=Jab We Met! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14555962 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116181255/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14555962 |archive-date=2007-11-16 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was prominently shot in hill stations including Munnar and Ooty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=The woman who shot Abhiyum Naanum |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/05sl1-meet-the-woman-who-shot-abhiyum-naanum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927051658/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/05sl1-meet-the-woman-who-shot-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs and background music were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhiyum Naanum (2008) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001387.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630001722/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001387.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the album one out of five stars and wrote that, "Barring infrequent flashes of his earlier works, there's very little to write home about. We can only hope Radhamohan's picturisation makes these numbers work".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=13 October 2008 |title=Abhiyum Naanum' music is dated |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/13ssa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707223421/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/13ssa.htm |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote that "After a stellar ''Mozhi'', the Radhamohan-Vidyasagar combo crashes with a thud".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=27 September 2008 |title=Music review: Abhiyum Naanum (Tamil – Vidyasagar) |url=https://milliblog.com/2008/09/27/music-review-abhiyum-naanum-tamil-vidyasagar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625074947/https://milliblog.com/2008/09/27/music-review-abhiyum-naanum-tamil-vidyasagar/ |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

;Tamil version
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ore Oru Oorilae" || [[Kailash Kher]] || 4:40
|-
| "Pachhai Kaatre" || [[Sadhana Sargam]] || 4:39
|-
| "Vaa Vaa En Devadhai" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] || 2:33
|-
| "Moongil Vittu" || Madhu Balakrishnan || 1:10
|-
| "Azhagiya Azhagiya Kili" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:49
|-
| "Chinnamma Kalyanam" || Kailash Kher || 1:18
|-
| "Sher Punjabi" || [[Rehan Khan]] || 1:10
|}

;Telugu version{{efn|The Telugu version featured one less song due to the exclusion of "Moongil Vittu". All other songs were reused except "Vaa Vaa En Devadhai" and "Azhagiya Azhagiya Kili", which were replaced by "Aatala Paatala" and "Dooram Kaavala", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2009 |title=Akashamantha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/akashamantha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/931700417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/8Mt7m |archive-date=11 April 2026 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Lyrics !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Okanoka Voorilo" || [[Veturi]] || [[Kailash Kher]] || 4:40
|-
| "Veeche Gaali Maapai" || rowspan="3"|[[Anantha Sriram]]|| [[Sadhana Sargam]] || 4:39
|-
| "Aatala Paatala" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] || 4:40
|-
| "Dooram Kaavala" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:20
|-
| "Chinnamma Kalyanam" || Veturi || Kailash Kher || 1:38
|-
| "Sher Punjabi" || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Rehan Khan]] || 1:10
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Abhiyum Naanum'' was released on 19 December 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2008 |title=A feast for the movie buffs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/04/a-feast-for-the-movie-buffs-7952.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223061402/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/04/a-feast-for-the-movie-buffs-7952.html |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> after being delayed twice ([[Diwali]] 2008 and 14 November 2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2008 |title=Abhiyum Naanum from November 14 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/nov/01/abhiyum-naanum-from-november-14-3727.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030093534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/nov/01/abhiyum-naanum-from-november-14-3727.html |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''Rediff.com'' said, "For fathers who love their daughters, this is your pick. Definitely worth a watch" and rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=22 December 2008 |title=Abhiyum Naanum is poignant |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22review-abhiyum-naanum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090440/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22review-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Watch it for its natural treatment".<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 December 2008 |title=Duet does it yet again! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/duet-does-it-yet-again/article3023684.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131117/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/duet-does-it-yet-again/article3023684.ece |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "Frankly speaking, the Prakash Raj- Radha Mohan combo's ''Abhiyum Naanum'' is nowhere in the league of their previous oeuvre ''Mozhi''. With a touching title like that, one would have thought the director would have a more solid script, but somehow it fails to strike a chord like their earlier film." but added that "If you are still looking for a different kind of cinematic experience, then, it’s worth a look."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhiyum Naanum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abhiyum-naanum-review-tamil-14821491.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411205934/http://www.sify.com/movies/abhiyum-naanum-review-tamil-14821491.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The delicate evolution of the father-daughter relationship, and the former’s reluctance to accept that his daughter has grown up, is narrated with humour and sensitivity", calling ''Abhiyum Naanum'' "Yet another feel-good entertainer from the ''Mozhi'' team".<ref name="IS" />

== Remakes ==
[[Dil Raju]], out of interest to remake ''Abhiyum Naanum'' in Telugu, showed the film to [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and offered him to play the lead role. Nagarjuna felt that the film would not suit his image and rejected the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=7 February 2011 |title=Interview with Dil Raju |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/dilraju-gaganam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503232402/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/dilraju-gaganam.html |archive-date=3 May 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Raju then decided to dub the film in Telugu as ''Akashamantha'' and reshoot Prithviraj's portions with [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] due to nativity issues. Editor [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] suggested that [[Jagapathi Babu]] do the role instead, who accepted to work in the film despite initially being reluctant. His portions were shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2009 |title=Aakasamantha press meet |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-aakasamantha1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625012325/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-aakasamantha1.html |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2009 |title=Aakasamantha press meet |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/onthesets-aakasamantha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625012422/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/onthesets-aakasamantha.html |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=23 February 2011 |title=Four out of four |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/four-out-of-four/articleshow/21670875.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225152709/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/four-out-of-four/articleshow/21670875.cms |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> The dialogues were written by [[Abburi Ravi]].<ref name="I" /> ''Akashamantha'' was released on 27 March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2009 |title=Aakasamantha to release on March 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2009/Mar/16/aakasamantha-to-release-on-march-27-33225.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225153858/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2009/Mar/16/aakasamantha-to-release-on-march-27-33225.html |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="I">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=27 May 2009 |title=Telugu Movie review – Aakasamantha |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aakasamantha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322132937/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aakasamantha.html |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' (2010) with Prakash Raj directing the film and reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2009 |title=Kannada remake for Abhiyum Naanum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/21/kannada-remake-for-abhiyum-naanum-79291.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131119/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/21/kannada-remake-for-abhiyum-naanum-79291.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Award
!Category
!Verdict
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
| [[Radha Mohan]]
| rowspan="3"style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2009 |title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009092950250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Second Prize)]]
|{{Won}}
| ''Abhiyum Naanum''
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
|{{Won}}
| [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]{{efn|Also for [[Suriya]] in ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''.}}
|-
| [[International Tamil Film Awards|Fourth International Tamil Film Awards]]
| [[ITFA Best Movie Award|Best Film]]
|{{Won}}
| ''Abhiyum Naanum''
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 May 2009 |title=Glitter at Singapore |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/15/stories/2009051550450400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620023626/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/15/stories/2009051550450400.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{Nominated}}
|''Abhiyum Naanum''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2009 |title=Vijay Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijay-awards/article3021585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207050215/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijay-awards/article3021585.ece |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
Trisha was cast in the Hindi film ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (2010) after [[Akshay Kumar]] saw her work in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=13 June 2009 |title=Trisha goes to Bollywood! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-13/news-interviews/28187788_1_khatta-meeta-trisha-hindi-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521062248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-13/news-interviews/28187788_1_khatta-meeta-trisha-hindi-film |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Father of the Bride}}
{{Radha Mohan}}
{{Prakash Raj}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2008 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Father of the Bride (franchise)]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Radha Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

List of Nepali singers

2026-04-28T14:22:21Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating initial biography first draft

{{Short description|none}}

{{For|Nepali singers from Nepal|List of Nepalese singers}}

This is an alphabetical list of notable '''Nepali-language singers'''. These vocal artists are from the [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]] and Nepali-speaking regions of [[India]], Bhutan; some belong to the immigrant population living abroad.


{{Compact ToC|center=yes}}

==A==
* [[Bhakta Raj Acharya]]
* [[Milan Amatya]]
* [[Yogeshwar Amatya]]

==B==
* [[Tilak Bam Malla]]
* [[Devika Bandana]]
* [[Tika Bhandari]]
* [[Nabin K Bhattarai]]
* [[Norden Tenzing Bhutia]]
* [[Om Bikram Bista]]
* [[Babu Bogati]]

==C==
* [[Bipul Chettri]]
* [[Rohit John Chhetri]]
* [[Nalina Chitrakar]]

==D==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm14201066/ Dipesh K. Shrestha]
* [[Karna Das]]
* [[Danny Denzongpa]]
* [[Koili Devi]]
* [[Tara Devi (singer)|Tara Devi]]
* [[Ram Krishna Dhakal]]
* [[Ani Choying Dolma]]
* [[Sunita Dulal]]

==G==
* [[Jhalak Man Gandarbha]]
* [[Atithi Gautam K. C]]
* [[Bhumika Giri]]
* [[Narayan Gopal]]
* [[Amrit Gurung]]
* [[Ciney Gurung]]
* [[Khem Raj Gurung]]
* [[Kishor Gurung]]
* [[Mausami Gurung]]
* [[Prakash Gurung]]
* [[Sukmit Gurung]]

==J==
* [[Udit Narayan Jha]]
* [[Indira Joshi (singer)|Indira Joshi]]

==K==
* [[Bacchu Kailash]]
* [[Nati Kaji]]
* [[Mallika Karki]]
* [[Peter J. Karthak]]
* [[Ram Prasad Khanal]]
* [[Pramod Kharel]]
* [[Kamal Khatri]]
* Kiran Pradhan (Dr)

==L==
* [[Aruna Lama]]
* [[Raju Lama]]

==M==
* [[Muna Thapa Magar]]
* [[Bishnu Majhi]]
* [[Tilak Bam Malla]]
* [[Kunti Moktan]]
* [[Zascha Moktan]]

==N==
* [[Udit Narayan]]
* [[Natikaji]]

==P==
* [[Anju Panta]]
* [[Raju Pariyar]]
* [[Sugam Pokharel]]
* [[Bednidhi Poudel]]
* [[Prem Dhoj Pradhan]]
* [[Adrian Pradhan]]
* [[Shanti Shree Pariyar]]

==R==
* [[Bartika Eam Rai]]
* [[Dhiraj Rai]]
* [[Rajesh Payal Rai]]
* [[Sabin Rai]]
* [[Shambhu Rai]]
* [[Phatteman Rajbhandari]]
* [[Gyanu Rana]]
* [[Sashi Rawal]]
* [[Nima Rumba]]

==S==
* [[Shiva Pariyar]]
* [[Arjun Sapkota]]
* [[Panna Kaji|Panna Kaji Shakya]]
* [[Shiva Shankar]]
* [[Deep Shrestha]]
* [[Narayan Bhakta Shrestha]]
* [[Nirnaya Shrestha]]
* [[Prakash Shrestha]]
* [[Seturam Shrestha]]
* [[Sushma Shrestha]]
* [[Manila Sotang]]
* [[Abhaya Subba]]
* [[Phiroj Shyangden (Nepali Musician)|Phiroj Shyangden]]

==T==
* [[Prashant Tamang]]
* [[Arun Thapa]]
* [[Dharmaraj Thapa]]
* [[Pranil L Timalsena]]
* [[Ram Man Trishit]]
* [[Ram Thapa]]
* [[Robin Tamang]]
* [[Shanti Thatal]]
* [[Trishna Gurung]]

==V==
*[[Sajjan Raj Vaidya]]

==W==
* [[Hira Devi Waiba]]
* [[Navneet Aditya Waiba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oklisten.com/navneetadityawaiba|title=Ama Lai Shraddhanjali|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215001433/https://www.oklisten.com/navneetadityawaiba|archivedate=15 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba|title=Songs of Tribute, Ama Lai Shraddhanjali|publisher=The Himalayan Times|accessdate=10 January 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212181004/https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/music/songs-of-tribute-navneet-aditya-waiba-and-satya-aditya-waiba/|archivedate=12 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Y==
* [[Visan Yonjan]]
* [[Gopal Yonzon]]

==See also==
*[[List of bands from Nepal]]
*[[List of Nepalese singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of singers by language|Nepali]]
[[Category:Nepali-language culture]]
[[Category:Nepali-language singers]]
[[Category:Lists of Nepalese people by occupation|singers]]

Kakinada Municipal Corporation

2026-04-26T14:13:42Z

MargueriteMcEwan: brief adjust lead and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Local civic body in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kakinada Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|కాకినాడ నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = KAKINADA STATION MAIN ENTRANCE.jpg
| coa_alt = Kakinada Town Jn. Railway Station main entrance
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = 2005
| body = Kakinada
| houses =
| leader1_type = Special Officer
| leader1 = Krithika Shukla (IAS), [[Kakinada district|Kakinada District]].
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Commissioner
| leader3 = K. Ramesh
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups1 =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2017 Kakinada Municipal Corporation election|29 August 2017]]
| next_election1 = to be announced
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Kakinada Municipal corporation}}
| footnotes =
| logo_pic =
| logo =
}}

'''Kakinada Municipal Corporation''' ('''KMC''') is the civic body of [[Kakinada]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |title=KMC |date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-06-17 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013010/http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> The corporation has recently concluded its election term and is currently headed by the Special Officer, Krithika Shukla who happens to be the collector of [[Kakinada district|Kakinada District]].

== Jurisdiction ==

The jurisdiction of the corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|30.51|km2|abbr=on}} and the population as per the [[2011 Census of India]] was 312,538.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref> It started to expand from 1920, when it was only {{Convert|20.31|km2|abbr=on}} and the population was just over 50,000. The [[urban agglomeration]] area of Kakinada is spread over an area of {{Convert|57.36|km2|abbr=on}}. The urban agglomeration constituents includes the areas of Kakinada Municipal Corporation, [[census towns]] of Chidiga, [[Ramanayyapeta]], [[Suryaraopeta]] and the [[out growth]]s of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi and Turangi.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |title=Kakinada Profile |website=Kakinada Municipal Corporation |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=10 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013010/http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - East Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=6 November 2015 |page=3,16–17 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113225906/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref>

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|Polasapalli Saroja Cherian
|
|2005
|2010
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|First Mayor of KMC <ref>{{Cite news |date= 2009-05-14 |title= Be empowered to empower others |language=en-IN |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/jun/14/be-empowered-to-empower-others-58531.html?fbclid=IwAR2En_-wec4vAwSfrahs5reuqUSLGniXK6Fvf5lLrBESYV1OwkBPDKpTYM4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 2019-03-03 |title= Ex-Mayor Joins Jansena Party |language=en-IN |work=[[United News of India]] |url=http://www.uniindia.net/ex-mayor-saroja-joins-janasena-party/south/news/1517368.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 2017-08-05|title= Kakinada civic poll to be held on Aug 29 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-08-05/Kakinada-civic-poll-to-be-held-on-Aug-29/316854}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|Sunkara Pavani
|K.Sattibabu
|2017
|2021
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|

|-
|2.
|Sunkara Sivaprasanna
|C.V.Satyaprasad
|2021
|2022
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|}

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by special officer, headed by the collector sri shanmoh sagili.

The present commissioner of the corporation is Kum Bhawna IAS, took charge as Commissioner on 24/07/2024

== Functions ==

Kakinada Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ka9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ka10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial,residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management,public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped,old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ka11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===

Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Kakinada]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

1984 Indian general election

2026-04-21T22:16:52Z

MargueriteMcEwan: fixed information further for accuracy

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1980 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1980
| next_election = 1989 Indian general election
| next_year = 1989
| election_date = 24, 27 and 28 December 1984
| seats_for_election = 541 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 271
| registered = 400,375,333
| turnout = 64.01% ({{increase}} 7.09[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| last_election1 = 42.69%, 353 seats
| seats1 = '''414'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 61
| popular_vote1 = '''120,107,044'''
| percentage1 = '''49.1%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 4.17[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| party2 = Telugu Desam Party
| last_election2 = –
| popular_vote2 = 10,132,859
| percentage2 = 4.31%
| swing2 = ''New''
| seat_change2 = ''New''
| seats2 = 30
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader3 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election3 = 6.24%, 37 seats
| seats3 = 22
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 15
| popular_vote3 = 13,809,950
| percentage3 = 5.87%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 0.37[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandra Shekhar Singh 2010 stamp alt.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=10}}
| leader4 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| party4 = Janata Party
| last_election4 = 18.97%, 31 seats
| seats4 = 10
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 21
| popular_vote4 = 16,210,514
| percentage4 = 6.89%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 12.08[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prime minister Charan Singh_(cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader5 = [[Charan Singh]]
| party5 = Lokdal
| last_election5 = ''New''
| seats5 = 3
| seat_change5 = ''New''
| popular_vote5 = 14,040,064
| percentage5 = 5.97%
| swing5 = ''New''
| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=lkadvani.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader6 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| party6 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election6 = ''New''
| seats6 = 2
| seat_change6 = ''New''
| popular_vote6 = 18,202,853
| percentage6 = 7.74%
| swing6 = ''New''
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1984.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| after_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 7th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 8th Lok Sabha
}}{{Politics of India}}

General elections were held in [[India]] on 24, 27 and 28 December 1984, shortly after the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[Indira Gandhi]]. Voting was delyed in [[Assam]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] until 1985 due to ongoing insurgency.

The elections were a [[landslide victory]] for the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (son of Indira Gandhi),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manor |first=James |date=1985 |title=The Indian general election of 1984 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/026137948590006X |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1016/0261-3794(85)90006-X |issn=0261-3794|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which won 404 of the 514 seats elected in 1984 and a further 10 in the delayed elections. The [[Telugu Desam Party]] of [[N. T. Rama Rao]], a regional political party from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], was the second largest party, winning 30 seats, thus achieving the distinction of becoming the first regional party to become a national opposition party. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] contested the election in alliance with the INC (I), and won 12 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumaresan |first=S. |date=2019-03-04 |title=AIADMK- Congress combine ride on sympathy wave in 1984 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/04/aiadmk--cong-combine-ride-on-sympathy-wave-in-84-1946778.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Voting was held immediately after the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] and the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in November. Congress (Indira) received significant support due to an outpouring of [[public grief]] at Gandhi's death. Voting was delayed in the Sikh-majority state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], while the [[Assam Movement|Assam movement]] and sporadic violence in [[Mizoram]] by the [[Mizo National Front]] as a part of its [[Mizo National Front uprising|uprising against the government]] saw voting being delayed in these states.

The 1984 elections were the last in which a single party won a majority of seats until [[2014 Indian general election|2014]], and the only time to date in which a party won more than 400 seats.

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1984.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=115478267|seats1=404
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=18202853|seats2=2
|party3=[[Janata Party]]|votes3=16210514|seats3=10
|party4=[[Lokdal]]|votes4=14040064|seats4=3
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes5=13809950|seats5=22
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=10132859|seats6=30
|party7=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes7=6363430|seats7=6
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=5695179|seats8=2
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=3968967|seats9=12
|party10=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes10=3577377|seats10=4
|party11=[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)]]|votes11=1511515|seats11=1
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1173869|seats12=3
|party13=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes13=1055556|seats13=2
|party14=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes14=1010243|seats14=3
|party15=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes15=658821|seats15=2
|party16=[[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]]|votes16=598113|seats16=2
|party17=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes17=508426|seats17=0
|party18=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes18=463963|seats18=1
|party19=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes19=332403|seats19=0|
|party20=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes20=258591|seats20=0
|party21=[[Muslim League (Opposition)|All India Muslim League]]|votes21=224155|seats21=0
|party22=Gandhi Kamraj National Congress|votes22=217104|seats22=0
|party23=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes23=196767|seats23=0
|party24=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes24=165320|seats24=0
|party25=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes25=149019|seats25=0
|party26=Tamil Nadu Congress (K)|votes26=144076|seats26=0
|party27=[[Naga National Democratic Party]]|votes27=113919|seats27=0
|party28=Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party|votes28=95149|seats28=0
|party29=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes29=83122|seats29=0
|party30=[[People's Party of Arunachal]]|votes30=78455|seats30=0
|party31=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes31=22877|seats31=0
|party32=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes32=18837|seats32=0
|party33=Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Conference|votes33=646|seats33=0
|party34=Independents|votes34=18623803|seats34=5
|row35=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats35=2
|invalid=6062678
|electorate=379540608
|source=[https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIioTRtrX9vvkQ8lDf9Brh2QljusDaFYGfpJM9zoHo8J9PwdGGp0XefbaBYdvPF8WFYJhpk%2BW%2Bp89Gy9OKaFe1hlV80Naz6W6EWVdsoeDF0ia ECI]
}}

===Delayed elections in Assam and Punjab===
[[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1985.svg|thumb|300px|Results from 1985]]
The elections in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] were held in September 1985 after the signing of the [[Rajiv–Longowal Accord]] between Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and Akali leader [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] on 24 July 1985. The elections were held alongside elections to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=Asian>{{cite journal |last1=Narain |first1=Iqbal |title=India in 1985: Triumph of Democracy|journal=Asian Survey |date=1986 |volume=26|number=2|pages=253–269 |doi=10.2307/2644461|jstor=2644461 }}</ref> In Assam elections were held in December 1985 after the signing of the [[Assam Accord]] in August 1985.<ref name=Asian/>

{{Election results
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=4628777|seats1=10|sc1=
|party2=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes2=2577279|seats2=7|sc2=
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=462576|seats3=0|sc3=
|party4=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes4=457705|seats4=1|sc4=
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=369687|seats5=0|sc5=
|party6=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes6=310150|seats6=1|sc6=
|party7=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes7=263284|seats7=0|sc7=
|party8=[[Janata Party]]|votes8=420082|seats8=0|sc8=
|party9=[[Lokdal]]|votes9=46627|seats9=0|sc9=
|party10=Independents|votes10=4864958|seats10=8|sc10=
|invalid=646951
|total_sc=0
|electorate=20834725
|source=[https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIu%2BY1riOdtLqDPjuHK%2BWBTls%2Fs7eWaiORvgh9NZUu3Dhn2%2B0peSE%2F6jkqAXewxbNCqdDnW5UMpJMTM2Ys0Nt%2BP%2FJ2%2BdBIBswoUnKE3KB7EMq ECI]
}}


==See also==
*[[List of members of the 8th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1984 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1984 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:1984 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:December 1984 in India|General]]
[[Category:1984 elections in Asia|India]]

Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao

2026-04-20T07:49:14Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician (1953–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dommeru]], [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|21|1953|5|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1983–1999 2004–2009
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2012–2024)
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (1982–2012)
| spouse = Nagamani
| children = 3
| parents =
| footnotes =
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao''' (31 January 1953 – 21 May 2024) was an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected as an [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]] five times from [[Kovvur Assembly constituency]]. He had to step down after the constituency was reserved for Scheduled Caste in 2009. May

==Political career==
Krishnababu entered politics in 1982 through the [[Telugu Desam Party]] at NTR's call. He won as MLA five times in 1983, 1985, 1989, 1994 and 2004 assembly elections from [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]. Although he was defeated in 1999, he continued his long political career as an MLA for almost 23 years. During the 2009 delimitation of constituencies, Krishnababu could not contest Kovvuru as it was reserved for SC. He joined YSRCP in 2012. He was limited to campaigning in 2014 and 2019 elections. He continued to be a member of the YSRCP Central Governing Council.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Personal life and death==
Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao had two sons, Venkatarayudu and Ravibabu, along with a daughter, Archana sennar and grandchildren Arjun Sennar. After suffering from a long illness, he died at a private hospital in Hyderabad, on 21 May 2024, at the age of 71.<ref name="Former TDP MLA Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao Passes Away in Hyderabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Former TDP MLA Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao Passes Away in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/former-tdp-mla-pendyala-venkata-krishna-rao-passes-away-in-hyderabad-879867 |access-date=23 May 2024 |work= |date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523183240/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/former-tdp-mla-pendyala-venkata-krishna-rao-passes-away-in-hyderabad-879867 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former Kovvuru MLA Krishna Babu passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Former Kovvuru MLA Krishna Babu passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/former-kovvuru-mla-krishna-babu-passes-away-895058 |access-date=23 May 2024 |work= |date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523183306/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/former-kovvuru-mla-krishna-babu-passes-away-895058 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Pendyala Venkata Krishna}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Jharigam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:11Z

MargueriteMcEwan: adding new page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jharigam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jharigam
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 74
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Narsing Bhatra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,17,126{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Jharigam''' is an [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Nabarangpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=73|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Umerkote (73) District: Nabarangpur|accessdate= 17 March 2014|archive-date= 20 March 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140320203741/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=73|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

This constituency includes Jharigam block, [[Chandahandi]] block and 10 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Badabharandi, Badakumari, Bhamini, Benora, Singisari, Bhandariguda, Chikalpadar, Hirapur, Karagam and Rajpur) of [[Umerkote]] block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529075331/https://elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.33}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.58}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.99}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.72}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Jharigam constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Jharigam Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jharigam.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jharigam Assembly Election Results 2024: Jharigam Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jharigam-constituency-result-18074 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Narsing Bhatra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Prakash Chandra Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Narsing Bhatra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramesh Chandra Majhi by a margin of 3,278 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jharigam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narsing Bhatra
|votes = 76,748
|percentage = 42.33
|change = {{up}}19.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|votes = 73,470
|percentage = 40.52
|change = {{down}}4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harabati Gond
|votes = 25,577
|percentage = 14.11
|change = {{down}}12.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,514
|percentage = 3.04
|change = {{down}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,278
|percentage = 1.81
|change = {{down}}16.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,81,309
|percentage = 83.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prakash Chandra Majhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Uldhar Majhi by a margin of 31,370 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jharigam<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prakash Chandra Majhi]]
|votes = 77,881
|percentage = 44.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Uldhar Majhi|votes=46,511|percentage=26.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Parsuram Majhi|votes=39,631|percentage=22.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,689|percentage=3.26|change=|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,370|percentage=17.96|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,696|percentage=82.24|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Uldhar Majhi by a margin of 11,196 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jharigam<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Jharigam|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1874.htm?ac=74|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901131847/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1874.htm?ac=74|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Jharigam (74) |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=74|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008183157/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=74|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 October 2023|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|votes = 65,254
|percentage = 41.99
|change = {{down}}3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uldhar Majhi
|votes = 54,058
|percentage = 34.78
|change = {{up}}7.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kumar Pujari
|votes = 14,010
|percentage = 9.01
|change = {{down}}2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,498
|percentage = 6.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,196
|percentage = 7.20
|change = {{down}}11.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,415
|percentage = 80.86
|change = {{up}}11.42
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,205
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jalandhar Majhi by a margin of 22,276 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=22276 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jharigam<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
|votes = 54,767
|percentage = 45.72
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jalandhar Majhi
|votes = 32,491
|percentage = 27.12
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sona Majhi
|votes = 13,226
|percentage = 11.04
|change = ''-''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,276
|percentage = 18.60{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,791
|percentage = 69.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Nabarangpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.72|82.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nabarangpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:47Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made the data basic info

{{For|disambiguation|Balarampur (disambiguation){{!}}Balarampur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Balrampur
|type = SLA
|map_image = 65-Balrampur, Bihar constituency.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Sangita Devi]]
|party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by =
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|division = [[Purnia division|Purnia]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|53]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 348,537
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}

'''Balrampur Assembly constituency''' is an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|assembly]] constituency in [[Katihar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 65. Balrampur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Balrampur and [[Barsoi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency is part of No 11 [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balrampur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/balrampur-bihar-assembly-constituency}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
| rowspan="2" style=background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}|
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Sangita Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Balrampur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = [[Sangita Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80459}}
|percentage = 29.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mohammad Adil Hassan
|votes = {{formatnum:80070}}
|percentage = 28.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79141}}
|percentage = 28.56
|change = {{decrease}}22.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Moazzam Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:9195}}
|percentage = 3.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Barun Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:5372}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Jinnah
|votes = {{formatnum:3446}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change = {{decrease}}2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ashab Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2614}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3185}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{decrease}}1.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:389}}
|percentage = 0.14
|change = {{decrease}}26.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:277074}}
|percentage = 79.5
|change = {{increase}}18.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Balrampur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:104489}}
|percentage = 51.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Barun Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:50892}}
|percentage = 24.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Sangita Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8949}}
|percentage = 4.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Jinnah
|votes = {{formatnum:7878}}
|percentage = 3.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jankranti Party
|candidate = Azad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:4747}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagannath Das
|votes = {{formatnum:4090}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Khawaja Bahauddin Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:3443}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Munovar Husain
|votes = {{formatnum:3254}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Md. Shamim Akhtar
|votes = {{formatnum:3072}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Sakir Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2872}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tanweer Shamsi
|votes = {{formatnum:2041}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5166}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53597}}
|percentage = 26.22
|change = +15.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204439}}
|percentage = 61.3
|change = -4.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In this election [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] candidate [[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]] won Balrampur assembly seat defeating his nearest [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] rival '''Barun Kumar Jha'''. [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] candidate '''Dulal Chandra Goswami''' of JDU got third position in this seat.<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/balrampur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Balrampur Vidhan Sabha Election - Balrampur Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Balrampur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62513}}
|percentage = 31.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Barun Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:42094}}
|percentage = 21.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dulal Chandra Goswami
|votes = {{formatnum:40114}}
|percentage = 20.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niranjan Das
|votes = {{formatnum:14033}}
|percentage = 7.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Hansraj Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:9473}}
|percentage = 4.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Md. Adil Hasan
|votes = {{formatnum:6375}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Habibur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:3884}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Azad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:3463}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Md Mushtaque Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2897}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2875}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20419}}
|percentage = 10.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197216}}
|percentage = 66.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Dulal Chandra Goshwami, Independent, won the newly created Balrampur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0465.htm |title = Bihar - Balrampur |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Barsoi Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|25|21|44|N|87|44|42|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Katihar district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:06Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new a info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan
| map_caption =
| mla = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:217319}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 62
| map_image= Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Patan''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Durg district|Durg]] district.

[[Bhupesh Baghel]], the former [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]], is the current MLA of this constituency. The constituency is a stronghold of [[Indian National Congress Party]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 2003
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2008
| [[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2013
| rowspan=3 | [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patan<ref name="BJP Candidates CG 2023">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-has-released-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-/articleshow/102802832.cms?from=mdr|title=BJP releases first list of 21 candidates for Chhattisgarh|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,438
|percentage = 51.91
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Baghel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,715
|percentage = 41.18
|change = {{increase}}6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amit Jogi|Amit Ajit Jogi]]
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 4,822
|percentage = 2.62
|change = {{decrease}}5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 641
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{decrease}}2.07
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,723
|percentage = 10.73
|change = {{decrease}}6.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,16,917
|percentage = 84.27
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Patan<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 84,352
|percentage = 51.85
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Motilal Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 56,875
|percentage = 34.98
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shakuntala Sahu
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 13,201
|percentage = 8.12
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,939
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,477
|percentage = 16.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,802
|percentage = 83.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Durg district]]
*[[Durg]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.04|81.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Durg district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Dhruba Charan Sahoo

2026-04-19T05:33:25Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating the post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhruba Charan Sahoo
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
| term_start = 2019
| predecessor = [[Anshuman Mohanty]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Dhruba Charan Sahoo''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruba Charan Sahoo Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1165 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajanagar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Dhruba Charan Sahoo of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajanagar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916977.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Rajanagar Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-rajanagar-constituency-result-3009723 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Dhruba Charan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Rana Vikrama

2026-04-14T08:52:42Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{short description|2015 film by Pawan Wadeyar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rana Vikrama
| image = Kannada_Movie_Ranavikrama_poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]
| producer = Jayanna Bhogendra
| writer = Pavan Wadeyar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Adah Sharma]]|[[Girish Karnad]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]]}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = [[Vaidy S]]
| editing = Suresh Arumugam
| studio = Jayanna Combines
| distributor = Jayanna Combines [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| runtime = 147 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2015|04|10|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Rana Vikrama''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Pavan Wadeyar]] and produced by Jayanna Combines. The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], alongside [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Adah Sharma]], Dinesh Mangalore, [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sudha Belawadi]] and [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Anjali-to-pair-with-Power-Star/2014/05/06/article2208699.ece |title=Anjali to pair with Power Star |publisher=Indian Express |date=6 May 2014 |accessdate=21 May 2014 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521191214/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Anjali-to-pair-with-Power-Star/2014/05/06/article2208699.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Vaidy S]] and Suresh Arumugam.

''Rana Vikrama'' was released on 10 April 2015 to positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rana-Vikrama-Half-Way-kannada-news-116325 |title='Rana Vikrama' Half Way |work=IndiaGlitz |date=13 October 2014 |accessdate=15 October 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018203552/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rana-vikrama-half-way-kannada-news-116325 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
'''1947''': In the pre-independence era in Karnataka, one of the villagers was brought by the police. After hearing about freedom on the radio, Louis Batten, a [[Viceroy]] of the [[East India Company|Company]], threatened the villager that he would never free his village, Vikramatheertha, and wanted to take all of the resources, even stating that it was his. He shoots the villager twice for the enmity between them, thus torturing him. He also throws a sword towards him and challenges him to fight. Suddenly, the villager, who is revealed to be Rana Vikrama, wakes up, slashes, and kills him with the sword he had thrown at him.

'''2015''': Divya, a [[Journalist|news reporter]], goes missing in a place called Vikramatheertha, which is not on the [[Karnataka]] map. She had earlier sent a letter to [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] K.V. Anand Rao. Learning about Divya's disappearance, Rao asks the [[Police Commissioner|police commissioner]] to send a newer recruit officer to investigate.

Meanwhile, Vikram, an aspiring cop, is rejected by the selection officer as he refuses to give a bribe. Vikram and his girlfriend Paaru meet Anand Rao, who assigns them to the mission. Vikram goes to Vikramatheertha in [[Maharashtra]] and finds out that the people are enslaved by Patil to illegally export soil to an unknown buyer. After being insulted, Vikram thrashes Patil and his henchmen and sends Patil into a coma. Patil's brother Kulkarni, the ruling party [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of Maharashtra, hears of Patil's coma and sends goons against Vikram, but to no avail.

Vikram organizes the people to order the area and goes to change the border between the states. On the way, Vikram thrashes Kulkarni's goons right in front of Kulkarni and warns him not to interfere. Vikram reports to Anand Rao with his findings, including an [[Halegannada]] [[inscriptions|inscription]], the people who speak Kannada, and also about Kulkarni. In the meantime, Vikram and the people excavate Vikramateertha and find many artifacts that they restore to their former glory, and the pictures of the artifacts are sent to Rao, who later tells Vikram that the [[Central government]] has approved for the site to be developed. Vikram requests that the annexure of the site should be developed on [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|Kannada Rajyotsava]] to show Karnataka their heritage.

Meanwhile, Johnson, the [[Lineal descendant|grandson]] of Louise Batten, calls Kulkarni, who is helping Johnson smuggle the soil of Vikramatheertha, to ensure everything is fine. He signs a contract for 10 billion dollars and will give Kulkarni {{INRConvert|100|c}} in exchange for triple the soil. Rao reveals about Vikramatheertha's exploits and Vikramatheertha's belonging to Karnataka to the media, where Johnson and Kulkarni learn about the news, Kulkarni relays everything to Johnson and begs him to come to India. On the day of [[Kannada Rajyotsava]], while Anand Rao is talking about Vikramatheertha belonging to Karnataka, Vikram's grandmother Gowri wakes up from her long inactivity, and Vikram visits her ailing grandmother, who reveals her past.

'''1947''': Vikramatheertha was a thriving village with a famous [[Lord Shiva]] temple. Gowri, the daughter of the village chief ''Kusti'' Ranganna, falls in love with her father's student Rana Vikrama, and they get married. Meanwhile, the area is under the control of Louis Batten, who is only interested in gaining profits. One of his [[scientist]] found 100% [[uranium]] in Vikramatheertha's soil, and later got killed by him. Louis Batten and the British collaborators tell the villagers they must vacate the village, but they refuse, at which Batten kills ''Kusti'' Ranganna, only for Vikram to attack him. Humiliated, Batten sends a large army force to forcibly evict or kill the villagers. The villagers fight back with stones and bare hands, but the guns and cannons of the enemy force them back. Vikrama tells Gowri and the remaining villagers to flee and return to fight the British. However, Vikram is betrayed by his partner Ashoka and is handed over to Batten. Batten tortures him mortally, but Vikram slashes the throat of Batten before his death.

'''2015''': Johnson gruesomely bombs Vikramatheertha, causing many deaths and the [[Government of Karnataka|government]] is humiliated, as well as Vikram's grandmother's condition gets critical. Anand Rao assigns Vikram to investigate the bombing. Vikram convinces Rao of the need to kill Johnson for the safety of the country to prevent the soil from getting into the hands of international terrorists. Vikram goes to find and kill Johnson with his squad officers, but Johnson escapes and has Vikram's team double-cross him. After dispatching the squad, Vikram arrives at the mines, where Johnson is supervising the loading of the soil and chases him along a train. Vikram kills Johnson and Kulkarni, thus saving the soil. In the aftermath, Vikram is promoted to [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] by Anand Rao.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Rana Vikrama
** Vikram, Rana Vikrama's grandson
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Gowri, Vikram's grandmother and Rana Vikrama's wife
* [[Adah Sharma]] as Parvathi aka Paaru, Vikram's girlfriend
* [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] in a dual role as
** Louis Batten, [[Viceroy]] of [[British Raj|Company Government]]
** Johnson, Louis Batten's grandson
* [[Girish Karnad]] as K.V. Anand Rao, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] of [[Karnataka]].
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru]] as Kulakarni, ruling party [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Vikram's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Vikram's mother
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru|"Mukhyamantri" Chandru]] as [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] of Karnataka
* [[Avinash Yelandur]] as ''Kusti'' Ranganna, Gowri's father
* Harsha BM
}}

==Production==
It was reported in October 2013 that [[Pavan Wadeyar]] would direct [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in this film, which was announced to be produced by Jayanna Combines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Director-dilemma/2013/10/31/article1864903.ece |title=Director dilemma |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2013 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194048/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Director-dilemma/2013/10/31/article1864903.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was officially launched, along with a teaser on 17 March 2014, coinciding with Puneeth Rajkumar's birthday. [[Shiva Rajkumar]] clapped for the first shot, while [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] switched on the camera. According to Pavan Wadeyar, Puneeth Rajkumar will be seen as a student and a cop in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Puneeths-Ranavikrama-teaser-launched/articleshow/32241171.cms |title=Puneeth's Ranavikrama teaser launched |work=Times of India |date=18 March 2014 |accessdate=31 May 2014 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325151452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Puneeths-Ranavikrama-teaser-launched/articleshow/32241171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], a popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] actress, returned to Kannada cinema with this film, breaking a seven-year hiatus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Anjali-returns-Vidyut-opts-out/articleshow/34698808.cms |title=Anjali returns, Vidyut opts out |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=5 May 2014 |accessdate=21 May 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175447/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Anjali-returns-Vidyut-opts-out/articleshow/34698808.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140506/entertainment-sandalwood/article/honganasu-actress-anjali-star-dheera-ranavikrama |title=Honganasu actress Anjali to star in Dheera Ranavikrama |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628074214/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140506/entertainment-sandalwood/article/honganasu-actress-anjali-star-dheera-ranavikrama |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Adah Sharma]] was selected as the other heroine, after [[Rachita Ram]] opted out. [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] was roped to play as the main antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vikram-singh-kannada-film-rana-vikrama-192928-2014-05-14|title=Vikram Singh to play a baddie in Kannada film Rana Vikrama|date=14 May 2014|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529144714/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vikram-singh-kannada-film-rana-vikrama/1/361805.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The regular shooting of the film started from 9 June 2014 in [[Bangalore]]. To shoot the key scenes of the film, a massive outdoor set was erected at [[Hampi]] on the bank of the [[Tungabhadra River]] and it is said to be one of the most expensive outdoor sets for a Kannada film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ranavikrama-does-a-Rowdy-Rathore/articleshow/36775272.cms |title=Ranavikrama does a Rowdy Rathore |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511223022/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ranavikrama-does-a-Rowdy-Rathore/articleshow/36775272.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] visited the shooting spot at Hampi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Puneeth-Rajkumar-ignores-Yash/articleshow/40680998.cms |title=Puneeth Rajkumar ignores Yash? |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807004657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Puneeth-Rajkumar-ignores-Yash/articleshow/40680998.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the first of the film Puneeth Rajkumar, which shot at Hampi, while his father [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and brother [[Shiva Rajkumar]] had a film shot there earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-first-Puneeth-to-shoot-at-Hampi/articleshow/35474672.cms |title=A first: Puneeth to shoot at Hampi |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325154917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-first-Puneeth-to-shoot-at-Hampi/articleshow/35474672.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The introduction scene of [[Adah Sharma]] was shot at [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|MG Road metro station]], thus becoming first Kannada film to shoot at [[Namma Metro]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Puneeth-Rajkumar-Adah-Sharma-shoot-at-MG-Road-Metro-Station-Bangalore/articleshow/40670025.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, Adah Sharma shoot at MG Road Metro Station, Bangalore|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907064232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Puneeth-Rajkumar-Adah-Sharma-shoot-at-MG-Road-Metro-Station-Bangalore/articleshow/40670025.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Metro-Station-Now-a-Shooting-Spot/2014/08/21/article2389847.ece |title=Metro Station Now a Shooting Spot |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 August 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160757/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Metro-Station-Now-a-Shooting-Spot/2014/08/21/article2389847.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The major scenes were shot at [[Bangalore]], [[Belagavi]], [[Hospete]], [[Sanduru|Sandur]] and near [[Donimalai Township|Donimalai]]. The major climax scene was canned at Jindal Factory, [[Bellary]] for 18 days. It was reported that the makers of the film had invested a whopping {{INR}}1.25 crore in the climax. Pavan Wadeyar, in order to create a high-octane climax in the film, got a 10 kg gun especially designed for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/A-10-kg-Gun-for-Rana-Vikrama/2015/01/10/article2611909.ece |title=A 10 kg Gun for Rana Vikrama |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 January 2015 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121072631/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/A-10-kg-Gun-for-Rana-Vikrama/2015/01/10/article2611909.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 16-member team of Ranavikrama wrapped up the last schedule of shooting in [[Milan]], [[Italy]] in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Cold-speeds-up-Ranavikrama/articleshow/46070271.cms |title=Cold speeds up Ranavikrama |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=30 January 2015 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320045542/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Cold-speeds-up-Ranavikrama/articleshow/46070271.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Post-production===
The post production activities commenced during the final phase of shooting. Puneeth Rajkumar began dubbing for his role by the end of February 2015, but had to stop as the actor caught [[common cold]] and had later completed his dubbing portion. Vikram Singh completed his dubbing on 9 March 2015. Anjali completed her voice dubbing for her role on 19 March 2015. It was reported that it was her first time dubbing for a Kannada film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/exclusive-photo-anjali-completes-dubbing-for-puneeth-rajkumar-s-rana-vikrama-177332.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: Anjali Completes Dubbing For Puneeth Rajkumar's 'Rana Vikrama' |publisher=Filmibeat |date=20 March 2015 |accessdate=20 March 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211150/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/exclusive-photo-anjali-completes-dubbing-for-puneeth-rajkumar-s-rana-vikrama-177332.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Rana Vikrama
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|03|20}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = D Beats
| producer = Jayanna Bhogendra
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|jxa-k7tJqL8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] in his eighth collaboration with Puneeth Rajkumar. Pawan Wadeyar, in an interview with ''[[Filmibeat]]'', said that there are 4 songs in the film and Puneeth Rajkumar has crooned two songs, but later only one song sung by Puneeth Rajkunar was retained.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/exclusive-interview-with-rana-vikrama-director-pawan-wadeyar-175794.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: Interview With 'Rana Vikrama' Director Pawan Wadeyar |publisher=Filmibeat Kannada |date=5 March 2015 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233039/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/exclusive-interview-with-rana-vikrama-director-pawan-wadeyar-175794.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pavan Wadeyar has announced in his [[Twitter]] that the songs of the film will be released on 10 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ranavikrama-audio-on-Ugadi/articleshow/46553433.cms |title=Ranavikrama audio on Ugadi |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2015 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717130258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ranavikrama-audio-on-Ugadi/articleshow/46553433.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio album received mixed response from audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://namcinema.com/audio-reviews/rana-vikrama-album-is-sweet-and-short/ |title=Rana Vikrama album is sweet and short |publisher=Nam Cinema |date=24 March 2015 |accessdate=24 March 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915115949/http://namcinema.com/audio-reviews/rana-vikrama-album-is-sweet-and-short/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Ranavikrama
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Airtelu Aircelu
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics2 = Pavan Wadeyar
| length2 =

| title3 = Neene Neene
| extra3 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Gowri Gowri
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics4 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length4 =
}}

== Release ==
===Marketing===
The film's first look was released on 17 March 2014 on the occasion of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]'s birthday in [[YouTube]]. The teaser was played in all theatres of [[Karnataka]], irrespective of the any language film, which was being played at the centre. It was the first time that the trailer of a film was released across all theatres in Karnataka.

The second teaser was released on 12 December 2014, along with the Tamil film ''[[Lingaa]]''. The third teaser was released on 17 March 2015, on the occasions of Puneeth Rajkumar's birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/The-action-packed-Ranavikrama-teaser-is-here/articleshow/46592444.cms |title=Action-packed Ranavikrama teaser is here |work=The Times of India |date=17 March 2015 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722132132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/The-action-packed-Ranavikrama-teaser-is-here/articleshow/46592444.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/24/Rana-Vikramas-Date-With-Lingaa/article2537525.ece |title=Rana Vikrama's Date With Lingaa |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 November 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224001026/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/24/Rana-Vikramas-Date-With-Lingaa/article2537525.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to [[Udaya TV]] and [[Sun NXT]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
GS Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "A fast-paced commercial flick which no action junkie should miss."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rana-vikrama/movie-review/46894493.cms|title=Rana Vikrama Movie Review|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Rana Vikrama'' will flatter the fans of Puneeth as the actor’s image is exploited to the maximum."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/rana-vikrama/articleshow/46880622.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Movie Review: Rana Vikrama|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Veena. N of ''[[Filmibeat]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Rana Vikrama is high octane action entertainer. The movie is a feast for all Puneeth Rajkumar fans."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2015/rana-vikrama-movie-review-a-story-about-border-disputes-between-karnataka-maharashtra/articlecontent-pf83545-179561.html|title=Rana Vikrama Movie Review: Border Disputes, Yet Again!|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

===Box Office ===
The movie collected ₹4 crore in first 2 days.<ref>https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rana-vikrama-box-office-collection-puneet-rajkumar-starrer-off-good-start-628921</ref> The first weekend collection was reported to be around ₹7.50 crore <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/full-house-for-rana-vikrama-in-delhi/articleshow/46905448.cms</ref><ref>https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rana-vikrama-first-weekend-box-office-puneet-rajkumar-starrer-strikes-gold-collection-centres-629187</ref> to ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2015-06-30 |title=Southern cinema in 2015: Content ruled over star power in first half |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/southern-cinema-2015-content-ruled-over-star-power-first-half-32702 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The 5 days net collections were reported to be ₹8 crores.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Apr/15/new-successes-keep-rana-vikrama-flag-flying-high-742613.html</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4597454|Dheera Rana Vikrama}}

{{Pavan Wadeyar}}

[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Milan]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavan Wadeyar]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]

M. Dhanapal

2026-04-07T23:21:02Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Dhanapal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 25 July 2025
| term_end =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[N. Chandrasegharan]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1 July 1991
| term_end1 = 13 May 1996
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor1 = D. Thirumurthy
| successor1 = [[G. Chockalingam]]
| constituency1 = [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = D. Gayathiri Dhanapal
| occupation = [[Advocate]]
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. Dhanapal''' is an Indian politician and advocate. He is a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of Parliament]], representing [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India]]. He also served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]] constituency from 1 July 1991 to 13 May 1996 as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate.<ref>https://tamil.abplive.com/news/tamil-nadu/admk-rajya-sabha-candidate-m-dhanapal-profile-ex-mla-and-ex-district-chairman-tnn-224936</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/aiadmk-takes-two-rs-seats-announces-candidates-dmdk-promised-seat-in-2026 |title=AIADMK takes two RS seats, announces candidates; DMDK promised seat in 2026 |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=2025-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref>

==Elections contested and positions held==
===Rajya Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Result
|-
||[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]|||[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]||[[AIADMK]]||{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||10th||rowspan=2|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur]]||rowspan=2|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=2|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}||56.55%||[[G. Chockalingam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||27.87%
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]||{{Lost}}||38.82%||D. Moorthy||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]||[[File:Pattali Makkal Katchi Ripe Mango Symbol.png|20px]]||{{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}||45.07%
|}

===Positions in Parliament of the Republic of India===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|25 July 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2025|07|25}}
|}

===Positions in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur]]
|1 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|4 years, 317 days
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanapal, M.}}
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Darshan Singh Gurjar

2026-04-04T15:52:50Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating a bio w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Darshan Singh Gurjar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Lakhan Singh Meena]]
| office1 = Member of the [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 11 December 2013
| term_end1 = 10 December 2018
| successor1 = [[Lakhan Singh Meena]]
| predecessor1 = Rohini Kumari
| constituency1 = [[Karauli Assembly constituency|Karauli]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|06|15}}
| birth_place = Sundarpura, [[Baseri tehsil]], [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| partner =
| parents =
| spouse = Kamlesh Devi
| children = 3
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
}}

'''Shri Darshan Singh Gurjar''' (June 15, 1969) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan Assembly]], representing the [[Karauli Assembly constituency|Karauli constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Karauli Chunav Final Result: राजस्‍थान करौली सीट से बीजेपी के दर्शन सिंह जीते, करीबी रहा मुकाबला |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/karauli-rajasthan-assembly-election-karauli-vidhan-sabha-seat-profile-statistical-data-chunav-aayog-7869188.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-10 |title=For Raje, one headache less: Gujjar strongman Bainsla on way out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan-assembly-elections/for-raje-one-headache-less-gujjar-strongman-bainsla-on-way-out/articleshow/27155012.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Rajasthan elections: BJP announces fourth list of candidates with two names |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/rajasthan-elections-bjp-announces-fourth-list-of-candidates-with-two-names/articleshow/104934420.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karauli Assembly Election Results 2023 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/karauli-assembly-elections-rj-83/ |website=oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asim |first=Ragib |date=2023-11-09 |title=Darshan Singh Gurjar politicians: दर्शन सिंह गुर्जर का जीवन परिचय, जानिए कौन है दर्शन सिंह गुर्जर |url=https://npg.news/politics/darshan-singh-gurjar-biography-wiki-bio-family-husband-cast-son-net-worth-1253240 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=npg.news |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Darshan Singh Gurjar BJP leader |url=https://www.bjp.org/shri-darshan-singh-gurjar |website=www.bjp.org}}</ref> He previously served as a member of the [[14th Rajasthan Assembly]] from the same constituency as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP ने फिर बढ़ाया कुनबा, कांग्रेस के इन दिग्गज ने थामा पार्टी का दामन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/former-congress-mla-darshan-singh-gurjar-and-subhash-meel-join-bjp/articleshow/104899739.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhamashah welcomes Darshan Singh-Gurjar on becoming vice presiden |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/hindon/news/bhamashah-welcomes-darshan-singh-gurjar-on-becoming-vice-president-129479818.html |website=Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Darshan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Periyakulam Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T11:38:47Z

MargueriteMcEwan: adjust page to improve readability per standard format

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Periyakulam
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 199
| map_image = Constitution-Periyakulam.svg
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[K. S. Saravana Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 263,547
}}
'''Periyakulam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Theni district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Elections were not held in the years 1957 and 1962. It includes the two major towns [[Theni]] and [[Periyakulam]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[V. Muthu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[K. M. M. Metha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[N. Anbuchezhian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1977
| K. Pannai Sethuram
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| K. Gopalakrishnan
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| Dr. T. Mohammed Saleem
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[L. Mookiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| M. Periyaveeran
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| L. Mookiah
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. Laser]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[K. Kathirkamu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2019^
| rowspan=2|[[K. S. Saravana Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.98}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kathirkamu|Dr. K. Kathirkamu]]|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Vimala|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. Sabari|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263547|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web|title=Periyakulam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a199|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Saravana Kumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,251 |percentage=46.28% |change=+6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,930 |percentage=35.58% |change=-11.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kathirkamu|Dr. K. Kathirkamu]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,424 |percentage=8.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vimala |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,794 |percentage=5.92% |change=+5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pandiyarajan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=5,680 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,451 |percentage=1.23% |change=+0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,321 |percentage=10.70% |change= 3.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=199,346 |percentage=69.83% |change= -5.11% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=10|percentage=0.01% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,471 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{Cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC199.pdf |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222070616/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC199.pdf |archive-date=22 Feb 2022 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. S. Saravana Kumar]]
|votes = 88,393
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Mayilvel
|votes = 68,073
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Kathirkamu|Dr. K. Kathirkamu]]
|votes = 26,338
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = Shobana
|votes = 5,825
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = Prabhu
|votes = 5,727
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,320
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,622
|percentage = 73.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,68,739 |change = }}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kathirkamu|Dr. K. Kathirkamu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,599 |percentage=46.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,249 |percentage=39.51% |change=-4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Laser]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,525 |percentage=7.01% |change=-40.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chellam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,015 |percentage=2.60% |change=+0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,275 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pushpalatha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,048 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,025 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,350 |percentage=7.43% |change= 3.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=193,010 |percentage=74.94% |change= -3.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,555 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Laser]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=76,687 |percentage=47.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Anbazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,046 |percentage=44.34% |change=+5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ganapathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,422 |percentage=2.14% |change=+1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,347 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajaguru |party=Independent politician |votes=1,260 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nalluchamy |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,129 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Krishnaveni |party=Independent politician |votes=872 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanichami |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,641 |percentage=3.52% |change= -7.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=160,242 |percentage=78.88% |change= 8.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,137 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,345 |percentage=49.78% |change=-4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Mookiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,511 |percentage=38.98% |change=+0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abdul Kather |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,105 |percentage=8.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajapandiyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,097 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Senthil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=907 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,834 |percentage=10.81% |change= -4.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,287 |percentage=70.05% |change= 13.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,988 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,125 |percentage=54.28% |change=+26.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abuthahir |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,205 |percentage=38.62% |change=-8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jeyaraman |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,965 |percentage=5.21% |change=-4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Beerkabeef |party=Independent politician |votes=1,222 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,920 |percentage=15.66% |change= -3.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,463 |percentage=56.14% |change= -10.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,946 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Mookiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,427 |percentage=46.75% |change=+19.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,520 |percentage=27.58% |change=-39.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Rajangam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,076 |percentage=9.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthumanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=9,988 |percentage=8.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sharuz Ameed |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=3,645 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. Sethumanickam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,379 |percentage=2.08% |change=-1.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,907 |percentage=19.17% |change= -20.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,283 |percentage=66.56% |change= 5.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,436 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Periyaveeran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,760 |percentage=67.45% |change=+39.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Mookiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,718 |percentage=27.37% |change=-6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Annavi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,431 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kennedy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=930 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,042 |percentage=40.07% |change= 34.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,915 |percentage=61.17% |change= -8.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,072 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 33.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Mookiah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,215 |percentage=34.15% |change=-0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sheik Abdul Khadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,622 |percentage=28.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Rajendran (Aiadmk Politician)|S. S. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,686 |percentage=27.82% |change=-35.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Abdul Farook |party=Independent politician |votes=7,311 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=561 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,593 |percentage=5.42% |change= -23.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,114 |percentage=69.44% |change= -1.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,319 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Mohammed Saleem |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,021 |percentage=63.04% |change=+9.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Maya Thevar Alias Mayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,554 |percentage=34.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyathurai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,304 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,467 |percentage=28.75% |change= 17.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,044 |percentage=71.06% |change= 6.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,765 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Omana And Moscow Gopalakrishnan|K. Gopala Krishana]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,774 |percentage=54.01% |change=+8.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sheik Abdul Kader |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,938 |percentage=43.11% |change=+18.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kamatchi |party=Janata Party |votes=1,149 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=640 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,836 |percentage=10.90% |change= -9.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,051 |percentage=64.78% |change= 3.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,755 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pannai Sethuram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,271 |percentage=45.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramaiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,948 |percentage=24.66% |change=-17.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mehta |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,069 |percentage=19.02% |change=-37.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. V. Ramasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=7,432 |percentage=10.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,323 |percentage=20.84% |change= 6.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,720 |percentage=61.51% |change= -11.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,238 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Anbuchezhian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,926 |percentage=56.85% |change=+1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chettai Chinnasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,331 |percentage=42.46% |change=-2.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Fakir Mohamad |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,595 |percentage=14.38% |change= 4.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,718 |percentage=73.36% |change= -3.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,811 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. M. Metha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,023 |percentage=54.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Subramaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,648 |percentage=45.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,375 |percentage=9.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,671 |percentage=76.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,498 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Periyakulam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Muthu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,143 |percentage=24.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=36,515 |percentage=23.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Thygarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,188 |percentage=20.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnuchami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,973 |percentage=6.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Guruswami Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=9,315 |percentage=6.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasiva Thevar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=8,353 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramalingam Chetty |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,019 |percentage=4.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaramurthi |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,925 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=John Devadasam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,222 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mayandi Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,035 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,628 |percentage=1.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=152,688 |percentage=100.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,823 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
;Footnotes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Theni district}}

{{coord|10.12|77.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Theni district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Kollam

2026-03-26T17:37:55Z

MargueriteMcEwan: slightly corrected section for consistency also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|City in Kerala, India}}
{{about|the [[city]] in India|the district|Kollam district|the eponymous port |Kollam Port|other uses|Kollam (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Quilon}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=January 2018}}
{{original research|date=June 2018}}
{{Copy edit|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kollam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Quilon
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = Kollam_Collage.png
| imagesize = 255px
| image_caption = From top clockwise: an aerial view of the [[Ashtamudi Lake]] & [[The Raviz]], [[Thangasseri Lighthouse]], Ruins of [[St Thomas Fort]], [[Kollam KSRTC bus station]] & [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|KSWTD Boat Jetty]], [[British Residency]], [[Downtown Kollam]] area including [[RP Mall, Kollam|RP Mall]], Tourists in [[Munroe Island]], [[Adventure Park, Kollam|Adventure Park]], [[Kollam Junction railway station]], [[Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park|Break Water Tourism]] & [[Kollam Port]], [[Kollam Beach]] and [[Chinnakada Clock Tower]]
| etymology = [[Black pepper]]: ''kola'' ("black pepper")
| nicknames = "Prince of Arabian sea" "Cashew Capital of the World"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollams-cashew-crunch/article23701507.ece |title=Kollam's cashew crunch |work=The Hindu|date=28 April 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> "The Gateway to Backwaters" 
"[[Fountain of Youth]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollam-quilon/154 | title=Kollam, Quilon, Land of cashew, coir, backwaters, Kerala Tourism }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.grunge.com/236799/the-tragic-history-of-the-search-for-the-fountain-of-youth/ | title=The Tragic History of the Search for the Fountain of Youth | newspaper=Grunge | date=14 August 2020 }}</ref>
| image_map = Location map India Kollam EN.svg
| mapsize = 250x200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of the city within [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]]
| pushpin_map = India#India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kollam ([[India]])
| coordinates = {{coord|8|53|35.5|N|76|36|50.8|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1099
| founder = [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara]]
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor#India|Mayor]]
| leader_name = A.K Hafeez
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 4
| area_total_km2 = 73.03
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38.32
| population_total = 397,419
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of Kerala cities by population|5]] ([[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|41th IN]])
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,871,086
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf| title=Demographia World Urban Areas |publisher=Demographia |access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Kollamite, Kollathukaaran/kaari, Kollamkaran/kaari
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691 XXX
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
| area_code = +91474xxxxxxx
| registration_plate = Kollam- [[List of RTO districts in India#KL—Kerala|KL]] 02, [[Karunagapally]]- KL 23, [[Kottarakkara]]- KL 24, [[Punalur]]- KL 25, [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]]- KL 61, [[Pathanapuram]]- KL 80, [[Chadayamangalam]]- KL 82
| blank2_name_sec2 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec2 = 91.18%<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf| title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.kollam.nic.in}}
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec2 = High
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = '''IN QUI IN KUK'''
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kollam''' ({{IPA|ml|kolːɐm|lang|Kollam-pronunciation.ogg}};{{efn|({{IPAc-en|'|k|w|aɪ|.|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|KWAI|lon}}; locally {{IPAc-en|k|ɔɪ|.|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|KOY|lon}} {{audio|Pronunciation of the alternate name "Quilon" of the city Kollam.ogg|pronunciation}})}}), is an ancient seaport and the [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|fourth largest city]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Located on the southern tip of the [[Malabar Coast]] of the [[Arabian Sea]], the city is on the banks of [[Ashtamudi Lake]] and is 71 kilometers (44 mi) northwest of the [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kollam - Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kollam |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> Kollam is one of [[List of ancient Indian cities|India's oldest continuously inhabited cities]],<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=12 Oldest Living and Continuously Inhabited Cities of India |url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cities/12-oldest-living-continuously-inhabited-cities-india/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611144213/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/cities/12-oldest-living-continuously-inhabited-cities-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=History | District Kollam, Government of Kerala | India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/}}</ref> with evidence of habitation stretching back to the megalithic; the city has also been a maritime [[entrepôt]] millennia, the earliest attestation of which dates back to the Phoenicians and Romans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=A. |first1=Shaji |last2=H. |first2=Adabiya |date=March 11, 2020 |title=The Early Maritime Trade Relations of Kollam: A Historical Introspection |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/23.pdf |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> It is the southern gateway to the [[Kerala backwaters|Backwaters of Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashtamudi Lake, the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/ashtamudi-backwaters/426 |website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> and is known for its cashew processing, [[coir]] manufacturing, and tourism industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In 2 years, 80% cashew producing units closed in Kollam |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/in-2-years-80-cashew-producing-units-closed-in-kollam-61749 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=28 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coir products of Kerala, Kollam, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/coir-products/161 |website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>

Kollam has had a strong commercial reputation since ancient times. The Arabs, [[Phoenicians]], Chinese, Ethiopians, Syrians, Jews, [[Chaldea]]ns and Romans have all engaged in trade at the port of Kollam for millennia.<ref>{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sasthri |title=History of South India |edition=2nd| publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |orig-year=1935}}</ref> As a result of Chinese trade, Kollam was mentioned by [[Ibn Battuta]] in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four-year travels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/152778/news-kerala-china-iit-prof-gulis-children/ |title=Kozhikode to China: IIT Prof Unearths 700-YO Link That'll Will Blow Your Mind! |publisher=The Better India |date=26 July 2018 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="www.mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009210850/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/|url-status=dead|title=Kollam - Mathrubhumi|archivedate=9 October 2014}}</ref> Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the ninth century, on his way to [[Guangzhou|Canton]], China, Persian merchant [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]] found Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. [[Marco Polo]], the Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under [[Kublai Khan]] in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|title=Short History of Kollam}}</ref> [[Kollam district|Kollam]] is also home to one of the [[Ezharappallikal|seven churches]] that were established by [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]] as well as one of the [[Islam in Kerala|10 oldest mosques]] believed to be found by [[Malik Deenar]] in [[Kerala]]. [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]] is the first diocese in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Quilon |url=https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.quilondiocese.com |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907162517/https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[V. Nagam Aiya]] in his ''Travancore State Manual'' records that in 822 AD two [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] bishops [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]], settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began (824 AD) and Quilon became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore and [[Cochin]].<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244"/> [[Kollam Port]] was founded by Mar Sabor at [[Tangasseri]] in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland seaport of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils.<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244">Aiyya, V.V Nagom, State Manual p. 244</ref> [[Thambiran Vanakkam]] printed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language in 20 October 1578 at Kollam was the first book to be published in an Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-20 |title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article15685475.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Kollam city corporation received [[ISO 9000#Contents of ISO 9001:2015|ISO 9001:2015]] certification for municipal administration and services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/news-district-news/kollam-corporation-achieved-iso-certification-1636 |title=Kollam Corporation achieved ISO Certification |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> As per the survey conducted by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)]] based on urban area growth during January 2020, [[Kollam Metropolitan Area|Kollam]] became the tenth fastest growing city in the world with a 31.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-of-worlds-ten-fastest-growing-urban-areas-are-in-kerala-6205749/ |title=3 of world's 10 fastest-growing urban areas are in Kerala: Economist ranking |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> It is a coastal city and on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. The city hosts the administrative offices of [[Kollam district]] and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php |title=census2011.co.in - Indian Cities |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> Kollam is one of the least polluted cities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/lifestyle/the-4-least-polluted-cities-in-india-757032/ |title=The 4 Least Polluted Cities in India - India.com |date=7 December 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>

During the later stages of the rule of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in Kerala. Four major trading centers around Kollam are [[Kottarakara]], [[Punalur]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], and [[Karunagapally]]. Kollam appeared as '''Palombe''' in [[John Mandeville|Mandeville]]'s ''[[Travels of Sir John Mandeville|Travels]]'', where he claimed it contained a [[Fountain of Youth]].<ref>Mandeville, John. ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/782/pg782.txt The Travels of Sir John Mandeville]''. Accessed 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>Kohanski, Tamarah & Benson, C. David (Eds.) ''The Book of John Mandeville''. Medieval Institute Publications (Kalamazoo), 2007. Op. cit. "[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/tkap2.htm Indexed Glossary of Proper Names]". Accessed 24 September 2011.</ref>

==Etymology==
{{main|Names for Kollam}}

The popular theory is that the name "Kollam" is derived from the word ''koyillam'', which is a compound of ''[[kovilakam]]'' (meaning "Royal Palace") and ''[[illam]]'' (a traditional house of [[Illathu Nair|Nair nobles]] or [[Brahmin]]s).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=One%20theory%20has%20it%20that,and%20illam%20(brahmin%20house). |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another theory posits that the name originates from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''kollam'', which means "pepper," as the region was historically a prominent center for the trade and export of pepper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=The%20name%20Kollam%20has%20a,and%20exporting%20centre%20for%20pepper. |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 825 AD, the [[Malayalam calendar]], or ''Kollavarsham'', was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city.<ref>ending with the Royal sanction of Tarissapalli copper plates to Assyrian Monks by Vaishnaite Chera King Rajashekara Varma, against the backdrop of a Shivite revival led by Adi Shankara among the Nampoothiri communities [http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm Kerala government website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm |date=21 November 2007 }}</ref> The present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by fire.

The city was known as ''Koolam'' in Arabic,<ref name="Koolam">{{cite book |author=S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |publisher=University of Madras |year=1942}}</ref> ''Coulão'' in Portuguese, and ''Desinganadu'' in ancient Tamil literature.<ref name="auto" />

==History==
{{main|History of Kollam}}

[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
As the ancient city of Quilon, Kollam was a flourishing port during the [[Pandya dynasty]] (c. 3rd century BC–12th century), and later became the capital of the independent [[Venadu kingdom|Venadu]] or the Kingdom of Quilon on its foundation in c. 825. Kollam was considered one of the four early [[entrepot]]s in global sea trade during the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of [[Quanzhou]], and [[Malacca]] in the Malaysian archipelago.<ref name=Tignor>{{cite book|last=tignor|first=Robert|title=Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-93492-2|page=365|url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=17166|edition=3rd}}</ref> It seems that trade at Kollam seems to have flourished right into the Medieval period as in 1280, there is instance of envoys of [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] China coming to Kollam for establishing relations between the local ruler and China.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al-Hind, The making of the Indo-Islamic World|publisher=Brill|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/AndreWinkAlHindTheMakingOfTheIndoIslamKhaledWahsh2FFacebook2FkWahshyahoo.com/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Embassy|year=2002|chapter='Trade embassy to Kollam'}}</ref>

===Pandya rule===
The ancient political and cultural history of Kollam was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The [[Chera dynasty]] governed the area of Malabar Coast between [[Alappuzha]] in the south to [[Kasaragod]] in the north. This included [[Palakkad Gap]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills]]. The region around [[Coimbatore]] was ruled by the Cheras during [[Sangam period]] between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under [[Ay dynasty]], who was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]] than Cheras.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref>

[[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], a Greek [[Nestorian Christian|Nestorian]] sailor,<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Pearse |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cosmas_00_0_eintro.htm |title=Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition |publisher=Ccel.org |date=5 July 2003 |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> in his book the Christian Topography<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Pearse |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cosmas_11_book11.htm |title=Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 358–373. Book 11 |publisher=Ccel.org |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> who visited the Malabar Coast in 550, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in ''Male'' (Malabar Coast). He writes, "In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows, and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop consecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea Sunnahadose of 325 AD."<ref>Travancore Manual</ref>

Kollam is also home to one of the oldest mosques in [[Indian subcontinent]]. According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], Kollam, [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that Malik Dinar died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

===Capital of Venadu (9th to 12th centuries)===
{{see also|Kollam Port}}
[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|South Asia in 1320 CE]]

The port at Kollam, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by the Nestorian Christians [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent Venadu or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom.<ref>Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon</ref><ref name="Travancore Manual page 244">V. Nagam Aiya (1906), [[Travancore State Manual]], page 244</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}}

It is believed that Mar Sapor Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the sixth century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. This allowed the Nestorians to stay in the Chera kingdom for several decades and introduce the Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair sub-castes in the St. Thomas tradition, with the Syrian liturgy as a basis for the Doctrine of the Trinity, without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers.<ref>History of Kollam city and Kollam Port [http://www.quilon.com/history.htm Quilon.com]</ref> The [[Tharisapalli plates]] presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}}<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book|author=Yogesh Sharma|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|page=78|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9}}</ref>

Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as Kolla Varsham after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the ninth century.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010}} The Persian merchant Soleyman of Siraf visited Malabar in the ninth century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transshipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–913),<ref>Travancore Manual, page 244</ref> Quilon was their chief port of call before the seventh century. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 and was again revived in the 13th century. ''Mirabilia Descripta'' by Bishop Catalani gives a description of life in Kollam, which he saw as the Catholic bishop-designate to Kollam, the oldest Catholic diocese in India. He also gives<ref>Mirabilia Descripta by Jordanus Catalani circa 1320–1336 (trans Hiracut Society, London)</ref> true and imaginary descriptions of life in 'India the Major' in the period before [[Marco Polo]] visited the city. Sulaiman al-Tajir, a Persian merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Charitram|last=Menon|first=A. Shreedhara|publisher=DC Books|year=2016|isbn=9788126419395|location=Kottayam|pages=219}}</ref>

=== Kollam as "Colombo" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)===
[[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] (top, flag: [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|15px]]) and the "King of Colombo" (Kollam) at the bottom (flag: [[File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png|15px]], identified as Christian due to the early [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] there, and the Catholic mission under [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] since 1329)<ref name="VL4">{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> in the contemporary [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref> Several of the location names are accurate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref> The caption next to the southern king reads: "Here rules the king of Colombo, a Christian."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

In the 13th century CE, [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]], a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler fought a war in Venadu and captured the city of Kollam.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref> The city appears on the [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375 CE as Columbo and Colobo. The map marks this city as a Christian city, ruled by a Christian ruler.<ref name="VL4"/>

The text above the picture of the king says:

{{blockquote|''Açí seny[o]reja lo rey Colobo, christià. Pruvíncia de Columbo'' (Here reigns the Lord King Colobo, Christian, Province of Columbo).<ref name="VL4"/>}}

The city was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian [[East Syriac Christian]] merchant, and was also Christianized early by the [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. In 1329 CE [[Pope John XXII]] established Kollam / Columbo as the first and only Roman Catholic bishopric on the Indian subcontinent, and appointed [[Jordan Catala|Jordan of Catalonia]], a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar, as the diocese's first bishop of the Latin sect.<ref name="VL4" />

===Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)===
[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'']]
[[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido-cortado.png|thumb|Viceroy [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]]]
The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India.<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church (temple) of St Thomas Tradition at Thevalakara was destroyed. In 1517, the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. In 1661, the [[Dutch East India Company]] took possession of the city. The remnants of the old Portuguese Fort, later renovated by the Dutch, can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century, Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollamcity.in/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|url-status=usurped|title=Kollam City|archivedate=2 June 2015|website=Bebas88}}</ref> Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church,<ref>[http://www.ucanindia.in/news/new-proof-for-preportuguese-mission-in-kollam/23928/daily New proof for Pre-Portuguese mission in Kollam]</ref> remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourmet.com/thangassery-fort/ |title=Tourmet - Thangassery, Kollam |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |title=History of Kollam |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602133158/http://indica.co.in/history-of-kollam#.UtZLhNKVO-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>'Jornada' of Portuguese Bishop Dom Alexis Menezes 1599–1600AD</ref>

<gallery>
File:Quilon 1505 verbessert.jpg|Kollam in the 1500s
File:Quilon 1670 verbessert.jpg|Capture of Kollam in 1661
File:A view of Coylang Wellcome L0038178.jpg|Kollam in the 1700s
</gallery>

===Battle of Quilon===
{{main|Battle of Quilon}}

[[File:1756 Bellin Map of Kollam Fort, Kerala, India - Geographicus - Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg|thumb|Kollam fort in 1756 after it had passed from Portuguese rule to the Dutch]]

The [[Battle of Quilon]] was fought in 1809 between a troop of the Indian kingdom of Travancore led by the then Dalawa (prime minister) of Travancore, [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] and the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] led by Colonel Chalmers at [[Cantonment Maidan]] in Quilon. The battle lasted for only six hours<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYlC_qF_eB0C&q=History+of+Travancore+by+P.+Shangoony+Menon&pg=PA6 |title=E-book:History of Travancore by P. Shangoony Menon |isbn=9788184650013 |access-date=2014-11-05|last1=David |first1=Maria A. |year=2009 |publisher=ISPCK }}</ref> and was the result of the East India Company's invasion of Quilon and their garrison situated near the Cantonment Maidan. The company forces won the battle while all the insurrectionist who participated in the war were court-martialed and subsequently hanged at the maidan.<ref name="History of Travancore">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-place-in-history/article3218611.ece|title=A place in history|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 June 2006|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

===Travancore Rule===
In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]], and [[Parappanad]] based in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref>

Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> The Government Secretariat was also situated in Kollam till the 1830s. It was moved to Thiruvananthapuram during the reign of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/short-history-kerala-secretariat-building-celebrates-150-years-111767 |title=A short history of the Kerala Secretariat as building celebrates 150 years |publisher=The NEWS Minute |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

===Excavation at Kollam Port seabed===
[[File:Plan of Kollam 1850.jpg|thumb|Plan of Kollam, 1850s]]

Excavations have gone on at [[Kollam Port]] premises since February 2014. The team has uncovered arrays of antique artifacts, including Chinese porcelain and coins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emergence-of-antiques-triggers-treasure-hunt-in-kollam/article5711850.ece |title=Emergence of antiques triggers treasure hunt in Kollam |work=The Hindu|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> A Chinese team with the Palace Museum, a team from India with Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) discovered Chinese coins and artifacts that show trade links between Kollam and ancient China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/from-china-on-a-coin-trail/article7192254.ece|date=2015-05-11|title=From China on a coin trail|access-date=2020-11-04|last=Pereira|first=Ignatius|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Kollam}}

[[File:Kollam Canal, Jan 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Kollam Canal]] near Paravur|left]]
Kollam city is bordered by the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s of [[Neendakara]] and [[Thrikkaruva]] to the north, [[Mayyanad]] to the south, and [[Thrikkovilvattom]] and [[Kottamkara]] to the east, and by the Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi Lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about {{cvt|71|km}} away from Thiruvananthapuram, {{cvt|140|km}} away from Kochi and {{cvt|350|km}} away from [[Kozhikode]]. The [[National Waterway 3]] and [[Ithikkara River|Ithikkara river]] are two important waterways passing through the city. The {{cvt|7.7|km|adj=on}} long [[Kollam Canal]] is connecting Paravur Lake ans Ashtamudi Lake. The Kallada river, another river that flows through the suburbs of the city, empties into Ashtamudi Lake, while the Ithikkara river runs to [[Paravur Kayal]]. Kattakayal, a freshwater lake in the city, connects another water-body named Vattakkayal with Lake Ashtamudi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092005720300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901102439/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092005720300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2014 |title=A stream fading into historyg |date=20 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maruthadi.elisting.in/ |title=Maruthadi - Maruthadi.Elisting.in |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docs.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=2707&limitstart=100 |title=Water Resources - Government of Kerala |date=7 March 2015 |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235948/http://www.docs.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=2707&limitstart=100 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2016, ''IndiaTimes'' selected Kollam as one of the nine least polluted cities on earth to which anybody can relocate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/9-of-the-least-polluted-cities-on-earth-you-could-consider-moving-to-251818.html |title=9 of the Least Polluted Cities on Earth You Could Consider Moving To |date=13 March 2016 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> Kollam is one among the top 10 most welcoming places in India for the year 2020, according to [[Booking.com]]'s traveller review awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/for-2nd-year-in-row-kerala-tops-list-of-most-welcoming-places-report/1832102/ |title=For 2nd year in row, Kerala tops list of most welcoming places: Report |publisher=Financial Express |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

Kollam is an ancient trading town – trading with Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and other Orientals – mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins).<ref>{{cite web|title=The legendary beauty of Kollam|date=28 June 2023 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/story-print/1159603}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kollam|url=http://paru.in/history-of-kollam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602135640/http://paru.in/history-of-kollam|archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> There was also internal trade through the [[Aryankavu|Aryankavu Pass]] in [[Sengottai|Schenkottah Gap]] connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland trade in pepper by bullock cart and the trade over the waterways connecting [[Allepey]] and Cochin established trade linkages that enabled it to grow into one of the earliest Indian industrial townships. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links. The factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Tourism - Official Website|url=http://www.kollamtourism.com/history.html/|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= Kollam
|metric first= yes
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|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C= 31
|Feb high C= 31
|Mar high C= 32
|Apr high C= 32
|May high C= 31
|Jun high C= 29
|Jul high C= 29
|Aug high C= 29
|Sep high C= 29
|Oct high C= 30
|Nov high C= 29
|Dec high C= 30
|Jan low C= 23
|Feb low C= 23
|Mar low C= 25
|Apr low C= 26
|May low C= 25
|Jun low C= 24
|Jul low C= 24
|Aug low C= 24
|Sep low C= 24
|Oct low C= 24
|Nov low C= 24
|Dec low C= 23
|Jan rain mm= 18
|Feb rain mm= 26
|Mar rain mm= 53
|Apr rain mm= 147
|May rain mm= 268
|Jun rain mm= 518
|Jul rain mm= 381
|Aug rain mm= 248
|Sep rain mm= 209
|Oct rain mm= 300
|Nov rain mm= 208
|Dec rain mm= 51
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain days= 1
|Feb rain days= 2
|Mar rain days= 4
|Apr rain days= 8
|May rain days= 11
|Jun rain days= 21
|Jul rain days= 19
|Aug rain days= 16
|Sep rain days= 12
|Oct rain days= 12
|Nov rain days= 8
|Dec rain days= 3
|unit rain days= 0.1 mm
|source= [http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/kerala/kollam.php Weather2Travel]
|date= May 2012
}}

==Demographics==

=== Population ===
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} India census,<ref name=census>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/data/ker_uatowns.PDF|title=Kerala: Population, Population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex – Urban Agglomeration /Town : 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004314/http://www.censusindia.net/results/data/ker_uatowns.PDF |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> Kollam city had a population of 349,033 with a density of 5,400 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1,000 males) was 1,112, the highest in the state. The district of [[Kollam district|Kollam]] ranked seventh in population in the state while the city of Kollam ranked fourth. {{As of|2010}} Kollam had an average literacy rate of 93.77%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/edu.html |title=Kollam District |publisher=kollam.nic.in |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy stood at 95.83%, and female at 91.95%. In Kollam, 11% of the population was under six years of age. In May 2015, [[Government of Kerala]] have decided to expand [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|City Corporation of Kollam]] by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath. So the area will become {{cvt|73.03|km2}} with a total city population of 384,892.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrikadavur-becomes-part-of-kollam-city/article7300668.ece |title=Thrikadavur becomes part of Kollam city |work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |title=Thrikadavur Panchayath |publisher=Thrikadavur Panchayath |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612055856/http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and official language of the city, while [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is understood by some sections in the city. There are also small communities of [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Brahmins, [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Chetty and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] migrant labourers settled in the city. For ease of administration, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] is divided into six zones with local zonal offices for each one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksudp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=70 |title=Building Permit Management System -Kollam Corporation |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220101846/http://ksudp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=70 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Central Zone (''headquartered at [[Kollam Cantonment|Cantonment]]''), [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Sakthikulangara]] Zone, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Vadakkevila]] Zone, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Kilikollur]] Zone, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Eravipuram]] Zone, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
* Thrikkadavoor Zone, [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]

In 2014, former Kollam Mayor Mrs. Prasanna Earnest was selected as the Best Lady Mayor of [[South India]] by the Rotary Club of Trivandrum Royal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-kollam-mayor/article5865568.ece |title=Award for Kollam Mayor |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-04-03 |access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Religion in Kollam District}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kollam City (2011)<ref name="census2001">{{cite web
| title = Kollam City Census 2011 data
| publisher = Census2011
| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html
| access-date =27 January 2016}}
</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|21}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|1}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes Not Stated, [[Sikhism]] (<0.01%), [[Buddhism]] (<0.01%).
}}
[[File:Front Wide Anthonys Church Kollam Kerala Mar22 A7C 01676.jpg|thumb|St. Antony's Church, Vaddy, built 1910]]
The city of Kollam is a microcosm of Kerala state with its residents belonging to varied religious, ethnic and linguistic groups.<ref name="A Survey of Kerala History">Menon, A Sreedhara; "A Survey of Kerala History"; DC Books, 1 January 2007 – History – pp 54–56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=A+Survey+Of+Kerala+History]</ref> There are so many ancient temples, centuries-old churches and mosques in the city and its suburbs. Kollam is a [[Hindu]] majority city in Kerala. 56.35% of Kollam's total population belongs to [[Hindu]] community. Moreover, the [[Kollam Era]] (also known as ''Malayalam Era'' or ''Kollavarsham'' or ''Malayalam Calendar'' or ''Malabar Era''), [[Solar calendar|solar]] and [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[Hindu calendar]] used in Kerala, has been originated on 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at (Kollam) city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Era|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2015|access-date=30 December 2014|publisher=Indian Journal History of Science}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Broughton Richmond|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ|page=218|year=1956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=R. Leela Devi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Kerala|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|page=408}}</ref>

[[Muslim]]s account for 22.05% of Kollam's total population. As per the Census 2011 data, 80,935 is the total Muslim population in Kollam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Kollam City - Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Census2011}}</ref> The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city. The 300-year-old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint, Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important religious centres in Kollam|url=http://kollam.nic.in/reli.html|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juma-Ath-Mosque|url=http://keralapilgrimcenters.com/muslim-juma-ath-palli-kollam-mosques/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608035033/http://keralapilgrimcenters.com/muslim-juma-ath-palli-kollam-mosques/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 June 2013|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

Christians account for 21.17% of the total population of Kollam city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam City Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Census2011}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]] (Kollam) is the first Catholic diocese in India. The diocese was first erected by [[Pope John XXII]] on 9 August 1329. It was re-erected on 1 September 1886. The diocese covers an area of {{cvt|1,950|sqkm}} and contains a population of 4,879,553, Catholics numbering 235,922 (4.8%). The famous [[Infant Jesus Cathedral]], 400 years old, located in Thangassery, is the co-cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|url=http://www.quilondiocese.com/index.php|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Kollam Diocese}}</ref> [[Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese of the Church of South India|CSI Kollam-Kottarakara Diocese]] is one of the twenty-four dioceses of the Church of South India.<ref>{{cite web|title=CSI Redraws Borders of Dioceses|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CSI-Redraws-Borders-of-Dioceses/2015/04/10/article2756962.ece|access-date=19 January 2016|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193822/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CSI-Redraws-Borders-of-Dioceses/2015/04/10/article2756962.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Headquarters of the Kerala region of [[The Pentecostal Mission]] for Kottarakkara, is in Kollam.

==Civic administration==
{{Main|Kollam Municipal Corporation}}

{{See also|Kollam City Police}}[[File:Location map India Kollam EN.svg|left|thumb|Map of Kollam Metropolitan Area]]

The present mayor of Kollam Corporation is Adv.[[V. Rajendrababu]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-18/news/68382329_1_cpi-ldf-udf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126072923/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-18/news/68382329_1_cpi-ldf-udf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2015 |title=CPI(M) rides to power in five of six corporations in Kerala |work=The Economic Times|date=18 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

===Urban structure===
{{Main|Kollam Metropolitan Area}}

With a total urban population of 1,187,158<ref name="Panchayath Level Statistics - Kollam(2011)">{{cite web | url = http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/ps/pskollam2011.pdf | title = Kollam District Level Statistics 2011 | access-date = 2014-01-01 | year = 2012 | publisher = ecostat.kerala.gov.in | archive-date = 2 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192758/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/ps/pskollam2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> and 349,033 as city corporation's population, Kollam is the fourth most populous city in the state and 49th on the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|list of the most populous urban agglomerations in India]]. {{As of|2011}} the city's urban growth rate of 154.59% was the second highest in the state.<ref name="Census India-2011 - Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf | title = Analysis of Census Date |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The Metropolitan area of Kollam includes Uliyakovil, [[Adichanalloor]], [[Adinad]], [[Ayanivelikulangara]], Chavara,[[Chavara Thekkumbhagom|Chavara South]], [[Elampalloor]], [[Eravipuram]] (Part), [[Kallelibhagom]], [[Karunagappally]], Kollam, Kottamkara, [[Kulasekharapuram]], Mayyanad, [[Meenad]], [[Nedumpana]], [[Neendakara]], [[Oachira]], [[Panayam]], [[Panmana]], Paravur, [[Perinad]], [[Poothakkulam]], [[Thazhuthala]], [[Thodiyoor]], Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, [[Thrikkovilvattom]], and [[Vadakkumthala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html| title=Kollam city population Census |publisher=census2011.co.in |access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>[[File:British Residency in Asramam, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|[[British Residency, Kollam|British Residency]] in [[Asramam]], Kollam.]]

The Kerala Government has decided to develop the City of Kollam as a "Port City of Kerala". Regeneration of the [[Maruthadi]]-[[Eravipuram]] area including construction of facilities for fishing, tourism and entertainment projects will be implemented as part of the project.<ref name="Kollam - Port City Project - News published in Mathrubhumi Daily">{{cite web | url = http://i1324.photobucket.com/albums/u606/quilonsky/Mathrubhumi_zps52ba640e.png | title = Kollam - Port City Project | year = 2013}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Kollam}}

[[File:RP Mall, Kollam.jpg|thumb|[[RP Mall, Kollam]]]]
[[File:Dreams Mall(Lulu Market), Kottiyam.jpg|thumb|Dreams Mall ([[LuLu Group International|Lulu Hyper Market]]), Kottiyam in [[Kollam District]]]]
[[File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|right|thumb|A large [[Chinese fishing nets|Chinese fishing net]] at Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam city]]

The city life of Kollam has changed in the last decade. In terms of economic performance and [[per capita income]], Kollam city is in fifth position from India and [[List of Kerala cities by GDP|third in Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/delhi-ranked-23rd-in-mega-survey-of-53-indian-cities/article1-1358453.aspx |title=Delhi ranked 23rd in mega survey of 53 Indian cities |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182426/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/delhi-ranked-23rd-in-mega-survey-of-53-indian-cities/article1-1358453.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kollam is famous as a city with excellent export background.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgft.gov.in/exim/2000/AppANFS2015.pdf |title=Appendices and Aayat Niryat Forms |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150541/http://dgft.gov.in/exim/2000/AppANFS2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dairy farming is fairly well developed. Also there is a chilling plant in the city. Kollam is an important maritime and port city. Fishing has a place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and [[Sakthikulangara]] villages in the suburbs of the city have fisheries. An estimated 134,973 persons are engaged in fishing and allied activities. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, [[Neendakara]], Thangasseri, [[Eravipuram]] and Paravur are eight of the 26 important fishing villages. There are 24 inland fishing villages. The Government has initiated steps for establishing a fishing harbour at Neendakara. Average fish landing is estimated at 85,275 tonnes per year. One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbour. FFDA and VFFDA promote fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. A fishing village with 100 houses is being built at Eravipuram. A prawn farm is being built at [[Ayiramthengu]], and several new hatcheries are planned to cater to the needs of the aquaculturists. Kerala's only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at [[Kureepuazha (Perinad)|Kureepuzha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_anihusbandry/modifi.htm |title=Department of Animal Husbandry - Kerala |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029102340/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_anihusbandry/modifi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city, the Indian Rare Earths, Chavara and [[Parvathy Mills Limited|Parvathi Mills Ltd.]], Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. in [[Kundara]], Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company in [[Kundara]], Kerala Premo Pipe factory in Chavara, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited in Chavara and United Electrical Industries in Kollam are Kerala Government-owned companies. Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd. in [[Kundara]], Thomas Stephen & Co. in Kollam, Floorco in Paravur and Cooperative Spinning Mill in Chathannoor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/trade-commerce |title=Kollam - Trade & Commerce |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122192403/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/trade-commerce |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Kollam technopark, Kundara.jpg|thumb|Technopark Kollam]]
Besides large deposits of China clay in Kundara, Mulavana and Chathannoor, there are also lime-shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake and Bauxite deposits in Adichanallur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kollam.gov.in/reso.html|title=resources - Kollam|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118081338/http://kollam.gov.in/reso.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Known as the "Cashew Capital of the World", Kollam is noted for its traditional cashew business and is home to more than 600 cashew-processing units. Every year, about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported into the city for processing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |language=ml |script-title=ml:കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖത്തെ കസ്റ്റംസ് ക്ളിയറന്‍സുകള്‍ ഓണ്‍ലൈന്‍ സംവിധാനത്തിലേക്ക് |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022170950/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }} Online Customs Clearance Facility for Kollam Port to be ready in a month</ref> and an average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rise-in-earnings-from-cashew-kernel-exports/article3893095.ece] Rise in earnings from cashew kernel exports - The Hindu</ref> The [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India]] (CEPCI) expects a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, an increase of 120 per cent over the current figure.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cashew-body-sets-target-to-double-exports-by-2020-108122901044_1.html] CEPCI - Kollam</ref> The [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited]] (KSCDC) is situated at [[Mundakkal]] in Kollam city. The company owns 30 cashew factories all across Kerala. Of these, 24 are located in Kollam district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cashewcorporation.com/Organization.php |title=:: KSCDC :: |publisher=Cashewcorporation.com |access-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215062231/http://cashewcorporation.com/Organization.php |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollamcity.in/kerala-state-cashew-development-corporation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806070550/http://kollamcity.in/kerala-state-cashew-development-corporation |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=:: The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited :: |publisher=Cashewcorporation.com |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

Kollam is one of many seafood export hubs in India with numerous companies involved in the sector. Most of these are based in the [[Maruthadi]], [[Sakthikulangara]], [[Kavanad]], [[Neendakara]], [[Asramam]], [[Kilikollur]], [[Thirumullavarum|Thirumullavaram]] and [[Uliyakovil]] areas of the city.<ref>[http://www.keralaexporters.com/categories/food/] Kerala Exporters</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |title=Other Items |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://www.mpeda.com/exporters/IQF/ExportersOtherMarineProducts.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}} Kollam - Marine Food Exporters</ref> Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are examples of seafood exporters.<ref>[http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205334/http://e-mpeda.nic.in/registration/Exporter_Item.aspx?pcode=05&product=Live%20other%20than%20ornamental%20fish|date=9 December 2014}} Registered Kerala Exporters</ref>

Kollam's [[Ashtamudi Lake]] clam fishery was the first [[Marine Stewardship Council]] (MSC) certified fishery in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/8346|title=Ashtamudi short-neck clam fisheries becomes India's first MSC certified fisheries|date=2014-11-05|publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|access-date=2015-05-16}}</ref>

==Culture==
Kollam Fest is Kollam's own annual festival, attracting mostly Keralites but also hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists to Kollam. The main venue of Kollam Fest is the historic and gigantic Ashramam Maidan. Kollam Fest is the signature event of Kollam. Kollam Fest seeks to showcase Kollam's rich culture and heritage, tourism potential and investments in new ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Fest 10 November 2011|url=http://thiraseela.com/static/festivals/Kollam-Fest-2011.php|access-date=3 March 2016|publisher=Thiraseela.com}}</ref>

[[Kollam Pooram]], part of the [[Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple]] Festival, is usually held on 15 April, but occasionally on 16 April. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan.

The [[President's Trophy Boat Race]] (PTBR) is an annual regatta held in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. The event was inaugurated by President Prathibha Patil in September 2011. The event has been rescheduled from 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=presidents trophy boat race|url=http://presidentstrophy.gov.in/|access-date=20 April 2013|publisher=Presidentstrophy.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2016|title=President's Trophy boat race on November 1|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/presidents-trophy-boat-race-on-nov-1/article9260279.ece|access-date=20 April 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Kollam}}

===Road===
The state-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)]] and private bus operators operate inter-state and intrastate bus services connecting Kollam. There are mainly 3 bus stations in the city - [[Kollam KSRTC bus station]], [[Andamukkam City bus stand|Andamukkam city bus station]], and [[Tangasseri Bus Terminal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-ksrtc-executive-directors-in-charge-of-zones/articleshow/56403671.cms| title=Thiruvananthapuram: KSRTC executive directors in-charge of zones |work=The Times of India|date=8 January 2017 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|title=National Highways in Kerala|publisher=Kerala PWD|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023351/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Dalavapuram bridgea.jpg
| caption1 = [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom]] bridge near Kollam City - This bridge had given a new way of connectivity for the people of Thekkumbhagom with Kollam City along with the existing boat services.
| image2 = Kollam Bypass, Feb 2020.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kollam Bypass]] - The {{cvt|13.141|km|adj=on}} long Kollam Bypass project was actually planned in 1975 but work was delayed due to political and financial issues.
| image3 = KSRTC Bus Station, Kollam.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station]] is situated at the banks of famous Ashtamudi Lake. One of the main bus stations in the state, it is still waiting to get a makeover.
| image4 = Traffic Thevally Bridge Kollam Kerala Mar22 A7C 01797.jpg
| caption4 = Traffic on the Thevally Bridge connecting Thevally to Kottayathukadavu, over [[National Waterway 3]], Ashtamudi Lake
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}

===Rail===
{{see also|Kollam Junction railway station}}
[[File:Main terminal of Kollam Junction railway station, Jan 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Main terminal of [[Kollam Junction railway station]]]]
[[File:Kollam Railway.jpg|thumb|Kollam Railway Under Construction]]
{{rws|Kollam Junction}} is the second largest railway station in Kerala in terms of area with a total of 6 platforms and 17 rail tracks. Other railway stations in Kollam city are [[Eravipuram railway station|Eravipuram]], and [[Kilikollur railway station|Kilikollur]]. Kollam Junction has the world's third longest railway platform, measuring 1180.5 meters (3873 ft).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/west-bengal-tea-plantations-and-other-rajera-relics-9835426.html |title=West Bengal: tea plantations and other Raj-era relics|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|+Railway stations in Kollam
!No.
!Station name
!Platforms
!Area
|-
|1
|[[Eravipuram railway station|Eravipuram]]
|2
|South Kollam
|-
|2
|[[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]]
|6
|Central Kollam
|-
|3
|[[Kilikollur railway station|Kilikollur]]
|2
||East Kollam
|}

Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit ([[MEMU]]) has a car maintenance shed at Kollam Junction. The MEMU train services connects Kollam with Ernakulam (via Alappuzha and Kottayam), Punalur (via Kottarakkara), and Kanniyakumari (via Thiruvananthapuram).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article163030.ece|title=Timings of MEMUs included|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2 July 2010|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813013003/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article163030.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Water===
[[File:Houseboat Thevally Bridge Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 R16 05860.jpg|thumb|Houseboat passing under Thevally Bridge]]
The [[Kerala State Water Transport Department|State Water Transport Department]] operates boat services to [[West Kallada]], Munroe Island, Guhanandapuram, Chavara Thekkumbhagom, Dalavapuram and Alappuzha from [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal]] which is situated on the banks of the [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. The lake is the second-largest wetland ecosystem in Kerala, is a central hub for water transport in Kollam. Its waters connect the city with a number of local communities and form part of National Waterway 3. Kollam Thodu is a 7.7-kilometer canal runs through the city and serves as a vital artery of the water transport network. It connects Ashtamudi Lake with other water bodies and links the main Kollam Port to the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) inland terminal. Following renovation efforts, the canal is intended for both passenger and cargo transport, as well as tourism.

[[Asramam Link Road]] in the city passes adjacent to the ferry terminal.<ref name="Introduction-KSWTD">{{cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=aboutdept |title=Kerala State Water Transport Department - Introduction |publisher=KSWTD |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161243/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=aboutdept |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The services from Kollam are broadly categorized into long-distance ferry services, short-distance commuter ferries, and special tourist cruises.
* Kollam-Alappuzha (Alleppey) Cruise: This is a flagship service, an 8-hour scenic cruise covering approximately 55 kilometers through Ashtamudi Lake and the interconnected backwater canals. It serves both as a direct transport link between the two districts and as a major tourist product.<ref>{{cite web |last1=E |first1=Krishna Kumar K. |title=SWTD unable to resume long-haul boat service on Alappuzha-Kollam waterway |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Jul/14/swtd-unable-to-resume-long-haul-boat-service-on-alappuzha-kollam-waterway |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=14 July 2025}}</ref>
* Commuter and Short-Route Services: Regular, low-fare ferry services connect Kollam to various points within the district, including routes to Alumkadavu, Guhanandapuram, and Kannanalloor. These function as essential public transport for local residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important places enroute |url=https://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/placesenroute |publisher=State Water Transport Department |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
* Tourist and Special Services: "See Ashtamudi" tourist service: A 5-hour pleasure trip on Ashtamudi Lake, with a stop at Sambranikkodi Island. It departs daily at 11:30 a.m. and costs ₹400 for the lower deck and ₹500 for the upper deck.<ref>{{cite web |title="SEE ASHTAMUDI" PASSENGER-CUM-TOURIST SERVICE |url=https://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/placesenroute |publisher=State Water Transport Department |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='See Ashtamudi' boat service set to complete 2 years; New Solar Boat to join fleet |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/lifestyle/travel/see-ashtamudi-travel-in-kollam-solar-boat-soon-backwater-cruise-e5920409 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en |date=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=The Hindu Bureau|title='See Ashtamudi' tourist boat service in Kollam to be launched on Friday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/see-ashtamudi-tourist-boat-service-in-kollam-to-be-launched-on-friday/article66599527.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=9 March 2023}}</ref> Many private tour operators and resorts offer day cruises on the Ashtamudi Lake for tourists, allowing for exploration of the area in houseboats, motorboats, and canoes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balan |first1=Saritha S. |title=Deserted homestays, jobless boatmen: Tourism in Kerala's Munroe Island hit hard |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/deserted-homestays-jobless-boatmen-tourism-kerala-s-munroe-island-hit-hard-137420 |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by the government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at [[Hosdurg]] in the north, passes through [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk.<ref name="Corporation of Kollam">{{cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |title=Transport - Kollam Corporation |publisher=Kollam Municipal Corporation |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124744/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Routes-KSWTD">{{cite web |url=http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=placesnroute |title=Important places enroute - KSWTD |publisher=KSWTD |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061357/http://swtd.gov.in/index.php?langCode=en&compName=general&compView=placesnroute |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Kollam Port]] is one of the major ports in Kerala. Cargo handling facilities began operation in 2013.<ref>''[http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/18/stories/2009061855000700.htm Kollam port starts cargo handling]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''. Accessed 29 July 2014.</ref> Foreign ships arrive in the port regularly with the MV Alina, a {{convert|145|m|adj=on}} vessel registered in Antigua anchored at the port on 4{{nbsp}}April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0I8V9LHm-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0I8V9LHm-0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2014 |title=Foreign Ship Reaches Kollam Port|publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 April 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Once the Port starts functioning in full-fledged, it will make the transportation activities of Kollam-based cashew companies more easy.<ref>''[http://www.shippingtribune.com/kollam-cashew-importers-suffering-due-port-congestion-tuticorin-terminal/ Kollam cashew importers suffering due to port congestion at tuticorin terminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814143721/http://www.shippingtribune.com/kollam-cashew-importers-suffering-due-port-congestion-tuticorin-terminal/ |date=14 August 2014 }}''. Accessed 29 July 2014.</ref> Shreyas Shipping Company is now running a regular container service between [[Kollam Port]] and [[Cochin Port|Kochi Port]].<ref>''[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/shreyas-shipping-starts-kochikollam-container-service/article5339784.ece Shreyas Shipping starts Kochi-Kollam container service]''. Accessed 29 July 2014.{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exim India::The first & the only national daily on Export, Import, Shipping. |url=https://www.eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=73939 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220117200427/https://www.eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=73939 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.eximin.net |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Old Airport, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Old [[Kollam Airport]] area, [[Asramam]]]]

The Kollam Canal (also known as the Quilon Canal or Kollam Thodu), a key part of the larger West Coast Canal system, was constructed in 1880. It became the primary trade channel for the former princely state of Travancore, with cargo vessels ferrying goods through the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renovated Kollam canal now a cesspool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/renovated-kollam-canal-now-a-cesspool/article7013897.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

====Future projects====
To further leverage its water transport infrastructure, Kollam has several ongoing and proposed projects:
;Kollam Water Metro: There are plans to introduce a Water Metro system in Kollam, which would provide an intra-city water transport network similar to the one in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Hindu Bureau|title=Traffic study on anvil to assess feasibility of launching Water Metro in Kollam and 17 other cities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/traffic-study-on-anvil-to-assess-feasibility-of-launching-water-metro-in-kollam-and-17-other-cities/article69471421.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hallikeri |first1=G.D. |title=IWAI Board commissions feasibility study for Urban Water Transport System in 17 cities |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2105345 |publisher=Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
;Waterway development: Projects are underway to develop and maintain National Waterway 3 to support 24-hour navigation, including deepening channels and improving terminals.

===Air===
{{See also|Kollam Airport}}
The city corporation of Kollam is served by the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], which is about 56 kilometers from the city via NH66. Trivandrum International Airport is the first international airport in a non-metro city in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/thiru_general.jsp|title=TRV Airport|publisher=AAI|access-date=23 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902180351/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/thiru_general.jsp|archive-date=2 September 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Kollam district}}

[[File:Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala.jpg|200px|thumb|[[T.K.M. College of Engineering|TKM Engineering College]] in [[Karicode]]|alt=Ornate, pink-and-white building with traditional Mughal architecture|left]]
There are many colleges, schools and learning centres in Kollam. [[T.K.M. College of Engineering|Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]], the first private school of its kind in the state, is at [[Kilikollur]], about {{cvt|7|km}} east of Kollam city, and is a source of pride for all Kollamites. The Government of Kerala has granted academic autonomy to [[Fatima Mata National College]], another prestigious institution in the city.<ref name="Autonomy: 13 colleges in the list">{{cite web | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Autonomy-13-colleges-in-the-final-list/2013/12/24/article1962583.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108131951/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Autonomy-13-colleges-in-the-final-list/2013/12/24/article1962583.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 January 2014 | title = Autonomy: 13 colleges in the list | access-date = 2014-01-08 | year = 2012 | publisher = The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[File:SN Law College, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies]] in Karbala]]

[[Kerala State Institute of Design]] (KSID), a design institute under Department of labour and Skills, [[Government of Kerala]], is located at Chandanathope in Kollam. It was established in 2008 and was one of the first state-owned design institutes in India. KSID currently conducts Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Design developed in association with [[National Institute of Design]], Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Admission-Process-Starts-at-KSID-for-New-Diploma-Courses/2015/05/14/article2812971.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150516123319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Admission-Process-Starts-at-KSID-for-New-Diploma-Courses/2015/05/14/article2812971.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 16 May 2015|title = Admission Process Starts at KSID for New Diploma Courses}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/institute-of-design-inaugurated/article1277100.ece|title = Institute of design inaugurated}}</ref>

[[Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction|Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction (IIIC-Kollam)]] is an institute of international standards situated at [[Chavara]] in Kollam city to support the skill development programmes for construction related occupations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/states.html |title=States-Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship |publisher=Government of India |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> [[Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala|The Institute of Fashion Technology, Kollam]], Kerala is a fashion technology institute situated at Vellimon, established in technical collaboration with the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] and the Ministry of Textiles. In addition, there are two IMK (Institute of Management, Kerala) Extension Centres active in the city.<ref name="IMK Extension Centres">{{cite web | url = http://www.imk.ac.in/extension.htm | title = IMK Extension Centres - Kerala | access-date = 2014-01-08 | year = 2012 | publisher = imk.ac.in | archive-date = 23 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723113518/http://imk.ac.in/extension.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Kerala Maritime Institute]] is situated at [[Neendakara]] in Kollam city to give maritime training for the students in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/maritime-institute-to-come-up-at-neendakara/article289620.ece |title=Maritime institute to come up at Neendakara |work=The Hindu|date=23 May 2009 |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> More than 5,000 students have been trained at Neendakara maritime institute under the Boat Crew training programme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/may/08/steps-begun-to-set-up-maritime-university-475431.html | title=Steps begun to set up Maritime university | date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam.<ref name="Bank test coaching Centres - Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://careeradda.co.in/index.php?topic=3021.0 | title = Which is the best banking coaching centre in India - Kollam | access-date = 2014-08-09}}</ref> Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres, with around 40 such institutes in the district.<ref name="Kollam - The bank test coaching hub of India">{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Engineering-graduates-opt-for-banking-sector/articleshow/16597692.cms | title = Engineering graduates opt for banking sector | access-date = 2014-08-09 |work = Times of India| date = 29 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Sports==

Football is the most popular sport, followed by Boxing and Hockey. Kollam is home to a number of local Football, hockey and cricket teams participating in district, state-level and zone matches. An [[International Hockey Stadium, Kollam|International Hockey Stadium]] with astro-turf facility is there at [[Asramam]] in the city, built at a cost of Rs. 13 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article86081.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021813/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article86081.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Astro-turf hockey stadium |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The land for the construction of the stadium was taken over from the Postal Department at Asramam, Kollam. The city has another stadium named the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium (Kollam)|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam]]. It is a multipurpose stadium and has repeatedly hosted such sports events as the Ranji Trophy, Santhosh Trophy and National Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1095_f.html |title=KCA-Cricket Archive |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507020928/http://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Grounds/1095_f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two open grounds in the city, the [[Asramam Maidan]] and [[Peeranki Maidan]], are also used for sports events, practice and warm-up matches.

== Tourist places ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}

===Hindu temples===
[[File:Kottarakkara Temple(HighResoluion).jpg|thumb|right|Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram]]
*[[Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple]] is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old [[Sanctum sanctorum]] of this temple is finished in teak.<ref>{{cite news|title=400-year-old sreekovil to be replaced|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/400yearold-sreekovil-to-be-replaced/article7468835.ece|access-date=13 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 July 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Ammachiveedu Murti Temple]] is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu family, aristocrats from Kollam.<ref name="kollamcity1">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.kollamcity.com/index.php?menu=other&menu1=Religious |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230408092343/http://www.kollamcity.com/index.php?menu=other&menu1=Religious |archive-date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.kollamcity.com}}</ref><ref name="thekeralatemples1">{{Cite web |title=KERALA TEMPLES - AMMACHI VEEDU MUHURTHI |url=https://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/others/ammachiveedu_muhurthi.htm |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.thekeralatemples.com}}</ref>
*The [[Kollam pooram]], a major festival of Kollam, is the culmination of a ten-day festival, normally in mid April, of [[Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/05/stories/2008040551540300.htm|title=The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : Kollam Pooram on April 15|date=9 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409111532/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/05/stories/2008040551540300.htm |archive-date=9 April 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Kottankulangara Devi Temple]] is one of the world-famous Hindu temples in Kerala were cross-dressing of men for ''Chamayavilakku'' ritual is a part of traditional festivities. The men also carry large lamps. The first of the two-day dressing event drew to a close early on Monday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala temple: Where the lady with the lamp is a man|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/kerala-temple-where-the-lady-with-the-lamp-is-a-man-517252|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
*Other famous Hindu worship centres in the Kollam Metropolitan Area are, [[Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram]] in Kottarakkara,<ref>{{cite web|title=Of small appam and Kottarakkara|url=http://mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828170452/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatemples.net/klm_subra.html|title=Welcome to the Temples of God's Own Country|website=www.keralatemples.net}}</ref> [[Puttingal Temple|Puttingal Devi Temple]] in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Puttingal Devi Temple, aravur|url=http://www.puttingaltemple.org/|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Puttingal Devi Temple}}</ref> Sooranad north Anayadi Pazhayidam Sree Narasimha Moorthy Temple, [[Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple]] in [[Poruvazhy]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Malanada temple fete draws big crowds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malanada-temple-fete-draws-big-crowds/article3205866.ece|access-date=25 March 2013|work=The Hindu|date=24 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple]] in [[Sasthamkotta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|url=http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html|access-date=25 March 2013|publisher=Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206180354/http://sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple,<ref>/Sakthikulangara-sreesharmasastha-karadevasom.com/</ref> Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple in Kadavoor and Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple in Ponmana<ref>{{cite web|title=Here, bells on tree answer your prayers|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141127/nation-current-affairs/article/here-bells-tree-answer-your-prayers|access-date=25 March 2013|work=Deccan Chronicle}},</ref> Padanayarkulangara mahadeva temple Karunagappally,<ref>{{cite web|title=No permission for RSS to conduct 'shakha' in temple: Kerala HC told|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/No-permission-for-RSS-to-conduct-shakha-in-temple-Kerala-HC-told/articleshow/47558696.cms|access-date=25 March 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Churches ===
[[File:Kollam neue Kathedrale.JPG|thumb|right|Infant Jesus Cathedral in Tangasseri, Kollam]]
The [[Infant Jesus Cathedral]] in Tangasseri is established by Portuguese during 1614. It is now the pro-cathedral of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]] – the ancient and first Catholic diocese of India. The church remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of old [[Quilon]] city.<ref name="Church_Kollam">{{cite news|title=About Kollam City|location=Kollam, India|url=http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|url-status=usurped|access-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city|archive-date=2 June 2015|quote=About the city of Quilon}}</ref> [[St. Sebastian's Roman Catholic Church, Neendakara|St. Sebastian's Church]] at [[Neendakara]] is another important church in the city. The [[Dutch Church, Munroe Island|Dutch Church in Munroe Island]] is built by [[Dutch People|the Dutch]] in 1878.<ref>{{cite news|title=The emerald isle|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-emerald-isle/article4316024.ece|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine in [[Cutchery]] is another important Christian worship place in Kollam city. Saint Casimir Church in [[Thrikkadavoor|Kadavoor]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Church festival from Saturday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042205760300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-04-22|access-date=19 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Holy Family Church in [[Kavanad]], St.Stephen's Church in Thoppu<ref>{{cite web|title=St.Stephen's Church|url=http://ststephenschurchkollam.weebly.com/|access-date=19 January 2016|publisher=Kollam St.Stephen's Church}}</ref> and St.Thomas Church in [[Kadappakada]] are some of the other major Christian churches in Kollam.<ref>{{cite news|title=St.Thomas Church|work=The Hindu|url=http://catholicchurches.in/directory/changanacherry-churches/st-thomas-church-kollam.htm|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Piety marks Good Friday observance|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/piety-marks-good-friday-observance/article5927794.ece|access-date=19 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=18 April 2014 }}</ref>

=== Mosques ===
[[File:കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി‍മുസ്ലീം‍പള്ളി.jpg|right|thumb|Karunagappally Mosque]]
Kottukadu Juma Masjid in Chavara, Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid, Valiyapalli in Jonakappuram, [[Chinnakada]] Juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli in Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli in [[Thattamala]] and Koivila Juma Masjid in Chavara are the other major Mosques in Kollam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juma-Ath-Palli|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kollam/destinations/mosque/jumaathpalli.htm|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid|url=http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809144815/http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[List of people from Kollam]]


==See also==
* [[Downtown Kollam]]
* [[Kollam Junction railway station]]
* [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]]
* [[Kollam District]]
* [[Cashew business in Kollam]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|liststyle=decimal}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Ring | first=Trudy | title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 | year=1994 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1-884964-05-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Chan | first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 | chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435}}
* {{cite book | last=Lin | title=Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas | year=2007 | publisher=China Intercontinental Press | location=Fujian Province | isbn=978-7-5085-0707-1}}
* [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai]], Keralathinde Eruladanja Edukal, p. 64,112,117
* Travancore Archaeological Series (T.A.S.) Vol. 6 p. 15
* Diaries and writings of Mathai Kathanar, the 24th generation priest of Thulaserry Manapurathu, based on the ancestral documents and Thaliyolagrandha handed down through generations
* Z.M. Paret, Malankara Nazranikal, vol. 1
* [[L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer]], State Manual, p50,52
* Bernard Thoma Kathanar, Marthoma Christyanikal, lines 23,24
* {{cite book|first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|author-link= Pius Malekandathil|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|page=43|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6}}
* Narayan, M.G.S, Chera-Pandya conflict in the 8th–9th centuries which led to the birth of Venadu: Pandyan History seminar, Madurai University, 1971
* The Viswavijnanakosam (Malayalam) Vol. 3, p. 523,534
* Narayan M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis p33
* The handwritten diaries of Pulikottil Mar Dionyius (former supreme head of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and Chitramezhuthu KM Varghese)

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL GeoHack - Kollam]
* {{Official website|http://kollam.nic.in/Default.htm}}
{{Kollam}}
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[[Category:Kollam| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
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Philautus dubius

2026-03-24T14:29:00Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new new post.

{{short description|Species of frog}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Philautus dubius''
| image = Philautus dubius.jpg
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Philautus dubius
| authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1882)
| synonyms = ''Ixalus jerdonii'' Günther, 1876|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Sushil Dutta, Annemarie Ohler, Saibal Sengupta |date=2004 |title=''Philautus dubius'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T58837A11848118 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58837A11848118.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>}}
'''''Philautus dubius''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]].
It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2702976}}

[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Philautus|dubius]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1882]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

2026-03-24T13:06:31Z

MargueriteMcEwan: updated details per standard format and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Railroad connecting Delhi and Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Western Dedicated Freight Corridor
| image = A freight train is running on the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = A freight train carrying double stack containers is running on the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC).
| type = [[Freight rail]]
| system = [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|DFCCIL]]
| status = 1397 km - Operational 109 km - Under construction (93% Completed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=327|title=DFCCIL|website=dfccil.com|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122185047/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=327|url-status=live}}</ref>)
| locale = [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| start = '''North:''' [[Dadri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| end = '''South:''' [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust|JNPT]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Raigad District]]
| stations =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = {{start date and age|March 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Completion targets on India's DFCs likely to be extended |url=https://www.railjournal.com/freight/completion-targets-on-indias-dfcs-likely-to-be-extended/ |website=International Railway Journal |access-date=14 May 2022 |date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
| owner = [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|DFCCIL]] [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| character =
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]]
| linelength_km = 1506
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in}} [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian broad gauge]]
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
}}
{{maplink|type=line|frame=yes|text=Route of Western Dedicated Freight Corridor}}
{{Western Dedicated Freight Corridor}}

The '''Western Dedicated Freight Corridor''' or '''Western DFC''' is a {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|freight corridor in India]] stretching 1,506 km, currently under construction. It will run between [[Dadri railway station|Dadri]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (near [[Delhi]]) and the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Raigad district|Raigad District]], [[Maharashtra]]. The corridor is being developed by the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] Limited (DFCCIL), a public-sector undertaking (PSU) under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], and will feature double-line electrified operation. The Western DFC also includes a new single-line branch connecting Prithla in [[Palwal district]] to [[Tughlakabad (village)|Tughlakabad]] in [[Delhi]], running parallel to the existing [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]–[[Faridabad railway station|Faridabad]]–[[Palwal railway station|Palwal]] railway line.

The Western DFC is dedicated exclusively to freight, operating at higher speeds and with greater load-carrying capacity than conventional lines. The primary commodities it will carry include fertilizers, food grains, salt, coal, iron, steel, and cement. It uses [[Butt welding#Flash|Flash Butt Welded]] [[Rail profile|head]]-[[Hardening (metallurgy)|hardened]] (HH) rails in 250 m lengths, with an axle load capacity of 25 t on tracks and 32.5 t on bridges — an improvement over the 22.9 t to 25 t axle loads used on existing Indian Railways tracks. The line will accommodate freight trains up to {{cvt|1500|m|ft}} long, hauled by high-power [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]] electric locomotives at speeds exceeding {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}}. The tracks will be fully grade-separated and feature a generous [[loading gauge]] of {{cvt|3660|mm|ftin|frac=8}} in width and {{cvt|7,100|mm|ftin|frac=8}} in maximum height, enabling [[Double-stack rail transport|double-stacked]] [[shipping container]]s to be carried on flatcars — unlike in most other countries, where [[well car]]s are required for [[Double-stack rail transport|double-stack]] rail transport.<ref>{{Citation|last=UIC – International union of railways|title=DFCCIL – Dedicated Freight Corridors Corporation of India Limited|date=2015-11-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xblzCXk2tUk|access-date=2017-08-01|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218124449/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xblzCXk2tUk|url-status=live}}</ref> This allows a single train to carry up to 400 containers. Trains will also be equipped with radio communications and GSM-based tracking — a first for the Indian railway sector.

The [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (Eastern DFC) includes a 46 km branch line connecting [[Khurja]] in [[Bulandshahr district]] on the Eastern DFC with [[Dadri]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] on the Western DFC.

[[Meerut]] has been proposed as the largest logistics hub on the Eastern DFC, owing to its strong connectivity via several expressways.
Together with the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], the Western DFC will form a key backbone of the '''Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor''' (DMIC). The Western DFC will intersect the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway at two points in [[Haryana]]: Sancholi village in Gurgaon district, and Paroli village in Palwal district.

==About DFC==
{{Main|Dedicated freight corridors in India}}
{{See also|Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor}}
The [[Government of India]] established the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] (DFCCIL) on 30 October 2006 to undertake construction of this project.<ref name=dfcinfratech1>[https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/western-dedicated-freight-corridor/ Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, India], Railway-technology.com.</ref>

India's first 2 DFCs, the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor from [[Dadri]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Navi Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (Eastern DFC) from [[Ludhiana]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Dankuni]] in [[West Bengal]], via [[Meerut]] (Logistic Hub) and [[Khurja]] are aimed at decongesting the railway network by moving 70% of India's goods trains to these two corridors.<ref name="kya1">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-two-big-ticket-projects-dfc-bullet-train-on-track-despite-lockdown-railway-board-chairman-vk-yadav/articleshow/76856700.cms Railways' two big ticket projects DFC, bullet train on track despite lockdown: Railway Board Chairman VK Yadav] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725223429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-two-big-ticket-projects-dfc-bullet-train-on-track-despite-lockdown-railway-board-chairman-vk-yadav/articleshow/76856700.cms |date=25 July 2020 }}. Economic Times, 6 June 2020.</ref>

==Route==

The Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (Western DFC) will begin at [[Dadri]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (near [[Delhi]]) on a new stretch of railway line right of way between [[Dadri]]-[[Rewari]] and then will run parallel to existing railway lines via [[Narnaul]], [[Sri Madhopur]] and [[Reengus]] (Sikar). The other important stations will be [[Phulera]] and [[Marwar|Marwar Junction]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[Palanpur]], Ambli Road Railway Station near ([[Sabarmati railway station|Sabarmati]]), [[Makarpura]] ([[Vadodara]]), [[Gothangam railway station|Gothangam]]/ [[Kosad]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Vasai Road railway station|Vasai Road]] in [[Maharashtra]] before it terminates at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust|JNPT]] (Nhava Sheva Port) in [[Maharashtra]]'s [[Raigad district]].<ref name=dfcinfratech1/> The [[Dadri]]-[[Rewari]] railway line passes through a 1 km tunnel with 14.5 m width and internal height 10.5 m to 12.5 m to carry double-stacked containers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-24 |title=World's 1st electrified double-stack container tunnel near Haryana may be operational in a year: Official |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/worlds-1st-electrified-double-stack-container-tunnel-near-haryana-may-be-operational-in-a-year-official/articleshow/77152789.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2| Western DFC
|-
! State
! Distance Covered
|-
| Haryana
| style="text-align:center;"|177
|-
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align:center;"|567
|-
| Gujarat
| style="text-align:center;"|565
|-
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align:center;"|177
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
! Total
! 1504<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|title=Website|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070023/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Construction==

The [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|DFCCIL]] has divided the construction work of the Western DFC into 5 section for contracting purposes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Mamuni|title=Rlys' reluctance to cede control delays $1-billion World Bank loan|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/rlys-reluctance-to-cede-control-delays-1billion-world-bank-loan/article4577431.ece|access-date=5 May 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=3 April 2013|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" | Western DFC
|-
! Section
! Distance
! Route
! Status
! Project contractor
! Completion Date
|-
| [[Dadri]] – [[Rewari]]
| style="text-align:center;"|127
| Dadri-Prithla-[[Rewari]] ('''Branch line:''' Prithla-[[Tughlakabad (village)|Palwal and Prithla-Asaoti)]]
|{{Active|Operational}}
| [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Sojitz]] consortium<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tandon|first1=Shubhra|title=Larsen & Toubro set to win Rs 4,000 cr western dedicated freight corridor project|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/larsen-toubro-set-to-win-rs-4000-cr-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-project/340842/|work=The Financial Express|date=8 August 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813190850/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/larsen-toubro-set-to-win-rs-4000-cr-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-project/340842/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2023 June
|-
|[[Rewari]] - Madar
| style="text-align:center;"|306
|Rewari-Phulera (near [[Jaipur]])-[[Ajmer]]-
| {{active|Operational}}
|[[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Sojitz]] consortium
|2021 January
|-
| Madar -[[Palanpur]]
| style="text-align:center;" |353
| Marwar-[[Palanpur]]
| {{active|Operational}}
| [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Sojitz]] consortium
| 2021 March
|-
| Palanpur -[[Vadodara]]
| style="text-align:center;" |299
| [[Palanpur]]-[[Mehsana]]-Ambli Road (near [[Ahmedabad]])-Vadodara
| {{active|Operational}}
| [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Sojitz]]-[https://www.gayatri.co.in/ Gayatri Projects] consortium
| 2024 March
|-
| [[Vadodara]] – [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]]
| style="text-align:center;"|135
| Makarpura (Vadodara)-Sachin (near [[Surat]])
| {{active|Operational}}
| [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]]-[[Ircon International|IRCON]]-[[Tata Group|Tata Projects]] consortium<ref name="thbl-5jan16">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=V Rishi|title=Mitsui-led consortium starts work on Western Dedicated Freight Corridor Project|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mitsui-tata-projects-ircon-consortium-commence-work-on-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-project/article8068709.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=5 January 2016|language=en}}</ref>
| 2023 August
|-
| [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]
| style="text-align:center;"|295
| Sachin (near Surat)-[[Valsad]]-Vasai Road-[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]]
| {{pending|Under construction / Partially operational}}
| [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]]-[[Ircon International|IRCON]]-[[Tata Group|Tata Projects]] consortium<ref name="thbl-5jan16"/>
| 2025 December
|-
! Total
! 1,504
|
|
|
|
|}

==Status updates==
* '''Apr 2005:''' The project is announced by the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-27 |title=PM lays foundation stone for DFC Project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-dfc-project/story-AffB58cMAQd8qWuudYsJ6I.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408083240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-dfc-project/story-AffB58cMAQd8qWuudYsJ6I.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Oct 2006:''' The [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] (DFCCIL) is formed by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] on 30 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2006 |title=Memorandum and Articles of Association |url=https://dfccil.com/upload/Memorandum_and_Articles_of_Association_1_-Altered.pdf |website=DFCCIL |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511133234/https://dfccil.com/upload/Memorandum_and_Articles_of_Association_1_-Altered.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Feb 2008:''' The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approves the Western DFC and the Eastern DFC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2008 |title=CCEA Approval for the DFCs |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_91119121512111ApprovalofCCEAtoDFC.pdf |website=Parivesh (Forest Ministry Clearance), Government of India |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917171553/https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_91119121512111ApprovalofCCEAtoDFC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Sep 2009:''' The Union Cabinet approved a loan made by the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Japanese ODA Loan Agreement Signed WIth India |url=https://www2.jica.go.jp/yen_loan/pdf/en/6044/20100726.pdf |website=JICA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2009 |title=Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) under the Special Terms of Economic Partnership (STEP) Scheme of the Government of Japan for the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) Project. |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52697 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917142732/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52697 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Jun 2013:''' The civil construction contract for the Rewari-Palanpur section is awarded by DFCCIL.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Yashodhara |date=2013-06-08 |title=DFCC awards Rs 6,700 crore Rewari-Palanpur contract to Sojitz and L&T |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/dfcc-awards-rs-6700-crore-rewari-palanpur-contract-to-sojitz-and-lt/articleshow/20494336.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''Aug 2018:''' The inaugural run of a freight train is successfully conducted along the 190 km segment between the [[Ateli|New Ateli]] and the [[Phulera|New Phulera]] stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ateli-enters-history-on-a-freight-train/article24861766.ece|title=Ateli enters history on a freight train|first=Yuthika|last=Bhargava|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=29 November 2019|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129003848/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ateli-enters-history-on-a-freight-train/article24861766.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Dec 2019:''' DFCCIL successfully tested the 306 km stretch between Kishangarh Balawas ([[Rewari district]]) and Madar ([[Ajmer district]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Tamal |date=2019-12-28 |title=Indian Railways conduct speed tests for trains on dedicated freight corridor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-conduct-speed-tests-for-trains-on-dedicated-freight-corridor-11577448026976.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120104957/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-conduct-speed-tests-for-trains-on-dedicated-freight-corridor-11577448026976.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Jul 2020:''' Testing for the 352.7 km Madar to [[Palanpur]] stretch was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritimegateway.com/dfccil-launches-trial-run-new-palanpur-durai/|title=DFCCIL Launches trial run from New Palanpur to Durai - Maritime Gateway - South Asia's Premier Shipping and Logistics News Portal|date=30 July 2020|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901173654/https://www.maritimegateway.com/dfccil-launches-trial-run-new-palanpur-durai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Jan 2021:''' [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the 306 km route from New Rewari to New Madar and flagged off the world's first flat wagon double-stacked container train from New Ateli to New Kishangarh on 7 January.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-07 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Rewari-Madar section of western dedicated freight corridor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-modi-inaugurates-western-dedicated-freight-corridor/articleshow/80148554.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408083240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-modi-inaugurates-western-dedicated-freight-corridor/articleshow/80148554.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Mar 2021:''' The 335 km long New Madar to New Palanpur section is inaugurated on 31 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/palanpur-madar-dfc-section-opened/articleshow/81784822.cms |title=Palanpur-Madar DFC section opened |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030213201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/palanpur-madar-dfc-section-opened/articleshow/81784822.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''July 2021:''' About 60% of the Western DFC has been completed.
*'''Aug 2021'''
**'''14 Aug:''' DFCCIL commences [[Roll-on/roll-off|Roll-on-Roll-off]] (Ro-Ro) service on the Western DFC. The rake consisting of flat wagons proceeded from New Rewari and arrived at New Palanpur, covering a distance of 630 km.
**'''26 Aug:''' DFCCIL successfully completes a 2.75 km long and 25 m high viaduct near [[Sohna]] on the Dadri-Prithla-Rewari section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Devanjana |date=2021-08-26 |title=DFC Project: Engineering marvel in Haryana! 2.75 km viaduct developed on Dadri-Rewari section; see features |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-dfc-project-engineering-marvel-in-haryana-2-75-km-viaduct-developed-on-dadri-rewari-section-see-features-2318332/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408083240/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-dfc-project-engineering-marvel-in-haryana-2-75-km-viaduct-developed-on-dadri-rewari-section-see-features-2318332/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''May 2022:''' A trial run was started on the section from New Palanpur to New Mehsana on 13 May and was finished on 25 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DFCCIL |url=https://dfccil.com/Home/ProgressStatusImage |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=dfccil.com |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816215221/https://dfccil.com/Home/ProgressStatusImage |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Jun 2022:''' After the trial run, the New Palanpur-New Mehsana is inaugurated and made operational by DFCCIL, which increases the corridor's length to 720 km, from Dadri to Mehsana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dfc: Number of trains at freight corridors to rise next year: DFC MD - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/number-of-trains-at-freight-corridors-to-rise-next-year-dfc-md/articleshow/92074232.cms |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030214832/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/number-of-trains-at-freight-corridors-to-rise-next-year-dfc-md/articleshow/92074232.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Apr 2024:''' 93% of the route operational, with the 138 km Sanand-Makarpura and 244 km Makarpura-Gholvad sections opened, and the 110 km Gholvad-JNPT section the last one under construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2024-04-04 |title=Dedicated freight corridor: Over 90% operational, 138 km to be added by April-end |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/dedicated-freight-corridor-over-90-operational-138-km-to-be-added-by-april-end/article68026973.ece |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407112324/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/dedicated-freight-corridor-over-90-operational-138-km-to-be-added-by-april-end/article68026973.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-11 |title=PM to dedicate 4 new WDFC stations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/pm-to-dedicate-4-new-wdfc-stations-in-vadodara/articleshow/108377609.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408083241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/pm-to-dedicate-4-new-wdfc-stations-in-vadodara/articleshow/108377609.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Dec 2025:''' The 30 km strech from Vaitarna to new kharbao is almost finished with only electrification and signalling work remaining.
**'''On 31 December''', railway officials conducted a trial run on the freshly laid track between Vaitarna and JNPT. Project completion stands at around 91%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The central railway DFCCIL conducts successful rail car inspection of the Vaitarna-JNPT section |url=https://www.citiupdate.com/news/detailNews/109308 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''January 2026''': While track-laying work on the stretch has been completed and earlier challenges related to land acquisition and encroachments have been resolved, commissioning has been held up due to pending signaling and overhead electrification (OHE) works. New deadline given for completion of the final leg of this project is '''''March 2026.''''' <ref>{{Cite news |title="Completion of Western Dedicated Freight Corridor pushed to March 2026" |url=https://www.maritimegateway.com/western-freight-corridor-delay-2026/ |url-status=live |work=Maritime Gateway}}</ref>
*'''February 2026:''' Track laying work up to JNPT is complete and momentum testing is underway. Signalling and electrification work on the final strech is progressing.

==See also==
* [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
** [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
**[[East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
**[[North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
**[[East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor.jsp Western DFC]
* [http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Project_Status Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) Official link for project status]

{{Dedicated freight corridors of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western Dedicated Freight Corridor}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dedicated freight corridors of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

N. D. Venkatachalam

2026-03-24T04:42:07Z

MargueriteMcEwan: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. D. Venkatachalam
| image =
| honorific_prefix =
| caption =
| office = [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management]], Government of Tamilnadu
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
| successor = [[B. V. Ramanaa]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], Tamilnadu
| term_start1 = 14 May 2011
| term_end1 = 3 May 2021
| predecessor1 = C. Ponnudurai
| successor1 = S. Jayakumar
| constituency1 = [[Perundurai (state assembly constituency)|Perundurai]]
| birth_date = 12 May 1964
| birth_place = [[Perundurai]], [[Erode district]], [[Tamilnadu]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''N. D. Venkatachalam''' is an Indian politician and Ex-minister & Ex-member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Perundurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Perundurai constituency]]. He was refused party ticket in 2021 General election, so he contested as Independent candidate and lost. He was a member of [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party and now expelled from the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

He joined [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party on 11 July 2021, in the presence of Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatachalam, N. D.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Silchar Medical College and Hospital

2026-03-20T12:35:44Z

MargueriteMcEwan: corrected structure for consistency and fixed typos

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{independent sources|date=November 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Silchar Medical College and Hospital
| org_group = 
| image = Entrance To SMCH.jpg
| caption = Entrance gate of Silchar Medical College
| logo =
| logo_size = 150 px
| location = [[Silchar]]
| region = [[Cachar]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare =
| type = [[tertiary care]]
| speciality =
| standards = 
| affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| beds = 806
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1960}}
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|https://silchar-mch.assam.gov.in/}}
| other_links = 
| coordinates = {{coord|24|46|33|N|92|47|41|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Silchar Medical College and Hospital''' (SMCH), established in 1960, is a government-run medical and hospital located in [[Silchar]], southern [[Assam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SILCHAR MEDICAL COLLEGE |url=https://smcassam.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/175-silchar-medical-college |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=smcassam.org}}</ref> It is one of the oldest medical college of North East India. It is the only referral hospital in the southern part of Assam, and serves neighbouring states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DOSA |title=Silchar Medical College and Hospital — dosa-diagnostics |url=https://dosa-diagnostics.org/Silchar-Medical-College-and-Hospital |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=dosa-diagnostics.org |language=EN}}</ref>

==Inception and earlier years==

In November 1959, the Chief Minister of Assam, [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]], called for a second medical hospital in Assam, following the opening of [[Assam Medical College]] in 1947. The committee decided two further schools were needed, leading to the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital|Gauhati Medical College]], and Silchar Medical College being formed simultaneously in August 1960.<ref name=":0" />

In 1960, the college held its first preclinical classes in Ayurvedic College, while they awaited construction of a permanent campus. This was completed in August 1968. In 1971 the main hospital building was commissioned.<ref name=":0" />

The Medical Council of India (MCI) recognized the MBBS degree in 1976.<ref name=":0" />

In 2008 further PG courses were introduced in Radiology, Pathology, Anaesthesiology and Orthopaedics.<ref name=":0" />

==SMC at a glance==
{{Infobox university
| native_name = শিলচৰ চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়
| name = Silchar Medical College and Hospital
| motto = সর্বে সন্তু নিৰাময়া
| mottoeng = May Everyone Be Disease Free
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1968}}
| principal = Dr. Bhaskar Gupta
| city = [[Ghungoor]], [[Silchar]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| postalcode = 788014
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| undergrad = 100 MBBS students
| postgrad = 97 MD/MS/Diploma students
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| website = {{URL| https://www.smcassam.org}}
| type = Government [[tertiary care]] hospital
| free_label = Acronym
| free = SMC
| free_label2 = email id
| free2 = smc-asm@nic.in
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Year of establishment at its permanent site || 1968
|-
| Year of recognition of MBBS course by MCI || 1976
|-
| No. of students admitted annually in MBBS course || 100
|-
| No. of students admitted annually in post-graduate courses || 71
|-
| Current No. of students on Roll in MBBS course || 386
|-
| Current No. of students on Roll in PG courses || 122
|-
| Total No. of Teaching Staff || 172
|-
| Total area of land (in bighas) of the SMC Campus || 620
|}

[http://www.smcassam.gov.in/Hospital/glance.htm]

==Courses==
'''Graduate education'''
* Degree awarded: M.B.B.S.
* Duration of the course: Five and a half years including one-year internship.

'''Postgraduate education'''
* Courses: Degree ([[M.D.]] and M.S.) for three years; Diploma for two years.

'''Other courses'''
* Diploma Courses in Pharmacy
* GNM Course in Nursing
* Laboratory Technician Course
* Radiography Training
* B.Sc. Nursing course

==Departments==
* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Forensic]] and State Medicine
* [[Community Medicine]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Surgery]] (which includes [[Orthopedics]])
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]]

University of Affiliation:
*[[Assam University]], Silchar
*[http://ssuhs.in/ Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences] from 2010

==Postgraduate education==
The method of selection is entrance tests conducted by All India and state level selection bodies. Duration of postgraduate course: Degree three years; Diploma two years. For postgraduate (Degree) studies a thesis is compulsory.

Postgraduate Courses available are given below:
*ENT
*Medicine
*Obstetrics & Gynaec.
*Ophthalmology
*Psychiatry
*Surgery
*Radio-diagnosis
*Anaesthesiology
*Pathology
*Orthopaedics
*Anatomy
*Physiology
*Bio-Chemistry
*Microbiology
*Pharmacology
*Forensic & SM
*Paediatrics
*Dermatology

==SMC Students' Union==
The Silchar Medical College Students Union was formed, holding annual elections to an executive committee.

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:View of SilcharMedicalCollegeOPD.jpg|View of SMCH OPD
File: Administrative Building SilcharMedicalCollege.jpg|Administrative Building of SMCH
File:LectureTheatreComplex SilcharMedicalCollege.jpg|Lecture Theatre Complex at Silchar Medical College
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1968]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges in Assam]]

Temple tank

2026-03-18T06:36:12Z

MargueriteMcEwan: enhance structure further and improved wording

{{short description|Wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple complex near Indian temples}}
{{redirect|Sarovar|the hotel chain|Sarovar Hotels & Resorts}}
{{about|a Temple tank||Tank (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Krishna Pushkarani - Hampi Ruins.jpg|thumb|250px|upright|Temple tank in [[Hampi]], Karnataka.]]
[[File:Temple tank in Bhoganandishvara group of temples at Chikkaballapur district.JPG|thumb|250px|upright|Temple tank in [[Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] at Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka.]]
'''Temple tanks''' are [[water well|well]]s or [[reservoir]]s built as part of the temple complex near Indian temples. They are called pushkarini, kalyani, kunda, sarovara, [[Theertham|tirtha]], talab, pukhuri, ambalakkuḷam, etc. in different languages and regions of [[India]]. Some tanks are said to cure various diseases and maladies when bathed in.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiantemples.com/suntemple.html
|title=Sun Temples in India
|access-date=2007-02-24
}}</ref> It is possible that these are cultural remnants of structures such as the [[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro|Great Bath]] of [[Mohenjo-daro]] or [[Dholavira]],<ref name=news>{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj|access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> which was part of the [[Indus Valley civilization]]. Some are [[stepwell]]s with many steps at the sides.

==Tank design==
Since ancient times, the design of water storage has been important in India's temple architecture, especially in western India where dry and monsoon seasons alternate. Temple tank design became an art form in itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Stepw.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006065419/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Stepw.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 1999 |title=Architecture - Stepwells |access-date=2007-01-09}}</ref> An example of the art of tank design is the large, geometrically spectacular Stepped Tank at the Royal Center at the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]], the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, surrounding the modern town of [[Hampi]]. It is lined with green [[diorite]] and has no [[Plumbing fixture#Inlets and drains|drain]]. It was filled by [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/hampi/lt01.html |title=Great Tank |publisher=art-and-archaeology |access-date=2007-01-13}}</ref>

The tanks are used for ritual cleansing and during rites of consecration. The water in the tank is deemed to be [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] from the [[Ganges River]].<ref>{{cite book | first= Binda| last= Thapar | year= 2004 | title= Introduction to Indian Architecture | publisher= Periplus Editions | location=Singapore | pages= 43 | isbn= 0-7946-0011-5}}</ref>

==Stepwell==
In India, a [[stepwell]] is a deep masonry well with steps going down to the water level in the well. It is called a ''vav'' in west India and a ''baoli'' in north India. Some were built by kings and were richly ornamented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121114804/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 21, 2003 |title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - glossary |access-date=2006-12-18}}</ref> They often were built by nobility, some being for secular use from which anyone could obtain water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Traditional2.htm#Kere |title= Vav / vavdi / Baoli / Bavadi - Traditional stepwells |access-date=2006-12-19}}</ref>

== Kalyani ==
'''Kalyani''', also called '''''pushkarani''''', are ancient [[Hindu]] stepped [[bathing]] wells.

These wells were typically built near [[Hindu temple]]s to accommodate bathing and cleansing activities before prayer. They are also used for immersion of [[Ganesha]] idols during [[Ganesha Chaturthi]].

== Sikhism ==
In [[Sikhism]], temple tanks are called ''sarovar'' (Punjabi: ਸਰੋਵਰ ''sarōvara'').<ref name="Harban Singh 1998">{{cite book |author=Harban Singh |url=http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/SAROVAR.html |title=Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7380-530-1 |pages=71}}</ref> They are also known as ''talab''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=11 July 2005 |title=Frescoes in ancient Hindu temple damaged |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050712/main7.htm |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sarovar and the Golden Temple.jpg|Sarovar at the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[Harmandir Sahib]], the "Golden Temple" at [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
File:Temple tank (kalyani) at the Chennakeshava temple in Belur.jpg|A temple tank at [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] in [[Belur, Karnataka]].
File:Kusuma Sarovar Ghat.jpg|Kusuma Sarovar Ghat in [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
File:Hoysala Stepped Well (Pushkarni) at Hulikere.jpg|Hoysala stepped temple tank at Hulikere, [[Karnataka]]
File:Shravanabelagola2007 - 05.jpg|Tank at [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka
File:Mahanandi-pushkarini4.JPG|Large kalyani at [[Mahanandi]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Trikuteshwara well.JPG|Well at [[Trikuteshwara]] temple, [[Gadag]], Karnataka
File:Pond Siva temple Kottakkal.jpg|Pond at Shiva temple near [[Kottakkal]], [[Kerala]]
File:Temple pond on way to Thiruvalllur.jpg|Temple pond on way to Thiruvalllur, Tamil Nadu
File:Chidambaram Nataraja temple tank.JPG|Tank at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Nataraja Temple]], [[Chidambaram]], Tamil Nadu
File:Pushkarini at Simhachalam.jpg|Pushkarini at [[Simhachalam]]
File:Yaganti.jpg|[[Yaganti]] Tank in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Kalyani-upper-ahobilam.jpg|Temple tank, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Boroli Temple Complex7.jpg|Example of a [[Shiva]] temple in a tank ([[Baroli Temples]])
File:Bhaktapur Garudh Kundal 18.jpg|Garuda Kunda in [[Bhaktapur]], [[Nepal]]
File:Godawari Temple, Godawari Mela1.jpg|Godawari Kunda, [[Godawari, Lalitpur|Godawari]], Nepal
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Brahma Sarovar]]
* [[Ghat]]
* [[Baray]]
* [[Tank cascade system]] (Sri Lanka)
* [[Sacred waters]]
* [[Stepwell]]
* [[Gauri Kund]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre (2002). ''Sacred tanks of South India''. pp. 328.

==External links==
{{commons category|Kalyani (temple tank)}}
* ENVIS Centre for Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sites of India: ''[http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/innerpageof.php?$mFJyBfKPkEB Sacred Waterbodies of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806022009/http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/innerpageof.php?$mFJyBfKPkEB |date=2016-08-06 }}''

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Temple tanks in India| ]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Thatched buildings]]
[[Category:Building types]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures by type]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]

Rajshahi City Corporation

2026-03-18T02:53:48Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made the location more to come.

{{short description|Local governing body of Rajshahi, Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajshahi City Corporation
| native_name = {{nobold|রাজশাহী সিটি কর্পোরেশন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| background_color = green
| coa_pic = Rajshahi City Corporation logo.svg
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Logo of the Rajshahi City Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of the Rajshahi City Corporation]]
| house_type = [[City Corporation]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1990}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| term_limits =
| new_session = 19 August 2024
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Rajshahi|Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant''
| party1 =
| election1 = 19 August 2024
| leader2_type = [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| leader2 = Mahfuzur Rahman
| party2 =
| election2 = 14 March 2026
| leader3_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader3 = ''Vacant''
| party3 =
| election3 = 19 August 2024
| leader4_type = [[Chief Executive Officer]]
| leader4 = Md. Rejaul Karim
| party4 =
| election4 = 23 April 2025
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 =
| term_length = Up to five years
| session_room = File:Rajshahi City Corporation Bhaban 02.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = Nagar Bhaban, [[Rajshahi]]
| members = '''Vacant seats''': 40 councillors
| house1 =
| house2 =
| voting_system1 = [[First past the post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2023 Rajshahi City Corporation election|21 June 2023]]
| next_election1 = TBD
| motto =
| website = {{URL|erajshahi.portal.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajshahi City Corporation '''({{langx|bn|রাজশাহী সিটি কর্পোরেশন: in short-RCC}}), is a [[local government|local government authority]] responsible for administering all civic services in the [[Rajshahi]], the city of [[Bangladesh]]. The RCC government is elected by popular vote every five years. The corporation is headed by a [[mayor]], who oversees a [[council]] consisting of 40 [[councillors]] representing different wards of the city. The functions and powers of the RCC are defined under the provisions of The City Corporation Act, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=স্থানীয় সরকার (সিটি কর্পোরেশন) আইন, ২০০৯ |trans-title=Local Government (City Corporation) Act, 2009 |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1026.html?lang=en |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]] |language=bn}}</ref>

Rajshahi City Corporation is one of the major divisional city corporations of [[Bangladesh]]. The incorporated area was divided into several wards. Each ward has an elected ward commissioner. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years. The next election is announced to be held on 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/sylhet-barisal-rajshahi-go-polls-july-30-1590997 |title=Sylhet, Barisal Rajshahi go to polls July 30 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref>

Rajshahi City Corporation is renowned for its success in reducing of high concentrations of small particulates ([[PM10]] and [[PM2.5]]) and air pollution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/rajshahi-model-tackling-ambient-air-pollution-our-cities-1414174 |title=Rajshahi: A model for tackling ambient air pollution in our cities |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/17/rajshahi-bangladesh-city-air-pollution-won |title=Rajshahi: the city that took on air pollution – and won |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Rajshahi City Corporation was established as the Rajshahi Municipality (Rampur-Boalia Municipality) on 1 August 1876. A town committee of 7 members led by a former principal of [[Rajshahi College]] was formed by the Government headquartered in Rajshahi College. Most of the members were later replaced by the elected members. Only the tax-payers could attend the election. The administrator and the Medical Officer were also among the members of the committee. Beside this committee, there was also a Municipal Board.<ref name="Prakalpa" /> In 1884, the committee was expanded to 21 according to the 3rd rule of Bengal Municipality act 1884.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} In 1921, the headquarter was shifted to the Municipality Building established near Sona Dighi, Rajshahi.<ref name="Prakalpa" /> In 1930, 8 municipal committees were formed. The members of the councils were elected by vote for one year. Each committee had separate functions, such as public sanitation and health, public safety, welfare, education and water supply.<ref name="Prakalpa" /> It gained status as the Rajshahi Municipality Corporation on 13 August 1987, and later renamed as Rajshahi City Corporation.<ref name="Prakalpa" />

==Powers and responsibilities==
* City health department
* Engineering department (Water supply)
* Engineering department (Power supply)
* Tax department
* Conservancy department<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erajshahi.gov.bd/municipal_function/municipal_function.php |title=Rajshahi - মিউনিসিপ্যাল ফাংশন - City Portal of Rajshahi, Bangladesh |work= |language=bn |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402172514/http://www.erajshahi.gov.bd/municipal_function/municipal_function.php |archivedate=2 April 2016}}</ref>
The Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) is responsible for administering the city and ensuring the provision of essential infrastructure and public services. Its functions include urban planning, transport management, healthcare, education, waste management, water supply, and security. Through these services, RCC aims to improve the quality of life for residents and promote sustainable urban development.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Departments of Rajshahi City Corporation
!#
!Departments
!Functions / Services
|-
!1
|[[Town hall|Office of the Mayor]]
| Executive leadership; overall city governance; policy direction; supervision and coordination of all RCC departments
|-
! 2
| [[Chief Executive Office]]
| Inter-departmental coordination; monitoring implementation of services and development projects
|-
! 3
| [[Public administration|Administration]] and [[Civil service|Establishment]]
| Human resource management; staff recruitment, posting and promotion; internal discipline and service delivery oversight
|-
! 4
| [[Finance]] and [[Account (bookkeeping)|Accounts]]
| Budget preparation; financial planning; revenue and expenditure control; payment processing; accounts management; internal audit
|-
! 5
| [[Engineering]]
| Infrastructure supervision; road-cutting permission; building plan approval; contractor enlistment; land demarcation certification
|-
!6
|[[Urban Planning]] and [[Development plan|Development]]
|Road, drain, bridge, culvert and footpath development; land development; planned residential areas; city beautification
|-
!7
|[[Electricity]]
|Installation and maintenance of street lights; lamp-post management; city illumination
|-
!8
|[[Transportation]] and [[Communication]]
|Urban transport management; traffic & parking control; emergency transport; corpse handling; bus terminal management; road roller & ambulance services
|-
!9
|[[Waste Management]] and [[Cleaning]]
|Solid waste collection and disposal; street cleaning; drain clearing; mosquito control; landfill management
|-
!10
|[[Health]]
|Hospital & clinic management; maternal & child immunization; vitamin A campaigns; midwifery and health technology training
|-
!11
|Registrar
|Birth & death certificates; nationality, inheritance & character certificates
|-
!12
|[[Education]]
|Management of schools, madrasas, Sanskrit tolls, kindergartens, technical institutes; adult education; teacher training; cultural & theatre institutes
|-
!13
|[[Water Supply and Sewerage Authority|Water Supply and Sewerage]]
|Water supply coordination; sewerage management under [[Rajshahi WASA]]
|-
!14
|[[Revenue]]
|Trade license issuance & renewal; holding tax collection; shop/market allotment; lease and asset management
|-
!15
|[[Security]] and [[Law and order (politics)|Law and Order]]
|City security; joint operations with [[Rajshahi Metropolitan Police|RMP]]; CCTV installation and monitoring
|-
!16
|[[Magistracy]]
|Arbitration-based case settlement; mobile courts; anti-adulteration drives
|-
!17
|[[Housing]] and [[Public Works]]
| Allocation, development and maintenance of residential plots, flats and metropolitan housing projects
|-
! 18
| [[Social welfare]]
| Welfare programs for the poor, elderly, women and persons with disabilities; social assistance; community development initiatives
|-
! 19
| [[Environmental protection|Environmental]] and [[Public health]]
| Pollution control; sanitation monitoring; food safety; climate change adaptation and mitigation; urban greening and tree plantation
|-
! 20
| [[Disaster management]] and [[Relief]]
| Disaster preparedness and response; emergency rescue operations; relief distribution during floods, cyclones, fires and other natural calamities
|-
! 21
| [[Religious]] [[Well-being|Welfare]]
| Support for religious festivals including Eid and Puja; regulation of Qurbani cattle markets; land allocation and logistical support for religious events
|}

=== Budget ===
Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) announced a budget of {{BDTConvert|1015|c|1k=yes}} for the 2023-24 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news |title=RCC announces Tk 1,015 crore budget |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/217798/rcc-announces-tk-1015-crore-budget |work=New Age |date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

==Governance==
Rajshahi City Corporation consists of 30 wards and 4 thanas such as, [[Boalia Thana|Boalia]], [[Motihar Thana|Motihar]], [[Rajpara Thana|Rajpara]] and [[Shah Makhdum Thana|Shah Makhdum]].<ref name="Prakalpa">{{cite web |url=http://erajshahi.portal.gov.bd/site/page/c908162a-f719-4c1a-8e39-21443926ee20/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA |script-title=bn:প্রকল্প - রাজশাহী সিটি কর্পোরেশন- |language=bn |accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref>

{| class = "wikitable"
! style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Ward no
! style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | The name of the police station
! style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Name of the mahalla
|-
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 1. Kashaydanga (Kathalbariya)
|-
| 2. Shahajipara
|-
| 3. Raipara
|-
| 4. Aduburi
|-
| 5. Ghuripara
|-
| 6. Salagacha
|-
| 7. Hargram (Munshipara)
|-
| 8. Hordupur (part of the city corporation)
|-
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 9. Hargram Newpara
|-
| 10. Hargram Newpara
|-
| 11. Hargram Ranidighi
|-
| 12. Hargram Colony
|-
| 13. Hargram Bidirpara
|-
| 14. Nagarpara
|-
| 15. Mollapara
|-
| 16. Sheikhpara
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 17. Tenpukur
|-
| 18. Baharampur
|-
| 19. New Bisimla
|-
| 20. Laksmipur (dingadoba, northern part of the railway line)
|-
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 4
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 21. Hargram Bazar (Padmakamini road south and east part)
|-
| 22. Bulanpur
|-
| 23. Goalpara
|-
| 24 Keshabpur
|-
| 25. Nawabganj
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 5
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 26. Rajpara
|-
| 27 Mahisbathan
|-
| 28 Kulupara
|-
| 29 Bhatapara (including Helenabad colony)
|-
| style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 6
| style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 30. Laxmipur (part) and Baharampur (southern part of the railway line). (Railway line north, south-lakshmipur road, east boundary of the medical campus, Lakshmipur district on the west)
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 7
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Rajpara
| 31. Chandipur
|-
| 32. The northern part of east and west of lakshmipur vatapara
|-
| 33. Serampore
|-
| 34. Betiapara
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 8
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia (Actually 8th Wald Boalia-Rajpar Police Station)
| 35. Kazihaata
|-
| 36. Sepipara
|-
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 9
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia (Actually 8th Wald Boalia-Rajpar Police Station)
| 37. Hosnaganj
|-
| 38. Sheikhpara
|-
| 39 Dargapara
|-
| 40. Zodhash
|-
| 41. Sherusarpara
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 10
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia (part) and Rajpara (part)
| 42 Hematch
|-
| 43. Old Balsimla 44 Goalpara
|-
| 45. Wapda Colony (Kalabagan)
|-
| 46. Medical campus
|-
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 11
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 47. Hetmakhan Sajipara
|-
| 48. Hetamkhana (Panabhar)
|-
| 49. Malopara (western part)
|-
| 50. Rajahata
|-
| 51 Kadirganj (west part of the house)
|-
| 52 Matherpara
|-
| 53. Karikarpara
|-
| 54 Shahajipara
|-
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 12
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 55 Fadkipara
|-
| 56. Kumara Para
|-
| 57 Sahib ganj
|-
| 58 Saheb Bazar
|-
| 59 Queen market
|-
| 60 Malopara (eastern part)
|-
| 61. Ganakpara
|-
| 62. Miyapara
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 13
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 63 Kadirganj (Gourhanga and Sthestala)
|-
| 64. Dakkharbora (southern part of the railway line)
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 14
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia (part) and Rajpara part
| 65 Suburb
|-
| 66. Terokhadia
|-
| rowspan = "3" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 15
| rowspan = "3" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 67. Sapura (Gorastan Para, Sahajipara, Polytechnic, Irrigation Division, Shalbagan)
|-
| 68. Kadirganj is not rash
|-
| 69. Dakhirbona (Northern Railway line)
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 16
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 70 Sapura industrial area (including cantonment) 71 Zuranagar
|-
| 72 Matherdanga
|-
| 73. Bakhtiarabad
|-
| 74. Kirender
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 17
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Shah Makhdum
| 75. Bigger
|-
|76. Noadapara (According to Population Report 91, all areas covered in ward No. 17)
|-
| rowspan = "9" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 18
| rowspan = "9" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia part and Shah Makhdum are part of it
| 77 Assam Colony
|-
| 78. Poba
|-
| 79 Poba Rice Mill
|-
| 80 Ahmad Nagar
|-
| 81. Firozabad
|-
| 82 Poba new fringe
|-
| 83. Poba, TTC
|-
| 84. Poba Mathpukur
|-
| 85. Shalbagan (north of the south-east side of the forest office)
|-
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 19
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 86. Headline Colony
|-
| 87. Small forest colony
|-
| 88. Small village
|-
| 89. Shiroil Colony
|-
| 90 Railway Colony
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 20
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 91. Boalia Para
|-
| 92 Sultanabad
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 21
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 93. Ballavganj
|-
| 94. Shiroil
|-
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 22
| rowspan = "4" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 95. Sagorpara
|-
| 96. Rampurbazar
|-
| 97. Khansamarchak
|-
| 98. Ghoramara (the eastern part of the road along the Kumarapara road)
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 23
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 99 Explanation
|-
| 100. Ramchandrapur (west)
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 24
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 101. Bad Kajala (western)
|-
| 102 Ramchandrapur (including Purbash Ahmadpur)
|-
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 25
| rowspan = "2" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 103. Talaimari (west)
|-
| 104. Raniagar (southern part)
|-
| rowspan = "3" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 26
| rowspan = "3" style = "text-align: center;" | Boalia
| 105. Meherchandi
|-
| 106. Nostalgia
|-
| 107. Chakpar Meherchandi
|-
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 27
| rowspan = "8" style = "text-align: center;" | Motihar is part and Boalia part
| 108. Engineering College (BI)
|-
| 109. Tikapara
|-
| 110. Mirerchak
|-
| 111. Raninagar (northern part)
|-
| 112 Devi Shipping
|-
| 113. Baliapukur
|-
| 114. Shiroil Mathpukur
|-
| 115. Over the groom
|-
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 28
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center;" | Motihar
| 116. Cajala
|-
| 117. Dharampur
|-
| 118. Talaimari (eastern part)
|-
| 119. Bad kajla (eastern part)
|-
| 120 Grazing land
|-
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 29
| rowspan = "5" style = "text-align: center;" | Motihar
| 121 Sahtbariya
|-
| 122 Khojapur
|-
| 123 Dashmari
|-
| 124.Care Satbariya
|-
| 125.Sishampur Dashmari
|-
| rowspan = "9" style = "text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 30
| rowspan = "9" style = "text-align: center;" | Motihar
| 126. University campus
|-
| 127. Mirzapur
|-
| 128. Mascata Dighi (Mehrchandi)
|-
| 129 Budhapara
|-
| 130 Mohanpur
|-
| 131. Fruit garden
|-
| 132. Agricultural Firm
|-
| 133 Science and Industrial Laboratory
|-
| 134. Meherchandi Badhupara
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Ward and councillor list
!#
! Ward
! Councillor
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
| Ward-1
| rowspan="30" | [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="30" bgcolor="" |TBD
|-
| 2
| Ward-2
|-
| 3
| Ward-3
|-
| 4
| Ward-4
|-
| 5
| Ward-5
|-
| 6
| Ward-6
|-
| 7
| Ward-7
|-
| 8
| Ward-8
|-
| 9
| Ward-9
|-
| 10
| Ward-10
|-
| 11
| Ward-11
|-
| 12
| Ward-12
|-
| 13
| Ward-13
|-
| 14
| Ward-14
|-
| 15
| Ward-15
|-
| 16
| Ward-16
|-
| 17
| Ward-17
|-
| 18
| Ward-18
|-
| 19
| Ward-19
|-
| 20
| Ward-20
|-
| 21
| Ward-21
|-
| 22
| Ward-22
|-
| 23
| Ward-23
|-
| 24
| Ward-24
|-
| 25
| Ward-25
|-
| 26
| Ward-26
|-
| 27
| Ward-27
|-
| 28
| Ward-28
|-
| 29
| Ward-29
|-
| 30
| Ward-30
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Reserved Women's Councillor'''
|-
| 31
| Reserved women's seat-1
| rowspan="10" | [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="10" bgcolor="" |TBD
|-
| 32
| Reserved women's seat-2
|-
| 33
| Reserved women's seat-3
|-
| 34
| Reserved women's seat-4
|-
| 35
| Reserved women's seat-5
|-
| 36
| Reserved women's seat-6
|-
| 37
| Reserved women's seat-7
|-
| 38
| Reserved women's seat-8
|-
| 39
| Reserved women's seat-9
|-
| 40
| Reserved women's seat-10
|-
|}

== List of mayors ==
{{Main|Mayor of Rajshahi}}
Former Rajshahi City Corporation mayor and administrator's list:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajshahi.gov.bd/node/207200/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95- |script-title=bn:পূর্বতন রাজশাহী সিটি কর্পোরেশনের মেয়র ও প্রশাসক |language=bn |accessdate=16 April 2016 }}</ref>
;''Status''
* {{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting Mayor, Administrator and Divisional Commissioner|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" | Designation
! rowspan="2" | Election
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! rowspan="2" | Political party
! rowspan="2" | Reference
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Awami League}}; color:black;" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Md. Abdul Hadi 03.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Advocate]] M. Abdul Hadi {{small|(?–?)}}
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" | [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" | —
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" | 13 August 1987
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" | 11 September 1988
| rowspan="2" | {{ayd|1987|8|13|1990|4|15}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Mayor]]
| —
| 11 September 1988
| 15 April 1990
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |2
|
| [[Durul Huda]] ({{small|1955–2020}})
| [[Mayor]]
| –
|align=center|16 April 1990
|align=center| 6 November 1990
|{{ayd|1990|4|15|1990|11|6}}
|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
|
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| Mesbah Uddin Ahmed {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Acting Mayor]]
| –
|align=center| 6 November 1990
|align=center| 9 December 1990
| {{ayd|1990|11|6|1990|12|9}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| Mohammad Saidur Rahman {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]]
| –
|align=center| 15 December 1990
|align=center| 8 May 1991
| {{ayd|1990|12|15|1991|5|8}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| NA Habibullah {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]]
| –
|align=center| 8 May 1991
|align=center| 21 May 1991
| {{ayd|1991|5|8|1991|5|21}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |3
|align=center|[[File:Mizanur Rahman Minu.jpg|100px]]
| [[Mizanur Rahman Minu]] {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Mayor]]
|—
|align=center|21 May 1991
|align=center|30 December 1993
|{{ayd|1991|5|21|1993|12|30}}
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| M Aminul Islam {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]]
| –
|align=center| 30 December 1993
|align=center| 11 March 1994
| {{ayd|1993|12|30|1994|3|11}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |4
|align=center|[[File:Mizanur Rahman Minu.jpg|100px]]
| [[Mizanur Rahman Minu]] {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Mayor]] {{small|(''First elected'')}}
|1994 
1999 
2004
|align=center|11 March 1995
|align=center|11 June 2007
|{{ayd|1994|3|11|2007|6|11}}
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |–
|
| Md. Rezwan Nobi Dudu {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Acting Mayor]]
|—
|align=center|11 June 2007
|align=center|14 September 2008
|{{ayd|2007|6|11|2008|9|14}}
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |5
|
|[[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]] ({{small|born 1959}})
| [[Mayor]]
|[[2008 Rajshahi City Corporation election|2008]]
|align=center|14 September 2008
|align=center|5 September 2013
|{{ayd|2008|9|14|2013|9|5}}
|[[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |6
|
|[[Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul]] ({{small|born 1965}})
| [[Mayor]]
|[[2013 Rajshahi City Corporation election|2013]]
|align=center|18 September 2013
|align=center|30 June 2018
|{{ayd|2013|9|18|2018|6|30}}
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/06/15/bulbul-wins-rajshahi-mayor-race|title=Bulbul wins Rajshahi Mayor race|work=bdnews24.com|date=2013-06-15|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |7
|
|[[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]] ({{small|born 1959}})
| [[Mayor]]
|[[2018 Rajshahi City Corporation election|2018]] [[2023 Rajshahi City Corporation election|2023]]
|align=center|30 July 2018
|align=center|19 August 2024
|{{ayd|2018|7|30|2024|8|19}}
|[[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rajshahi-city-election-2018/awami-league-claims-khairuzzaman-liton-winner-in-rajshahi-city-election-2018-1613500 | title=Rajshahi City Election 2018. Liton wins RCC polls | newspaper=The Daily Star | access-date=10 January 2022 | date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| Dr. Dewan Muhammad Humayun Kabir {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]] & [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| –
|align=center| 19 August 2024
|align=center| 2 December 2024
|{{ayd|2024|8|19|2024|12|2}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| <ref name=" jugantor ">{{ cite web | script-title =bn:১২ সিটি করপোরেশনে নতুন দায়িত্ব পেলেন যারা|url= https://www.jugantor.com/national/840124/১২-সিটি-করপোরেশনে-নতুন-দায়িত্ব-পেলেন-যারা| publisher = [[Jugantor]] | accessdate =19 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| Khandkar Azim Ahmed {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]] & [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| –
|align=center| 2 December 2024
|align=center| 18 November 2025
|{{ayd|2024|12|2|2025|11|18}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |–
|
| Dr. A. N. M. Bazlur Rashid {{small|(?–?)}}
| [[Divisional Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Divisional Commissioner]] & [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| –
|align=center| 18 November 2025
|align=center| 14 March 2026
|{{ayd|2025|11|18|2026|3|15}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |–
|
| Md. Mahfuzur Rahman Riton ({{small|?–?}})
| [[City administrator|Administrator]]
| –
|align=center| 14 March 2026
|align=center| Incumbent
|{{ayd|2026|3|14}}
|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/lxw0efzwu1|title=Administrators appointed to 5 more city corporations|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=2026-03-14}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Past Elections==
=== Election Result 2023 ===
{{Main|2023 Rajshahi City Corporation election}}
{{Election box begin | title=Rajshahi Mayoral Election 2023}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Awami League
|candidate = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]
|votes = 160,290
|percentage = 81.87%
|change = +30.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Islami Andolan Bangladesh
|candidate = Murshid Alam
|votes = 13,483
|percentage = 6.89%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Zaker Party
|candidate = Latif Anwar
|votes = 11,713
|percentage = 5.98%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jatiya Party (Ershad)
|candidate = Saiful Islam Swapan
|votes = 10,272
|percentage = 5.25%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 146,807
|percentage = 74.98%
|change = +47.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,758
|percentage = 55.63%
|change = {{decrease}}20.65[[Percentage point|pp]]
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 351,982
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
|winner = Awami League
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Election Result 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Rajshahi Mayoral Election 2018}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Awami League
|candidate = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]
|votes = 166,394
|percentage = 51.83%
|change = +12.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bangladesh Nationalist Party
|candidate = [[Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul]]
|votes = 78,492
|percentage = 24.45%
|change = −36.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 87,902
|percentage = 27.38%
|change = +5.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 244,886
|percentage = 76.28%
|change = {{increase}}1.35[[Percentage point|pp]]
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 321,046
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing
|winner = Awami League
|loser = Bangladesh Nationalist Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Election Result 2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Rajshahi Mayoral Election 2013}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bangladesh Nationalist Party
|candidate = [[Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul]]
|votes = 131,058
|percentage = 60.97%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Awami League
|candidate = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]
|votes = 83,726
|percentage = 38.94%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 47,332
|percentage = 22.03%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 214,784
|percentage = 74.93%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 286,917
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing
|winner = Bangladesh Nationalist Party
|loser = Awami League
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|24.366667|N|88.700000|E|region:BD_type:city|display=title}}
{{City Corporations of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Rajshahi City Corporation]]
[[Category:City Corporations of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Bangladesh]]

1984 anti-Sikh riots

2026-03-10T12:39:23Z

MargueriteMcEwan: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Series of organised pogroms in India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Distinguish|1984 Maharashtra riots}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1984 anti-Sikh riots 
| location = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]]<ref name="Brass">{{cite book |last1=Brass |first1=Paul R. |title=Riots and Pogroms |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349248674 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&q=1984+riots+hindi+heartland+haryana&pg=PA201|access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906071337/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&q=1984+riots+hindi+heartland+haryana&pg=PA201 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date = 31 October – {{end date and age|df=yes|1984|11|3}}
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]]
| image = Sikh man surrounded 1984 pogroms.jpg
| caption = A Sikh man surrounded and beaten by a mob
| target = [[Sikhs]]
| type = [[Pogrom]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ|page=201|author=Paul Brass|title=Riots and Pogroms|isbn=9780814712825|date=October 1996|publisher=NYU Press |access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[riot]]s, [[massacre]], [[mass murder]], [[mass rape]], [[arson]], [[plundering]],<ref name="Brass" /> [[acid throwing]],<ref name="tribune_phoolka" /> [[Death by burning|immolation]]<ref name="SAGE" />
| fatalities = 3,350 (Indian government figure)<ref name="TheWire.in"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/> 8,000–17,000 Sikhs (other estimates)<ref name="SAGE"/><ref name='telegraph'/>
| perpetrators = {{Bulleted list
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=‘I wasn’t there during many Congress’ mistakes, but happy to take responsibility’, says Rahul Gandhi on anti-Sikh riot|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-wasnt-there-during-many-congress-mistakes-but-happy-to-take-responsibility-says-rahul-gandhi-on-anti-sikh-riot/article69537571.ece |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember"/><ref name="Nanavati"/>
|[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<ref name="RBV">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2015-11-03 |title='RSS was silent during the 1984 riots. At places, it was implicated in the violence' |url=http://scroll.in/article/766550/rss-was-silent-during-the-1984-riots-at-places-it-was-implicated-in-the-violence |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="Jaijee"/>
|[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<ref name="RBV" /><ref name="Jaijee"/>
}}
| motive = Revenge for [[Indira Gandhi's assassination]], [[anti-Sikh sentiment]]
| mapframe = No
}}

The '''1984 anti-Sikh riots''', also known as the '''1984 Sikh massacre''', were a series of organised [[pogrom]]s against [[Sikh]]s in [[India]] following the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards.<ref>{{cite book|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|page=129|author1=Jeffrey M. Shaw|author2=Timothy J. Demy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610695176|date=27 March 2017|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426080618/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Riots and Pogroms|page=203|author=Paul R. Brass|publisher=NYU Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|isbn=978-0814712825|date=October 1996|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toiprog" /><ref name="rediffprog" /><ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |access-date=2 November 2009 |publisher=BBC |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing}}</ref><ref name="Ensaaf" /> Government estimates were that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in [[Delhi]]<ref name="2009BBCremember"/><ref name="Nanavati"/> and 3,350 nationwide,<ref name="TheWire.in">{{Cite web | url=https://thewire.in/communalism/what-delhi-hc-order-on-1984-anti-sikh-pogrom-says-about-2002-gujarat-riots | title=What Delhi HC Order on 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots | access-date=31 May 2019 | archive-date=31 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531060455/https://thewire.in/communalism/what-delhi-hc-order-on-1984-anti-sikh-pogrom-says-about-2002-gujarat-riots | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-gujarat-2002-finds-mention-in-1984-riots-court-order-on-sajjan-kumar-1963730 | title=Why Gujarat 2002 Finds Mention in 1984 Riots Court Order on Sajjan Kumar | access-date=31 May 2019 | archive-date=31 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531060555/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-gujarat-2002-finds-mention-in-1984-riots-court-order-on-sajjan-kumar-1963730 | url-status=live }}</ref> whilst other sources estimate the number of deaths at about 8,000–17,000.<ref name="SAGE"/><ref name='telegraph'>{{cite news|title=Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=3 May 2016|date=30 January 2014|last1=Nelson|first1=Dean}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418033745/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Akhilesh|last=Pillalamarri|title=India's Anti-Sikh Riots, 30 Years On|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710033902/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The assassination of Indira Gandhi had taken place after she had ordered [[Operation Blue Star]], a military action in June 1984 to secure the [[Golden Temple]], a Sikh temple complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], which is one of the holiest sites in [[Sikhism]].<ref name=bbconthisday>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |title=1984: Assassination and revenge |access-date=23 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=31 October 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The operation led to a deadly battle with armed Sikh groups demanding [[Dharam Yudh Morcha|greater rights and autonomy]] for Punjab, resulting in the deaths of many pilgrims. Sikhs worldwide had criticised the army action and many saw it as an assault on their religion and identity.<ref name=david>{{cite book | last = Westerlund | first = David | title = Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. | publisher = C. Hurst & Co | year = 1996 | page = 1276 | isbn =978-1-85065-241-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1984, the State, a Carnage and What the Trauma of a People Means to India Today |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/1984-sikh-pogrom-riot-community-division |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Compensation still a dream but a sense of closure for victim families as SIT makes arrests |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/1984-anti-sikh-riots-compensation-still-a-dream-but-a-sense-of-closure-for-victim-families-as-sit-makes-arrests-101698780018962.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the pogroms, the government reported that 20,000 Sikhs had fled the city; the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] reported "at least" 1,000 [[displaced person]]s.<ref name="Mukhoty 1984">{{Citation | title =Who are the Guilty ? | last1 =Mukhoty | first1 =Gobinda | last2 =Kothari | first2 =Rajni | url =http://www.sacw.net/aii/WhoaretheGuilty.html | year =1984 | publisher =[[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] | access-date =4 November 2010 | archive-date =5 September 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190905011343/http://www.sacw.net/aii/WhoaretheGuilty.html | url-status =live }}</ref> The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighborhoods of Delhi. [[Human rights]] organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised.<ref name="2009BBCremember"/><ref name="IBN23April" /><ref name="Swadesh Bahadur Singh 1996">Swadesh Bahadur Singh (editor of the Sher-i-Panjâb weekly): "Cabinet berth for a Sikh", ''The Indian Express'', 31 May 1996.</ref> The collusion of political officials connected to the [[Indian National Congress]] in the violence and judicial failure to penalize the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the [[Khalistan movement]].<ref name="Watch/Asia(US)1994">{{cite book|title=Dead silence: the legacy of human rights abuses in Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx7b8w6snbsC&pg=PA13|date=May 1994|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-130-5|page=10|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428110036/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx7b8w6snbsC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Akal Takht]], Sikhism's governing body, considers the killings a [[genocide]].<ref name="HT2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/1984-riots-were-Sikh-genocide-Akal-Takht/Article1-572372.aspx|title=1984 riots were 'Sikh genocide': Akal Takht – Hindustan Times|date=14 July 2010|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717030351/http://www.hindustantimes.com/1984-riots-were-Sikh-genocide-Akal-Takht/Article1-572372.aspx|archive-date=17 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-05 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Congress leader Jagdish Tytler gets anticipatory bail |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/1984-anti-sikh-riots-congress-leader-jagdish-tytler-charged-with-murder-granted-anticipatory-bail-sikhs-protest-11691228601720.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title=Ex-Congress MP Sajjan Kumar acquitted in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1984-anti-sikh-riots-delhi-court-acquits-former-congress-mp-sajjan-kumar/article67326388.ece |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the Government of India had "yet to prosecute those responsible for the mass killings".<ref>{{cite book|title=World Report 2011: India|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/india_3.pdf|year=2011|publisher=Human Rights Watch|pages=1–5| access-date=13 February 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110130175646/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/india_3.pdf| archive-date= 30 January 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> According to the [[United States diplomatic cables leak|2011 WikiLeaks cable leaks]], the [[United States]] was convinced of the Indian National Congress's complicity in the riots and called it "opportunism" and "hatred" by the [[Government of India|Congress government]], of Sikhs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/india/29515961_1_anti-sikh-riots-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125013015/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/india/29515961_1_anti-sikh-riots-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-report|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2011|title=US saw Cong hand in Sikh massacre, reveal Wiki leaks|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 May 2011|date=6 May 2011}}</ref> Although the U.S. has not identified the riots as genocide, it acknowledged that "[[human rights violations|grave human rights violations]]" occurred.<ref>{{cite news |title=US refuses to declare 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India as genocide |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/us-refuses-to-declare-1984-antisikh-riots-in-india-as-genocide/382649-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012926/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/us-refuses-to-declare-1984-antisikh-riots-in-india-as-genocide/382649-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2013 |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=CNN-IBN |location=Washington |date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the burned sites of multiple Sikh killings from 1984, were discovered in Hondh-Chillar and Pataudi areas of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/04/25/india-bring-charges-newly-discovered-massacre-sikhs|title=India: Bring Charges for Newly Discovered Massacre of Sikhs|date=25 April 2011|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110711124548/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/04/25/india-bring-charges-newly-discovered-massacre-sikhs| archive-date= 11 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] believes that the violence was organised with support from the Delhi police and some central-government officials.<ref name="IBN23April">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1984-antisikh-riots-backed-by-govt-police-cbi/251375-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011626/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1984-antisikh-riots-backed-by-govt-police-cbi/251375-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2012 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots backed by Govt, police: CBI |publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=23 April 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref>

After 34 years of delay, in December 2018, the first high-profile conviction for the 1984 anti-Sikh riots took place with the arrest of Congress leader [[Sajjan Kumar]], who was sentenced to life imprisonment by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/1984-anti-sikh-riots-sajjan-kumar-convicted-hc-reverses-acquittal-hands-life-term-to-congress-leader/1416022/| title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Sajjan Kumar convicted! HC reverses acquittal, hands life term to Congress leader| date=17 December 2018| access-date=17 December 2018| archive-date=17 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217084611/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/1984-anti-sikh-riots-sajjan-kumar-convicted-hc-reverses-acquittal-hands-life-term-to-congress-leader/1416022/| url-status=live}}</ref> Very few convictions have taken place in the pending 1984 cases, with only one death penalty conviction for an accused, Yashpal in the case of murdering Sikhs in the [[Mahipalpur]] area of Delhi.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/second-death-sentence-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots/686578.html/ | title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&K, sports, cricket | access-date=24 November 2018 | archive-date=30 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130203617/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/second-death-sentence-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots/686578.html/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite news |title=Delhi court awards death penalty in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case: Chronology of events |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/delhi-court-awards-death-penalty-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-case-chronology-of-events-1394041-2018-11-22 |work=India Today |date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66627391.cms | title=A first for SIT: Two convicted for 1984 killings | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=17 December 2018 | archive-date=11 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111025416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66627391.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|Dharam Yudh Morcha|Punjab insurgency}}
In the 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and [[Akali Dal]] was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] to demand more autonomy to Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20|website=Oxfordscholarship.com|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001|year=2004|isbn=9780195673098|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106222911/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It demanded that power be generally devolved from the Central to state governments.<ref name="Jayanta484">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131708347 |page=484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204002351/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.<ref name="Giorgio2008">{{cite book|author=Giorgio Shani | title=Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan |url-access=limited | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-42190-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan/page/n67 51]–60 }}</ref> [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], a prominent Sikh leader of [[Damdami Taksal]], then joined the Akali Dal to launch the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] in 1982 to implement the Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the [[Anandpur Resolution]] passed.<ref>Joshi, Chand, Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129.</ref> Others demanded an autonomous state in India, based on the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].

As high-handed police methods were used on protesters during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population, retaliatory violence came from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.<ref name=karim>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326061440/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|32–33}} The concept of a separate Sikh state (the [[Khalistan movement]]) was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General Shabeg Singh and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32-33}} In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities," making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32-33}}

By 1983, the situation in Punjab was volatile. In October, Sikh militants stopped a bus and shot six Hindu passengers. On the same day, another group killed two officials on a train.<ref name="Robert2008">{{cite book | author1=Robert L. Hardgrave | author2=Stanley A. Kochanek | title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187 | year=2008 | publisher=Cengage Learning | isbn=978-0-495-00749-4 | access-date=14 October 2016 | archive-date=22 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124110/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|174}} The Congress-led central government [[President's rule|dismissed]] the Punjab state government (led by their party), invoking the [[president's rule]]. During the five months before [[Operation Blue Star]], from 1 January to 3 June 1984, 298 people were killed in violent incidents across Punjab. In the five days preceding the operation, 48 people were killed by violence.<ref name="Robert2008"/>{{rp|175}} According to government estimates, the number of civilians, police, and militants killed was 27 in 1981, 22 in 1982, and 99 in 1983.<ref name="ArtRichardson2007">{{cite book|author1=Robert J. Art|author2=Louise Richardson|title=Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5tSd-1wwsC&pg=PA444|year=2007|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1-929223-93-0|page=444|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326061442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5tSd-1wwsC&pg=PA444|url-status=live}}</ref> By June 1984, the total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.<ref name=ms_casualty_terror>{{cite book | first1 = Mark | last1 = Tully | first2 = Satish | last2 = Jacob | title = Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bxhuAAAAMAAJ&q="deaths+in+violent" | year = 1985 | location = London | edition = e-book | page = 147, Ch. 11 | isbn = 9780224023283 | access-date = 26 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180726221324/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxhuAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22deaths+in+violent%22 | archive-date = 26 July 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>

On 1 June, Operation Blue Star was launched to remove Bhindranwale and armed militants from the [[Golden Temple]] complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm |title=Operation BlueStar, 20 Years On |work=Rediff.com |date=6 June 1984 |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202184039/https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 June Bhindranwale died in the operation. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.<ref name = "tribune-army">{{cite web |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm |title= Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar |work= The Tribune |date= 30 May 1984 |access-date= 9 August 2009 |archive-date= 5 July 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090705183849/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.<ref name="WhitePaper1984">{{cite book |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Government of India]] |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214140945/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Operation Woodrose|Later operations]] by Indian paramilitary forces were conducted to clear the separatists from the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="Charny1999">{{cite book|last=Charny|first=Israel W.|title=Encyclopaedia of genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA516|year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-928-1|pages=516–517|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511151023/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA516|url-status=live}}</ref>

The operation carried out in the temple caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Sikh separatism.<ref name="Jayanta484"/> Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] by her two Sikh bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]].<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=5 November 2016|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> One of [[Beant Singh (assassin)|the assassins]] was fatally shot by Gandhi's other bodyguards while [[Satwant Singh|the other]] was convicted of Gandhi's murder and then executed. Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.<ref name="Singh 2008 45">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pritam|title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&q=Blue+Star&pg=PR4|access-date=29 July 2010|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-45666-1|page=45|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055821/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Sikh Rebellion and the Hindu Concept of Order |year=1989 |first=Cynthia Keppley |last=Mahmood |doi=10.2307/2644668 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=326–340 |jstor=2644668 }}</ref>

== Geopolitical context ==

Before British colonisation, Punjab was a region dominated by Sikh states known as [[Sikh Confederacy|Misls]], which were later unified into the [[Sikh Empire]] by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]. Following the British victory in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1849, the Sikh Empire was dissolved and integrated into the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. This period saw the emergence of religio-nationalist movements as a response to British colonial policies and socio-political changes. The concept of a Sikh homeland, Khalistan, emerged in the 1930s as British rule in India began to weaken. This idea gained momentum in response to the Muslim League's demand for a Muslim state, with the Sikhs viewing it as an encroachment on historically Sikh territory. The Akali Dal, a Sikh political party, envisioned Khalistan as a theocratic state, comprising parts of what is today Punjab in both India and Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Post-independence, the Akali Dal led the Punjabi Suba movement, advocating for the creation of a Punjabi-majority state within India. The movement's demands ranged from autonomous statehood within India to a fully sovereign state (Khalistan). Initially, the Indian government resisted these demands, wary of creating another state based on religious grounds. By the late 1970s and 1980s, the Khalistan movement began to militarize, marked by a shift in Sikh nationalism and the rise of armed militancy. This period, especially leading up to and following Operation Blue Star in 1984, saw increased Sikh militancy as a response to perceived injustices and political marginalization.<ref>{{Citation |title=Militancy, Antiterrorism and the Khalistan Movement, 1984–1997 |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sikh-nationalism/militancy-antiterrorism-and-the-khalistan-movement-19841997/5652BE642A98DE52B3A9CE1ECE9BED19 |work=Sikh Nationalism |pages=132–162 |editor-last=Shani |editor-first=Giorgio |access-date=2023-12-09 |series=New Approaches to Asian History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316479940.008 |isbn=978-1-107-13654-0 |s2cid=244442106 |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Gurharpal|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Characteristics of violence}}Violence ==
{{See also|Hondh-Chillar massacre}}
After the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots erupted the following day. They continued in some areas for several days, in which 3,000-17,000 people were killed.<ref name="SAGE">{{cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|quote=around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed|first=Paul|last=Joseph|page=433|publisher = SAGE|isbn=978-1483359885|date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember"/> At least 50,000 Sikhs were displaced.<ref name="SAGE"/> Sultanpuri, [[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangolpuri]], [[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]], and other [[East Delhi|Trans-Yamuna]] areas of Delhi were the worst affected. Perpetrators carried iron rods, knives, clubs, and combustible material (including kerosene and petrol). They entered Sikh neighbourhoods, killing Sikhs indiscriminately and destroying shops and houses. Armed mobs stopped buses and trains in and near Delhi, pulling off Sikh passengers for lynching; some were burnt alive. Others were dragged from their homes and hacked to death, and Sikh women were reportedly gang-raped and Sikhs also had acid thrown on them.<ref>Singh, Jaspreet, "India's pogrom, 1984", ''[[International New York Times]]'', 31 October 2014, p. 7</ref><ref name="tribune_phoolka">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141102/pers.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Perspective|website=The Tribune|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814122013/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141102/pers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=Such wide-scale violence cannot take place without police help. Delhi Police, whose paramount duty was to upkeep law and order situation and protect innocent lives, gave full help to rioters who were in fact working under able guidance of sycophant leaders like [[Jagdish Tytler]] and [[H K L Bhagat]]. It is a known fact that many jails, sub-jails and lock-ups were opened for three days and prisoners, for the most part hardened criminals, were provided fullest provisions, means and instruction to "teach the Sikhs a lesson". But it will be wrong to say that Delhi Police did nothing, for it took full and keen action against Sikhs who tried to defend themselves. The Sikhs who opened fire to save their lives and property had to spend months dragging heels in courts after-wards.|author=Jagmohan Singh Khurmi|source=''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' {{full citation needed|date=August 2017}}}}

The grief, trauma, and survival of Sikh victims and witnesses is an important human perspective missing in much factual coverage of the riots. In interviews with Manoj Mitta and H.S. Phoolka for their book "When a Tree Shook Delhi," survivors recount harrowing tales of watching loved ones burned alive, raped, and dismembered. One Hindu woman describes her family sheltering over 70 Sikhs from murderous mobs who were targeting Sikh homes marked with an "S."Ensaaf's 2006 report "Twenty years of impunity" contains dozens of eyewitness statements accusing police and government officials of enabling and even participating in the violence. Personal stories help convey the true horrors endured by the Sikh community.{{Citation needed |date=June 2024}}{{Tone inline |date=June 2024}}

The riots have also been described as pogroms,<ref name="toiprog">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots State pogroms glossed over]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 31 December 2005.</ref><ref name="rediffprog">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |title=Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = Betrayed by the State: The Anti-Sikh Pogrom of 1984
| first = Jyoti
| last = Grewal
| publisher = Penguin Books
| isbn = 978-0-14-306303-2
| date = 30 December 2007
}}</ref> massacres<ref>McLeod, W. H. ''Historical Dictionary of Sikhism''. 2005, page xiv</ref><ref>Yoo, David. ''New Spiritual Homes: Religion and Asian Americans''. 1999, page 129</ref> or genocide.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=It's Time India Accept Responsibility for its 1984 Sikh Genocide|url=https://time.com/3545867/india-1984-sikh-genocide-anniversary/|magazine=Time|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510164529/http://time.com/3545867/india-1984-sikh-genocide-anniversary/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= The 1984 Sikh Genocide - 36 Years On|url= https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/the-1984-sikh-genocide-36-years-on|website=Human Rights Pulse|date=20 June 2020|last=Gill|first=Monique}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Meetings and distribution of weapons}}Meetings and weapons distribution ===

On 31 October, a crowd around the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] began shouting vengeance slogans such as "Blood for blood!" and became an unruly mob. At 17:20, President [[Zail Singh]] arrived at the hospital and the mob stoned his car. The mob began assaulting Sikhs, stopping cars and buses to pull Sikhs out and burn them.<ref name="Ensaaf">{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Jaskaran|last2=Crossette|first2=Barbara|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|page=27|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The violence on 31 October, restricted to the area around the AIIMS, resulted in many Sikh deaths.<ref name="Ensaaf"/> Residents of other parts of Delhi reported that their neighbourhoods were peaceful.

During the night of 31 October and the morning of 1 November, Congress Party leaders met with local supporters to distribute money and weapons. Congress [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[Sajjan Kumar]] and [[Trade unions in India|trade-union]] leader [[Lalit Maken]] handed out {{INR|100|link=yes}} notes and bottles of liquor to the assailants.<ref name="Ensaaf"/> On the morning of 1 November, [[Sajjan Kumar]] was observed holding rallies in the Delhi neighbourhoods of Palam Colony (from 06:30 to 07:00), Kiran Gardens (08:00 to 08:30), and Sultanpuri (about 08:30 to 09:00).<ref name="Ensaaf"/> In Kiran Gardens at 8:00 am, Kumar was observed distributing iron rods from a parked truck to a group of 120 people and ordering them to "attack Sikhs, kill them, and loot and burn their properties".<ref name="Ensaaf"/> During the morning he led a mob along the [[Palam]] railway road to Mangolpuri, where the crowd chanted: "Kill the [[Sikhs|Sardar]]s" and "Indira Gandhi is our mother and these people have killed her".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Jaskaran|last2=Crossette|first2=Barbara|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|pages=27–28|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In Sultanpuri, Moti Singh (a Sikh Congress Party member for 20 years) heard Kumar make the following speech:

{{blockquote|text=Whoever kills the sons of the snakes, I will reward them. Whoever kills Roshan Singh and Bagh Singh will get 5,000 rupees each and 1,000 rupees each for killing any other Sikhs. You can collect these prizes on 3 November from my personal assistant Jai Chand Jamadar.{{#tag:ref|On 2 November, Moti Singh witnessed two policemen, one a [[Station house officer|SHO]] and another a constable, both of whom who had attended Sajjan Kumar's meeting the previous day, shoot and kill Roshan Singh (his son) and kill his grandchildren when they ran to help their father.<ref name="ensaaf-org.jklaw.net">{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Jaskaran|last2=Crossette|first2=Barbara|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|page=28|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |group=note}}}}

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] told the court that during the riot, Kumar said that "not a single Sikh should survive".<ref name="IBN23April" /><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17811666 | title = India Congress leader 'incited' 1984 anti-Sikh riots | publisher = BBC News | date = 23 April 2012 | access-date = 27 April 2012 | archive-date = 25 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161236/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17811666 | url-status = live }}</ref> The bureau accused [[Delhi Police]] of keeping its "eyes closed" during the riot, which was planned.<ref name="IBN23April" />

In the Shakarpur neighbourhood, Congress Party leader Shyam Tyagi's home was used as a meeting place for an undetermined number of people.<ref name="ensaaf-org.jklaw.net"/> According to a local Hindu witness, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[H. K. L. Bhagat]], gave money to Boop Tyagi (Tyagi's brother), saying: "Keep these two thousand rupees for liquor and do as I have told you ... You need not worry at all. I will look after everything."<ref name="ensaaf-org.jklaw.net"/>

During the night of 31 October, [[Balwan Khokhar]] (a local Congress Party leader who was implicated in the massacre) held a meeting at Pandit Harkesh's [[Public distribution system|ration shop]] in Palam.<ref name="ensaaf-org.jklaw.net"/> Congress Party supporter Shankar Lal Sharma held a meeting, where he assembled a mob which swore to kill Sikhs, in his shop at 08:30 on 1 November.<ref name="ensaaf-org.jklaw.net"/>

Kerosene, the primary mob weapon, was supplied by a group of Congress Party leaders who owned filling stations.<ref name="http">{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Jaskaran|last2=Crossette|first2=Barbara|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|page=29|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In Sultanpuri, Congress Party A-4 [[Block (district subdivision)#India|block]] president Brahmanand Gupta distributed oil while Sajjan Kumar "instructed the crowd to kill Sikhs, and to loot and burn their properties" (as he had done at other meetings throughout New Delhi).<ref name="http"/> Similar meetings were held at locations such as Cooperative Colony in Bokaro, where local Congress president and gas-station owner P. K. Tripathi distributed kerosene to mobs.<ref name="http"/> Aseem Shrivastava, a graduate student at the [[Delhi School of Economics]], described the mobs' organised nature in an affidavit submitted to the [[#Misra Commission|Misra Commission]]:
{{blockquote|text= The attack on Sikhs and their property in our locality appeared to be an extremely organised affair ... There were also some young men on motorcycles, who were instructing the mobs and supplying them with kerosene oil from time to time. On more than a few occasions we saw auto-rickshaw arriving with several tins of kerosene oil and other inflammable material, such as jute sacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnage84.com/affidavits/mishra/promi/Aseem%20Shrivastava.htm|title=Misra Commission Affidavit of Aseem Shrivastava|access-date=3 August 2010|location=New Delhi|archive-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708121820/http://www.carnage84.com/affidavits/mishra/promi/Aseem%20Shrivastava.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

A senior official at the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] told journalist Ivan Fera that an arson investigation of several businesses burned in the riots had found an unnamed combustible chemical "whose provision required large-scale coordination".<ref name="Fera">{{cite journal|last=Fera|first=Ivan|date=23 December 1985|title=The Enemy Within|journal=The Illustrated Weekly of India}}</ref> Eyewitness reports confirmed the use of a combustible chemical in addition to kerosene.<ref name="Fera"/> The [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] later cited 70 affidavits noting the use of a highly-flammable chemical in its written reports to the Misra Commission.<ref name="http"/>

=== {{anchor|Use of voter lists by the Congress Party}}Congress Party voter-list use ===
On 31 October, Congress Party officials provided assailants with [[voter list]]s, school registration forms, and [[Public Distribution System|ration lists]].<ref name="Citizens for Democracy">{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Amiya |last2=Ghose |first2=Aurobindo |last3=Pancholi |first3=N. D. |location=India |title=Truth about Delhi violence: report to the nation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBctAAAAIAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Citizens for Democracy |chapter=3 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222122249/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBctAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The lists were used to find Sikh homes and business, an otherwise-impossible task because they were in unmarked, diverse neighbourhoods. During the night of 31 October, before the massacres began, assailants used the lists to mark Sikh houses with an "S".<ref name="Citizens for Democracy"/> Because most mob members were illiterate, Congress Party officials provided help reading the lists and leading the mobs to Sikh homes and businesses in other neighbourhoods.<ref name="http"/> With the lists, the mobs could pinpoint the location of Sikhs they otherwise would have missed.<ref name="http"/>

Sikh men not at home were easily identified by their turbans and beards, and Sikh women were identified by their dress. In some cases, the mobs returned to locations where they knew Sikhs were hiding because of the lists. Amar Singh escaped the initial attack on his house by having a Hindu neighbour drag him into the neighbour's house and announce that he was dead. A group of 18 assailants later came looking for his body; when his neighbour said that his body had been taken away, an assailant showed him a list and said: "Look, Amar Singh's name has not been struck off from the list, so his body has not been taken away."<ref name="http"/>

===Role of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Bharatiya Janata Party===
According to a report by the [[People's Union for Democratic Rights]], the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were silent in their opposition to the riots, and in many occasions, directly implicated in the violence.<ref name="RBV">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2015-11-03 |title='RSS was silent during the 1984 riots. At places, it was implicated in the violence' |url=http://scroll.in/article/766550/rss-was-silent-during-the-1984-riots-at-places-it-was-implicated-in-the-violence |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

In [[Delhi]], 14 FIRs named 49 individuals linked to the RSS or BJP for crimes such as rioting, arson, and murder. Captain [[Amarinder Singh]], former Chief Minister of Punjab, made this claim in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=84 riots: Amarinder names 5 BJP‑RSS men in FIRs|publisher=The Indian Express|date=8 February 2014|access-date=30 July 2025|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/84-riots-amarinder-names-5-cong-men/}}</ref> However, the Nanavati Commission report did not find evidence that the RSS as an organisation orchestrated or directed the violence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of Justice G. T. Nanavati Commission of Inquiry into the 1984 Anti‑Sikh Riots, Volume I|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=9 February 2005|access-date=30 July 2025|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/Nanavati-I_eng_0%5B1%5D.pdf}}</ref>

On 8 November 1984, RSS ideologue [[Nanaji Deshmukh]] circulated an essay titled “Moment of Soul Searching” justifying the violence as a response to perceived Sikh provocation. Critics say the essay showed ideological sympathy for the riots.<ref>{{cite web|title=RSS lionized Indira Gandhi, blamed Sikhs for their massacre|publisher=Hindutva Watch|date=8 November 1984|access-date=30 July 2025|url=https://www.hindutvawatch.org/moments-of-soul-searching-nana-deshmukh/}}</ref> The [[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]], a magazine which serves as a mouthpiece of the RSS, described the violence as “infighting in the Hindu Samaj,” without directly acknowledging the suffering of Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|title=When RSS tried to set aside 1984 anti‑Sikh carnage as 'infighting' in Hindu Samaj|publisher=Counterview|access-date=30 July 2025|url=https://www.counterview.in/2020/11/when-rss-tried-to-set-aside-1984-anti.html}}</ref>

Some scholars, including Shamsul Islam, argue that the formation of the RSS-affiliated group Rashtriya Sikh Sangat in 1986 was intended to integrate Sikh identity into a broader [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] narrative.<ref>{{cite web|title=RSS aims to assimilate Sikh identity: critics|publisher=Caravan Magazine|access-date=30 July 2025|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/rss-sikh-appeasement-1984}}</ref>

== International perspectives ==
Organisations like ENSAAF, a Sikh rights group, have documented the involvement of senior political leaders, notably from the Congress Party, in orchestrating the violence. These organisations have provided detailed accounts of how the violence was not spontaneous but organised, with state machinery used to facilitate the massacres, including using government buses to transport mobs to Sikh localities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |title=India: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/29/india-no-justice-1984-anti-sikh-bloodshed |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref> Over the years, at least ten different commissions and committees were appointed by the Indian government to investigate the violence. These commissions faced criticism for a lack of transparency and effectiveness. The Misra Commission, for instance, was criticised for its in-camera proceedings and failure to allow victims' lawyers to attend or examine witnesses. Other commissions, such as the Kapoor-Mittal and Jain-Banerjee committees, recommended actions against police officers and politicians, but these recommendations were often not fully acted upon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Shriya |title=Renewed calls for justice in India's 1984 riots |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/10/7/1984-anti-sikh-riots-calls-for-justice-in-india |access-date=2023-12-09 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

The response within India was marked by a call for justice from various quarters, including victims and activists. The Indian government's formation of Special Investigation Teams (SITs) and the extension of their mandates were seen as efforts to address the issue, though some viewed these measures as inadequate. There has been a persistent demand for accountability and justice for the victims and survivors of the riots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons of the 1984 Sikh Massacre |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/lessons-of-the-1984-sikh-massacre/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Timeline of events}}Timeline ==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2017}}

=== {{anchor|First day (31 October)}}31 October ===

* 09:20: Indira Gandhi is shot by two of her Sikh security guards at her residence, and is rushed to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS).
* 10:50: Gandhi dies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm |title=Indian prime minister shot dead |publisher=BBC News |date=31 October 1984 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117032809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |title=Assassination and revenge |publisher=BBC News |date=31 October 1984 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 11:00: [[All India Radio]] reports that the guards who shot Gandhi were Sikhs.
* 16:00: [[Rajiv Gandhi]] returns from [[West Bengal]] to the AIIMS, where isolated attacks occur.
* 17:30: The motorcade of President [[Zail Singh]], returning from a foreign visit, is stoned as it approaches the AIIMS. A bodyguard's turban is ripped off.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=11–12}}</ref>

==== Evening and night ====
* Organised, equipped gangs spread out from the AIIMS.
* Attacks are planned in a meeting at the home of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]<ref name=":0" />
* Violence towards Sikhs and destruction of Sikh property spreads.
* The "Seek blood for blood" statement is aired on state-controlled airwaves.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=13}}</ref>
* Rajiv Gandhi is sworn in as Prime Minister.
* Senior advocate and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Ram Jethmalani]] meets Home Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and urges him to take immediate steps to protect Sikhs from further attacks.
* At night, homes of Sikh are identified by surveyors. They use lists to find homes, marking homes of Sikhs with an S.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=18}}</ref>
* At around 9 p.m. an elderly Sikh man is the first to be killed.<ref name=":1" />
* Delhi lieutenant governor [[P. G. Gavai]] and police commissioner [[S. C. Tandon]] visit the affected areas.

=== {{anchor|Second day (1 November)}}1 November ===

* Early in the morning organised mobs are transported outside of Delhi on buses and begin attacking Sikh neighbourhoods. They are equipped with firearms, knives, iron rods, clubs, and [[kerosene]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=17}}</ref>
* In the morning, [[Gurdwara]]s are attacked and burned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=14}}</ref>
* At 7:00 a.m. mobs in [[Kanpur]] vandalise Sikh shops and loot Sikh homes. Local Congress leaders soon begin to lead mobs. Rapes and killings begin and continue till 4 November.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=29}}</ref>
* In the morning, mobs roam the [[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri colony]] in [[East Delhi]]. In two narrow alleys of the colony, hundreds of Sikhs were "butchered" throughout the day. The killings continued for multiple days. According to an eyewitness, Sikhs were able to fend off some of the mobs. Police forces then came and stripped Sikhs of their weapons, and blocked all exit points. This left the Sikhs defenceless and vulnerable to the mobs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=23–24}}</ref>
* In Trilokpuri colony: A father and his two sons were beaten and burned alive by a gang. The gang entered their home where a woman and her youngest son were found. She was stripped and raped by boys in front of her son. The woman tried to flee with her son after the rape, but the son was caught by a mob that beat him and burned him alive. The woman was also beaten and suffered multiple knife wounds and a broken arm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=36–37}}</ref>
* In Trilokpuri colony: Women were grouped together and were dragged one by one to a [[mosque]] where they would be gang raped. According to one girl, she was raped by 15 men.<ref name=":3" />
* In Trilokpuri colony: 30 women are abducted and held in Chilla near Delhi. Some of the women were released on 3 November while the fate of the remaining women is unknown.<ref name=":3" />
* 09:00: Armed mobs take over the streets in Delhi. [[Gurdwara]]s are among the first targets. The worst-affected areas are low-income neighbourhoods such as Inderlok (erstwhile [[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]]), [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], [[Geeta Colony Assembly constituency|Geeta Colony]], Mongolpuri, Sultanpuri and [[Palam]] Colony. Areas with prompt police intervention, such as Farsh Bazar and [[Karol Bagh]], see few killings and little major violence.
* According to an eyewitness in [[Bihar]], in the morning large crowds armed with weapons raised anti-Sikh chants and attacked the homes of Sikh. They broke into the eyewitnesses home and dragged out her parents and three brothers. They were each "butchered" as she watched helplessly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=30}}</ref>
* At 6 PM a mob under the guidance of Congress leader [[Lalit Maken]] set fire to [[Pataudi]]'s [[Gurdwara]] which created a panic in the city. As the armed mob rampaged through the town and set fire to Sikh homes in the city, one group of Sikhs escaped to the outskirts while another found shelter in a local [[Ashram]].<ref name="tehelka1984">{{cite news|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne120311EXCLUSIVE.asp|title=1984. Genocide in Pataudi. Not a whisper escaped|date=12 March 2011|work=[[Tehelka]]|publisher=Tehelka|access-date=9 March 2011|archive-date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310061926/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne120311EXCLUSIVE.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Third day (2 November)}}2 November ===

* Trains arrive in Delhi with dead bodies of Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=15}}</ref>
* 17 Sikhs were burned alive in [[Pataudi]].<ref name=":2" />
* In Pataudi, two teenage Sikh women were dragged in the middle of a street where they were stripped naked. They were beaten and urinated on. They were finally burned alive.<ref name=":2" />
* 500 armed men were allegedly transported in trucks to [[Hondh-Chillar]]. They yelled anti Sikh slogans before burning Sikhs alive in their homes and gang raping women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ |title=1984: India's Guilty Secret |date=2017 |publisher=Kashi House |isbn=978-1-911271-08-6 |pages=31}}</ref>
* A curfew is announced in Delhi, but is not enforced. Although the army is deployed throughout the city, the police did not co-operate with soldiers (who are forbidden to fire without the consent of senior police officers and executive magistrates).

=== {{anchor|Fourth day (3 November)}}3 November ===

* By late evening, army and local police units work together to subdue the violence. After law-enforcement intervention, violence is comparatively mild and sporadic. In Delhi, the bodies of riot victims are brought to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] and the Civil Hospital mortuary in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262451
| title=My job didn't stop with Mrs Gandhi or Beant Singh. Bodies kept coming.
| publisher=Outlook India
| access-date=12 November 2011
| archive-date=13 August 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813221553/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262451
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

The Delhi High Court, delivering its verdict on a riot-related case in 2009, said:<ref>[https://archive.today/20130122142454/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/1984-riots-three-held-guilty-of-rioting/505774/ 1984 riots: three held guilty of rioting]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 23 August 2009.</ref>
{{blockquote |1=Though we boast of being the world's largest democracy and the Delhi being its national capital, the sheer mention of the incidents of 1984 anti-Sikh riots in general and the role played by Delhi Police and state machinery in particular makes our heads hang in shame in the eyes of the world polity.}}

The government allegedly destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. ''[[Asian Age]]'', an Indian daily newspaper, ran a front-page story calling the government actions "the mother of all cover-ups".<ref name=coverup-1>{{cite web|last=Mustafa |first=Seema |title=1984 Sikh Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_080905b.html |work=The Sikh Times |publisher=The Asian Age |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307223021/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_080905b.html |archive-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=live |date=9 August 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Justice delayed, justice denied |date=11 August 2005 |first=Renu |last=Agal |access-date=29 May 2014 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4141524.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426040021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4141524.stm |archive-date=26 April 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |location=Delhi }}</ref>

From 31 October 1984 to 10 November 1984 the [[People's Union for Democratic Rights]] and the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] conducted an inquiry into the riots, interviewing victims, police officers, neighbours of the victims, army personnel and political leaders. In their joint report, ''[[Who Are The Guilty]]'', the groups concluded:
<blockquote> The attacks on members of the Sikh Community in Delhi and its suburbs during the period, far from being a spontaneous expression of "madness" and of popular "grief and anger" at Mrs. Gandhi's assassination as made out to be by the authorities, were the outcome of a well organised plan marked by acts of both deliberate commissions and omissions by important politicians of the Congress (I) at the top and by authorities in the administration.<ref name="Mukhoty 1984"/> </blockquote>

According to eyewitness accounts obtained by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, [[Department of Police, Delhi|Delhi police]] looked on as "rioters murdered and raped, having gotten access to voter records that allowed them to mark Sikh homes with large Xs, and large mobs being bused in to large Sikh settlements".<ref name="Mridu Khullar">{{cite news |title=India's 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Waiting for Justice |author= Mridu Khullar |newspaper=Time |date=28 October 2009 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931635-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101095153/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931635-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2009 | access-date=4 November 2010 }}</ref> ''Time'' reported that the riots led to only minor arrests, with no major politicians or police officers convicted. The magazine quoted Ensaaf,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/about/|title=Ensaaf › About Us|publisher=ensaaf.org|access-date=8 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117181133/http://www.ensaaf.org/about/|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Indian human-rights organisation, as saying that the government attempted to destroy evidence of its involvement by refusing to record [[First Information Report]]s.<ref name="Mridu Khullar"/>

A 1991 Human Rights Watch report on violence between [[Khalistan movement|Sikh separatists]] and the [[Government of India]] traced part of the problem to government response to the violence:

<blockquote>Despite numerous credible eye-witness accounts that identified many of those involved in the violence, including police and politicians, in the months following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials, accused in any case of murder, rape or arson.<ref name="Patricia Gossman 1991">{{Citation |title=Punjab in Crisis |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA918.PDF |author=Patricia Gossman |year=1991 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=4 November 2010  |archive-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216204708/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA918.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

The violence was allegedly led (and often perpetrated) by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers. The Congress-led government was widely criticised for doing little at the time and possibly conspiring in the riots, since voter lists were used to identify Sikh families.<ref name="Swadesh Bahadur Singh 1996"/> [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) members also allegedly participated in the violence.<ref name="Jaijee">{{cite book | author=Inderjit Singh Jaijee, Dona Suri | title=The Legacy of Militancy in Punjab: Long Road to 'Normalcy' | publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] | year=2019 | isbn=978-93-5328-714-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8va0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |page=109}}</ref>

The riots catalyzed lasting political and social changes among India's Sikhs. With the government failing to protect them, many Sikhs felt betrayed and marginalised, providing momentum to the Khalistan separatist movement.

=== Revenge killings ===
{{Main|Assassination of Arjun Dass}}

On 31 July 1985, [[Harjinder Singh Jinda]], [[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]] and Ranjit Singh Gill of the [[Khalistan Commando Force]] assassinated Congress Party leader and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Lalit Maken]] in retaliation for the riots. The 31-page report, "Who Are The Guilty?", listed 227 people who led the mobs; Maken was third on the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2007/stories/20030411002004500.htm |title=A life sentence |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429183514/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2007/stories/20030411002004500.htm |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>

On 5 September 1985, Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha assassinated [[Congress (I)]] leader and member of [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]] Arjan Dass because of his involvement in the riots. Dass appeared in affidavits submitted by Sikh victims to the [[Nanavati Commission]], headed by retired [[Supreme Court of India]] judge [[G. T. Nanavati]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/Nanavati-I.pdf mha.nic.in] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411105427/http://www.mha.nic.in/Nanavati-I.pdf |date=11 April 2008 }}</ref>

On 8 April 1988, [[Vilayati Ram Katyal|Vilayati Ram Kaytal]] a Congress [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] was assassinated over his involvement in the riots. He allegedly led mobs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUMdAQAAMAAJ |title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly |date=1988 |pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-06 |title=1984 Sikh Pogrom: The First Day of November |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/dispatch/1984-sikh-pogrom-the-first-day-of-november/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Open The Magazine}}</ref>

On 19 December 1991, Sikh militants killed 14 people. Among the 14 was Lala Ram. Ram was a Hindu militant who had been accused of inciting violence in the riots.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z4xAAAAIBAJ&dq=1984+anti+sikh+riots+killed&pg=PA6&article_id=6665,6800584 |title=Ocala Star-Banner |publisher=Ocala Star-Banner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Jitinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GofaAAAAMAAJ |title=Terrorism in the Tarai: A Socio-political Study |date=2000 |publisher=Ajanta Books International |isbn=978-81-202-0541-3 |pages=62}}</ref>

In 2009 [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] members killed Dr. Budh Parkash Kashyap over his involvement in the riots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024231/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38 |archive-date=15 August 2010 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref>

=== Convictions ===

In 1995, [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Delhi Chief Minister]] [[Madan Lal Khurana]] said 46 persons have been prosecuted for their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite book|title=Daily Report: Near East & South Asia, Volumes 95-250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiQNiAhipC4C|year=1995|page=56}}</ref>

In Delhi, 442 rioters were convicted as of 2012. Forty-nine were sentenced to the [[life imprisonment]], and another three to more than 10 years' imprisonment. Six Delhi police officers were sanctioned for negligence during the riots.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/442-convicted-in-various-anti-Sikh-riots-cases-Delhi-Police/Article1-875466.aspx | title = 442 convicted in various anti-Sikh riots cases: Delhi Police | date = 20 June 2012 | access-date = 29 August 2012 | newspaper = The Hindustan Times | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120908154651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/442-convicted-in-various-anti-Sikh-riots-cases-Delhi-Police/Article1-875466.aspx | archive-date = 8 September 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> In April 2013, the Supreme Court of India dismissed the appeal of three people who had challenged their life sentences.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/325083/apex-court-upholds-life-term.html | title = Apex court upholds life term for 3 in anti-Sikh riots | date = 9 April 2013 | access-date = 9 April 2013 | newspaper = Deccan Herald | archive-date = 29 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429235557/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/325083/apex-court-upholds-life-term.html | url-status = live }}</ref> That month, the Karkardooma district court in Delhi convicted five people – Balwan Khokkar (former councillor), Mahender Yadav (former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]), Kishan Khokkar, Girdhari Lal and Captain Bhagmal – for inciting a mob against Sikhs in [[Delhi Cantonment]]. The court acquitted Congress leader [[Sajjan Kumar]], which led to protests.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/court-to-pronounce-verdict-on-sajjan-kumar-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-case-160566-2013-04-29 | title = Sajjan Kumar acquitted in anti-Sikh riots case | date = 30 April 2013 | access-date = 30 April 2013 | newspaper = The Hindu | archive-date = 30 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430085040/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/court-to-pronounce-verdict-on-sajjan-kumar-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-case/1/268419.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In the first ever case of [[Capital punishment in India|capital punishment]] in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots case death sentence was awarded to Yashpal Singh convicted for murdering two persons, 24-year-old Hardev Singh and 26-year-old Avtar Singh, in Mahipal Pur area of Delhi on 1 November 1984. Additional Sessions Judge Ajay Pandey pronounced the Judgement on 20 November 34 years after the crime was committed. The second convict in the case, Naresh Sehrawat was awarded life imprisonment. The Court considered the failing health of 68-year-old Sehrawat while giving him a lighter sentence. The conviction followed a complaint by the deceased Hardev Singh's elder brother Santokh Singh. Though an FIR was filed on the same day of the crime nothing came of the case as a Congress leader, JP Singh, who led the mob was acquitted in the case. A fresh FIR was filed on 29 April 1993, following recommendations of the Ranganath Commission of inquiry. The police closed the matter as untraced despite witness testimonies of the deceased's four brothers who were witness to the crime. The case was reopened by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the BJP-led NDA government on 12 February 2015. The SIT completed the investigation in record time.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/> The first conviction resulting from the formation of the SIT came on 15 November 2018, by the conviction of Naresh Sehrawat and Yashpal Singh.<ref name="auto1"/>

In December 2018, in one of the first high-profile convictions, former Congress leader [[Sajjan Kumar]] was sentenced to life imprisonment by the [[Delhi High Court]] based on the re-opened investigation by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government in 2015.<ref name="auto"/> On 20 September 2023, Kumar was acquitted over one case of murder in the riot.<ref name="The Hindu 2023 q997">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Ex-Congress MP Sajjan Kumar acquitted in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case | website=The Hindu | date=2023-09-20 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1984-anti-sikh-riots-delhi-court-acquits-former-congress-mp-sajjan-kumar/article67326388.ece | access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

== Investigations ==

Ten commissions or committees have been formed to investigate the riots. The most recent, headed by Justice G. T. Nanavati, submitted its 185-page report to [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]] on 9 February 2005; the report was tabled in Parliament on 8 August of that year. The commissions below are listed in chronological order. Many of the accused were acquitted or never formally charged.

=== Marwah Commission ===

The Marwah Commission was appointed in November 1984. [[Ved Marwah]], [[Additional Commissioner of Police]], was tasked with enquiring into the role of the police during the riots. Many of the accused Delhi Police officers were tried in the [[Delhi High Court]]. As Marwah was completing his inquiry in mid-1985, he was abruptly directed by the [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] not to proceed further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071103/delhi.htm#1 |title=Police didn't help victims |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923203446/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071103/delhi.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Marwah Commission records were appropriated by the government, and most (except for Marwah's handwritten notes) were later given to the Misra Commission.

=== Misra Commission ===

The Misra Commission was appointed in May 1985; Justice [[Ranganath Misra|Rangnath Misra]] was a judge on the Supreme Court of India. Misra submitted his report in August 1986, and the report was made public in February 1987. In his report, he said that it was not part of his [[terms of reference]] to identify any individual and recommended the formation of three committees.

The commission and its report was criticised as biased by the People's Union for Civil Liberties and [[Human Rights Watch]]. According to a Human Rights Watch report on the commission:

<blockquote>It recommended no criminal prosecution of any individual, and it cleared all high-level officials of directing the pogroms. In its findings, the commission did acknowledge that many of the victims testifying before it had received threats from local police. While the commission noted that there had been "widespread lapses" on the part of the police, it concluded that "the allegations before the commission about the conduct of the police are more of indifference and negligence during the riots than of any wrongful overt act."<ref name="Patricia Gossman 1991"/></blockquote>

The People's Union for Civil Liberties criticised the Misra Commission for concealing information on the accused while disclosing the names and addresses of victims.<ref>{{Citation |title=Justice Denied|year=1987 |publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties and People's Union for Democratic Right }}</ref>

=== Kapur Mittal Committee ===

The Kapur Mittal Committee was appointed in February 1987 at the recommendation of the Misra Commission to enquire into the role of the police; the Marwah Commission had almost completed a police inquiry in 1985 when the government asked that committee not to continue. This committee consisted of Justice Dalip Kapur and Kusum Mittal, retired Secretary of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It submitted its report in 1990, and 72 police officers were cited for conspiracy or gross negligence. Although the committee recommended the dismissal of 30 of the 72 officers, none have been punished.

=== Jain Banerjee Committee ===

The Jain Banerjee Committee was recommended by the Misra Commission for the registration of cases. The committee consisted of former Delhi High Court judge M. L. Jain and retired [[Inspector General of Police]] A. K. Banerjee.

In its report, the Misra Commission stated that many cases (particularly those involving political leaders or police officers) had not been registered. Although the Jain Banerjee Committee recommended the registration of cases against Sajjan Kumar in August 1987, no case was registered.

In November 1987, press reports criticised the government for not registering cases despite the committee's recommendation. The following month, Brahmanand Gupta (accused with Sajjan Kumar) filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court and obtained a [[stay of proceedings]] against the committee which was not opposed by the government. The [[Citizen's Justice Committee]] filed an application to [[Vacated judgment|vacate]] the stay. The writ petition was decided in August 1989 and the high court abolished the committee. An appeal was filed by the Citizen's Justice Committee in the Supreme Court of India.

=== Potti Rosha Committee ===

The Potti Rosha Committee was appointed in March 1990 by the [[V. P. Singh ministry|V.P. Singh government]] as a successor to the Jain Banerjee Committee. In August 1990, the committee issued recommendations for filing cases based on affidavits submitted by victims of the violence; there was one against Sajjan Kumar. When a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] team went to Kumar's home to file the charges, his supporters held and threatened them if they persisted in pursuing Kumar. When the committee's term expired in September 1990, Potti and Rosha decided to end their inquiry.

=== Jain Aggarwal Committee ===

The Jain Aggarwal Committee was appointed in December 1990 as a successor to the Potti Rosha Committee. It consisted of Justice J. D. Jain and retired Uttar Pradesh [[Director General of Police]] D. K. Aggarwal. The committee recommended the registration of cases against prominent Congress leaders like [[H. K. L. Bhagat]], [[Sajjan Kumar]], [[Dharamdas Shastri]] and [[Jagdish Tytler]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/78956#:~:text=The%20Jain%2DAggarwal%20Committee%20set,taking%20part%20in%20the%20riots | title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - India : Sikhs }}</ref> These cases weren't registered by police.

It suggested establishing two or three special investigating teams in the [[Delhi Police]] under a [[Superintendent of police (India)|deputy commissioner of police]], supervised by an [[Deputy inspector general of police|additional commissioner of police]] answerable to the [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]], and a review of the work-load of the three special courts set up to deal with the riot cases. The appointment of special prosecutors to deal the cases was also discussed. The committee was wound up in August 1993, but the cases it recommended were not registered by the police.

=== Ahuja Committee ===

The Ahuja Committee was the third committee recommended by the Misra Commission to determine the total number of deaths in Delhi. According to the committee, which submitted its report in August 1987, 2,733 Sikhs were killed in the riots.

=== Dhillon Committee ===

The Dhillon Committee, headed by [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]], was appointed in 1985 to recommend measures for the rehabilitation of victims. The committee submitted its report by the end of the year.{{vague|date=August 2017}} One major recommendation was that businesses with insurance coverage whose claims were denied should receive compensation as directed by the government. Although the committee recommended ordering the (nationalised) insurance companies to pay the claims, the government did not accept its recommendation and the claims were not paid.

=== Narula Committee ===

The Narula Committee was appointed in December 1993 by the [[Madan Lal Khurana]]-led BJP government in [[Delhi]]. One recommendation of the committee was to convince the central government to impose sanctions.

Khurana took up the matter with the central government, which in the middle of 1994, the Central Government decided that the matter did not fall within its purview and sent the case to the lieutenant governor of Delhi. It took two years for the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] government to decide that it did not fall within its purview.

The Narasimha Rao Government further delayed the case. The committee submitted its report in January 1994, recommending the registration of cases against H. K. L. Bhagat and Sajjan Kumar. Despite the central-government delay, the CBI filed the charge sheet in December 1994.

=== The Nanavati Commission ===

The [[Nanavati Commission]] was established in 2000 after some dissatisfaction was expressed with previous reports.<ref name="bbc_incited">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4130962.stm|title=Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 August 2005|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=4 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104224459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4130962.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nanavati Commission was appointed by a unanimous resolution passed in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. This commission was headed by [[G.T. Nanavati|Justice G.T. Nanavati]], retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. The commission submitted its report in February 2004. The commission reported that recorded accounts from victims and witnesses "indicate that local Congress leaders and workers had either incited or helped the mobs in attacking the Sikhs".<ref name="bbc_incited"/> Its report also found evidence against Jagdish Tytler "to the effect that very probably he had a hand in organising attacks on Sikhs".<ref name="bbc_incited"/> It also said that [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]] was asked to send the army to stop the violence. Rao responded with saying that he would look into it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Riots |first=India Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry, 1984 Anti-Sikh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Th55ORUxZzkC |title=Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry (1984 Anti-Sikh Riots): Report |date=2005 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |pages=131}}</ref> It also recommended that Sajjan Kumar's involvement in the rioting required a closer look. The commission's report also cleared [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and other high ranking [[Congress (I)]] party members of any involvement in organising riots against Sikhs. It did find, however, that the [[Delhi Police]] fired about 392 rounds of bullets, arrested approximately 372 persons, and "remained passive and did not provide protection to the people" throughout the rioting.<ref name="bbc_incited"/><ref name="Nanavati">{{cite web|title=Report:Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry|url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Nanavati-I_eng.pdf|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217234430/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/Nanavati-I_eng.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>

=== Role of Jagdish Tytler ===

The Central Bureau of Investigation closed all cases against [[Jagdish Tytler]] in November 2007 for his alleged criminal conspiracy to engineer riots against Sikhs in the aftermath of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s assassination. The bureau submitted a report to the Delhi court that no evidence or witness was found to corroborate allegations that Tytler led murderous mobs during 1984.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7149322.stm |title=Fresh probe into India politician |publisher=BBC News |date=18 December 2007 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=19 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219064433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7149322.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was alleged in court that Tytler – then an MP – complained to his supporters about the relatively-"small" number of Sikhs killed in his constituency ([[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]), which he thought had undermined his position in the Congress Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071219/main1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=23 September 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207115707/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071219/main1.htm |archive-date = 7 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2007 a witness, Dushyant Singh (then living in [[California]]), appeared on several private television news channels in India saying that he was never contacted by the CBI. The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) demanded an explanation in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] from Minister of State for Personnel [[Suresh Pachouri]], who was in charge of the CBI. Pachouri, who was present, refused to make a statement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-to-govt-Clear-stand-on-anti-Sikh-riots-witness/articleshow/2585268.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516114320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-30/india/27986032_1_anti-sikh-riots-bjp-members-key-witness |url-status=live |archive-date=16 May 2012 |title=BJP to govt: Clear stand on anti-Sikh riots' witness |date=30 November 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of the Delhi Court Sanjeev Jain, who had dismissed the case against Tytler after the CBI submitted a misleading report, ordered the CBI to reopen cases against Tytler related to the riots on 18 December 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1984-riots-CBI-to-re-investigate-Tytlers-role/articleshow/2630736.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-18/india/27992363_1_case-against-congress-leader-riots-case-jagdish-tytler |url-status=live |archive-date=16 May 2012 |title=1984 riots: CBI to re-investigate Tytler's role |date=18 December 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

In December 2008 a two-member CBI team went to New York to record statements from Jasbir Singh and Surinder Singh, two eyewitnesses. The witnesses said that they saw Tytler lead a mob during the riot, but did not want to return to India because they feared for their safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anti-sikh-riots-witness-to-give-statement-to-cbi-in-us/81216-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224141706/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anti-sikh-riots-witness-to-give-statement-to-cbi-in-us/81216-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2008 |title=Anti Sikh riots witness to give statement to CBI in US |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> They blamed the CBI for not conducting a fair trial, accusing the bureau of protecting Tytler.

In March 2009, the CBI cleared Tytler amidst protests from Sikhs and the opposition parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-gives-tytler-clean-chit-in-1984-riots-case/442552/ |title=CBI gives Tytler clean chit in 1984 riots case |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=26 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526084243/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-gives-tytler-clean-chit-in-1984-riots-case/442552 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 April, Sikh ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' reporter [[Jarnail Singh (journalist)|Jarnail Singh]] threw his shoe at [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] to protest the clearing of Tytler and Sajjan Kumar. Because of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, Chidambaram did not press charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Shambhavi |last2=Malik |first2=Devika |title=Jarnail Singh: Profile of a shoe thrower |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jarnail-singh-profile-of-a-shoe-thrower/89722-3.html |publisher=IBN Live |date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411040401/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jarnail-singh-profile-of-a-shoe-thrower/89722-3.html |archive-date=11 April 2009}}</ref>

Two days later, over 500 protesters from Sikh organisations throughout India gathered outside the court which was scheduled to hear the CBI's plea to close the case against Tytler. Later in the day, Tytler announced that he was withdrawing from the Lok Sabha elections to avoid embarrassing his party. This forced the Congress Party to cut the Tytler and Sajjan Kumar Lok Sabha tickets.<ref>{{cite news|author=Smriti Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sikhs-protest-outside-court-hearing-Tytler-case/articleshow/4379032.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-09/india/28035281_1_gurudwara-pulbangash-anti-sikh-riots-case-sikhs-protest |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Sikhs protest outside court hearing Tytler case |date=9 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

On 10 April 2013, the Delhi court ordered the CBI to reopen the 1984 case against Tytler. The court ordered the bureau to investigate the killing of three people in the riot case, of which Tytler had been cleared.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Anti-Sikh-riots-case-against-Jagdish-Tytler-reopened/Article1-1040274.aspx|title= Anti-Sikh riots case against Jagdish Tytler reopened|access-date= 10 April 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130410170210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Anti-Sikh-riots-case-against-Jagdish-Tytler-reopened/Article1-1040274.aspx|archive-date= 10 April 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2015, Delhi Court directed the CBI to include Billionaire [[arms dealer]] [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]] as the main witness in this case against Tytler. Following court's directions, Verma's testimony was recorded by the CBI and the case was reopened. [[Polygraph]] (lie-detector) test was ordered by the court to be conducted on witness Verma and also on Tytler after obtaining their consent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-26 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Witness Abhishek Verma agrees to undergo polygraph test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1984-anti-sikh-riots-witness-abhishek-verma-agrees-to-undergo-polygraph-test/story-udW6nPS3S10pjdrRYGLx1K.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> Verma consented, Tytler declined to be tested. Thereafter, Verma started to receive threat calls and letters in which he was threatened to be blownup and his family also would be blown up if he testifies against Tytler. The [[Delhi High Court]] directed [[Delhi Police]] to provide 3x3 security cover of 9 armed police bodyguards to Verma and his family on round the clock basis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2017-10-29 |title=1984 Anti-Sikh riots: Abhishek Verma receives 'death threats', files writ complaint with Police |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/1984-anti-sikh-riots-abhishek-verma-receives-death-threats-files-writ-complaint-with-police-117102900406_1.html |access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provide Security To 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots Witness: High Court To Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/provide-security-to-1984-anti-sikh-riots-witness-abhishek-verma-delhi-high-court-to-cops-2331087 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Civil case in New York}}New York civil case ===

[[Sikhs for Justice]], a U.S.-based [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], filed a civil suit in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] on 14 March 2011 accusing the Indian government of complicity in the riots. The court issued a summons to the Congress Party and [[Kamal Nath]], who was accused by the [[Nanavati commission]] of encouraging rioters.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sify.com/news/us-court-summons-congress-party-on-sikh-riots-case-news-international-ldcmOeeiebi.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110305050129/http://www.sify.com/news/us-court-summons-congress-party-on-sikh-riots-case-news-international-ldcmOeeiebi.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 March 2011|title = US court summons Congress party on Sikh riots case|website = [[Sify]]|date = 2 March 2011| access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-court-to-hear-1984-anti-Sikh-riots-case-on-March-29-as-Congress-hires-US-law-firm-to-defend-itself/articleshow/12288154.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909012821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/india/31200563_1_kamal-nath-sikh-individuals-gurpatwant-singh-pannun |url-status=live |archive-date=9 September 2013 |title=US court to hear 1984 anti-Sikh riots case on March 29 as Congress hires US law firm to defend itself |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1503665.ece |title=U.S. court issues summons to Congress for anti-Sikh riots |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305030523/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1503665.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The complaint against Nath was dismissed in March 2012 by Judge [[Robert W. Sweet]], who ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction in the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=755797 |title='84 Riots: US Court Dismisses Complaint Against Nath |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |work=Outlook India|date=2012-03-16|first1=Yoshita|last1=Singh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927083547/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=755797 |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> The 22-page order granted Nath's motion to dismiss the claim, with Sweet noting that Sikhs for Justice failed to "serve the summons and its complaints to Nath in an appropriate and desired manner".<ref>{{cite news |title=US court dismisses plea against Nath in anti-Sikh riots case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/234860/us-court-dismisses-plea-against.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 March 2012}}</ref> On 3 September 2013, a federal court in New York issued a [[Summons#United States|summons]] to [[Sonia Gandhi]] for her alleged role in protecting participants in the riots.<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Court summons Sonia Gandhi in 1984 Sikh Riots Case|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/new-york-court-summons-sonia-gandhi-in-1984-sikh-riots-case/|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908145230/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/new-york-court-summons-sonia-gandhi-in-1984-sikh-riots-case/|url-status=live}}</ref> A U.S. court dismissed the lawsuit against Gandhi on 11 July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=US court give relief to Sonia Gandhi in Sikh riots case|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/us-court-give-relief-to-sonia-gandhi-in-sikh-riots-case/1017253|access-date=11 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163545/http://www.patrika.com/news/us-court-give-relief-to-sonia-gandhi-in-sikh-riots-case/1017253|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Recent investigations}}Cobrapost operation ===

According to an April 2014 ''[[Cobrapost]]'' [[sting operation]], the government muzzled the [[Delhi Police]] during the riots. Messages were broadcast directing the police not to act against rioters, and the fire brigade would not go to areas where cases of arson were reported.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cobrapost Sting: Government didn't allow police to act in 1984 riots|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/cobrapost-sting-government-didnt-allow-police-to-act-in-1984-riots/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423233443/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/cobrapost-sting-government-didnt-allow-police-to-act-in-1984-riots/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Special Investigation Team (Supreme Court) ===

In January 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] decided to form a three-member [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) of its own to probe 186 cases related to 1984 anti-Sikh riots that were not further investigated by Union Government formed SIT. This SIT would consists of a former High court judge, a former IPS officer whose rank is not less than or equivalent to [[Inspector general]] and a serving IPS Officer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-to-form-new-sit-to-probe-186-anti-skih-riots-cases/article22411073.ece|title=Supreme Court to form its own special team to probe 186 anti-Sikh riots cases|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=10 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 January 2018|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610171302/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-to-form-new-sit-to-probe-186-anti-skih-riots-cases/article22411073.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recognition as a genocide ==
While there has been no formal state recognition of the 1984 massacre as a genocide, Sikh communities both in India and the diaspora continue to lobby for its acknowledgment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2014 |title=Amritsar 'genocide' commemoration: Sikhs march through London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27751455 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

=== India ===
The [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]], the head figure of Sikhs worldwide, declared the events following the death of Indira Gandhi a Sikh [[genocide]] on 15 July 2010, replacing the term "anti-Sikh riots" widely used by the Indian government, the media, and writers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Yudhvir |date=16 July 2010 |title=Sikh clergy: 1984 riots 'genocide' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sikh-clergy-1984-riots-genocide/articleshow/6174537.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/india/28284593_1_sikhs-justice |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=4 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This decision came soon after a similar motion was raised in the Canadian Parliament.<ref name="Sikh MP article">{{Cite web |date=2010-06-17 |title=Canadian Sikh MP distances himself from riots petition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/canadian-sikh-mp-distances-himself-from-riots-petition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227010243/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/canadian-sikh-mp-distances-himself-from-riots-petition/ |archive-date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] referred to the "1984 riots" as a 'horrendous genocide'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=IP |date=11 May 2019 |title=PM Modi slams Pitroda's remark, calls 1984 riots a 'horrendous genocide' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/pm-modi-slams-pitrodas-remark-calls-1984-riots-a-horrendous-genocide/articleshow/69276065.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

=== United States ===
In October 2024, four US [[Member of congress|Members of congress]], [[David Valadao]] and [[Jim Costa]] as well as co-chairs of the [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] introduced a resolution to recognise and commemorate the Sikh Genocide of 1984 formally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2024 |title=US house resolution introduced to formally recognise, commemorate Sikh genocide of 1984 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/us-house-resolution-introduced-to-formally-recognise-commemorate-sikh-genocide-of-1984-3249818 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==== California ====
On 16 April 2015, Assembly Concurrent Resolution 34 (ACR 34) was passed by the [[California State Assembly]]. Co-authored by Sacramento-area assembly members Jim Cooper, Kevin McCarty, Jim Gallagher and Ken Cooley, the resolution criticised the Government for participating in and failing to prevent the killings. The assembly called the killings a "genocide", as it "resulted in the intentional destruction of many Sikh families, communities, homes and businesses."<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |date=22 April 2015 |title=California assembly describes 1984 riots as 'genocide' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/California-assembly-describes-1984-riots-as-genocide/articleshow/47011681.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906022815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/California-assembly-describes-1984-riots-as-genocide/articleshow/47011681.cms |archive-date=6 September 2018 |access-date=10 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name="ca.gov">{{cite web |title=Bill Text |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml;jsessionid=f2b94bb85b29eb4c706d647133cf?bill_id=201520160ACR34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203302/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml;jsessionid=f2b94bb85b29eb4c706d647133cf?bill_id=201520160ACR34 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=28 April 2015 |publisher=ca.gov}}</ref>

==== Connecticut ====
In February 2018, American state of Connecticut, passed a bill stating, 30 November of each year to be "Sikh Genocide" Remembrance Day to remember the lives lost on 30 November 1984, during the Sikh Genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act Designating Various Days and Weeks |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2018/TOB/s/2018SB-00489-R00-SB.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134629/https://www.cga.ct.gov/2018/TOB/s/2018SB-00489-R00-SB.htm |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
In 2024, Canada's [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) planned to seek recognition of the '1984 Sikh Genocide' in the country's parliament on its 40th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDP remembers the 1984 Sikh Genocide on its 40th anniversary |url=https://www.ndp.ca/news/ndp-remembers-1984-sikh-genocide-its-40th-anniversary |website=[[New Democratic Party]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/chandra-arya-suhk-dhaliwal-house-of-commons-1.7404052|title=Liberal MP accuses fellow caucus member of threatening him in the House of Commons|publisher=cbc news}}</ref>

==== Ontario ====
In April 2017, the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Ontario Legislature]] passed a motion condemning the anti-Sikh riots as "genocide".<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadians have a right to be 'concerned' about 1984 Sikh massacre, Harjit Sajjan says |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-india-massacre-1.4076467 |work=[[CBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419230145/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-india-massacre-1.4076467 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref> The Indian government lobbied against the motion and condemned it upon its adoption. In 2024, the City of [[Brampton|Brampton, Ontario]] recognised 'Sikh Genocide Week'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag Raisings and Half-Mastings |url=https://www.brampton.ca/EN/City-Hall/Protocol-Office/pages/flag-raising-half-mastings.aspx#:~:text=November%201%2D7%3A%20Sikh%20Genocide,8%3A%20National%20Aboriginal%20Veterans%20Day |website=City of Brampton}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
In 2012, Australian MP [[Warren Entsch]] tabled a petition of more than 4,000 signatures, calling for the government to recognise the killing of Sikhs in India in 1984 as a genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2012 |title=Call To Recognise Sikh Killings As Genocide |url=https://news.sky.com/story/call-to-recognise-sikh-killings-as-genocide-10465378 |work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref>

== Impact and legacy ==
The riots caused a major discontent among Sikh separatists living overseas, particularly in Canada. As a result of the riots, the Babbar Khalsa, a Sikh separatist group, planted a bomb on board [[Air India flight 182]], a [[Boeing 747-200]], which was flying from [[Montréal–Mirabel International Airport|Montréal]] to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], with a stopover at [[Heathrow Airport|London]] on 23 June 1985. Flight 182 was blown up over the mid-Atlantic, killing 307 passengers and 22 crew on board.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roach|first=Kent|title=The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing|date=2011|journal=The University of Toronto Law Journal|volume=61|issue=1|page=46|doi=10.3138/utlj.61.1.045|jstor=23018688|issn=0042-0220}}</ref> The separatist group also planned to blow up [[Air India]] flight 301, another Boeing 747, but the bomb [[1985 Narita International Airport bombing|exploded]] at [[Narita International Airport|Narita Airport]] in Tokyo, Japan, before it could be loaded, killing 2 baggage handlers.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/timeline_bombing.html|title= IN DEPTH: AIR INDIA - Timeline: The bombing | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623204119/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/timeline_bombing.html | archive-date=2011-06-23}}</ref> However, while the conspirators meant for both bombings to occur simultaneously, they neglected to take into account that Japan does not observe [[daylight saving time]], unlike Canada.

On 12 August 2005, then Prime Minister of India Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] apologised in the [[Lok Sabha]] for the riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/11pm.htm|title=PM apologises for 84 anti-Sikh riots|work=Rediff.com|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509122507/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/11pm.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/manmohan-singhs-apology-for-antisikh-riots-a-gandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article1715620.ece|title=Manmohan Singh's apology for anti-Sikh riots a 'Gandhian moment of moral clarity,' says 2005 cable|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 April 2011|last1=Suroor|first1=Hasan|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129063059/http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/manmohan-singhs-apology-for-antisikh-riots-a-gandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article1715620.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The riots are cited as a reason to support the creation of a Sikh homeland in India, often called [[Khalistan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Nanavati |url=http://www.carnage84.com/homepage/nancom.htm |title=Nanavati Report |work=Nanavati commission |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=1 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100512163755/http://www.carnage84.com/homepage/nancom.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=BSSF |url=http://britishsikhstudentfederation.com/index/?attachment_id=1317 |title=Remembrance March in London |work=British Sikh Student Federation |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160914/http://britishsikhstudentfederation.com/index/?attachment_id=1317 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne250409i_lived.asp|title='I Lived As A Queen. Now, I'm A Servant'|last=Naithani|first=Shobhita|date=25 April 2009|work=Tehelka|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716203529/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne250409i_lived.asp|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 15 January 2017, the [[Wall of Truth]] was inaugurated in [[Lutyens' Delhi]], New Delhi, as a memorial for Sikhs killed during the 1984 riots (and other hate crimes across the world).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Wall-of-truth-to-tell-you-1984-riots-story-by-Nov-end/articleshow/55166239.cms|title='Wall of truth' to tell you 1984 riots' story by Nov-end|last=Pandit|first=Ambika|date=1 November 2016|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012170247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Wall-of-truth-to-tell-you-1984-riots-story-by-Nov-end/articleshow/55166239.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/wall-of-truth-to-have-names-of-all-sikhs-killed-in-hate-crimes-dsgmc/story-8LSUMGWkxpWxpVUE6x2H0M.html|title='Wall of Truth' to have names of all Sikhs killed in hate crimes: DSGMC|date=10 July 2018|website=The Hindustan Times|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924135826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/wall-of-truth-to-have-names-of-all-sikhs-killed-in-hate-crimes-dsgmc/story-8LSUMGWkxpWxpVUE6x2H0M.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 May 2025, then leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha [[Rahul Gandhi]] said that he was "wasn’t there during many Congress’ mistakes, but happy to take responsibility" of the riots.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=‘I wasn’t there during many Congress’ mistakes, but happy to take responsibility’, says Rahul Gandhi on anti-Sikh riot|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-wasnt-there-during-many-congress-mistakes-but-happy-to-take-responsibility-says-rahul-gandhi-on-anti-sikh-riot/article69537571.ece |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

The anti-Sikh riots have been the subject of several films and novels:

* The 2022 [[Netflix]] movie ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]'', starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]], directed by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], is set against the backdrop of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in [[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]], [[Delhi]]. It tells the story of a Sikh man named Jogi whose goal is to save his family, friends and fellow neighbours from a massacre that killed thousands of Sikhs.
* The 2021 web television series ''[[Grahan (TV series)|Grahan]]'', starring [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], and [[Zoya Hussain]], and created by Shailendra Kumar Jha and directed by Ranjan Chandel, for [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]], is inspired by [[Satya Vyas]]' popular novel Chaurasi. It is the first series to deal with the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that happened in [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]]. The series is centered on the nexus between politics and law enforcement.
* The 2005 English film ''[[Amu (film)|Amu]]'', by [[Shonali Bose]] and starring [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] and [[Brinda Karat]], is based on [[Shonali Bose]]'s novel of the same name. The film tells the story of a girl, orphaned during the riots, who reconciles with her adoption years later. Although it won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]], it was censored in India but was released on DVD without the cuts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bilkis Bano: 'I Want Justice, Not Revenge, I Want My Daughters to Grow Up in a Safe India'|url=https://thewire.in/133493/i-want-justice-not-revenge-bilkis-bano-expresses-gratitude-to-mumbai-high-court/|access-date=10 May 2017|work=The Wire|date=8 May 2017|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509115937/https://thewire.in/133493/i-want-justice-not-revenge-bilkis-bano-expresses-gratitude-to-mumbai-high-court/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The 2004 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Kaya Taran]]'' (''Chrysalis''), directed by Shashi Kumar and starring [[Seema Biswas]], is based on the [[Malayalam]] short story ''[[When Big Tree Falls]]'' by [[N.S. Madhavan]]. The film revolves around a Sikh woman and her young son, who took shelter in a Meerut nunnery during the riots.
* The 2003 Bollywood film ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]'', a project of [[Babbu Maan]] and [[Ammtoje Mann]], is based on the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination, the 1984 riots and the subsequent victimisation of the Punjabi people.
* [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]]'s [[Assamese language|Assamese]] novel, ''Tej Aru Dhulire Dhusarita Prishtha'' (''Pages Stained with Blood''), focuses on the riots.
* [[Khushwant Singh]] and [[Kuldip Nayar]]'s book, ''Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar & After'', focuses on the events surrounding the riots.
* Jarnail Singh's non-fiction book, ''I Accuse'', describes incidents which occurred during the riots.
* Uma Chakravarthi and Nandita Hakser's book, ''The Delhi Riots: Three Days in the Life of a Nation'', has interviews with victims of the Delhi riots.
* [[H. S. Phoolka]] and human-rights activist and journalist Manoj Mitta wrote the first account of the riots, ''When a Tree Shook Delhi''.
* [https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-huge-crime-against-humanity/article5335298.ece HELIUM (a novel of 1984, published by Bloomsbury in 2013) by Jaspreet Singh]
* The 2014 Punjabi film, ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' with [[Diljit Dosanjh]], is based on the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination, the riots and the subsequent victimisation of the Punjabi people.
* The 2016 Bollywood film, ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]'' with [[Vir Das]], is based on the riots.
* The 2016 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film, ''[[Dharam Yudh Morcha (film)|Dharam Yudh Morcha]]'', is based on the riots.
* The 2001 ''Star Trek'' novel ''[[The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh]]'' by Gary Cox, a 14-year-old [[Khan Noonien Singh|Khan]], who is depicted as a North Indian from a family of [[Sikhs]], is caught up in the riots while reading in a used book stall in Nai Sarak. He is injured, doused with kerosene and nearly set on fire by a mob before being rescued by [[Gary Seven]].

== See also ==

* [[Black July]] (1985)
* [[Nellie massacre]] (1983)
* [[Operation Blue Star]] (1984)
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Air India Flight 182]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Pav Singh. ''1984 India's Guilty Secret.'' (Rupa & Kashi House 2017).
* {{cite book |first1=Amiya |last1=Rao |first2=Aurobindo |last2=Ghose |first3=N. D. |last3=Pancholi |location=India |title=Truth about Delhi violence: report to the nation |url=http://www.carnage84.com/human/truth/truth.htm |access-date=30 July 2010 |year=1985 |publisher=Citizens for Democracy |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708121627/http://www.carnage84.com/human/truth/truth.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|first1=Jaskaran|last1=Kaur|first2=Barbara|last2=Crossette|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=live}}
* Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. ''Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants.'' University of Pennsylvania Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1592-2}}.
* Ram Narayan Kumar et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060705030307/http://www.punjabjustice.org/report/report.htm ''Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab.''][[South Asia Forum for Human Rights]], 2003. Archived from the on 12 July 2003.
* Joyce Pettigrew. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence.'' Zed Books Ltd., 1995.
* Anurag Singh. ''Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Bluestar.'' 1999.
* Patwant Singh. ''The Sikhs.'' New York: Knopf, 2000.
* Harnik Deol. ''Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab.'' London: Routledge, 2000
* Mark Tully. ''Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle.'' {{ISBN|978-0-224-02328-3}}.
* Ranbir Singh Sandhu. ''Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.'' Ohio: SERF, 1999.
* Iqbal Singh. ''Punjab Under Siege: A Critical Analysis.'' New York: Allen, McMillan and Enderson, 1986.
* [[Paul Brass]]. ''Language, Religion and Politics in North India.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
* PUCL report "[[Who Are The Guilty]]." [https://web.archive.org/web/20180411054723/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/who-are-guilty.htm Link to report.]
* Manoj Mitta & H.S. Phoolka. ''When a Tree Shook Delhi'' (Roli Books, 2007), {{ISBN|978-81-7436-598-9}}.
* Jarnail Singh, 'I Accuse...' (Penguin Books India, 2009), {{ISBN|978-0-670-08394-7}}
* Jyoti Grewal, 'Betrayed by the state: the anti-Sikh pogrom of 1984' (Penguin Books India, 2007), {{ISBN|978-0-14-306303-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://1984sikh-archive.org/ 1984 Sikh Archive - Evidence-led resource, published 2024]
* [http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/ 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321085903/http://www1.info.indiatimes.com/1984/ |date=21 March 2018 }} at ''[[Times of India]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100712065753/http://districts.delhigovt.nic.in/84RIOTS/84RIOTS.htm 1984 riots case records], Government of Delhi
* [http://www.witness84.com/reports/misra/ Misra Commission Report]
* [http://www.witness84.com/reports/ahooja/ Ahooja Committee Report]
* [http://www.witness84.com/guilty/ Who Are The Guilty?]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8319737.stm In pictures: Massacre of the Sikhs]

{{Religious persecution}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{Sikh politics}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Sikh Riots, 1984}}
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots| ]]
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]
[[Category:1984 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:History of Delhi (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1980s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1984]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:October 1984 in India]]
[[Category:November 1984 in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1984]]
[[Category:Pogroms]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Sikhs]]
[[Category:Genocides in Asia]]

João da Nova

2026-03-06T12:48:42Z

MargueriteMcEwan: slightly add structure for consistency further

{{short description|Portuguese-Galician explorer (1460–1509)}}
{{infobox person
| name = João da Nova
| image = Joao da Nova.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1460
| birth_place = [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1509|7|16|1460}}
| death_place = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Discoverer of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands
| occupation = Explorer
}}

'''João da Nova''' ({{langx|gl|Xoán de Novoa, Joam de Nôvoa}}; {{langx|es|Juan de Nova}}; {{IPA|pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w dɐ ˈnɔvɐ}}; {{circa|1460}} in [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Province of Ourense|Ourense]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], [[Spain]] – July 16, 1509, in [[Kochi, India]]) was a Galician-born explorer in the service of [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]. He is credited as the discoverer of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] islands.

The [[Juan de Nova Island]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], is named after him. The [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar atoll]] (in the [[Seychelles]]) was, for a long time, known as the João da Nova islands.<ref group="N">The appellation 'João da Nova islands' for the Farquhar atoll appeared in most European navigational charts until the 19th century, when they were renamed after British Mauritius governor [[Robert Townsend Farquhar]], to avoid confusion with the Mozambique Channel island.</ref><ref>[[Alexander George Findlay|Findlay, A. G.]] (1866) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA479 A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean]'', London: Laurie, p.479</ref> It is sometimes thought that the [[Agaléga]] islands (in the Indian Ocean) were also named after him (although it is almost certain he never visited them).<ref group="N">Theories behind the 'Agalega' name are reviewed by Robert Scott (1961) ''Limuria: The Lesser Dependencies of Mauritius''</ref>

==Biography==
Juan da Nova was born into a noble family in [[Maceda, Ourense|Maceda]], [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], then a constituent kingdom of the [[Crown of Castile|Crown of]] Castile.<ref> João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1777), 463.[https://archive.org/details/daasiadejoodebar01p1barr/page/462/mode/2up]</ref> Nova was sent by his family to [[Portugal]], where he grew up, to escape the struggles between aristocratic factions known as the [[Irmandiño revolts]].{{cn|date=April 2014}} In Portugal, he was also known as ''João Galego'' ("the Galician"). In 1496, he was appointed as ''Alcaide menor'' ([[mayor]]) of [[Lisbon]] by King [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]].

It was only realised around the turn of the millennium that when writing about the discoverer of [[St Helena]], most English sources had incorrectly appended the word “Castella” to his name, i.e., naming him as João da Nova Castella.<ref> Alexander H Schulenburg, ‘Joao Da Nova and the Lost Carrack’, Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 16 (Autumn 1997): 19–23.[https://www.friendsofsthelena.com/upload/files/Joao_da_Nova_and_the_Lost_Carrack.pdf]</ref><ref> Trevor W. Hearl, ‘Everyone Knows Joao Da Nova Castella Discovered St Helena or Did He?’, South Atlantic Chronicle XXII, no. 1 (1998): 10.</ref><ref> Alexander H Schulenburg, ‘St Helena Historiography, Philately, and the “Castella” Controversy’, South Atlantic Chronicle XXIII, no. 3` (1999).</ref><ref>, J. Edgar Williams, ‘More on João Da Nova Castella Controversy’, South Atlantic Chronicle XXV, no. 1 (2001): 15, 20.</ref> This error was traced back to an 1817 guidebook by the Town Major of [[Jamestown, Saint Helena]], John Barnes.<ref>Barnes, John. A Tour through the Island of St Helena; London: J M Richardson, 1817: 2.</ref> Just as an earlier author had added the Portuguese word of “Galego” as a suffix to da Nova’s name to indicate the latter was born in the province of Galicia,<ref>George Forster, Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty’s Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5, vol. II (London: B. White, 1777), 571.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph1nAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA571]</ref> so it was speculated that Barnes’ handwritten book used the Portuguese word of “Castela” as a suffix to also show that he was born in the kingdom of Castile, this being misspelt by Barnes or his printer as “Castella”, an error that was then repeated by later English authors for nearly the next two centuries.<ref>Bruce, Ian. ‘The Origin of the Name Castella’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena No 48 (2019): 72–76
[https://sainthelenaisland.info/ianbruceoriginofthecastellaname.pdf]</ref>

== First voyage to India ==
{{Main|3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)}}

The date of João da Nova’s departure from [[Lisbon]] as commander of the third Portuguese expedition to [[India]] has variously been quoted as 1 March,<ref>Gaspar Corrêa and Rodrigo Jose de Lima Felner, Lendas da India. Publicadas de ordem da Classe de sciencias moraes, politicas e bellas lettras da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa e sob a dirrecção de Rodrigo José de Lima Felner, vol. 2 (Lisboa Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235. </ref> 5 March,<ref>João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 466.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA466]</ref><ref> Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 84.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84]</ref> 11 March,<ref>Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251.[https://archive.org/details/histriadacoloniz1922sous/page/n13/mode/2up]</ref> 26-27 March<ref>William Brooks Greenlee, The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1938), 139.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57073]</ref> or 10 April.<ref> Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15 </ref> He led a small four-vessel fleet under a joint private initiative of Florentine [[Bartolomeo Marchionni]]<ref group="N">Bartolomeo Marchionni, possibly the richest man in Lisbon then, was the chief merchant in sugar from Madeira island and had participated extensively in voyages to Guinea, Brazil, Madeira, and would finance several voyages to India.</ref><ref>Greenlee, William Brooks (1995). ''The voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: from contemporary documents and narratives'', p.146, Issue 81, Hakluyt Society, Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-1040-7}}</ref> and Portuguese [[Álvaro de Bragança]].<ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama'', p.182, New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-521-47072-8}}</ref> Suggestions that da Nova’s ships were sent to reinforce [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Cabral]]’s ships following the outbreak of war with the [[Calicut]] kingdom (e.g., “as the plight of the Portuguese at Calicut was acute, three ships were sent on ahead under the Admiral, Joao da Nova Castella, to reinforce de Cabral, the Portuguese commander in India”.<ref> Thomas H. Brooke, A History of the Island of St Helena: From Its Discovery by the Portuguese to the Year 1806 (Black, Parry and Kingsbury, 1808), 35.[https://archive.org/details/historyofsthelen00brooiala/page/34/mode/2up]</ref><ref>Gosse, Philip. St Helena 1502-1938. Oswestry: Anthony Nelson, 1938.
[https://sainthelenaisland.info/gossesthelena15021938.pdf]</ref>
) are now doubted because the Portuguese monarchy was unaware of the outbreak of war at India until the first of Cabral’s ships returned to Lisbon some six months ''after'' da Nova sailed from Lisbon. It has been suggested that da Nova was charged to block any attempt by the Spanish to enter the spice trade.<ref>Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco de Gama (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 232.[ Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco de Gama - Persée (persee.fr)]</ref> If true, given the small size of his fleet, he was entrusted with a very delicate mission.

Two chronicles claimed these ships discovered [[Ascension Island]] during the outward voyage, naming it Conception Island. Thus, [[João de Barros]] wrote that passing eight degrees beyond the equator, towards the south, an island was found to which the name Concepcão was given<ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:466.</ref> whilst [[Damião de Góis]]’ later chronicle described the sighting of an island south of the line which was named Conçeicam.<ref>Góis, Chronica do serenissimo, 84.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84]</ref> There are at least three reasons why it is thought this name was quoted by de Barros in error, this later being repeated by de Góis.<ref>Bruce, Ian. 'The Discovery of St Helena'. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43 [http://sainthelenaisland.info/thediscoveryofsthelena_ianbruce.pdf]</ref> First, the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]] has long celebrated the feast of the [[Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]] on the fixed date of 8 December, yet by then the third armada had already reached India. Second, the Portuguese [[Cantino Planisphere]], completed in 1502 after the third armada returned, shows the newly sighted island marked as ''ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam'' [island found and called Ascension], not as Conception. Third, in 1503 a division of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]] under [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] also named the island as Ascension, not as Conception. It is usually presumed that the island was discovered on the movable feast of [[Ascension Day]], which fell on 20 May in 1501, 39 days after [[Easter]].<ref> Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century[http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16]</ref>

Two sources, a letter from King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]<ref>Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.</ref> and [[Gaspar Corrêa]]’s chronicle,<ref>Gaspar Corrêa, Lendas de India, vol. 1 (Lisbon: Typ. da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235. </ref> made no mention of either Ascension or Conception, instead describing a visit to [[Brazil]].

After doubling the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], it is thought da Nova called at [[Mossel Bay]], [[South Africa]]. Here he is believed to have picked up letters left in a shoe placed in a conspicuous situation by Pedro de Atayde from the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)]]. This will have been da Nova’s first opportunity to learn he should avoid trade with [[Calicut]], with whom a state of war now existed. It is speculated that the Mossel Bay Stone found after the demolition of the old Government House bears an inscription of João da Nova’s name and provides evidence of this visit<ref> Louis Albert Péringuey, ‘Inscriptions Left by Early European Navigators on Their Way to the East’, Annals of the South African Museum XIII (1913): 6–7.[http://archive.org/details/inscriptionsleft01peri]</ref> It is also believed that da Nova built a ''[[hermida]]'' or a small hermitage with space for only a few supplicants at a promitory at Mossel Bay. A letter written by Pedro Quaresma to King Manuel II described a visit to this location a few years later in 1506.<ref> George McCall Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa: Collected in Various Libraries and Archive Departments in Europe, vol. 1 (Govern-ment of the Cape Colony, 1898), 54 [https://archive.org/details/recordssoutheas01theagoog/page/54/mode/2up]</ref> This same reference source includes a description of the walls of a ruined ''hermida'' dedicated to [[Saint Blaise]] on the high ground (Cape St Blaise) between two coves at Mossel Bay in 1576. Later in his outward voyage, Da Nova is also said to have discovered what has since been called [[Juan de Nova Island]] in the [[Mozambique Channel]].<ref>Birch, 1877, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Joao%20da%20Nova%20Conception&pg=PR20 p.xx]</ref>

Arriving in India, Nova established a [[Factory (trading post)|''feitoria'' (trading post)]] in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and left behind a factor (on behalf of the private Marchionni-Braganza consortium, not the Portuguese crown). On December 31, 1501, João da Nova's little fleet [[First Battle of Cannanore|engaged the fleet]] of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in a battle outside of Cannanore harbor, the first Portuguese [[naval battle]] in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>K.S. Matthew (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in K.K.N. Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions'', New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p.11</ref><ref>Marinha.pt, 2009, ''[http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx site Cananor - 31 de Dezembro de 1501 a 2 de Janeiro de 1502] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820093508/http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx |date=2016-08-20 }}''</ref> In this action, João da Nova’s four ships won a memorable sea battle, largely due to their superior cannonry and one of the earliest combinations of line-ahead and standoff gun battle tactics.<ref>K. K. N. Kurup, India’s Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1997), 11</ref><ref>K. K. N. Kurup, India’s Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1997), 11; Frederick Charles Danvers, The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1481-1571 (London: W.H. Allen & Company, 1894), 76.</ref>
In 1898, a large 20-ton boulder was discovered at the bottom of the old Breakwater Office building at the site in the Fort of [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. This featured a finely produced carving of the Portuguese coat of arms, above which was carved a cross and to one side a cruder carving, apparently of the numerals “1501”.<ref> dry Correspondents, ‘Antiquarian Discovery Relating to the Portuguese in Ceylon’, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 16 (1899)[https://archive.org/details/journalofceylonb16roya/page/n29/mode/2up]</ref> Some historians have conjectured that Nova (or one of his captains) visited Sri Lank at some point on this trip, four years before the first officially documented Portuguese visit by D. [[Lourenço de Almeida]] in 1505-6.<ref>Bouchon, G. (1980) "A propos de l'inscription de Colombo (1501): quelques observations sur le premier voyage de João da Nova dans l'Océan Indien", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 28, p. 233-70. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p5k1uy7-kSMC&pg=PA229 Offprint.]</ref> However, an alternative suggestion made in the 1899 paper by F. H. de Vos tentatively suggested that the characters might be read as “ISOI” representing a phrase such as Jesus Salvator Orientalium Indicorum [Jesus the Saviour of the East Indies].<ref>Sundry Correspondents, ‘Antiquarian Discovery Relating to the Portuguese in Ceylon’, 18.</ref>

Nova's armada left India around the turn of 1501/2. On his return journey, Nova is commonly said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of [[Saint Helena]] on 21 May 1502, the feast day of [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena of Constantinople]]. However, a paper published in 2015<ref>Ian Bruce, ‘St Helena Day’, Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, no. 44 (2015): 32–46.[http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf]</ref> reviewed the discovery date and suggests [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] was probably the first (in 1596) to state that the island was so named because it was found on the 21 May.<ref>Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Itinerario, voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen Van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, inhoudende een corte beschryvinghe der selver landen ende zee-custen... waer by ghevoecht zijn niet alleen die conterfeytsels van de habyten, drachten ende wesen, so van de Portugesen aldaer residerende als van de ingeboornen Indianen. (C. Claesz, 1596)[https://archive.org/details/itinerariovoyage00lins].</ref><ref>Jan Huygen van Linschoten, John Huighen Van Linschoten, His Discours of Voyages Into Ye Easte [and] West Indies: Divided Into Foure Bookes (London: John Wolfe, 1598).[https://books.google.com/books?id=nRN-HgO3tREC&pg=PA172]</ref> Given that Linschoten correctly stated [[Whitsunday]] fell on the Western Christian date of 21 May 1589 (rather than the Orthodox Church date of 28 May),<ref>[http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16 Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century]</ref> the paper suggests that Linschoten was referring to the [[Protestant]] feast-day for Saint Helena on 21 May, not the Orthodox Church version on the same date. It is then argued the Portuguese found the island two decades before the start of the [[Reformation]] and the establishment of [[Protestantism]], and it is therefore not possible that the island was so named because it was found on the Protestant feast day. An alternative discovery date of 3 May on the Catholic feast-day celebrating the finding of the [[True Cross]] by [[Saint Helena]] in [[Jerusalem]], as quoted by [[Odoardo Duarte Lopes]] in 1591<ref>Duarte Lopes and Filippo Pigafetta, Relatione del Reame di Congo et delle circonvicine contrade tratta dalli scritti & ragionamenti di Odoardo Lope[S] Portoghese / per Filipo Pigafetta con disegni vari di geografiadi pianti, d’habiti d’animali, & altro. (Rome: BGrassi, 1591).[https://books.google.com/books?id=-aurfsHGclwC]</ref> and by [[Sir Thomas Herbert]] in 1638,<ref>Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels into Africa et Asia the Great: Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Industant as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Orientall Indies and I’les Adjacent (Jacob Blome & Richard Bishop, 1638), 353.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mlJBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353]</ref> is suggested as historically more credible than the Protestant date of 21 May. The paper observes that if da Nova made the discovery on 3 May 1502, he may have been inhibited from naming the island Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) because [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] had already assigned that same name to the Brazilian coastline, which he thought to be a large island, on 3 May 1500.<ref>Corrêa and Felner, Lendas da India, [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner], Vol 1 Part 1:152.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN05022145&pg=PA152]</ref> News of Cabral’s discovery reached Lisbon directly from South America before da Nova’s fleet set off on the voyage to India in 1501. If da Nova knew the True Cross name had already been assigned, the most obvious and plausible alternative name for him to give the island was "Santa Helena".

The tradition that da Nova discovered Saint Helena has been reviewed by a 2022 paper<ref>Bruce, Ian. ‘The Discovery of St Helena’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43. [http://sainthelenaisland.info/thediscoveryofsthelena_ianbruce.pdf]</ref> which concluded the Portuguese chronicles<ref>Cardozo, Manoel. ‘The Idea of History in the Portuguese Chroniclers of the Age of Discovery’. The Catholic Historical Review 49, no. 1 (1963): 1–19. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25017190#metadata_info_tab_contents]</ref> published at least 50 years later, are the sole primary source to the discovery. Although contradictory in describing other events, these chronicles almost unanimously claim João da Nova found St Helena sometime in 1502, although none quote the precise date.<ref>João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 477; [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA477]</ref><ref>Luiz de Figueiredo Falcão, Livro em que se contém toda a fazenda e real patrimonio dos reinos de Portugal, India, e ilhas adjacentes e outras particularidades (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1859), 138; [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138]</ref><ref>Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 85; [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85]</ref><ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:118; [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA118]</ref><ref>Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Asia Portuguesa, vol. 1 (En La Officina de Henrique Valente de Oliueira, 1666), 50; [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA50]</ref><ref>Melchior Estacio Do Amaral, Tratado das batalhas e sucessos do Galeão Sanctiago com os Olandeses na Ilha de Sancta Elena: e da náo Chagas com os Vngleses antre as Ilhas dos Açores, 1604, 20; [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIWI6WIIGi4C&pg=PA18]</ref> However, there are several reasons for doubting da Nova made this discovery. First, given that da Nova either returned on 11 September<ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:477; Góis, Chronica do serenis-simo, 477</ref> or 13 September 1502<ref>Marino Sanuto, I Diarii di Marino Sanuto, ed. Nicolò Barozzi, vol. 4 (Venice: F. Visentini, 1880), 486 [https://books.google.com/books?id=nfNRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA485]</ref> it is usually assumed the [[Cantino planisphere]] completed by the following November<ref>Guglielmo Berchet, Fonti italiane per la storia della scoperta del Nuovo mondo, vol. 1, part III (Rome: Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1892), 152 [https://books.google.com/books?id=14gyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152]</ref> includes his discovery of [[Ascension Island]] (shown as an [[archipelago]] with one of six islands marked as "ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam"), yet this map fails to show St Helena.<ref>Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251, [https://archive.org/details/histriadacoloniz1922sous/page/n13/mode/2up]</ref><ref>Harold Livermore, ‘Santa Helena, A Forgotten Portuguese Discovery’’, Estudos Em HOmenagem a Louis Antonio de Oliveira Ramos, 2004, 623–31, [http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4999.pdf?iframe=true&width=80%&height=80%]
</ref> Second, when a section of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Fourth Armada]] under the command of [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] sighted and landed at St Helena the following year on 30 July 1503 its [[captain's clerk|scrivener]] [[Thomé Lopes]] regarded it as an unknown island yet named Ascension as one of five reference points to the new island’s location. On 12 July 1502, nearly three weeks before reaching St Helena, Lopes described how Estêvão da Gama’s ships met up with a section of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|Fifth Armada]] led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] off the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. The latter left Lisbon about six months after João da Nova’s return so Albuquerque and his captains should all have known whether João da Nova had indeed found St Helena. An anonymous Flemish traveler on one of da Gama's ships reporting that bread and victuals were running short by the time they reached the Cape, so from da Gama's perspective there was a pressing need that he be told water and meat could be found at St Helena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berjaeu |first=Jean Philibert |url=http://archive.org/details/calcoenadutchna00berjgoog |title=Calcoen: a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp circa 1504; |date=1874 |publisher=London, B. M. Pickering |others=University of Michigan}}</ref> The fact that nothing seems to have been said about the island, da Gama's scrivener Lopes regarding the island as unknown, again implies da Nova found Ascension but not St Helena. The 2022 paper also reviews cartographic evidence that St Helena and Ascension were known to the Spanish in 1500, before either João da Nova or Estêvão da Gama sailed for India. The suggestion that João da Nova discovered Tristan da Cunha naming it St Helena is discounted.<ref>George E. Nunn, The Mappemonde of Juan de La Cosa: A Critical Investigation of Its Date (Jenkintown: George H. Beans library, 1934</ref><ref>Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.</ref>

== Second voyage to India ==

===1505-06===
On 5 March 1505, he undertook another voyage to [[India]] as captain of the ''[[Flor de la Mar]]'' in the [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|7th Portuguese India armada]] commanded by [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese [[Viceroy]] of India. Nova had been granted credentials by the king entitling him to be Captain-Major ({{langx|pt|Capitão-mor}}) of the Indian coast fleet if suitable. In East Africa, the armada captured [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (in which event Nova played a critical role relaying secret missives between Almeida and local pretender Muhammad Arcone){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} and proceeded to raid [[Mombassa]].

After crossing the Indian Ocean, the armada spent some time erecting forts and raiding ports, before eventually arriving at [[Cochin]] in October. There D. Francisco de Almeida inaugurated his term as [[Viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India]], but refused to allow João da Nova to invoke his credentials as Captain-Major of the Indian coastal patrol. Almeida claimed that the ''Flor de la Mar'' was too large to enter the Indian coastal inlets and lagoons and thus unsuitable as a patrol ship. Almeida offered João da Nova the option of switching to a [[caravel]], and sending the ''Flor'' back under another captain, but Nova chose to bring her back to Lisbon himself. Almeida then appointed his own son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]], as captain-major of the patrol.

Leaving India in February 1506, Nova's heavy-laden ''Flor de la Mar'', developed a leak in the hull in the environs of [[Zanzibar]] and was forced to stop for repairs in the islands of the [[Mozambique Channel]]. He would spend the next eight months in the area repairing the ship, a delay prolonged by illness and contrary winds.

===1507===
He was still stranded with his leaky ship in February, 1507, when the [[8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506)|8th Armada]], under command of [[Tristão da Cunha]], arrived in [[Mozambique Island]]. Cunha helped complete the repairs, transferred its cargo to a Lisbon-bound transport, and annexed Nova and the ''Flor de la Mar'' into his own India-bound fleet.

João da Nova took part in the Portuguese capture of [[Socotra]] in August 1507. Much to his surprise, he was assigned to remain in Socotra with the Red Sea patrol, a detachment of six ships under D. [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s command, rather than continue with Cunha on to India. But his presence in the Red Sea patrol turned out to be a disturbance to Albuquerque, even if his exact role in the subsequent "mutiny of the captains" may have been somewhat murky. Besides his own frustrations, Nova regaled fellow patrol captains with tales of Indian riches, a much more attractive option than the barren coasts of Arabia they were assigned to patrol. In August–September, 1507, Albuquerque led his little squad into the [[Gulf of Oman]] and began to raid a series of coastal cities in succession - [[Qalhat]], [[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] - signalling his intention to proceed in this manner all the way up the Arabian coast and across to the island of [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]]. The patrol captains, who were lured to the East Indies with dreams of quick and easy riches, balked at the prospect of a tiring succession of profitless, dangerous fights with insufficient men-at-arms. After Muscat, the exhausted João da Nova submitted a formal request to Albuquerque for permission to leave the patrol and proceed to India (ostensibly to request reinforcements from the viceroy Almeida). When this was denied, Nova protested and was placed under arrest. He was later pardoned and released, as his command was needed for the [[Capture of Ormuz (1507)|Battle of Hormuz]] in October, 1507.

===1508===
Shortly after the battle, Nova once again was at the center of a renewed series of complaints, this time over the establishment of a fortress in the city of Hormuz. In early 1508, during the construction of the fortress, three of the patrol ships slipped away from Albuquerque's sight and set sail to India, intending to lodge formal complaints against Albuquerque with the vice-roy [[Francisco de Almeida]] in [[Cochin]]. João da Nova was not among them, but Albuquerque nonetheless decided to let him go as well, hoping that by this belated magnanimous gesture, Nova might argue on his behalf. He didn't. Once in Cochin, João da Nova joined the three other captains in opening a formal case against Albuquerque.

===1509===
João da Nova fought in the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] in February 1509, his ship, the ''Flor de la Mar'', being used by the vice-roy Francisco de Almeida as the flagship of the Portuguese battle fleet. In March of that year, Afonso de Albuquerque, by then in Cochin himself, invoked his own secret credentials to relieve Francisco de Almeida as governor of India. But João da Nova, along with the other captains, assembled a petition demanding that Almeida refused to yield it, characterizing Albuquerque as unfit to govern.<ref>Albuquerque's ''Commentaries'', Vol. II, p.33 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AOXFORD590011672&pg=PA33 online]</ref> In May of the same year, Almeida formally opened a council in Cochin to consider the reception of Albuquerque. Nova and the other patrol captains presented the case against him.

João da Nova died shortly after, in July 1509, just a couple of weeks before Almeida delivered the indictment and ordered Albuquerque's arrest. In spite of all this, Albuquerque is said to have personally paid for Nova's funeral in memory of his achievements in the Hormuz campaign.<ref>Albuquerque's ''Commentaries'', vol. ii, p.49 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AOXFORD590011672&pg=PA49 online]</ref>

==See also==
*[[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]]
*[[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)]]
*[[Exploration of Asia]]
*[[List of maritime explorers]]
*[[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

== Notes ==
<references group="N" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book |last=de Albuquerque |first=Afonso |others=Translated by Walter de Gray Birch |authorlink=Afonso de Albuquerque |title=The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India |year=1877}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nova, Joao Da}}
[[Category:1460s births]]
[[Category:1509 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Allariz – Maceda]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Recipients of Portuguese royal pardons]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese explorers]]

Poonam Ki Raat

2026-03-04T03:55:20Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poonam Ki Raat
| image = Poonam Ki Raat.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| writer = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manoj Kumar]] Nandini Kumud Chhugani Shiv Kumar
| cinematography = [[Marshal Braganza]]
| editing = [[Kantilal B. Shukla]]
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1965}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Poonam Ki Raat''''' (Full moon Night) is a 1965 [[Horror film|horror]] [[thriller film]] starring [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Prem Chopra|Prem Chpra]], and [[Rajendra Nath]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonam Ki Raat 1965 Full Movie Online - Watch HD Movies on Airtel Xstream Play |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/poonam-ki-raat/EROSNOW_MOVIE_6834590 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Airtel Xstream (Airtel TV) |language=en}}</ref> It was produced and directed by [[Kishore Sahu]]. The music was given by [[Salil Chowdhury]], with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].

==Plot==
Chandan (Shiv Kumar), Prakash ([[Manoj Kumar]]) and their college mates are enjoying themselves while on an education tour at a site along with their Professor-in-charge when Sumer Singh ([[Rajendra Nath]]) rushes there by jeep to inform Chandan that his father Lala Baijnath ([[D.K. Sapru]]) is not keeping well as his illness has relapsed and that Chandan's mother has asked him to come home immediately. Chandan requests Prakash to accompany him to give moral support. Prakash agrees, as it will give him a chance to give Rekha ([[Bela Bose]]), a flirty classmate, the slip. They rush to Chandan's home-town along with Sumer Singh. Reaching the outskirts of the town, Prakash is shocked to learn while buying cigarettes at a stall that the mansion he is visiting is haunted and Lala Baijnath is suspected by the town of having murdered a beautiful young woman, Rani on the night of the full moon. It is believed that the spirit of the murdered woman, Rani haunts the mansion to this day. Prakash is curious and intrigued. Prakash meets Chandan's sisters, Jyoti(Kumud Chhugani) and Nandini (Nandini), but before a love triangle acquires any dimensions, the unexpected happens. Prakash, in the dead of the night, begins to hear a woman's voice singing and soon Prakash is captivated by the charms of an elusive spirit, Rani. A black cat is often seen moving around at night. The nurse Thelma requests the doctor ([[Kishore Sahu]]) for leave, but he refuses till another nurse is arranged to attend Lalaji. She goes missing, deepening the mystery. Lalaji is found lying senseless and paralyzed on the floor. The doctor states that someone tried to kill him. With every relative wishing for the early death of Lalaji and wanting a stake in the property, things take a dark turn where no one can be trusted and everyone is a suspect. This includes Lalaji's sister ([[Leela Mishra]]) and her son Ramesh and his girlfriend Mukta, Chandan's elder brother Narendra and his wife. Curious Prakash is determined to solve the mystery of the mansion and start an investigation on his own. He persuades Chandan to show him the closed rooms of Rani, in a separate annex, which was forbidden to enter by any one after her death twelve years ago by orders of Lala Baijnath. Prakash tells Chandan that someone is using the plush closed rooms and they are not unoccupied. After examining the place, they return. Chandan informs Prakash that Rani was a beautiful 24-year-old woman from Lucknow and was the daughter of a whore. She was brought by Lala to the mansion and provided all comforts and care. Prakash continues to hear mysterious sounds in the night from his bedroom. He follows a woman in white clothing to no avail. Meanwhile, Chandan and Prakash's camp mates along with the Professor visit the mansion on invitation by Chandan. Rekha throws her sandal into a well and dares Prakash to bring it out after hearing his swimming skills from others. To add further excitement, Nandini dumps her expensive bangle into the well and challenges Prakash to bring it out and keep the same as reward. Without wasting any time, Prakash jumps into the well and disappears from sight to the dismay of the onlookers. When he reappears after some time, he holds the corpse of the murdered nurse Thelma. Meanwhile, the mysterious woman in white clothing continues to haunt Prakash and he feels like having a nervous breakdown. As the time passes the day of full moon arrives again, warned by the gardener ([[Jankidas]]) and family doctor all are asked to stay vigilant to face any untoward incident. In the midnight, a silhouette with a knife in her hand approaches sleeping Lala Baijnath and stabs his blanket covered body. In the meantime, alert Prakash catches the murderer red-handed, who is none other than Nandini. She tries to put the blame on Prakash, but Lala Baijnath is put to sleep elsewhere by the doctor and the new nurse nearby to deceive the murderer. He recovers from his paralysis due to further shock, reveals to all that Nandini was actually the daughter of Rani and was suffering from the same mental disease as her mother, an illness whose attacks occur on full moon days and which had cost her life twelve years ago as she had accidentally fallen down from the stairs. Lala reveals further that the nurse Thelma entered the room and screamed when she saw Nandini trying to kill Lala, upon which Nandini tried to stab her and in that process Thelma falls into the well. Lala gets a paralytic attack and collapses on the floor due to shock. After Lala's revelation, everyone present is in state of shock. When Nandini claims to the doctor that she is innocent, the doctor agrees and blames the full moon night for the tragedy and assures her that she will be treated by him. Nandini leaves the place satisfied and sings the same haunted song as she marches ahead towards the open terrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonam Ki Raat (1965) Hindi Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/poonam-ki-raat/3492158/watch |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Manoj Kumar]] as Prakash Gupta
* Nandini as Nandini
* [[Kumud Chhugani]] as Jyoti, Chandan's sister
* Shiv Kumar as Chandan
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Peter, nurse's boyfriend
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Sumer Singh, Munim's son
* [[D.K. Sapru]] as Lala Baijnath
* [[Kishore Sahu]] as doctor
* [[Robin Banerjee]] as Ramesh, Lalaji's nephew
* [[Parveen Choudhary]] as Mukta
* [[Bela Bose]] as Rekha, Prakash's college mate
* [[Raj Kishore]] as Birju, Lala's servant
* Bramh Bharadwaj as Mukta's advocate father
* Sailesh Kumar as the investigating police inspector
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Lalaji's sister
* [[Jankidas]] as gardener
* Thelma as Thelma, nurse
* Gope Raj as Professor

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyrics !! Composer !! Picturized On
|-
| "Saathi Re" (Title track)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| Picturized on Nandini
|-
| "Tum Kaha Le Chale Ho Sajan Albele"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
| Shailendra
| Salil Chowdhury
| Picturized on [[Manoj Kumar]], Kumud
|-
| "Dil Tadpe Tadpaaye"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| Shailendra
| Salil Chowdhury
| Picturized on Manoj Kumar
|-
| "Sapno Mein Mere Koyee Aaye Jaaye"
| Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| Shailendra
| Salil Chowdhury
| Picturized on Manoj Kumar, Kumud, Nandini
|-
| "Ta Deem Tana Deem"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| Shailendra
| Salil Chowdhury
| Picturized on Rekha
|-
| "Bhole Piya Jaane Tumne Kya Kiya"
| Asha Bhosle
| Shailendra
| Salil Chowdhury
| Picturized on Rekha
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0059610|title=Poonam Ki Raat}}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:1965 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jothe Jotheyali

2026-03-03T21:42:57Z

MargueriteMcEwan: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jothe Jotheyali
| image = Jothe Jotheyali.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]
| writer = [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]
| producer = Meena Thoogudeepa
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]]
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Venus Murthy
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| released = {{Film date|2006|09|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = [[India]]
| gross =
}}

'''''Jothe Jotheyali''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] and produced by Meena Thoogudeepa. The film stars [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]. The music for the movie was composed by a debutante music composer [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Jothe...' beats 'Hubballi' at Kannada box office|date=15 December 2006|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/jothe-beats-hubballi-at-kannada-box-office/8852/story.htm|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy|publisher=Nowrunning.com |access-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> The film's title is based on a lyric of the song "Jotheyali Jothe Jotheyali" from ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/songs-inspire-kannada-film-titles/articleshow/22704605.cms|title=Songs inspire Kannada film titles|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|date=19 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nakul ([[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem]]) and Divya ([[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]) are married couples on the verge of divorce. As the movie starts both of the lead characters arrive at the Family court, to seek divorce. The actual movie unfolds in Flashback scenes as both remember - how they met and fell in love. They also face parental opposition for their marriage and they eventually marry against their wish and start a separate life altogether with their friends. Prem then starts an advertising firm. He is helped by [[Darshan Thoogudeep]] (in a mini guest appearance playing himself) for his first ad and eventually he becomes quite successful in his profession. He starts to neglect Divya and due to some mis-understanding is found with his colleague in a compromising position. Thus Divya abandons him and moves out of their home and goes to live with her parents. Prem tries unsuccessfully to woo Divya back with many tricks which fall flat and cause more tension on their relationship. Finally Divya understands her husband and returns to their home to see him in bed with another woman - which is the last blow for their relationship.

In the climax, Prem and Ramya are granted Divorce. While they are leaving the court, a criminal tries to flee from the policemen taking Divya as hostage, Prem fights to free her from the criminal and is stabbed to death. By now Divya realises Prem's true love for her and confesses the same at the hospital.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] as Nakul
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Divya
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Prem's friend
* [[Tharun Sudhir]] as Prem's friend
* [[Dwarkish]] as Divya's father
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Divya's mother
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Nakul's father
* Malathi Sardeshpande as Nakul's mother
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in a cameo appearance
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jothe Jotheyali
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 10 September 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:09
| label = [[Ashwini Recording Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Snehana Preethina]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack, with its lyrics written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jothe Jotheyali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP|date=15 September 2006 |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jothe-jotheyali-original-motion/id988505533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703124149/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jothe-jotheyali-original-motion/id988505533|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2015|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:09
| title1 = Kuline Kugoodilla
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = O Gunavantha
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Punyakane
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Sikthare Sikthare
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Summane Summane
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = [[Bombay Jayashree]]
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Suryakannu
| lyrics6 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra6 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length6 = 5:05
}}

==Reception==
The movie ran to 100 days,<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/2007/jote_joteyali_100_07.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126235756/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/2007/jote_joteyali_100_07.shtml|date=26 January 2007}}</ref> even though directed by a debutante. People flocked to theaters to see the chemistry between the lead pair. The comedy by Sharan was also a plus point for the movie. [[V Hari Krishna]] became a popular music director after this movie. He also became permanent music director for the Thoogudeepa Productions banner and henceforth for all movies acted by [[Darshan Thoogudeep|Darshan]].

===Critical reception===
''Jothe Jotheyali'' received average to negative reviews from critics upon release on 22 September 2006. [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' gave the film a rating of 2/5 and commented that even though the music of the film was good, it lacked a good story and narration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3050/kannada/jothe-jotheyalli/878/review.htm |title=Review: Jothe Jotheyali |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=nowrunning.com |date=2006-09-22 |accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film one out of five stars and noted that the film lacked a good story and neat narration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/25jothe.htm |title=Jothe Jotheyali is just silly |work=rediff.com |date=2006-09-25 |accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14338048}}

[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]

Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)

2026-03-03T17:47:58Z

MargueriteMcEwan: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ladies & Gentlemen
| image = File:Ladies_and_Gentlemen_Movie_Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Ladies and Gentlemen poster
| director = P. B. Manjunath
| producer = [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]] MVK Reddy
| story = [[Sanjeev Reddy]]
| screenplay = P. B. Manjunath
| starring = [[Adivi Sesh]] [[Nikitha Narayan]] [[Chaitanya Krishna]] [[Kamal Kamaraju]] [[Mahat Raghavendra]] [[Swathi Deekshith]] [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
| music = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| cinematography = Jagan Chawali
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = PL Creations Shirdi Sai Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|01|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Ladies & Gentlemen''''' is a 2015 Telugu-language film written and directed by P. B. Manjunath, who makes his [[directorial debut]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/writer-manjunath-makes-his-directorial-debut-with-ladies-and-gentlemen/article6830481.ece|title=Towards real relationships|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=28 January 2015|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> An [[anthology film]], it features [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Nikitha Narayan]], [[Chaitanya Krishna]], [[Kamal Kamaraju]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]], [[Mahat Raghavendra]], [[Swathi Deekshith]] in pivotal roles. The film, produced by director [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]] along with MVK Reddy, released on 30 January 2015 to positive response.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ladies-and-gentlemen-gets-good-reviews/articleshow/46067410.cms|title=Ladies and Gentlemen gets good reviews|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> It is the remake of the 2012 thriller ''[[Login (film)|Login]]''.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Rahul
* [[Nikitha Narayan]] as Priya
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Krishnamurthi
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Anand
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] as Vijay
* [[Swathi Deekshith]] as Deepa
* [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Anjali
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* [[Raghu Kunche]] (cameo appearance in the song "Social Network")
* [[Noel Sean]] (cameo appearance in the song "Social Network")
* Jr Relangi (cameo appearance in the song "Social Network")
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ladies & Gentlemen
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| released = 2014
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:14
| language = Telugu
| label = Madhura Audio
| producer =
| chronology = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| prev_title = [[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|2d0EuugeU9w|''Ladies & Gentlemen'' – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Raghu Kunche]]. In a music review, Sashidhar AS of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the album 3/5 and wrote, "All in all, Raghu Kunche's album is well blended with trendy and romantic songs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-ladies-and-gentlemen/articleshow/45979377.cms|title=Music Review: Ladies and Gentlemen|date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladies and Gentlemen |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ladies-and-gentlemen/SXIPj3G2nTA_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=18 October 2019}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Sirasri
| title1 = Ardham Kani
| length1 = 4:03
| extra1 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], Vaishnavi
| title2 = First Time
| length2 = 4:22
| extra2 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| title3 = Social Network
| length3 = 3:50
| extra3 = Raghu Kunche, Junior Relangi
| title4 = Premaa
| length4 = 4:15
| extra4 = Dinker, [[Sunil Kashyap]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| title5 = Cocktail
| length5 = 3:44
| extra5 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]], [[Noel Sean]]
| total_length = 20:14
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A lot of thought has gone into the screenplay and as the loose ends are tied up towards the end, it’s evident that many earlier sequences and supporting characters have all been there for a reason...Despite shortcomings, it’s commendable that the film doesn’t stick to the formula and play safe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ladies-and-gentlemen-socially-disconnected/article6838905.ece|title=Ladies and Gentlemen: Socially disconnected|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=30 January 2015|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The film might not rank high in terms of visual aesthetics, but it does suck you into its twisted world where everyone seems to have an agenda of his own", further adding that while "the first half tests your patience", "the second half is riveting and everything falls in to place quite well in the third act".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ladies-and-gentlemen/movie-review/46068447.cms|title=Ladies and Gentlemen Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Ladies and Gentlemen |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2021|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''idlebrain.com'' gave 3.25 out of 5 and called it a "decently made film which is identifiable to all social media users".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/ladiesandgentlemen.html|title=Ladies & Gentlemen review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Chaitanya Krishna, Mahat Raghavendra, Adivi Sesh, Kamal Kamaraj, Swati Dixit, Nikhita Narayan, Jasmine Bhasin|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4512266}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ladies and Gentlemen (2015 film)}}
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Kunche]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

IIT Jodhpur

2026-02-28T17:32:13Z

MargueriteMcEwan: enhance structure per standard format and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|Public engineering institution located in Jodhpur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
| image = IIT Jodhpur Logo.svg
| motto = {{lang|sa|tvaṃ jñānamayo vijñānamayo’si}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = You are full of supreme wisdom and knowledge
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2008}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university]]
| chairman = [[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]<ref name="BoG">{{cite web|title=Board of Governors|url=http://iitj.ac.in/institute/index.php?id=board_of_governors|website=iitj.ac.in|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>
| director = [[Avinash Kumar Agarwal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/new-directors-appointed-to-iit-kanpur-bhu-guwahati-dhanbad-jodhpur-goa-9278673/ | title=IIT-Kanpur, BHU, Guwahati, Dhanbad, Jodhpur, Goa get new directors | date=19 April 2024 }}</ref>
| faculty = 238 <ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0395.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 3,308 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 1,742 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 832 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 734 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| city = [[Jodhpur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| nickname = IITian
| coor = {{Coord|26|28|34.38|N|73|6|47.77|E|region:IN-RJ_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|852|acre|km2}}
| colors = {{color box|red}} Red {{color box|black}} Black
| website = {{URL|https://www.iitj.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur''' ('''IIT Jodhpur''' or '''IITJ''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[technical university]] located in [[Jodhpur]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. IIT Jodhpur is officially recognized as an [[Institute of National Importance]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Department of Higher Education {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education | url=https://www.education.gov.in/technical-education-2#:~:text=To%20meet%20the%20growing%20demand,Admission%20Test%20for%20M.Sc. | access-date=2026-01-10 | website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref> It is one of the eight [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) established by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)]], Government of India under [[The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011]].<ref name=AmendmentAct>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2010|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074603/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media///Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:IIT Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|Entrance of IIT Jodhpur]]

==History==
IIT Jodhpur was established by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)]], Government of India in the year 2008, under [[The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011]] which declares the new eight IITs as well as the conversion of the [[Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]] to IIT.<ref name=AmendmentAct>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2010|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074603/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media///Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Act was passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 24 March 2011<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html |title=LS passes bill to provide IIT status to 8 institutes, BHU |work=deccanherald.com |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=9 May 2011}}</ref> and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 30 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/careers/education/Parliament-passes-IIT-bill/articleshow/12937917.cms |title=Parliament passes IIT bill |work=ThetimesofIndia.com |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> In July 2008, the first academic session of IIT Jodhpur began at the [[IIT Kanpur]] campus, with 109 undergraduate students in [[Computer Science Engineering]], [[Mechanical Engineering]] and [[Electrical Engineering]]. The institute was sanctioned as an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] for [[Rajasthan]], and not for [[Jodhpur]] in specific. It was after considering various cities, including [[Ajmer]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Udaipur]] that the [[Vijay Shankar Vyas|Prof. Vijay Shankar Vyas]] led committee suggested Jodhpur as the location for the IIT in Rajasthan. In late 2009, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|MHRD]] granted final approval for establishing the institute at Jodhpur.

A portion of the [[MBM Engineering College]] under [[Jai Narain Vyas University|JNV University, Jodhpur]] was identified as the location for the transit campus of IIT Jodhpur. In May 2010, classes of IIT Jodhpur were shifted from IIT Kanpur to the transit campus in Jodhpur. In July 2017, the academic and residential campuses of IIT Jodhpur were migrated to the permanent campus. Construction of the permanent campus is still in progress.

==Campus==

===Permanent campus===
IITJ is located about 24 km from Jodhpur city on National Highway 62 which connects [[Jodhpur]] to [[Nagaur]]. The site spans over {{convert|852|acre|km2}} of land around Jhipasni and Gharao villages. [[M. M. Pallam Raju]], then [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Union Minister for Human Resources Development]], laid the foundation stone on 16 April 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/infra/index.php?id=permanent_campus|title=IITJ- Permanent Campus|website=iitj.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

The permanent campus is being built on a self-sustainable model, catering for its own energy and water requirements. The campus' masterplan got 'GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award' under '[[Passive solar building design|Passive Architecture Design]]' category at the 8th [[The Energy and Resources Institute#GRIHA|GRIHA]] Summit held during 2–3 March 2017, at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitj.ac.in/events/index.php?event=latest@iit_jodhpur&title=170&id=170|title=IIT Jodhpur receives GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award for its Masterplan under 'Passive Architecture Design'|website=www.iitj.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jovo.education/index.php/iit-jodhpur-receives-griha-exemplary-performance-award-for-its-masterplan-under-passive-architecture-design/|title=IIT Jodhpur receives GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award for its Masterplan under 'Passive Architecture Design' {{!}} JOVO Education|last=Editor|website=jovo.education|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011930/http://jovo.education/index.php/iit-jodhpur-receives-griha-exemplary-performance-award-for-its-masterplan-under-passive-architecture-design/|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grihaindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&t=library|title=GRIHA: Exemplary Performance Award list|website=grihaindia.org|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

===Transit academic campus===
[[File:IIT Jodhpur transit academic campus.jpg|thumb|Transit academic campus]]
Until the first migration of IITJ to the permanent campus, IIT Jodhpur used to function from its transit campus, at the Department of Computer Science, [[MBM Engineering College]]. The transit campus is separate from the main campus of MBM Engineering College. The transit academic campus has 20 laboratories, six classrooms of 50-person capacity and four classrooms of 200-person capacity. Two of the four large classrooms have networking and video conferencing facility to facilitate video-conferencing lectures.

The academic campus' sports facilities include basketball, football, cricket, volleyball and badminton courts.

===Transit residential campus===
[[File:Iitjhostels.JPG|thumb|Transit residential campus]]
IIT Jodhpur had set up its transit residential campus at Kendranchal colony on New Pali Road, Jodhpur. Faculty and students used to reside in the transit residential campus, which had a dining facility and a health center. It has courts for outdoor and indoor sports. There was a computer center and library annexure.

The residential campus was connected to the academic campus by institute's buses which run at frequent intervals.

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
{{see also|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has [[President of India]] as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT.
Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|deans]], heads of departments, registrar.

=== Departments ===
The Institute has organised its academic activities to be conducted through 15 Departments & Schools. The departments are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/department/index.php?id=departments|title=IITJ-Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|website=iitj.ac.in|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref>
* School of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
* [https://www.iitj.ac.in/school-of-design/ School of Design]
* [https://www.iitj.ac.in/schools/en/School-of-Management-&-Entrepreneurship/ School of Management & Entrepreneurship]
* School of Liberal Arts (SoLA)
* Biosciences and Bioengineering
* Chemical Engineering
* Chemistry
* [https://iitj.ac.in/department/index.php?id=civil Civil and Infrastructure Engineering]
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Electrical Engineering
* Humanities & Social Sciences
* Metallurgical & Materials Engineering
* Mathematics
* Mechanical Engineering
* Physics

==Academics==
=== Admissions ===
For undergraduates, IIT Jodhpur offers BTech programs. Admissions to BTech programs are carried through [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination]], after completing 10+2 schooling.

For PG Courses, it offers MTech, MSc, MSc – MTech,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/academics/index.php?id=acad_program&&prog=48|title=Details of MSc – MTech Program, IITJ}}</ref> MTech – PhD,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/academics/index.php?id=acad_program&&prog=50|title=Details of Dual Degree Program, IITJ}}</ref> MBA, MDes<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Design MDes Admission |url=https://iitj.ac.in/school-of-design/admission-mdes-2025.php }}</ref> and PhD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/admission/phd.php?id=eligibility|title=PhD admission eligibility at IITJ}}</ref> programs. The Mtech - PhD program however is now discontinued with 2024 batch as the last intake. IIT Jodhpur also offers MedTech and MedTech - PhD program in collaboration with AIIMS Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Technologies {{!}} IIT Jodhpur |url=https://iitj.ac.in/medical-technologies/en/medical-technologies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720024614/https://iitj.ac.in/medical-technologies/en/medical-technologies |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.iitj.ac.in}}</ref> The eligibility criteria for MTech involves degree in BTech, B.E. or BSc (Engineering) with at least 60% marks or 6.5/10 Cumulative Performance Index (CPI) or Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). A valid [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score is necessary for considering enrollment for MTech program. The MSc programs are administered through [[Joint Admission Test for MSc|JAM]] exam with other minimum qualifying criterion in place.

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=India Rankings 2025: Engineering
| NIRF_E_2024= 27
}}

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur was ranked in 28th place among engineering colleges by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2024/>

==Research==
At IIT Jodhpur sponsored research and development programs were and are carried out in Centers of Excellence in the areas of information and communication technology, energy, and [[systems sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/sites/default/files/externalpeer-review/12/ffda337401ebd1bf7e5c180e94.pdf |title=External Peer Review Report 29-30 June to 1 July 2014|website=iitsystem.ac.in}}</ref> The French government had shown its interest in helping IIT Jodhpur develop its research and academic institute. IIT Jodhpur has signed an Agreement on Academic Exchanges and MoU with Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitj.ac.in/collaborations/index.php?id=news_archives&num=370&item=academic_collaboration|title=Collaboration of IITJ and Nara Institute, Japan}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Cultural festivals===
The annual inter-collegiate festival Ignus,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ignus.co.in|title=IGNUS, Annual Festival of IIT Jodhpur}}</ref> usually held in the month of February is a cultural and technical festival hosted by the student body. It features competitions and events involving participants from all over the country, and concerts by eminent performers.

The annual inter-collegiate sports week, Varchas is another event organized by the student body. It involves participation from a number of institutes around the country in various sports competitions including athletics, badminton, basketball, football, cricket, chess, tennis, table tennis, volleyball and Jodhpur mini-marathon.

Students are also actively involved in activities like [[dramatics]], [[literary arts]], [[stargazing]], music, [[quizzing]], and [[fine arts]]. The Entrepreneurship Cell, which supports the growth of [[startups]] involves the student community in innovation and business activities as well.

==See also==
* [[List of universities and higher education colleges in Jodhpur]]
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI) Jodhpur

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iitj.ac.in Official website, IIT Jodhpur]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Jodhpur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Technology Jodhpur}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Colleges in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Pulapre Balakrishnan

2026-02-10T02:37:28Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new a stub

{{short description|Indian economist and educationalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Economist
| name = Pulapre Balakrishnan
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|04|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]) [[Madras Christian College]] [[University of Madras]] (1975) ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (1977) ([[Master of Philosophy|M. Phil.]]), [[University of Oxford]] (1981) ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]) [[University of Cambridge]] (1988)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Economist]]
| workplaces = {{ublist|[[University of Oxford]]|[[Indian Statistical Institute|Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi]]|[[IIM Kozhikode]] | [[Centre for Development Studies]] [[Ashoka University]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
}}

'''Pulapre Balakrishnan''' (Malayalam: പുലപ്രെ ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]] and educationalist. He has served as the director of [[Centre for Development Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=Pulapre Balakrishnan to be new CDS director - Yahoo News India |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/pulapre-balakrishnan-cds-director.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112133940/https://in.news.yahoo.com/pulapre-balakrishnan-cds-director.html |archive-date=2015-01-12 |website=Yahoo News! India}}</ref> and Professor at [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]].

==Early life and education==
Pulapre Balakrishnan was born in his ancestral village of Klari, [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]] on 4 April 1955. He was educated in schools of [[Moscow]] and completed his [[bachelor of arts|B.A]] from [[University of Madras]] and his [[Master of Arts|M.A]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], his [[Master of Philosophy]] from [[Oxford University]] and his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[Cambridge University]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Curriculum Vitae
| url = http://www.pulaprebalakrishnan.in/node/292
| website = Pulapre Balakrishnan
| access-date = 9 November 2025}}</ref>

==Academic work==
Pulapre has written in the professional journals and is the author of the books ‘Pricing and Inflation in India’ (OUP India, 1991),<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=14330 |title=Fiscal Stance, Credibility and Inflation Persistence in India |last=Kumar |first=Pankaj |last2=Mitra |first2=Pratik |date=July 26, 2012 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |issue=13 |volume=RBI Working Paper Series}}</ref> ‘Economic Growth in India: History and Prospect’ (OUP India, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/economic-growth-in-india-9780198065470?cc=in&lang=en& |title=Economic Growth in India - Pulapre Balakrishnan - Oxford University Press |website=global.oup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053925/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/economic-growth-in-india-9780198065470?cc=in&lang=en& |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> and 'Politics Trumps Economics' along with [[Bimal Jalan]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/the-elusive-equilibrium/article6330148.ece| title = The elusive equilibrium - Tirupati - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 19 August 2014| last1 = Subramanian| first1 = K.}}</ref> Balakrishnan has held appointments at Worcester College Oxford, the Indian Statistical Institute at Delhi, the Indian Institute of Management at Kozhikode, and [[Ashoka University]] in Haryana. He has served as Country Economist for Ukraine at the World Bank and been consultant to the International Labour Organisation, the Reserve Bank of India and the United Nations Development Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} Pulapre Balakrishnan |url=http://pulaprebalakrishnan.in/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=pulaprebalakrishnan.in}}</ref> He has for over two decades intervened in the public debate on India's economy via his popular writings. He is the recipient of the Malcolm Adiseshiah Award for Distinguished Contribution to Development Studies (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-25 |title=Malcolm Adiseshiah award for Pulapre Balakrishnan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/malcolm-adiseshiah-award-for-pulapre-balakrishnan/article23158840.ece |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pulaprebalakrishnan.in/ Personal website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishnan, Pulapre}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian development economists]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Korba Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-08T23:06:45Z

MargueriteMcEwan: adding a entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Korba
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|reservation= None
| established = 2008
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Jyotsna Charan Das Mahant]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bharatpur-Sonhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur-Sonhat]] [[Manendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manendragarh]] [[Baikunthpur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Baikunthpur]] [[Rampur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] [[Korba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Korba]] [[Katghora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katghora]] [[Pali-Tanakhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pali-Tanakhar]] [[Marwahi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marwahi]]
}}
'''Korba''' is one of 11 [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]]. It was formed as per the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission]].

{{Pie chart|value1=75|value2=25|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC'''(3 times)]]|label2=[[Bhartiya Janta Party|'''BJP'''(1 times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|caption=Most successful parties from Korba lok sabha}}

==Assembly segments==
Korba Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title=CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date=2008-11-23
|work=Chhattisgarh
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date=2008-12-04
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|1
|[[Bharatpur-Sonhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur-Sonhat]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Koriya district|Koriya]]
|[[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2
|[[Manendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manendragarh]]
|[[Shyam Bihari Jaiswal]]
|-
|3
|[[Baikunthpur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Baikunthpur]]
|[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
|-
|20
|[[Rampur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" |[[Korba district|Korba]]
|[[Phool Singh Rathiya]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|21
|[[Korba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
|[[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|22
|[[Katghora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katghora]]
|[[Premchand Patel]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|23
|[[Pali-Tanakhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pali-Tanakhar]] (ST)
|[[Tuleshwar Hira Singh Markam]]
| {{party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|-
|24
|[[Marwahi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marwahi]] (ST)
|[[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi]]
|[[Pranav Kumar Marpachi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Charan Das Mahant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Banshilal Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Korba district|Korba]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Korba">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Korba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S264.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731170248/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S264.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=5,70,182
|percentage=46.53
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Saroj Pandey]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=5,26,899
|percentage=43.00
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Shyam Singh Markam
|party= Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes=48,587
|percentage=3.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,097
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,283
|percentage = 3.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,26,934
|percentage = 75.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Korba district|Korba]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jyotsna Charan Das Mahant]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,23,410
|percentage = 46.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jyoti Nand Dubey
|votes = 4,97,061
|percentage = 43.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Tuleshwar Hirasingh Markam
|votes = 37,417
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 19,305
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parmit Singh
|votes = 15880
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =26,349
|percentage =2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,37,423
|percentage = 75.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Korba district|Korba]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Banshilal Mahto|Dr. Banshilal Mahto]]
|votes = 4,39,002
|percentage = 40.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Charan Das Mahant]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,34,737
|percentage = 40.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Hirasingh Markam
|votes = 52,753
|percentage =4.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Jeevan Lal Raoutel
|votes = 18,459
|percentage =1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amar Nath Pandey
|votes = 14,594
|percentage =1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,265
|percentage =0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,52,839
|percentage = 73.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Korba district|Korba]] }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Charan Das Mahant]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =3,14,616
|percentage = 42.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karuna Shukla
|votes =2,93,879
|percentage =39.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate =Hira Singh Markaam
|votes =32,962
|percentage =4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Shambhu Prasad Sharma Advocate
|votes = 23,136
|percentage =3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =20,737
|percentage =2.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,45,612
|percentage = 58.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.34|82.76|display=title}}

2. http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/parliamentary-constituencies/korba.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korba (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Korba district]]
[[Category:Koriya district]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Korba, Chhattisgarh]]

Chandrakanta (novel)

2026-01-31T18:16:50Z

MargueriteMcEwan: add information as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|1888 epic fantasy book by Devaki Nandan Khatri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Sawita
| title_orig =
| image = 
| caption = sneha verma
| author = [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| series =
| genre = [[Fantasy novel]]
| publisher = Lehri Book Depot, Varanasi, India
| release_date = 1888
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| dewey = 891.433
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Chandrakanta''''' is an [[epic fantasy]] [[Hindi]] novel by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]. Published in 1888, it was the first modern Hindi novel. It gained a cult following, and contributed to the popularity of the Hindi language. The copyright on the novel expired in 1964 and it is now in the public domain, along with other titles by the author.

It inspired Nirja Guleri's mega-budget TV serial [[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|of the same name]] (though the screenplay had many differences from the novel) which became one of the biggest-ever blockbusters in the history of Indian television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/chandrakanta-the-show-in-which-irrfan-won-hearts-four-lines-at-a-time/412322/|title=Chandrakanta, the show in which Irrfan won hearts four lines at a time|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=2 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Story==
The story is a romantic fantasy about two lovers who belong to rival kingdoms: the princess Chandrakanta of [[Vijaygarh Fort|Vijaygarh]], and the prince Virendra Singh of [[Naugarh]]. Krur Singh, a member of the Vijaygarh king's court dreams of marrying Chandrakanta and taking over the throne. When Krur Singh fails in his endeavor, he flees the kingdom and befriends Shivdutt, the powerful neighboring king of Chunargarh (referring to the fort in [[Chunar]] that inspired Khatri to write the novel). Krur Singh coaxes Shivdutt to ensnare Chandrakanta at any cost. Shivdutt captures Chandrakanta and while running away from Shivdutt, Chandrakanta finds herself a prisoner in a ''tilism''. Eventually, Kunvar Virendra Singh breaks the tilism and fights with Shivdutt with the help of aiyyars.

The Story slowly unfolds into Chandrakanta being kidnapped and getting rescued by Chapla. However, they get trapped into a [[Talisman|Tilism]] by a quirk of fate. Prince Virender Singh starts breaking the Tilism to free Chandrakanta. The Story unfolds around the efforts of Virender Singh for breaking Tilism and King Shivdutt trying to stop him to do the deed himself.

''Chandrakanta'', the novel, has many sequels, prominent being a 7-book series (''[[Chandrakanta Santati]]'') dealing with the adventures of Chandrakanta and Virendra Singh's children in another major tilism.

==Adaptations==
''Chandrakanta'' was made into a [[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|television serial]] in the mid-1990s by its creator, writer, producer and director Nirja Guleri and this mega-budget serial went on to become one of the blockbusters on Indian television. The serial also introduced many new characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-20 |title=जानिए 90's के फेमस टीवी शो 'चंद्रकांता' के ये 7 कलाकार कहां हैं अब |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/kunwar-veerendra-singh-to-shivdutt-and-krur-singh-iconic-characters-know-where-are-these-7-actors-of-90-s-famous-tv-show-chandrakanta-now-2043059 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=hi}}</ref>

A new serial named ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' was started in 2011 on [[Sahara One]] TV Channel, based on Khatri's next novel in the ''Chandrakanta'' series named ''[[Chandrakanta Santati]]'' (story about Chandrakanta's sons) by the director [[Sunil Agnihotri]], with same degree of deviations from the original Devki Nandan Khatri novel. The story of ''Chandrakanta Santati'' was much different from the story shown in that show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahani Chandrakanta Ki |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-kahani-chandrakanta-ki-series-online-d1f59750eb6fe1c9714c0704f34a3655 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[MX Player]]}}</ref>

Indian filmmaker [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] tried producing a film adaptation of the book, which was to be directed by [[Ram Madhvani]]. The film was to have been titled ''[[Taalismaan]]'' and included [[Amitabh Bachchan]] among the cast, playing an Aiyyar. Abhishek Bachchan was to be seen in this screen adaption of the tale of Chandrakanta. The film was never made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=[EXCLUSIVE] Remember Amitabh Bachchan's shelved epic fantasy Taalismaan? Director Ram Madhvani reveals details |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/article/exclusive-remember-amitabh-bachchans-shelved-epic-fantasy-taalismaan-aarya-director-ram-madhvani-reveals-details/604037 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[Zoom TV India]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, two more TV adaptations were planned. The one on the channel [[Life Ok]] and titled ''[[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta]]'' again tries to retell the story. Unfortunately,the ending was not shown because the channel changed from [[Life Ok]] to [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrakanta |url=https://www.hotstar.com/us/tv/chandrakanta/13307 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[Hotstar]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Colors TV]] also started a TV show with the name [[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|''Chandrakanta'']]. Its story is totally different from the original novel. It was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrakanta |url=https://www.colorstv.com/shows/chandrakanta/ |website=[[Colors TV]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
''Chandrakanta'' was followed by ''[[Chandrakanta Santati]]'' (in 6 Volumes). The sequel chronicles the adventures of sons of ''Chandrakanta.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrakanta Santati Vol.I by Devaki Nandan Khatri |url=https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/1-chandrakanta-santati-vol-i-hindi-edition |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[Rakuten Kobo]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chunar Fort]]
* [[Umro Ayyar]], a famous fictional ayyar, the basis of the ayyars in the novel
* [[Vijaygarh Fort]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gadyakosh.org/gk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_/_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 Complete ''Chandrakanta'' in Gadya Kosh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102027/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Chandra%20kanta&author1=devaki%20nandan%20khatri&subject1=litrature&year=1997%20&language1=hindi&pages=225&barcode=5990010044671&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=library%20book%20center%20delhi%20110006&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=iiit%2C%20allahabad&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=hindustani%20academy%20allahabad&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2029-12-04&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=tiff%20&url=%2Fdata%2Fupload%2F0044%2F676 ''Chandrakanta''] at the Digital Library of India

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakanta (Novel)}}
[[Category:1888 novels]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:1888 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:Romantic fantasy novels]]
[[Category:High fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novels]]
[[Category:Novels about royalty]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Fantasy novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Nepali

2026-01-24T10:36:44Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating first biography needs work

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of Sahitya Akademi translation prizes for their works written in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp | title=..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize :: }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 1994 || Karna Thami || Sakanta Ka Kavitaharu || Collection || Bengali || Poetry || [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Shiva Shamsher Rasaily || Biraj Dulahi || Biraj Bahoo || Bengali || Novel || [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Chabilal Upadhyaya || Chandragupta || Chandragupta || Hindi || Play || [[Jaishankar Prasad]] ||
|-
| 1999 || Kiran Kumar Rai || Ardhabritta Jivanyatra || Aadha Lekha Dastavej || Assamese || Novel || [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami|Indira Goswami]] ||
|-
| 2000 || B. Yonjan || Krishnachandraka Katha || Collection || Urdu || Short Stories || [[Krishan Chander]] ||
|-
| 2001 || Durga Khatiwoda || Brahmaputta Ka Chhalharoo || Galpar Gaspera || Assamese || Short Stories || Dinesh Sharma ||
|-
| 2002 || Shanti Thapa || Namghare || Namgharia || Assamese || Novel || Atulananda Goswami ||
|-
| 2003 || Subhas Deepak || Pal-Vipal || Pal-Khin || Dogri || Novel || Om Goswami ||
|-
| 2004 || Bhanu Chhetri || Mero Desh Mero Manche Haru || Na Desam Na Prajalu || Telugu || Epic || Seshendra Sharma ||
|-
| 2005 || Pushpadhar Sharma || Hiren Bhattacharyako Nirbachita Kavita || Collection || Assamese || Poetry || [[Hiren Bhattacharyya]] ||
|-
| 2006 || K.B. Nepali || Meghdoot || [[Meghadūta]] || Sanskrit || Poetry || [[Kālidāsa|Kalidas]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Jeewan Rana || Dr. Vidya Bindu Singh Ka Kehi Kavitaharu || Collection || Hindi || Poetry || [[Vidya Vindu Singh]] ||
|-
| 2009 || Om Narayan Gupta || Haivadan || [[Hayavadana]] || Kannada || Play || [[Girish Karnad]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Tarapati Upadhyaya || Ananda Math || [[Anandamath]] || Bengali || Novel || [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya]] ||
|-
| 2011 || Khemraj Nepal || Avinasi || Avinashi || Sanskrit || Novel || Biswanarayan Shastri ||
|-
| 2012 || Gita Upadhyaya || Darbarki Susare || Karengar Ligiri || Assamese || Play || [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]] ||
|-
| 2013 || I.K. Singh || Maila Anchal || [[Maila Anchal]] || Hindi || Novel || [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Dambarmani Pradhan || Malai Jun Chahinchha || Mujhe Chand Chahiye || Hindi || Novel || [[Surendra Verma]] ||
|-
| 2015 || Shankar Pradhan || Birataki Padmini || Virata Ki Padmini || Hindi || Novel || [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Gyanbahadur Chhetri || Khoji || Talash || Poetry || Novel || Brajendra Tripathi ||
|-
| 2017 || Chandramani Upadhyaya || Jibanka Batama || Jibanar Batot || Assamese || Novel || Bina Baruah ||
|-
| 2018 || Monica Mukhia || Yo Prachin Veena || Yo Prachin Beena || Malayalam || Poetry || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Sachin Rai 'Dumi' || Bojule Bhaneko Katha || [[Grandmother's Tale]] || English || Novel || [[R. K. Narayan]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Bhawani Adhikari || Euta Pistol Euta Kunda Puspa || Pistol Ama Kunda Lei Ama || Manipuri || Short Stories || Elangbam Dinamani || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Sanjib Upadhyaya || Babu-Chhora || Pita-Putra || Assamese || Novel || Homen Borgohain || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Purna Kumar Sarmah || Shantanukulanandan || Shantanukulanandan || Assamese || Novel || [[Purabi Bormudoi]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Chhatraman Subba || Kayakalpa || Kayakalpa || Assamese || Novel || [[Lakshmi Nandan Bora]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#NEPALI Akademi Translation Prizes For Nepali Language]

{{Nepali language}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Nepali]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Nepali literary institutions]]
[[Category:Nepali language-related lists]]

Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung

2026-01-21T03:04:12Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating first info w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Coord|26|42|59.4|N|94|12|38.8|E|display=title}}

{{infobox school
| name = Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung

| type = Private
| image = Dbhss-baghchung-jorhat-logo.png
| location = Baghchung, Na-Ali
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| city = [[Jorhat]]
| zipcode = 785008
| established = c1986
| affiliation = [[Assam State School Education Board]]
| grades = Nursery-12
| superintendent =
| principal = Fr. Angel Kuldeep SDB
| houses = Red, Green, Blue, Yellow
| motto = Virtue and Knowledge
| website = https://www.dbsjorhat.in/ }}

'''Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung''' is a [[Catholic]] and minority Educational Institutions run by the [[Salesians]] of [[Don Bosco]] of [[Dimapur]] Province. It is a registered body under the Societies Registration Act 1860, and has its Regional Office at Don Bosco Provincial House, [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Don Bosco Higher Secondary School | url=https://www.dbsjorhat.in/about-our-school }}</ref>

The school follows the educational system developed and advocated by [[John Bosco|St. John Bosco]], a renowned educator of youth.

It is the first school in [[Northeast India]] to completely power itself with solar energy. The initiative was undertaken with funds allotted by the former chief minister of Assam, [[Tarun Gogoi]]. The idea was floated in 2014 and implementation began in 2015, as part of the year-long birth bicentenary celebrations of John Bosco<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Northeast Region Embraces Clean Energy to Be Self-Reliant in Energy Sector |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/indias-northeast-region-embraces-clean-energy-self-reliant-energy-sector|work=Saur Energy |date=February 18, 2017 |access-date=2025-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Don Bosco achieves solar feat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/don-bosco-achieves-solar-feat/cid/1411105 |newspaper=The Telegraph India |date= |access-date=2025-09-20}}</ref>

[[File:Dbhss Baghchung Jorhat.jpg |thumb|center|500px|Front building of DBHSS-Baghchung]]

==Location==

Don Bosco High School, Baghchung, is located about 5.5 km from [[Jorhat|Jorhat Town]] on Jorhat - Titabor road (SH32).

==Academics==
Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung, Jorhat is a school recognised by the [[Assam State School Education Board]] (ASSEB). As of 2025, the school conducts classes from Nursery to Class 12 and follows the state curricula and yearly planner. For Classes 11 and 12, students can choose between the Science and Arts streams.

Subjects that are taught in the school include English, Assamese, Social Studies, Science, Mathematics, Advanced Mathematics, Computer Science, Geography, History, Moral Science, General Knowledge, Music and Hindi. Additionally, there are subjects like Abacus and Vedic Maths.

===Collaboration with Physics Wallah Vidyapeeth===

In a significant move to enhance the academic offerings, Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung, has partnered with [[Physics Wallah]] Vidyapeeth to introduce the School Integrated Program (SIP). This collaboration aims to provide students with access to high-quality educational resources and expert instruction, particularly in preparation for competitive exams like [[JEE]] and [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung in collaboration with Physics Wallah |url=https://www.facebook.com/dbsjorhat/posts/don-bosco-higher-secondary-school-baghchung-in-collaboration-with-physics-wallah/602915162562687/ |website=Facebook |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=School Integrated Program with Physics Wallah |url=https://www.dbsjorhat.in/ |website=Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung |url=https://www.pw.live/sip/school/all |website=Physics Wallah |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Don Bosco baghchung Campus Children Park View.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pathway leading to the children's park on the campus]]
The school has air conditioned smart classrooms. It also has [[physics]], [[biology]] and [[chemistry]] laboratories, a library and two computer labs with [[Windows]] computers.

The campus has a basketball court and two large playgrounds surrounded by greenery, providing space for sports and outdoor activities. Additionally, there is a children’s park, a small hostel with a capacity of approximately 50 students, two canteens, and access to clean drinking water.

==Achievements==
Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Baghchung, is renowned for its consistent performance in the [[HSLC]] examinations, producing numerous rank holders over the years. Recent notable achievements include:

* In HSLC 2018, Angana Hazarika occupied the eight position with an aggregate of 586 marks <ref>{{cite web | title=Girls steal limelight in Jorhat | date=26 May 2018 | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/girls-steal-limelight-in-jorhat }}</ref>

* Chinmoy Hazarika, the second rank holder in the HSLC examination, 2019 from DBHSS-Baghchung has brought laurels to Jorhat in Eastern Assam.<ref>https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-chinmoy-brings-laurels-being-only-rank-holder-from-jorhat-in-hslc.html</ref>

* Samadrita Sarmah and Olivia Bora from DBHSS-Baghchung secured 4th and 8th position in [[HSLC]] examination 2020 <ref>{{cite web | title=Assam HSLC/AHM Exam Results: 56.49 Pass Percentage Recorded | Check Merit List Here | url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assam-hslcahm-exam-results-5649-pass-percentage-recorded-merit-list-here }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dbsjorhat.in/ Official website]
*[https://youtube.com/@dbsjorhat?si=NRIb1dQBs-hXmxY5/ Official Youtube Channel]
*[https://www.instagram.com/dbsjorhat?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==/ Official Instagram page]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]

Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India

2026-01-20T20:30:38Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{Short description|Wholly owned Indian subsidiary of Honda}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India Private Limited
| logo = Honda Logo.svg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = Automotive
| products = Motorcycles, scooters
| production = {{increase}} 4,890,000 units (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/honda-motorcycle-sees-sharp-increase-in-revenue-profit-for-fy24-as-motorcycle-volumes-surge--124663|title=Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India}}</ref>
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|39237.6|c}} (2025) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/hmsi-posts-pat-of-3726-8-cr-in-fy25-highest-in-5-years/124388917|title=Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India}}</ref>
| net_income = {{up}}
{{INRConvert|3726.8|c}} (2025) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/hmsi-posts-pat-of-3726-8-cr-in-fy25-highest-in-5-years/124388917|title=Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India}}</ref>
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Honda|Honda Motor Company, Limited]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1999|08|20|df=yes}}
| location = [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
| homepage = https://www.honda2wheelersindia.com
}}

'''Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India, Pvt. Ltd.''', abbreviated as '''HMSI''', is the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of [[Honda|Honda Motor Company, Limited]], [[Japan]].<ref name="About">[http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/aboutus/default.asp HMSI --> About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804111602/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/aboutus/default.asp |date=2007-08-04 }}</ref> Founded in 1999,<ref name="About" /> it was the fourth Honda automotive venture in India, after [[Kinetic Honda]] Motor Ltd (1984–1998), [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]] (1984–2011) and [[Honda Cars India|Honda Siel Cars India]] (1995–2012).<ref name="GroupCompanies">[http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/aboutus/groupcompanies.asp HMSI --> About Us --> The Group Companies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213945/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/aboutus/groupcompanies.asp |date=2007-08-13 }}</ref> HMSI was established in 1999 at [[Manesar]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurugram]], Haryana.

==Manufacturing Plants==
Total capacity = 7.05 million units per annum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/honda-2wheelers-indias-third-scooter-assembly-line-at-gujarat-plant-goes-on-stream-118570|title=Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India}}</ref>
*Plant 1: [[Manesar]], [[Gurugram District|Gurugram]] ([[Haryana]]) - 1.6 million units
*Plant 2: Tapukara, [[Alwar District|Alwar]] (Rajasthan) - 1.2 million units
*Plant 3: Narsapura, [[Kolar District|Kolar]] (Karnataka) - 2.4 million units
*Plant 4: Vitthalapur, [[Ahmedabad District|Ahmedabad]] (Gujarat) - 1.85 million units

== Vehicles ==

===Motorcycles===
*[[Honda Unicorn]]
*[[Honda SP 125]]
*[[Honda Shine|Honda Shine 125]]
*[[Honda CB Series|CB125 Hornet]]
*[[Honda Livo]]
*[[Honda Shine 100]]
*Honda SP 160
*Honda Hornet 2.0 [[File:Honda_Hornet_2.0_Repsol_Edition.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Honda Repsol Team|Honda Hornet 2.0]]
*[[Honda Transalp|XL750 Transalp]]
*CB350RS
*H'ness CB350
*CB350
*CB300F
*NX200
*[[Honda CMX500 Rebel|Rebel 500]]

===Scooters===
* [[Honda Dio|Dio]]
* [[Honda Activa|Activa-6G]]
* [[Honda Activa|Activa 125]]
* Dio 125
* Honda X-ADV 750

===Sport bikes, Touring bikes, Adventure bikes===
* [[Honda Gold Wing|GoldWing]]
* [[Honda CB1000R|CB1000R]]
* [[Honda CBR650R|CBR650R]]
* [[Honda 500 twins|NX500]]
* [[Honda CB series|CB750 Hornet]]
* [[Honda CB series|CB1000 Hornet SP]]
* [[Honda CB650R|CB650R]]
* [[Honda CBR1000RR|CBR1000RR]]
* [[Honda CB500X|CB500X]]
*[[Honda_Africa_Twin|Africa Twin]]

==Discontinued==
===Scooters===
*Honda Eterno
*[[Honda Aviator]]
*Honda Cliq
*Honda Navi
*Honda Activa-i
*Honda Activa (1st Generation)
*Honda Activa (2nd Generation)
*Honda Activa 3g
*Honda Activa 4g
*Honda Activa 5g
*Honda Grazia
===Electric Scooters===
*Honda QC1
*Honda Activa-e

===Motorcycles/Sports Bikes===
*[[Honda_CB_Trigger|Honda CB Trigger 150]]
*[[Honda_Unicorn|Honda CB Unicorn Dazzler 150]]
*[[Honda_CB_Twister|Honda CB Twister 110]]
*[[Honda_CBF125|Honda CBF Stunner 125]]
*[[Honda Hornet|Honda Hornet 160r]]
*[[Honda_CBR150R|Honda CBR 150R]]
*[[Honda CBR250R (2011)|Honda CBR 250R]]
*[[Honda_CBR650F|Honda CBR 650F]]
*[[Honda Dream Yuga]]
*[[Honda Stunner]]
*[[Honda Dream Neo]]
*[[Honda CB Unicorn 160]]
*[[Honda CB Shine SP]]
*Honda X-Blade
*Honda CD110 Dream Deluxe
*Honda CB300R

== ISO 14001 ==
HMSI got ISO 14001 certification in December 2002. HMSI plans to use the [[PDCA]] cycle for its environmental management system.<ref name="Environment">[http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/hondawindow/environment.asp HMSI --> Honda Window --> Environment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213852/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/hondawindow/environment.asp |date=2007-08-13 }}</ref>
==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com}}

* [https://www.carbike360.com/scooters/honda/qc1 Honda QC1 – on CarBike360]

{{Honda}}
{{Two wheelers in India}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hmsi}}
[[Category:Honda]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Scooter manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]

Katihar Engineering College

2026-01-19T13:29:15Z

MargueriteMcEwan: enhance formatting also and improved wording

{{short description|Government engineering college in Katihar, Bihar}}
{{moresources|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Katihar Engineering College logo.png
| caption =
| native_name = कटिहार अभियंत्रण महाविद्यालय
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}
| type = Public
| affiliation = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| principal = Smt. Ranjana Kumari<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/ListOfOfficers.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Principal, Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>
| free_label = Approvals
| free = [[AICTE]]
| website = {{URL|http://keck.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Katihar Engineering College''' is a government engineering college affiliated with [[Bihar Engineering University]], [[Patna]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx|title=List of Engineering Colleges under Bihar Engineering University|last=|first=|date=|website=Official Website : Bihar Engineering University|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It is managed by the [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar | Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar ]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/EngineeringCollegeDetails.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003134532/http://dst.bih.nic.in/EngineeringCollegeDetails.aspx|archive-date=2014-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The college was established in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/engineering-college-in-katihar-from-next-year-5923120.html|title=कटिहार में अगले साल मार्च से शुरू होगी इंजीनियरिंग की पढ़ाई, 500 छात्रों का होगा दाखिला|date=2018-07-24|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> It is situated at [[Katihar district]].

== Admission ==
Admission in the Bachelor's in Technology course is made through [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]], conducted by [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]].

== Departments ==
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering | Electrical and Electronic Engineering]]
* [[Food Engineering | Food Processing Preservation Engineering]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://keck.ac.in/ Official website]
* [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website]
* [http://beu-bih.ac.in/ Bihar Engineering University website]
* [http://dst.bih.nic.in/ DST, Bihar website]

{{Bihar Engineering University}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bihar Engineering University]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]

War (2019 soundtrack)

2026-01-14T10:27:25Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = War
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]
| cover = War (2019 soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 27 September 2019
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio = Vishal and Shekhar Studio, [[Mumbai]] [[YRF Studios]], Mumbai Purple Haze Studio, [[New Delhi]] Mastering World, [[Wales]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:24
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| producer = Abhijit Nalani
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|HCv-0a9rpWc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = War
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Khaali Peeli]]
| next_year = 2020
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = War
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Panga (film)|Panga]]
| next_year = 2020
}}
}}

'''''War''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2019 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] [[War (2019 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Siddharth Anand]], starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Vaani Kapoor]]. The soundtrack to the film featured two songs composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and three [[instrumental]] themes from the [[film score]] composed by [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]. It was released by YRF Music on 27 September 2019.

== Release ==
''War'''s soundtrack was preceded with the first single "[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]" released on 5 September 2019. It was written by [[Kumaar]], and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Shilpa Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Song check: In 'Ghungroo' from 'War', a funky duet by Shilpa Rao and Arijit Singh |url=https://scroll.in/reel/936321/song-check-in-ghungroo-from-war-a-funky-duet-by-shilpa-rao-and-arijit-singh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016143646/https://scroll.in/reel/936321/song-check-in-ghungroo-from-war-a-funky-duet-by-shilpa-rao-and-arijit-singh |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Scroll.in|date=5 September 2019 }}</ref> The song was choreographed by [[Bosco–Caesar]] and [[Tushar Kalia]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=War song Ghungroo: Hrithik Roshan, Vaani Kapoor turn up the heat in this beachy, sunny number |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-turn-up-the-heat-in-this-beachy-sunny-number/story-rsLMNjKlMwXW4njBktu3lJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412163232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-turn-up-the-heat-in-this-beachy-sunny-number/story-rsLMNjKlMwXW4njBktu3lJ.html |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> which was shot at the [[Positano]] beach in [[Italy]] and [[Amalfi Coast]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='War' song 'Ghungroo': Hrithik Roshan and Vaani Kapoor flaunt their impeccable dance moves in this sizzling song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-and-vaani-kapoor-flaunt-their-impeccable-dance-moves-in-this-sizzling-song/articleshow/70989252.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416013821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-and-vaani-kapoor-flaunt-their-impeccable-dance-moves-in-this-sizzling-song/articleshow/70989252.cms |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=War song Ghungroo: You will slowly warm up to Hrithik and Vaani's party number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ghungroo-song-war-film-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-video-beach-party-5967759/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020254/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ghungroo-song-war-film-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-video-beach-party-5967759/ |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The second single "Jai Jai Shivshankar" was released on 21 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2019 |title=War song Jai Jai Shivshankar: Hrithik Roshan-Tiger Shroff deliver the promised dance-off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/war-song-jai-jai-shivshankar-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-dance-off-6015592/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925150003/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/war-song-jai-jai-shivshankar-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-dance-off-6015592/ |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2019 |title=War song Jai Jai Shivshankar: Hrithik, Tiger compete on dance floor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/war-song-jai-jai-shivshankar-song-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-dance-battle-won-t-let-you-take-your-eyes-off-them/story-8m5XUEpUkSXmahn3MOFZpK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928034357/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/war-song-jai-jai-shivshankar-song-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-dance-battle-won-t-let-you-take-your-eyes-off-them/story-8m5XUEpUkSXmahn3MOFZpK.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The hook of the song is inspired from the eponymous song sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] from ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'' (1974).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=28 September 2019 |title=Music review: War |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-war/articleshow/71325672.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926002855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-war/articleshow/71325672.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was sung by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Benny Dayal]], and choreographed by Bosco–Caesar; set against the backdrop of [[Holi]] celebrations, the song featured Roshan and Shroff dancing at the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=21 September 2019 |title=Hrithik and Tiger Have a Colourful Dance-Off in New 'War' Song |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/hrithik-tiger-dance-off-jai-jai-shivashankar-war-song-composed-by-vishal-shekhar-2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924145322/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/hrithik-tiger-dance-off-jai-jai-shivashankar-war-song-composed-by-vishal-shekhar-2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=War Jai Jai Shiv Shankar out: Hrithik Roshan and Tiger Shroff dance off to new Holi song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-jai-jai-shiv-shankar-out-hrithik-roshan-and-tiger-shroff-dance-off-to-new-holi-song-1601566-2019-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813192327/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-jai-jai-shiv-shankar-out-hrithik-roshan-and-tiger-shroff-dance-off-to-new-holi-song-1601566-2019-09-21 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by YRF Music on 27 September.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vishal–Shekhar |author-link=Vishal–Shekhar |date=27 September 2019 |title=War (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0z7bJ6UpjUw8U4TATtc5Ku |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226192444/https://open.spotify.com/album/0z7bJ6UpjUw8U4TATtc5Ku |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 14:24
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]
| music1 = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| length1 = 5:02
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| title2 = Jai Jai Shivshankar
| music2 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Benny Dayal]]
| length2 = 3:50
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| title3 = War Theme
| music3 = [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara|Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara]]
| extra3 = [[Instrumental]]
| length3 = 2:00
| lyrics3 = —
| title4 = Kabir's Theme
| music4 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 1:39
| lyrics4 = —
| title5 = Khalid's Theme
| note5 = Instrumental
| music5 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra5 = Vishal Dadlani
| length5 = 1:53
| lyrics5 = —
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 14:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Salangaigal
| music1 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra1 = [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Anusha Mani]]
| length1 = 5:03
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| title2 = Jai Jai Shiva Shankara
| music2 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra2 = Benny Dayal, [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length2 = 3:50
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| title3 = War Theme
| music3 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 2:00
| lyrics3 = —
| title4 = Kabir's Theme
| music4 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 1:40
| lyrics4 = —
| title5 = Khalid's Theme
| note5 = Instrumental
| music5 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra5 = Vishal Dadlani
| length5 = 1:54
| lyrics5 = —
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 14:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gunde Lo Thootlu Pade
| music1 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra1 = Rahul Vaidya, Anusha Mani
| length1 = 5:03
| lyrics1 = Chaitanya Prasad
| title2 = Jai Jai Shivshankar
| music2 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra2 = Benny Dayal, Nakash Aziz
| length2 = 3:50
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad
| title3 = War Theme
| music3 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 2:00
| lyrics3 = —
| title4 = Kabir's Theme
| music4 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 1:39
| lyrics4 = —
| title5 = Khalid's Theme
| note5 = Instrumental
| music5 = Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra5 = Vishal Dadlani
| length5 = 1:53
| lyrics5 = —
}}

== Reception ==
Debarati S Sen of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the song "Jai Jai Shivshankar" and stated that the duo "have woven the feel of unfettered revelry in the soundscape and that comes alive in the dance sequence";<ref name=":0" /> regarding "Ghungroo", she described the song as a "uber-modern twist" of the ghazal number "Ghungroo Toot Gaye" from ''[[Param Dharam]]'' (1987) and added that "electronic elements have been used generously in the soundscape which give the party track, a lazy yet groovy vibe".<ref name=":0" /> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' stated that the soundtrack "adds on further punch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2 October 2019 |title=War Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/war/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092018/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/war/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

Pratishruti Ganguly from ''[[Firstpost]]'' described that the songs, are "catchy in their own right, but lack repeat value";<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Pratishruti |date=28 September 2019 |title=War music review: Vishal-Shekhar's album is too short to leave an impression, lacks their signature spunk |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/war-music-review-vishal-shekhars-album-is-too-short-to-leave-an-impression-lacks-their-signature-spunk-7432231.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018221427/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/war-music-review-vishal-shekhars-album-is-too-short-to-leave-an-impression-lacks-their-signature-spunk-7432231.html |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> she was more critical of the album's length, adding "Had the album of War offered a longer selection, it probably would have been relatively easier to decide if the soundtrack warrants repeat listens."<ref name=":1" /> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' criticised the songs being "force-fitted" and added that "the background music by Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara has more impact than the two songs by Vishal–Shekhar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=5 April 2023 |title=War Movie Review: A Battle Won By Hrithik Roshan's Beauty |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/war-movie-review-a-battle-won-by-hrithik-roshans-beauty-anupama-chopra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405103526/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/war-movie-review-a-battle-won-by-hrithik-roshans-beauty-anupama-chopra |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> Swarup Chakravarthy of ''BollySpice'' wrote "the album never really gets going and definitely has no flow about it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Swarup |date=7 October 2019 |title=War Music Review |url=https://bollyspice.com/war-music-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210812/https://bollyspice.com/war-music-review/ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=BollySpice.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' called the music as "strictly passable".<ref>{{Cite web |title=War Movie Review: Hrithik Roshan and Tiger Shroff film is 154 minutes of only action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-1605495-2019-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025154713/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-tiger-shroff-1605495-2019-10-02 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Hanna Rachel Abraham of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' complimented the music as "decent" but "the songs are abruptly placed and add nothing to the story whatsoever except seeing Hrithik Roshan dance again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Hanna Rachel |date=2 October 2019 |title=War movie review: Hrithik, Tiger shine in this action-drama with little substance |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/10/02/war-movie-review-hrithik-tiger-shine-in-this-action-drama-with-little-substance.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007003948/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/10/02/war-movie-review-hrithik-tiger-shine-in-this-action-drama-with-little-substance.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[65th Filmfare Awards|15 February 2020]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Shilpa Rao]] ("Ghungroo")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |title=NOMINATIONS FOR 65TH AMAZON FILMFARE AWARDS 2020 |website=Filmfare|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners |title=WINNERS OF THE 65TH AMAZON FILMFARE AWARDS 2020 |website=Filmfare|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html |title=Technical Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 |website=Filmfare |date=31 January 2020|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-technical-and-short-film-award-winners-38901.html |title=65th Amazon Filmfare Award 2020 Technical and Short Film award winners |website=Filmfare |date=2 February 2020|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Bosco–Caesar]] ("Jai Jai Shiv Shankar")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Bosco–Caesar & [[Tushar Kalia]] ("Ghungroo")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[21st IIFA Awards|27–29 November 2020]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/Xl-zhxEAACIAaNIf/iifa-awards-2020-here-are-the-nominations |title=IIFA Awards 2020: Here are the nominations! |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/Xl-wFxEAACAAaMLb/iifa-technical-awards-2020-all-the-winners |title=IIFA Technical Awards 2020: All the Winners! |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Arijit Singh]] ("Ghungroo")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Shilpa Rao ("Ghungroo")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Sound Mixing]]
| Anuj Mathur – YRF Studios Pritam Das
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| Bosco–Caesar & Tushar Kalia ("Ghungroo")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[12th Mirchi Music Awards|19 February 2020]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Ghungroo"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/nominations-hindi-2020/ |title=Nominations for the 12th Smule Mirchi Music Awards 2020 |website=Mirchi Music Awards|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Shilpa Rao ("Ghungroo")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Song Engineer – Recording & Mixing
| Abhay Rumde & Vijay Dayal ("Ghungroo")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[26th Screen Awards|8 December 2019]]
| Best Choreography
| Bosco–Caesar & Tushar Kalia ("Ghungroo")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/screen-awards-2019-full-winners-list-ranveer-alia-ayushmann-bag-big-trophies-1626610-2019-12-09 |title=Screen Awards 2019 full winners list |website=India Today |date=9 December 2019|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 13 March 2020
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| Bosco–Caesar ("Jai Jai Shiv Shankar")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/zee-cine-awards-2020-winners-list-ranveer-singh-taapsee-pannu-ayushmann-khurrana-walk-away-with-trophies-1175146 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2020 Winners List |website=ABP News |date=14 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{YRF Spy Universe}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2019 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital

2026-01-06T00:20:43Z

MargueriteMcEwan: created basic stub v1

{{Short description|Teaching hospital for women and children in Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}
'''Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital''' (commonly '''SAT Hospital''') is a public women's and children's teaching hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the principal affiliated hospitals of the [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] (GMCT), and provides tertiary maternity, neonatal, pediatric, and reproductive medicine services for the southern districts of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.gmctvm.in/about |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.gmctvm.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Plans for a modern teaching hospital in Thiruvananthapuram date to the late 1940s. The [[Travancore royal family]] funded the construction of a women's and children's hospital in memory of Prince Sree Avittom Thirunal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=6-ാംവയസ്സിൽ മരിച്ച രാജകുമാരന്റെ ഓർമയ്ക്കായി നിർമിച്ച SAT ആശുപത്രി,ശ്രീചിത്തിര തിരുനാളിന്‍റെ തീരുമാനം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/health/features/the-story-behind-sat-hospital-thiruvananthaputam-ac2c1736 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> whose death prompted the then Maharaja, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], to support a dedicated maternal-and-child facility. The women's and children's hospital was dedicated in 1952 and became a cornerstone of the new medical college established in 1951.

== Campus and location ==
SAT Hospital is situated within the Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram campus in the Chalakuzhi–Ulloor area of the city, forming part of a large medical education and care complex alongside the Medical College Hospital, Regional Cancer Centre, [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]], and other institutions.

== Administration and affiliation ==
The hospital is administered by the Directorate of Medical Education, the Government of Kerala, and functions as a teaching unit of Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, which is affiliated with the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]].

== Clinical departments and services ==
SAT Hospital houses the maternal, neonatal, pediatric and allied subspecialty services of the medical college. As listed by GMCT, services based at SAT include:

* [[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]
* [[Pediatrics]] and multiple pediatric subspecialties – Neonatology, Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatric Gastroenterology,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Kerala's first pediatric gastroenterology department to be set up at SAT Hospital |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/keralas-first-pediatric-gastroenterology-department-to-be-set-up-at-sat-hospital/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref> Pediatric Surgery, Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical Genetics<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Genetics department at SAT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/genetics-department-at-sat/articleshow/106334983.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Reproductive medicine]]
* [[Maternal–fetal medicine]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-20 |title=SAT Hosp to establish state's first fetal medicine dept |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/sat-hospital-launches-first-fetal-medicine-department-in-kerala/articleshow/114399858.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Programs and centres ==

=== Reproductive medicine ===
The hospital's Department of Reproductive Medicine provides assisted reproductive technology services. As reported in 2025, the program had facilitated the birth of more than 500 babies through [[in vitro fertilisation]] (IVF) and related techniques, positioning SAT as a major public-sector fertility centre in the state<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Unnikrishnan |date=2025-01-23 |title=SAT Hospital now beacon of hope for those yearning for parenthood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/23/sat-hospital-now-beacon-of-hope-for-those-yearning-for-parenthood |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rare disease care and Centre of Excellence ===
In January 2023, SAT Hospital was notified as a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Rare Disease Treatment under India's National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), becoming the 11th such centre nationally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Kerala's SAT Hospital becomes 11th Centre of Excellence for Rare Disease Treatment |url=https://www.rarediseases.in/keralas-sat-hospital-becomes-11th-centre-of-excellence-for-rare-disease-treatment/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=IORD – Indian Organization for Rare Diseases |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Kerala subsequently launched the CARE project for rare diseases (2024). By January 2025, state officials reported the initiation of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) at SAT Hospital in 2024 and said over 100 children were receiving high-cost treatments under the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Kerala to launch rare disease patient registry and treatment clinic |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/kerala-to-launch-rare-disease-patient-registry-and-treatment-clinic/117548765 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

SAT has also been the site of notable rare-disease initiatives in pediatrics, such as providing pre-symptomatic treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) guided by international protocols, reported as a first in India at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Advanced pre-symptomatic treatment for spinal muscular atrophy provided in Kerala, first in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/advanced-pre-symptomatic-treatment-for-spinal-muscular-atrophy-provided-in-kerala-first-in-india/articleshow/121936059.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Human milk bank ===
In September 2024, Kerala’s third human breast milk bank was inaugurated at SAT Hospital to support nutrition for premature and low-birth-weight infants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Kerala's third breast milk bank opens at SAT hospital to support newborn nutrition |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/keralas-third-breast-milk-bank-opens-at-sat-hospital-to-support-newborn-nutrition-ryj0u7a1 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

The facility was established in collaboration with the Kerala State Women and Child Development Department and the National Health Mission, aiming to ensure the availability of safe, pasteurized donor human milk for neonates admitted to the hospital’s intensive care units.

== Academics and training ==
As a teaching hospital under GMCT, SAT provides clinical training for MBBS students as well as MD/MS residents in Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Pediatrics, offering 30 MS seats in Obstetrics & Gynaecology and 24 MD seats in Pediatrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Revised%20PG%20Seat%20Matrix%202024-25%20on%2031-03-2025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419021927/https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Revised%20PG%20Seat%20Matrix%202024-25%20on%2031-03-2025.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-19 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.nmc.org.in |url-status=live }}</ref> The hospital also hosts super-specialty programs relevant to SAT's services which include DM/MCh in Reproductive Medicine, Pediatric Surgery, Neonatology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/updates/courses |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.tmc.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> Pediatric Neurology, and Pediatric Nephrology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatric nephrology DM seats for TVM Medical College, first for a govt college in India |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/10/29/paediatric-nephrology-dm-seats-tvm-medical-college-first-for-govt-college-india.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Paediatric nephrology DM seats for TVM Medical College, first for a govt college in India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Children's hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Maternity hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Women's hospitals]]

8 Field Regiment (India)

2025-12-26T05:11:50Z

MargueriteMcEwan: fixed page for consistency and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Army artillery unit}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=8 Field Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1941 – present
|country=[[India]]
|allegiance={{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
|branch= {{army|British India|23px}} [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=8 Fd Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=''SARVATRA, IZZAT-O-IQBAL'' (Everywhere With Honour and Glory), ''SHOOR VEER AHIR'' (Brave Ahir warrior)
|colors= "Red & Navy Blue"
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=[[Order of British India|Order of British India, First Class]] 1<ref name="Gazette of India, 1947, No. 250">{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1947.250/page/n5/mode/2up|title= Subedar Major Shib Sahai in Gazette of India, 1947, No. 250|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> [[Order of British India|Order of British India, Second Class]] 1 [[George Medal]] 1 [[Role of Honour]] 3 [[PVSM]] 7 [[AVSM]] 5 [[Vir Chakra]] 1 [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] 3 [[Shaurya Chakra]] 2 [[Sena Medal]] 3 [[Mention in Despatches]] 17 GOC in C Unit Citation 2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/61-army-personnel-awarded-gallantry-distinguished-service-medals-in-jk-2/|title=61 Army personnel awarded gallantry, distinguished service medals in J&K|date=2021-02-28|access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref> COAS Commendation Card 5 VCOAS Commendation Card 1 GOC-in-C Commendation Card 17.<ref name="8 Fd APO Postal Cover">{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/8-field-regiment/|title= 8 Field Regiment-Indian Army Postal Cover (APO)|date=2016-11-01|access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref>
|battle_honours=
}}
'''8 Field Regiment ''' is an artillery regiment which is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].

== Initial establishment ==
The regiment was raised on November 1, 1941 at [[Secunderabad]] as 3rd Anti Tank Regiment by Lt Col J.H.H. Willans, [[Royal Artillery|RA]]. The class composition was [[Ahir]]s and [[Punjabi Muslims]].<ref name="8 Fd APO Postal Cover" />

== History ==
In 1942, during [[World War II]], the regiment was deployed in [[Colombo]] as part of the [[34th Infantry Division (India)|34 Infantry Division]] in Ceylon Garrison.
In 1945, the Regiment returned to India and was reorganised as the 8 Field Regiment with pure class composition of [[Ahirs]].<ref name="Bhatia 1977">{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=HS|title=Military History of British India 1607 - 1947|date=2008|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi|isbn=978-8184500790|page=28}}</ref> The batteries composed of [[Punjabi Muslims]] moved to [[Pakistan]].
Lt Col KS Sandhu was the first Indian Commanding Officer. During the [[London Victory Celebrations of 1946|victory parade held in London]] in 1946, the Regiment was represented by its first [[Ahir]] [[Subedar Major]] Shib Sahai, Sardar Bahadur, [[Order of British India|OBI]] and three [[Other ranks (UK)|Other ranks]].<ref name="8 Fd APO Postal Cover" />

== Operations ==
Some of the major operations undertaken by the Regiment include:<ref name="8 Fd APO Postal Cover" />
;[[Partition of India]]: During the partition, the Regiment helped evacuate around 210 thousand refugees, while deployed in [[Mianwali]] and [[Rawalpindi]] areas of [[Pakistan]].
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]: The Regiment was supporting an Infantry Division in capturing two important heights in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushera]] sector of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]: The Regiment took part in the Western Front in the [[Shakargarh]] sector.
;[[Operation Sindoor]]:The Regiment took part in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] Sector of Jammu and Kashmir. The unit was employed in town security and was solely responsible for protecting the city of Poonch during enemy artillery fire. Three soldiers of the unit were awarded with GOC in C Commendation card.

==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Artillery units and formations of British India]]
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

2009 Deccan Chargers season

2025-12-24T18:44:45Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made first stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Deccan Chargers
| image =
| alt =
| season = [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
| coach = [[Darren Lehmann]]
| captain = [[Adam Gilchrist]]
| colors =
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] (Capacity: 55,000)<ref name="homeground" group="nb">Matches for the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL]] were shifted to [[South Africa]] with the home matches being played at multiple stadiums.</ref>
| comp1 = [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = '''Champions'''
| comp2 = [[2009 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Group Stage
| prevseason = [[Deccan Chargers in 2008|2008]]
| nextseason = [[Deccan Chargers in 2010|2010]]
| most runs= [[Adam Gilchrist]] (564)
| most wickets= [[R. P. Singh]] (26)
| most catches= [[Herschelle Gibbs]] (11)
| most dismissals= [[Adam Gilchrist]] (21)
|}}
The [[Deccan Chargers]] (DC) were a franchise [[cricket]] team based in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]], that competed in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20 cricket]] (T20) league in [[India]]. They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2009 Indian Premier League]], making their second appearance in all IPL tournaments. The team was captained by [[Adam Gilchrist]] and coached by [[Darren Lehmann]] with [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] and [[Mike Young (cricket)|Mike Young]] as assistant coaches.<ref name="newcoach"/><ref name="newcaptain"/><ref name="squadinfo"/>

They began their season by winning their opening fixture of the IPL on 19 April against the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], and went on to qualify for the semi-finals.<ref name="R14 report"/> They beat the [[Delhi Daredevils]] in the semi-final to reach the [[2009 Indian Premier League final|Final]].<ref name="SF report"/> They defeated the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the Final by six [[Run (cricket)|runs]] to win their maiden IPL trophy and qualify for the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20]] (CLT20).<ref name="F report">{{cite web|last=Monga|first=Sidharth|title=Deccan snatch title in tense finish|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392239/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-final-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="CLT20 qualified"/> They lost both their matches in the group stage of the CLT20 and failed to advance to the league stage.<ref name="CLT20R2 report">{{cite web|last=Binoy|first=George|title=T&T top group, Deccan crash out|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8082/report/416935/deccan-chargers-vs-trinidad-&-tobago-12th-match-group-a-champions-league-twenty20-2009-10|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=14 October 2009}}</ref>
[[Image:Adam Gilchrist of Australia (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Picture of Gilchrist wearing a white collared T-shirt|Adam Gilchrist was appointed as the captain of the Deccan Chargers for the 2009 IPL]]

==Background==
The Deccan Chargers were one of the [[List of 2008 Indian Premier League auctions and personnel signings#Team Auction|most expensive teams]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] and they also spent a large amount of money on players during the [[List of 2008 Indian Premier League auctions and personnel signings#Player's Auction|auction]] but finished at the bottom of the table winning only two of their 14 matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 January 2008|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Viswanath|first=G|title=Dhoni gets the highest price at IPL auction|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Dhoni-gets-the-highest-price-at-IPL-auction/article15170655.ece|website=The Hindu|date=21 February 2008|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shankar|first=Ajay|title=Jaipur franchise to be penalised|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/338103.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 February 2008|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Indian Premier League, 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/series/313494.html?view=pointstable|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> After finishing last in the league stage of the [[2008 Indian Premier League]], the team management sacked the entire administration associated with the tournament in that year.<ref name="newcoach">{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=G|title=Lehmann to coach Hyderabad IPL team|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/lehmann-to-coach-hyderabad-ipl-team/story-iIVGZE7CJ9IC2mNy13SblK.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 August 2018|date=27 August 2008}}</ref> They removed their [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] J. Kalyan Krishnan, the [[Coach (sport)|coach]] [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] and the [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] [[V.V.S. Laxman]] and replaced them with Tim Wright, the former [[Australians|Australian]] [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] [[Darren Lehmann]] and the Australian [[wicket-keeper]] [[Adam Gilchrist]] respectively.<ref name="newcoach"/><ref name="newcaptain"/> The [[Jaypee Group]], who sponsored the team in 2008, withdrew its funding owing to the team's poor performances in that season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deccan Chargers in sponsorship deal with Jaypee Cements, TVS Motor|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/deccan-chargers-in-sponsorship-deal-with-jaypee-cements-tvs-motor|website=Indian Television|date=4 April 2012|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> This allowed the Deccan Chargers to undergo a complete makeover, including changing the colours of the team from pale brown to vibrant blue and a new logo displaying a more vivid charging bull with the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' as the primary sponsor for the team.<ref name="sponsors">{{cite news|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad and their ‘rise to the top’ jerseys|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/cricket/lifestyle/sunrisers-hyderabad-and-their-rise-to-the-top-jerseys|website=Sportswallah|date=11 April 2017|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New brand for IPL's Deccan Chargers by Navyblue|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2009/04/20/new-brand-ipls-deccan-chargers-navyblue|website=The Drum|date=20 April 2009|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team]] in [[Pakistan]], there has been a growing concern over the security arrangements for the [[2009 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in India with many international players inquiring the franchises over their safety and asking for an independent security assessment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shankar|first=Ajay|title=Unease growing over IPL|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/393305.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 March 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> However, due to the direct clash of the IPL matches with the [[2009 Indian general election]]s, the [[Government of India]] refused to provide the paramilitary forces during the games with the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[P. Chidambaram]] reiterating, “Elections are unquestionably first priority over the IPL.”<ref>{{cite web|title=No extra security for IPL matches - home ministry|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/395272.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 March 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elections are top priority, says India's home minister|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/395911.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 March 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> On 24 March 2009, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] announced that the IPL was to be held in [[South Africa]] and had decided to compensate the franchises for the extra expenditure they would incur in moving the team from India for this season.<ref name="RSAhost">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Alex|title=South Africa to host IPL|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/396617.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 March 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shankar|first=Ajay|title=BCCI to compensate franchises|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/396732.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 March 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

==Player acquisition==
{{main|List of 2009 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The IPL added a performance clause to its player's contract which saw the players lose 20% of their match fee if they did not find a place in starting XI on a match-by-match basis. However, this clause was applicable only on the contracts signed from 2009.<ref name="auction rules"/> The players' purchase cap was also increased from {{USD}}5 million to {{USD}}7 million.<ref name="auction rules"/> The maximum number of foreign players in each squad was also increased from eight to ten, though those in playing XI was still retained at four.<ref name="auction rules"/> The IPL also announced that the players' auction was shifted to 6 February 2009 while the month-long trading window would start on 15 December 2008.<ref name="auction rules">{{cite web|title=IPL auction shifted to February 6|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/374805.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|date=21 October 2008}}</ref>

The Deccan Chargers conducted the probe and later, terminated the contract of the Pakistani all-rounder [[Shahid Afridi]] following the disagreement between Afridi and then captain, [[V. V. S. Laxman]], on the poor first-season performances.<ref name="LaxmanAfridi">{{cite web|title=Deccan Chargers to probe Laxman-Afridi spat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/368599.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=7 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="newsignings1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=IPL terminates contracts of six Pakistan players|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/389330.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018|date=5 February 2009}}</ref> The entire issue started when Afridi spoke to [[Geo News]], a Pakistani news channel, about Laxman's inefficiency as the captain and suggesting Gilchrist as the better choice. Laxman later responded later by saying that Afridi had no team ethics and reminding him of being the part of a collective failure and was unfortunate for blaming only the captain for it.<ref name="LaxmanAfridi"/> The Deccan Chargers traded [[Sanjay Bangar]] to the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for the second season during the trade window.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Preview - Kolkata Knight Riders|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/12951/team-preview-kolkata-knight-riders|publisher=Cricbuzz|access-date=21 August 2018|date=14 April 2009}}</ref> They started acquiring players as their new coach, [[Darren Lehmann]], signed the uncapped Australian all-rounder [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] and obtained local talent by signing the [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabadi]] batsman [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] along with the [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] wicket-keeper [[Manvinder Bisla]].<ref name="newsignings">{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagaraj|title=Slow trading with all eyes on auction|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/387453.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018|date=23 January 2009}}</ref> They also added five uncapped players from the domestic circuit to the squad including the local players, [[Abhinav Kumar]] and [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]].<ref name="newsignings1">{{cite web|title=Team Preview - Deccan Chargers|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/12936/team-preview-deccan-chargers|publisher=Cricbuzz|access-date=21 August 2018|date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

The players auction for the [[2009 Indian Premier League]] was held on 6 February 2009 at [[Goa]] that included 111 overseas players.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pietersen leads list of 111 players for auction|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/388320.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|date=29 January 2008}}</ref> The Deccan Chargers opened their account by buying the West-Indian fast bowler [[Fidel Edwards]] at the base price of {{USD}}150,000 to bolster their pace attack.<ref name="auction">{{cite web|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|title=Flintoff and Pietersen most expensive buys|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/389466.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018|date=6 February 2009}}</ref> Later, they improved their batting strength by acquiring the services of another West-Indian, [[Dwayne Smith]], at the base price of {{USD}}100,000.<ref name="auction"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Ramprakash|title=IPL: Deccan Chargers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/ipl/5159372/IPL-Deccan-Chargers.html|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 August 2018|date=16 April 2009}}</ref>

'''Players retained''': [[Halhadar Das]], [[Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna|Kalyankrishna Doddapaneni]], [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja|Ravi Teja Dwaraka]], [[Herschelle Gibbs]], [[Adam Gilchrist]], [[Sarvesh Kumar]], [[Pragyan Ojha]], [[Paidikalva Vijaykumar|Vijaykumar Paidikalva]], [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Chamara Silva]], [[R. P. Singh]], [[Scott Styris]], [[Andrew Symonds]], [[V. V. S. Laxman]], [[Chaminda Vaas]], [[Arjun Yadav]], [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao Yalaka]], [[Nuwan Zoysa]]

'''Players released''': [[Shahid Afridi]], [[Sanjay Bangar]]

'''Players added''': [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]], [[Harmeet Singh Bansal]], [[Azhar Bilakhia]], [[Manvinder Bisla]], [[Fidel Edwards]], [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]], [[Abhinav Kumar]], [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1989)|Jaskaran Singh]], [[Dwayne Smith]], [[Tirumalasetti Suman|Suman Tirumalasetti]]

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Squads / Deccan Chargers|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/squad/394490.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018|date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="CLT20 squad">{{cite web|title=2009 Champions League Twenty20 / Squads / Deccan Chargers|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/content/squad/424187.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=14 October 2009}}</ref>
* '''Year signed''' denotes the season the player first signed for the team

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
| [[Azhar Bilakhia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1986|05|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2009 ||
|-
| [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja|Ravi Teja Dwaraka]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1988|09|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Herschelle Gibbs]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1974|02|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 || Overseas. Played for the [[Cape Cobras]] in the 2009 CLT20.<ref name="gibbs CLT20">{{cite web|title=Gibbs to play for Cobras in Champions League|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/content/story/420260.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=18 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1987|04|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || 2008 || [[Captain (cricket)|Vice Captain]].<ref name="RohitVC"/>
|-
| [[Tirumalasetti Suman|Suman Tirumalasetti]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1983|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || 2009 ||
|-
| '''[[Chamara Silva]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1979|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Leg-spin|leg spin]] || 2008 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[V. V. S. Laxman]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1974|11|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || 2008 ||
|-
| [[Arjun Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1981|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao Yalaka]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1982|02|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || 2008 ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1979|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || 2009 || Overseas. Withdrew from the 2009 CLT20 tournament.<ref name="CLT20 squad"/>
|-
| '''[[Dwayne Smith]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1983|04|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2009 || Overseas. Played for the [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex Sharks]] in the 2009 CLT20.<ref name="smith CLT20">{{cite web|title=Smith opts for Sussex over Deccan Chargers|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/content/story/421977.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Scott Styris]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1975|07|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Andrew Symonds]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1975|06|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || 2008 || Overseas.
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Manvinder Bisla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1984|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || || 2009 ||
|-
| [[Halhadar Das]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1986|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Adam Gilchrist]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1971|11|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || 2008 || Overseas and [[Captain (cricket)|captain]].<ref name="newcaptain"/>
|-
| [[Abhinav Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1984|11|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || || 2009 || Replacement to Ryan Harris in the 2009 CLT20 squad.<ref name="CLT20 squad"/>
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
| [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1987|11|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2009 ||
|-
| [[Harmeet Singh Bansal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1987|10|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2009 ||
|-
| [[Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna|Kalyankrishna Doddapaneni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1983|12|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Fidel Edwards]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1982|02|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || 2009 || Overseas.
|-
| [[Sarvesh Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1989|04|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Pragyan Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1986|09|05|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] || 2008 ||
|-
| [[Paidikalva Vijaykumar|Vijaykumar Paidikalva]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1986|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 ||
|-
| [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1989)|Jaskaran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1989|09|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2009 ||
|-
| '''[[R. P. Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1985|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 ||
|-
| '''[[Chaminda Vaas]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1974|01|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Nuwan Zoysa]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2009|04|18|1978|05|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || 2008 || Overseas.
|}

==Administration and support staff==
[[Image:DARREN LEHMANN (11704808373) (cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|alt=Picture of Lehmann wearing an Australian training jersey and holding a cap|Darren Lehmann (Head coach)]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Owner
| ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
|-
| Head coach
| [[Darren Lehmann]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
|-
| Bowling coach
| [[Vincent Barnes]]
|-
| Fielding coach
| [[Mike Young (cricket)|Mike Young]]
|-
| Physiotherapist
| Sean Slattery
|-
| Strength and Conditioning coach
| Steve Smith
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"| Sources:<ref name="newcaptain">{{cite web|title=Gilchrist to lead Deccan Chargers|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/371655.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018|date=29 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="squadinfo">{{cite news|title=IPL 2 Teams Squad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2-teams-squad/story-2cWUXrHBVTI9UQr1A6K60M.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 August 2018|date=17 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Modi tells Symonds to keep playing for Australia|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iplarchive/content/story/367353.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 September 2018|date=3 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deccan Chargers get Barnes on board|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/404694.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref>
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Kit Manufacturers
!Shirt Sponsor (Chest)
!Shirt Sponsor (Back)
|-
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
|[[Odyssey (bookstore)|Odyssey]]
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:right;"| Source :<ref name="sponsors"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Rathore|first=Vijay|title=IPL team owners plan to sell more merchandise|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/A9ufTMW5yhywVFppH0HN3H/IPL-team-owners-plan-to-sell-more-merchandise.html|website=live mint|date=24 February 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RP Singh bowled a crucial last over as Deccan Chargers won|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/image/401459.html?object=392192;dir=next|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 April 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
|}

{{col-2}}
{| border-"0"
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 3284BF
| body = 3284BF
| rightarm = 3284BF
| pants = 3284BF
| title = T20 uniform
}}
|
|}
{{col-end}}

==Season overview==
===Indian Premier League===
{{main|2009 Indian Premier League}}
The [[Indian Premier League]] fixtures were announced on 24 March 2009 with all venues shifted to [[South Africa]].<ref name="RSAhost"/> The opening games of the IPL were scheduled on 18 April with the top-four teams from the [[2009 Indian Premier League#Group stage|group stage]] advancing to the [[2009 Indian Premier League#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] and the final scheduled to be held in the [[Johannesburg]] on 24 May.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johannesburg to host IPL final on May 24|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/396948.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2018|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>

====Group stage====
On 19 April, the Deccan Chargers started their [[2009 Indian Premier League]] (2009 IPL) campaign with an [[2009 Indian Premier League#match4|eight-wicket win]] over the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] at [[Cape Town]]. The Chargers rested [[Chaminda Vaas]] and named [[Adam Gilchrist]], [[Herschelle Gibbs]], [[Scott Styris]] and [[Fidel Edwards]] as their four foreign players for their first match.<ref name="R1 commentary">{{cite web|last=Talya|first=Siddhartha|title=M4 : Deccan Chargers vs Kolkata Knight Riders, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392184/deccan-chargers-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=19 April 2009}}</ref> Though they lost the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]] and were sent out to field, their opening [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling attack]] consisting of Edwards and [[R. P. Singh]] troubled the Knight Riders' [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|top-order]] [[Batting (cricket)|batsmen]] with the new ball removing three quick [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]]. [[Pragyan Ojha]] troubled the [[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|middle-order]] but [[Brad Hodge]] scored a couple of [[Boundary (cricket)|boundaries]] off Styris to keep the scoreboard running before slamming one straight to Gibbs at point. Singh returned into the attack to remove the [[Batting order (cricket)#Lower order or tail|tail]] and restrict the Knight Riders to 101. Gilchrist started the chase for the Chargers with a couple of boundaries before they lost two quick wickets. Gibbs, who then teamed up with [[Rohit Sharma]], steadied their [[innings]] with some quick [[Single (cricket)|singles]] and watchful boundaries before the pair finished off the game with seven [[Over (cricket)|overs]] to spare.<ref name="R1 report"/>

The Deccan Chargers defeated the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for their second consecutive [[2009 Indian Premier League#match8|win]] of the season on 22 April. The Chargers retained the same starting XI for the second match after their comfortable win against the Knight Riders.<ref name="R2 commentary">{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Jamie|title=M8 : Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392188/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-8th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=22 April 2009}}</ref> After winning the toss and electing to bat, Gilchrist took the charge of the innings with clean hitting necessitating continuous fielding changes from the opposition. [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] managed to remove Gibbs after changing ends and [[V. V. S. Laxman]] failed to make an impact again. Gilchrist, however continued his scoring, especially picking on short [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] as he reached his [[Glossary of cricket terms#half century|half century]] in 31 balls. Rohit, who started off slowly on the other end, paced himself soon after Gilchrist got [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] attacking [[Anil Kumble]] for three sixes over the mid-wicket which helped Chargers finish the innings at 184/6 in 20 overs. The Royal Challengers got a poor start in their chase stumbling to 62/4 in 11 overs before [[Rahul Dravid]] teamed up with [[Virat Kohli]] to progress the Royal Challengers' chase as the latter scored 50 off 32 balls. However, the target seemed too far the Royal Challengers as the Chargers completed their win by 24 runs.<ref name="R2 report"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gilchrist blasts Deccan to top of IPL|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/gilchrist-blasts-deccan-to-top-of-ipl-20090423-gdthp7.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=24 August 2018|date=23 April 2009}}</ref>

On 25 April, the Deccan Chargers completed a [[hat-trick]] of [[2009 Indian Premier League#match12|wins]] this season as they defeated the [[Mumbai Indians]]. The Chargers made one change in this match with Styris being rested and [[Dwayne Smith]] taking his place.<ref name="R3 commentary">{{cite web|title=M12 : Deccan Chargers vs Mumbai Indians, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392192/deccan-chargers-vs-mumbai-indians-12th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=25 April 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist chose to bat after winning the toss and provided a quick start along with Gibbs for the opening wicket scoring at a [[Run rate|rate]] of 10 per over. After Gilchrist's dismissal, Gibbs kept the momentum going as he teamed up with Smith to attack the Mumbai [[Bowling (cricket)|bowlers]]. Though the Chargers suffered a middle-order collapse soon after the loss of Smith's wicket, they were able to finish the innings at 168/9 in 20 overs. Singh provided a good start to the Chargers in the Mumbai innings removing [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] in his first over. However, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] teamed up with [[J. P. Duminy]] as they build a [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] of 84 runs in nine overs. Ojha pulled the Chargers back into the match removing three quick wickets. [[Abhishek Nayar]] joined [[Dwayne Bravo]] to progress the chase for the Mumbai but Edwards dismissing the both ended the match for the Mumbai as the Chargers won the match by 12 runs.<ref name="R3 report"/>

[[Image:Herschelle Gibbs.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|alt=Picture of Gibbs wearing a South African training jersey and holding his bats and his gloves|Herschelle Gibbs won the Man of the Match award during the win against the Chennai Super Kings]]
On 27 April, the Deccan Chargers continued their winning ways [[2009 Indian Premier League#match16|defeating]] the [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008 tournament finalist]], [[Chennai Super Kings]]. Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field as the Chargers made two changes replacing [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] and [[Harmeet Singh Bansal]] with [[Azhar Bilakhia]] and [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]].<ref name="R4 commentary">{{cite web|title=M16 : Chennai Super Kings vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392196/chennai-super-kings-vs-deccan-chargers-16th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=27 April 2009}}</ref> Edwards removed [[Parthiv Patel]] on the second ball of the innings but [[Matthew Hayden]] paired with [[Suresh Raina]] to attack the Chargers' bowlers and remove the pressure off the Super Kings during their 64-run partnership. Ojha removed Hayden and [[M. S. Dhoni]] in a single over but quick scoring from [[Jacob Oram]] helped the Super Kings finish the innings at 165/6. Gilchrist started the chase positively for the Chargers as he attacked [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] in the first over and Gibbs soon joined the party attacking [[Manpreet Gony]] in the next over as they both put 67 runs in 34 balls. Though the Chargers lost two quick wickets, the early momentum by Gilchrist and the steady half century from Gibbs helped the Chargers complete their chase with six wickets remaining.<ref name="R4 report"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gilchrist the winner in big-hitting duel with Hayden|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/gilchrist-the-winner-in-big-hitting-duel-with-hayden-20090428-gdti0m.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=24 August 2018|date=28 April 2009}}</ref>

On 30 April, the Deccan Chargers suffered their first [[2009 Indian Premier League#match21|defeat]] of the season to the [[Delhi Daredevils]]. The Chargers made one change resting Laxman and [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] was brought into the squad.<ref name="R5 commentary">{{cite web|title=M21 : Deccan Chargers vs Delhi Daredevils, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392201/deccan-chargers-vs-delhi-daredevils-21st-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=30 April 2009}}</ref> After losing the toss and sent out to bat, the Chargers lost both their openers inside the power-play to [[Dirk Nannes]] while the Daredevils' spinners stalled the brief Chargers' recovery led by Rohit. But, Smith teamed with Suman as both scored runs of 51 off three overs to reclaim the advantage for the Chargers as they finished the innings at 148/9 in 20 overs. [[Virender Sehwag]] started the chase on a positive note for the Daredevils but Singh and Shoaib brought the Chargers back into the game with three quick wickets. [[Dinesh Karthik]] and [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] played sensibly in the middle overs for the Daredevils offering no chances to the bowlers as they sealed the match for the Daredevils.<ref name="R5 report">{{cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Kanishkaa|title=Dilshan heroics take Delhi home|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392201/deccan-chargers-vs-delhi-daredevils-21st-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=30 April 2009}}</ref>

On 2 May, the [[Rajasthan Royals]] [[2009 Indian Premier League#match25|prevailed]] over the Deccan Chargers in a close contest. The Chargers were unchanged for this match.<ref name="R6 commentary">{{cite web|title=M25 : Deccan Chargers vs Rajasthan Royals, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392205/deccan-chargers-vs-rajasthan-royals-25th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=2 May 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist won the toss and elected to bat but the Royals spinners stopped the early momentum of the Chargers removing three wickets and not allowing them to score freely in the first ten overs. Rohit and Suman tried to build the Chargers innings with a 59-run stand and helped the Chargers finish the innings at 141/5 in 20 overs. The Chargers' bowlers provided the early break-through as they removed three wickets inside two overs. Then [[Ravindra Jadeja]] and [[Lee Carseldine]] added 51 runs in seven overs before [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]] removed the both in the same over. [[Shane Warne]] and [[Abhishek Raut]] batted patiently rotating the strike as they took the Royals towards their target. [[Yusuf Pathan]], after Warne's dismissal, made a final assault on the Chargers bowlers and finished the game for the Royals as they defeated the Chargers by three wickets.<ref name="R6 report">{{cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nishi|title=Raut shepherds Rajasthan to victory|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392205/deccan-chargers-vs-rajasthan-royals-25th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=2 May 2009}}</ref>

On 4 May, the Deccan Chargers suffered a hat-trick of defeats as they [[2009 Indian Premier League#match29|lost]] to the Chennai Super Kings by 78 runs. Dhoni won the toss and elected to bat for the Super Kings as the Chargers made two changes with Laxman coming back into the team and [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] replacing Edwards who left the squad for the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2009|West Indies tour of England]].<ref name="R7 commentary">{{cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Siddharth|title=M29 : Chennai Super Kings vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392209/chennai-super-kings-vs-deccan-chargers-29th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=4 May 2009}}</ref> Hayden and [[Murali Vijay]] provided a good start for the Super Kings and Dhoni, who promoted himself to No.3, continued the momentum by stopping the bowlers to settle in the innings. Though the Chargers hit back with Vijay's dismissal off Suman, Raina attacked him for three consecutive boundaries as the Super Kings finished the innings at 178/3 in 20 overs. The Chargers suffered the early setback as they lost three wickets for one run in two overs. Smith and Rohit progressed the Chargers towards the target as they put up a 50-run stand in 21 balls. Dhoni introduced [[Shadab Jakati]] who removed both the set batsmen and the dismissal of Suman by [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] triggered the lower-order collapse as the Chargers were bowled for 100 runs inside 15 overs.<ref name="R7 report">{{cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Kanishkaa|title=Dhoni and Jakati ensure huge win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392209/chennai-super-kings-vs-deccan-chargers-29th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=4 May 2009}}</ref>

On 6 May, the Deccan Chargers completed their double with a [[2009 Indian Premier League#match32|win]] over the Mumbai Indians. The Chargers made two changes with Ravi Teja replacing Laxman and Harmeet replacing Ojha.<ref name="R8 commentary">{{cite web|title=M32 : Deccan Chargers vs Mumbai Indians, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392212/deccan-chargers-vs-mumbai-indians-32nd-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=6 May 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist won the toss and elected to bat for the Chargers but lost Gibbs to an away-swinger from [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]. Gilchrist tried to build the partnership with Suman but both lost their wickets while trying to improve the run-rate. But, Rohit and Smith in the middle and Venugopal in the end helped the Chargers finish the innings at 145/6 in 20 overs. Singh attacked the Mumbai batsmen early in their innings removing their openers in his first over for the Chargers. Duminy built a partnership with [[Pinal Shah]] for the Mumbai and improved his pace after Shah's dismissal attacking Harmeet and Harris to bring the Mumbai near to their target. But the poor shot selection by the Mumbai batsmen in the end and the [[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Hat-tricks|hat-trick]] from Rohit helped the Chargers seal the match by 19 runs.<ref name="R8 report"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Sharma inspires Deccan Chargers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/ipl/5287746/Rohit-Sharma-inspires-Deccan-Chargers.html|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 August 2018|date=6 May 2009}}</ref>
[[Image:Rohit Sharma November 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|left|alt=Picture of Sharma wearing a blue adidas T-shirt|Rohit Sharma took the hat-trick in the match against the Mumbai Indians]]

On 9 May, the Deccan Chargers [[2009 Indian Premier League#match36|lost]] to [[Kings XI Punjab]] in a closely fought contest. The Chargers made two changes with [[Andrew Symonds]], who returned to the squad following the [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2009|Australian tour of the UAE]], replacing Smith and Ojha coming back into the team to replace Harmeet.<ref name="R9 commentary">{{cite web|title=M36 : Deccan Chargers vs Kings XI Punjab, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392216/deccan-chargers-vs-kings-xi-punjab-36th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> After losing the toss and put to bat, the Chargers got a quick start from Gilchrist. Though they lost Gilchrist, Suman came in to attack [[Irfan Pathan]] right from the start for a six. The Chargers suffered a mini-collapse in their mid-innings but Symonds played a big innings as he reached his half century off 29 balls and helped the Chargers finish the innings at 168/5 in 20 overs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Late arrivals Lee, Symonds make IPL impact|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/late-arrivals-lee-symonds-make-ipl-impact-20090519-gdtjgc.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=24 August 2018|date=19 May 2009}}</ref> The Kings' openers gave a good start of 44 in four overs but lost both their wickets in the span of three balls to Rohit. [[Yuvraj Singh]] and [[Kumar Sangakkara]] continued the momentum for the Kings but Ojha and Suman brought the game back into the Chargers' favour. [[Mahela Jayawardene]] kept the Kings in the game with three successive sixes before [[Brett Lee]] finished off the match for the Kings.<ref name="R9 report">{{cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nishi|title=Tenacious Punjab win tense game|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392216/deccan-chargers-vs-kings-xi-punjab-36th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=9 May 2009}}</ref>

On 11 May, the Deccan Chargers dropped Gibbs and Harris as their replacements, Smith and Vaas helped the Chargers [[2009 Indian Premier League#match40|win]] over the Rajasthan Royals by 53 runs.<ref name="R10 commentary">{{cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Siddharth|title=M40 : Deccan Chargers vs Rajasthan Royals, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392220/deccan-chargers-vs-rajasthan-royals-40th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=11 May 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist won the toss for the Chargers and elected to bat but the Royals spinners controlled the innings early as they did not allow the Chargers batsmen to score freely. Symonds tried to build the innings for Chargers but fell to Warne. Smith got off to a quiet start but later attacked the Royals until his departure in the final over for 47 as he helped the Chargers score 69 runs in last six overs and finish the innings at 166/7 in 20 overs. The Royals' collapse began in the second over as they lost two quick wickets to Vaas. [[Naman Ojha]] tried to build the innings with two fours but got run-out as he misjudged the single at the point. [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] on the other end failed to get the support from his teammates as he eventually fell for 44 off 39 balls. Rohit took three wickets in the end as the Chargers bowled out the Royals for 113 runs.<ref name="R10 report"/>

The Deccan Chargers [[2009 Indian Premier League#match43|lost]] to the Delhi Daredevils by 13 runs on 13 May. Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field for the Chargers as he named an unchanged team for this match.<ref name="R11 commentary">{{cite web|title=M43 : Deccan Chargers vs Delhi Daredevils, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392223/deccan-chargers-vs-delhi-daredevils-43rd-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=13 May 2009}}</ref> Vaas removed [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] early in the innings but the catches dropped by the fielders proved to be costly as both Dilshan and [[AB de Villiers]] capitalised on their chances and attacked their bowlers. [[Dinesh Karthik]] further added to their score with his 23-ball 44 as this helped the Daredevils finish the innings at 173/7 in 20 overs. The Chargers lost Suman and Rohit cheaply but Gilchrist kept the Chargers in the hunt with his 33-ball 64. Symonds batted smartly mixing sixes with the singles as he took the Chargers further close to their target. But, [[Rajat Bhatia]] helped the Daredevils win the match as the Chargers lost six wickets for 12 runs in their last three overs. The Daredevils became the first team to secure their place in the semi-finals with this win.<ref name="R11 report">{{cite web|last=Monga|first=Sidharth|title=Canny Bhatia steals one for Delhi|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392223/deccan-chargers-vs-delhi-daredevils-43rd-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=13 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Daredevils into IPL semi-finals|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/ipl/5320511/Delhi-Daredevils-into-IPL-semi-finals.html|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 August 2018|date=13 May 2009}}</ref>

On 16 May, Rohit helped the team score 26 runs in the last over of the match as the Deccan Chargers completed the [[2009 Indian Premier League#match48|double]] over the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]. The 26 runs scored in that over is the most runs scored off the last over to win an IPL match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Most runs to win off the last over in IPL|url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/most-runs-to-win-off-last-over-ipl/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=T20 Head to Head|language=en-GB}}</ref> It was also the first time in IPL history that a six had been hit off the final ball of a match to win and Rohit's first six of the over, measured at 115m is 9th longest in IPL history.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=The 10 biggest sixes in IPL history|url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/the-10-biggest-sixes-in-ipl-history/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=T20 Head to Head|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Six to win off the last ball in the IPL|url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/six-to-win-last-ball-ipl-match/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=T20 Head to Head|language=en-GB}}</ref> Three changes were made by the Chargers as Gibbs, Harmeet and Harris came back into the team replacing Smith, Shoaib and Vaas.<ref name="R12 commentary">{{cite web|title=M48 : Deccan Chargers vs Kolkata Knight Riders, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392228/deccan-chargers-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-48th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=16 May 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field. [[Brendon McCullum]] provided a quick start for the Knight Riders but his dismissal slowed the innings as [[Saurav Ganguly]] and Hodge could not keep the momentum going as they struggled to score quickly. In the end, it was [[David Hussey]] who started attacking the bowlers for the Knight Riders in the penultimate over which was started by Singh but ended by Harmeet after the former was removed for bowling two above waist-high full-tosses. This helped the Knight Riders finish the innings at 160/5 in 20 overs. Gilchrist provided a quick start for the Chargers but the introduction of the spin slowed the scoring as the Chargers lost Gilchrist. Suman and Symonds helped the Chargers move towards their target but both got run-out in the end. It all came down to 21 runs in the last over when Rohit took on [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] to finish the match for the Chargers with a six on the last ball.<ref name="R12 report"/><ref>{{cite news|title='Amazing' Sharma the hero as Deccan grab last-ball win|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/amazing-sharma-the-hero-as-deccan-grab-last-ball-win-20090517-gdtjcy.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=24 August 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mashrafe's losing debut|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-88615|website=The Daily Star|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=24 August 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref>
[[Image:DWAYNE SMITH.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|alt=Picture of Smith wearing a West Indies training jersey|Dwayne Smith won the Man of the Match award during the win against the Rajasthan Royals]]

On 17 May, Yuvraj's second hat-trick of this IPL helped the Kings XI Punjab [[2009 Indian Premier League#match49|win]] over the Deccan Chargers by one run. Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field as [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1989)|Jaskaran Singh]] replaced Harmeet in the team.<ref name="R13 commentary">{{cite web|title=M49 : Deccan Chargers vs Kings XI Punjab, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392229/deccan-chargers-vs-kings-xi-punjab-49th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref> The Kings' batsmen lost their wickets quickly with some tight bowling from the Chargers as they were struggling at 55/4 in ten overs. Sangakkara built the Kings' innings with Yuvraj as he played patiently in the beginning and started to attack in the end as he helped the Kings finish the innings at 134/7 in 20 overs. Gilchrist provided the quick start for the Chargers but [[Ramesh Powar]] turned things around as he dismissed Gilchrist and Suman off successive deliveries. The Kings' spinners did not allow the Chargers to come back into the game as Yuvraj's hat trick collapsed the Chargers' innings in the middle. Though Rohit tried to bring down the target with two sixes and a four, his dismissal to Pathan in the last over ended the game for the Chargers.<ref name="R13 report">{{cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nishi|title=Punjab hang on after thriller|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392229/deccan-chargers-vs-kings-xi-punjab-49th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Second hat-trick for Yuvraj as Gilchrist's Deccan sunk|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/second-hat-trick-for-yuvraj-as-gilchrists-deccan-sunk-20090518-gdtjfk.html|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Associated Press|access-date=24 August 2018|date=18 May 2009}}</ref>

On 21 May, the Royal Challengers Bangalore [[2009 Indian Premier League#match56|defeated]] the Deccan Chargers to book their place in the semi-finals. Gilchrist lost the toss and the Chargers were sent out to field. Bilakhia came back into the team as Ravi Teja was left out owing to his [[hamstring]] injury.<ref name="R14 commentary">{{cite web|title=M56 : Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392236/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-56th-match-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=21 May 2009}}</ref> Singh removed [[Jacques Kallis]] early in the innings but the drop of [[Manish Pandey]] proved costly as he went on to become the first Indian to score an [[List of Indian Premier League centuries|IPL century]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Manish Pandey first Indian to score IPL ton|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/may/22/manish-pandey-first-indian-to-score-ipl-ton.htm|website=Rediff Sports|access-date=24 August 2018|date=22 May 2009}}</ref> [[Roelof van der Merwe]] provided the support at the other end as Pandey attacked the bowlers as he reached his century in the 17th over. He finally helped the Royal Challengers finish the innings at 170/4 in 20 overs. Gilchrist struggled during the Chargers' innings but Gibbs attacked the bowlers as they built 68 runs in 6.5 overs. After Gibbs' dismissal, the Royal Challengers' spinners controlled the innings with Kumble taking 2 wickets and van der Merwe taking a wicket. The Chargers' batsmen could not increase their scoring rate as they eventually lost to the Royal Challengers by 12 runs.<ref name="R14 report">{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Jamie|title=Pandey century takes Bangalore to No. 3|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392236/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-56th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=21 May 2009}}</ref>

====Semi-final====
On 22 May, Gilchrist's fastest fifty helped the Deccan Chargers [[2009 Indian Premier League#match57|defeat]] the table toppers, Delhi Daredevils in the semi-finals to reach the [[2009 Indian Premier League final|Final]] of the 2009 IPL.<ref>{{cite web|last=Achal|first=Ashwin|title=Deccan's road to the final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/405772.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2018|date=23 May 2009}}</ref> Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field as Harmeet replaced Jaskaran in the team.<ref name="SF commentary">{{cite web|title=SF1 : Delhi Daredevils vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392237/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-1st-semi-final-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=22 May 2009}}</ref> Harris provided the first break-through for the Chargers as he removed both the openers in the first over of the innings. Sehwag built the partnership with Dilshan for the Daredevils as they scored 83 runs in nine overs until Symonds broke the partnership. The Chargers bowlers put the pressure on the Daredevils as the tight bowling helped restrict the Daredevils to 153/8 in 20 overs. Gilchrist started the chase for the Chargers with five boundaries in the first over off Nannes. Though [[Ashish Nehra]] removed Gibbs on the other end, he continued to attack the bowlers as he completed his half century in 17 balls, the fastest in the IPL. He launched on Sehwag for three sixes scoring 25 runs in his only over. He finally fell for Mishra but his knock of 85 in 35 balls completely shifted the match towards the Chargers as Suman and Rohit completed the match in the 18th over.<ref name="SF report"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gilchrist steers Deccan to IPL final|url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/gilchrist-steers-deccan-to-ipl-final-20090523-ge7vvm.html|website=The Age|access-date=24 August 2018|date=23 May 2009}}</ref> This also helped the Chargers to qualify for the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20]] (2009 CLT20).<ref name="CLT20 qualified"/>

====Final====
{{main|2009 Indian Premier League final}}
On 24 May, the Deccan Chargers lifted the IPL trophy for the first time as they [[2009 Indian Premier League#match59|defeated]] the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 6 runs in the final.<ref name="F report"/> Kumble won the toss and sent out the Chargers to bat who fielded the unchanged playing XI for the final.<ref name="F commentary">{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Jamie|title=Final : Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Deccan Chargers, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/commentary/392239/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-final-indian-premier-league-2009?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref> The Chargers had a poor start as Kumble removed Gilchrist in the first over and the Chargers lost Suman in third over. Gibbs built crucial partnerships with Symonds and Rohit but Kumble came back to bowl on both occasions to break the partnership. Gibbs could not pace the scoring for the Chargers as they finished the innings at 143/6 in 20 overs.<ref name="F scorecard">{{cite web|title=2009 IPL Final / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/392239/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-final-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref> The Chargers started their bowling aggressively as Singh removed Kallis but van der Merwe attacked their opening bowlers. Gilchrist introduced Ojha after the power-play who rewarded him with two wickets including van der Merwe. The Chargers bowlers continued to put pressure on the Royal Challengers as they took the regular wickets. Though [[Ross Taylor]] and [[Robin Uthappa]] tried to bring the target down, Singh and Harris retained their composure in the final overs of the match to help the Chargers restrict the Royal Challengers to 137/9 in 20 overs.<ref name="F report1">{{cite news|last=Hoult|first=Nick|title=Adam Gilchrist wins the day as Indian Premier League sends a signal to the world|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/ipl/5379507/Adam-Gilchrist-wins-the-day-as-Indian-Premier-League-sends-a-signal-to-the-world.html|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="F report2">{{cite news|last=Booth|first=Lawrence|title=Andrew Symonds inspires Deccan Chargers to unlikely IPL triumph|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/may/24/deccan-chargers-andrew-symonds|website=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="F report3">{{cite news|title=Deccan beat Bangalore to win IPL|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8066299.stm|website=BBC Sport|access-date=24 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>

===Champions League Twenty20===
{{main|2009 Champions League Twenty20}}
The Champions League Twenty20 fixtures were announced on 30 July 2009 with the Deccan Chargers placed in the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20#Group A|Group A]] along with the [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] (T&T), the [[Stanford 20/20#2008 tournament|2008 Stanford 20/20 winners]] and the [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset Sabres]], the [[2009 Twenty20 Cup#Final|2009 Twenty20 Cup runners-up]]. The group matches were scheduled to be played in [[Hyderabad]] from 10 October with the top-two teams advancing to the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20#League stage|league stage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Champions League final to be played in Hyderabad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/content/story/416922.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2018|date=30 July 2009}}</ref> The Deccan Chargers announced the 15-man squad for the 2009 CLT20 without Gibbs and Smith as they opted not to play for the Chargers.<ref name="gibbs CLT20"/><ref name="smith CLT20"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Champions League squads|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/content/story/424142.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=9 September 2009}}</ref> Harris later withdrew from the tournament as [[Abhinav Kumar]] replaced him in the squad.<ref name="CLT20 squad"/>

====Group stage====
On 10 October, the Deccan Chargers lost to the Somerset by one wicket in their opening group match of the CLT20. Without Gibbs, Smith and Harris in the squad, they named Gilchrist, Symonds, Styris and Edwards as the team's four foreign players. Gilchrist lost the toss and the Chargers were put to bat.<ref name="CLT20R1 commentary">{{cite web|title=Group A M5 : Deccan Chargers vs Somerset Sabres, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8082/commentary/416928/deccan-chargers-vs-somerset-5th-match-group-a-champions-league-twenty20-2009-10?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=10 October 2009}}</ref> The Chargers lost their captain early in the innings as Gilchrist lost his wicket trying to score fast early in the innings. Laxman starred for the Chargers with his uncharacteristic knock though they lost their top-order on the other end as the batsmen struggled to keep their score running. Venugopal Rao rescued the Chargers in the end as his 22-run knock in 12 balls helped the Chargers finish at 153/9 in 20 overs. The Chargers bowlers kept pressure on the Somerset taking wickets at regular intervals. [[James Hildreth]] and [[Alfonso Thomas]] scored boundaries to keep the Somerset in the chase until Styris bowled Hildreth in the last over. But, Alfonso retained his composure and completed the chase for the Somerset.<ref name="CLT20R1 report">{{cite web|last=Veera|first=Sriram|title=Thomas and Hildreth down Deccan in humdinger|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8082/report/416928/deccan-chargers-vs-somerset-5th-match-group-a-champions-league-twenty20-2009-10|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2018|date=10 October 2009}}</ref>

On 14 October, the Deccan Chargers lost their second group match against T&T to crash out of the CLT20. Gilchrist won the toss and elected to field as [[Abhinav Kumar]] replaced Harmeet in the team.<ref name="CLT20R2 commentary">{{cite web|last=Talya|first=Siddhartha|title=Group A M12 : Deccan Chargers vs Trinidad & Tobago, Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8082/commentary/416935/deccan-chargers-vs-trinidad-&-tobago-12th-match-group-a-champions-league-twenty20-2009-10?innings=1|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2018|date=14 October 2009}}</ref> The Chargers bowlers conceded many extras aiding T&T batting though Edwards got [[Lendl Simmons]] in the third over. Singh too erred in his line and length as he bowled a hat-trick of front-foot no-balls in his second over as T&T raced to 49/1 in 5 overs. Gilchrist introduced Suman who removed [[Darren Bravo]] and Symonds' direct-hit to remove [[Darren Ganga]] helped the Chargers come back into the match. [[Kieron Pollard]] tried to pace the innings but the Chargers were able to restrict T&T to 149/7 in 20 overs. Though Gilchrist provided a quick start to the Chargers, they lost 3 wickets on the other end inside five overs. Gilchrist tried to build the partnership with Rohit for the fourth wicket but losing both batsmen in three deliveries put T&T back on the top. Venugopal Rao tried to bring the victory for the chargers with two fours and two sixes but his dismissal in the 18th over off [[Ravi Rampaul]] helped T&T win the match by 3 runs.<ref name="CLT20R2 report"/><ref>{{cite news|last=McKay|first=Brett|title=IPL sides struggle against champion teams|url=https://www.theroar.com.au/2009/10/20/ipl-sides-struggle-against-champion-teams/|website=The Roar|access-date=24 August 2018|date=20 October 2009}}</ref>

==Competitions==
===Indian Premier League===
====Summary====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
=====Group stage=====
{{main|2009 Indian Premier League #Group stage}}
======Standings======
{{:2009 Indian Premier League|team=DC}}

======Results by match======
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1= H/ H/ H/ A/ H/ H/ H/ A/ H/ A/ A/ A/ A/ A
|label2= Result
| res2= W/ W/ W/ W/ L/ L/ L/ W/ L/ W/ L/ W/ L/ L
|label3= Position
| pos3= 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 2/ 2/ 4/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 4

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2|text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| text_H = Home|text_A = Away
| color_1-4=green1
| source = [[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]
}}
{{col-2}}

=====Knockout stage=====
{{main|2009 Indian Premier League #Knockout stage}}
======Brackets======
{{4TeamBracket-info
| team-width = 200
| RD1-text1 = 22 May — [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| RD1-score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed2 = '''4'''
| RD1-team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| RD1-score2 = '''154/4 (17.4 overs)'''
| RD1-text2 = 23 May — [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| RD1-seed3 = 2
| RD1-team3 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| RD1-score3 = 146/5 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = '''3'''
| RD1-team4 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| RD1-score4 = '''149/4 (18.5 overs)'''
| RD2-text1 = 24 May — [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| RD2-seed1 = '''4'''
| RD2-team1 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| RD2-score1 = '''143/6 (20 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = 3
| RD2-team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| RD2-score2 = 137/9 (20 overs)
}}
{{col-end}}

====Fixtures====
{{main|2009 Indian Premier League #Fixtures}}
''All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]). Subtract 3.5 hours for [[South African Standard Time|local time]] in South Africa.''
=====Group stage=====
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match4}} 19 April
| daynight = yes | time = 22:20
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 101 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brad Hodge]] 31 (34)
| wickets1 = [[R.P. Singh]] 4/22 (3.4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]{{sp}}(H)
| score2 = 104/2 (13.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 43[[Not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 = [[Ashok Dinda]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392184.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] and [[Billy Doctrove]]
| motm = [[R. P. Singh]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = W
| round = Round 1
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match8}} 22 April
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 184/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 71 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score2 = 160/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 50 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Scott Styris]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 24 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392188.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] and [[Amiesh Saheba]]
| motm = [[Adam Gilchrist]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = W
| round = Round 2
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match12}} 25 April
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 168/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 58 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score2 = 156/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jean-Paul Duminy]] 47 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 12 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392192.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] and [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = [[Pragyan Ojha]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = W
| round = Round 3
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match16}} 27 April
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 165/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 49 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 2/11 (2 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 169/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 69[[Not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Suresh Raina]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392196.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Shashank Ranade]] and [[Tyron Wijewardene]]
| motm = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = W
| round = Round 4
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match21}} 30 April
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 148/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 48 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Dirk Nannes]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| score2 = 150/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 52[[Not out|*]] (46)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| result= Delhi Daredevils won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392201.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] and [[Amiesh Saheba]]
| motm = [[Dirk Nannes]] (Delhi Daredevils)
| toss = Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = L
| round = Round 5
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match25}} 2 May
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 141/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tirumalsetti Suman]] 41[[Not out|*]] (35)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Harwood]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score2 = 142/7 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lee Carseldine]] 39 (32)
| wickets2 = [[RP Singh]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result= Rajasthan Royals won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392205.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape|Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] and [[Brian Jerling]]
| motm = [[Yusuf Pathan]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = L
| round = Round 6
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match29}} 4 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 178/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[M.S. Dhoni]] 58[[Not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]{{sp}}(H)
| score2 = 100 (14.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 49 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 4/22 (4 overs)
| result= Chennai Super Kings won by 78 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392209.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, South Africa|East London]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] and [[Billy Doctrove]]
| motm = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = L
| round = Round 7
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match32}} 6 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 145/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 38 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]{{sp}}(H)
| score2 = 126/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jean-Paul Duminy]] 52 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 4/6 (2 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 19 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392212.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] and [[Kumar Dharmasena]]
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = W
| notes = Rohit Sharma became the first player from the Deccan Chargers to claim the hat-trick.<ref name="R8 report"/>
| round = Round 8
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match36}} 9 May
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 60[[Not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = [[Brett Lee]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| score2 = 169/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 43 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/12 (2 overs)
| result= Kings XI Punjab won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392216.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] and [[Amiesh Saheba]]
| motm = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (Kings XI Punjab)
| toss = Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = L
| round = Round 9
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match40}} 11 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 166/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 47 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]{{sp}}(H)
| score2 = 113 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 44 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 3/12 (3 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 53 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392220.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] and [[Kumar Dharmasena]]
| motm = [[Dwayne Smith]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat.
| bg = W
| round = Round 10
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match43}} 13 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Delhi Daredevils]]
| score1 = 173/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 44[[Not out|*]] (23)
| wickets1 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 161 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 64 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Rajat Bhatia]] 4/15 (2.4 overs)
| result= Delhi Daredevils won by 12 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392223.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] and [[Suresh Shastri]]
| motm = [[Rajat Bhatia]] (Delhi Daredevils)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = L
| round = Round 11
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match48}} 16 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:15
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 160/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brad Hodge]] 48 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 166/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 43 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Murali Karthik]] 1/12 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392228.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S. Ravi]] and [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = W
| round = Round 12
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match49}} 17 May
| time = 16:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| score1 = 134/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 56 (43)
| wickets1 = [[RP Singh]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 133/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 42 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| result= Kings XI Punjab won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392229.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S. Ravi]] and [[Russell Tiffin]]
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Kings XI Punjab)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Yuvraj Singh got his second hat-trick in this match and became the second person after [[Brett Lee]] to get 2 hat-tricks.<ref name="R13 report">{{cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nishi|title=Punjab hang on after thriller|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392229/deccan-chargers-vs-kings-xi-punjab-49th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=17 May 2009}}</ref>
| bg = L
| round = Round 13
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match56}} 21 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 170/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 114[[Not out|*]] (73)
| wickets1 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 60 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Balachandra Akhil]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result= Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 12 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392236.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Ian Howell]] and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S. Ravi]]
| motm = [[Manish Pandey]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = Manish Pandey became the first Indian player to score a century in the IPL.<ref name="R14 report">{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Jamie|title=Pandey century takes Bangalore to No. 3|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392236/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-56th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=21 May 2009}}</ref>
| bg = L
| round = Round 14
}}

=====Knockout stage=====
======Semi-final======
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match57}} 22 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 65 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score2 = 154/4 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 85 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Mishra]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392237.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] and [[Daryl Harper]]
| motm = [[Adam Gilchrist]] (Deccan Chargers)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = W
| notes = Adam Gilchrist scored the fastest half-century of the IPL.<ref name="SF report"/>
| round = Semi-final 1
}}
======Final======
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match59}} 24 May
| daynight = yes | time = 20:00
| team1 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| score1 = 143/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 53[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/16 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score2 = 137/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roelof van der Merwe]] 32 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result= Deccan Chargers won by 6 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392239.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] and [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = [[Anil Kumble]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| bg = W
| round = Final
}}

===Champions League Twenty20 ===
====Summary====
=====Group stage=====
{{main|2009 Champions League Twenty20#Group A}}
======Standings – Group A======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width="225"|Team<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Champions League Twenty20, Points Table|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/series/405864.html?view=pointstable|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | Pld | Played}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | W | Won}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! scope=col width=35 | {{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|{{cr|TRI}}
|2||2||0||0||0||4||+1.175
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset Sabres]]
|2||1||1||0||0||2||−1.000
|-
|align=left|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Deccan Chargers]]
|2||0||2||0||0||0||−0.175
|}
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#cfc}} The two top ranked teams qualify for the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20#League stage|League stage]]

====Fixtures====
{{main|2009 Champions League Twenty20#Fixtures}}
''All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).''
=====Group stage=====
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match5}} 10 October
| time = 20:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Deccan Chargers]] {{Flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 153/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset Sabres]]
| runs1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 46 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Ben Phillips (cricketer)|BJ Phillips]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Alfonso Thomas|AC Thomas]] 30[[Not out|*]] (17)
| wickets2 = [[RP Singh]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Somerset Sabres won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416928.html Scorecard]
| venue= [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| umpires= [[Daryl Harper]] and [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| motm = [[Alfonso Thomas|AC Thomas]] (Somerset Sabres)
| toss = Somerset Sabres won the toss and chose to field.
| bg = L
| round = Round 1
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = {{anchor|match12}} 14 October
| time = 20:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|TRI}}
| score1 = 149/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 146/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Deccan Chargers]]
| runs1 = [[William Perkins (West Indian cricketer)|WKD Perkins]] 38 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Fidel Edwards|FH Edwards]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist|AC Gilchrist]] 51 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo|DJ Bravo]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Trinidad and Tobago won by 3 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416935.html Scorecard]
| venue= [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| umpires= [[Daryl Harper]] and [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| motm = [[Dwayne Bravo|DJ Bravo]] (Trinidad and Tobago)
| toss = Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to field.
| bg = L
| round = Round 2
}}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-style="text-align:center;"
! Name<ref name="IPL stats">{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League, 2009 / Decca Chargers / Records / Batting and Bowling Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=4801;team=4347;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="CLT20 stats">{{cite web|title=Champions League Twenty20, 2009/10 / Decca Chargers / Records / Batting and Bowling Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=5097;team=4347;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=23 October 2009}}</ref>
!{{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}}
!Runs
!{{Tooltip | HS | High score}}
!{{Tooltip | Ave | Batting average}}
!{{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}}
!{{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}}
!{{Tooltip | BBI | Best bowling in an innings}}
!{{Tooltip | Ave | Bowling average}}
!{{Tooltip | Eco | Bowling economy}}
!{{Tooltip | Ct | Catches}}
!{{Tooltip | St | Stumpings}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Herschelle|Gibbs}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{sort|371|371}} || {{sort|691|69[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|3372|33.72}} || {{sort|11208|112.08}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|11|11}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}} || {{sort|18|18}} || {{sort|564|564}} || {{sort|850|85}} || {{sort|3133|31.33}} || {{sort|15284|152.84}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|09|9}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|200|20}} || {{sort|3000|30.00}} || {{sort|14285|142.85}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{sort|01775|17.75}} || {{sort|0887|8.87}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Andrew|Symonds}} || {{sort|10|10}} || {{sort|259|259}} || {{sort|601|60[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|2877|28.77}} || {{sort|14469|144.69}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|282|2/18}} || {{sort|02425|24.25}} || {{sort|0669|6.69}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{sort|18|18}} || {{sort|411|411}} || {{sort|520|52}} || {{sort|2740|27.40}} || {{sort|11416|114.16}} || {{sort|11|11}} || {{sort|494|4/6}} || {{sort|01581|15.81}} || {{sort|0696|6.96}} || {{sort|05|5}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Dwayne|Smith}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|215|215}} || {{sort|490|49}} || {{sort|2687|26.87}} || {{sort|16287|162.87}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|175|1/25}} || {{sort|12400|124.00}} || {{sort|0885|8.85}} || {{sort|06|6}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Suman|Tirumalasetti|Tirumalasetti Suman}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{sort|252|252}} || {{sort|411|41[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|2290|22.90}} || {{sort|12233|122.33}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|286|2/14}} || {{sort|01838|18.38}} || {{sort|0735|7.35}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Ravi Teja|Dwaraka|Dwaraka Ravi Teja}} || {{sort|09|9}} || {{sort|065|65}} || {{sort|270|27}} || {{sort|2166|21.66}} || {{sort|09285|92.85}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Ryan|Harris|Ryan Harris (cricketer)}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|091|9[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || {{sort|11666|116.66}} || {{sort|06|6}} || {{sort|373|3/27}} || {{sort|03833|38.33}} || {{sort|0741|7.41}} || {{sort|05|5}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Azhar|Bilakhia}} || {{sort|06|6}} || {{sort|067|67}} || {{sort|220|22}} || {{sort|1675|16.75}} || {{sort|08271|82.71}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Scott|Styris}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|041|41}} || {{sort|140|14}} || {{sort|1367|13.67}} || {{sort|10789|107.89}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{sort|01400|14.00}} || {{sort|0816|8.16}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Venugopal Rao|Yalaka|Yalaka Venugopal Rao}} || {{sort|18|18}} || {{sort|176|176}} || {{sort|320|32}} || {{sort|1353|13.53}} || {{sort|12137|121.37}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{sort|03270|32.75}} || {{sort|0819|8.19}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Laxman|V. V. S.|V. V. S. Laxman}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|069|69}} || {{sort|460|46}} || {{sort|0985|9.85}} || {{sort|09324|93.24}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Fidel|Edwards}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|081|8[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || {{sort|09230|92.30}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{sort|02612|26.12}} || {{sort|0712|7.12}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|R. P.|Singh}} || {{sort|18|18}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|050|5}} || {{sort|0250|2.50}} || {{sort|05769|57.69}} || {{sort|26|26}} || {{sort|478|4/22}} || {{sort|01776|17.76}} || {{sort|0682|6.82}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Abhinav|Kumar}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|10000|100.00}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Shoaib|Ahmed|Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|011|1[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || {{sort|01666|16.66}} || {{sort|05|5}} || {{sort|280|2/20}} || {{sort|03040|30.40}} || {{sort|0894|8.94}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Pragyan|Ojha}} || {{sort|17|17}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|010|1}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || {{sort|02500|25.00}} || {{sort|20|20}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{sort|01980|19.80}} || {{sort|0644|6.44}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Harmeet Singh|Bansal}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|001|0[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{sort|06833|68.33}} || {{sort|0861|8.61}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{sortname|Jaskaran|Singh|Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1989)}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|001|0[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|1066|10.66}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}
|}

==Awards and achievements==
===Awards===
====Man of the Match====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref
|-
! colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| [[2009 Indian Premier League]]
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2009|2=4|3=19|format=dmy}} || [[R. P. Singh]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Cape Town]] || Won by 8 wickets || 4/22 (3.4 overs) || <ref name="R1 report">{{cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Siddarth|title=Tidy Deccan overwhelm Kolkata|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392184/deccan-chargers-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=19 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2009|2=4|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[Adam Gilchrist]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Cape Town || Won by 24 runs || 71 (45) || <ref name="R2 report">{{cite web|last=Monga|first=Sidharth|title=Gilchrist and Rohit shine in win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392188/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-deccan-chargers-8th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=22 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2009|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Pragyan Ojha]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Durban]] || Won by 12 runs || 3/21 (4 overs) || <ref name="R3 report">{{cite web|last=Binoy|first=George|title=Gibbs and Ojha star in Deccan's win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392192/deccan-chargers-vs-mumbai-indians-12th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=25 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2009|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} || [[Herschelle Gibbs]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Durban || Won by 6 wickets || 69[[not out|*]] (56) || <ref name="R4 report">{{cite web|last=Binoy|first=George|title=Gibbs gives Deccan fourth consecutive win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392196/chennai-super-kings-vs-deccan-chargers-16th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=27 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2009|2=5|3=06|format=dmy}} || [[Rohit Sharma]] || Mumbai Indians || [[SuperSport Park|Centurion]] || Won by 19 runs || 38 (36) & 4/6 (2 overs) || <ref name="R8 report">{{cite web|last=Talya|first=Siddhartha|title=Sharma heroics ensure Deccan win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392212/deccan-chargers-vs-mumbai-indians-32nd-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=6 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2009|2=5|3=11|format=dmy}} || [[Dwayne Smith]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[De Beers Diamond Oval|Kimberley]] ||Won By 53 runs || 47 (32) || <ref name="R10 report">{{cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Kanishkaa|title=Dominant Deccan thrash Rajasthan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392220/deccan-chargers-vs-rajasthan-royals-40th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=11 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || {{dts|1=2009|2=5|3=16|format=dmy}} || Rohit Sharma || Kolkata Knight Riders || [[Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] ||Won By 6 wickets || 1/15 (2 overs) & 32[[not out|*]] (13) || <ref name="R12 report">{{cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Siddarth|title=Rohit breaks Kolkata hearts|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392228/deccan-chargers-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-48th-match-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=16 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || {{dts|1=2009|2=5|3=22|format=dmy}} || Adam Gilchrist || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || Centurion || Won by 6 wickets || 85 (35) || <ref name="SF report">{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Jamie|title=Raging Gilchrist carries Deccan into the final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392237/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-1st-semi-final-indian-premier-league-2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=22 May 2009}}</ref>
|}
====Season Awards====
* Champions of the [[2009 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="F report1"/><ref name="F report2"/>
* Winner of the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Most Valuable Player|Player of the Series]]: Adam Gilchrist<ref name="MVP">{{cite news|last=Meher-Homji|first=Kersi|title=Gilly and Haydo were the success stories of the IPL|url=https://www.theroar.com.au/2009/05/26/gilly-and-haydo-were-the-success-stories-of-the-ipl/|website=The Roar|access-date=21 August 2018|date=26 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="player points">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/player-points|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Player Points|publisher=IPLT20|date=24 May 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
* Winner of the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Purple Cap|Purple Cap]]: R. P. Singh<ref name="purple cap">{{cite web|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Most Wickets|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-wickets|publisher=IPLT20|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pulling off the purple cap|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/19008333/ipl-purple-cap-winners|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 August 2018|date=26 March 2017}}</ref>
* Winner of the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Emerging player of the year|Best U–23 Player of the Tournament]]: Rohit Sharma<ref name="ipl awards">{{cite news|title=And The Award Goes To|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/photos/and-the-award-goes-to-5666|website=NDTV Sports|access-date=25 August 2018|date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="u23 award">{{cite news|title=Rohit Sharma named best under-23 player of IPL|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rohit-sharma-named-best-under23-player-of-ipl/464863/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>
* Winner of the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Maximum Sixes Award|Maximum Sixes Award]]: Adam Gilchrist<ref name="max sixes">{{cite web|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Most Sixes|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-sixes|publisher=IPLT20|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>

===Achievements===
* Longest all-time winning streak for the [[Deccan Chargers]]: 4<ref name="R4 report"/>
* Rohit Sharma took the first-ever [[Hat-trick#Cricket|hat-trick]] for the Deccan Chargers in the group-stage match against the Mumbai Indians in the 2009 IPL<ref name="R8 report"/><ref>{{cite web|title=IPL Hat-tricks|url=https://www.cricwindow.com/ipl/most-hat-trick-wkts-iplt20.html|publisher=Cric Window|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>
* Adam Gilchrist scored the fastest [[Glossary of cricket terms#half century|half century]] of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in the semi-final match against the Delhi Daredevils.<ref name="SF report"/><ref name="fastest fifty">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/fastest-fifties|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Fastest Fifties|publisher=IPLT20|date=24 May 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
* Most [[Glossary of cricket terms#dot ball|dot balls]] bowled in the 2009 IPL: R. P. Singh (169)<ref name="most dot balls">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-dot-balls|title=2009 Indian Premier League / Most Dot Balls|publisher=IPLT20|date=24 May 2009|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
* Most [[Wicket-keeper|wicket-keeping]] [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissals]] in the 2009 IPL: Adam Gilchrist<ref>{{cite news|title=Final Highlights: Deccan Chargers vs Royal Challengers|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/final-highlights-deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-1598605|website=NDTV Sports|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>
* Qualified for the [[2009 Champions League Twenty20#Teams|2009 Champions League Twenty20]]<ref name="CLT20 qualified">{{cite news|title=Bangalore, Delhi and Deccan Chargers to represent India in CL T20|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bangalore-delhi-and-deccan-chargers-to-represent-india-in-cl-t20/story-mGRbcwVGm4wSbHjNucjGYN.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 August 2018|date=24 May 2009}}</ref>

==Reaction==
Gilchrist praised [[Rohit Sharma]] on taking the vice-captaincy role seriously at the end of the second group match of the IPL. He said, “He is a class act. Rohit has taken his vice-captain’s role very seriously and wants to be a leader someday and that is exciting.”<ref name="RohitVC">{{cite news|title=Rohit is a class act, says Gilchrist|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Rohit-is-a-class-act-says-Gilchrist/article16622408.ece|website=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=24 August 2018|date=24 April 2009}}</ref>

The Deccan Chargers captain, [[Adam Gilchrist]] praised his Australian teammate, [[Andrew Symonds]] on his performances during their title win. He said, “He's a great personality and a wonderful talent on the cricket field who can turn matches.”<ref name="IPLreaction"/> He also praised the former captain, [[V. V. S. Laxman]] for being the team-man despite being dropped. He said, “He continued to contribute around the group with his experience and his vast knowledge. He wants to learn to be a better Twenty20 player. That's a wonderful example to young players to see a player at his age wanting to evolve into a better player.”<ref name="IPLreaction"/> On the coach [[Darren Lehmann]], Gilchrist said, “The main one was the coach who has a wonderful cricket brain.”<ref name="IPLreaction">{{cite web|title=Gilchrist reflects on a job well done|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/405989.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|date=25 May 2009}}</ref>

The maiden IPL title win by the Deccan Chargers helped to increase their brand value by 18% to {{USD}}73 million in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adp/2018/06/25/diversity-and-inclusion-whats-the-difference-and-how-can-we-ensure-both/#2946bca442ec|title=In Pictures: What The IPL's Teams Are Worth|date=27 August 2009|work=Forbes|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref>

==Notes==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=nb}}

===References===
{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Deccan Chargers}}

[[Category:2009 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Deccan Chargers seasons]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]

2023 Gujarat Titans season

2025-12-18T13:07:04Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made first stub w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Overview of Gujarat Titans 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Gujarat Titans
| image =
| season = [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
| coach = [[Ashish Nehra]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Hardik Pandya]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Motera]], Ahmedabad
| comp1 = [[2023 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs =[[Shubman Gill]] (890)
| most wickets =[[Mohammed Shami]] (28)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Gujarat Titans in 2022|2022]]
| nextseason = [[Gujarat Titans in 2024|2024]]
}}
The 2023 season was the 2nd season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Gujarat Titans]]. They were one of ten teams to compete in the [[2023 Indian Premier League]]. The side have won the IPL title once before.

==Background==

===Team anthem===
The team anthem used to be 'Aava De'. In the first 2022 IPL season, the song was sung by [[Aditya Gadhvi]].

===Home ground===
The team's home ground is [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], which is situated in [[Motera]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Gujarat Titans to host its inaugural event at World's Largest Cricket Stadium in Ahmedabad on March 13 |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/gujarat-titans-to-host-its-inaugural-event-at-worlds-largest-cricket-stadium-in-ahmedabad-on-march-13-article-90140931}}</ref>

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"|
! '''Year'''
! League table standing
! Final standing
|-
! '''[[Gujarat Titans in 2022|2022]]'''
| 1st out of 10
|style="background: gold;"| Champions
|-
! '''2023'''
|1st out of 10
|style="background:gray;" | Runners-up
|}

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''
*Ages given as of 31 March 2023, the first match of the season
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Signed year
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
| 9 || [[Rahul Tewatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1993|5|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9|c}} ||
|-
| 7 || '''[[Shubman Gill]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1999|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} || Vice Captain
|-
| 10 || '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1989|06|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 18 || [[Abhinav Manohar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1994|9|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c}} ||
|-
| 23 || [[Sai Sudharsan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| || '''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1990|08|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
| || [[Urvil Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| || '''[[Dasun Shanaka]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1991|9|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| – || Overseas Replacement for Kane Williamson
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| 6 || '''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.9|c}} ||
|-
| 13 || '''[[Matthew Wade]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1987|12|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || – || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 14|| '''[[K. S. Bharat]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1993|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| 59 || '''[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.4|c}} ||
|-
| 33 || '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
| 19 || '''[[Rashid Khan]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|09|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c}} || Overseas,
|-
| 1 || [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
| 22 || '''[[Jayant Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1990|1|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c}} ||
|-
| 15 || '''[[Noor Ahmad]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2005|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm unorthodox|unorthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
| 11 || '''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1990|9|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.25|c}} ||
|-
| 133 || [[Yash Dayal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1997|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.20|c}} ||
|-
| 8 || '''[[Alzarri Joseph]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|11|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.4|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 12 || [[Pradeep Sangwan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1990|11|5|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 04 || [[Darshan Nalkande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| || '''[[Shivam Mavi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c}} ||
|-
| 82 || '''[[Josh Little]]''' || {{cr|IRE}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1999|11|1|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.4|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 27|| '''[[Mohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1988|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
| || '''[[Odean Smith]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|11|1|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|}
*Source: Gujarat Titans<ref name=players>[https://www.gujarattitansipl.com/players GT Players], Gujarat Titans.</ref>

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| COO|| Arvinder Singh
|-
| Team manager|| [[Satyajit Parab]]
|-
|Director of cricket|| [[Vikram Solanki]]
|-
|Head coach|| [[Ashish Nehra]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| [[Mithun Manhas]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| [[Narender Negi]]
|-
|Batting coach and mentor|| [[Gary Kirsten]]
|-
|Spin bowling coach and scout|| [[Aashish Kapoor]]
|-
|Head physiotherapist|| Rohit Sawalkar
|}
*Source: Gujarat Titans<ref name=players/>

==Points table==

{{2023 Indian Premier League Points table}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
The schedule for the group stages was published on 17 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 February 2023 |title=BCCI Announces Schedule For TATA IPL 2023 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3860/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2023 |website=IPLT20.com. |publisher=Indian Premier League.}}</ref>

===Matches===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 March 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 178/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 92 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 63 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359475.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: [[Tushar Deshpande]] for [[Ambati Rayudu]] (Chennai Super Kings) and [[Sai Sudharsan]] for [[Kane Williamson]] (Gujarat Titans).
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 162/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 37 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 163/4 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 62[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359481.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sai Sudharsan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact player Subs: [[Khaleel Ahmed]] for [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] (Delhi Capitals) and [[Vijay Shankar]] for [[Josh Little]] (Gujarat Titans).
| round = {{anchor|match7}} '''Match 7'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 204/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vijay Shankar]] 63[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 207/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 48[[not out|*]] (21)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359487.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact player subs: [[Josh Little]] for [[Sai Sudharshan]] (Gujarat Titans) and [[Venkatesh Iyer]] for [[Suyash Sharma]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| round = {{anchor|match13}} '''Match 13'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Matt Short]] 36 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/4 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 67 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Harpreet Brar]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359492.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match18}} '''Match 18'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 177/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 46 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 60 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359497.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match23}} '''Match 23'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 April 2023
| time = 15:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 135/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 66 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 128/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 68 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359504.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Akshay Totre (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Prerak Mankad]] for [[Amit Mishra]] (Lucknow Super Giants) and [[Jayant Yadav]] for [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| round = {{anchor|match30}} '''Match 30'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 207/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 56 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nehal Wadhera]] 40 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Noor Ahmed]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 55 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359509.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhinav Manohar]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Josh Little]] for [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans) and [[Tilak Varma]] for [[Kumar Kartikeya]] (Mumbai Indians)
| round = {{anchor|match35}} '''Match 35'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 April 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 179/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]] 81 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 180/3 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vijay Shankar]] 51[[Not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359513.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Josh Little]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Suyash Sharma]] for [[Venkatesh Iyer]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) and [[Shubman Gill]] for [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| round = {{anchor|match39}} '''Match 39'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 130/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aman Hakim Khan]] 51 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 4/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 125/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 59[[Not Out|*]] (53)
| wickets2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359518.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Gujarat Titans
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Khaleel Ahmed]] for [[Priyam Garg]] (Delhi Capitals) and [[Shubman Gill]] for [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| round = {{anchor|match44}} '''Match 44'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 118 (17.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 30 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119/1 (13.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 41[[Not Out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 1/22 (3.5)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359522.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Riyan Parag]] for [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals) and [[Shubman Gill]] for [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| round = {{anchor|match48}} '''Match 48'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 227/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 94[[Not Out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 1/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 70 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 56 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359525.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match51}} '''Match 51'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 218/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 103[[Not Out|*]] (49)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 191/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 79[[Not Out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Akash Madhwal]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 27 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359531.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player subs: [[Akash Madhwal]] for [[Vishnu Vinod]] (Mumbai Indians) and [[Shubman Gill]] for [[Mohit Sharma]] (Gujarat Titans)
| round = {{anchor|match57}} '''Match 57'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 188/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 101 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 5/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 64 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 4/21 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 34 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359536.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: [[Shubman Gill]] for [[Yash Dayal]] (Gujarat Titans) and [[Anmolpreet Singh]] for [[T. Natarajan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| round = {{anchor|match62}} '''Match 62'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359544.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match70}} '''Match 70'''
}}

== Playoffs ==

The full schedule for the playoffs was announced on 21 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2023 |title=BCCI announces schedule and venue details for TATA IPL 2023 Playoffs and Final |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3911/bcci-announces-schedule-and-venue-details-for-tata-ipl-2023-playoffs-and-final |website=iplt20.com}}</ref>
{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width=150px
| score-width=150px

| RD1 = '''[[#match71|Qualifier 1]] / [[#match72|Eliminator]]'''
| RD1-text1 = 23 May 2023 - [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]
| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| RD1-score1 = 157 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed2 = '''2'''
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''172/7 (20 overs)'''
| P1Winner = Chennai
| P1Margin = 15 runs
| P1Matchno = 71

| RD1-text2 = 24 May 2023 - [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]
| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| RD1-score3 = 101 (16.3 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = '''4'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Mumbai Indians]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''182/8 (20 overs)'''
| P2Winner = Mumbai
| P2Margin = 81 runs
| P2Matchno= 72

| RD2 = '''[[#match73|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD2-text1 = 26 May 2023 - [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD2-seed1 = '''Q1L'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''233/3 (20 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = EW
| RD2-team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| RD2-score2 = 171 (18.2 overs)
| P3Winner = Gujarat
| P3Margin = 62 runs
| P3Matchno= 73

| RD3 = '''[[#match74|Final]]'''
| RD3-text1 = 29 May 2023 - [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD3-seed1 = Q1W
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''171/5 (15 overs)'''
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| RD3-score2 = 214/4 (20 overs)
| FinalWinner = Chennai
| FinalMargin = 5 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS]] method)
| FinalMatchno= 74
}}

=== Qualifier 1 ===
<section begin="match71" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 172/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 60 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 42 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 15 runs
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370350.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings qualified for the final for the 10th time in IPL history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=CSK squeeze the Titans to enter their tenth IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-qualifier-1-1370350/match-report |access-date=2023-05-24 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match71}}
}}<section end="match71" />
----

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin="match72" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 182/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Cameron Green]] 41 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Naveen-ul-Haq]] 4/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 101 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marcus Stoinis]] 40 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Akash Madhwal]] 5/5 (3.3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 81 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370351.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Akash Madhwal]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match72}}
}}<section end="match72" />
----

=== Qualifier 2 ===
<section begin="match73" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 233/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 129 (60)
| wickets1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 1/45 (3 overs)
| score2 = 171 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 61 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 5/10 (2.2 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 62 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370352.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans) made the highest individual score of 129 runs from 60 balls in IPL Playoffs.
* Gujarat Titans's total was the highest score in IPL Playoffs.
| round = {{anchor|match73}}
}}<section end="match73" />
----

=== Final ===
{{main|2023 Indian Premier League final}}

<section begin="match74" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29–30 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 214/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 96 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/44 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/5 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 47 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 3/36 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS]] method)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370353.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was originally scheduled to be held on 28 May 2023, but it was shifted to 29 May 2023 and ended on 30th May 2023 at 01:35 IST due to rain. Thus, becoming the longest ever IPL final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT IPL 2023 final moved to reserve day; title winner to be decided on Monday |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/ |website=SportStar |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529101132/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=‘Longest Ever IPL Final’ Fans React As Rain ‘Stretches’ CSK vs GT IPL 2023 Final to 'Three Days' |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/longest-ever-ipl-final-fans-react-as-rain-stretches-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-to-three-days-5163383.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193152/https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/longest-ever-ipl-final-fans-react-as-rain-stretches-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-to-three-days-5163383.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chennai Super Kings were set a revised target of 171 runs from 15 overs due to rain.
| notes = By winning in the final, Chennai Super Kings equaled Mumbai Indians for winning the most IPL trophies (5).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats - Dhoni equals Rohit, CSK level with Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-final-stats-ms-dhoni-equals-rohit-sharma-and-csk-level-with-mumbai-indians-1379035 |access-date=2023-05-30 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530115702/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-final-stats-ms-dhoni-equals-rohit-sharma-and-csk-level-with-mumbai-indians-1379035 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match74}}
}}<section end="match74" />

==Road to final==

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression
|create

|W1, W7, L13, W18, L23, W30, W35, W39, L44, W48, W51, L57, W62, W70


|L71, W73, L74


|caption=League progression
|teams=Gujarat Titans
|knockoutType=2
|matchesPerTeam=14
|matchReportArticle=2023 Indian Premier League}}
{{stack end}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
[https://tutorialstip.com/gujarat-titans-ipl-team-about-the-players/ Gujarat Titans IPL Team 2023]: Everything You Need to Know About the Team

== External links ==
*[https://www.gujarattitansipl.com/ Official website]

{{2023 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2023 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans seasons|2023]]

Raorchestes kollimalai

2025-12-18T04:12:44Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new a biography.

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Raorchestes kollimalai - Vijay Karthick - 312761120.jpeg
| status =
| status_ref =
| status_system =
| taxon = Raorchestes kollimalai
| authority = Gowande, Ganesh, and Mirza, 2020
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Raorchestes kollimalai''''', the '''Kollimalai bush frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]. Scientists have observed it [[type locality (biology)|its type locality]] in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains, about 1100 meters above sea level.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Raorchestes chlorosomma'' (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-kollimalai
|access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes kollimalai'' Gowande, Ganesh, and Mirza, 2020
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9299
|access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref>

The adult male frog measures 15–45 mm long in [[snout-vent length]]. The skin of the dorsum is light brown with darker brown spots and marks. There is a dark brown stripe on each side of its head. The stripe goes from the eye over the ear to the frog's shoulder. The pupil of the eye is black in color with gold in it.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Gowande GG|author2= SR Ganesh|author3= ZA Mirza|year= 2020|title= A new cryptic species of bush frog (Amphibia: Anura: Raorchestes) from the southern eastern Ghats, India. |journal=Taprobanica |volume=9 |pages=164–173|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346427602|type=Full text|access-date=September 3, 2023|doi=10.47605/tapro.v9i2.229|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Scientists named this frog Kollimalai for its type locality.<ref name=Des />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108389102}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2020]]
[[Category:Raorchestes|kollimalai]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Mettakkivalasa

2025-12-07T01:37:34Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating some post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mettakkivalasa
| image_skyline = Mettakkivalasa.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mettakkivalasa view from Amadalavalasa Railway Station
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [http://amudalavalasa.cdma.ap.gov.in/ Amadalavalasa Municipality]
| timezone1 = [[UTC+05:30]]
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 532185
| area_code = 08942
}}

'''Mettakkivalasa''' is a suburb in [[Amudalavalasa|Amadalavalasa]] Town,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amudalavalasa.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-75|title=Amadalavalasa Municipality}}</ref> [[India]]. It is located close to other bigger suburbs such as Amadalavalasa and Chintada. [[Srikakulam Road railway station|Srikakulam Road]] Railway Station is in Mettakkivalasa Suburb of Amadalavalasa town, It is close to the Srikakulam Road Railway Quarters, It is about 10 Kilometers from [[Srikakulam]] City.

== Geography ==
Mettakkivalasa is located at 18.4167°N 83.9000°E.It has an average elevation of 29 metres (98 feet).

== Streets ==
There are many streets in Mettakkivalasa region, Kuppili vari street, Teachers Colony, Putta veedhi, Manukonda vari street, Kothaagraharam, Golla veedhi, BR Nagar, Hudco Colony, Amma Nagar, JK Baniyan Street.

== Electricity Board ==
[[Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited|APEPDCL]], Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution is the official power supply board in Amadalavalasa Municipality, it serves all over Mettakkivalasa region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://59.144.184.82:9005/LMCAPP/getLivePowerOutageNEW?CIRCLE_ID=205&CIRCLE_NAME=SRIKAKULAM&DIVISION_ID=2051&DIVISION_NAME=SRIKAKULAM&SUBDIVISION_ID=205112&SUBDIVISION_NAME=AMADALAVALASA&SECTION_ID=&SECTION_NAME=&selection=SECTION|title=Feeder details of Power supply|accessdate=9 May 2018}}</ref>

== Water Supply ==
Amadalavalasa Municipality serves water to the Mettakkivalasa region, currently Amadalavalasa municipality has 100+ public water taps and more than 1000+ private water connections in mettakkivalasa region serving one hour water supply in a day.

== Temples ==
There are 4 temples in Mettakkivalasa region, Mettakkivalasa Varala Vinayaka Temple located in Main Road, Satya Sai Baba Temple, Shiridi sai baba Temple, Varaha Narasimha Temple

== Municipality ==
Amadalavalasa is a municipality and also the mandal headquarters of Amadalavalasa [[mandal]]. The town is spread over an area of 19.65 km2 (7.59 sq mi), which is under the jurisdiction of [[Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority]], Mettakkivalasa suburb belongs to Amadalavalasa Municipality.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Srikakulam district]]

Umade Bhattiyani

2025-12-06T11:33:20Z

MargueriteMcEwan: created the entry from scratch.

{{Short description|Wife of Maldeo Rathore}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| image =
| title =
| caption =
| succession = [[Rani]] of [[Marwar]]
| reign = {{circa}} 1537 – 1562
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 20 November 1562
| death_place = Kelva, [[Mewar]], [[India]]
| spouse =[[Maldeo Rathore]]
| issue =
| father = Rawal Lunkaran Bhati
| mother =
| dynasty = [[Bhati]]
| religion =[[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Umade Bhattiyani''' (d. 1562; other names ''Umadeo, Uma Devi'') was one of the wives of [[Maldeo Rathore]], the renowned [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] ruler of [[Marwar]] (r. 1532 – 1562). She was known as '''Roothi Rani''' — the Irate or Aggrieved Queen, or 'the Queen-who-Sulked.<ref name="Hooja06">{{cite book|last1=Hooja|first1=Rima|title=A history of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Co.|page=520|language=en}}</ref>

==Family==
Umade is
a princess of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan of [[Jaisalmer]] and was the daughter of Rawal Lunkaran Bhati, the ruler of Jaisalmer (r. 1530 - 1551). Her sister [[Dheer Bai Bhattiyani]] was the favourite wife of Maharana [[Udai Singh II]] of [[Mewar]].<ref name=Kothiyal>{{cite book|last1=Kothiyal|first1=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107080317|page=85, 87|language=en}}</ref>

==Marriage==
She was married to Maldeo Rathore.<ref name="Kothiyal" /> The marriage was not a happy one.<ref name="Mathur04">{{cite book|last1=Mathur|first1=Kanchan|title=Countering gender violence : initiatives towards collective action in Rajasthan|date=2004|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780761932451|page=81}}</ref> She also refused to have any conjugal relations with him. Her attitude towards Maldeo earned her the title ''Roothi Rani''.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Chatterjee|editor1-first=Indrani|editor2-last=M. Eaton|editor2-first=Richard|title=Slavery and South Asian History.|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverysouthasia00chat|url-access=limited|date=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=0253116716|page=[https://archive.org/details/slaverysouthasia00chat/page/n167 145]}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*Umade is the titular character of the novella ''Roothi Rani'' written by [[Premchand]].
*A fictionalized Umade was portrayed by Mreenal Deshraj in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s historical drama ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chopra|first1=Rukmini|title=Mreenal Deshraj to be a part of Maharana Pratap?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/mreenal-deshraj-to-be-a-part-of-maharana-pratap/|accessdate=9 August 2017|date=June 22, 2014}}</ref>

==Of note==
[[File:Ruthi Rani ka Mahal (Jaisamand).jpg|thumb|Umade's palace in Jaisamand]]
There is a similar story about another Roothi Rani in the Jaisamand area<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/blog/places-of-udaipur-roothi-rani-ka-mahal/c74416-w2859-cid101860-s10701.htm|title=Places of Udaipur: Roothi Rani ka mahal|date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The Hawa Mahal near [[Dhebar_Lake|Dhebar Lake or Jaisamand Lake]] is also known as Roothi Rani ka Mahal.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1562 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajput princesses]]

Mukesh Dalal

2025-12-03T05:21:33Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating the data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| status =
| predecessor = [[Darshana Jardosh]]
| majority = ''Unopposed''{{efn|Dalal was elected on 22 April, per announcement by the Returning officer of Surat Lok Sabha constituency.}}
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} {{Small|(since 1981)}}
| education = [[B. Com]], [[L.L.B]], [[M.B.A.]] (Finance)
| module = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:lavender;text-align:center;
|title = Other offices
|bullets =
| 2005–2020: Member of [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
}}
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| alma_mater = [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
| image = Mukesh Dalal in Algeria on October 13, 2024.jpg
| constituency = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
}}

'''Mukeshkumar Chandrakant Dalal''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from Gujarat who is the member of Parliament in [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat constituency]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-22 |title=BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal elected unopposed from Surat Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-elected-unopposed-from-surat-lok-sabha-seat-gujarat/article68093700.ece |access-date=2024-04-22 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat|Bharatiya Janata Party]], he previously worked in Surat as party secretary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Who Is Mukeshbhai Dalal, 1st BJP MP Of 18th Lok Sabha Who Won Before Poll Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/who-is-mukeshbhai-dalal-1st-bjp-mp-of-18th-lok-sabha-who-won-before-poll-results-article-109501674 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Birth and education ==
Dalal was born on 1961 in Surat. He belongs from the [[Modh|Modh Vanik]] community.<ref name='A'>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Who is Mukesh Dalal, the first candidate to be declared winner in LS polls 2024? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/who-is-mukesh-dalal-the-first-candidate-to-be-declared-winner-in-ls-polls-2024-101713878353234.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He holds the degrees of [[Bachelor of Commerce|bachelor of commerce]] and [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] in 1995 and [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] from V. T. Choksi Law College in 1988.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mukeshkumar Chandrakaant Dalal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SURAT(GUJARAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3783 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Dalal has been active in the BJP since 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal wins Surat Lok Sabha seat unopposed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-wins-surat-lok-sabha-seat-unopposed-101713780739137.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He became a member of Surat District Cricket Association committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=BJP candidate from Surat declared elected after all candidates in fray withdrew nominations |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/bjp-candidate-from-surat-declared-elected-after-all-candidates-in-fray-withdrew-nominations/article68094539.ece |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> He owns a Clothing Industry.<ref name=":1" />

He was elected as corporator for [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] from [[Adajan]]-[[Pal, Gujarat|Pal]]-[[Palanpur|Palanpor]] area from 2005 to 2020, and previously served as standing committee chairperson in the corporation for five terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Who is Mukesh Dalal, BJP Lok Sabha candidate for Surat seat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/13/who-is-mukesh-dalal-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-for-surat-seat/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

He served as the city's BJP party secretary for three years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Gujarat Lok Sabha Elections 2024: BJP's Mukesh Dalal wins Surat seat unopposed |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/gujarat-lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjps-mukesh-dalal-wins-surat-seat-unopposed-426429-2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He was also served as chairman of People's Cooperative Bank in Surat for 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=A first for BJP, wins Surat Lok Sabha seat 'unopposed': After Congress candidate rejected, 8 withdraw |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-surat-mukesh-dalal-congress-lok-sabha-polls-9284831/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Member of Lok Sabha ==
Dalal was elected unopposed on 22 April 2024 after the withdrawal of seven candidates from the Surat seat and rejection of INC candidate's affidavit, making him the first member elected unopposed to the 18th Lok Sabha before election on 7 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=BJP wins Lok Sabha seat even before voting, but it isn't so rare |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bjp-win-surat-lok-sabha-seat-unopposed-mp-dimple-yadav-2530245-2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal wins Surat Lok Sabha seat unopposed">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-wins-surat-lok-sabha-seat-unopposed-101713780739137.html|title=BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal wins Surat Lok Sabha seat unopposed|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=22 April 2024|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422113542/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-wins-surat-lok-sabha-seat-unopposed-101713780739137.html|archive-date=22 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal elected unopposed from Surat">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-elected-unopposed-from-surat-lok-sabha-seat-gujarat/article68093700.ece|title=BJP candidate Mukesh Dalal elected unopposed from Surat|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 April 2024|accessdate=22 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422114333/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-candidate-mukesh-dalal-elected-unopposed-from-surat-lok-sabha-seat-gujarat/article68093700.ece|archivedate=22 April 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{note list}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalal, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Kailas Nath

2025-11-18T04:34:17Z

MargueriteMcEwan: adding new page

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kailas Nath actor.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age at death|65|2023|08|03}}
| birth_place = [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2023|08|03|65}}
| death_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* director
}}
| years_active = 1977–2023
| spouse = Ajitha
| children = 1
}}

'''Kailas Nath''' (1957 or 1958 – 3 August 2023) was an Indian actor and director who primarily worked in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], and also appeared in television serials. He made his film debut with ''[[Sangamam (1977 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1977) and acted in over 160 films during a career spanning nearly 45 years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

== Early life ==
Kailas was born in [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]] in the [[Alappuzha district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=3 August 2023 |title=Malayalam actor Kailas Nath passes away in Kochi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-passes-away-kochi-180611 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He graduated from Devaswom Board Pampa College and later attended a film institute, where he studied alongside [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], and [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=4 August 2023 |title=அச்சச்சோ.. மலையாள திரையுலகின் முக்கிய பிரபலம் மறைவு.. சோகத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்.. |trans-title=Ouch.. A major celebrity in the Malayalam film industry has passed away.. Fans are in mourning.. |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/malayalam-film-and-serial-actor-kailas-nath-passed-away-for-liver-related-diseases-132931 |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Career ==
Before entering the film industry, Kailas was active in [[Mimicry (entertainment)|mimicry]] and stage performances.<ref name=":1" /> He began his film career with the 1977 Malayalam film ''[[Sangamam (1977 film)|Sangamam]]'' and made his Tamil debut in ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980), eventually appearing in nearly 90 Tamil films''.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=3 August 2023 |title=Actor Kailas Nath dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/actor-kailas-nath-dead/article67155446.ece |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> His films include ''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]'' (1977), ''[[Etho Oru Swapnam]]'' (1978), ''[[Swandam Enna Padam]]'' (1980), ''[[Irattimadhuram]]'' (1982), ''[[Saravarsham]]'' (1982), ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993), ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' (2004)'', [[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' (2008)'','' ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' (2009), and ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' (2010)''.''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rishabh |date=3 August 2023 |title=Malayalam film and serial actor Kailas Nath dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/noted-malayalam-film-and-serial-actor-kailas-nath-films-passes-away-2415956-2023-08-03 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |publication-place=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He also worked as an assistant director under [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] before making his directorial debut with ''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasha]]'' in 1985.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2023 |title=Malayalam Actor Kailas Nath Passes Away At 65 |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kailas-nath-death-popular-malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-passes-away-at-65-1620412 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=3 August 2023 |title=നടൻ കൈലാസ് നാഥ് ഇനി ഓർമ; അന്ത്യം കൊച്ചിയിലെ സ്വകാര്യ ആശുപത്രിയിൽ |trans-title=Actor Kailas Nath is no more; he passed away in a private hospital in Kochi |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/08/03/actor-kailas-nath-passes-away.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In addition, he lectured in acting at [[Madras Christian College]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

Apart from films, he appeared in several Malayalam television serials, beginning with ''Seemantham''.<ref name=":0" /> His television work includes ''[[Minnukettu]]'', ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]'', ''[[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]'', and ''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]].''<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /> His final on-screen appearance was in the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] series ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=സിനിമ സീരിയൽ നടൻ കൈലാസ് നാഥ് അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Film and serial actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-kailasnadh-dies-kgn-rytb48 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Kailas was married to Ajitha, and they have one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=3 August 2023 |title=സിനിമ-സീരിയൽ താരം കൈലാസ് നാഥ് അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Film and serial actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/malayalam-film-serial-actor-kailas-nath-passed-away-1188259 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Madhyamam |language=ml}}</ref> He died on 3 August 2023, at the age of 65, from non-alcoholic [[liver cirrhosis]] at a private hospital in [[Kochi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2023 |title=Noted film-cum-TV actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/noted-film-cum-tv-actor-kailas-nath-passes-away--0ea4c1d3 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As actor ===
{{Incomplete list|film|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|''[[Sangamam (1977 film)|Sangamam]]''
|
|Debut film
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]''
|Chandran
|Child artist
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1978
|''[[Etho Oru Swapnam]]''
|Abhayan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=3 August 2023 |title=Malayalam actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Aug/03/malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-passed-away-46253.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
|''[[Maalika Paniyunnavar]]''
|Appunni
|
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Malayalam Actor Kailas Nath |url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Kailas%20Nath |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=en.msidb.org}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |1980
|''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]''
|Thambu
|Tamil debut
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Malayalam actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-dies-at-65-8875308/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title='ஒரு தலை ராகம்' திரைப்பட நடிகர் திடீர் மரணம்! |trans-title='Oru Thalai Ragam' film actor dies suddenly! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/66112-malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-passes-away.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=Kamadenu}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ambalavilakku]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|''[[Swandam Enna Padam]]''
|Kochu Kuttan
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|''[[Vaiki Vanna Vasantham]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|1981
|''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]''
|Vasu
|Tamil film
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |1982
|''[[Gaanam]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|''[[Saravarsham]]''
|Dr. Varma
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|''[[Irattimadhuram]]''
|Suman
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1983
|''[[Kingini Kombu]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Aseem |date=3 August 2023 |title=Noted Malayalam actor Kailas Nath dies aged 65 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/noted-malayalam-actor-kailas-nath-dies-aged-65-2023-08-03-884684 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]''
|Settu's assistant
|
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=പ്രത്യേകതരം മുറുക്കാൻ ചെല്ലവുമായി സെറ്റിലെത്തുന്ന കൈലാസ്; ഓർമകളുടെ ചെപ്പ് തുറക്കുമ്പോൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kailasnath-actor-passed-away-malayalam-cinema-serial-remembering-actor-films-1.8790543 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]''
|
|Tamil film
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2004
|''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''
|Ambiswamy
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2008
|''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]''
|Melshanti
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2009
|''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Mollywood, television actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/03/mollywood-actor-kailas-nath-serial-artist-passes-away.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180016/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/03/mollywood-actor-kailas-nath-serial-artist-passes-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Yugapurushan]]''
|[[Chattampi Swamikal]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |date=3 August 2023 |title=Kailas Nath, Malayalam Actor, Passes Away At 65 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kailas-nath-malayalam-actor-passes-away-at-65-8497261.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
|-
|2014
|''Test Paper''
|
|
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|2015
|''Maayaapuri''
|
|3D film
|<ref name=":10" />
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
|1985
|''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasha]]''
|Directorial debut
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |date=3 August 2023 |title=സിനിമ സീരിയൽ നടൻ കൈലാസ് നാഥ് ഇനി ഓർമ |trans-title=Film and serial actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actor-kailas-nath-passes-away-889772/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Indian Express - Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{{Incomplete list|television|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year(s)
!Title
!Role
!Network
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
|1998–1999
|''Seemantham''
|{{N/a}}
| rowspan="2" |[[DD Malayalam]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Purappadu''
|{{N/a}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2004–2009
|''[[Minnukettu]]''
|{{N/a}}
|[[Surya TV]]
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2023 |title=നടന്‍ കൈലാസ് നാഥ് അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Actor Kailas Nath passes away |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/08/03/actor-kailas-nath-passed-away.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2007–2010
|''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]''
|{{N/a}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
|Poduval
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]''
|Viswanatha Iyer
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2015
|''Manasariyathe''
|{{N/a}}
|Surya TV
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasariyathe Serial on Surya TV from 19 October 2015 |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/10/manasariyathe-serial-on-surya-tv-from.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
|-
|2015–2016
|''Malootty''
|{{N/a}}
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malootty Malayalam Serial on Mazhavil Manorama from 30th November 2015 |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/11/malootty-serial-on-mazhavil-manorama.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2019
|''Ennu Swantham Jani''
|{{N/a}}
|Surya TV
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ennu Swantham Jani Serial -Cast and Crew of Surya TV Serial{{!}} Actors and actress names and details |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/07/ennu-swantham-jani-serial-cast-actors.html |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2020
|''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|Vasudevan
| rowspan="2" |Asianet
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 May 2021 |title=കൈലാസ് നാഥ് ഗുരുതരാവസ്ഥയിൽ, സഹായം അഭ്യർഥിച്ച് നടൻ സജിൻ |trans-title=Kailas Nath in critical condition, actor Sajin requests help |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/santhwanam-serial-actor-kailas-nath-hospitalized-actor-sajin-facebook-post497400/ |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=Indian Express - Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2023
|''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
|Narayana Pillai
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=നടൻ കൈലാസ് നാഥ് അന്തരിച്ചു, അന്ത്യം എറണാകുളത്തെ സ്വകാര്യ ആശുപത്രിയിൽ |trans-title=Actor Kailas Nath passes away, died at a private hospital in Ernakulam |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/actor-kailas-nath-passed-away-626114-2023-08-03 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Kailas}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]

Alinakhi Palem

2025-11-17T05:43:36Z

MargueriteMcEwan: made initial bio w/ sources - done

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alinakhi Palem
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|14|12|N|80|52|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pamidimukkala]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = 
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2000
| population_as_of =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN CODE]]
| postal_code = 521 250

}}

'''Alinakhi Palem''' is a village near by [[Choragudi]] Panchayat present in Pamidimukkala mandal of [[Krishna district]] of Andhra Pradesh state, India. It is situated at an altitude of 09 ft above sea-level. A survey by Madras Office in 1926 by Sri Govindarajulu and LGB Firth displayed its assigned numbers. AP supplementary survey in 1965 by Sri V. Sriramulu included it in Gannavaram Taluk of Krishna district.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishna District|first=Choragudi|title=Choragudi Gannavaram Taluk Krishna District|publisher=A.P. Survey|year=1956|isbn=|location=A.P.|pages=}}</ref>
* The official language is '''Urdu '''
* It has an Urdu Upper Primary School with 150 children.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Premises|first=Students|date=2 August 2012|title=Students, cattle share the premises|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/students-cattle-share-the-premises/article3716482.ece|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
* The Alinakhi Palem post office pin code is 521 250 and postal head office is Virankilock.
* It is mostly a mason's, teacher's and engineer's village with 500+ families.
* Near cities [[Vijayawada]] (60 km), [[Machilipatnam]] (35 km), [[Vuyyuru]] (19 km).
* Penumatcha (2 km), Krishnapuram (2 km), Lankapalli (3 km), Kuderu (3 km), Inapuru (4 km) are the nearby Villages to Alinakhi Palem.

Alinakhi Palem is bordered by Movva Mandal towards the east, Ghantasala Mandal and Challapalli Mandal towards the south, and Kollur Mandal towards the west.

==Oral History==

Ruler of Golconda and the last ruler of [[Qutub Shahi]] Dynasty, [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Abul Hasan Tanisha]] (A.D.1672-1686) invited Mullah Mohammed's Ali from Isfahan in Iran to come to India to teach his Children. Eldest son of Mullah, Haider Ali Naqi Isfahani and two families settled here. Other families joined and a small hub of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] community gradually emerged. The village derives its name from the first settler and is called Alinakhi Palem or Ali Naqi's Village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=People|first=Isfahan|date=20 January 2017|title=The People from Isfahan|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/The-people-from-Isfahan/article17068195.ece|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Rail===
There is no railway station within 20 km of Alinakhi Palem.

Nearest railway stations are Vijayawada Junction (BZA), Machilipatnam Junction (MTM), Gudivada Junction (GDV).

===Road===
National Highways near Alinakhi Palem
* National High Way: NH65
* National High Way: NH16
Vijayawada, Vuyyuru, Kuchipudi are the nearby towns with road connectivity to Alinakhi Palem.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alinakhi Palem}}
[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

Muzaffarpur–Narkatiaganj Express

2025-11-11T09:52:42Z

MargueriteMcEwan: creating initial info basic info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Muzaffarpur - Narkatiaganj Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} ('''MFP''')
| stops = 11
| end = {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} ('''NKE''')
| distance = {{convert|160|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4h 30m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15215/15216
| speed = {{convert|36|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Pataliputra - Narkatiaganj) Intercity Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}
The '''Muzaffarpur - Narkatiaganj Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station|Muzaffarpur Junction]] and [[Narkatiaganj Junction railway station|Narkatiaganj Junction]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 15215/15216 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Doubling-of-Muz-Gorakhpur-tracks-demanded/articleshow/56189357.cms Doubling of Muzaffarpur-Gorakhpur tracks demanded]</ref><ref>[http://irctcnews.in/reschedulelate-running-delayed-trains-list-on-24th-feb-2015/ "Reschedule/Late Running Delayed Trains list on 24th Feb 2015"]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/check-up-on-weather-before-you-plan-holiday/articleshow/56008264.cms Check up on weather before you plan holiday]</ref>

== Service==

The 15215/Muzaffarpur - Narkatiaganj Express has an average speed of 36 km/h and covers 160 km in 4h 30m. The 15216/Narkatiaganj - Muzaffarpur Express has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 160 km in 4h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Mehsi}}
* {{rws|Bapudham Motihari}}
* {{rws|Sagauli Junction}}
* {{rws|Bettiah}}
* {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 10 coaches :

* 8 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gonda|Gonda Loco Shed]] based [[WDM 3A]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] based [[WDM 3A]] diesel locomotive from [[Muzaffarpur]] to [[Narkatiaganj]] and vice versa.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Narkatiaganj Junction railway station]]
* [[Patliputra - Narkatiaganj Intercity Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1161 15215/Muzaffarpur-Narkatiaganj Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/4439 15216/Narkatiaganj-Muzaffarpur Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarpur - Narkatiaganj Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Narkatiaganj]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]

Kharga Malla

2025-11-03T21:08:54Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{Short description|Raja of Mallabhum from 841 to 862}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name =Kharga Malla
|image=
|caption=
|succession = [[Mallabhum kingdom|Raja of Mallabhum]]
|coronation =
|reign =841–862
|predecessor =[[Sanatan Malla]]
|successor =[[Durjan Malla]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|position =
}}

'''Kharga Malla''' was the twelfth king of the [[Mallabhum]]. He ruled from 841 to 862 AD.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=32}}<ref name=Mallik1>Abhaya Pada Mallik (1921), pp. 128</ref>

==History==
Kharga Malla's name was lent to the city of [[Kharagpur]] after his army conquered it.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=32}}<ref name=Mallik2>Abhaya Pada Mallik (1921), pp. 14</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* {{Citation|last1=Dasgupta|first2=Samira|last2=Biswas|first3=Rabiranjan|last3=Mallik|first1=Gautam Kumar|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur|publisher=A Mittal Publication|isbn=978-8183242943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&pg=PA18|date=2009}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mallik|first1=Abhaya Pada|title=History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal|date=1921|publisher=Calcutta|pages=12|edition=the University of Michigan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4dAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 March 2016}}
{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Kings of Mallabhum]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

H. W. Schumann

2025-11-01T21:49:43Z

MargueriteMcEwan: adding new entry

{{Short description|German diplomat and indologist}}
'''Hans Wolfgang Schumann''' (31 January 1928 – 26 June 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traueranzeigen von Hans Wolfgang Schumann {{!}} GA-Trauer.de|url=https://trauer.ga.de/traueranzeige/hans-wolfgang-schumann|access-date=2021-01-26|website=trauer.ga.de|language=de-DE}}</ref> was a German diplomat as well as an Indologist and Buddhologist.

== Life ==
Schumann was born in [[Düsseldorf]], Germany. After an apprenticeship as a [[book publisher]], he studied Indology, religious studies, ethnology, comparative religions and social anthropology at the [[University of Bonn]] in 1951.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} In 1957 he received his Ph.D. degree for a thesis on Buddhist philosophy, while there he worked under [[Gustav Mensching]] in the subject of Indology with an investigation into the ''Bedeutung und Bedeutungsentwicklung des Terminus Samkhara im frühen Buddhismus (Meaning and development of the meaning of the term Samkhara in early Buddhism)''. From 1960 to 1963 he worked as a lecturer at the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in India. In 1963, he had joined the Foreign services of the Federal Republic of Germany and served in consular and diplomatic capacities at the West German missions such as [[Kolkata]], [[Yangon]], [[Chicago]], and [[Colombo]] as a lecturer to teach German language through the [[German Academic Exchange Service]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} In 1985 to 1986 he held a teaching position in Buddhism at the University of Bonn. Until his retirement in 1988 he was the Consul-General of the Federal Republic of Germany in Mumbai. Later Schumann was the recipient of the [[Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize]] for his works about Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann|first=Hans Wolfgang|title=Handbuch Buddhismus die zentralen Lehren: Ursprung und Gegenwart|year=2000 |isbn=978-3-7205-2153-6|location=Kreuzlingen|oclc=247618883}}</ref> He died in [[Bonn]].

== Works ==
* ''Der Mahāyāna-Buddhismus: Die zweite Drehung des Dharma-Rades''. Diederichs, München, 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang.|title=Der Mahāyāna-Buddhismus : die zweite Drehung des Dharma-Rades|date=1990|publisher=Diederichs|isbn=3-424-01016-2|location=München|oclc=26448403}}</ref>
* ''Der historische Buddha: Leben und Lehre des Gotama''. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe, München 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang 1928-|title=Der historische Buddha Leben und Lehre des Gotama|year=2004 |isbn=978-3-89631-439-0|edition=Aktualisierte Neuausg|location=Kreuzlingen|oclc=249748353}}</ref>
* ''Handbuch Buddhismus: Die zentralen Lehren: Ursprung und Gegenwart''. Diederichs, Kreuzlingen / München 2000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang 1928-|title=Handbuch Buddhismus die zentralen Lehren: Ursprung und Gegenwart|year=2000 |isbn=978-3-7205-2153-6|location=Kreuzlingen|oclc=247618883}}</ref>
* ''Die grossen Götter Indiens: Grundzüge von Hinduismus und Buddhismus''. Hugendubel 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang.|title=Die grossen Götter Indiens : Grundzüge von Hinduismus und Buddhismus|date=2004|publisher=Hugendubel|isbn=3-89631-429-7|location=Kreuzlingen|oclc=56068287}}</ref>
* ''Buddhismus: Stifter, Schulen und Systeme''. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe, München 2005.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang 1928-|title=Buddhismus Stifter, Schulen und Systeme|year=2005 |isbn=978-3-7205-2652-4|edition=Überarb. Neuausg|location=Kreuzlingen|oclc=181458053}}</ref>
* ''Buddhabildnisse – Ihre Symbolik und Geschichte''. Werner Kristkeitz Verlag, Heidelberg 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann, Hans Wolfgang.|title=Buddhabildnisse : ihre Symbolik und Geschichte|date=2003|publisher=Werner Kristkeitz|isbn=3-932337-03-4|edition=Originalausg|location=Heidelberg/Leimen|oclc=57541099}}</ref>

== Biographies of H.W. Schumann ==
* [[Axel Rodeck]]: ''[http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/religion/buddha/rbpre697.html Ein Indologe und Buddhist. Zum 80. Geburtstag von Dr. Hans Wolfgang Schumann]''.
* [[Volker Zotz]]: H''ans Wolfgang Schumann zum 80. Geburtstag''. In: ''Buddhismus aktuell''. August/2/2008.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowland|first=F.|title=Parasites Prefer Hungry Flies |date=2003-04-01|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=206|issue=7|pages=1104|doi=10.1242/jeb.00188|issn=0022-0949|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schumann, H.W.}}
[[Category:Consuls (representatives)]]
[[Category:German diplomats]]
[[Category:Indologists]]
[[Category:Buddhist studies scholars]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]

Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club

2025-10-30T06:20:10Z

MargueriteMcEwan:

{{Short description|Indian institutional football club based in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club
| image = Central Reserve Police Force emblem.svg
| image_size = 250px
| fullname = Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club
| nickname =
| founded =
| ground = [[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]]
| capacity = 22,000
| owner = [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = [[Punjab State Super Football League]] (men) [[Indian Women's League]] (women)
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _upper_sky
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _whitesides
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 89CFF0
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = 89CFF0
| shorts1 = 89CFF0
| socks1 = 89CFF0
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

'''Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club''' is a [[association football|football]] section which represents the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]. Based in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], they compete in the [[Punjab State Super Football League]].<ref name=MSR>{{cite web|title=28th JCT Punjab State Super Football League starts today |url=http://www.msrsportsnews.com/viewnews?newsId=3035 |website=MSR Sports News |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101033931/http://www.msrsportsnews.com/viewnews?newsId=3035 |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref>

The team participated in both the second division of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India too good for CRPF|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/mar/10airindia.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102102541/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/mar/10airindia.htm|date=10 March 2003|agency=PTI}}</ref> and the [[Durand Cup]] in [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Durand Cup: Pune FC held to goalless draw by CRPF|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Durand-Cup-Pune-FC-held-to-goalless-draw-by-CRPF/articleshow/15622035.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 August 2012|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109181108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Durand-Cup-Pune-FC-held-to-goalless-draw-by-CRPF/articleshow/15622035.cms}}</ref> and [[2021 Durand Cup|2021]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=August 23, 2021|title=2021 Durand Cup to have five ISL and three I-league teams|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/2021-durand-cup-to-have-five-isl-and-three-i-league-teams/articleshow/85557011.cms|access-date=2021-09-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905090807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/2021-durand-cup-to-have-five-isl-and-three-i-league-teams/articleshow/85557011.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/durand-cup-2021-jamshedpur-fc-bengaluru-united-begin-respective-campaigns-with-1-0-wins-9942451.html/amp|title=Durand Cup 2021: Jamshedpur FC, Bengaluru United begin respective campaigns with 1-0 wins|website=First Post|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907071652/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/durand-cup-2021-jamshedpur-fc-bengaluru-united-begin-respective-campaigns-with-1-0-wins-9942451.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The Women's section has competed in the [[Indian Women's League]] and competes in [[Punjab Women's League]] at the state level.

==Honours==
* '''[[Punjab Women's League]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab Women’s League|url=https://theawayend.co/punjab-womens-league/|access-date=16 November 2022|website=The Away End|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115203005/https://theawayend.co/punjab-womens-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Champions (6): 2018, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24, 2024–25

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
* [[Army Green football team|Army Green]]
* [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
* [[Services football team]]
* [[Railways football team]]
* [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
* [[Punjab Police FC]]
* [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force FC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab State Super Football League}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sport in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Police football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]

{{india-sport-stub}}

Pulhal Lake

2025-10-16T17:52:21Z

MargueriteMcEwan: new new stub.

{{Short description|Lake in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Pulhal Lake
| other_name = Redhils Lake
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
|pushpin_map=Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Tamil Nadu
| location = [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]], [[Chennai]], [[Thiruvallur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coords = {{Coord|13|10|00|N|80|10|17.5|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow = 9607 (cusecs) Highest
| outflow = 5470 (cusecs) Highest
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| date-built = 1876
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|4500|acre|km2}}
| depth = {{convert|50.20|ft|m}}
| max-depth =
| volume = {{convert|3,300|e6cuft|e6m3+acre.ft}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''Pulhal Lake''', or '''Pulhal Aeri''', sometimes spelled '''Puzhal lake''' and also known as the '''Red Hills Lake''', is located in [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It lies in [[Thiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state. It is one of the two rain-fed reservoirs that supply water to [[Chennai City]], the other one being the [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] and [[Porur Lake]].

The full capacity of the lake is 3,300 million ft3 (3.3 Tmc ft or 93446 million litres).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Live storage, water levels and rainfall data for Chennai Lakes | url=https://numerical.co.in/numerons/collection/5e127ba3545c9d1c18f23221 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920200211/https://numerical.co.in/numerons/collection/5e127ba3545c9d1c18f23221 | access-date=2025-04-07 | archive-date=2021-09-20}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Pulhal}}
[[File:Puzhal Capacity.JPG|thumb|Board displaying Pulhal's capacity|215x215px|left]]
The Pulhal reservoir was built in 1876 during the [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[Pulhal]], [[Chennai]] (named Madras at the time). The reservoir was originally a small tank with a capacity of 500 million cubic feet (mcft) and two masonry weirs, built using locally available laterite stones, then functioned as surplus weirs to release excess water from the water body. Today, these masonry weirs are water-retaining structures as they have been replaced by two shutters. In 1997, the storage capacity of the water reservoir was increased to 3,300 mcft and the depth to 21.20 ft to cater to the drinking water needs of Chennai and also to store [[ Penna River|Penna river]] water received from [[Andhra Pradesh]] through [[Poondi reservoir|Poondi Reservoir]] and the [[Sholavaram aeri|Sholavaram Tank]]. Until 2012, the Water Resources Department (WRD) has only taken up maintenance work worth of {{INR}} 500,000 every year.<ref name="ReservoirGetsUpgrade">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = 136-yr-old reservoir gets upgrade
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 Jul 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3658970.ece
| access-date = 21 Jul 2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
There are two masonry weirs in the reservoir. One [[weir]] is 178 m long and the other is 220 m long and 15 ft deep. The bund measures 5 m and runs to a distance of 7 km. The [[weir]]s have turned porous over the years.<ref name="ReservoirGetsUpgrade"/> The south west part of the reservoir has [[Avadi]], [[Ambattur]] residential locality and has the main road to reach Avadi junction. Water treatment plant and Pulhal Central prison is located in the east part of the reservoir and has the highway road to reach [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|CMBT]] and [[North Chennai]]. The North part has [[Padianallur|Padiyanallur]] village Thiruvallur koot road en route to reach [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]. There are two ways reservoir's bund road routes are located north east part of the reservoir, one bund route is from Alamaram junction to Redhills market junction and the other one bund road is from Redhills bypass road junction to Surapet junction. The North west part has Pammathukulam, Pothur, Attanthangal and Naravarikuppam villages.

== Jones Tower ==
[[File:Jones tower.jpg|alt=Jones Tower was built in the year of 1881 in Pulhal lake. It is used to measure the depth of the water level in the lake.|thumb|218x218px|Jones Tower]]
Jones Tower was built in 1881 in Pulhal lake. It is used to measure the depth of the lake water level. The surrounding bund roads are used by many for exercises such as walking, running. High level Electric motors are used to inlet the water from the lake to the tank before the cleaning process. There are 11 Electric motor pumps located play an important role when the dry season is available for providing drinking water to the Chennai city.

== Water Seepage ==
During the heavy rainfall in November/December 2015 water seepage occurred on 19 November 2015 on the two places of Pulhal lake near the weirs due to heavy storage in the water reservoir .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Major Chennai reservoirs have 40 per cent silt|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151120/nation-current-affairs/article/major-chennai-reservoirs-have-40-cent-silt|website = Deccan Chronicle| date=20 November 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-01}}</ref>

==Upgradation==

=== 2012 : Repairing process ===
[[File:Puzhalrepair.jpg|alt=Repairing Pulhal bund roads in 2012|thumb|Repairing Pulhal bund roads in 2012]]
In June 2012, the WRD called for a tender for strengthening the reservoir at a cost of {{INR}} 101.6 million. Besides small repair to the shutters, filter arrangements on the slope of the bund will be made for 2 km. The road on top of the bund will also be widened by 1 m.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Work to improve Red Hills reservoir set to begin soon
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 June 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3555726.ece
| access-date = 22 Jun 2012}}</ref> The water level of the reservoir has been brought down to 10.46 ft to take up the project. The water body receives 300 cubic feet per second (cusecs) from Poondi canal to supply to the city.<ref name="ReservoirGetsUpgrade" />

=== 2015 : Heavy Rainfall November/December ===
{{main|2015 South India floods}}

According to Chennai metropolitan water supply and sewage board on 14 November 2015 rainfall in Pulhal reservoir has a storage of 2,228 million cubic feet as against its total capacity of 3,300 mcft and receiving an inflow of 1,196 cubic feet per second. Pulhal has lowest storage among the four reservoirs with 67.5 per cent of its capacity.<ref name=":0" /> On 1 December 2015 Pulhal also recorded 320mm, the highest volume of rainfall flowing overnight rain in the history. Discharge from the lake and maintain the water level two feet below the full level of 21.2 feet. Sand bags have also been placed in vulnerable areas along the surplus course such as Thandalkazhani, Vadakarai and Thiruneelakandan Nagar and Baba Nagar in Pulhal. People have also been warned of inundation. The surplus course of Red Hills travels for 15 km before joining the sea near Ennore creek.<ref>{{Cite news|title = And, more rain today, says Met dept.|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-rains-expected-in-chennai/article7910394.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-11-24|access-date = 2015-12-03|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> On 2 December 2015 Pulhal lake has recorded water inflow of 9607(cusecs) and outflow of 5470(cusecs), Which was the highest inflow and outflow of reservoir's history.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Puzhalshutters.jpg|Two shutters has been opened when the lake has reached full capacity
File:Jonestowerdry.jpg|Pulhal lake has low water level due to the presence of dry season
File:Puzhal Fisherman.jpg|Split islands has been seen on the middle of the Pulhal lake
File:Puzhal krishna river water project.jpg|Pulhal Krishna river water project display in the outer portion of the lake
File:Puzhal krishna river water project display in the outer portion of the lake.jpg|Electric motors are used to outlet the water in Pulhal lake.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chembarambakkam Lake]]
* [[Sholavaram aeri|Sholavaram tank]]
* [[Poondi reservoir|Poondi Reservoir]]
* [[Water management in Chennai]]

== References ==
{{commons category|Pulhal Lake}}
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}

[[Category:Lakes of Chennai]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Tamil Nadu]]